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Trade winds - wikipedia <H1> Trade winds </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the weather phenomenon . For other uses , see Tradewind . The westerlies ( blue arrows ) and trade winds ( yellow and brown arrows ) <P> The trade winds are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics , within the lower portion of the Earth 's atmosphere , in the lower section of the troposphere near the Earth 's equator . The trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere , strengthening during the winter and when the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase . Trade winds have been used by captains of sailing ships to cross the world 's oceans for centuries , and enabled European empire expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . </P> <P> In meteorology , the trade winds act as the steering flow for tropical storms that form over the Atlantic , Pacific , and southern Indian Oceans and make landfall in North America , Southeast Asia , and Madagascar and eastern Africa , respectively . Trade winds also transport African dust westward across the Atlantic Ocean into the Caribbean Sea , as well as portions of southeastern North America . Shallow cumulus clouds are seen within trade wind regimes , and are capped from becoming taller by a trade wind inversion , which is caused by descending air aloft from within the subtropical ridge . The weaker the trade winds become , the more rainfall can be expected in the neighboring landmasses . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Cause </Li> <Li> 3 Weather effects </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> A Spanish galleon See also : Age of Discovery , Volta do Mar , and Age of sail <P> The term trade winds originally derives from the early fourteenth century late Middle English word ' trade , ' meaning `` path '' or `` track . '' The Portuguese recognized the importance of the trade winds ( then the Volta do mar , meaning in Portuguese `` turn of the sea '' but also `` return from the sea '' ) in navigation in both the north and south Atlantic ocean as early as the 15th century . From West Africa , the Portuguese had to sail away from continental Portugal , that is , to west and northwest . They could then turn northeast , to the area around the Azores islands , and finally east to mainland Europe . They also learned that to reach South Africa , they needed to go far out in the ocean , head for Brazil , and around 30 ° S go east again . Following the African coast southbound means upwind in the Southern hemisphere . In the Pacific ocean , the full wind circulation , which included both the trade wind easterlies and higher - latitude Westerlies , was unknown to Europeans until Andres de Urdaneta 's voyage in 1565 . </P> <P> The captain of a sailing ship seeks a course along which the winds can be expected to blow in the direction of travel . During the Age of Sail , the pattern of prevailing winds made various points of the globe easy or difficult to access , and therefore had a direct effect on European empire - building and thus on modern political geography . For example , Manila galleons could not sail into the wind at all . </P> <P> By the 18th century the importance of the trade winds to England 's merchant fleet for crossing the Atlantic Ocean had led both the general public and etymologists to identify the name with a later meaning of ' trade ' , `` ( foreign ) commerce '' . Between 1847 and 1849 , Matthew Fontaine Maury collected enough information to create wind and current charts for the world 's oceans . </P> <H2> Cause ( edit ) </H2> 3D map showing Hadley cells in relationship to trade winds on the surface . See also : Air mass , Hadley cell , Humidity , Intertropical Convergence Zone , Monsoon , Monsoon trough , Near - equatorial trough , and Prevailing winds <P> As part of the Hadley cell circulation , surface air flows toward the equator while the flow aloft is towards the poles . A low - pressure area of calm , light variable winds near the equator is known as the doldrums , near - equatorial trough , intertropical front , or the Intertropical Convergence Zone . When located within a monsoon region , this zone of low pressure and wind convergence is also known as the monsoon trough . Around 30 ° in both hemispheres , air begins to descend toward the surface in subtropical high - pressure belts known as subtropical ridges . The subsident ( sinking ) air is relatively dry because as it descends , the temperature increases , but the absolute humidity remains constant , which lowers the relative humidity of the air mass . This warm , dry air is known as a superior air mass and normally resides above a maritime tropical ( warm and moist ) air mass . An increase of temperature with height is known as a temperature inversion . When it occurs within a trade wind regime , it is known as a trade wind inversion . </P> <P> The surface air that flows from these subtropical high - pressure belts toward the Equator is deflected toward the west in both hemispheres by the Coriolis effect . These winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere . Because winds are named for the direction from which the wind is blowing , these winds are called the northeasterly trade winds in the Northern Hemisphere and the southeasterly trade winds in the Southern Hemisphere . The trade winds of both hemispheres meet at the doldrums . </P> <P> As they blow across tropical regions , air masses heat up over lower latitudes due to more direct sunlight . Those that develop over land ( continental ) are drier and hotter than those that develop over oceans ( maritime ) , and travel northward on the western periphery of the subtropical ridge . Maritime tropical air masses are sometimes referred to as trade air masses . The one region of the Earth which has an absence of trade winds is the north Indian ocean . </P> <H2> Weather effects ( edit ) </H2> <P> Clouds which form above regions within trade wind regimes are typically composed of cumulus which extend no more than 4 kilometres ( 13,000 ft ) in height , and are capped from being taller by the trade wind inversion . Trade winds originate more from the direction of the poles ( northeast in the Northern Hemisphere , southeast in the Southern Hemisphere ) during the cold season , and are stronger in the winter than the summer . As an example , the windy season in the Guianas , which lie at low latitudes in South America , occurs between January and April . When the phase of the Arctic oscillation ( AO ) is warm , trade winds are stronger within the tropics . The cold phase of the AO leads to weaker trade winds . When the trade winds are weaker , more extensive areas of rain fall upon landmasses within the tropics , such as Central America . </P> <P> During mid-summer in the Northern Hemisphere ( July ) , the westward - moving trade winds south of the northward - moving subtropical ridge expand northwestward from the Caribbean sea into southeastern North America ( Florida and Gulf Coast ) . When dust from the Sahara moving around the southern periphery of the ridge travels over land , rainfall is suppressed and the sky changes from a blue to a white appearance which leads to an increase in red sunsets . Its presence negatively impacts air quality by adding to the count of airborne particulates . Although the Southeast USA has some of the cleanest air in North America , much of the African dust that reaches the United States affects Florida . Since 1970 , dust outbreaks have worsened due to periods of drought in Africa . There is a large variability in the dust transport to the Caribbean and Florida from year to year . Dust events have been linked to a decline in the health of coral reefs across the Caribbean and Florida , primarily since the 1970s . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Intertropical Convergence Zone </Li> <Li> Winds in the Age of Sail </Li> <Li> Westerly wind burst </Li> <Li> Volta do mar </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Carol G. Braham ; Enid Pearsons ; Deborah M. Posner ; Georgia S. Maas & Richard Goodman ( 2001 ) . Random House Webster 's College Dictionary ( second ed . ) . Random House . p. 1385 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42560 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hermann R. Muelder ( 2007 ) . Years of This Land - A Geographical History of the United States . Read Books . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 7740 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Derek Hayes ( 2001 ) . Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean : maps of discovery and scientific exploration , 1500 - 2000 . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 - 865 - 5 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cyrus Cornelius Adams ( 1904 ) . A text - book of commercial geography . D. Appleton and company . p. 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . p. 225 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Derek Hayes ( 2001 ) . Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean : maps of discovery and scientific exploration , 1500 - 2000 . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 - 865 - 5 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sverre Petterssen ( 1941 ) . Introduction to Meteorology . Mcgraw - Hill Book Company , Inc. p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4437 - 2300 - 8 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Doldrums '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Intertropical Convergence Zone '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Monsoon Trough '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Superior air '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . `` trade winds '' . Glossary of Meteorology . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ralph Stockman Tarr and Frank Morton McMurry ( 1909 ). Advanced geography . W.W. Shannon , State Printing , pp. 246 . Retrieved on 2009 - 04 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ JetStream ( 2008 ) . `` How to read weather maps '' . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Tropical air '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Trade air '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John E. Oliver ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of world climatology . Springer . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bob Rauber ( 2009 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Research - The Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean Campaign '' . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James P. Terry ( 2007 ) . Tropical cyclones : climatology and impacts in the South Pacific . Springer . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 71542 - 1 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ G.E. Pieter & F. Augustinus . `` The influence of the trade winds on the coastal development of the Guianas at various scale levels : a synthesis '' . Marine Geology. 208 ( 2 - 4 ) : 145 -- 151 . Bibcode : 2004MGeol. 208 ... 145A . doi : 10.1016 / j. margeo. 2004.04. 007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert R. Steward ( 2005 ) . `` The Ocean 's Influence on North American Drought '' . Texas A&M University . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John E. Oliver ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of world climatology . Springer . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Science Daily ( 1999 - 07 - 14 ) . African Dust Called A Major Factor Affecting Southeast U.S. Air Quality . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Science Daily ( 2001 - 06 - 15 ) . Microbes And The Dust They Ride In On Pose Potential Health Risks . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Usinfo.state.gov ( 2003 ) . Study Says African Dust Affects Climate in U.S. , Caribbean . Archived 2007 - 06 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey ( 2006 ) . Coral Mortality and African Dust . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_winds&oldid=817251427 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Climate patterns </Li> <Li> Atmospheric dynamics </Li> <Li> Wind </Li> <Li> Age of Sail </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Good articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Bân - lâm - gú </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Ido </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Ирон </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Kreyòl ayisyen </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Limburgs </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> မြန်မာဘာသာ </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Occitan </Li> <Li> Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Shqip </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 05 : 08 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what purpose did seasonal monsoon winds have on trade

High School Musical 2 - Wikipedia <H1> High School Musical 2 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> High School Musical 2 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Promotional poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Peter Barsocchini </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Kenny Ortega </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Zac Efron Vanessa Hudgens Ashley Tisdale Lucas Grabeel Corbin Bleu Monique Coleman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme music composer </Th> <Td> David Nessim Lawrence </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Bill Borden Kenny Ortega </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Daniel Aranyó </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Editor ( s ) </Th> <Td> Seth Flaum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 104 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Salty Pictures First Street Films </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Disney - ABC Domestic Television </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $7 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Disney Channel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> August 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> High School Musical </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Followed by </Th> <Td> High School Musical 3 : Senior Year </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> High School Musical 2 is the second film in the High School Musical series . The World Premiere took place on August 14 , 2007 , at Disneyland , in Anaheim , California . The primary cast , including Zac Efron , Vanessa Hudgens , Ashley Tisdale , Lucas Grabeel , and Corbin Bleu attended the event . The film debuted on television on August 17 , 2007 , on Disney Channel in the U.S. , and on Family in Canada . </P> <P> In the second installment of the Disney franchise , high school student Troy Bolton stresses over getting a job , with the price of college expenses looming on his mind , as well as trying to make sure he and Gabriella Montez are able to stay together all summer . This situation attracts the attention of Sharpay Evans , who attempts to steal Troy for herself by hiring him at her family 's country club . </P> <P> The premiere was seen by a total of over 17.2 million viewers in the United States which is almost 10 million more than its predecessor , making it the highest - rated Disney Channel Movie of all time as well as the highest - rated basic cable telecast at the time . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Release </Li> <Li> 4 Songs </Li> <Li> 5 Reception </Li> <Li> 6 High School Musical 2 : On Stage ! </Li> <Li> 7 Awards </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot </H2> <P> The school year ends with everyone at East High School looking forward to summer vacation ( `` What Time Is It '' ) . Troy Bolton is still dating Gabriella Montez , who decides to stay in Albuquerque with her mother . Troy eventually decides to look for a summer job to gain money for college . </P> <P> Sharpay and Ryan Evans plan to spend part of the summer at their family 's country club , Lava Springs ( `` Fabulous '' ) , but Sharpay 's summer plans also include pursuing Troy , whom she has arranged to be hired at the club . However , Troy convinces the club 's manager , Mr. Fulton , into hiring Gabriella and their close group of friends as well ; including Taylor and Chad . Sharpay is enraged upon learning that Gabriella is working as one of the lifeguards , but is unable to get her fired . So she orders Fulton to give them difficult tasks so they would be best to quit . Fulton attempts to intimidate the group , but Troy rebuilds their confidence and convinces them that they can persevere ( `` Work This Out '' ) . </P> <P> Troy continues to worry about funding for college . Sharpay senses his need and arranges for Troy to be promoted , hoping that this will convince him to sing with her at the talent show . Meanwhile , Kelsi writes a ballad for Troy and Gabriella . Troy agrees to sing with his friends in the show ( `` You Are The Music In Me '' ) , not knowing that Sharpay is vying for his attention . ( In the extended version , Sharpay and Ryan trap Troy as he prepares for a date with Gabriella , and perform their potential show - stopper ( `` Humuhumunukunukuapua'a '' ) . ) </P> <P> Ryan realizes he does not mean much to Sharpay anymore , as she is ready to blow her brother aside for the opportunity to perform with Troy . This leads to tension between the twin siblings and Ryan angrily informs Sharpay that he will no longer obey her orders . Taylor and Gabriella invite Ryan to the baseball game , where he persuades the Wildcats to take part in the talent show ( `` I Do n't Dance '' ) . </P> <P> Troy and Gabriella 's relationship is strained when Troy sees Ryan with Gabriella , sparking jealousy . Owing to a `` promise '' from Troy , he and Sharpay practice their song for the Midsummer Night 's Talent Show ( `` You Are The Music In Me ( Sharpay Version ) '' ) . </P> <P> When Sharpay discovers that Ryan and the Wildcats are putting together their own performance in the show , she orders Mr. Fulton to ban all junior staff members from performing . Gabriella angrily confronts Sharpay about her interference and quits her job at Lava Springs . Troy overhears the exchange and tries to persuade Gabriella to change her mind . Gabriella expresses her loss of trust with Troy ( `` Gotta Go My Own Way '' ) and leaves Lava Springs , and gives him the necklace back . It also seems that they broke up . </P> <P> Troy returns to work the next day to find that his friends refuse to talk to him . Kelsi silently shows Troy the notice from Mr. Fulton , causing Troy to question his own motivations ( `` Bet On It '' ) . He begins to reconcile with Chad and his other friends . Then Troy confronts Sharpay , informing her that he will not sing with her . The Wildcats and Chad forgive Troy for his absence and convince him to sing in the talent show , which he does only under the condition that they are all allowed to perform as well . </P> <P> At Sharpay 's supposed instruction , Ryan gives Troy a new song to learn moments before the show . As Troy goes onstage , he asks Sharpay why she switched the song , and Sharpay is shocked to find that her brother tricked her . Troy sings the song ( `` Everyday '' ) alone until Gabriella surprisingly joins him onstage . In the end , Sharpay proudly presents her brother , Ryan , with the award for the talent show . After the talent show , all the Wildcats go to the golf course to enjoy the fireworks . </P> <P> Everyone celebrates the end of the summer with a pool party ( `` All for One '' ) which features a cameo appearance by Miley Cyrus . </P> <H2> Cast </H2> Main article : List of High School Musical characters <Ul> <Li> Troy Bolton ( Zac Efron ) is Gabriella 's boyfriend , the most popular male student at East High School and the captain of the varsity basketball team . For this movie , Efron did all of his own singing , whereas , in the first High School Musical , his singing was blended with singer Drew Seeley 's voice . </Li> <Li> Gabriella Montez ( Vanessa Hudgens ) is Troy 's girlfriend who is relieved that she will still be attending East High . She is the lifeguard at the Lava Springs Country Club until Sharpay 's actions cause her to quit and break up with Troy . </Li> <Li> Ryan Evans ( Lucas Grabeel ) is Sharpay 's twin brother who lives in the shadow of his primadonna sister . </Li> <Li> Sharpay Evans ( Ashley Tisdale ) is Ryan 's primadonna twin sister determined to win the talent show while also vying for Troy 's attention and doing anything to help him . </Li> <Li> Chad Danforth ( Corbin Bleu ) is Troy 's best friend and is very good friends with Jason and Zeke . </Li> <Li> Taylor McKessie ( Monique Coleman ) is Gabriella 's best friend . She is also friends with Kelsi Nielsen and Martha Cox and is dating Chad . She is captain of the school Scholastic Decathlon team . She has a summer job at Lava Springs as an Activities Coordinator . </Li> <Li> Thomas Fulton ( Mark L. Taylor ) is the manager of Lava Springs . </Li> <Li> Coach Jack Bolton ( Bart Johnson ) is Troy 's father and East High 's basketball coach . </Li> <Li> Darby Evans ( Jessica Tuck ) is Sharpay and Ryan 's mother and president of the Lava Springs Board . </Li> <Li> Vance Evans ( Robert Curtis Brown ) is Sharpay and Ryan 's father . </Li> <Li> Ms. Darbus ( Alyson Reed ) is the stern drama teacher at East High . </Li> <Li> Zeke Baylor ( Chris Warren Jr . ) is friends with Troy and Chad and plays for the basketball team . </Li> <Li> Jason Cross ( Ryne Sanborn ) is friends with Troy , Chad , and Zeke and plays on the basketball team . </Li> <Li> Kelsi Nielsen ( Olesya Rulin ) is friends with Gabriella and Taylor and a pianist and composer . </Li> <Li> Martha Cox ( Kaycee Stroh ) is friends with Gabriella , Kelsi , and Taylor . </Li> <Li> Jackie ( Tanya Chisholm ) is one of Sharpay 's friends ( a.k.a. The Sharpettes ) . </Li> <Li> Lucille Bolton ( Leslie Wing Pomeroy ) is Troy 's mother . </Li> <Li> Lea ( Kelli Baker ) is another Sharpette . </Li> <Li> Emma ( McCall Clark ) is another Sharpette . </Li> <Li> Unknown Wildcats player ( Shane Harper ) is the principal dancer . </Li> <Li> Girl At Pool ( Miley Cyrus ) is an unknown dancer at the end ( cameo ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Release </H2> <P> The premiere of High School Musical 2 aired at 8 PM Eastern Time on August 17 , 2007 , and included a telecast hosted by Kenny Ortega and the movie 's cast . On Saturday , August 18 , Disney Channel aired `` High School Musical 2 : Wildcat Chat '' , in which the stars of the movie answered questions posed by fans . On August 19 , Disney aired a sing - along version of the movie . On May 23 , DirecTV announced that they would be hosting an exclusive high - definition airing of the movie a few days after the August 17 premiere on its network - only channel , The 101 . </P> <P> Disney Channel aired a weekly program called Road to High School Musical 2 , beginning on June 8 , 2007 , and leading up to the premiere of High School Musical 2 in August . The show offered viewers a behind - the - scenes look into the production of the movie . The world premiere of the opening number `` What Time Is It '' was on Radio Disney May 25 , 2007 , and similarly `` You Are The Music In Me '' premiered on July 13 , 2007 . </P> <P> On December 11 , 2007 , the movie was released on DVD and Blu - ray titled High School Musical 2 : Extended Edition . On September 15 , 2008 , a 2 - disc special edition of the movie was released titled High School Musical 2 : Deluxe Dance Edition . </P> <H2> Songs </H2> See also : High School Musical 2 ( soundtrack ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Song </Th> <Th> Chiefly sung by </Th> <Th> Other singers </Th> <Th> Scene </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> What Time Is It ? </Td> <Td> Troy , Gabriella , Sharpay , Ryan , Chad , Taylor </Td> <Td> Wildcats </Td> <Td> East High 's Classroom , Hallways , Cafeteria </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> What Time Is It ( Reprise ) </Td> <Td> Troy , Gabriella , Sharpay , Ryan , Chad , Taylor </Td> <Td> Wildcats </Td> <Td> East High 's School Grounds </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fabulous </Td> <Td> Sharpay </Td> <Td> Ryan & Sharpettes </Td> <Td> Lava Springs Pool </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Work This Out </Td> <Td> Troy , Gabriella , Chad , Taylor , Kelsi , Zeke , Martha , Jason </Td> <Td> Wildcats and Kitchen Workers </Td> <Td> Lava Springs Kitchen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> You Are the Music in Me </Td> <Td> Troy and Gabriella </Td> <Td> Kelsi and Wildcats </Td> <Td> Lava Springs Dining Room </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Humuhumunukunukuapua'a </Td> <Td> Sharpay and Ryan </Td> <Td> Sharpettes </Td> <Td> Lava Springs Backstage Room </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> I Do n't Dance </Td> <Td> Chad and Ryan </Td> <Td> Baseball Players , Wildcats , and Company </Td> <Td> Lava Springs Baseball Field </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> You Are the Music in Me ( Reprise ) </Td> <Td> Sharpay and Troy </Td> <Td> Sharpettes </Td> <Td> Lava Springs Stage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gotta Go My Own Way </Td> <Td> Gabriella </Td> <Td> Troy </Td> <Td> Lava Springs Pool , Locker Room , Grounds </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bet On It </Td> <Td> Troy </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Lava Springs Golf Course </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Everyday </Td> <Td> Troy and Gabriella </Td> <Td> Wildcats and Company </Td> <Td> Lava Springs Stage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> All for One </Td> <Td> Troy , Gabriella , Sharpay , Ryan , Chad , Taylor </Td> <Td> Kelsi , Zeke , Martha , Jason , Wildcats , Company </Td> <Td> Lava Springs Pool </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Reception </H2> A performance of musical numbers from High School Musical 2 at Disney 's Hollywood Studios . <P> The first broadcast of the film on August 17 , 2007 broke records , receiving 17.2 million viewers . This number made it , at the time , the most - watched basic - cable telecast in history ( the previous record was held by an edition of ESPN 's Monday Night Football between the New York Giants and the Dallas Cowboys on October 23 , 2006 , which attracted 16 million viewers ) , the most - watched made - for - cable movie ever ( the previous record was held by TNT 's January 21 , 2001 airing of Crossfire Trail , which brought in 12.5 million viewers ) , and the largest audience of any program on broadcast or cable in the 2007 summer television season , along with Friday nights for the past five years . Ratings for the second showing of the movie fell to 8.4 million , and the third showing fell to 7.4 million , totaling the premiere weekend to 33.04 million viewers . </P> <P> In Latin America , the premiere of High School Musical 2 was seen by 3.3 million viewers in the north region . The film was the most - watched in its schedule , among all cable channels , and produced the highest rating of the channel , surpassing all original films of Disney Channel . Among other records , the premiere in Argentina surpassed the debut of High School Musical the last year , in a 107 percent , while in Brazil the sequel reached 208 percent , and Mexico did so with 61 percent . In the United Kingdom , the movie became Disney Channel UK 's most viewed program ever , totaling 1.2 million viewers in its first showing . </P> <P> The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics , gaining a score of 57 % on Rotten Tomatoes while gaining a score of 72 / 100 at Metacritic . USA Today 's Robert Bianco awarded the film three stars out of four , saying High School Musical 2 was `` sweet , smart , bursting with talent and energy , and awash in innocence '' . While critics enjoyed the film , they noted that the timing of the movie 's premiere seemed odd , premiering just when school was about to start up again , while the movie 's plot involved the gang going on summer vacation . High School Musical 2 won the `` So Hot Right Now '' award at the Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards 2007 , in which High School Musical castmate Zac Efron hosted with The Veronicas . </P> <H2> High School Musical 2 : on stage ! </H2> Main article : High School Musical 2 : On Stage ! Pacific Repertory Theatre 's School of Dramatic Arts High School Musical Act 1 Finale . <P> Like the original High School Musical , the sequel has been adapted into two different theatrical productions : a one - act , 70 - minute version and a two - act full - length production . This stage production includes the song `` Hummuhummunukunukuapua'a '' that was left out of the original movie but included in the DVD . Through Music Theater International , Disney Theatrical began licensing the theatrical rights in October 2008 . MTI had originally recruited 7 schools to serve as tests for the new full - length adaptation , but due to complications with multiple drafts of both the script and the score , all but two schools were forced to drop out of the pilot program . </P> <Ul> <Li> On May 18 , 2008 , Woodlands High School became the first school to produce High School Musical 2 . </Li> <Li> From July 17 - August 3 , 2008 , Harrell Theatre , in Collierville , Tennessee , was the first community theatre to perform the production , which featured both a senior cast and a junior cast . </Li> <Li> From January 15 - February 15 , 2009 , the West Coast premiere production was presented by Pacific Repertory Theatre 's School of Dramatic Arts . The production was directed by PacRep founder Stephen Moorer , who previously directed the California premiere of the first High School Musical . </Li> <Li> From 6 -- 18 April 2009 , the UK Premiere was performed by StageDaze Theatre Company in Cardiff . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Awards </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> American Music Award </Td> <Td> Favorite Soundtrack ( High School Musical 2 ( soundtrack ) ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bravo Magazine Award </Td> <Td> Bravo Otto for TV Star -- Male ( Zac Efron ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CMA Wild and Young Awards </Td> <Td> Best Single International ( You Are the Music in Me by Zac Efron and Vanessa Hudgens and written by Jamie Houston ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Family Television Awards </Td> <Td> Best Actor ( Zac Efron ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Fave Movie Star ( Zac Efron ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> So Hot Right Now ! </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nickelodeon UK Kids ' Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Best TV Actress ( Ashley Tisdale ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best TV Actor ( Zac Efron ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> People 's Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Star Under 35 ( Zac Efron ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Teen Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Choice TV : Movie </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> ALMA Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding Director of a Made -- for -- TV Movie ( Kenny Ortega ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ASTRA Awards </Td> <Td> Favourite International Program </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Favourite International Personality or Actor ( Zac Efron ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cinema Audio Society Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Movies and Miniseries ( Douglas Cameron , Terry O'Bright and Keith Rogers ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Directors Guild of America Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Children 's Program ( Kenny Ortega ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Golden Reel Award </Td> <Td> Best Sound Editing -- Music for Long Form Television ( Michael Dittrick and Amber Funk ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Image Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding Children 's Program </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PGA Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Producer for Long -- Form Television ( Bill Borden and Barry Rosenbush ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Primetime Emmy Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding Choreography ( Kenny Ortega , Bonnie Story and Charles Klapow ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Children 's Program ( Don Schain , Bill Borden and Barry Rosenbush ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Television Critics Association Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Achievement in Children 's Programming </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Thedisneyblog.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ; Schneider , Michael ( August 18 , 2007 ) . `` ' High School Musical 2 ' aces test '' . Variety . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Patriots - Ravens game sets cable TV viewership record '' . Providence Journal . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ; Schneider , Michael ( August 18 , 2007 ) . `` ' High School Musical 2 ' huge hit '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DisneyChannelFacts '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reuters.com , `` High School Musical 2 '' enters interactive semester </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DirecTV.com , Press Release </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' High School Musical 2 ' Debuts First Song '' . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` High School Musical 2 enters interactive semester '' . Reuters . July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nielsen ratings for week of April 19 '' . USA Today . April 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Farandoo.com Archived 2008 - 02 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , HSM 2 alcanzó cifras récord en Latinoamérica ! ( in Spanish ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Digitalspy.co.uk , `` High School Musical '' proves UK ratings hit </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` High School Musical 2 ( Disney ) - Reviews from Metacritic '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Bianco , `` ' High School Musical ' sequel holds onto note of innocence '' , August 16 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Timeout.com , Time Out New York : High School Musical 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pacrep.org Archived 2011 - 07 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ HSM2onstage.co.uk </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : High School Musical 2 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to High School Musical . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> High School Musical 2 on IMDb </Li> <Li> High School Musical 2 at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Disneychannel-asia.com , Official Asia site . </Li> <Li> Adisney.go.com , Official Aggregate site </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> High School Musical </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> High School Musical ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> High School Musical 3 : Senior Year ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soundtrack albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> High School Musical </Li> <Li> High School Musical 2 </Li> <Li> High School Musical 3 : Senior Year </Li> <Li> Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hits Remixed </Li> <Li> Non-Stop Dance Party </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> High School Musical </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` What I 've Been Looking For '' </Li> <Li> `` Stick to the Status Quo '' </Li> <Li> `` Breaking Free '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> High School Musical 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` What Time Is It ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Fabulous '' </Li> <Li> `` Work This Out '' </Li> <Li> `` You Are the Music in Me '' </Li> <Li> `` I Do n't Dance '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> High School Musical 3 : Senior Year </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Now or Never '' </Li> <Li> `` Right Here , Right Now '' </Li> <Li> `` I Want It All '' </Li> <Li> `` A Night to Remember '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Makin ' the Cut ! </Li> <Li> Work This Out ! </Li> <Li> Senior Year Dance </Li> <Li> Senior Year DS </Li> <Li> Disney Sing It <Ul> <Li> High School Musical </Li> <Li> High School Musical 3 : Senior Year </Li> <Li> Pop Hits </Li> <Li> Family Hits </Li> <Li> Party Hits </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other productions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Concert tour </Li> <Li> Stage production <Ul> <Li> Sequel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Music in You </Li> <Li> Get in the Picture </Li> <Li> El Desafío <Ul> <Li> Argentina </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> A Seleção <Ul> <Li> Brazil </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> O Desafio <Ul> <Li> Brazil </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> High School Musical Jr </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Book series </Li> <Li> Characters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Disney Channel Original Movies </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Under Wraps ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> You Lucky Dog ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Brink ! 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( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Buffalo Dreams ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Go Figure ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Life Is Ruff ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Proud Family Movie ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Twitches ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> High School Musical ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Cow Belles ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Wendy Wu : Homecoming Warrior ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Read It and Weep ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Cheetah Girls 2 ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Return to Halloweentown ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Jump In ! ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Johnny Kapahala : Back on Board ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Twitches Too ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Minutemen ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Camp Rock ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Cheetah Girls : One World ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Dadnapped ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Hatching Pete ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Princess Protection Program ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Starstruck ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Den Brother ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Avalon High ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Lemonade Mouth ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Geek Charming ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Frenemies ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Radio Rebel ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Let It Shine ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Girl vs. Monster ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Teen Beach Movie ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Cloud 9 ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Zapped ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> How to Build a Better Boy ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Bad Hair Day ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Teen Beach 2 ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Descendants ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Invisible Sister ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Adventures in Babysitting ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Swap ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Tangled : Before Ever After ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Descendants 2 ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Zombies ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Kenny Ortega </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Newsies ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Hocus Pocus ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> High School Musical ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Cheetah Girls 2 ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> High School Musical 3 : Senior Year ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Michael Jackson 's This Is It ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Descendants ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> A Change of Heart ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Descendants 2 ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_School_Musical_2&oldid=833368070 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Disney Channel Original Movie films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> High School Musical </Li> <Li> 2000s teen films </Li> <Li> 2007 television films </Li> <Li> American children 's films </Li> <Li> 2000s musical comedy films </Li> <Li> Films directed by Kenny Ortega </Li> <Li> Films shot in Salt Lake City </Li> <Li> Films set in New Mexico </Li> <Li> Television sequel films </Li> <Li> American television films </Li> <Li> American teen musical films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Articles with Spanish - language external links </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from January 2018 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Pages using infobox television with editor parameter </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 </Li> <Li> Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata </Li> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 37 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 03 : 50 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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List of Nobel laureates in Physics - wikipedia <H1> List of Nobel laureates in Physics </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Front side ( obverse ) of the Nobel Prize Medal for Physics presented to Edward Victor Appleton in 1947 <P> The Nobel Prize in Physics ( Swedish : Nobelpriset i fysik ) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of physics . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel ( who died in 1896 ) , awarded for outstanding contributions in physics . As dictated by Nobel 's will , the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10 , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . Each recipient receives a medal , a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Statistics </Li> <Li> 2 Laureates </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Notes </Li> <Li> 4.2 Citations </Li> <Li> 4.3 Sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Statistics ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen , of Germany , who received 150,782 SEK , which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007 . John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice -- in 1956 and 1972 . Maria Skłodowska - Curie also won two Nobel Prizes , for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911 . William Lawrence Bragg was , until October 2014 , the youngest ever Nobel laureate ; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25 . Two women have won the prize : Curie and Maria Goeppert - Mayer ( 1963 ) . As of 2017 , the prize has been awarded to 206 individuals . There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded ( 1916 , 1931 , 1934 , 1940 -- 1942 ) . </P> <H2> Laureates ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Laureate </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Rationale </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1901 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> `` in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1902 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hendrik Lorentz </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> `` in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pieter Zeeman </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1903 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Antoine Henri Becquerel </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> `` for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pierre Curie </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> `` for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Maria Skłodowska - Curie </Td> <Td> Poland France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1904 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lord Rayleigh </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1905 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard </Td> <Td> Austria - Hungary Germany </Td> <Td> `` for his work on cathode rays '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1906 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joseph John Thomson </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1907 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Albert Abraham Michelson </Td> <Td> United States Poland </Td> <Td> `` for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1908 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gabriel Lippmann </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> `` for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1909 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guglielmo Marconi </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> `` for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Karl Ferdinand Braun </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1910 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Johannes Diderik van der Waals </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> `` for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1911 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wilhelm Wien </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> `` for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nils Gustaf Dalén </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> `` for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1913 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Heike Kamerlingh - Onnes </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> `` for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led , inter alia , to the production of liquid helium '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1914 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Max von Laue </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> `` For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals '' , an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1915 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Henry Bragg </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays '' , an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Lawrence Bragg </Td> <Td> Australia <P> United Kingdom </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1916 </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Not awarded World War I </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1917 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charles Glover Barkla </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements '' , another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1918 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Max Planck </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> `` for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1919 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Johannes Stark </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> `` for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charles Édouard Guillaume </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> `` for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel - steel alloys '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1921 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Albert Einstein </Td> <Td> Germany Switzerland </Td> <Td> `` for his services to theoretical physics , and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1922 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Niels Bohr </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> `` for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1923 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert Andrews Millikan </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1924 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Manne Siegbahn </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> `` for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1925 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James Franck </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> `` for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gustav Hertz </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1926 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jean Baptiste Perrin </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> `` for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter , and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1927 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arthur Holly Compton </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his discovery of the effect named after him '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charles Thomson Rees Wilson </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1928 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Owen Willans Richardson </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1929 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Louis Victor Pierre Raymond , 7th Duc de Broglie </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> `` for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> `` for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1931 </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Not awarded </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1932 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Werner Heisenberg </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> `` for the creation of quantum mechanics , the application of which has , inter alia , led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1933 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Erwin Schrödinger </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul Dirac </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1934 </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Not awarded </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1935 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James Chadwick </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of the neutron '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1936 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victor Francis Hess </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> `` for his discovery of cosmic radiation '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Carl David Anderson </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his discovery of the positron '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1937 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clinton Joseph Davisson </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> George Paget Thomson </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1938 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Enrico Fermi </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> `` for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation , and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1939 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ernest Lawrence </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it , especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Not awarded World War II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1941 </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Not awarded World War II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1942 </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Not awarded World War II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Otto Stern </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1944 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Isidor Isaac Rabi </Td> <Td> United States Poland </Td> <Td> `` for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wolfgang Pauli </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle , also called the Pauli principle '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Percy Williams Bridgman </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures , and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Edward Victor Appleton </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so - called Appleton layer '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method , and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hideki Yukawa </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> `` for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cecil Frank Powell </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Douglas Cockcroft </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Felix Bloch </Td> <Td> Switzerland United States </Td> <Td> `` for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Edward Mills Purcell </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frits Zernike </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> `` for his demonstration of the phase contrast method , especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Max Born </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> `` for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics , especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Walther Bothe </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> `` for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Willis Eugene Lamb </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Polykarp Kusch </Td> <Td> United States Germany </Td> <Td> `` for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Bardeen </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Walter Houser Brattain </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Bradford Shockley </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tsung - Dao Lee </Td> <Td> Republic of China </Td> <Td> `` for their penetrating investigation of the so - called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chen Ning Yang </Td> <Td> Republic of China </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov </Td> <Td> Soviet Union </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ilya Frank </Td> <Td> Soviet Union </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm </Td> <Td> Soviet Union </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Emilio Gino Segrè </Td> <Td> Italy United States </Td> <Td> `` for their discovery of the antiproton '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Owen Chamberlain </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Donald Arthur Glaser </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the invention of the bubble chamber '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert Hofstadter </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> `` for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lev Davidovich Landau </Td> <Td> Soviet Union </Td> <Td> `` for his pioneering theories for condensed matter , especially liquid helium '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eugene Paul Wigner </Td> <Td> Hungary United States </Td> <Td> `` for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles , particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Maria Goeppert - Mayer </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> J. Hans D. Jensen </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov </Td> <Td> Soviet Union </Td> <Td> `` for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics , which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser -- laser principle '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alexander Prokhorov </Td> <Td> Soviet Union </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charles Hard Townes </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Richard Phillips Feynman </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics ( QED ) , with deep - ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Julian Schwinger </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shin'ichirō Tomonaga </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alfred Kastler </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hans Albrecht Bethe </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions , especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Luis Walter Alvarez </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics , in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states , made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Murray Gell - Mann </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> `` for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto - hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Louis Néel </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> `` for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dennis Gabor </Td> <Td> Hungary United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for his invention and development of the holographic method '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Bardeen </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity , usually called the BCS - theory '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Leon Neil Cooper </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Robert Schrieffer </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Leo Esaki </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> `` for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors , respectively '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ivar Giaever </Td> <Td> United States Norway </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brian David Josephson </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier , in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Martin Ryle </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> `` for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics : Ryle for his observations and inventions , in particular of the aperture synthesis technique , and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Antony Hewish </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Aage Bohr </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ben Roy Mottelson </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Leo James Rainwater </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Burton Richter </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Samuel Chao Chung Ting </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Philip Warren Anderson </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nevill Francis Mott </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Hasbrouck Van Vleck </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa </Td> <Td> Soviet Union </Td> <Td> `` for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low - temperature physics '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arno Allan Penzias </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert Woodrow Wilson </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sheldon Lee Glashow </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles , including , inter alia , the prediction of the weak neutral current '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Abdus Salam </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Steven Weinberg </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James Watson Cronin </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K - mesons '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Val Logsdon Fitch </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nicolaas Bloembergen </Td> <Td> Netherlands United States </Td> <Td> `` for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arthur Leonard Schawlow </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> `` for his contribution to the development of high - resolution electron spectroscopy '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kenneth G. Wilson </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar </Td> <Td> India United States </Td> <Td> `` for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Alfred Fowler </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Carlo Rubbia </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> `` for their decisive contributions to the large project , which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z , communicators of weak interaction '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Simon van der Meer </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Klaus von Klitzing </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ernst Ruska </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> `` for his fundamental work in electron optics , and for the design of the first electron microscope '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gerd Binnig </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> `` for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Heinrich Rohrer </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Johannes Georg Bednorz </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> `` for their important break - through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Karl Alexander Müller </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Leon Max Lederman </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Melvin Schwartz </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jack Steinberger </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Norman Foster Ramsey </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hans Georg Dehmelt </Td> <Td> United States Germany </Td> <Td> `` for the development of the ion trap technique '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wolfgang Paul </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jerome I. Friedman </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons , which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Henry Way Kendall </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Richard E. Taylor </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pierre - Gilles de Gennes </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> `` for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter , in particular to liquid crystals and polymers '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Georges Charpak </Td> <Td> France Poland </Td> <Td> `` for his invention and development of particle detectors , in particular the multiwire proportional chamber '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Russell Alan Hulse </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of a new type of pulsar , a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joseph Hooton Taylor , Jr . </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bertram Brockhouse </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> `` for the development of neutron spectroscopy '' and `` for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clifford Glenwood Shull </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the development of the neutron diffraction technique '' and `` for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Martin Lewis Perl </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of the tau lepton '' and `` for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frederick Reines </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the detection of the neutrino '' and `` for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> David Morris Lee </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their discovery of superfluidity in helium - 3 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Douglas D. Osheroff </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert Coleman Richardson </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Steven Chu </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light . '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Claude Cohen - Tannoudji </Td> <Td> France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Daniel Phillips </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert B. Laughlin </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Horst Ludwig Störmer </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Daniel Chee Tsui </Td> <Td> Republic of China United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gerard ' t Hooft </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> `` for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Martinus J.G. Veltman </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Zhores Ivanovich Alferov </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> `` for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high - speed - and optoelectronics '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Herbert Kroemer </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jack St. Clair Kilby </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eric Allin Cornell </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the achievement of Bose -- Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms , and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Carl Edwin Wieman </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wolfgang Ketterle </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Raymond Davis , Jr . </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for pioneering contributions to astrophysics , in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Masatoshi Koshiba </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Riccardo Giacconi </Td> <Td> Italy United States </Td> <Td> `` for pioneering contributions to astrophysics , which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov </Td> <Td> Russia United States </Td> <Td> `` for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Anthony James Leggett </Td> <Td> United Kingdom United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> David J. Gross </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hugh David Politzer </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frank Wilczek </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Roy J. Glauber </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> John L. Hall </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their contributions to the development of laser - based precision spectroscopy , including the optical frequency comb technique '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Theodor W. Hänsch </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John C. Mather </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> George F. Smoot </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Albert Fert </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peter Grünberg </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Makoto Kobayashi </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Toshihide Maskawa </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yoichiro Nambu </Td> <Td> Japan United States </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charles K. Kao </Td> <Td> Hong Kong United Kingdom United States </Td> <Td> `` for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Willard S. Boyle </Td> <Td> Canada United States </Td> <Td> `` for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit -- the CCD sensor '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> George E. Smith </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Andre Geim </Td> <Td> Russia United Kingdom Netherlands </Td> <Td> `` for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two - dimensional material graphene '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Konstantin Novoselov </Td> <Td> Russia United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Saul Perlmutter </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brian P. Schmidt </Td> <Td> Australia United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Adam G. Riess </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Serge Haroche </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> `` for ground - breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems . '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> David J. Wineland </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> François Englert </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> `` for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles , and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle , by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN 's Large Hadron Collider '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peter Higgs </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Isamu Akasaki </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> `` for the invention of efficient blue light - emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy - saving white light sources '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hiroshi Amano </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shuji Nakamura </Td> <Td> Japan United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Takaaki Kajita </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> `` for the discovery of neutrino oscillations , which shows that neutrinos have mass '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arthur B. McDonald </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> David J. Thouless </Td> <Td> United Kingdom United States </Td> <Td> `` for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> F. Duncan M. Haldane </Td> <Td> United Kingdom United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> John M. Kosterlitz </Td> <Td> United Kingdom United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rainer Weiss </Td> <Td> Germany United States </Td> <Td> `` for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kip Thorne </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Barry Barish </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Nobel laureates </Li> <Li> List of Nobel laureates by country </Li> <Li> List of physicists </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Notes ( edit ) </H3> <P> ^ A . The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org , the official website of the Nobel Foundation . Alternative spellings and name forms , where they exist , are given at the articles linked from this column . Where available , an image of each Nobel laureate is provided . For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation , see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org . </P> <P> ^ B . The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org , the official website of the Nobel Foundation . This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient 's birthplace or citizenship . </P> <P> ^ C. The citation for each award is quoted ( not always in full ) from nobelprize.org , the official website of the Nobel Foundation . The links in this column are to articles ( or sections of articles ) on the history and areas of physics for which the awards were presented . The links are intended only as a guide and explanation . For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate , please see the biography articles linked from the name column . </P> <H3> Citations ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alfred Nobel -- The Man Behind the Nobel Prize '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize Awarders '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nobel Laureates Facts '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Women Nobel Laureates '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1905 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1911 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1912 '' . Nobel Foundation . 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Wilson </Li> <Li> 1983 Chandrasekhar / Fowler </Li> <Li> 1984 Rubbia / Van der Meer </Li> <Li> 1985 von Klitzing </Li> <Li> 1986 Ruska / Binnig / Rohrer </Li> <Li> 1987 Bednorz / Müller </Li> <Li> 1988 Lederman / Schwartz / Steinberger </Li> <Li> 1989 Ramsey / Dehmelt / Paul </Li> <Li> 1990 Friedman / Kendall / R. Taylor </Li> <Li> 1991 de Gennes </Li> <Li> 1992 Charpak </Li> <Li> 1993 Hulse / J. Taylor </Li> <Li> 1994 Brockhouse / Shull </Li> <Li> 1995 Perl / Reines </Li> <Li> 1996 D. Lee / Osheroff / R. 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who got the first nobel prize in physics

Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 film ) - wikipedia <H1> Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Alice in Wonderland </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 1951 original theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Clyde Geronimi </Li> <Li> Wilfred Jackson </Li> <Li> Hamilton Luske </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Walt Disney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Milt Banta </Li> <Li> Del Connell </Li> <Li> William Cottrell </Li> <Li> Joe Grant </Li> <Li> Winston Hibler </Li> <Li> Dick Huemer </Li> <Li> Dick Kelsey </Li> <Li> Tom Oreb </Li> <Li> Bill Peet </Li> <Li> Erdman Penner </Li> <Li> Joe Rinaldi </Li> <Li> Ted Sears </Li> <Li> John Walbridge </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass by Lewis Carroll </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kathryn Beaumont </Li> <Li> Ed Wynn </Li> <Li> Richard Haydn </Li> <Li> Sterling Holloway </Li> <Li> Jerry Colonna </Li> <Li> Verna Felton </Li> <Li> J. Pat O'Malley </Li> <Li> Bill Thompson </Li> <Li> Heather Angel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Oliver Wallace </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Lloyd Richardson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Walt Disney Productions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> RKO Radio Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> July 26 , 1951 ( 1951 - 07 - 26 ) ( World premiere - London ) </Li> <Li> July 28 , 1951 ( 1951 - 07 - 28 ) ( US ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 75 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $3 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $5.2 million ( US , 1951 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Alice in Wonderland is a 1951 American animated musical fantasy - adventure film produced by Walt Disney Productions and based on the Alice books by Lewis Carroll . The 13th of Disney 's animated features , the film premiered in New York City and London on July 26 , 1951 . The film features the voices of Kathryn Beaumont as Alice , Sterling Holloway as the Cheshire Cat , Verna Felton as the Queen of Hearts , and Ed Wynn as the Mad Hatter . </P> <P> Walt Disney first attempted unsuccessfully to adapt Alice into an animated feature film during the 1930s . However , he finally revived the idea in the 1940s . The film was originally intended to be a live - action / animated film ; however , Disney decided to make it an all - animated feature in 1946 . The theme song of the same name has since become a jazz standard . While the film was critically panned on its initial release , the movie proved to be ahead of its time and has since been regarded as one of Disney 's greatest animated classics , notably one of the biggest cult classics in the animation medium , as well as one of the best film adaptations of Alice . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Directing animators </Li> <Li> 4 Production <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Development </Li> <Li> 4.2 Writing </Li> <Li> 4.3 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Release and reception </Li> <Li> 6 Soundtrack <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Audio CD track listing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Media and merchandise <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Stage version </Li> <Li> 7.2 References in other Disney films </Li> <Li> 7.3 Theme parks </Li> <Li> 7.4 Video games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> On a riverbank , Alice spots a White Rabbit in a waistcoat passing by , exclaiming that he is `` late for a very important date '' . She gives chase , following him into a large rabbit hole . She sees him leave through a tiny door , whose talking knob advises her to shrink to an appropriate height by drinking from a bottle marked `` Drink Me '' . She does so and floats out through the keyhole in a sea of her own tears , which she cried after eating a biscuit marked `` Eat Me '' caused her to grow very large . As she continues to follow the Rabbit , she meets numerous characters , including Tweedledum and Tweedledee , who recount the tale of `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' . </P> <P> Alice tracks the Rabbit to his house ; he sends her to retrieve his gloves after mistaking her for his housemaid . While searching for them , she eats another cookie marked `` Eat Me '' from his cookie canister and grows large again , getting stuck in the house . Thinking she is a monster , he brings the Dodo over to help him get rid of her . When the Dodo decides to burn the house down , Alice escapes by eating a carrot from the Rabbit 's garden , which causes her to shrink to three inches tall , and continues following him . Along the way , she meets a garden of talking flowers who initially welcome her with a song , but then mistake her for a weed and order her to leave , followed by a Caterpillar , who becomes enraged after she tells him she is distressed at her current height , as he is the same height , and turns into a butterfly . Before leaving , he advises her to eat a piece of his mushroom to alter her size . She does so and manages to return to her original height , and continues following the Rabbit . </P> <P> In the woods , Alice meets the Cheshire Cat , who advises her to visit the Mad Hatter or the March Hare to find out where the Rabbit is . She encounters both , along with the Dormouse , at the Hare 's house having a mad tea party and celebrating their `` unbirthday '' . They celebrate her unbirthday too , but she becomes frustrated at them interrupting her every time she tries to speak . As she is about to leave , the Rabbit appears , continuing to exclaim that he is late ; the Hatter examines his pocket watch and says it is `` two days slow '' , and attempts to `` fix '' it by filling it with food and tea but ends up having to destroy it after it goes `` mad '' . The Rabbit laments that his watch was an `` unbirthday present '' , and the Hatter and Hare sing `` The Unbirthday Song '' to him before throwing him back into the woods . Fed up with the nonsense , Alice decides to go home , but her surroundings have completely changed and she gets lost . Fearing she is lost forever , she sits on a rock sobbing . </P> <P> The Cheshire Cat reappears and advises Alice to ask the Queen of Hearts for directions home , showing her a `` shortcut '' to the King and tyrannical Queen 's castle . The Queen orders the beheading of a trio of playing card gardeners who mistakenly planted white roses instead of red ones , and invites ( or rather forces ) Alice to play against her in a croquet match , in which live flamingos , card guards and hedgehogs are used as equipment . The animals and card guards rig the game in favor of the Queen . The Cat appears again and plays a trick on the Queen , causing her to fall over . The Cat disappears in time to make it look like Alice was the prankster , but before the Queen can order her execution , the King suggests they have a trial . </P> <P> At Alice 's trial , the Mad Hatter , March Hare and Dormouse are called to the stand as witnesses , briefly celebrating the Queen 's unbirthday and giving her a headpiece as a present , which turns into the Cat . Chaos ensues when the frightened Dormouse runs around the courtroom . As the Queen orders Alice 's execution , Alice eats the pieces of the Caterpillar 's mushroom she saved and grows large again . The King and Queen order her to leave the courthouse , but she refuses and insults the Queen . As she does so , she returns to her normal size , and the Queen orders her execution . Alice flees , and the Queen , King , card guards and other characters give chase . When she reaches the small door she encountered at the beginning of the film , he shows her that she is actually already outside , asleep . She yells at herself to wake up ; she does and leaves the riverbank to go home for tea . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Kathryn Beaumont as Alice </Li> <Li> Ed Wynn as Mad Hatter </Li> <Li> Jerry Colonna as March Hare </Li> <Li> Richard Haydn as Caterpillar </Li> <Li> Sterling Holloway as Cheshire Cat </Li> <Li> Verna Felton as Queen of Hearts </Li> <Li> J. Pat O'Malley as Tweedledum and Tweedledee / The Walrus and the Carpenter / Mother Oyster </Li> <Li> Bill Thompson as White Rabbit / The Dodo </Li> <Li> Heather Angel as Alice 's sister </Li> <Li> Joseph Kearns as Doorknob </Li> <Li> Larry Grey as Bill the Lizard / Card Painter </Li> <Li> Queenie Leonard as A Bird in a Tree / Snooty Flower </Li> <Li> Dink Trout as King of Hearts </Li> <Li> Doris Lloyd as The Rose </Li> <Li> Jimmy MacDonald as The Dormouse </Li> <Li> The Mellomen ( Thurl Ravenscroft , Bill Lee , Max Smith , and Bob Hamlin ) as Card Painters </Li> <Li> Don Barclay as Other Cards </Li> <Li> Lucille Bliss as Flowers </Li> <Li> Pinto Colvig as Flamingos </Li> <Li> Tommy Luske as Young Pansy </Li> <Li> Marni Nixon as Singing Flowers </Li> <Li> Norma Zimmer as White Rose </Li> <Li> Mel Blanc as Dinah </Li> </Ul> <H2> Directing animators ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Marc Davis ( Alice and the eyeglasses creature ) </Li> <Li> Milt Kahl ( The Dodo , Alice , Flamingo , Hedgehog , White Rabbit ) </Li> <Li> Eric Larson ( Alice , Dinah , Caterpillar , Cheshire Cat , Queen of Hearts , Flamingo ) </Li> <Li> Frank Thomas ( Doorknob , Queen of Hearts , Wonderland Creatures ) </Li> <Li> Ollie Johnston ( Alice , King of Hearts ) </Li> <Li> Ward Kimball ( Tweedledee and Tweedledum , The Walrus and The Carpenter , Oysters , Cheshire Cat , Mad Hatter , March Hare , Dormouse ) </Li> <Li> John Lounsbery ( Flowers , Caterpillar , Cheshire Cat , Mad Hatter , March Hare , Wonderland creatures ) </Li> <Li> Wolfgang Reitherman ( White Rabbit , The Carpenter , The Dodo , Mad Hatter , March Hare ) </Li> <Li> Les Clark ( Alice , Wonderland creatures ) </Li> <Li> Norm Ferguson ( The Walrus and The Carpenter ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> The history of Walt Disney 's association with Lewis Carroll 's Alice books ( Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass ) stretches all the way back to his childhood . Like many children of the time he was familiar with the Alice books and had read them as a school boy . </P> <P> In 1923 , Disney was still a 21 - year - old filmmaker trying to make a name for himself by working at the Laugh - O - Gram Studio in Kansas City , making the unsuccessful short cartoon series by the name of Newman Laugh - O - Grams . The last of Newman Laugh - O - Grams was called Alice 's Wonderland , which was loosely inspired by the Alice books . The short featured a live - action girl ( Virginia Davis ) interacting in an animated world . Faced with business problems , however , the Laugh - O - Gram Studio went bankrupt in July 1923 , and the film was never released to the general public . However , Disney left for Hollywood and used the film as a sort of pilot to show to potential distributors . Margaret J. Winkler of Winkler Pictures agreed to distribute the Alice Comedies , and Disney partnered with his older brother Roy O. Disney and re-hired Kansas City co-workers including Ub Iwerks , Rudolph Ising , Friz Freleng , Carman Maxwell and Hugh Harman to form Disney Bros. Studios ( later Walt Disney Productions ) . The series began in 1924 before being retired in 1927 . </P> <P> In 1932 , Disney began playing with the idea of making an animated feature film and repeatedly turned to the idea of making a feature - length animated / live - action version of Alice starring Mary Pickford , and even purchased the rights to Sir John Tenniel 's illustrations ( still under copyright at the time ) . However , these plans were eventually scrapped in favor of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , mainly because Disney was put off by Paramount 's 1933 live - action adaptation . However , Disney did not completely abandon the idea of adapting Alice , and in 1936 made the Mickey Mouse cartoon Thru the Mirror . </P> <P> In 1938 , after the enormous success of Snow White , Disney revived the idea of making an Alice feature and officially registered the title Alice in Wonderland with the Motion Picture Association of America and hired storyboard artist Al Perkins and art director David S. Hall to develop the story and concept art for the film . A storyreel was complete in 1939 , but Walt was not pleased as he felt that Hall 's drawings resembled Tenniel 's drawings too closely making them too difficult to animate and that the overall tone of Perkins ' script was too grotesque and dark . Realising the amount of work needed for Alice in Wonderland , as well as the economic devastation of the World War II and the production demands of Pinocchio , Fantasia , and Bambi , Walt shelved production on Alice in Wonderland shortly after the screening . </P> <P> In 1945 , shortly after the war ended , Disney once again revived Alice in Wonderland and assigned British author Aldous Huxley to re-write the script . However , Walt felt that Huxley 's version was too much of a literal adaptation of Carroll 's book . Background artist Mary Blair submitted some concept drawings for Alice in Wonderland . Blair 's paintings moved away from Tenniel 's sketchy illustrations by taking a modernist stance , using bold and unreal colors . Walt liked Blair 's designs , and the script was re-written to focus on comedy , music , and the whimsical side to Carroll 's book . </P> <P> Disney toyed with the idea of having a live - action / animated version of Alice in Wonderland ( in a similar fashion to his Alice Comedies ) that would star Ginger Rogers and would utilize the recently developed sodium vapor process . Lisa Davis Waltz ( who would later voice Anita Radcliffe in One Hundred and One Dalmatians ) and Luana Patten were also considered for the role of Alice . However , Walt soon realized that he could only do justice to the book by making an all - animated feature , and in 1946 , work began on an all - animated version of Alice in Wonderland . </P> <H3> Writing ( edit ) </H3> <P> Through various drafts of the script , many sequences that were present in Caroll 's book drifted in and out of the story . However , Walt insisted that the scenes themselves keep close to those in the novel since most of its humor is in the writing . </P> <P> One omitted scene from the 1939 treatment of the film occurred outside the Duchess ' manor , where The Fish Footman is giving a message to The Frog Footman to take to the Duchess saying that she is invited to play croquet with The Queen of Hearts . Alice overhears this and sneaks into the kitchen of the manor , where she finds the Duchess ' Cook maniacally cooking and the Duchess nursing her baby . The cook is spraying pepper all over the room causing the Duchess and Alice to sneeze and the Baby to cry . After a quick conversation between Alice and the Duchess , the quick - tempered Cook starts throwing pots and pans at the noisy baby . Alice rescues the baby , but as she leaves the house the baby turns into a pig and runs away . The scene was scrapped for pacing reasons . </P> <P> Another scene that was deleted from a later draft occurred in Tulgey Wood , where Alice encountered what appeared to be a sinister - looking Jabberwock hiding in the dark , before revealing himself as a comical looking dragon - like beast with bells and factory whistles on his head . A song , `` Beware the Jabberwock '' , was also written . However , the scene was scrapped in favor of The Walrus and the Carpenter poem . Out of a desire to keep the Jabberwocky poem in the film , it was made to replace an original song for the Cheshire Cat , `` I 'm Odd '' . </P> <P> Another deleted scene in Tulgey Wood shows Alice consulting with The White Knight , who was meant to be somewhat of a caricature of Walt Disney . Although Walt liked the scene , he felt it was better if Alice learned her lesson by herself , hence the song `` Very Good Advice '' . </P> <P> Other characters , such as The Mock Turtle and the Gryphon were discarded for pacing reasons . </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <P> In an effort to retain some of Carroll 's imaginative verses and poems , Disney commissioned top songwriters to compose songs built around them for use in the film . A record number of potential songs were written for the film , based on Carroll 's verses -- over 30 -- and many of them found a way into the film , if only for a few brief moments . Alice in Wonderland would boast the greatest number of songs included in any Disney film , but because some of them last for mere seconds ( like `` How Do You Do and Shake Hands '' , `` We 'll Smoke the Monster Out '' , `` ' Twas Brillig '' , `` The Caucus Race '' , and others ) , this fact is frequently overlooked . The original song that Alice was to sing in the beginning was titled `` Beyond the Laughing Sky '' . The song , like so many other dropped songs , was not used by the producers . However , the composition was kept and the lyrics were changed . It later became the title song for Peter Pan ( which was in production at the same time ) , `` The Second Star to the Right '' . </P> <P> The title song , composed by Sammy Fain , has become a jazz standard , first adopted by jazz pianist Dave Brubeck ; featured first in 1952 , then on his 1957 Columbia album Dave Digs Disney . </P> <P> Izumi Yukimura sang her own theme song for the Japanese release of the film . </P> <P> The song , `` In a World of My Own , '' is included on the orange disc of Classic Disney : 60 Years of Musical Magic . </P> <H2> Release and reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> At the time , these creative decisions were met with great criticism from Carroll fans , as well as from British film and literary critics who accused Disney of `` Americanizing '' a great work of English literature . Disney was not surprised by the critical reception to Alice in Wonderland -- his version of Alice was intended for large family audiences , not literary critics -- but despite all the long years of thought and effort , the film met with a lukewarm response at the box office and was a sharp disappointment in its initial release , earning an estimated $2.4 million at the US box office in 1951 . </P> <P> Though not an outright disaster , the film was never re-released theatrically in Disney 's lifetime , airing instead every so often on network television . In fact , Alice in Wonderland aired as the second episode of Walt Disney 's Disneyland TV series on ABC in 1954 , in a severely edited version cut down to less than an hour . In The Disney Films , Leonard Maltin relates animator Ward Kimball felt the film failed because `` it suffered from too many cooks -- directors . Here was a case of five directors each trying to top the other guy and make his sequence the biggest and craziest in the show . This had a self - canceling effect on the final product . '' Walt Disney himself felt that the film failed because there was no `` warmth '' in Alice 's character . </P> <P> Almost two decades after its original release , after the North American success of George Dunning 's animated film Yellow Submarine ( 1968 ) , Disney 's version of Alice in Wonderland suddenly found itself in vogue with the times . In fact , because of Mary Blair 's art direction and the long - standing association of Carroll 's Alice in Wonderland with the drug culture , the feature was re-discovered as something of a `` head film '' ( along with Fantasia and The Three Caballeros ) among the college - aged and was shown in various college towns across the country . Disney resisted this association , and even withdrew prints of the film from universities , but then , in 1974 , Disney gave Alice in Wonderland its first theatrical re-release ever , and the company even promoted it as a film in tune with the `` psychedelic '' times ( mostly from the hit song `` White Rabbit '' performed by Jefferson Airplane ) . This re-release was so successful it warranted a subsequent re-release in 1981 . Its first UK re-release was on July 26 , 1979 . </P> <P> Later , with the advent of the home video market , Disney chose to make Alice in Wonderland one of the first titles available for the rental market on VHS and Beta and for retail sale on RCA 's short - lived CED Videodisc format . The film was released on October 15 , 1981 on VHS , CED Videodisc , and Betamax and May 28 , 1986 on VHS , Betamax , and Laserdisc in the Walt Disney Classics , ( though it was mastered for tape in 1985 ) , staying in general release ever since , with a 40th Anniversary video release in 1991 ( this and the 1986 video release were in Disney 's Classics Collection ) , followed by an October 28 , 1994 October 14 , 1997 VHS and Laserdisc release as a part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection. VHS and Laserdisc release as a part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection . It was released on Region 1 DVD on July 4 , 2000 ( under the Gold Classic Collection DVD series ) . A fully restored two - disc `` Masterpiece Edition '' was released on January 27 , 2004 , including the full hour - long episode of the Disney television show with Kathryn Beaumont , Edgar Bergen , Charlie McCarthy and Mortimer Snerd , Bobby Driscoll and others that promoted the film , computer games , deleted scenes , songs and related materials , which went back on moratorium in January 2009 . Disney released a 2 - disc special `` Un-Anniversary '' edition DVD on March 30 , 2010 in order to promote the then - new Tim Burton film . The movie was released in a Blu - ray / DVD combo on February 1 , 2011 to celebrate its 60th anniversary featuring a new HD restoration of the movie and many released bonus features . Disney re-released the film on Blu - ray and DVD on April 26 , 2016 to celebrate the film 's 65th anniversary . </P> <P> On the film aggregator website , Rotten Tomatoes , the overall rating of the film is a `` fresh '' 79 % from 28 critical reviews with an average rating of 6.4 / 10 . Its consensus states that `` A good introduction to Lewis Carroll 's classic , Alice in Wonderland boasts some of the Disney canon 's most surreal and twisted images . '' </P> <P> The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Scoring of a Musical Picture , but lost to An American in Paris . </P> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film soundtrack was first released on LP record on July 28 , 1951 . The soundtrack was re-released on Audio CD by Walt Disney Records on February 3 , 1998. ; Songs in the film </P> <Ul> <Li> `` Alice in Wonderland '' -- The Jud Conlon Chorus and The Mellomen </Li> <Li> `` In a World of My Own '' -- Alice </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Late '' -- White Rabbit </Li> <Li> `` The Sailor 's Hornpipe '' -- Dodo </Li> <Li> `` The Caucus Race '' -- Dodo and Animals </Li> <Li> `` How Do You Do and Shake Hands ? '' -- Tweedledee and Tweedledum </Li> <Li> `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' -- Tweedledee and Tweedledum </Li> <Li> `` Old Father William '' -- Tweedledee and Tweedledum </Li> <Li> `` We 'll Smoke the Blighter Out '' -- Dodo and White Rabbit </Li> <Li> `` All in the Golden Afternoon '' -- The Flowers and Alice </Li> <Li> `` A-E-I-O-U '' -- Caterpillar </Li> <Li> `` ' Twas Brillig '' -- Cheshire Cat </Li> <Li> `` The Unbirthday Song '' -- Mad Hatter , March Hare , and Alice </Li> <Li> `` Very Good Advice '' -- Alice </Li> <Li> `` Painting the Roses Red '' -- The Playing Cards ( The Jud Conlon Chorus ) and Alice / `` Who 's Been Painting My Roses Red ? '' ( Reprise ) -- Queen of Hearts and The Playing Cards </Li> <Li> `` The Unbirthday Song '' ( Reprise ) -- Mad Hatter , March Hare , The Queen of Hearts , and The Playing Cards </Li> <Li> `` The Caucus Race '' ( Reprise ) -- The Entire Cast Minus Alice </Li> <Li> `` Alice in Wonderland '' ( Reprise ) -- The Jud Conlon Chorus and The Mellomen </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Songs written for film but did not appear </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` Beyond the Laughing Sky '' -- Alice ( replaced by `` In a World of My Own '' ; this melody was later used for `` The Second Star to the Right '' in Peter Pan ) </Li> <Li> `` Dream Caravan '' -- Caterpillar ( replaced by `` A-E-I-O-U '' ) </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Odd '' -- Cheshire Cat ( replaced by `` ' Twas Brillig '' ) </Li> <Li> `` Beware the Jabberwock '' -- Chorus ( Stan Freberg , Daws Butler , and the Rhythmaires ) , referring to deleted character </Li> <Li> `` So They Say '' -- Alice </Li> <Li> `` If You 'll Believe in Me '' -- The Lion and The Unicorn ( deleted characters ) </Li> <Li> `` Beautiful Soup '' -- The Mock Turtle and The Gryphon ( almost yet deleted characters ) set to the tune of the Blue Danube ( the Walt Disney company also used Blue Danube in the two cartoons , Jungle Rhythm and Night ) . </Li> <Li> `` Everything Has a Useness '' -- Meant for Caterpillar , in which he explains to Alice that everything has a purpose -- in this case , the use of the mushroom . </Li> <Li> `` Curiosity '' -- unknown purpose </Li> <Li> `` Humpty Dumpty '' </Li> <Li> `` Speak Roughly to Your Little Boy '' -- The Duchess ( deleted character ) </Li> <Li> `` Will You Join the Dance ? '' </Li> </Ul> <H3> Audio cd track listing ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> `` Main Title ( Alice in Wonderland ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Pay Attention / In a World of My Own '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Late '' </Li> <Li> `` Curiosity Leads to Trouble / Simply Impassable '' </Li> <Li> `` The Sailor 's Hornpipe / The Caucus Race '' </Li> <Li> `` We 're Not Waxworks '' </Li> <Li> `` How D'Ye Do and Shake Hands / Curious ? '' </Li> <Li> `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' </Li> <Li> `` Old Father William '' </Li> <Li> `` Mary Ann ! / A Lizard with a Ladder / We 'll Smoke the Blighter Out '' </Li> <Li> `` The Garden / All in the Golden Afternoon '' </Li> <Li> `` What Genus Are You ? '' </Li> <Li> `` A-E-I-O-U ( Ray the Caterpillar Song / Who RU ? ) '' </Li> <Li> `` A Serpent ! '' </Li> <Li> `` Alone Again / ' Twas Brillig / Lose Something '' </Li> <Li> `` The Mad Tea Party / The Unbirthday Song '' </Li> <Li> `` The Tulgey Wood '' ( Music incomplete on audio CD ) </Li> <Li> `` Very Good Advice '' </Li> <Li> `` Whom Did You Expect '' </Li> <Li> `` Painting the Roses Red / March of the Cards '' </Li> <Li> `` Marie the Queen of Hearts / Who 's Been Painting My Roses Red ? '' </Li> <Li> `` A Little Girl / Let the Game Begin / I Warn You Child '' </Li> <Li> `` The Trial / The Unbirthday Song ( Reprise ) / Rule 42 / Off with Her Head / The Caucus Race '' </Li> </Ol> <H2> Media and merchandise ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Stage version ( edit ) </H3> <P> Alice in Wonderland has been condensed into a one act stage version entitled , Alice in Wonderland , Jr ... The stage version is solely meant for middle and high school productions and includes the majority of the film 's songs and others including Song of the South 's `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' , two new reprises of `` I 'm Late ! '' , and three new numbers entitled `` Ocean of Tears '' , `` Simon Says '' , and `` Who Are You ? '' respectively . This 60 -- 80 minute version is licensed by Music Theatre International in the Broadway , Jr . Collection along with other Disney Theatrical shows such as Disney 's Aladdin , Jr. , Disney 's Mulan , Jr. , Beauty and the Beast , Disney 's High School Musical : On Stage ! , Elton John and Tim Rice 's Aida , and many more . </P> <H3> References in other Disney films ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> In Donald in Mathmagic Land , Donald Duck wears Alice 's dress and has her hairstyle but brown not blond . A larger pencil bird is in the film as well . </Li> <Li> Bill the Lizard appears as one of Professor Ratigan 's henchmen in The Great Mouse Detective . </Li> <Li> Alice and several other characters from the film were featured as guests in House of Mouse , and the Queen of Hearts was one of the villains featured in Mickey 's House of Villains . The Mad Hatter was also featured in Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse . </Li> <Li> The Mad Hatter and the March Hare were also featured in several episodes of Bonkers . </Li> <Li> Bill the Lizard , Tweedledum , Cheshire Cat and the doorknob also appear in the 1988 Disney film Who Framed Roger Rabbit . </Li> <Li> In the opening of Aladdin , the peddler tries to sell a hookah much like the one the Caterpillar used . </Li> <Li> In Aladdin and the King of Thieves , the Genie turns into the White Rabbit . </Li> <Li> On Darkwing Duck , there is a villain called Tuskernini , a character that somewhat resembles the walrus . </Li> <Li> Weebo shows clips of the film on her screen in Flubber . </Li> <Li> An episode of Mickey Mouse Clubhouse , entitled `` Mickey 's Adventures in Wonderland '' , is based on the film . </Li> <Li> During the song When You Wish upon a Star in Disney 's Pinocchio , the book for Alice in Wonderland can be seen on the bookshelf where Jiminy Cricket is singing from . This reference can be considered indirect as the film was released 11 years prior to Alice in Wonderland . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Theme parks ( edit ) </H3> Alice at Disneyland , 2012 . <P> Costumed versions of Alice , The Mad Hatter , The White Rabbit , The Queen of Hearts , Tweedledum , and Tweedledee make regular appearances at the Disney theme parks and resorts , and other characters from the film ( including the Walrus and the March Hare ) have featured in the theme parks . More famously , all five Disneyland - style theme parks feature Mad Tea Party , a teacups ride based on Disney 's adaptation of Alice in Wonderland . </P> <P> Alice in Wonderland is also frequently featured in many parades and shows in the Disney Theme Parks , including The Main Street Electrical Parade , SpectroMagic , Fantasmic ! , Dreamlights , The Move It ! Shake It ! Celebrate It ! Street Party and Walt Disney 's Parade of Dreams . Disneyland contains a dark ride based on the film in addition to the teacups , and Disneyland Paris also contains a hedge maze called Alice 's Curious Labyrinth , which takes its inspiration from the film . The now - defunct Mickey Mouse Revue , shown at Walt Disney World and later at Tokyo Disneyland , contained characters and scenes from the film . </P> <P> The 2010 Tim Burton adaptation had much less of an effect on the park , only inspiring Mad T Party , a nighttime event at Disney California Adventure . </P> <H3> Video games ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Disney 's Villains ' Revenge , the Queen of Hearts is one of the villains who tries to turn the ending to her story to where she finally cuts off Alice 's head . Mickey Mousecapade features various characters from the film . The Japanese version , in fact , is based very heavily on the film , with almost every reference in the game coming from the film . </P> <P> A video game version of the film was released on Game Boy Color by Nintendo of America on October 4 , 2000 in North America . Additionally , in the video games Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , Wonderland is a playable world . Alice is also a major character in the overall plot of the first game due to her role as one of seven `` Princesses of Heart '' . Other characters from the movie that appear include the Queen of Hearts , the Cheshire Cat , the White Rabbit , the Doorknob , the Caterpillar ( V Cast only ) , and the Deck of Cards . The Mad Hatter and the March Hare appear in portrait form as well . All except the Doorknob also appear in Chain of Memories , albeit in the form of illusions made from the main character 's memory . While the world is absent in Kingdom Hearts II , it returns in Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days and Kingdom Hearts coded , the latter featuring a digitized version of the world originating from data in Jiminy Cricket 's royal journal . </P> <P> In Toy Story 3 : The Video Game , the Mad Hatter 's hat is one of the hats you can have the townsfolk wear . In Kinect Disneyland Adventures , Alice , Mad Hatter , White Rabbit , and the Queen of Hearts make appearances . </P> <P> In Disney Infinity there are power discs based on Alice in Wonderland . </P> <P> Several characters of the movie make appearances throughout the Epic Mickey - games . For example , the cards are seen throughout Mickeyjunk Mountain in the original Epic Mickey , Alice appears as a statue carrying a projector screen in Epic Mickey 2 and Alice , the Mad Hatter , the Cheshire Cat and the Queen of Hearts appear as unlockable characters in Epic Mickey : Power of Illusion . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Alice in Wonderland : Detail View '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ALICE IN WONDERLAND ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 3 , 1951 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Magical Kingdoms </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0043274/business </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://voicechasers.com/database/showprod.php?prodid=56 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A. Film L.A '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Through the Keyhole : A Companion 's Guide to Alice in Wonderland , Alice in Wonderland : 60th Anniversary Edition , 2011 Blu - Ray </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Barrier , Michael , 1999 , Hollywood Cartons , Oxford University Press , United Kingdom </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Reflections on Alice , Alice in Wonderland : 50th Universary Edition , 2005 DVD </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gabler , Neal , 2006 , Walt Disney : The Triumph of American Imagination , Alfred A. Knoff , New York City , USA </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UltimateDisney. com 's Interview with Lisa Davis , the voice and model for 101 Dalmatians ' Anita Radcliff </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Deleted Scene : The Pig and Pepper , Alice in Wonderland , 2011 Blu - Ray </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( 1976 ) . Walt Disney : An American Original . New York : Hyperion Press . pp. 220 -- 221 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6027 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland : The Aftermath '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' The Top Box Office Hits of 1951 ' , Variety , January 2 , 1952 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 1973 ) . The Disney Films . New York : Crown . p. 103 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8527 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Disney , Tim Burton & Linda Woolverton deliver an `` Alice '' for the ages </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official DVD website '' . Disney.Go.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Justin Sluss ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` A Hi - Def sneak peek at Disney 's planned 2011 Blu - ray titles '' . highdefdiscnews.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Romanization '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney 's Alice In Wonderland : Classic Soundtrack Series : Sammy Fain , Bob Hilliard '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.mtishows.com/show_detail.asp?showid=000277 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Disneyland 's Mad Tea Party Page '' . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Disneyland Paris ' Alice 's Curious Labyrinth Page '' . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts Official Page '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Film in the United States portal </Li> <Li> Fantasy portal </Li> <Li> Comedy portal </Li> <Li> 1950s portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 film ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Alice in wonderland ( 1951 film ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland on IMDb </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland at The Big Cartoon DataBase </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lewis Carroll 's Alice </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland </Li> <Li> Through the Looking - Glass </Li> <Li> `` The Hunting of the Snark '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alice </Li> <Li> The White Rabbit </Li> <Li> The Mouse </Li> <Li> The Dodo </Li> <Li> The Duck </Li> <Li> The Lory </Li> <Li> Eaglet </Li> <Li> Pat </Li> <Li> Bill the Lizard </Li> <Li> Puppy </Li> <Li> The Caterpillar </Li> <Li> The Duchess </Li> <Li> The Cheshire Cat </Li> <Li> The March Hare </Li> <Li> The Hatter <Ul> <Li> Tarrant Hightopp </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Dormouse </Li> <Li> The Queen of Hearts </Li> <Li> The King of Hearts </Li> <Li> The Knave of Hearts </Li> <Li> The Gryphon </Li> <Li> The Mock Turtle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Through the Looking - Glass </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Red Queen </Li> <Li> The White Queen </Li> <Li> The Red King </Li> <Li> The White King </Li> <Li> The White Knight </Li> <Li> Tweedledum and Tweedledee </Li> <Li> The Sheep </Li> <Li> Humpty Dumpty </Li> <Li> The Lion and the Unicorn </Li> <Li> Bandersnatch </Li> <Li> Jubjub Bird </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Locations </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wonderland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Through the Looking - Glass </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Looking - Glass Land </Li> <Li> The Old Sheep Shop </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alice Liddell </Li> <Li> Alice 's Shop </Li> <Li> John Tenniel </Li> <Li> Theophilus Carter </Li> <Li> The Annotated Alice </Li> <Li> Mischmasch </Li> <Li> Works based on Alice in Wonderland <Ul> <Li> Films and television </Li> <Li> Disney franchise </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Translations of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland </Li> <Li> Translations of Through the Looking - Glass </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adaptations </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Poems </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` All in the golden afternoon ... '' </Li> <Li> `` How Doth the Little Crocodile '' </Li> <Li> `` The Mouse 's Tale '' </Li> <Li> `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat '' </Li> <Li> `` You Are Old , Father William '' </Li> <Li> `` ' Tis the Voice of the Lobster '' </Li> <Li> `` Jabberwocky '' </Li> <Li> `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' </Li> <Li> `` Haddocks ' Eyes '' </Li> <Li> `` They told me you had been to her ... '' </Li> <Li> `` The Mock Turtle 's Song '' </Li> <Li> `` The Hunting of the Snark '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sequels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A New Alice in the Old Wonderland ( 1895 ) </Li> <Li> New Adventures of Alice ( 1917 ) </Li> <Li> Alice of Wonderland in Paris ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Alice Through the Needle 's Eye ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Automated Alice ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Wonderland Revisited and the Games Alice Played There ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Retellings </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Nursery `` Alice '' ( 1890 ) </Li> <Li> Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable ( 1905 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Verse : The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parodies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Westminster Alice ( 1902 ) </Li> <Li> Clara in Blunderland ( 1902 ) </Li> <Li> Lost in Blunderland ( 1903 ) </Li> <Li> John Bull 's Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland ( 1904 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Blunderland : An Iridescent Dream ( 1904 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Imitations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mopsa the Fairy ( 1869 ) </Li> <Li> Davy and the Goblin ( 1884 ) </Li> <Li> The Admiral 's Caravan ( 1891 ) </Li> <Li> Gladys in Grammarland ( 1896 ) </Li> <Li> A New Wonderland ( 1898 ) </Li> <Li> Rollo in Emblemland ( 1902 ) </Li> <Li> Justnowland ( 1912 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Orchestralia ( 1925 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reimagining </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alice in Wonderland or What 's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Alice or the Last Escapade ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Adventures in Wonderland ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> The Looking Glass Wars ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Alice ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Malice in Wonderland ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1903 </Li> <Li> 1910 </Li> <Li> 1915 </Li> <Li> 1931 </Li> <Li> 1933 </Li> <Li> 1949 </Li> <Li> 1951 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 ( Czechoslovak ) </Li> <Li> 1988 ( Australian ) </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stage </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( ballet ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( musical ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( opera ) </Li> <Li> Wonderland ( Wildhorn musical ) </Li> <Li> Peter and Alice ( 2013 play ) </Li> <Li> Wonder. land ( Albarn musical ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fushigi no Kuni no Alice </Li> <Li> Once Upon a Time </Li> <Li> Once Upon a Time in Wonderland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Literary </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alice in Murderland </Li> <Li> Alice in the Country of Hearts </Li> <Li> Miyuki - chan in Wonderland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alice no Paint Adventure ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> American McGee 's Alice ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Alice : Madness Returns ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Kingdom Hearts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Clyde Geronimi </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Melody Time ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Cinderella ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> Peter Pan ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Hamilton Luske </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Pinocchio ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Fantasia ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Melody Time ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Cinderella ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> Peter Pan ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Ben and Me ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Donald in Mathmagic Land ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Wilfred Jackson </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> Pinocchio ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Fantasia ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Dumbo ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Song of the South ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Melody Time ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Cinderella ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> Peter Pan ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Disney theatrical animated features </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Walt Disney Animation Studios films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> Pinocchio ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Fantasia ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Dumbo ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Bambi ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Melody Time ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Cinderella ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> Peter Pan ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> The Aristocats ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Robin Hood ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Rescuers ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Aladdin ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion King ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Pocahontas ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Hercules ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Mulan ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Tarzan ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Dinosaur ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Brother Bear ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Home on the Range ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Chicken Little ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Bolt ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Tangled ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Frozen ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Zootopia ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Moana ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live - action films with animation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Song of the South ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Enchanted ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> DisneyToon Studios films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Bambi II ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Planes ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other Disney units films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Strange Magic ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related lists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Unproduced films </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Walt Disney Animation Studios </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> List of feature films </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> Pinocchio ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Fantasia ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Dumbo ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Bambi ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Melody Time ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Cinderella ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> Peter Pan ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> The Aristocats ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Robin Hood ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Rescuers ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Aladdin ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion King ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Pocahontas ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Hercules ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Mulan ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Tarzan ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Dinosaur ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Brother Bear ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Home on the Range ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Chicken Little ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Bolt ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Tangled ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Frozen ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Zootopia ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Moana ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Upcoming films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Associated productions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Song of the South ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Enchanted ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> People </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Executives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Edwin Catmull </Li> <Li> Roy Conli </Li> <Li> Roy E. Disney </Li> <Li> Walt Disney </Li> <Li> Don Hahn </Li> <Li> Jeffrey Katzenberg </Li> <Li> John Lasseter </Li> <Li> Peter Schneider </Li> <Li> Thomas Schumacher </Li> <Li> David Stainton </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Disney 's Nine Old Men </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Les Clark </Li> <Li> Marc Davis </Li> <Li> Ollie Johnston </Li> <Li> Milt Kahl </Li> <Li> Ward Kimball </Li> <Li> Eric Larson </Li> <Li> John Lounsbery </Li> <Li> Wolfgang Reitherman </Li> <Li> Frank Thomas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Related topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Disney animators ' strike </Li> <Li> Disney Renaissance </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Methods and technologies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 12 basic principles of animation </Li> <Li> Computer Animation Production System </Li> <Li> Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life </Li> <Li> Multiplane camera </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Documentaries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other Disney animation units </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Disney Television Animation </Li> <Li> DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) </Li> <Li> Lucasfilm Animation </Li> <Li> Marvel Animation </Li> <Li> Pixar Animation Studios </Li> <Li> Circle 7 ( defunct ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alice Comedies </Li> <Li> Laugh - 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Deadpool 2 - wikipedia <H1> Deadpool 2 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Deadpool 2 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Teaser poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> David Leitch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Simon Kinberg </Li> <Li> Ryan Reynolds </Li> <Li> Lauren Shuler Donner </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rhett Reese </Li> <Li> Paul Wernick </Li> <Li> Ryan Reynolds </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Deadpool by <Ul> <Li> Rob Liefeld </Li> <Li> Fabian Nicieza </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ryan Reynolds </Li> <Li> Josh Brolin </Li> <Li> Morena Baccarin </Li> <Li> Julian Dennison </Li> <Li> Zazie Beetz </Li> <Li> T.J. Miller </Li> <Li> Brianna Hildebrand </Li> <Li> Jack Kesy </Li> <Li> Stefan Kapičić </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Tyler Bates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Jonathan Sela </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Craig Alpert </Li> <Li> Elísabet Ronaldsdóttir </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marvel Entertainment </Li> <Li> The Donners ' Company </Li> <Li> Genre Films </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> 20th Century Fox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Deadpool 2 is an upcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Deadpool , distributed by 20th Century Fox . It is intended to be the eleventh installment in the X-Men film series , and a sequel to the 2016 film Deadpool . The film is directed by David Leitch from a script by Rhett Reese , Paul Wernick , and Ryan Reynolds , with Reynolds starring in the title role alongside Josh Brolin , Morena Baccarin , Julian Dennison , Zazie Beetz , T.J. Miller , Brianna Hildebrand , Jack Kesy , and Stefan Kapičić . In Deadpool 2 , Deadpool forms the team X-Force to protect a young mutant from Cable . </P> <P> Plans for a sequel to Deadpool began before that film 's release , and were confirmed in February 2016 . Though the original creative team of Reynolds , Reese , Wernick , and director Tim Miller were quickly set to return for the second film , Miller left the project in October 2016 due to creative differences with Reynolds , and was soon replaced by Leitch . An extensive casting search took place to fill the role of Cable , with Brolin ultimately cast ; the casting of Beetz as Domino was also noteworthy . Filming took place in British Columbia , Canada , from June to October 2017 . During filming , stunt woman Joi `` SJ '' Harris died in a motorcycle accident . </P> <P> Deadpool 2 is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 18 , 2018 . A sequel , Deadpool 3 , is in development . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Premise </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Pre-production </Li> <Li> 3.3 Filming </Li> <Li> 3.4 Post-production </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Music </Li> <Li> 5 Release <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Marketing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Box office projection </Li> <Li> 7 Sequel </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Premise </H2> <P> Deadpool forms a team of mutants called the X-Force to protect young mutant Russell from the time - traveling soldier Cable . </P> <H2> Cast </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ryan Reynolds as Wade Wilson / Deadpool : A wisecracking mercenary with accelerated healing but severe scarring over his body after undergoing an experimental regenerative mutation . He forms the X-Force , a team of mutants . </Li> <Li> Josh Brolin as Nathan Summers / Cable : A time travelling cybernetic mutant soldier , `` in many ways the opposite of Deadpool '' . Director David Leitch called the dynamic between Cable and Deadpool `` sort of classic buddy - cop fare '' , and compared them to the characters portrayed by Nick Nolte and Eddie Murphy , respectively , in 48 Hrs. ( 1982 ) . Brolin signed a four - film deal to play the character , and described his appearance here as just the introduction for the character , with `` three more movies to reveal more . '' </Li> <Li> Morena Baccarin as Vanessa : An escort and Wilson 's fiancée . </Li> <Li> Julian Dennison as Russell : A young mutant being hunted by Cable . Dennison was the only actor that the creative team considered for the role , with Russell `` sort of a tailor - made character '' for the actor . </Li> <Li> Zazie Beetz as Neena Thurman / Domino : A mercenary with the mutant ability to manipulate luck , who joins Deadpool 's X-Force team . Leitch described the film 's version of the character as Beetz ' own `` real fun interesting take '' . Beetz began `` doing strength conditioning , so that 's like working out everyday '' when she got the role , for which she has to `` be shooting guns , I fight and a lot of that movement is full body and physical . '' </Li> <Li> T.J. Miller as Weasel : Wilson 's best friend , the owner of a bar frequented by mercenaries . </Li> <Li> Brianna Hildebrand as Negasonic Teenage Warhead : A teenage X-Man with the mutant power to detonate atomic bursts from her body , she is now a `` new level of X-Men '' after being a trainee in the first film . Hildebrand felt that `` it 's cool that she 's grown and matured and she still has so much of this essence of a punk kid '' from the first film , and added that the character would have a `` cooler '' costume in the sequel . </Li> <Li> Jack Kesy as Black Tom Cassidy : A mutant who can manipulate energy through plants . </Li> <Li> Stefan Kapičić as the voice of Colossus : An X-Man with the mutant ability to transform his entire body into organic steel . Kapičić described Colossus as one of the most important characters in the film , requiring a more intense process for Kapičić during recording for the character . He explained that Colossus would continue to try make Deadpool a better person and potential X-Man after doing so in the first film . </Li> </Ul> <P> Leslie Uggams and Karan Soni return from the first film as Deadpool 's elderly roommate Blind Al and the taxi driver Dopinder , respectively . The X-Force team also includes Terry Crews as Bedlam , Lewis Tan as Shatterstar , and Rob Delaney as Peter . Shioli Kutsuna , Eddie Marsan , and Bill Skarsgård have been cast in undisclosed roles . </P> <H2> Production </H2> <H3> Development </H3> <P> Producer Simon Kinberg revealed in September 2015 that discussions had begun regarding ideas for a sequel to Deadpool , which was set to be released in February 2016 . One idea was for the film to introduce the character Cable , who had previously been looked at to appear in the first Deadpool , and X-Men : Days of Future Past before that . Cable 's inclusion in the potential sequel was confirmed by the character Deadpool , breaking the fourth wall , in the post-credit scene of the first film . Domino , a character with connections to Cable in the comics , was also believed to be featured in the sequel . By the first film 's release , 20th Century Fox had green - lit a sequel , with writers Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick returning to write the screenplay . Though director Tim Miller and producer / star Ryan Reynolds were not confirmed for the sequel at the time , Fox was `` intent on keeping the creative team together '' . Miller and Reynolds ' involvement was confirmed at the 2016 CinemaCon that April , though Miller had still not formally signed on to direct the sequel yet . He began work developing the script with the writers , while Reynolds had signed a new contract granting him `` casting approval and other creative controls '' . </P> It has to tonally and stylistically be as fresh and original ( as the first film ) . That 's a big challenge especially because they had 10 years to gestate on the first movie and we do n't have that kind of time on the second movie . That 's the biggest mandate going ( into ) the second film ... we have to resist the temptation to make it bigger . <P> -- Producer Simon Kinberg on approaching Deadpool 2 </P> <P> In June 2016 , Kinberg said that a completed draft from Wernick and Rheese was expected `` soon '' , and that they were looking to begin filming the sequel at the beginning of 2017 . By August , Kyle Chandler was believed to be in the running to portray Cable . Testing of actresses for Domino had also begun by October , with the shortlist of actresses under consideration including Lizzy Caplan , Mary Elizabeth Winstead , Sienna Miller , Sofia Boutella , Stephanie Sigman , Sylvia Hoeks , Mackenzie Davis , Ruby Rose , Eve Hewson , and Kelly Rohrbach . The producers were particularly interested in casting a black or Latina actress in the role . </P> <P> At the end of October , Miller left the film over `` mutual creative differences '' with Reynolds . The rift between the pair was reportedly based on several factors , including Reynolds ' expanded creative control over the sequel ; Miller 's wish for a more stylized follow - up than the first film , versus Reynolds ' focus `` on the raunchy comedy style that earned the first movie its R rating '' ; and Miller 's intention to cast Chandler as Cable , which Reynolds opposed . Fox ultimately backed `` its marketable star '' over Miller , who had made his directorial debut with the first film . Miller denied these reported reasons , while Reynolds said , `` All I can really add is that I 'm sad to see him off the film . Tim 's brilliant and nobody worked harder on Deadpool than he did . '' A week after Miller 's departure , Fox was looking at David Leitch , Drew Goddard , Magnus Martens , and Rupert Sanders as potential replacements for the director . Leitch was the `` strong frontrunner '' for the role , and signed on to direct a month later . Reynolds , a fan of Leitch 's John Wick , said the director `` really understands those Deadpool sensibilities and where we need to take the franchise from here . '' He added that Leitch `` can make a movie on an ultra tight minimal budget look like it was shot for 10 -- 15 times what it cost . '' </P> <H3> Pre-production </H3> <P> Reese and Wernick had completed multiple drafts of the script by January 2017 , saying , `` It 's taken different twists and turns , but it 's really coalescing '' ; the film was still on track to begin filming that year . The pair felt a responsibility to explore the team X-Force , which includes Deadpool , Cable , and Domino in the comics , with Reese saying the sequel 's purpose `` is not to set up X-Force ( but ) it will likely set up X-Force . '' He did clarify that though the film will be `` populated with a lot of characters ... it is still Deadpool 's movie '' . The pair confirmed that Stefan Kapičić 's Colossus , Brianna Hildebrand 's Negasonic Teenage Warhead , and Karan Soni 's Dopinder would be returning from the first film to `` make at least an appearance '' , and that the film would not be exploring the details of Cable 's convoluted comic origins . By the next month , it had been noted that there had been few announcements from Fox regarding the film , and that a release date had not yet been set which was seen as unusual for sequels to popular films ( often studios `` announce sequels far too soon and with no idea what will happen '' ) , with the issue deemed to be the film 's script . Reynolds , Reese , and Wernick had been `` bunkered down , working on the script together , trying to cross the finish line and create something everyone is excited to make '' . At that time , Goddard joined the project to consult on the script . </P> <P> By the beginning of March 2017 , Michael Shannon had been in the running to portray Cable , but no longer could due to a scheduling conflict . David Harbour had screen - tested for the role , and Pierce Brosnan was believed to be in negotiations for a part in the film , potentially Cable . Reynolds announced shortly after that Zazie Beetz had been cast as Domino . Later in the month , Shannon was in the running to portray Cable again , and was considered the frontrunner , with Fox also looking at a shortlist of other actors that included Harbour . Brad Pitt had also been considered for the role , and expressed interest in taking it , but had `` moved on '' . Leitch soon addressed the potential casting of these actors , saying Shannon `` would make an incredible Cable ... If that happens , I would be through the roof '' ; and on Pitt , `` We had a great meeting with Brad , he was incredibly interested in the property . Things did n't work out schedule-wise . He 's a fan , and we love him , and I think he would 've made an amazing Cable . '' At the end of March , Morena Baccarin confirmed her return from the first film as Vanessa , and expressed interest in exploring the character 's Copycat persona from the comics in the sequel . Josh Brolin emerged as a `` surprise contender '' to play Cable in April , ahead of Shannon and Harbour , and was officially cast in the role . Brolin also portrays the Marvel Comics character Thanos , in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Leslie Uggams confirmed that she would be reprising her role of Blind Al from the first film , while Fox gave the sequel a June 1 , 2018 release date . </P> <P> Noting the release date , Leitch wanted to ensure that the film `` was worthy of a summer tentpole movie , and we knew we were going to be wedged in between some big films '' , specifically wanting to expand the action and make the general feeling of the film `` bigger '' than the first one . However , he wanted the film to have the same DNA as the original `` in terms of the tone , and the fun ... I love that challenge '' of combining that with the increased scope . The film uses Deadpool 's fourth wall - breaking to reference this release period , with Leitch calling these comments `` definitely fresh and timely when they come up . '' In May 2017 , Fox was reportedly looking to use a post-credits scene at the end of Deadpool 2 to introduce several other members of X-Force who would go on to star alongside Reynolds , Brolin , and Beetz in an X-Force film . Casting for the characters -- Sunspot , Feral , and Shatterstar -- would take place over the coming months , though Reese denied the accuracy of this report . Later , T.J. Miller confirmed that he would return from the first film as Weasel , and described the sequel as `` even more weaselicious '' than the first . He noted that Reynolds and the writers had `` really put the time in on the script '' to meet their own expectations for the sequel as well as those of fans . Jack Kesy also joined the cast , as Black Tom Cassidy . In June , Shioli Kutsuna was cast in a key role for the film . </P> <H3> Filming </H3> <P> Initial filming had begun by June 17 , 2017 , at Hatley Castle in Victoria , Canada , which is used to portray the X-Mansion in the X-Men films . Principal photography began in Vancouver on June 26 , under the working title Love Machine . Jonathan Sela served as cinematographer for the film . At the end of June , Reynolds revealed that Julian Dennison had been cast in the film . The next month , T.J. Miller said that he found the sequel to be funnier than the first film , and that `` it 's not going to be the same movie in a different location ( like The Hangover Part II ) . It 's got different stakes , different things happen , some pretty tragic , dark shit happens in the first part of the film , in the beginning , and the rest of the film is kind of dealing with that . '' By then , Kapičić had been working with Leitch on the set , and expected to continue contributing to Colossus through to April 2018 . </P> <P> On August 14 , stunt woman Joi `` SJ '' Harris died in a motorcycle accident after losing control and crashing into Shaw Tower . Harris , the first African - American female professional road racer , was working on the film as a stunt performer for the first time and had only joined the production a week before . Harris was not wearing a helmet because the character she was portraying , Domino , does not wear one in the scene , and there had not been time since she joined the film to create one for her to fit underneath the Domino wig . She had two full days of rehearsing the stunt as well as five more attempts on the day of the accident . Veteran stunt double Melissa Stubbs had been available and willing to do the stunt , but the inexperienced Harris was preferred due to her skin color being a match for Beetz . This decision was criticized by multiple stunt professionals , with many noting that Harris ' experiences racing motorcycles did not necessarily qualify her as an able stunt performer . Production on the film was shut down immediately after the incident , but resumed two days later . With this news also came reports that the film 's crew were `` enduring very long hours '' and were `` exhausted by the schedule '' , with a member of the studio confirming that some days had gone beyond the scheduled 12 -- 13 hours filming , up to 15 -- plus hours . </P> <P> Earlier in August , Reynolds revealed that Rob Delaney was at the film 's set , and Eddie Marsan revealed that he was also on set for a role in the film later in the month . Filming in Vancouver was expected to last until October 6 , with production on Deadpool 2 being officially completed on October 14 . Discussing the film 's action , having previously worked as a stunt coordinator , Leitch said that all stunts are `` variations on a theme '' with the same basic elements , but Deadpool allows you to `` subvert those basics , and there 's an expectation for a classic gag , but oops , maybe you get something else . '' He also felt that introducing Domino gave the film unique opportunities for action sequences taking advantage of her luck - based abilities , as well as focusing on Deadpool 's healing abilities and trying to use those to create interesting action . </P> <H3> Post-production </H3> <P> Fox revealed in November that the film was technically untitled at that point , and not officially known as Deadpool 2 as had been assumed ; the studio was temporarily referring to the film as The Untitled Deadpool Sequel . In January 2018 , the film 's release was moved up to May 18 , 2018 . A month later , Terry Crews was revealed to have a role in the film , the character Shatterstar was confirmed to be appearing , and the production returned to Vancouver for six days of reshoots under a new working title , Daisy . </P> <P> While some reports emerged by mid-March claiming that the reshoots were due to poor audience responses during test screenings of the film , and consisted of sweeping changes , the film was soon confirmed to be testing better than the original did , up to 98 out of 100 over three different tests ( compared to a maximum score of 91 during tests of the first film ) . Because of this , the reshoots were adding more of the elements that audiences responded positively to , including additional material featuring Cable and Domino . By the end of the month , two hours - worth of filming had taken place in Los Angeles for a then - secret cameo appearance , and the film 's first full trailer was released . Officially titling the film Deadpool 2 , the trailer also revealed that Crews was portraying Bedlam ; that Delaney was in the film , portraying Peter ; and that Bill Skarsgård also had a role . The film 's final trailer , released a month later , confirmed that Lewis Tan would portray Shatterstar , joining Domino , Bedlam , and Peter as members of the X-Force in the film . </P> <H2> Music </H2> <P> Deadpool composer Junkie XL chose not to return for the sequel due to Miller 's departure . In October 2017 , Tyler Bates was hired to write the score for the film . </P> <H2> Release </H2> <P> Deadpool 2 is set to be released in the United States on May 18 , 2018 . It was previously scheduled for release on June 1 of that year . </P> <H3> Marketing </H3> <P> For the Fox presentation at CineEurope 2017 in June , Reynolds made a video message featuring himself in costume as Deadpool from the film 's set . The first teaser poster , which pays homage to Norman Rockwell 's 1943 painting Freedom from Want , was released that November . Justin Carter of Comic Book Resources found it `` oddly appropriate for Deadpool 2 to co-opt ( this ) iconic work for a modern pop culture audience '' as it is `` true to Deadpool 's incredibly referential nature . '' Eric Diaz of Nerdist said , `` It strikes exactly the irreverent tone you 'd expect for the Deadpool sequel . '' The first footage from the film debuted the following week , at the end of a video where Reynolds ( in - character as Deadpool ) parodies Bob Ross and his television show The Joy of Painting . The video was described by The Hollywood Reporter 's Ryan Parker as `` completely out of left field '' and setting the tone perfectly for the film , though his colleague Graeme McMillan was less positive due to not knowing of Ross ( Deadpool co-creator Fabian Nicieza thought the fact that many in the audience would n't know of Ross made the video `` exactly the kind of quirky pop culture choice that works perfectly for Deadpool '' ) . Parker added , `` This trailer only showed a few seconds from the film , but fans will be talking about it all day '' because of the presentation , unlike `` any other trailer which would have shown so little of the product . '' </P> <P> Rather than pay for an expensive advertisement spot during Super Bowl LII , the film 's official Twitter account was used to `` live tweet '' the event with commentary as if the character Deadpool was watching it . A new trailer for the film was released later that week , focusing on introducing Cable . Parker felt that `` Reynolds and company have completely changed the trailer game . The formula of just showing some of the actual movie , but with a tiny story thrown in is such an incredible marketing idea . '' McMillan and their colleague Aaron Couch praised the trailer playing on the visual effects for Cable 's arm not being finished , noting it as a joke about the visual effects to remove Henry Cavill 's mustache from Justice League . The group collectively praised the overall marketing for the franchise , with McMillan suggesting that the campaign for the sequel may surpass that of the first Deadpool . A full trailer for the film , explaining its general plot , was released at the end of March . Forbes contributor Scott Mendelson called it `` pretty funny and mostly entertaining '' , but was disappointed in it being a `` conventional '' trailer compared to the more out - there videos previously released for the film . He explained that he thought the first film `` had a winning lead character and fine character - centric jokes , but a pretty generic origin story plot that eventually became the thing it was critiquing '' , and was concerned that the sequel would turn out to be `` a more standard ' superhero sequel ' sell '' . Mendelson also noted the inclusion of T.J. Miller in the trailer following the reveal of sexual misconduct allegations against the actor in late 2017 , calling it `` inevitable no matter how tarnished his reputation might be these days . '' The Hollywood Reporter group also noted the more traditional style of the trailer , but remained generally positive about the film and highlighted the supporting cast for the film as appearing in the trailer , including Brolin , Beetz , Kutsuna , and Crews . </P> <P> Also in March , a Twitter account was established for the character Peter and began to be regularly updated with `` tweets '' about his interests , including photos of the character beekeeping and preparing for his work as part of the X-Force team ( as seen in the film ) . A month later , Fox released the final trailer for the film , with Mendelson lamenting that it was as `` conventional '' as the previous trailer but finding it understandable that Fox not be seen to be hiding the film , and ultimately felt that the trailer indicated the film would be `` a pretty solid comic book sequel '' . The group at The Hollywood Reporter praised the final trailer as well , highlighting its references to X-Men Origins : Wolverine and the DC universe as well as its introduction of Peter . At the end of April , Leitch stated that alternate versions of jokes that had been cut from the film were included in the trailers , since `` only one can live in the movie , so we might have snuck a couple in sort of additional materials that people can discover . '' As part of a promotion for the film with beverage company Mike 's Harder , Sister Margaret 's School for Wayward Girls -- the fictional bar featured in the films -- will be emulated in pop - ups at the Alligator Lounge in New York from April 26 -- 28 and the Slipper Clutch in Los Angeles from May 10 -- 12 . The pop - ups will respectively serve pizza and chimichangas , traditionally Deadpool 's favorite food , as well as Deadpool - inspired Harder drinks . The campaign also includes the chance to win a trip to the film 's premiere through Harder , and the Los Angeles pop - up will benefit the nonprofit DTLA Film Festival . </P> <H2> Box office projection </H2> <P> Initial box office projections for the film in March 2018 expected it to gross $100 million over its opening weekend in the United States and Canada , with a final domestic total expected to be lower than that of the first film ( $363 million ) at around $242 million . On April 20 , 2018 , both Fandango and Regal Cinemas announced that Deadpool 2 was the best pre-selling R - rated film in their respective histories . By April 26 , opening weekend industry projections had reached upwards of $150 million . </P> <H2> Sequel </H2> <P> By November 2016 , with development underway on Deadpool 2 , Fox was also planning Deadpool 3 , which was said to include the team X-Force . 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Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Witty ( But Generic ) ' Deadpool 2 ' Trailer Finally Spills The Beans '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kilkenny , Katie ; Liefeld , Rob ; Shanley , Patrick ; Parker , Ryan ; McMillan , Graeme ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` A Deep Dive into the ' Deadpool 2 ' Trailer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Peter W '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elderkin , Beth ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Peter , the New Star of Deadpool 2 , Has a Real Twitter That 's an Absolute Delight '' . io9 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Saved The Best ' Deadpool 2 ' Trailer For Last '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Parker , Ryan ; Perez , Lexy ; McMillan , Graeme ; Shanley , Patrick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Trailer Has One Clear Winner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Pop - Up Bar Coming to New York and L.A. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` Long Range Tracking : ' Deadpool 2 , ' ' Book Club , ' & ' Show Dogs ' '' . BoxOffice . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Advance Ticket Sales Records : Fandango 's Best R - Rated Preseller Ever In First 24 Hours '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Tracking Suggests Raunchy Superhero Headed For $150 M+ Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Fox 's X-Men Issues : Jennifer Lawrence Unsigned , ' Deadpool ' Defections , ' Gambit ' on Hold '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Why Deadpool 3 And X-Force Will Be Very Different Projects '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White , Peter ; Hayes , Dade ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Disney - Fox Deal : Bob Iger Discusses Digital Future , James Murdoch , Hulu and $2 B Cost Savings '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Can Stay R - Rated at Disney , Says Bob Iger '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . 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Vinson Massif - wikipedia <H1> Vinson Massif </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Vinson Massif </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Mount Vinson from NW at Vinson Plateau </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Highest point </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elevation </Th> <Td> 4,892 m ( 16,050 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prominence </Th> <Td> 4,892 m ( 16,050 ft ) Ranked 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Isolation </Th> <Td> 4,911 kilometres ( 3,052 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Listing </Th> <Td> Seven summits Ultra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 78 ° 31 ′ 31.74 '' S 85 ° 37 ′ 1.73 '' W  /  78.5254833 ° S 85.6171472 ° W  / - 78.5254833 ; - 85.6171472 Coordinates : 78 ° 31 ′ 31.74 '' S 85 ° 37 ′ 1.73 '' W  /  78.5254833 ° S 85.6171472 ° W  / - 78.5254833 ; - 85.6171472 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Geography </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Vinson Massif Antarctica </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parent range </Th> <Td> Sentinel Range </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Climbing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First ascent </Th> <Td> 1966 by Nicholas Clinch and party </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Easiest route </Th> <Td> snow / ice climb </Td> </Tr> </Table> NASA image of Vinson Massif from space Map of central and southern Sentinel Range , Ellsworth Mountains with Vinson Massif . <P> Vinson Massif ( / ˈvɪnsən mæˈsiːf / ) is a large mountain massif in Antarctica that is 21 km ( 13 mi ) long and 13 km ( 8.1 mi ) wide and lies within the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains . It overlooks the Ronne Ice Shelf near the base of the Antarctic Peninsula . The massif is located about 1,200 kilometres ( 750 mi ) from the South Pole . Vinson Massif was discovered in January 1958 by U.S. Navy aircraft . In 1961 , the Vinson Massif was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US - ACAN ) , for Carl G. Vinson , United States congressman from the state of Georgia , for his support for Antarctic exploration . On Nov. 1 , 2006 , US - ACAN declared Mount Vinson and Vinson Massif to be separate entities . </P> <P> Mount Vinson is the highest peak in Antarctica , at 4,892 metres ( 16,050 ft ) . It lies in the north part of Vinson Massif 's summit plateau in the south portion of the main ridge of the Sentinel Range about 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) north of Hollister Peak . It was first climbed in 1966 by an American team led by Nicholas Clinch . An expedition in 2001 was the first to climb via the Eastern route , and also took GPS measurements of the height of the peak . As of February 2010 , 1,400 climbers have attempted to reach the top of Mount Vinson . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Geography </Li> <Li> 2 Climate and glaciers </Li> <Li> 3 History <Ul> <Li> 3.1 First ascent </Li> <Li> 3.2 Later ascents </Li> <Li> 3.3 First ascent from east side </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Maps </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Vinson Massif extends between Goodge Col and Branscomb Glacier to the northwest , Nimitz Glacier and Gildea Glacier to the southwest and south , and Dater Glacier and its tributary Hinkley Glacier to the east . The southeastern part of the massif ends at Hammer Col , which joins it to the Craddock Massif , of which the highest point is Mount Rutford ( 4,477 metres ( 14,688 ft ) ) . The massif comprises both the high central Vinson Plateau with its few peaks rising to over 4,700 metres ( 15,400 ft ) , and several side ridges mostly trending southwest or northeast from the plateau . </P> <P> The current height ( 4,892 metres ( 16,050 ft ) ) of Mount Vinson was measured by a GPS survey that was conducted by the 2004 Omega Foundation team comprising Damien Gildea of Australia ( leader ) and Rodrigo Fica and Camilo Rada of Chile . Since 1998 and continuing through 2007 , the Omega Foundation has placed a GPS receiver on the summit for a suitable period of time to obtain accurate satellite readings . </P> <H2> Climate and glaciers ( edit ) </H2> <P> The climate on Mount Vinson is generally controlled by the polar ice cap 's high - pressure system , creating predominantly stable conditions but , as in any polar climate , high winds and snowfall are a possibility . Though the annual snowfall on Mount Vinson is low , high winds can cause base camp accumulations up to 46 centimetres ( 18 in ) in a year . During the summer season , November through January , there are 24 hours of sunlight . While the average temperature during these months is − 30 ° C ( − 20 ° F ) , the intense sun will melt snow on dark objects . </P> <P> Over successive years , the limited amount of snow that falls on Vinson Massif compacts and is transformed into ice , forming glaciers . These glaciers follow the topography and flow down the mountain 's valleys . The uppermost glacier occupies Jacobsen Valley on the north face of Mount Vinson , and flows either into Branscomb Glacier to the west or Crosswell Glacier to the east . The Crosswell Glacier flows into the Rutford Ice Stream via Ellen Glacier . The south face of Mount Vinson is drained by Roché Glacier , which flows westwards into Branscomb Glacier , with the latter leaving Vinson Massif to join Nimitz Glacier . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> A high mountain , provisionally known as ' Vinson ' , was long suspected to be in this part of West Antarctica , but it was not actually seen until January 1958 , when it was spotted by US Navy aircraft from Byrd Station . It was named after Carl Vinson , United States Representative from Georgia who was a key supporter of funding for Antarctic research . The first measurement of the Vinson Massif was established in 1959 at the elevation of 5,140 m ( 16,864 ft ) . </P> <H3> First ascent ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1963 , two groups within the American Alpine Club , one led by Charles D. Hollister and Samuel C. Silverstein , M.D. , then in New York , and the other led by Peter Schoening of Seattle , Washington , began lobbying the National Science Foundation to support an expedition to climb Mount Vinson . The two groups merged in spring 1966 at the urging of the National Science Foundation and the American Alpine Club , and Nicholas Clinch was recruited by the American Alpine Club to lead the merged expeditions . Officially named the American Antarctic Mountaineering Expedition 1966 / 67 , the expedition was sponsored by the American Alpine Club and the National Geographic Society , and supported in the field by the U.S. Navy and the National Science Foundation Office of Antarctic Programs . Ten scientists and mountaineers participated in AAME 1966 / 67 . In addition to Clinch they were Barry Corbet , John Evans ( University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN ) , Eiichi Fukushima ( University of Washington , Seattle , WA ) , Charles Hollister , Ph. D. ( Columbia University , New York , NY ) , William Long , Ph. D. ( Alaska Methodist University , Anchorage , AK ) , Brian Marts , Peter Schoening , Samuel Silverstein , M.D. ( Rockefeller University , New York , NY ) and Richard Wahlstrom . </P> <P> In the months prior to its departure for Antarctica the expedition received considerable press attention , primarily because of the reports that Woodrow Wilson Sayre was planning to fly in a Piper Apache piloted by Max Conrad , the `` flying Grandfather '' , with four companions into the Sentinel Range to climb the Mount Vinson . Sayre had a reputation for problematic trips as a result of his unauthorized , unsuccessful , and nearly fatal attempt to climb Mount Everest from the North in 1962 . His unauthorized incursion into Tibet led China to file an official protest with the U.S. State Department . In the end , the purported race did not materialize as Conrad had difficulties with his plane . According to press reports , he and Sayre were still in Buenos Aires on the day the first four members of AAME 1966 / 67 reached Mount Vinson 's summit . </P> <P> In December 1966 the Navy transported the expedition and its supplies from Christchurch , New Zealand to the U.S. base at McMurdo Sound , Antarctica , and from there in a ski - equipped C - 130 Hercules to the Sentinel Range . All members of the expedition reached the summit of Mount Vinson . The first group of four climbers summited on December 18 , 1966 , four more on December 19 , and the last three on December 20 . </P> <P> On August 17 , 2006 , from nomination by Damien Gildea of the Omega Foundation , US - ACAN approved naming the subsidiary peaks south of Mount Vinson for the AAME 1966 / 67 members Nicholas Clinch , Barry Corbet , Eiichi Fukushima , Charles Hollister , Brian Marts , Samuel Silverstein , Peter Schoening and Richard Wahlstrom . Other peaks in the Sentinel Range had previously been named for John Evans and William Long . </P> <H3> Later ascents ( edit ) </H3> Gavin Bate ascending Mount Vinson in 2000 <P> The climb of Vinson offers little technical difficulty beyond the usual hazards of travel in Antarctica , and as one of the Seven Summits , it has received much attention from well - funded climbers in recent years . Multiple guide companies offer guided expeditions to Mount Vinson , at a typical cost of around $30,000 per person , including transportation to Antarctica from Chile . </P> <H3> First ascent from east side ( edit ) </H3> <P> While the vast majority of prior climbs to the summit have used the western side of the massif from the Branscomb Glacier , the first ascent from the east side was successfully completed by an eight - person team sponsored by NOVA in January 2001 . The team consisted of : </P> <Ul> <Li> Conrad Anker -- expedition leader </Li> <Li> Jon Krakauer -- mountaineer and author </Li> <Li> Dave Hahn -- mountain guide with 34 ascents , including ascents to Gardner , and Shinn . </Li> <Li> Andrew Mclean -- extreme skier </Li> <Li> Dan Stone -- glaciologist </Li> <Li> Lisel Clark -- producer </Li> <Li> John Armstrong -- cameraman </Li> <Li> Rob Raker -- assistant cameraman and sound recording </Li> </Ul> <P> The team not only made the first ascent from the east side but also performed scientific research into snow accumulation at different elevations as well as taking the first ground based GPS reading from the summit . The GPS reading gave the elevation of the highest point in Antarctica as 16,077 ft ( 4,900 m ) , eclipsing the earlier established heights recorded in 1959 and 1979 . </P> <P> Another first was the successful aircraft landing of a Twin Otter on the Upper Dater Glacier on the eastern slopes of Mount Vinson . </P> <P> NOVA named the production `` Mountain of Ice '' , which first aired on PBS in February 2003 . </P> <H2> Maps ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Vinson Massif . Scale 1 : 250 000 topographic map . Reston , Virginia : US Geological Survey , 1988 . </Li> <Li> D. Gildea and C. Rada . Vinson Massif and the Sentinel Range . Scale 1 : 50 000 topographic map . Omega Foundation , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Antarctic Digital Database ( ADD ) . Scale 1 : 250000 topographic map of Antarctica . Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research ( SCAR ) . Since 1993 , regularly updated . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Vinson Plateau </Li> <Li> Mount Sidley -- highest volcano in Antarctica </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vinson Massif '' Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Antarctica -- Ultra Prominences '' peaklist.org . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GPS waypoints for the Vinson Massif '' . 7 Summits . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 29 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Vinson Massif '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stewart , J. ( 2011 ) Antarctic An Encyclopedia McFarland & Company Inc , New York . 1776 pp. ISBN 9780786435906 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : NOVA . `` Mountain of Ice '' . WGBH . Retrieved 2004 - 12 - 28 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Vinson , the summit of Antarctica '' . 7 Summits. 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gildea , Damien ; Splettstoesser , John ( 2007 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Craddock Massif and Vinson Massif remeasured '' . 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences ( ISAES ) , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Vinson Massif '' . United States Geological Survey . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ExplorersWeb Inc . `` Vinson Massif & The Sentinel Range : New map -- new names '' . The Poles . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> Find more aboutVinson Massifat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Media from Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> News from Wikinews </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Texts from Wikisource </Li> <Li> Textbooks from Wikibooks </Li> <Li> Learning resources from Wikiversity </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Seven Summits </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Everest ( 8,848 m or 29,029 ft ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South America </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aconcagua ( 6,962 m or 22,841 ft ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North America </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Denali ( 6,198 m or 20,335 ft ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kilimanjaro ( 5,893 m or 19,334 ft ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Elbrus ( 5,642 m or 18,510 ft ) </Li> <Li> or Mont Blanc ( 4,810 m or 15,781 ft ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Antarctica </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vinson Massif ( 4,892 m or 16,050 ft ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Puncak Jaya ( 4,884 m or 16,024 ft ) </Li> <Li> or Mount Wilhelm ( 4,509 m or 14,793 ft ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania ( Australia ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mount Kosciuszko ( 2,228 m or 7,310 ft ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Vinson Massif . </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vinson_Massif&oldid=836064305 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Mountains of Ellsworth Land </Li> <Li> Seven Summits </Li> <Li> Ellsworth Mountains </Li> <Li> Filchner - Ronne Ice Shelf </Li> <Li> Four - thousanders of Antarctica </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> አማርኛ </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Cebuano </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Basa Jawa </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Kiswahili </Li> <Li> Kurdî </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Occitan </Li> <Li> پنجابی </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Rumantsch </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> Winaray </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 52 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 13 : 38 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what is the lowest recorded temperature on mount vinson

Tangled : the series - wikipedia <H1> Tangled : the series </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Tangled : The Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Animation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Tangled </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developed by </Th> <Td> Chris Sonnenburg & Shane Pigmore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jase Ricci </Li> <Li> Dave Schiff </Li> <Li> Katie Mattila </Li> <Li> Ricky Roxburgh </Li> <Li> Han - Yee Ling </Li> <Li> Kelly Hannon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dave Schiff </Li> <Li> Noelle Stevenson </Li> <Li> Ricky Roxburgh </Li> <Li> Suzanne Weber </Li> <Li> Katie Mattila </Li> <Li> Jase Ricci </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tom Caulfield </Li> <Li> Stephen Sandoval </Li> <Li> Joe Oh </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voices of </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Zachary Levi </Li> <Li> Mandy Moore </Li> <Li> Eden Espinosa </Li> <Li> Clancy Brown </Li> <Li> Julie Bowen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme music composer </Th> <Td> Gabe Moffat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> `` Wind in My Hair '' by Mandy Moore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ending theme </Th> <Td> `` More of Me '' by Natasha Bedingfield </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alan Menken </Li> <Li> Kevin Kliesch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 22 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Chris Sonnenburg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 22 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Disney Television Animation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Disney Channel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> Tangled Ever After ( 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Production website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Tangled : The Series is an American animated television series developed by Chris Sonnenburg and Shane Pigmore and produced by Disney Television Animation that premiered on Disney Channel as a Disney Channel Original Movie titled Tangled : Before Ever After on March 10 , 2017 , with regular episodes premiering on March 24 , 2017 . The series is based on the 2010 film Tangled and features the returning voices of Zachary Levi and Mandy Moore , alongside Eden Espinosa , Clancy Brown , and Julie Bowen . In February 2017 , the series was renewed for a second season ahead of the series premiere . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main </Li> <Li> 2.2 Recurring </Li> <Li> 2.3 Supporting </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Series overview </Li> <Li> 4.2 Film ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 4.3 Season 1 ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> 4.4 Tangled : Short Cuts ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Ratings </Li> <Li> 6 Home media </Li> <Li> 7 Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Since being freed from Gothel and reunited with her birth parents , King Frederic and Queen Arianna of Corona , Rapunzel adjusts to her life as their daughter and continues to have different misadventures with her boyfriend Eugene Fitzherbert , Pascal the Chameleon , Maximus the Horse , and her new handmaiden Cassandra , to uncover the mystery of her new 70 feet - long blonde hair 's return . </P> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Eugene ( Zachary Levi ) , whose previous alias is Flynn Rider , is a reformed thief and Rapunzel 's boyfriend . He has a mutual dislike and mistrust for Cassandra . </Li> <Li> Rapunzel ( Mandy Moore ) is the Princess of Corona . She tries her best to become a good future queen , even though her naive ways get her into trouble . </Li> <Li> Cassandra ( Eden Espinosa ) is Rapunzel 's best friend and a lady - in - waiting who is the adopted daughter of the Captain of the Guards . She has a strong dislike for Eugene and is also a trained warrior . </Li> <Li> King Frederic ( Clancy Brown ) is the king of Corona and overprotective father of Rapunzel . Since the night his only child was taken , he naturally fears and despises magic of any kind . </Li> <Li> Queen Arianna ( Julie Bowen ) is the queen of Corona and Rapunzel 's mother . She wants her daughter to follow her heart and do what she believes in . As an early coronation present , she had given Rapunzel a blank journal to fill its pages with her own adventures . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Pascal and Maximus ( Dee Bradley Baker ) are respectively a chameleon who is the pet and best friend of Rapunzel whose backstory is revealed in `` Pascal 's Story '' and a white stallion with the nose of a bloodhound who is originally owned by the Captain of the Guards and later by Eugene . </Li> <Li> Corona Royal Guards are servants of King Frederic . <Ul> <Li> Captain ( M.C. Gainey ) is the unnamed leader of the Royal Guards and Cassandra 's adoptive father . </Li> <Li> Pete ( Sean Hayes ) is member of the Royal Guards . </Li> <Li> Stan ( Diedrich Bader ) is a member of the Royal Guards . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pub Thugs are a bunch of thugs that hang out at a pub and were befriended by Rapunzel and Eugene . <Ul> <Li> Hook Foot ( Jeff Ross ) is the hook - footed brother of Hook Hand . Hook Foot takes the place of his brother who is on a world tour as a concert pianist . </Li> <Li> Big Nose ( Jeffrey Tambor ) is a big - nosed thug that is the romantic of the thugs . </Li> <Li> Shorty ( Paul F. Tompkins ) is a short , old , and crazy thug . </Li> <Li> Vladimir ( Charles Halford ) is a thug in a bull - horned helmet that is the strongest of the thugs . He was previously voiced by Richard Kiel in the movie . </Li> <Li> Attila Buckethead ( Steven Blum ) is a thug in a full metal helmet whose passion is baking . He becomes Monty 's assistant in `` One Angry Princess '' . He was previously voiced by Byron Howard in the movie . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lady Caine ( Laura Benanti ) is the main antagonist of Tangled : Before Ever After . On Rapunzel 's coronation day she launches and attack alongside some thieves , in order to get revenge on Rapunzel 's father , King Fredric for taking her father away . Rapunzel has no other choice and reveals her new 70 feet golden hair and , with the help of her friends , defeat all the thugs who get arested . She returns in `` Max 's Enemy '' where her horse Axel breaks her out without any suspicion as he intentionally became part of the royal guard . However , Maximus has suspected Axel all along and stops the two . </Li> <Li> Uncle Monty ( Richard Kind ) is an elderly shopkeeper in Corona who has personal issues with Rapunzel . </Li> <Li> Nigel ( Peter MacNicol ) is King Frederic 's adviser . </Li> <Li> Xavier ( Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje ) is a blacksmith who appears to be well - versed with Corona 's history . </Li> <Li> Lance Strongbow ( James Monroe Iglehart ) is Eugene 's old childhood friend and former partner - in - crime from his younger thieving days . His real name is revealed to be Arnwaldo Schnitz . He first appeared in `` The Return of Strongbow '' . </Li> <Li> Varian ( Jeremy Jordan ) is a clumsy , but smart , young alchemist . He tries to help Rapunzel discover the secrets of her newly regrown hair . He later serves as the main antagonist for the second part of the first season . When Rapunzel , initially unable to help him free his father from crystal encasement due to the winter storm threatening Corona , he seeks revenge on her and Corona . After betraying Rapunzel and stealing the flower that helped giving birth to her , he discoveres that the magic in the flower is gone , but now lives in Rapunzel . So , he launches an attack on her 19th birthday and captures queen Arianna to convince Rapunzel come and help him release his father . But , after Rapunzel accepts her connection with the black rocks , they destroy Varian 's army of robots and he is arrested for his crimes against Corona . As Varian is taken away , he swears once again to release his father and make him proud . King Fredric promises to Rapunzel that one day Varian will receive all the help he needs . </Li> <Li> Quirin ( Jonathan Banks ) is Varian 's disapproving father , currently encased in golden crystals as an offshoot of the mysterious stone spikes ravaging Corona . </Li> <Li> Angry ( Vivian Vencer ) is an angry young thief and one of the twins Eugene and Lance convinced to change their ways in `` Big Brothers of Corona '' . </Li> <Li> Red ( Ruby Jay ) is a quiet young red haired thief and the second of the twins from `` Big Brothers of Corona '' . </Li> <Li> Ruth ( Danielle Brooks ) is a bitter ghost who first appears in `` The Wrath of Ruthless Ruth '' . She 's able to pass on to the afterlife with Rapunzel and the Snuggly Duckling gang 's participation in one of her lost melodies . </Li> <Li> Old Lady Crowley ( Pat Carroll ) is a grumpy old lady known to never smile . Eugene calls her `` Scowley Crowley '' . </Li> <Li> Willow ( Jane Krakowski ) is Queen Ariana 's estranged younger sister who arrives unexpectedly on Ariana 's birthday . As a birthday present , she gives Ariana a small creature with a green rattle that she must have at all times . </Li> <Li> Feldspar ( Zachary Levi ) is the local cobbler of Corona . Levi does an impression of comedian Ed Wynn for the character . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Supporting ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Mother Gothel ( Donna Murphy ) is the deceased adoptive mother of Rapunzel who abducted her as an infant due to her golden hair 's unique healing abilities , which she then hoarded for herself to sustain her youth and beauty . She aged into dust at the end of the original movie . She is first seen in a nightmare of Rapunzel 's shortly after her 70 - feet golden hair mysteriously grew back and gained new mystical abilities . Gothel claimed that she had `` risen from the dead '' and that it was time for Rapunzel to return to her tower where she would be `` safe and secure . '' </Li> <Li> The Stabbington Brothers ( Ron Perlman ) are the former partners - in - crime of Eugene , whom he betrayed in his thieving days as Flynn Rider . They had worked with Mother Gothel to get Rapunzel back in order to get revenge , but were captured by the royal guards soon after . They first appeared in `` Cassandra v. Eugene '' where they use the `` game '' created by Rapunzel to escape from their cell and capture Eugene and Cassandra . However , as they are about to kill Eugene in revenge , he and Cass work together and defeated the two who were , most probably , locked up once again . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> On June 3 , 2015 , Disney Channel announced that the series was in development . On February 15 , 2017 , it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season ahead of the series premiere . The series features new songs from Alan Menken , who wrote and scored the songs for the original movie , and Glenn Slater . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Series overview ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Film </Td> <Td colspan="2"> March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 21 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 13 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Film ( 2017 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Tangled : Before Ever After </Td> <Td> Tom Caulfield and Stephen Sandoval </Td> <Td> Jase Ricci </Td> <Td> March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 2.87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> <P> Six months after the events of Tangled , Rapunzel is settling into life in the kingdom of Corona , but is unable to enjoy her life with the constant protection of her father 's guards . When she and her lady - in - waiting , Cassandra , sneak out of the castle , they come upon some magical black rock spikes that magically bring back her long blonde hair ( which is now indestructable , so Rapunzel has to hide it from everyone , especially her parents ) . Eventually , Eugene , Maximus and Pascal find out about the hair as well , but Rapunzel decides not to tell Eugene about how she got her hair back ( because Cassandra does n't trust him ) , a decision which he hardly agrees with . Rapunzel manages to hide her hair from her parents , but becomes very nervous because of her coronation day . To complicate matters , a female rogue , Lady Caine , appears at Rapunzel 's coronation with a hatred of King Frederic who had taken away her father a long time ago . With no other choice , Rapunzel reveals her new 70 - feet long hair and , with her friends ' help , defeats the thugs . Later , that night , Rapunzel admits to her father that she had snuck out of the castle ( but does n't mention anything about Cassandra helping her ) , so King Fredric has no other choice , but to forbid Rapunzel from leaving the walls of Corona . Rapunzel feels trapped again ( just like in her old tower ) , but with her mother 's encouragement , she decides to take her relationship and role in Corona one day at a time . </P> A little while later , a mysterious individual comes across the site of the magical flower that cured Rapunzel 's mother and was the original source of her magical long blonde hair . We see now there is nothing left , but even more mysterious black rock spikes covering the area . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 1 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` What the Hair ! ? '' </Td> <Td> Tom Caulfield </Td> <Td> Dave Schiff </Td> <Td> March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 1.30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Rapunzel and Cassandra seek out an alchemist in their first attempt of solving the mystery as to how and why Rapunzel 's golden 70 - feet hair grew back . Eugene follows them but things do n't go quite as planned : they find Varian , a 14 years old alchemist who agrees to help uncover the mystery of Rapunzel 's hair . However , Varian had built some underground machines which get out of control and destroy the village . Luckily , no one gets hurt and the test shows some important facts about Rapunzel 's hair : it 's completely indestructable and does n't have any healing powers anymore , but now can completely cover somebody and protect him ( shown when the hair became a giant ball around Rapunzel and Eugene which protected them from the rubble ) . As they leave , Rapunzel begins telling Eugene about the events of the night when her hair grew back ( which Eugene promises to keep secret ) and the black rocks slowly start growing back and multiply themselves . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Rapunzel 's Enemy '' </Td> <Td> Stephen Sandoval </Td> <Td> Story by : Dave Schiff and Noelle Stevenson Written by : Katie Mattila </Td> <Td> March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> 1.05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> During the annual Gopher Festival , Rapunzel is booed by a man in the crowd when she shows her new emblem to the people of Corona . After finding out that the person who booed her is an eldery shopkeeper who everyone loves , Rapunzel is determined to uncover Uncle Monty 's disapproval of her , even if it means disguising herself . Eventually she inspires Monty to participate at the Gopher Festival Tournament , but during the race she has to rescue him from a waterfall , resulting in blowing her disguise . Monty tells her that he boooed her because he does n't like all these new changes in the kingdom that occurred due to her return as a princess and the two remain enemies , but respect each other . Monty wins the race and Rapunzel booos him as a sign of their `` special relationship '' . At his sweets shop , Monty looks very proud at his trophy , realising he would n't have won if it had n't been Rapunzel to help him follow his dream . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Fitzherbert P.I. '' </Td> <Td> Joe Oh </Td> <Td> Story by : Ricky Roxburgh and Suzanne Weber Written by : Jase Ricci </Td> <Td> April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 1.02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> After successfully catching a criminal , Eugene trains to be a royal guard . Unfortunately , the Captain of the Guard , who happens to be Cassandra 's father , shares Cassandra 's loathing of him . Meanwhile , Rapunzel prepares for her royal portrait to be painted by the revered Italian painter Giovanni . Eugene realizes that Giovanni is a fraud and manages to catch the imposter . The Captain of the Guards then gives Eugene a job of his own : Teaching the guards to `` think like a thief '' in order to catch one . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Challenge of the Brave '' </Td> <Td> Tom Caulfield </Td> <Td> Ricky Roxburgh </Td> <Td> April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 104 </Td> <Td> 0.96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Cassandra trains hard to enter the Challenge of the Brave , but when Rapunzel learns of the competition , she wants to enter as well . Cassandra lies to Rapunzel to keep her out of the competition , but Rapunzel later learns through Eugene that anyone can enter . They both make it to the final battle , and Rapunzel wins because Cassandra accidentally steps out of the ring . Cassandra happily agrees with this and introduces the audience to the winner , but , realizing her friend 's true feelings , Rapunzel gives the trophy to Cassandra . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Cassandra v. Eugene '' </Td> <Td> Joe Oh </Td> <Td> Katie Mattila </Td> <Td> April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> 0.97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Cassandra and Eugene have been arguing a lot . In order to coerce them to get along , Rapunzel tricks them into entering a dungeon cell and locks them up so that they can settle their differences by solving a series of quizes in order to get out . Of course Rapunzel 's plan does n't go well when the Stabbington Brothers plan to take advantage of this and , after Cassandra and Eugene fail because they kept fighting each other , they manage to get out . Now stuck with no way out , Eugene and Cass put their diffrences aside and get to know each other better . But they get intrerupted by the Stabbington Brothers who take the two prisoners . The guards arrive and attempt to catch them from behind , but without any results . Cassandra and Eugene work togheter and manage to take down the brothers and , with Rapunzel 's help get out the secret passages beneath Corona . Everything is now back to normal and Cassandra and Eugene are on better terms ... until Eugene makes Cassie mad again and they start another fight , which Rapunzel decides to not take part in anymore . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` The Return of Strongbow '' </Td> <Td> Tom Caulfield </Td> <Td> Dave Schiff </Td> <Td> April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> 1.01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> An old childhood friend and fellow partner - in - crime of Eugene 's , Lance Strongbow , comes to Corona to ask him for help . Cassandra , naturally , does not trust Strongbow . Eugene reluctantly decides to aid his childhood partner - in - crime , but learns that they have broken into the basement of the Baron himself , their old enemy . They manage to escape with the treasure , but find a ring with Corona 's crest , Eugene suddenly recalls that the ring he had stolen eight years ago belonged to Queen Ariana . Rapunzel and Cassandra find out and Lance apologises for all the things he has done to Eugene and promises to change . Eugene admits all of his past actions to his now mother - in - law , who forgives him . Outside , Eugene gives Rapunzel a jeweled flower and apologizes for having lied to her . King Fredric sees the ring on Ariana 's finger , to which she replies that Eugene had `` found it that morning . '' Lance keeps his promise and donates the treasure to the Corona Orphange . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` In Like Flynn '' </Td> <Td> Stephen Sandoval </Td> <Td> Han - Yee Ling </Td> <Td> July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> 0.94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> When Corona is pranked by a rival kingdom , King Fredric sets off to prank it back , accompanied by Eugene who wants to prove is father - in - law that he deserves to be respected . The two sneak inside King Trevor 's castle , but Eugene discovers that Fredric was planning to steal Trevor 's seal pet and the two get captured and locked up . While inside the cell , Fredric tells Eugene that he saved his daughter and there is no one whom he could be respecting more than him . They get out and prank King Trevor by making him fall in one of his own trapdoors , and take the seal with them which they release into the sea . Meanwhile , Rapunzel tries to master the art of pranking , which is a new concept to her . In the end , King Trevor is tied up on one of his statues with a sign reading `` Corona Rules '' and the seal is swimming free in the sea . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Great Expotations '' </Td> <Td> Joe Oh </Td> <Td> Ricky Roxburgh </Td> <Td> July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> 0.99 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> A science exposition is held in Corona , and Cassandra has a chance to be on guard duty , but she must finish her Lady - in - waiting obligations first . Varian makes a deal with Cass that he will help finish her chores if she agrees to assist him in his demonstration . However , Cass accepts the assignment to guard the famous scientist who is judging the contest and thus unavailable to help . When things go wrong , though , she chooses her friend over duty . Meanwhile , Rapunzel tries to make an entry for the science fair . After the science fair is over , Varian shows Cassandra and Rapunzel the strange black rocks spikes outside his village , much like the ones that made Rapunzel 's hair grow back . Varian decides to help Rapunzel and Cass in discovering the mystery of these rock spikes and the connection between them and the newfound magical abilities of Rapunzel 's regrown hair . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Under Raps '' </Td> <Td> Tom Caulfield </Td> <Td> Kelly Hannon </Td> <Td> August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 109 </Td> <Td> 0.87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> During a love festival , Corona displays a book full of signatures of lovers in honor of an old ruler falling in love with the leader of a rival kingdom . Cassandra suddenly gets very secretive , and Rapunzel learns it 's because she 's been seeing a guy . Cassandra does n't want Rapunzel meddling , but the princess suggests a double date and they all go off in a hot air balloon . The guy turns out to be part of an old faction that did n't like the unification of Corona and wants to steal the book , but Cassandra suspected that all along . With Rapunzel 's and Eugene 's help , she manages to defeat him and recover the book . In the end , Cassandra receives a medal for her actions . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` One Angry Princess '' </Td> <Td> Stephen Sandoval </Td> <Td> Story by : Katie Mattila and Jase Ricci Written by : Jase Ricci </Td> <Td> August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 110 </Td> <Td> 1.13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Attila is finally opening up his own bakery , but people generally do n't want to stop by because of his scary helmet . The next day , Monty 's Sweet Shoppe is destroyed , and Attila is arrested . He is about to be banished from the kingdom , but Rapunzel makes an appeal to investigate the matter further . She fails to learn the truth within the 24 hour time limit , but does figure it out just as the boat is leaving . It turns out it was actually the goat who trashed the store , being trapped inside when the store 's bell rang , which sent it into a rampage . Attila , unguilty , teams up with Monty and open a sweet shop togheter while Lance takes up Attila 's former job as the chef of the Snuggly Duckling . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Pascal 's Story '' </Td> <Td> Tom Caulfield </Td> <Td> Ricky Roxburgh </Td> <Td> August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 114 </Td> <Td> 0.93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Pascal wants to spend time with Rapunzel like their days in the tower , but her princess duties and new friends keep pushing him aside . Being so rejected , he runs away to return to the tower . An old predator looks to get revenge on the small lizard now that he 's all alone again . Rapunzel realizes that Pascal went missing and cancels every royal activity planned in order to look for him . She realizes where he went and Rapunzel , Eugene and Cassandra had to `` where everything happened '' . Rapunzel enters the tower alone and helps Pascal throw the predator away . The two reconcile and Rapunzel promises to spend more time together with her old friend . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Big Brothers of Corona '' </Td> <Td> Joe Oh </Td> <Td> Han - Yee Ling </Td> <Td> October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td> 1.06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Eugene and Lance are told to stop a crime spree that is spreading across Corona . Eugene finds a pattern , and is able to set a trap for the thief . It turns out it was actually a pair of two young girls committing the crimes . Feeling sympathy for the girls , Eugene and Lance spend time with them both , trying to convince them to change their ways from stealing . It 's revealed that the girls are actually running from the Baron 's men and steal Rapunzel 's crown in order to have enough money to run away and never come back . Eugene and Lance hand themselves over to the Baron 's men , allowing the girls to run away . But , after they realize that the two were the only ones who had ever helped them , they return and all four escape . In the meantime , Cassandra accidentally breaks her leg and needs to rest , but Rapunzel keeps intrerupting her to make sure that she has everything she needs , but learns that sometimes people do n't need help . You just have to stay and support them until they will ask for it . In the end , the girls return everything they have stolen , proving that they have changed , much to Eugene 's and Lance 's happiness . The girls run from Corona , but will return ... when they `` will be prepared '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` The Wrath of Ruthless Ruth '' </Td> <Td> Tom Caulfield </Td> <Td> Kelly Hannon </Td> <Td> October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 117 </Td> <Td> 0.83 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Rapunzel and the Captain of the Guard are trapped in the Snuggly Duckling by a fierce storm , and the building turns out to be haunted by its former owner , Ruthless Ruth . The Captain and the thugs attempt to escape , but the pub is surrounded by magic and there is no escape until they give Ruth what she wants . Rapunzel follows the clues and finds that despite Ruth 's reputation as the `` worst thug that ever lived '' , she did also have a dream : to hear her song being sung by someone else . Eveyone , including the Captain , sing Ruth 's song and are now free . Rapunzel and the Captain of the Guard return to the castle where Rapunzel understand how worried her father is and avoids any confrontation for sending the whole royal guard to look after her . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Max 's Enemy '' </Td> <Td> Joe Oh </Td> <Td> Story by : Katie Mattila Written by : Dave Schiff </Td> <Td> October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 118 </Td> <Td> 0.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> A new horse , Axel , shows up in Corona and quickly shows up Max in every way . However , only Max sees the true devious nature of Axel 's behavior . Axel even joins the royal guard , and beats all of Max 's former records . However , Axel 's true intention was to rescue Lady Caine from the dungeon , along with the gold transfer already planned . Max finds out , but falls into a trap set by Axel . While he , Lady Caine and the gold escape without any suspicion , Rapunzel comes to apologize for everyone 's behavior of ignoring him over Axel . But finds the trap and discovers the plan as well . Rapunzel and Max chase after the two and , after Lady Caine is recaptured , Max races Axel . Eventually he defeats him just as Rapunzel , Eugene , Lance and the guards arive . Max is seen as a hero by everyone again . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` The Way of the Willow '' </Td> <Td> Stephen Sandoval </Td> <Td> Katie Mattila </Td> <Td> October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 119 </Td> <Td> 0.94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> It 's Queen Arianna 's birthday , and she receives an unexpected guest : her estranged sister , Willow . Willow and Rapunzel quickly bond , sharing a lot of the same personality traits , and Arianna feels a bit left out . To add to her aggravation , Willow gave her a pet with an annoying rattle . Eventually , Arianna explodes at her sister , letting her know her irritation with her and throws away the rattle . The pet starts to multiply and rampage over the countryside . The sisters make up and retrieve the rattle , which calms the beast and removes all the other critters . Willow disappears , promising to be more responsible , but forgets the pet she promised to look after . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Queen for a Day '' </Td> <Td> Joe Oh </Td> <Td> Jase Ricci </Td> <Td> November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> 1.22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> The black rocks keep spreading in Old Corona and begin approaching the castle , resulting in Varian and his father , Quirin go and talk to king Frederic . But Quirin does n't say anything about the rocks , so Varian talks to Rapunzel who promises to help him with this problem . The following day , Rapunzel takes over the kingdom while her parents go away for their anniversary . Unfortunately , every royal decision she makes to help the people of Corona backfires badly . Meanwhile , Varian starts testing the mystical rocks , but his father tells him to stay away and refuses to tell him anything . As if anything could n't go worse at the castle , a blizzard strikes Corona , resulting in everyone looking inside their houses , as well as an accident in the mountains , trapping Frederic and Arianna . With her parents in danger , Rapunzel takes one of the hardest decision and sends Eugene and the other thugs to rescue them . In the meantime , one of Varian 's experiments result in the rocks trapping Quirin inside them and Varian rushing to the castle to ask for Rapunzel 's help . On the way there he sings about hoping to make his father proud , but when he gets there Rapunzel makes another hard decision and tells him that she ca n't help him right now , resulting in Varian returning home , feeling betrayed . Left with no other choice , Rapunzel orders the evacuation of the island , but then remembers about the legend told earlier by Xavier about an underground machine built by the wizard Lord Demanitus , with the power to change the way of the blizzard . Rapunzel , Cassandra , Xavier and Pascal find the machine and Pascal almost gets killed in order to turn it on . With the machine activated , the blizzard disappears , the evacuation is canceled , Frederic and Arianna are saved and everything is back to normal . Back at the castle , Rapunzel confesses to Eugene that it was the hardest day of her life due to all the hard decisions she had to made , but Eugene cheers her up saying that there is still much time until she will become queen and enjoy her life until then . In a final scene , Quirin is completely trapped inside the rocks , holding a message for Varian who , saddened , swears to release his father at any costs and get revenge on everyone who stands in his way . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Painter 's Block '' </Td> <Td> Stephen Sandoval </Td> <Td> Dave Schiff </Td> <Td> November 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 0.99 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Feeling traumatized after the events of the storm , Rapunzel is feeling a bit out of sorts , even having trouble painting again . She starts taking a new class with a mysterious new art instructor . The other members of the class disappear one by one to a mysterious location by the sea , apparently painting an old , withered tree . The instructor is revealed to actually be an old witch serving Zamfiri ( the monster who released the blizzard ) who has been released after using the weather machine and now wants to release her master as well . Eugene and Cassandra head over to rescue Rapunzel , but after they get captured , Rapunzel must finish the painting and release Zamfiri in order to rescue them . However , now that she understood that `` difficult decisions are what make us who we are '' , she destroys the painting , trapping Zamfiri and the witch forever , and saves Eugene and Cassandra . Now , Rapunzel has completely recovered her happy , positive attitude and decided to not let herself affected that easy anymore . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Not in the Mood '' </Td> <Td> Stephen Sandoval </Td> <Td> Kelly Hannon </Td> <Td> December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 0.95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Thanks to Max and Pascal 's intervention , Rapunzel , Eugene , and Cassandra magically exchange personalities in the midst of an important royal visit . They turn to Xavier for his help in reversing their personalities to normal . Unfortunately , the elixir switches everyone 's character , making a mess of the royal visit . Rapunzel later throws the half - filled potion into the river , surprised that something so small could have such an effect . However , instead of sinking , it floats down to Old Corona village and is found by Varian . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` The Quest for Varian '' </Td> <Td> Tom Caulfield </Td> <Td> Ricky Roxburgh </Td> <Td> December 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Rapunzel , Eugene and Cassandra go to Old Corona in search of Varian , who has left behind important clues for them to follow , as well as a warning that a mysterious group of knights will be pursuing them . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` The Alchemist Returns '' </Td> <Td> Joe Oh </Td> <Td> Dave Schiff </Td> <Td> December 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 0.96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Varian comes to Rapunzel for help in finding the remnants of the mystical golden flower , which may hold the key to stopping the Black Rocks . Working together , they venture through the old tunnels beneath Corona . However , as they reach their prize , Varian betrays Rapunzel and steals the flower so he can use it to free his father . Unfortunately , his attempt fails , only for him to realize that the flower 's actual magic now exists within Rapunzel . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` Secret of the Sundrop '' </Td> <Td> Stephen Sandoval </Td> <Td> Story by : Jase Ricci Written by : Kelly Hannon , Jase Ricci , Ricky Roxburgh , Dave Schiff , and Jeremy Shipp </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 122 </Td> <Td> 0.96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> On Rapunzel 's 19th birthday , Corona is beset by an automaton attack from Varian , which causes Frederic to lock Rapunzel in her room to keep her safe from further danger . Eugene and Cassandra help break her out to go after Varian , but the alchemist uses his pet raccoon , mutated as a wild beast , to assault the kingdom , incapacitating many of the Royal Guards and using the chaos to kidnap Arianna , whom he uses as leverage to lure Rapunzel to Old Corona . Led by Cassandra , Eugene , Rapunzel , and Frederic , the Royal Guards lay siege to Varian 's house , who uses automatons to keep them at bay . Varian attempts to use Rapunzel 's hair to free his father , but it is of no use . Angry and with nothing left to lose , he uses a giant automaton to attack , threatening to kill Cassandra and Arianna . Rapunzel , however , uses her connection to the black rocks to defeat Varian , who is arrested for his crimes and vows vengeance . Rapunzel notices that the rocks are now pointing away from Corona and towards an unknown destination beyond the border wall , a path which Rapunzel is encouraged to follow . In a post-credits scene , a mysterious warrior arrives and uses a special sword to slice through the seemingly impenetrable black rocks . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Tangled : short Cuts ( 2017 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Four mini-episodes were released weekly in May 2017 : `` Check Mate '' on May 5 , `` Prison Bake '' on May 12 , `` Make Me Smile '' on May 19 , and `` Hare Peace '' on May 26 . </P> <H2> Ratings ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th colspan="2"> First aired </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Last aired </Th> <Th> Avg . viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 1.30 </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 0.96 </Td> <Td> 1.00 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Home media ( edit ) </H2> <P> Tangled : Before Ever After and the four Tangled : Short Cuts were released on DVD on April 11 , 2017 . Tangled : The Series -- Queen for a Day was released on DVD on December 12 , 2017 . </P> <H2> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Category </Th> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Annie Award </Td> <Td> Best Animated Television / Broadcast Production for Children </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Queen for a Day '' </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Annie Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding Achievement for Character Design in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production </Td> <Td> Shane Prigmore , Bobby Pontillas , Taylor Krahenbuhl , Mayumi Nose </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Annie Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding Achievement for Directing in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production </Td> <Td> Tom Caulfield , Stephen Sandoval </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Tangled Animated TV Series Based on Film Coming to Disney Channel '' . Variety . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Liz Calvario ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Tangled : The Series Gets Early Season 2 Renewal at Disney Channel '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Max Evry ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Tangled : Before Ever After Adds Ashley Judd , Jeffrey Tambor & More '' . Coming Soon . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Tangled : The Series Episode Listings '' . The Futon Critic . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Tangled : The Series '' . Zap2it . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 3.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tangled : The Series Episodes '' . Disney ABC Press . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 3.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 3.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 4.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 4.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 4.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 4.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 7.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 7.30. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 8.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Originals : 8.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 8.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 10.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 10.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 10.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 10.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 11.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 11.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 12.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 12.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 12.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 1.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mercedes Milligan ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Tangled Before Ever After Arrives on DVD April 11 '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tangled : The Series : Queen for a Day '' . Entertainment One : The Planner . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nominees : Best Animated Television / Broadcast Production for Children '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nominees : Outstanding Achievement for Character Design in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Achievement for Directing in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Tangled : The Series on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Disney Channel original programming </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1990s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) </Li> <Li> The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Totally Circus ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) </Li> <Li> In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) </Li> <Li> Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) </Li> <Li> The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) </Li> <Li> Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) </Li> <Li> Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) </Li> <Li> Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) </Li> <Li> Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) </Li> <Li> The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) </Li> <Li> Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) </Li> <Li> Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> As the Bell Rings ( 2007 -- 09 ) </Li> <Li> Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) </Li> <Li> The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> Stitch ! 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( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Amphibia ( 2019 ) </Li> <Li> The Owl House ( 2019 ) </Li> <Li> Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( TBA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> It 's a Laugh Productions </Li> <Li> Disney Television Animation </Li> <Li> Brookwell McNamara Entertainment </Li> <Li> Crossovers </Li> <Li> Disney Channel Storytellers </Li> <Li> 25 Days of Christmas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Disney 's Tangled </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tangled ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Tangled Ever After ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Tangled : Before Ever After ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rapunzel </Li> <Li> Flynn Rider </Li> <Li> Pascal and Maximus </Li> <Li> Mother Gothel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tangled : The Video Game </Li> <Li> Kingdom Hearts III </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` When Will My Life Begin ? 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when is the next tangled the series episode coming out

Fortnite - wikipedia <H1> Fortnite </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the battle royale version of the game , see Fortnite Battle Royale . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Fortnite </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> European box art </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Epic Games </Li> <Li> People Can Fly </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher ( s ) </Th> <Td> Epic Games </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Director ( s ) </Th> <Td> Darren Sugg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Artist ( s ) </Th> <Td> Pete Ellis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Rom Di Prisco </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Engine </Th> <Td> Unreal Engine 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platform ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Microsoft Windows </Li> <Li> macOS </Li> <Li> PlayStation 4 </Li> <Li> Xbox One </Li> <Li> iOS </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release </Th> <Td> 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre ( s ) </Th> <Td> Survival </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mode ( s ) </Th> <Td> Single - player , multiplayer </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Fortnite is a co-op sandbox survival game developed by Epic Games and People Can Fly and published by Epic Games . The game was released as a paid - for early access title for Microsoft Windows , macOS , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on July 25 , 2017 , with a full free - to - play release expected in 2018 . The retail versions of the game were published by Gearbox Publishing , while online distribution of the PC versions is handled by Epic 's launcher . </P> <P> Fortnite is set in contemporary Earth , where the sudden appearance of a worldwide storm causes 98 % of the world 's population to disappear , and zombie - like creatures rise to attack the remainder . Considered by Epic as a cross between Minecraft and Left 4 Dead , Fortnite has up to four players cooperating on various missions on randomly - generated maps to collect resources , build fortifications around defensive objectives that are meant to help fight the storm and protect survivors , and construct weapons and traps to engage in combat with waves of these creatures that attempt to destroy the objectives . Players gain rewards through these missions to improve their hero characters , support teams , and arsenal of weapon and trap schematics to be able to take on more difficult missions . The game is supported through microtransactions to purchase in - game currency that can be used towards these upgrades . </P> <P> A standalone mode , Fortnite Battle Royale , based on the battle royale game genre but based on the core Fortnite gameplay , was released for the same platforms in September 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Synopsis </Li> <Li> 2 Gameplay </Li> <Li> 3 Development <Ul> <Li> 3.1 History </Li> <Li> 3.2 Art and design </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Reception <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Sales </Li> <Li> 4.2 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Synopsis </H2> <P> One day , 98 % of Earth 's population suddenly disappeared , and the remaining population found the skies covered in dense clouds , creating chaotic storms that dropped husks , humanoid zombie - like creatures , that attacked the living . The survivors found ways to construct `` storm shields '' , a field that cleared the storm clouds from immediately overhead and reduced the attacks from husks , and used these to set up survivor bases across the globe . The player is a commander of one of these bases , charged with going out of the storm shield to find resources , survivors , and other allies to help expand their storm shield and find a way to return Earth to its normal state . </P> <H2> Gameplay </H2> <P> Currently , the paid - for product Fortnite provides two distinct modes : access to Fortnite Battle Royale , ( which is also available as a separate free - to - play title ) and the cooperative player - versus - environment `` Save the World '' , which is unique to the main Fortnite game . </P> <P> The `` Save the World '' mode is described as a co-op sandbox survival game and is about exploration , scavenging items , crafting weapons , building fortified structures , and fighting waves of encroaching monsters . Tim Sweeney , Epic 's founder , described the game as `` Minecraft meets Left 4 Dead '' . The game cycles between managing one 's resources at a safe home base , and then going out on missions to complete quests as to collect resources and obtain rewards to advance the game 's story . </P> <P> In the meta - game , the player has an inventory of weapon and trap schematics , hero characters , defender characters , and support characters , along with collected resources . Schematics are used to construct weapons and traps when on the field . Hero characters represent characters from one of four classes that the player can use while on a mission , as well as used to undertake resource - gathering missions making them unavailable to use until they return from the mission . Defender characters can be summoned to help with defense but only if there are less than four players on a mission . Support characters are used to form various non-playable squads that provide passive bonuses to the player 's attack strength , building speed , armor , and health , with additional benefits if the player can match certain characterization attributes within a squad . The player can spend different types of experience points and resources earned as mission rewards , from loot boxes ( represented as llama pinatas ) , or other sources to level up and evolve schematics and characters . For weapons and traps , this generally boosts their effectiveness as well as unlocking additional attribute bonuses , while leveling up hero characters will unlock special skills the character has while in the field . Schematics and characters are generally assigned a rarity , which determines how much they can be leveled and evolved . A player 's inventory of schematics and characters is limited , but players can opt to slot anyone they do not need into a collection book to gain rewards when certain collection sets are completed ; use one or more of these schematics or characters to transform them into a new random item , or simply retire them to gain back experience points and other resources to free up the inventory slots . </P> <P> The player also can spend skill points , earned by completing missions , and technology points , earned over time , to unlock new skills and technologies in the game 's skill and technologies trees . These can improve a player 's base attributes , attributes that are shared with the other players while on missions , unlock higher levels of evolution for schematics and characters , open up new squad positions , or unlock general skills that players can use in the field . Collectively , the player 's progress on these skill and technology trees , their squad composition , and their selected hero character make up the player 's current `` power level '' which relates to what difficulty of missions the player should take and the game 's matchmaking services . Also , players can review their current story progress and quests , which can include daily , side , and event quests , which when completed provide in - game currency or resources . </P> <P> Mission is currently divided between four world locations , some available only after progressing far enough in the story , and special locations for timed events and for the Survive the Storm mode . Within a location are several possible mission areas that show the type of mission , the terrain it takes place on , its difficulty rating relative to the player 's current power level , and whether the mission is currently under special `` storm '' conditions that throw random effects , like buffed husks or mini-bosses , into the mission but have potentially better rewards if completed . The player optionally can select a special site that automatically matches them with players at a similar power level and story progression on a random mission for added rewards . </P> <P> Most missions take place on procedurally - generated landscapes . Most missions are based on locating site ( s ) representing the objectives on the map , build up fortifications around those locations , and then face off against several waves of husks that will try to destroy the objectives . During completion of these missions , players are generally given a `` storm forecast '' to know where husks will spawn in as to enhance fortification in that direction , though this direction can change in more difficult missions . Other missions are time - limited , requiring the players to locate and help a number of survivors , build out several radar towers , or clear out various encampment of husks scattered around the map before time runs out . These missions encourage the players to explore the map and farm for resources ( either by searching objects or destroying them with an axe ) used to build the fortifications , weapons , ammunition , and traps needed to defend or attack the husks . Players also frequently need to seek out bluglo , a special resource that does not carry over between maps to activate certain mission objectives . Some missions are considered a loss if the objective is destroyed or time runs out , while other missions allow the players to rework their fortifications and start their defense again if the objective is destroyed . Maps will frequently have optional objectives that are discovered through exploration , such as human survivors that need help . Completing these successfully earn immediate in - game rewards such as resources , weapons , and traps . Missions themselves may provide bonus objectives , such as by completing the mission within a certain in - game period , using a limited number of fortification pieces , or saving more survivors than the minimum necessary , which affects the qualify of rewards the players receive after the successful completion of the main mission . </P> <P> During missions , players can make their fortifications from one of three base materials ( wood , brick , and metal ) , and in a number of configurations , including floors / ceilings , walls , stairs , and ramps ; players have the ability to edit these for more configurations , such as adding a door or window to a wall . Each fortification part can be upgraded with more resources of the same type to improve their durability , and when they are damaged , can be repaired by spending additional resources . Traps , which have a limited number of activation before they fall apart , can be placed on floors , walls , and ceilings , and arranged in means to make them more lethal or effective against husks . Traps may also include beneficial resources for players , such as healing pads , defender posts , and launch pads . Similarly , players can use a range of weapons but these have limited durability that drops as they are used or as a penalty if the player should be downed by husks and need to respawn without the help of allies . Players can construct new weapons , ammo , and traps from gathered resources , or find these from searching containers across the map . During missions , the game progresses through an accelerated day - night cycle ; during the day , the husks are more passive and do not generally pose immediate threats , while during the night , bands of husks may spawn in and will aggressively seek out players . </P> <P> One unique mission type is Storm Shield Defense missions . In each of the four world locations , the player is allocated a map that remains persistent , representing the site where their base 's storm shield generator is placed , and in the storm mode , the player must return to this map to expand the storm shield , requiring them to add a new objective to defend successfully to continue the story . At any time , the player can enter this map without starting the defense mission , and use their carried - over resources to build out the fortification and traps , or add resources to a special storage area for this map . </P> <P> Fortnite is also able to offer themed - events with a unique progression line , new locations , and rewards based on those themes . The first such event was its Halloween event , `` Fortnitemares '' , that offered Halloween - themed heroes , characters , weapons , and traps ( usable outside of the event ) by completing numerous objectives . </P> <H2> Development </H2> <H3> History </H3> <P> Fortnite was first revealed at the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards ( VGA ) , with Epic 's former design director Cliff Bleszinski introducing a trailer for the game . Donald Mustard , creative lead at Epic , said in 2017 that this announcement was `` three weeks after we came up with the idea , before we even made the game '' . The title , which started out as an internal game jam project , represents a departure from the company 's previous work . As Bleszinski explained during the Spike event , Epic wanted to `` switch things up a little bit and do something different and fun '' with Fortnite , describing it as `` a world where you explore , you scavenge , you build and ultimately you survive . '' In an interview with Engadget , he also echoed these statements , claiming that the game would be different from the Gears of War series : `` There 's no dudebros in it ... Not that there 's anything wrong with that , right ? But creatively for the team , Gears has been amazing for us . But it 's fun to kind of stretch our wings and do something that 's a little different from the usual . '' Epic Games Vice President of Publishing Mike Fischer said in 2015 that Epic recognized that they `` announced this game too soon '' , and that its lengthy development period was due to `` very good reasons . '' </P> <P> As the game was at its very preliminary stages at the VGA reveal , the goal of this reveal was to seek public interest in the title and potential publishing partners as to decide on the game 's release platforms and timeframe . During the July 2012 San Diego Comic Con , Epic announced that Fortnite would be an exclusive personal computer title , and the first one to be developed by Epic using their new Unreal 4 game engine , with a planned release in 2013 . The game 's development was originally started in the Unreal 3 engine , but as they progressed , they had seen the opportunity to work in several of the new feature sets and scripting language offered by Unreal 4 for Fortnite , while still running on most personal computers at that time . They further opted for personal computer exclusivity to avoid the difficulty of having to go through console certification , and as they planned to be constantly monitoring and tweaking the game , acting as a dungeon master , the personal computer approach would allow them to do this without restrictions normally set by console manfuctures . Bleszinski later clarified that they would not rule out release on other platforms as they developed the title . </P> Fortnite cosplayers at Gamescom 2017 <P> Fortnite 's development was spread among several of Epic 's satellite studios , and was also co-developed by the Polish studio People Can Fly , which had worked with Epic previously on earlier games , and had been fully acquired by Epic sometime in 2012 . People Can Fly were briefly renamed Epic Games Poland in 2013 as to align with Epic 's other studios . By March 2014 , there were about 90 developers working on the game . People Can Fly later returned to being an independent studio and their own name in 2015 , but continued to help Epic with Fortnite 's development . </P> <P> During Fortnite 's development , Epic had seen the game industry shifting to games as a service model . To help with this transition , the company brought in Tencent who had several games operating under this model . As part of this agreement , Tencent bought a significant share of ownership in Epic Games through stock acquisition around June 2012 . The shifting of Epic 's approach through Tencent led to the departure of some high - level staff later that year , including Bleszinski . Fortnite was seen as the spearhead for Epic 's games - as - a-service model as they collaborated with Tencent . This caused some road bumps in the development of Fortnite , according to Mustard . Fortnite 's development was also slowed as it was used as the testing ground for the new features of the Unreal 4 engine . </P> <P> By November 2013 , Epic confirmed that Fortnite would not release that year , nor offered a target released date , though affirmed the game was still in development by several of its studios . Fortnite was a feature in the May 2014 issue of Game Informer , revealing that the title would be released as a free - to - play game . </P> <P> By 2014 , Fortnite was at a `` pretty functional prototype '' with most of the Unreal 4 engine elements smoothed out , according to Mustard . Epic anticipated it would still take about three more years to complete , not only in polishing and balancing the game , but setting in place the necessary backend elements for the games - as - a-service model . To help support development and get player feedback , Epic used a series of closed alpha test periods . The game 's first closed alpha , called Online Test 1 , ran from December 2 to 19 , 2014 , while Online Test 2 ran from March 24 to April 14 , 2015 . Epic said the first alpha was designed to help it `` make sure all of our basic systems are working '' and establish `` a baseline for how people play in order to make Fortnite better . '' After being demoed at WWDC 2015 on Mac , Fortnite entered closed beta testing in the fall of 2015 . Approximately 50,000 players participated in these periods . </P> <P> Fortnite was being developed alongside Paragon , which Epic announced on November 2015 . As Paragon seemed to take Epic 's focus , leaving little news about Fortnite , CEO Tim Sweeney said in March 2016 that they were still committed to Fortnite once Paragon was launched and established , given that much of the work on Fortnite would take time to get the right balance for gameplay . `` We figure we should start with one major successful launch and do one at a time . Fortnite will be next . '' </P> <P> By June 2017 , Epic Games announced that Fortnite was now set for a 2018 release across Windows , macOS , and the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One consoles . Leading up to this free - to - play release , the game was offered as a paid early access period starting on July 25 , 2017 for all platforms ; players who pre-ordered Founder 's Packs were granted access to the game on July 21 . The lengthy period since the game 's alpha phases was ascribed to developing Fortnite as a games - as - a-service model , according to creative lead Donald Mustard . While the game had been in a playable state for the two years before this , Epic wanted to be able to develop ongoing content to players to keep them interested in the title , such as planning timed events with unique rewards , following in the approach used by games like League of Legends and Warframe . Since the game had already been announced earlier in 2014 through Game Informer , Epic opted not to use their Electronic Entertainment Expo time or space in June 2017 to re-announce the game , fearing that coverage of it would be lost in the deluge of other gaming news coming out of the event . Instead , the Epic marketing team worked with Twitch and other game streamers to provide them early copies of the game to play and promote on their channels in the weeks leading up to their target release date of July 25 , 2017 . However , a few weeks before this date , Epic recognized that the game was still not ready for release ; it was playable but not content complete . Rather than prolonging it further , Epic decided to release the game into paid early access on July 25 , 2017 , which would also allow them to get active feedback on the game as they progressed in development . At the time of the start of early access , Gearbox Software helped distribute the game on physical media . </P> <P> With the popularity of Fortnite Battle Royale , which was first released in early access around September 2017 and gained considerable attention by early 2018 , Epic split off a separate development team to focus on improvements for this mode . Epic said that their attention to Fortnite was causing some of their other games to see lower player populations , leading them to reduce development efforts on these games , particularly Paragon . By the end of January 2018 , Epic announced it was shutting down Paragon by April of that year , providing refunds to all players . Players on a Fortnite - dedicated Reddit forum had expressed concerns that a similar fate could befall the Save the World mode of Fortnite , as externally , the Save the World mode has not received the same attention in providing updates and improvements compared to the Battle Royale mode since that mode 's release . Epic 's Ed Zobrist said that as of March 2018 that the retention rates for `` Save the World '' have been high , and have grown since the release of Fortnite Battle Royale , and the company has since improved communications with the player base , such as providing development road maps and known bug lists . </P> <H3> Art and design </H3> <P> In their initial prototypes of the game , Epic had used creepier and darker designs for the husks and other enemies . Bleszinski said that they found this to create an `` exhaustive environment '' that was too grim , and designed to take the design in a more cartoonish approach , while still remaining creepy , so that players would enjoy spending time in the game 's world , without competing with games like DayZ . They used works from Pixar , Tim Burton , and Looney Tunes as inspiration for the designs . </P> <P> Fortnite uses procedural generation to build out the maps for each mission . The game also includes an `` AI director '' that monitors how players are progressing , and alters the challenges of the monsters it sends out to the players based on that progression , easing off if players are having greater difficulty in surviving . At one point , the game had a team - based player versus player mode , where each side attempted to build up a base around a central target while trying to attack the opponent 's target after breaking through their base . This did not make it into the final game . </P> <P> Epic currently has cross-platform play between PC and PS4 and has stated plans to allow separate Fortnite cross-platform support for Xbox One and personal computer users , but cross-platform play between all three platforms has not been announced . However , for a few hours during one day in September 2017 , players found they could cross-play between all three platforms . Epic later corrected this , calling it a `` configuration error '' . </P> <H2> Reception </H2> <H3> Sales </H3> <P> On July 26 , 2017 , it was announced that Fortnite had sold over 500,000 digital pre-order copies . On August 18 , 2017 , Epic confirmed that Fortnite had surpassed over a million players . </P> <H3> Accolades </H3> <P> Eurogamer ranked the game 32nd on their list of the `` Top 50 Games of 2017 '' . It was also nominated for `` Best Co-op Game '' in PC Gamer 's 2017 Game of the Year Awards , and for `` Best Spectator Game '' in IGN 's Best of 2017 Awards . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> The Game Awards 2017 </Td> <Td> Best Multiplayer </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> 16th Visual Effects Society Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Visual Effects in a Real - Time Project ( A Hard Day 's Night ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> D.I.C.E. Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Achievement in Online Gameplay </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SXSW Gaming Awards </Td> <Td> Excellence in Multiplayer </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Excellence in Gameplay </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14th British Academy Games Awards </Td> <Td> Best Evolving Game </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Multiplayer </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22nd Annual Webby Awards </Td> <Td> People 's Voice Award for Best Multiplayer / Competitive Game </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gilyadov , Alex ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite Hits 500,000 Digital Pre-Orders '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown , Fraser ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Epic pulls back the curtain ( and flesh ) on Fortnite 's monster design '' . PCGamesN . 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Texas Flip N Move - Wikipedia <H1> Texas Flip N Move </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Texas Flip N Move </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Reality television </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 40 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> DIY Network </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> texasflipnmove. build </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Texas Flip N Move is a show featured on DIY Network . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Premise <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Cast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Series overview </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Premise ( edit ) </H2> <P> The show features professional home renovators who purchase older houses to flip for profit . </P> <P> However , unlike Property Brothers or other similar shows , the show features a twist : at the auction , only the houses are sold ( not the underlying land ) . The bidders can only view the home from the outside and must also factor in costs of moving the house from the original lot to the renovation site ( another facility where the houses are renovated and later sold at auction to purchasers wanting houses to move to existing property ) . </P> <H3> Cast ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Donna Snow Landers and Toni Snow Barksdale ( `` The Snow Sisters '' ) ( Season 1 - present ) </Li> <Li> Randy Martin ( `` The Lone Wolf '' ) ( Season 1 - present ) </Li> <Li> Myers Jackson ( the selling auctioneer ) ( Season 1 - present ) </Li> <Li> Casey Hester and Catrina Kidd ( Seasons 4 - present ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> From Season 1 to Season 3 , Casey was Cody 's cousin and moved houses for the Young Guns . From Season 3 he moves and flips house with the Young Guns at season 3 and with Catrina from Season 4 . Casey and Catrina are not married to each other . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` Gary 's Girls '' ( Season 4 - present ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Gary Snow is the brother of Donna and Toni ; his four daughters ( Donna and Toni 's nieces ) were featured in a Season 3 episode where they and the Snow Sisters each renovated a shipping contain </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Paige and Raf . ( Seasons 6 - present ) </Li> <Li> Gary and Jerry ( Seasons 7 - present ) </Li> <Li> Cody Biffel ( Foreman ) </Li> <Li> Cody and Suzi Slay ( `` The Young Guns '' ) ( Seasons 1 - 3 ) </Li> <Li> H.D. `` Daddy '' Snow ( occasional appearances ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Daddy Snow is the father of Donna , Gary , and Toni , and the grandfather of Gary 's four daughters . In his 80 's , he is still active in the house - moving business . He inherited a company created by his father C.A. Snow . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Series overview ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Texas Flip N Move episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season premiere </Th> <Th> Season finale </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> November 11 , 2014 </Td> <Td> March 6 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> September 18 , 2015 </Td> <Td> December 11 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> January 8 , 2016 </Td> <Td> April 1 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> July 15 , 2016 </Td> <Td> October 7 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> November 25 , 2016 </Td> <Td> March 3 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> April 7 , 2017 </Td> <Td> June 30 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> October 6 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Louisiana Flip and Move </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Texas Flip and Move '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Texas Flip N Move '' . Zap2it . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official Website </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_Flip_N_Move&oldid=815134751 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2010s American television series </Li> <Li> 2010 American television series debuts </Li> <Li> English - language television programs </Li> <Li> Home renovation television series </Li> <Li> Television shows set in Texas </Li> <Li> Fort Worth , Texas </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use American English from November 2016 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in American English </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Français </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 23 : 32 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

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Economy of the Ming dynasty - wikipedia <H1> Economy of the Ming dynasty </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> The Ming Empire around 1580 <P> The economy of the Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) of China was the largest in the world during that period . It is regarded as one of China 's three golden ages ( the other two being the Han and Song periods ) . The period was marked by the increasing political influence of the merchants , the gradual weakening of imperial rule , and technological advances . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Currency </Li> <Li> 2 Manufactures <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Privatization </Li> <Li> 2.2 Emergence of wage labor </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Early encouragement of agriculture under Hongwu <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Emergence of commercial plantations </Li> <Li> 3.2 Rural markets during the Ming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Trade and investment <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Taxation </Li> <Li> 4.2 Weakening of the state </Li> <Li> 4.3 Sprouts of capitalism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Currency ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Ming dynasty coinage <P> The early Ming dynasty attempted to use paper currency , with outflows of bullion limited by its ban on private foreign commerce . Like its forebears , the currency experienced massive counterfeiting and hyperinflation . ( In 1425 , Ming notes were trading at about 0.014 % of its original value under the Hongwu Emperor . ) The notes remained in circulation as late as 1573 but their printing was ended in 1450 . Minor coins were minted in base metals , but trade mostly occurred using silver ingots . As their purity and exact weight varied , they were treated as bullion and measured in tael . These privately made `` sycee '' first came into use in Guangdong , spreading to the lower Yangtze sometime before 1423 , the year it became acceptable for payment of tax obligations . In the mid-15th century , the paucity of circulating silver caused a monetary contraction and extensive reversion to barter . The problem was met through smuggled , then legal , importation of Japanese silver ( mostly through the Portuguese and Dutch ) and Spanish silver from Potosí carried on the Manila galleons . Provincial taxes were required to be paid in silver in 1465 ; the salt tax , in 1475 ; and corvée exemptions , in 1485 . By the late Ming , the amount of silver being used was extraordinary : at a time when English traders considered tens of thousands of pounds an exceptional fortune , the Zheng clan of merchants regularly engaged in transactions valued at millions of taels . However , a second silver contraction occurred in the mid-17th century when King Philip IV began enforcing laws limiting direct trade between Spanish South America and China at about the same time the new Tokugawa shogunate in Japan restricted most of its foreign exports , cutting off Dutch and Portuguese access to its silver . The dramatic spike in silver 's value in China made payment of taxes nearly impossible for most provinces . In extremis , the government even resumed use of paper currency amid Li Zicheng 's rebellion . </P> <H2> Manufactures ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Privatization ( edit ) </H3> <P> Another key feature of the Ming manufacturing industry was privatization . Unlike the Song , in which state - owned enterprises played a large role , the Ming reverted to the old laissez faire policies of the Han by privatizing the salt and tea industries . By the middle of the Ming dynasty , powerful groups of wealthy merchants had replaced the state as the dominant movers behind Chinese industry . </P> <H3> Emergence of wage labor ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Ming government abolished the mandatory forced labor by peasants used in early dynasties and replaced it with wage labor . A new class of wage laborers sprung up where none had existed before . In Jingde alone , it was reported that there were no less than 300 pottery factories , all operated by wage laborers . </P> <H2> Early encouragement of agriculture under Hongwu ( edit ) </H2> <P> In order to recover from rule of the Mongols and the wars that followed them , the Hongwu Emperor enacted pro-agricultural policies . The state invested extensively in agricultural canals , reduced taxes on agriculture to 1 / 30 of the output , and later to 1.5 % of agricultural output . Ming farmers also introduced many innovations such as water - powered plows , and new agricultural methods such as crop rotation . This led to a massive agricultural surplus that became the basis of a market economy . </P> <H3> Emergence of commercial plantations ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Ming saw the rise of commercial plantations who produced crops suitable to their regions . Tea , fruits , paint and other goods were produced on a massive scale by these agricultural plantations . Regional patterns of production established during this period continued into the Qing dynasty . The Columbian exchange brought crops such as corn with these foreign crops . During the Ming , specialized areas also popped up planting large numbers of cash crops that could be sold at markets . Large numbers of peasants abandoned the land to become artisans . The population of the Ming boomed ; estimates for the population of the Ming range from 160 to 200 million . </P> <H3> Rural markets during the Ming ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ming agriculture was much changed from the earlier areas ; firstly , gigantic areas , devoting and specializing in cash crops , sprung up to demand from the new market economy . Secondly , agricultural tools and carts , some water - powered , help to create a gigantic agricultural surplus which formed the basis of the rural economy . Besides rice , other crops were grown on a large scale . </P> <P> Although images of autarkic farmers who had no connection to the rest of China may have some merit for the earlier Han and T'ang dynasties , this was certainly not the case for the Ming dynasty . During the Ming dynasty , the increase in population and the decrease in quality land made it necessary that farmers make a living off cash crops . Many of these markets appeared in the rural countryside , where goods were exchanged and bartered . </P> <P> A second type of market that developed in China was the urban - rural type , in which rural goods were sold to urban dwellers . This was particular the case when landlords decided to reside in the cities , and use income coming from rural land holding to facilitate exchange in the cities . Another way this type of market was used was professional merchants who bought rural goods in large quantities . </P> <P> The third type of market was the `` national market '' which was developed during the Song dynasty but particularly enhanced during the Ming . This market involved not only the exchange described above , but also products produced directly for the market . Unlike earlier dynasties , many Ming peasants were no longer producing only products they needed ; many of them produced products for the market , which then they sold at a profit . </P> <H2> Trade and investment ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Haijin <P> In the early Ming , after the devastation of the war which expelled the Mongols , the Hongwu Emperor imposed severe restrictions on trade ( the `` haijin '' ) . Believing that agriculture was the basis of the economy , Hongwu favored that industry over all else , including that of merchants . After his death , most of his policies were reversed by his successors . By the late Ming , the state was losing power to the very merchants which Hongwu had wanted to restrict . </P> <P> The Ming dynasty also engaged in a thriving trade with both Europe and Japan . The amount of silver flowing into the Ming dynasty was estimated by Joseph Needham at 300 million taels , which is equivalent to more than 190 billion dollars in today 's money . In addition to silver , the Ming also imported many European firearms , in order to ensure the modernness of their weapons . </P> <P> Trade and commerce thrived in this liberalized economy , and was aided by the construction of canals , roads , and bridges by the Ming government . The Ming saw the rise of several merchant clans such as the Huai and Jin clans , who disposed of large amounts of wealth . The gentry and merchant classes started to fuse , and the merchants gained power at the expense of the state . Some merchants were reputed to have a treasure of 30 million taels . </P> <H3> Taxation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ming taxation was light . Taxes on agriculture were only 1 / 30 of agricultural produce , and were later reduced to 1 / 50 of produce . Taxes on commerce amounted to 1 / 30 of commerce also , but was later reduced to 1.5 % . These low taxes spurred trade , but severely weakened the state . Salt , as in earlier dynasties , was an important source of state revenue , but required constant and competent management . With the coming of the Little Ice Age in the 17th century , the state 's low revenues and its inability to raise taxes caused massive deficits , and large numbers of Ming troops defected or rebelled because they had not been paid . </P> <H3> Weakening of the state ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the Ming , the controls imposed on the economy were gradually relaxed . State monopolies on salt and iron ended as these and other industries were privatized . Taxes were reduced from the high levels under the Mongol Yuan , and the Ming had one of the lowest tax rates ( per person ) in the world . The entire foreign trade , which was estimated at up to 300 million taels , provided the Ming with a tax of only about 40,000 taels a year . When the Wanli Emperor sought to increase the salt tax , his measures were opposed by violence and the eunuchs he sent to collect the tax were beheaded by local officials . </P> <H3> Sprouts of capitalism ( edit ) </H3> <P> Investment and capital moved off the land and were poured into ventures . Continuing the trend from the Song , Ming investors poured large amounts of capital into ventures and reaped high profits . Many Chinese scholars believe the Ming was the dynasty in which the `` sprouts of capitalism '' emerged in China , only to be suppressed by the Qing Dynastry . This theory was widely promoted by Communist scholars during the Maoist period , and suffers from that period 's general condemnation of the Manchu Qing , who were accused of mis - managing the Chinese state in the face of foreign encroachment . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Economic history of China </Li> <Li> Economy of the Han dynasty </Li> <Li> Economy of the Song dynasty </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Von Glahn , Richard ( 1996 ) , Fountain of Fortune : Money and Monetary Policy in China , 1000 -- 1700 , Berkeley : University of California Press , pp. 90 -- 1 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 20408 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fairbank , John K. ; et al. ( 2006 ) , China : A New History ( 2nd ed . ) , Cambridge : Harvard University Press , p. 134 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 01828 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Atwell , William S. ( 1998 ) , `` Ming China and the Emerging World Economy , c. 1470 -- 1650 '' , The Cambridge History of China , Vol. 8 : The Ming Dynasty : 1368 -- 1644 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , p. 387 , ISBN 0521243335 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brook , Timothy ( 1998 ) , The Confusions of Pleasure : Commerce and Culture in Ming China , Berkeley : University of California Press , p. 208 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 22154 - 0 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Li Bo , Zheng Yin , `` 5000 years of Chinese history '' , Inner Mongolian People 's publishing corp , 2001 , ISBN 7 - 204 - 04420 - 7 , pp. 994 -- 997 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Twitchett , Denis ; John K. Fairbank . the Ming dynasty part 2 ( May 1987 ) , The Cambridge History of China , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24327 - 8 , pp. 497 -- 498 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Huang , Ray ( 1998 ) , `` The Ming fiscal administration '' , in Twitchett , Denis and Fairbank , John K. ( eds . ) , The Ming Dynasty , 1 398 -- 1644 , Part 2 , The Cambridge History of China , 8 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp. 106 -- 172 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24333 - 9 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> China 's GDP in the Ming Dynasty Guan Hanhui David Daokui Li </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ming dynasty topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Early ( 1368 -- 1435 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Red Turban Rebellion </Li> <Li> Ming conquest of Yunnan </Li> <Li> Ming - Mong Mao War </Li> <Li> Ming campaign against the Uriankhai </Li> <Li> Battle of Buir Lake </Li> <Li> Ming -- Mong Mao Intervention </Li> <Li> Jingnan Campaign </Li> <Li> Ming treasure voyages </Li> <Li> Ming -- Turpan conflict </Li> <Li> Ming -- Hồ War </Li> <Li> Battle of Kherlen </Li> <Li> Ming -- Kotte War </Li> <Li> Lam Sơn uprising </Li> <Li> Yongle Emperor 's campaigns against the Mongols </Li> <Li> Rule of Ren and Xuan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Middle ( 1435 -- 1572 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Luchuan -- Pingmian campaigns </Li> <Li> Tumu Crisis </Li> <Li> Rebellion of Cao Qin </Li> <Li> Miao Rebellions </Li> <Li> Prince of Anhua rebellion </Li> <Li> Prince of Ning rebellion </Li> <Li> Malayan -- Portuguese war </Li> <Li> Japanese missions to Ming China </Li> <Li> Ningbo Incident </Li> <Li> Great Rites Controversy </Li> <Li> Renyin Plot </Li> <Li> Jiajing wokou raids </Li> <Li> Single whip law </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Late ( 1572 -- 1683 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bozhou rebellion </Li> <Li> Ordos Campaign </Li> <Li> Japanese invasions of Korea </Li> <Li> Donglin movement </Li> <Li> Sino - Dutch conflicts </Li> <Li> She - An Rebellion </Li> <Li> Battle of Beijing </Li> <Li> Qing conquest of the Ming <Ul> <Li> Battle of Shanhai Pass </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Southern Ming </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Government </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Emperor <Ul> <Li> List </Li> <Li> Family tree </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Grand Secretariat </Li> <Li> Eastern Depot </Li> <Li> Imperial Clan Court </Li> <Li> Imperial Commissioner </Li> <Li> Grand coordinator </Li> <Li> Jinyiwei </Li> <Li> Tusi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Military </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Military conquests of the Ming dynasty </Li> <Li> Nine Garrisons of the Ming dynasty </Li> <Li> Shenjiying </Li> <Li> Gunpowder weapons in the Ming dynasty </Li> <Li> Army of the Ming dynasty </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Special regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yunnan under Ming rule </Li> <Li> Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam </Li> <Li> Manchuria under Ming rule </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations & Documents </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History of Yuan </Li> <Li> The Hundred - 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Shortwave radio - wikipedia <H1> Shortwave radio </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Shortwave '' redirects here . For other uses , see Shortwave ( disambiguation ) . Grundig Satellit 400 solid - state , digital shortwave receiver , circa 1986 <P> Shortwave radio is radio transmission using shortwave radio frequencies . There is no official definition of the band , but the range always includes all of the high frequency band ( HF ) , and generally extends from 1.7 -- 30 MHz ( 176.3 -- 10.0 m ) ; from the high end of the medium frequency band ( MF ) just above the mediumwave AM broadcast band , to the end of the HF band . </P> <P> Radio waves in the shortwave band can be reflected or refracted from a layer of electrically charged atoms in the atmosphere called the ionosphere . Therefore , short waves directed at an angle into the sky can be reflected back to Earth at great distances , beyond the horizon . This is called skywave or `` skip '' propagation . Thus shortwave radio can be used for very long distance communication , in contrast to radio waves of higher frequency which travel in straight lines ( line - of - sight propagation ) and are limited by the visual horizon , about 40 miles ( 64 km ) . Shortwave radio is used for broadcasting of voice and music to shortwave listeners over very large areas ; sometimes entire continents or beyond . It is also used for military over-the - horizon radar , diplomatic communication , and two - way international communication by amateur radio enthusiasts for hobby , educational and emergency purposes , as well as for long distance aviation and marine communications . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Frequency classifications </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Development </Li> <Li> 2.2 Amateur use of shortwave propagation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Propagation characteristics </Li> <Li> 4 Types of modulation </Li> <Li> 5 Users </Li> <Li> 6 Shortwave broadcasting <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Frequency allocations </Li> <Li> 6.2 Advantages </Li> <Li> 6.3 Disadvantages </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Shortwave listening </Li> <Li> 8 Shortwave broadcasts and music </Li> <Li> 9 Shortwave 's future </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Frequency classifications ( edit ) </H2> <P> The widest popular definition of the shortwave frequency interval is the ITU Region 1 ( EU + Africa + Russia ... ) definition , and is the span 1.6 -- 30 MHz , just above the medium wave band , which ends approximately at 1.6 MHz . </P> <P> There are also other definitions of the shortwave frequency interval : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1.71 to 30 MHz in ITU Region 2 ( North and South America ... ) </Li> <Li> 1.8 ( 160 meter radio amateur band start ) to 30 MHz </Li> <Li> 2.3 ( 120 meter band start ) to 30 MHz </Li> <Li> 2.3 ( 120 meter band start ) to 26.1 MHz ( 11 meter band end ) </Li> <Li> In Germany and perhaps Austria the ITU Region 1 shortwave radio frequency interval can be subdivided in : <Ul> <Li> de : Grenzwelle ( `` border waves '' ) : 1.605 -- 3.8 MHz </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> In Germany these shortwave radio frequency intervals have also been seen used : <Ul> <Li> the above other definitions </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> Radio amateurs carried out the first shortwave transmissions over a long distance before Guglielmo Marconi <P> The name `` shortwave '' originated during the early days of radio in the early 20th century , when the radio spectrum was considered divided into long wave ( LW ) , medium wave ( MW ) and short wave bands based on the wavelength of the radio waves . Shortwave radio received its name because the wavelengths in this band are relatively shorter than 200 m ( 1,500 kHz ) which marked the original upper limit of the medium frequency band first used for radio communications . The broadcast medium wave band now extends above the 200 m / 1,500 kHz limit , and the amateur radio 1.8 MHz -- 2.0 MHz band ( known as the `` top band '' ) is the lowest - frequency band considered to be ' shortwave ' . </P> <P> Early long distance radio telegraphy used long waves , below 300 kilohertz ( kHz ) . The drawbacks to this system included a very limited spectrum available for long distance communication , and the very expensive transmitters , receivers and gigantic antennas that were required . It was also difficult to beam the radio wave directionally with long wave , resulting in a major loss of power over long distances . Prior to the 1920s , the shortwave frequencies above 1.5 MHz were regarded as useless for long distance communication and were designated in many countries for amateur use . </P> <P> Guglielmo Marconi , pioneer of radio , commissioned his assistant Charles Samuel Franklin to carry out a large scale study into the transmission characteristics of short wavelength waves and to determine their suitability for long distance transmissions . Franklin rigged up a large antenna at Poldhu Wireless Station , Cornwall , running on 25 kW of power . In June and July 1923 , wireless transmissions were completed during nights on 97 meters from Poldhu to Marconi 's yacht Elettra in the Cape Verde Islands . </P> <P> In September 1924 , Marconi transmitted daytime and nighttime on 32 meters from Poldhu to his yacht in Beirut . Franklin went on to refine the directional transmission , by inventing the curtain array aerial system . In July 1924 , Marconi entered into contracts with the British General Post Office ( GPO ) to install high speed shortwave telegraphy circuits from London to Australia , India , South Africa and Canada as the main element of the Imperial Wireless Chain . The UK - to - Canada shortwave `` Beam Wireless Service '' went into commercial operation on 25 October 1926 . Beam Wireless Services from the UK to Australia , South Africa and India went into service in 1927 . </P> <P> Shortwave communications began to grow rapidly in the 1920s , similar to the internet in the late 20th century . By 1928 , more than half of long distance communications had moved from transoceanic cables and longwave wireless services to shortwave and the overall volume of transoceanic shortwave communications had vastly increased . Shortwave stations had cost and efficiency advantages over massive longwave wireless installations , however some commercial longwave communications stations remained in use until the 1960s . Long distance radio circuits also reduced the load on the existing transoceanic telegraph cables and hence the need for new cables , although the cables maintained their advantages of high security and a much more reliable and better quality signal than shortwave . </P> <P> The cable companies began to lose large sums of money in 1927 , and a serious financial crisis threatened the viability of cable companies that were vital to strategic British interests . The British government convened the Imperial Wireless and Cable Conference in 1928 `` to examine the situation that had arisen as a result of the competition of Beam Wireless with the Cable Services '' . It recommended and received Government approval for all overseas cable and wireless resources of the Empire to be merged into one system controlled by a newly formed company in 1929 , Imperial and International Communications Ltd . The name of the company was changed to Cable and Wireless Ltd. in 1934 . </P> <P> Long - distance cables had a resurgence beginning in 1956 with the laying of TAT - 1 across the Atlantic Ocean , the first voice frequency cable on this route . This provided 36 high quality telephone channels and was soon followed by even higher capacity cables all around the world . These sounded the death knell of shortwave radio for commercial communications . </P> <H3> Amateur use of shortwave propagation ( edit ) </H3> Hallicrafters SX - 28 shortwave receiver analog tuning dial , circa 1944 <P> Amateur radio operators also discovered that long - distance communication was possible on shortwave bands . Early long - distance services used surface wave propagation at very low frequencies , which are attenuated along the path at wavelengths shorter than 1,000 meters . Longer distances and higher frequencies using this method meant more signal loss . This , and the difficulties of generating and detecting higher frequencies , made discovery of shortwave propagation difficult for commercial services . </P> <P> Radio amateurs may have conducted the first successful transatlantic tests in December 1921 , operating in the 200 meter mediumwave band ( near 1,500 kHz in the modern AM broadcast band ) -- the shortest wavelength then available to amateurs . In 1922 hundreds of North American amateurs were heard in Europe on 200 meters and at least 20 North American amateurs heard amateur signals from Europe . The first two - way communications between North American and Hawaiian amateurs began in 1922 at 200 meters . Although operation on wavelengths shorter than 200 meters was technically illegal ( but tolerated as the authorities mistakenly believed at first that such frequencies were useless for commercial or military use ) , amateurs began to experiment with those wavelengths using newly available vacuum tubes shortly after World War I . </P> <P> Extreme interference at the longer edge of the 150 -- 200 meter band -- the official wavelengths allocated to amateurs by the Second National Radio Conference in 1923 -- forced amateurs to shift to shorter and shorter wavelengths ; however , amateurs were limited by regulation to wavelengths longer than 150 meters ( 2 MHz ) . A few fortunate amateurs who obtained special permission for experimental communications at wavelengths shorter than 150 meters completed hundreds of long distance two way contacts on 100 meters ( 3 MHz ) in 1923 including the first transatlantic two way contacts . </P> <P> By 1924 many additional specially licensed amateurs were routinely making transoceanic contacts at distances of 6,000 miles ( 9,600 km ) and more . On 21 September 1924 several amateurs in California completed two - way contacts with an amateur in New Zealand . On 19 October amateurs in New Zealand and England completed a 90 minute two - way contact nearly halfway around the world . On 10 October the Third National Radio Conference made three shortwave bands available to U.S. amateurs at 80 meters ( 3.75 MHz ) , 40 meters ( 7 MHz ) and 20 meters ( 14 MHz ) . These were allocated worldwide , while the 10 meter band ( 28 MHz ) was created by the Washington International Radiotelegraph Conference on 25 November 1927 . The 15 meter band ( 21 MHz ) was opened to amateurs in the United States on 1 May 1952 . </P> <H2> Propagation characteristics ( edit ) </H2> Formation of a skip zone <P> Shortwave radio frequency energy is capable of reaching any location on the Earth as it is influenced by ionospheric reflection back to the earth by the ionosphere , ( a phenomenon known as `` skywave propagation '' ) . A typical phenomenon of shortwave propagation is the occurrence of a skip zone where reception fails . With a fixed working frequency , large changes in ionospheric conditions may create skip zones at night . </P> <P> As a result of the multi-layer structure of the ionosphere , propagation often simultaneously occurs on different paths , scattered by the E or F region and with different numbers of hops , a phenomenon that may be disturbed for certain techniques . Particularly for lower frequencies of the shortwave band , absorption of radio frequency energy in the lowest ionospheric layer , the D layer , may impose a serious limit . This is due to collisions of electrons with neutral molecules , absorbing some of a radio frequency 's energy and converting it to heat . Predictions of skywave propagation depend on : </P> <Ul> <Li> The distance from the transmitter to the target receiver . </Li> <Li> Time of day . During the day , frequencies higher than approximately 12 MHz can travel longer distances than lower ones . At night , this property is reversed . </Li> <Li> With lower frequencies the dependence on the time of the day is mainly due to the lowest ionospheric layer , the D Layer , forming only during the day when photons from the sun break up atoms into ions and free electrons . </Li> <Li> Season . During the winter months of the Northern or Southern hemispheres , the AM / MW broadcast band tends to be more favorable because of longer hours of darkness . </Li> <Li> Solar flares produce a large increase in D region ionization so high , sometimes for periods of several minutes , all skywave propagation is nonexistent . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Types of modulation ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Modulation National Panasonic R3000 analog shortwave receiver , circa 1965 <P> Several different types of modulation are used to impress information on a short - wave transmission . </P> <P> Amplitude modulation is the simplest type and the most commonly used for shortwave broadcasting . The instantaneous amplitude of the carrier is controlled by the amplitude of the signal ( speech , or music , for example ) . At the receiver , a simple detector recovers the desired modulation signal from the carrier . </P> <P> Single sideband transmission is a form of amplitude modulation but in effect filters the result of modulation . An amplitude - modulated signal has frequency components both above and below the carrier frequency . If one set of these components is eliminated as well as the residual carrier , only the remaining set is transmitted . This reduces power in the transmission , as roughly 2 / 3 of the energy sent by an AM signal is unnecessary to recover the information contained on it . It also reduces `` bandwidth '' , enabling about one - half the carrier frequency spectrum width to be used . The drawback is the receiver is more complicated , since it must re-create the carrier to recover the signal . Small errors in the detection process greatly affect the pitch of the received signal . As a result , single sideband is not used for music or general broadcast . Single sideband is used for long - range voice communications by ships and aircraft , Citizen 's Band , and amateur radio operators . Lower sideband ( LSB ) is generally used below 9 MHz and USB ( upper sideband ) above 9 MHz . </P> <P> Vestigal sideband transmits the carrier and one complete sideband , but filters out the other sideband . It is a compromise between AM and SSB , enabing simple receivers to be used , but requires almost as much transmitter power as AM . One advantage is only half the bandwidth of an AM signal is used . It can be heard in the transmission of certain radio time signal stations . Vestigial sideband is used for over the air Television Broadcasts both analog and digital . </P> <P> Continuous wave ( CW ) is on - and - off keying of a carrier , used for Morse code communications and Hellschreiber facsimile - based teleprinter transmissions . </P> <P> Narrow - band frequency modulation ( NBFM ) is used typically above 20 MHz . Because of the larger bandwidth required , NBFM is commonly used for VHF communication . Regulations limit the bandwidth of a signal transmitted in the HF bands , and the advantages of frequency modulation are greatest if the FM signal has a wide bandwidth . NBFM is limited to short - range transmissions due to the multiphasic distortions created by the ionosphere . </P> <P> Digital Radio Mondiale ( DRM ) is a digital modulation for use on bands below 30 MHz . </P> <P> Radioteletype , fax , digital , slow - scan television and other systems use forms of frequency - shift keying or audio subcarriers on a shortwave carrier . These generally require special equipment to decode , such as software on a computer equipped with a sound card . </P> <H2> Users ( edit ) </H2> Portable shortwave receiver 's digital display tuned to the 75 meter band <P> Some established users of the shortwave radio bands may include : </P> <Ul> <Li> International broadcasting primarily by government - sponsored propaganda , international news ( for example , the BBC World Service ) or cultural stations to foreign audiences : the most common use of all . </Li> <Li> Domestic broadcasting : to widely dispersed populations with few longwave , mediumwave and FM stations serving them ; or for specialty political , religious and alternative media networks ; or of individual commercial and non-commercial paid broadcasts . </Li> <Li> Oceanic air traffic control uses the HF / shortwave band for long distance communication to aircraft over the oceans and poles , which are far beyond the range of traditional VHF frequencies . Modern systems also include satellite communications , such as ADS - C / CPDLC </Li> <Li> `` Utility '' stations transmitting messages not intended for the general public , such as merchant shipping , marine weather , and ship - to - shore stations ; for aviation weather and air - to - ground communications ; for military communications ; for long - distance governmental purposes , and for other non-broadcast communications . </Li> <Li> Amateur radio operators at the 80 / 75 , 60 , 40 , 30 , 20 , 17 , 15 , 12 , and 10 - meter bands . Licenses are granted by authorized government agencies . </Li> <Li> Time signal and radio clock stations : In North America , WWV radio and WWVH radio transmit at these frequencies : 2.5 MHz , 5 MHz , 10 MHz , and 15 MHz ; and WWV also transmits on 20 MHz . The CHU radio station in Canada transmits on the following frequencies : 3.33 MHz , 7.85 MHz , and 14.67 MHz . Other similar radio clock stations transmit on various shortwave and longwave frequencies around the world . The shortwave transmissions are primarily intended for human reception , while the longwave stations are generally used for automatic synchronization of watches and clocks . </Li> </Ul> <P> Sporadic or non-traditional users of the shortwave bands may include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Clandestine stations . These are stations that broadcast on behalf of various political movements such as rebel or insurrectionist forces . They may advocate civil war , insurrection , rebellion against the government - in - charge of the country to which they are directed . Clandestine broadcasts may emanate from transmitters located in rebel - controlled territory or from outside the country entirely , using another country 's transmission facilities . </Li> <Li> Numbers Stations . These stations regularly appear and disappear all over the shortwave radio band but are unlicensed and untraceable . It is believed that Numbers Stations are operated by government agencies and are used to communicate with clandestine operatives working within foreign countries . However , no definitive proof of such use has emerged . Because the vast majority of these broadcasts contain nothing but the recitation of blocks of numbers , in various languages , with occasional bursts of music , they have become known colloquially as `` Number Stations '' . Perhaps the most noted Number Station is the `` Lincolnshire Poacher '' , named after the 18th century English folk song , which is transmitted just before the sequences of numbers . </Li> <Li> Unlicensed two way radio activity by individuals such as taxi drivers , bus drivers and fishermen in various countries can be heard on various shortwave frequencies . Such unlicensed transmissions by `` pirate '' or `` bootleg '' two way radio operators can often cause signal interference to licensed stations . </Li> <Li> Pirate radio broadcasters who feature programming such as music , talk and other entertainment , can be heard sporadically and in various modes on the shortwave bands . </Li> <Li> Over-the - horizon radar : From 1976 to 1989 , the Soviet Union 's Russian Woodpecker over-the - horizon radar system blotted out numerous shortwave broadcasts daily . </Li> <Li> Ionospheric heaters used for scientific experimentation such as the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program in Alaska , and the Sura ionospheric heating facility in Russia . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Shortwave broadcasting ( edit ) </H2> <P> See International broadcasting for details on the history and practice of broadcasting to foreign audiences . </P> <P> See Shortwave relay station for the actual kinds of integrated technologies used to bring high power signals to listeners . </P> <H3> Frequency allocations ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Shortwave bands <P> The World Radiocommunication Conference ( WRC ) , organized under the auspices of the International Telecommunication Union , allocates bands for various services in conferences every few years . The last WRC took place in 2007 . </P> <P> At WRC - 97 in 1997 , the following bands were allocated for international broadcasting . AM shortwave broadcasting channels are allocated with a 5 kHz separation for traditional analog audio broadcasting . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Metre Band </Th> <Th> Frequency Range </Th> <Th> Remarks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 120 m </Td> <Td> 2.3 -- 2.495 MHz </Td> <Td> tropical band </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90 m </Td> <Td> 3.2 -- 3.4 MHz </Td> <Td> tropical band </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 75 m </Td> <Td> 3.9 -- 4 MHz </Td> <Td> shared with the North American amateur radio 80m band </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 m </Td> <Td> 4.75 -- 5.06 MHz </Td> <Td> tropical band </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 m </Td> <Td> 5.9 -- 6.2 MHz </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 m </Td> <Td> 7.2 -- 7.6 MHz </Td> <Td> shared with the amateur radio 40m band </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 m </Td> <Td> 9.4 -- 9.9 MHz </Td> <Td> currently the most heavily used band </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 m </Td> <Td> 11.6 -- 12.2 MHz </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 m </Td> <Td> 13.57 -- 13.87 MHz </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 m </Td> <Td> 15.1 -- 15.8 MHz </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 m </Td> <Td> 17.48 -- 17.9 MHz </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 m </Td> <Td> 18.9 -- 19.02 MHz </Td> <Td> almost unused , could become a DRM band </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 m </Td> <Td> 21.45 -- 21.85 MHz </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 m </Td> <Td> 25.6 -- 26.1 MHz </Td> <Td> may be used for local DRM broadcasting </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Although countries generally follow the table above , there may be small differences between countries or regions . For example , in the official bandplan of the Netherlands , the 49 m band starts at 5.95 MHz , the 41 m band ends at 7.45 MHz , the 11 m band starts at 25.67 MHz , and the 120 , 90 and 60 m bands are absent altogether . Additionally , international broadcasters sometimes operate outside the normal WRC - allocated bands or use off - channel frequencies . This is done for practical reasons , or to attract attention in crowded bands ( 60m , 49m , 40m , 41m , 31m , 25m ) . </P> <P> The new digital audio broadcasting format for shortwave DRM operates 10 kHz or 20 kHz channels . There are some ongoing discussions with respect to specific band allocation for DRM , as it mainly transmitted in 10 kHz format . </P> <P> The power used by shortwave transmitters ranges from less than one watt for some experimental and amateur radio transmissions to 500 kilowatts and higher for intercontinental broadcasters and over-the - horizon radar . Shortwave transmitting centers often use specialized antenna designs ( like the ALLISS antenna technology ) to concentrate radio energy at the target area . </P> <H3> Advantages ( edit ) </H3> Soviet shortwave listener in Borisoglebsk , 1941 <P> Shortwave does possess a number of advantages over newer technologies , including the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> Difficulty of censoring programming by authorities in restrictive countries : unlike their relative ease in monitoring the Internet , government authorities face technical difficulties monitoring which stations ( sites ) are being listened to ( accessed ) . For example , during the attempted coup against Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev , when his access to communications was limited ( e.g. his phones were cut off , etc . ) , Gorbachev was able to stay informed by means of the BBC World Service on shortwave . </Li> <Li> Low - cost shortwave radios are widely available in all but the most repressive countries in the world . Simple shortwave regenerative receivers can be easily built with a few parts . </Li> <Li> In many countries ( particularly in most developing nations and in the Eastern bloc during the Cold War era ) ownership of shortwave receivers has been and continues to be widespread ( in many of these countries some domestic stations also used shortwave ) . </Li> <Li> Many newer shortwave receivers are portable and can be battery - operated , making them useful in difficult circumstances . Newer technology includes hand - cranked radios which provide power without batteries . </Li> <Li> Shortwave radios can be used in situations where Internet or satellite communications service is temporarily or long - term unavailable ( or unaffordable ) . </Li> <Li> Shortwave radio travels much farther than broadcast FM ( 88 -- 108 MHz ) . Shortwave broadcasts can be easily transmitted over a distance of several thousands of kilometers , including from one continent to another . </Li> <Li> Particularly in tropical regions , SW is somewhat less prone to interference from thunderstorms than medium wave radio , and is able to cover a large geographic area with relatively low power ( and hence cost ) . Therefore , in many of these countries it is widely used for domestic broadcasting . </Li> <Li> Very little infrastructure is required for long - distance two - way communications using shortwave radio . All one needs is a pair of transceivers , each with an antenna , and a source of energy ( such as a battery , a portable generator , or the electrical grid ) . This makes shortwave radio one of the most robust means of communications , which can be disrupted only by interference or bad ionospheric conditions . Modern digital transmission modes such as MFSK and Olivia are even more robust , allowing successful reception of signals well below the noise floor of a conventional receiver . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Disadvantages ( edit ) </H3> <P> Shortwave radio 's benefits are sometimes regarded as being outweighed by its drawbacks , including : </P> <Ul> <Li> In most Western countries , shortwave radio ownership is usually limited to true enthusiasts , since most new standard radios do not receive the shortwave band . Therefore , Western audiences are limited . </Li> <Li> In the developed world , shortwave reception is very difficult in urban areas because of excessive noise from switched - mode power adapters , fluorescent or LED light sources , internet modems and routers , computers and many other sources of radio interference . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Shortwave listening ( edit ) </H2> A pennant sent to overseas listeners by Radio Budapest in the late 1980s Main article : Shortwave listening <P> The Asia - Pacific Telecommunity estimates that there are approximately 600 million shortwave broadcast - radio receivers in use in 2002 . WWCR claims that there are 1.5 billion shortwave receivers worldwide . </P> <P> Many hobbyists listen to shortwave broadcasters . In some cases , the goal is to hear as many stations from as many countries as possible ( DXing ) ; others listen to specialized shortwave utility , or `` ute '' , transmissions such as maritime , naval , aviation , or military signals . Others focus on intelligence signals from numbers stations , stations which transmit strange broadcast usually for intelligence operations , or the two way communications by amateur radio operators . Some short wave listeners behave analogously to `` lurkers '' on the Internet , in that they listen only and never make any attempt to send out their own signals . Other listeners participate in clubs , or actively send and receive QSL cards , or become involved with amateur radio and start transmitting on their own . </P> <P> Many listeners tune the shortwave bands for the programmes of stations broadcasting to a general audience ( such as Radio Taiwan International , China Radio International , Voice of America , Radio France Internationale , BBC World Service , Voice of Korea , Radio Free Sarawak etc . ) . Today , through the evolution of the Internet , the hobbyist can listen to shortwave signals via remotely controlled or web controlled shortwave receivers around the world , even without owning a shortwave radio . Many international broadcasters offer live streaming audio on their websites and a number have closed their shortwave service entirely , or severely curtailed it , in favour of internet transmission . </P> <P> Shortwave listeners , or SWLs , can obtain QSL cards from broadcasters , utility stations or amateur radio operators as trophies of the hobby . Some stations even give out special certificates , pennants , stickers and other tokens and promotional materials to shortwave listeners . </P> <H2> Shortwave broadcasts and music ( edit ) </H2> Composer Karlheinz Stockhausen <P> Some musicians have been attracted to the unique aural characteristics of shortwave radio which -- due to the nature of amplitude modulation , varying propagation conditions , and the presence of interference -- generally has lower fidelity than local broadcasts ( particularly via FM stations ) . Shortwave transmissions often have bursts of distortion , and `` hollow '' sounding loss of clarity at certain aural frequencies , altering the harmonics of natural sound and creating at times a strange `` spacey '' quality due to echoes and phase distortion . Evocations of shortwave reception distortions have been incorporated into rock and classical compositions , by means of delays or feedback loops , equalizers , or even playing shortwave radios as live instruments . Snippets of broadcasts have been mixed into electronic sound collages and live musical instruments , by means of analogue tape loops or digital samples . Sometimes the sounds of instruments and existing musical recordings are altered by remixing or equalizing , with various distortions added , to replicate the garbled effects of shortwave radio reception . </P> <P> The first attempts by serious composers to incorporate radio effects into music may be those of the Russian physicist and musician Léon Theremin , who perfected a form of radio oscillator as a musical instrument in 1928 ( regenerative circuits in radios of the time were prone to breaking into oscillation , adding various tonal harmonics to music and speech ) ; and in the same year , the development of a French instrument called the Ondes Martenot by its inventor Maurice Martenot , a French cellist and former wireless telegrapher . Karlheinz Stockhausen used shortwave radio and effects in works including Hymnen ( 1966 -- 67 ) , Kurzwellen ( 1968 ) -- adapted for the Beethoven Bicentennial in Opus 1970 with filtered and distorted snippets of Beethoven pieces -- Spiral ( 1968 ) , Pole , Expo ( both 1969 -- 70 ) , and Michaelion ( 1997 ) . </P> <P> Cypriot composer Yannis Kyriakides incorporated shortwave numbers station transmissions in his 1999 ConSPIracy cantata . </P> <P> Holger Czukay , a student of Stockhausen , was one of the first to use shortwave in a rock music context . In 1975 , German electronic music band Kraftwerk recorded a full length concept album around simulated radiowave and shortwave sounds , entitled Radio - Activity . The The 's Radio Cineola monthly broadcasts drew heavily on shortwave radio sound . </P> <H2> Shortwave 's future ( edit ) </H2> PC spectrum display of a modern software defined shortwave receiver Further information : Shortwave listening § Future of shortwave listening <P> The development of direct broadcasts from satellites has reduced the demand for shortwave receiver hardware , but there are still a great number of shortwave broadcasters . A new digital radio technology , Digital Radio Mondiale ( DRM ) , is expected to improve the quality of shortwave audio from very poor to standards comparable to the FM broadcast band . The future of shortwave radio is threatened by the rise of power line communication ( PLC ) , also known as Broadband over Power Lines ( BPL ) , which uses a data stream transmitted over unshielded power lines . As the BPL frequencies used overlap with shortwave bands , severe distortions can make listening to analog shortwave radio signals near power lines difficult or impossible . </P> <P> Experts disagree on the future of shortwave . According to Andy Sennitt , former editor of the World Radio TV Handbook , `` shortwave is a legacy technology , which is expensive and environmentally unfriendly . A few countries are hanging on to it , but most have faced up to the fact that the glory days of shortwave have gone . Religious broadcasters will still use it because they are not too concerned with listening figures '' . </P> <P> However Thomas Witherspoon , editor of shortwave news site SWLingPost.com wrote that `` shortwave remains the most accessible international communications medium that still provides listeners with the protection of complete anonymity '' . According to Nigel Fry , head of Distribution for the BBC World Service Group , `` I still see a place for shortwave in the 21st century , especially for reaching areas of the world that are prone to natural disasters that destroy local broadcasting and Internet infrastructure '' . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> ALLISS -- a very large rotatable antenna system used in international broadcasting </Li> <Li> Amateur radio -- also uses the shortwave bands , but with power levels under 2 kW </Li> <Li> International broadcasting </Li> <Li> List of American shortwave broadcasters </Li> <Li> List of shortwave radio broadcasters </Li> <Li> Long wave </Li> <Li> Medium wave </Li> <Li> Shortwave bands -- shortwave spectrum allocation </Li> <Li> shortwave relay station -- the fundamental way in which programmes are broadcast on shortwave </Li> <Li> SSB -- a method of radio signal modulation </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Grundig Satellit 400 international / professional ShortWaveRadio.ch </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Inconsistent article : itwissen.info : KW ( Kurzwelle ) SW ( short wave ) Quote : `` ... Der KW - Frequenzbereich ( SW ) liegt zwischen 3 MHz und 30 MHz ( < - 1 . definition ) ... Kurzwelle ist auch eine sendetechnische Bezeichnung für Rundfunk im Frequenzbereich zwischen 2 , 3 MHz und 26 , 1 MHz ( < - 2 . definition ) ... '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ oldtimeradio.de : Kleines Radio - Lexikon Quote : `` ... Kurzwellen , Kurzwellenbereich ... Wellenbereich , der von den Rundfunksendern ( je nach geographischer Lage ) von 11 bis 120 m = 26.100 bis 2.300 kHz ... '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ darc.de : Amateurfunk Frequenzen Quote : `` ... Grenzwelle ( Kurzwelle ) ... '' , de : Grenzwelle Quote : `` ... Als Grenzwelle wird der Frequenzbereich zwischen 1605 kHz und 3800 kHz bezeichnet , weil er auf der `` Grenze '' zwischen Mittelwelle und Kurzwelle liegt ... '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grundig Satellit 1000 TR6002 , schematic See at the bottom of the schematic , just below the transformer . In the schematic it is written that the first shortwave band starts at 1.6 MHz ( just after the band end of MW / AM ) : `` KW1 - SW1 - OC1 1 , 6 ... 5 , 0 MHz '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nebeker , Frederik ( 6 May 2009 ) . Dawn of the Electronic Age : Electrical Technologies in the Shaping of the Modern World , 1914 to 1945 . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 157 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 40974 - 9 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bray , John ( 2002 ) . Innovation and the Communications Revolution : From the Victorian Pioneers to Broadband Internet . IET . pp. 73 -- 75 . ISBN 9780852962183 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beauchamp , K.G. ( 2001 ) . History of Telegraphy . IET . p. 234 . ISBN 0 - 85296 - 792 - 6 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burns , R.W. ( 1986 ) . British Television : The Formative Years . IET . p. 315 . ISBN 0 - 86341 - 079 - 0 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Full text of `` Beyond the ionosphere : fifty years of satellite communication '' `` . Archive.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter J. Hugill ( 4 March 1999 ) . Global Communications Since 1844 : Geopolitics and Technology . JHU Press . pp. 129 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6074 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cable and Wireless Plc History Archived 2015 - 03 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stormfax . Marconi Wireless on Cape Cod </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1921 -- Club Station 1BCG and the Transatlantic Tests '' . Radio Club of America . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Radio Service Bulletin No. 72 , pp. 9 -- 13 '' . Bureau of Navigation , Department of Commerce . 1923 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Recommendations for Regulation of Radio : October 6 -- 10 , 1924 '' . Earlyradiohistory.us . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.twiar.org/aaarchives/WB008.txt </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Karl Rawer : `` Wave Propagation in the Ionosphere '' . Kluwer , Dordrecht 1993 ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0775 - 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Panasonic / National ShortwaveRadio.ch </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Feld Hell Club '' . Google Sites . Google . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ian Robertson Sinclair , Audio and Hi - Fi Handbook , Newnes , 2000 ISBN 0 - 7506 - 4975 - 5 pp. 195 -- 196 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christopher H. Sterling ( March 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Radio 3 - Volume Set . Routledge . pp. 538 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 45649 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hearst Magazines ( January 1940 ) . Popular Mechanics . Hearst Magazines . pp. 62 -- . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IARU Monitoring System '' . iaru.org . International Amateur Radio Union ( IARU ) . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrew R. Yoder ( 2002 ) . Pirate Radio Stations : Tuning in to Underground Broadcasts in the Air and Online . McGraw Hill Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 137563 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vladimir Bychkov ; Gennady Golubkov ; Anatoly Nikitin ( 17 July 2010 ) . The Atmosphere and Ionosphere : Dynamics , Processes and Monitoring . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 104 -- . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 3212 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nationaal Frequentieplan </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.w4uvh.net/dxld7078.txt </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Habrat , Marek . `` Odbiornik `` Roksana '' ( Radio constructor 's recollections ) `` . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived February 10 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arlyn T. Anderson . `` Changes at the BBC World Service : Documenting the World Service 's Move From Shortwave to Web Radio in North America , Australia , and New Zealand '' , Journal of Radio Studies 2005 , Vol. 12 , No. 2 , Pages 286 -- 304 doi : 10.1207 / s15506843jrs1202_8 mentioned in ( 3 ) WWCR FAQ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Web - Controlled Radios DXing.com </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Karl Heinrich Wörner ( 1973 ) . Stockhausen ; Life and Work . University of California Press . pp. 76 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 02143 - 3 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : David Sheppard ( 1 May 2009 ) . On Some Faraway Beach : The Life and Times of Brian Eno . Chicago Review Press . pp. 275 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 107 - 2 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Wire. C. Parker . 2000 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Laura Dolp ( 13 July 2017 ) . Arvo Pärt 's White Light . Cambridge University Press . pp. 83 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 18289 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tim Barr ( 31 August 2013 ) . Kraftwerk : from Dusseldorf to the Future With Love . Ebury Publishing . pp. 98 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4481 - 7776 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Radio Cineola www.thethe.com Archived December 18 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Careless , James . `` The Evolution of Shortwave Radio '' . Radio World . NewBay Media . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Halid Hrasnica ; Abdelfatteh Haidine ; Ralf Lehnert ( 14 January 2005 ) . Broadband Powerline Communications : Network Design . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 34 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 85742 - 7 . </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Ulrich L. Rohde , Jerry Whitaker `` Communications Receivers , Third Edition '' McGraw Hill , New York , NY , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 136121 - 9 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> SWLing.com -- A beginner 's guide to shortwave radio listening . </Li> <Li> Glenn Hauser 's World of Radio website </Li> <Li> Space Weather and Radio Propagation Center View live and historical data and images of space weather and radio propagation . </Li> <Li> Short - wave radio , Snap and crackle goes pop , Life in the old wireless yet The Economist article describing pros and cons of short wave radio since the Cold War . </Li> <Li> `` Short - Wave Radio Telephone is Success in Tests '' Popular Mechanics , July 1931 , mid page experiments carried out for the French and British governments </Li> <Li> Que Escuchar en la Onda Corta en Español website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Time signal stations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Longwave </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> BPC </Li> <Li> BPL </Li> <Li> BSF </Li> <Li> DCF77 </Li> <Li> JJY </Li> <Li> RBU </Li> <Li> RJH66 ( Beta ) </Li> <Li> RTZ </Li> <Li> MSF </Li> <Li> TDF </Li> <Li> WWVB </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shortwave </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> BPM </Li> <Li> BSF </Li> <Li> CHU </Li> <Li> HD2IOA </Li> <Li> HLA </Li> <Li> JN53DV </Li> <Li> RWM </Li> <Li> ROA </Li> <Li> WWV </Li> <Li> WWVH ( Hawaii , USA ) </Li> <Li> YVTO </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VHF / FM / UHF </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> RDS CT </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Satellite </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GPS </Li> <Li> BeiDou </Li> <Li> Galileo </Li> <Li> GLONASS </Li> <Li> IRNSS </Li> <Li> QZSS </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> HBG </Li> <Li> NAA </Li> <Li> WWVL </Li> <Li> OMA </Li> <Li> OLB5 </Li> <Li> VNG </Li> <Li> Y3S </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Analog and digital audio broadcasting </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Terrestrial </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Radio modulation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AM </Li> <Li> FM </Li> <Li> COFDM </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frequency allocations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> LW ( LF ) </Li> <Li> MW ( MF ) </Li> <Li> SW ( HF ) </Li> <Li> VHF ( low / mid / high ) </Li> <Li> L band ( UHF ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Digital systems </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CAM - D </Li> <Li> DAB / DAB+ </Li> <Li> DRM / DRM+ </Li> <Li> FMeXtra </Li> <Li> HD Radio </Li> <Li> CDR </Li> <Li> DVB - T2 Lite </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Satellite </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Frequency allocations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> C band </Li> <Li> K band </Li> <Li> L band </Li> <Li> S band </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Digital systems </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ADR </Li> <Li> DAB - S </Li> <Li> DVB - SH </Li> <Li> S - DMB </Li> <Li> SDR </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Commercial radio providers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1worldspace </Li> <Li> Sirius XM Holdings </Li> <Li> SiriusXM Canada </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Codecs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AAC </Li> <Li> AMR - WB+ </Li> <Li> HDC </Li> <Li> HE - AAC </Li> <Li> MPEG - 1 Audio Layer II </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subcarrier signals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AMSS </Li> <Li> DirectBand </Li> <Li> PAD </Li> <Li> RDS / RBDS </Li> <Li> SCA / SCMO </Li> <Li> DARC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Related topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Technical ( audio ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Audio data compression </Li> <Li> Audio signal processing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Technical ( AM stereo formats ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Belar </Li> <Li> C - QUAM </Li> <Li> Harris </Li> <Li> Kahn - Hazeltine </Li> <Li> Magnavox </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Technical ( emission ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AM broadcasting </Li> <Li> AM expanded band </Li> <Li> Cable radio </Li> <Li> Digital radio </Li> <Li> Error detection and correction </Li> <Li> FM broadcast band </Li> <Li> FM broadcasting </Li> <Li> Multipath propagation </Li> <Li> Shortwave relay station </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cultural </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History of radio </Li> <Li> International broadcasting </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Comparison of radio systems </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Radio spectrum ( ITU ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> ELF 3 Hz / 100 Mm 30 Hz / 10 Mm </P> </Td> <Td> <P> SLF 30 Hz / 10 Mm 300 Hz / 1 Mm </P> </Td> <Td> <P> ULF 300 Hz / 1 Mm 3 kHz / 100 km </P> </Td> <Td> <P> VLF 3 kHz / 100 km 30 kHz / 10 km </P> </Td> <Td> <P> LF 30 kHz / 10 km 300 kHz / 1 km </P> </Td> <Td> <P> MF 300 kHz / 1 km 3 MHz / 100 m </P> </Td> <Td> <P> HF 3 MHz / 100 m 30 MHz / 10 m </P> </Td> <Td> <P> VHF 30 MHz / 10 m 300 MHz / 1 m </P> </Td> <Td> <P> UHF 300 MHz / 1 m 3 GHz / 100 mm </P> </Td> <Td> <P> SHF 3 GHz / 100 mm 30 GHz / 10 mm </P> </Td> <Td> <P> EHF 30 GHz / 10 mm 300 GHz / 1 mm </P> </Td> <Td> <P> THF 300 GHz / 1 mm 3 THz / 0.1 mm </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Electromagnetic spectrum </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Gamma rays </Li> <Li> X-rays </Li> <Li> Ultraviolet </Li> <Li> Visible </Li> <Li> Infrared </Li> <Li> Terahertz radiation </Li> <Li> Microwave </Li> <Li> Radio ← higher frequencies longer wavelengths → </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visible ( optical ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Violet </Li> <Li> Blue </Li> <Li> Green </Li> <Li> Yellow </Li> <Li> Orange </Li> <Li> Red </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Microwaves </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> W band </Li> <Li> V band </Li> <Li> Q band </Li> <Li> K band </Li> <Li> K band </Li> <Li> K band </Li> <Li> X band </Li> <Li> S band </Li> <Li> C band </Li> <Li> L band </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Radio </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> EHF </Li> <Li> SHF </Li> <Li> UHF </Li> <Li> VHF </Li> <Li> HF </Li> <Li> MF </Li> <Li> LF </Li> <Li> VLF </Li> <Li> ULF </Li> <Li> SLF </Li> <Li> ELF </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wavelength types </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Microwave </Li> <Li> Shortwave </Li> <Li> Medium wave </Li> <Li> Longwave </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Telecommunications </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beacon </Li> <Li> Broadcasting </Li> <Li> Cable protection system </Li> <Li> Cable TV </Li> <Li> Communications satellite </Li> <Li> Computer network </Li> <Li> Drums </Li> <Li> Electrical telegraph </Li> <Li> Fax </Li> <Li> Heliographs </Li> <Li> Hydraulic telegraph </Li> <Li> Internet </Li> <Li> Mass media </Li> <Li> Mobile phone </Li> <Li> Optical telecommunication </Li> <Li> Optical telegraphy </Li> <Li> Pager </Li> <Li> Photophone </Li> <Li> Prepay mobile phone </Li> <Li> Radio </Li> <Li> Radiotelephone </Li> <Li> Satellite communications </Li> <Li> Semaphore </Li> <Li> Smartphone </Li> <Li> Smoke signals </Li> <Li> Telecommunications history </Li> <Li> Telautograph </Li> <Li> Telegraphy </Li> <Li> Teleprinter ( teletype ) </Li> <Li> Telephone </Li> <Li> The Telephone Cases </Li> <Li> Television </Li> <Li> Timeline of communication technology </Li> <Li> Undersea telegraph line </Li> <Li> Videoconferencing </Li> <Li> Videophone </Li> <Li> Videotelephony </Li> <Li> Whistled language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pioneers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Edwin Howard Armstrong </Li> <Li> John Logie Baird </Li> <Li> Paul Baran </Li> <Li> Alexander Graham Bell </Li> <Li> Tim Berners - Lee </Li> <Li> Jagadish Chandra Bose </Li> <Li> Vint Cerf </Li> <Li> Claude Chappe </Li> <Li> Donald Davies </Li> <Li> Lee de Forest </Li> <Li> Philo Farnsworth </Li> <Li> Reginald Fessenden </Li> <Li> Elisha Gray </Li> <Li> Erna Schneider Hoover </Li> <Li> Charles K. Kao </Li> <Li> Hedy Lamarr </Li> <Li> Innocenzo Manzetti </Li> <Li> Guglielmo Marconi </Li> <Li> Antonio Meucci </Li> <Li> Radia Perlman </Li> <Li> Alexander Stepanovich Popov </Li> <Li> Johann Philipp Reis </Li> <Li> Nikola Tesla </Li> <Li> Camille Tissot </Li> <Li> Alfred Vail </Li> <Li> Charles Wheatstone </Li> <Li> Vladimir K. Zworykin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Transmission media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Coaxial cable </Li> <Li> Fiber - optic communication <Ul> <Li> Optical fiber </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Free - space optical communication </Li> <Li> Molecular communication </Li> <Li> Radio waves </Li> <Li> Transmission line </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Network topology and switching </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Links </Li> <Li> Nodes </Li> <Li> Terminal node </Li> <Li> Network switching ( circuit </Li> <Li> packet ) </Li> <Li> Telephone exchange </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Multiplexing </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Space - division </Li> <Li> Frequency - division </Li> <Li> Time - division </Li> <Li> Polarization - division </Li> <Li> Orbital angular - momentum </Li> <Li> Code - division </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Networks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ARPANET </Li> <Li> BITNET </Li> <Li> Cellular network </Li> <Li> Computer </Li> <Li> CYCLADES </Li> <Li> Ethernet </Li> <Li> FidoNet </Li> <Li> Internet </Li> <Li> ISDN </Li> <Li> LAN </Li> <Li> Mobile </Li> <Li> NGN </Li> <Li> NPL network </Li> <Li> Public Switched Telephone </Li> <Li> Radio </Li> <Li> Telecommunications equipment </Li> <Li> Television </Li> <Li> Telex </Li> <Li> WAN </Li> <Li> Wireless </Li> <Li> World Wide Web </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shortwave_radio&oldid=838127903 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> International broadcasting </Li> <Li> Radio terminology </Li> <Li> Guglielmo Marconi </Li> <Li> Radio spectrum </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Malagasy </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> नेपाली </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 27 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 03 : 00 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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which mode is used for short wave broadcast service

National Senior certificate - wikipedia <H1> National Senior certificate </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The National Senior Certificate or NSC is a high school diploma and is the main school - leaving certificate in South Africa . This certificate is commonly known as the matriculation ( matric ) certificate , as grade 12 is the matriculation grade . The NSC , previously known as the Further Education and Training Certificate or FETC , replaced the Senior Certificate with effect from 2008 and was phased in starting with grade 10 in 2006 . </P> <P> Pupils study at least seven subjects , including two compulsory official South African languages , either Mathematics or Mathematical Literacy , Life Orientation and three elective subjects . </P> <P> Subjects are all taken on the same level - there is no higher or standard grade as in the past . There are three pass levels , each with different pass requirements. First is a pass with Higher certificate , one must obtain 40 % in home language , 40 % in two other subjects and must obtain 30 % in three other subjects . A learner who passed matric with higher certificate level , can not enroll for a University Degree nor a Diploma at an institute of higher learning . The mean mark in any subject is usually about 55 . Only a small proportion of candidates score an ' A ' in any subject ( from as little as 2 % to a maximum of about 10 % in subjects taken by highly select groups . ) A further 8 -- 15 % are likely to gain a ' B ' and about 20 -- 25 % achieve a ' C ' grade . The National Senior Certificate is a group certificate and records an aggregate mark . </P> <P> The Department of Basic Education has responsibility for general educational policy to be implemented by nine provincial education departments and private providers such as the Independent Examinations Board ( IEB ) . There are nine provincial examination boards and three independent boards , of which the IEB is the biggest . The IEB operates on a national level catering primarily for independent schools . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Subject requirements <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Group A : Fundamentals ( Compulsory ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 Group B : Electives </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Life Orientation </Li> <Li> 3 Assessment </Li> <Li> 4 Level system ( 1 to 7 ) </Li> <Li> 5 The 5 % language compensation </Li> <Li> 6 University entrance </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Subject requirements. ( edit ) </H2> <P> Learners study at least 7 subjects - 4 compulsory and at least 3 electives . All subjects are written on one grade only and are no longer written on Higher or Standard Grade . Not all schools offer the full range of Elective subjects listed here . Each school may offer subjects specific to its academic orientation . For example , Agriculture Schools offer the agriculture - orientated subjects whereas technical Schools offer the practical and mechanical - orientated subjects. V </P> <H3> Group a : fundamentals ( compulsory ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Learners must study 4 compulsory subjects , </P> <Ul> <Li> Two official languages of South Africa must be studied : <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> English </Li> <Li> Ndebele </Li> <Li> Northern Sotho </Li> <Li> Sesotho </Li> <Li> Siswati </Li> <Li> Tsonga </Li> <Li> Tswana </Li> <Li> Venda </Li> <Li> Xhosa </Li> <Li> Zulu </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mathematics or Mathematical Literacy </Li> <Li> Life Orientation </Li> </Ul> <H3> Group B : electives ( edit ) </H3> <P> At least 3 subjects from the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> Accounting </Li> <Li> Agricultural Management Practices </Li> <Li> Agricultural Sciences </Li> <Li> Agricultural Technology </Li> <Li> Business Studies </Li> <Li> Civil Technology </Li> <Li> Computer Applications Technology ( previously Computer Studies Standard Grade - Literacy ) </Li> <Li> Consumer Studies </Li> <Li> Dance Studies </Li> <Li> Design </Li> <Li> Dramatic Arts </Li> <Li> Economics </Li> <Li> Electrical Technology </Li> <Li> Engineering Graphics & Design </Li> <Li> Geography </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Hospitality Studies ( previously Home Economics ) </Li> <Li> Information Technology ( previously Computer Studies Higher Grade - Programming ) </Li> <Li> Life Sciences ( previously Biology ) </Li> <Li> Mechanical Technology </Li> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> Physical Science </Li> <Li> Religion Studies </Li> <Li> Second Additional Language </Li> <Li> Third Additional Language </Li> <Li> Tourism </Li> <Li> Visual Arts </Li> </Ul> <H2> Life Orientation ( edit ) </H2> <P> Life Orientation ( colloquially abbreviated as `` LO '' ) has been introduced into the senior high school phase as an examination subject . Life Orientation is a broad - learning subject that covers non-academic skills needed in everyday life . Life Orientation is examined , marked and moderated internally and comprises the following sections : </P> <Ul> <Li> World of Work , helping learners find guidance in their choice of career and prepare them for the working world </Li> <Li> Health Education , this sections includes sex education , HIV / Aids talks , pregnancy , etc . </Li> <Li> Physical Education , involves physical exercise and training , it is done on a separate basis but eventually forms part of the Life Orientation mark </Li> <Li> Religious Education , each South African school decides which religion to adhere to ( as according to the South African schools act ) , learners may be exempted from these classes . In practice this means that learners may be exempted from , example , the Bible Studies class , but are compelled to attend the Religious Studies class ( which deals with all religions as a study ) . </Li> <Li> Citizenship and Responsibility , this section teaches learners about their rights and their duties as citizens . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Assessment ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are three types of subjects : </P> <Ul> <Li> General Subjects <Ul> <Li> An end - of - year examination : 75 % of the total mark </Li> <Li> Portfolio ( Continuous Assessment ) : 25 % of the total mark </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Practical Subjects <Ul> <Li> An end - of - year examination : 50 % of the total mark </Li> <Li> Portfolio ( Continuous Assessment ) : 25 % of the total mark </Li> <Li> Practical component : 25 % of the total mark </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Language Subjects <Ul> <Li> An end - of - year examination : 50 % of the total mark </Li> <Li> Portfolio ( Continuous Assessment ) : 25 % of the total mark </Li> <Li> Oral Examination : 25 % of the total mark </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> Continuous Assessment ( CASS ) includes all the tests , examinations , tasks , activities , orals and projects done throughout the year . Matric results are usually out of 400 marks . </P> <H2> Level system ( 1 to 7 ) ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Level 7 : 80 - 100 % ( Outstanding achievement ) </Li> <Li> Level 6 : 70 - 79 % ( Meritorious achievement ) </Li> <Li> Level 5 : 60 - 69 % ( Substantial achievement ) </Li> <Li> Level 4 : 50 - 59 % ( Moderate achievement ) </Li> <Li> Level 3 : 40 - 49 % ( Adequate achievement ) </Li> <Li> Level 2 : 30 - 39 % ( Elementary achievement ) </Li> <Li> Level 1 : 0 - 29 % ( Not achieved - Fail ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> The 5 % language compensation ( edit ) </H2> <P> Language compensation is described by several sources : </P> <P> `` To the final mark is added the language compensation , which is 5 % of the mark attained by the candidate for all non-language subjects , for candidates whose mother tongue is not English or Afrikaans . The 5 % compensates learners for the disadvantage suffered by these candidates being instructed in a language that is not their mother tongue . '' ( Written reply to parliamentary question in 2011 ) </P> <P> `` The compensation applies to learners whose first language is neither English nor Afrikaans and who offer an African language as their first language . They receive an additional 5 % on their non-language subjects . The measure was first introduced in 1999 by the South African Certification Council . '' ( Written reply to parliamentary question in 2007 , ) </P> <P> Dr Sizwe Mabizela , Chairperson of Council , Umalusi has provided further explanation : `` This is the most misunderstood concept in this country . In terms of the policy on language compensation , learners who offer an African language as Home Language and do not offer Afrikaans or English as Home language qualify for a 5 % language compensation on the mark they have obtained in a non-language subject . For example a learner who obtains a mark of zero ( 0 ) out of 300 will obtain 5 % of zero ( which is zero ) for language compensation ; a learner who obtains 10 out of 300 will receive 5 % of 10 , which is 0 , 5 marks , for language compensation ; a learner who obtains 100 out of 300 marks will obtain an additional 5 marks for language compensation . '' </P> <P> This kind of compensation has some impact on pass rates , but does provide significant impact at the upper end of the scale , affecting those applying for admission to university . For example , a qualifying learner obtaining 95 % would receive 95 x 1.05 = 99.75 % ( which rounds to 100 % ) . A learner obtaining 40 % would receive 40 x 1.05 = 42.0 % . </P> <H2> University entrance ( edit ) </H2> <P> In addition to minimum grades required in each subject , universities either set their own entrance tests and / or use the National Benchmark Tests ( NBT ) . To study for a bachelor 's degree at a South African university requires that the applicant has at least an NSC endorsed by Umalusi , with a pass of 30 % in the chosen university 's language of learning and teaching , as well as a level 4 or higher in the following list of designated , 19 - credit subjects : </P> <Ul> <Li> Accounting </Li> <Li> Agricultural Sciences </Li> <Li> Business Studies </Li> <Li> Dramatic Arts </Li> <Li> Economics </Li> <Li> Engineering Graphics and Design </Li> <Li> Geography </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Consumer Studies </Li> <Li> Information Technology </Li> <Li> Languages ( one language of learning and teaching at a higher education institution and two other recognised language subjects ) </Li> <Li> Life Sciences </Li> <Li> Mathematics </Li> <Li> Mathematical Literacy </Li> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> Physical Sciences </Li> <Li> Religion Studies </Li> <Li> Visual Arts </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> High school # South Africa </Li> <Li> Matriculation in South Africa </Li> <Li> Independent Examinations Board </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL ASSEMBLY : QUESTION 757 , DATE OF PUBLICATION OF INTERNAL QUESTION PAPER : 11 / 03 / 2011 ( INTERNAL QUESTION PAPER : 06 / 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL ASSEMBLY : WRITTEN REPLY TO QUESTION 469 , DATE OF PUBLICATION IN INTERNAL QUESTION PAPER : 26 - 03 - 2007 ( INTERNAL QUESTION PAPER NO. : 10 - 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Politicsweb , 3 January 2011 , `` Umalusi explains matric mark adjustments '' , Dr Sizwe Mabizela , 03 January 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://nbt.ac.za/ About NBT Retrieved 21 March 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://wced.pgwc.gov.za/circulars/circulars08/e33_08.html </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Department of Education official site </Li> <Li> IEB official site </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Senior_Certificate&oldid=837110357 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Education in South Africa </Li> <Li> Secondary school qualifications </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from April 2010 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 19 : 39 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

what are the requirements of passing national senior certificate

Geography of Nigeria - wikipedia <H1> Geography of Nigeria </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Location of Nigeria Nigeria map of Köppen climate classification . Satellite image of Nigeria <P> Nigeria is a country in West Africa . Nigeria shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west , Chad and Cameroon in the east , and Niger in the north . Its coast lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the south and it borders Lake Chad to the northeast . Noted geographical features in Nigeria include the Adamawa highlands , Mambilla Plateau , Jos Plateau , Obudu Plateau , the Niger River , River Benue and Niger Delta . </P> <P> Nigeria is found in the Tropics , where the climate is seasonally damp and very humid . Nigeria is affected by four climate types ; these climate types are distinguishable , as one moves from the southern part of Nigeria to the northern part of Nigeria through Nigeria 's middle belt . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Climate types found in Nigeria </Li> <Li> 2 Seasons </Li> <Li> 3 Trade winds <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Tropical maritime airmass </Li> <Li> 3.2 Tropical continental airmass <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Effects of the tropical continental airmass </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Temperature </Li> <Li> 5 Topography </Li> <Li> 6 Niger Delta <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Vegetation of the Niger Delta </Li> <Li> 6.2 Human population in the Niger Delta </Li> <Li> 6.3 Rainfall in Niger Delta </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Vegetation </Li> <Li> 8 Natural resources and land use </Li> <Li> 9 Extreme points </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Climate types found in Nigeria ( edit ) </H2> <P> The tropical monsoon climate , designated by the Köppen climate classification as `` Am '' , is found in the southern part of the country . This climate is influenced by the monsoons originating from the South Atlantic ocean , which is brought into the country by the ( maritime tropical ) MT airmass , a warm moist sea to land seasonal wind . Its warmth and high humidity gives it a strong tendency to ascend and produce copious rainfall , which is a result of the condensation of water vapour in the rapidly rising air . </P> <P> The Tropical monsoon climate has a very small temperature range . Then temperature ranges are almost constant throughout the year , for example , Warri town in the southern part of Nigeria , records a maximum of 28 ° C ( 82.4 ° F ) for its hottest month while its lowest temperature is 26 ° C ( 78.8 ° F ) in its coldest month . The temperature difference of Warri town is not more than 2 ° C ( 5 ° F ) . </P> <P> The southern part of Nigeria experiences heavy and abundant rainfall . These storms are usually convectional in nature due to the regions proximity , to the equatorial belt . The annual rainfall received in this region is very high , usually above the 2,000 mm ( 78.7 in ) rainfall totals giving for tropical rainforest climates worldwide . Over 4,000 mm ( 157.5 in ) of rainfall is received in the coastal region of Nigeria around the Niger delta area . Bonny town found in the coastal region of the Niger delta area in southern Nigeria receives well over 4,000 mm ( 157.5 in ) of rainfall annually . The rest of the southeast receives between 2,000 and 3,000 mm ( 118.1 in ) of rain per year . </P> <P> The southern region of Nigeria experiences a double rainfall maxima characterised by two high rainfall peaks , with a short dry season and a longer dry season falling between and after each peaks . The first rainy season begins around March and last to the end of July with a peak in June , this rainy season is followed by a short dry break in August known as the August break which is a short dry season lasting for two to three weeks in August . This break is broken by the short rainy season starting around early September and lasting to Mid October with a peak period at the end of September . The ending of the short rainy season in October is followed by long dry season . This period starts from late October and lasts till early March with peak dry conditions between early December and late February . </P> <P> The tropical savanna climate or tropical wet and dry climate , is extensive in area and covers most of Western Nigeria to central Nigeria beginning from the Tropical rainforest climate boundary in southern Nigeria to the central part of Nigeria , where it exerts enormous influence on the region . </P> <P> This climate , the tropical savanna climate exhibits a well marked rainy season and a dry season with a single peak known as the summer maximum due to its distance from the equator . Temperatures are above 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) throughout the year . Abuja , Nigeria 's capital city found in central Nigeria , has a temperature range of 18.45 ° C ( 65.21 ° F ) to 36.9 ° C ( 98.4 ° F ) , and an annual rainfall of about 1,500 mm ( 59.1 in ) with a single rainfall maxima in September . </P> <P> The single Dry season experienced in this climate , the tropical savanna climate in central Nigeria beginning from December to march , is hot and dry with the Harmattan wind , a continental tropical ( CT ) airmass laden with dust from the Sahara Desert prevailing throughout this period . </P> <P> With the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) swinging northward over West Africa from the Southern Hemisphere in April , heavy showers coming from pre-monsoonal convective clouds mainly in the form of squall lines also known as the north easterlies formed mainly as a result of the interactions of the two dominant airmasses in Nigeria known as the Maritime tropical ( south westerlies ) and the Continental tropical ( north easterlies ) , begins in central Nigeria while the Monsoons from the south atlantic ocean arrives in central Nigeria in July bringing with it high humidity , heavy cloud cover and heavy rainfall which can be daily occurrence lasting till September when the monsoons gradually begin retreating southward to the southern part of Nigeria. Rainfall totals in central Nigeria varies from 1,100 mm ( 43.3 in ) in the lowlands of the river Niger Benue trough to over 2,000 mm ( 78.7 in ) along the south western escarpment of the Jos Plateau . </P> <P> The Sahel climate or tropical dry climate , is the predominant climate type in the northern part of Nigeria . Annual rainfall totals are lower compared to the southern and central part of Nigeria . The rainy season in the northern part of Nigeria last for only three to four months ( June -- September ) . The rest of the year is hot and dry with temperatures climbing as high as 40 ° C ( 104.0 ° F ) . </P> <P> Alpine climate or highland climate or mountain climate are found on highlands regions in Nigeria . Highlands with the alpine climate in Nigeria , are well over 1,520 metres ( 4,987 ft ) above sea level . Due to their location in the tropics , this elevation is high enough to reach the temperate climate line in the tropics thereby giving the highlands , mountains and the plateau regions standing above this height , a cool mountain climate . </P> <H2> Seasons ( edit ) </H2> <P> Nigeria , like the rest of West Africa and other tropical lands , has only two seasons . These are the dry season and the rainy season . The dry season is accompanied by a dust laden airmass from the Sahara Desert , locally known as Harmattan , or by its main name , The Tropical Continental ( CT ) airmass , while the rainy season is heavily influenced by an airmass originating from the south atlantic ocean , locally known as the south west wind , or by its main name , The Tropical Maritime ( MT ) airmass . These two major wind systems in Nigeria are known as the trade winds . </P> <H2> Trade winds ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Tropical Maritime airmass ( edit ) </H3> <P> The tropical maritime airmass ( MT ) is responsible for Nigeria 's rainy season . This wind ( the tropical maritime airmass ) invades the country from February in the southern part of Nigeria while it takes longer for the wind to fully cover the whole of the country , reaching the northern part of Nigeria in June . Its invasion is as a result of the northward retreat , of the tropical continental airmass ( CT ) known as the harmattan . The northward retreat of the tropical continental airmass ( CT ) , is caused by the sun 's northward shift from the tropic of capricorn in the southern hemisphere to the tropic of cancer in the northern hemisphere . This shift begins from February and ends in June , when the sun is fully overhead , at the tropic of cancer in the northern hemisphere . </P> <P> During this northward migration of the sun as a result of the earth tilting along its axis , the sun crosses the equator ( around March ) , moving over west Africa at this time on its journey to the northern hemisphere . West Africa comes directly under the sun at this time . The sun is overhead throughout west Africa and over Nigeria during this period of the sun 's northward migration to the tropic of cancer in the northern hemisphere . </P> <P> The whole of West Africa is heated intensely as result of the increased insolation received from the sun being overhead over west Africa . Temperatures can climb as high as 35 ° C ( 95.0 ° F ) over west Africa during this time . Temperatures in the northern part of Nigeria can go as high as 48 ° C ( 118.4 ° F ) in cities like Maiduguri . </P> <P> The high temperatures coupled with an increase in insolation causes a region of low pressure to develop over west Africa and Nigeria ( between March to May ) . The Tropical continental airmass ( CT ) from the Sahara Desert in the northern part of West Africa , is weakened due to the overheating of the land surface in west Africa and Nigeria at this time . The Tropical continental airmass ( CT ) begins to retreat northwards to the Sahara Desert due to massive heating of the land which transfers heat in the form of convection into the Tropical continental airmass ( CT ) which constitutes the main layer of air above the land . This transfer of heat in the Tropical continental airmass ( CT ) in turn , causes the wind to expand and become lighter as this is the normal behaviour for winds moving above intensely heated grounds . The Tropical continental airmass ( CT ) loses its strength as a major airmass in the region of west Africa and over Nigeria at this time ( around February in the southern part of Nigeria to June in northern Nigeria ) and begins to retreat coupled with the rising of air in form of convection within this airmass ( Tropical continental airmass ( CT ) ) , further weakening the dominance of the wind over west Africa and Nigeria . The Tropical continental airmass ( CT ) finally retreats from most part of Nigeria , and the West African atmosphere around April to May , leaving an empty atmosphere over Nigeria . The sun 's rays enters into the atmosphere of Nigeria more intense than it does during the presence of the Tropical continental airmass , which contained dust ( in form of haze ) that reduced the intensity of the sun . The overheating of the west Africa land mass and Nigeria in particular creates a low pressure region over west Africa and Nigeria . This low pressure zone attracts the Tropical Maritime Airmass ( MT ) from the south Atlantic Ocean since areas of low pressures experiences inward blowing winds because winds are moving air blowing outwards from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure . </P> <P> The Tropical Maritime Airmass is a warm humid and unstable trade wind due to its warmth . Convectional currents are easily set up within the airmass whenever there is little instability in the airmass as a result of a slight to a very high orographic uplift in mountainous regions like the obudu plateau or the heating of the land which can trigger the formation of cumulonimbus cloud leading to thunderstorms within the airmass . </P> <P> During the dominance of the Tropical Maritime Airmass ( MT ) in the rainy season of Nigeria , mornings are bright and sunny , the sun 's heating of the land in the mornings and afternoons sets up convectional currents , these currents rise vertically and cumulonimbus clouds are formed , by afternoons to evenings , torrential downpour follows . </P> <P> The Easterly wave or the African easterly waves is another major contributor of rainfall during the summer monsoons months of May to September in Nigeria . </P> <P> The nature of this waves changes at about the 15 degrees line . The waves that pass south of this line carry moisture and create convection that leads to rain clouds . Nigeria 's northern end is south of the 15 degrees line at about 14 degrees . Nigeria 's location in the wetter part of the easterly waves south of the 15 degree line creates wetter climatic conditions for Nigeria especially during the monsoons . </P> <H3> Tropical continental airmass ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Tropical Continental Airmass ( CT ) locally known as the harmattan , is a wind originating from North Africa which crosses the Sahara Desert into west Africa to Nigeria . This airmass dominates Nigeria 's climate during the dry season from December to March . The Tropical continental airmass is dusty and creates a haze within the atmosphere of west Africa and Nigeria when it predominates . The haze is as a result of the dust within the airmass limiting visibility and blocking much of the sun 's rays from reaching the earth . </P> Effects of the tropical continental airmass ( edit ) <P> The mass has no ability of forming rain due to low humidity within the airmass , since it crosses the Sahara Desert , it picks up dust instead of water thereby creating little chances for rainfall . </P> <P> The airmass makes life difficult as a result of low visibility which hampers transportation . The dust haze creates an almost desert conditions in the country during the dominance of the Tropical continental airmass ( the harmattan ) . But its coming brings some relief to farmers since the low humidity present in the air quickens the drying of their crops . </P> <H2> Temperature ( edit ) </H2> <P> Nigeria 's location in the tropics has given her a tropical hot climate . Temperatures in Nigeria vary according to the seasons of the year as with other lands found in the tropics . Nigeria 's seasons are determined by rainfall with rainy season and dry season being the major seasons in Nigeria . </P> <P> The rainy season of Nigeria brings in cooler weather to the country as a result of an increased cloud cover that acts as a blockage to the intense sunshine of the tropics by blocking much of the suns rays in the rainy season ; this in turn cools the land , and the winds above the ground remains cool thereby making for cooler temperatures during the rainy season . But afternoons in the rainy season can be hot and humid , a feature of tropical climates . In the rainy season it is damp , and the rainfalls are usually abundant . </P> <P> The dry season of Nigeria is a period of little cloud cover in the southern part of Nigeria to virtually no cloud cover in the northern part of Nigeria . The sun shines through the atmosphere with little obstructions from the clear skies making the dry season in Nigeria a period of warm weather conditions.In the middle of the dry season around December , a dusty wind from the Sahara Desert called the harmattan enters Nigeria from the northeastern part of the country blocking sun rays partially from shining and also creating haze in the atmosphere , this activities of the wind lowers temperatures considerably saving inhabitants for sometime , from the scorching heat that would have occurred as a result of clearer skies during the dry season . But with the withdrawal of this wind around March to April following the onset of the rainy season , temperatures can go as high as 44 ° C ( 111.2 ° F ) in some parts of Nigeria . </P> <P> Semi temperate weather conditions prevail on the highlands in central Nigeria above 1,200 metres ( 3,937 ft ) above sea level , namely the Jos Plateau . Temperatures on the Jos plateau ranges between 21 ° C to 25 ° C which are cool all year round . </P> <P> Temperate weather conditions occur on the highlands along the Nigeria Cameroon border , in the eastern part of Nigeria . Highlands in these region attain an average height of more than 1,524 m ( 5,000 ft ) to some standing above 2,000 metres ( 6,562 ft ) above sea level . The climate on these highlands is temperate all year round . The major highlands in this region are the Obudu Plateau above 1,584 m ( 5,197 ft ) , Mambilla Plateau above 1,524 m ( 5,000 ft ) and Mt Chappal Waddi above 2,000 m ( 6,562 ft ) . </P> <H2> Topography ( edit ) </H2> Topography of Nigeria <P> Nigeria 's most expansive topographical region is that of the valleys of the Niger and Benue River valleys ( which merge into each other and form a `` y '' shaped confluence at Lokoja ) . Plains rise to the north of the valleys . To the southwest of the Niger there is `` rugged '' highland , and to the southeast of the Benue hills and mountains are found all the way to the border with Cameroon . Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast . </P> <H2> Niger Delta ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2011 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Niger Delta is located in the southern part of Nigeria . It is one of the world 's largest arcuate fan - shaped river deltas . </P> <P> The riverine area of the Niger Delta is a coastal belt of swamps bordering the Atlantic ocean . The swamps are vegetated tidal flats formed by a reticulate pattern of interconnected meandering creeks and distributaries of the River Niger . </P> <H3> Vegetation of the Niger Delta ( edit ) </H3> <P> The vegetation of the Niger Delta consist mainly of forest swamps . The forest are of two types , nearest the sea is a belt of saline / brackish Mangrove swamp separated from the sea by sand beach ridges within the mangrove swamp . Numerous sandy islands occur with fresh water vegetation . Fresh water swamps gradually supersede the mangrove on the landward side . About 70 % of Nigeria 's crude oil and gas production is from the area . </P> <H3> Human population in the Niger Delta ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2011 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The riverine area is home to a large population of people living mainly in small villages scattered along the banks of rivers and creeks . </P> <H3> Rainfall in Niger Delta ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rainfall in the coastal belt of the Niger Delta is heavy due to the closeness of the Delta region to the equator . Annual rainfall totals vary from 2400 to over 4000 millimeters . </P> <P> Niger Delta cities and their annually rainfall totals in millimeters : </P> <Ul> <Li> Warri -- 2,730 mm </Li> <Li> Forcados ( coastal town in the Niger Delta ) -- 4,870 mm </Li> <Li> Port Harcourt -- 2,400 mm </Li> <Li> Calabar ( coastal city ) -- 3,070 mm ( rainiest city with over one million people in Nigeria ) </Li> <Li> Bonny ( south of Port Harcourt ) -- 4,200 mm </Li> </Ul> <H2> Vegetation ( edit ) </H2> Vegetation map of Nigeria . <P> Nigeria is covered by three types of vegetation : forests ( where there is significant tree cover ) , savannahs ( insignificant tree cover , with grasses and flowers located between trees ) , and montane land . ( The latter is the least common , and is mainly found in the mountains near the Cameroon border . ) Both the forest zone and the savannah zone are divided into three parts . </P> <P> Some of the forest zone 's most southerly portion , especially around the Niger River and Cross River deltas , is mangrove swamp ( see Central African mangroves ) . North of this is fresh water swamp , containing different vegetation from the salt water mangrove swamps , and north of that is rain forest . </P> <P> The savannah zone 's three categories are divided into mm ' Guinean forest - savanna mosaic , made up of plains of tall grass which are interrupted by trees , the most common across the country ; Sudan savannah , similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees ; and Sahel savannah patches of grass and sand , found in the northeast . </P> <H2> Natural resources and land Use ( edit ) </H2> <P> Nigeria 's natural resources include but are not limited to petroleum ( see petroleum in Nigeria ) , tin , columbite , iron ore , coal , limestone , lead , zinc , natural gas , hydropower , and arable land . </P> <H2> Extreme points ( edit ) </H2> <P> This is a list of the extreme points of Nigeria , the points that are farther north , south , east or west than any other location . </P> <Ul> <Li> Northernmost point -- unnamed location on the border with Niger immediately northwest of the town of Chadawa , Sokoto State . </Li> <Li> Easternmost point -- unnamed location on the border with Cameroon immediately east of the village of Munyego , Borno State . </Li> <Li> Southernmost point -- unnamed headland south of the town of Egeregere , Bayelsa State . </Li> <Li> Westernmost point -- unnamed location on the border with Benin Republic immediately east of the Beninoise town of Jabata , Oyo State . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/390302/monsoon </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://iahs.info/redbooks/a281/iahs_281_277.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adedoyin J.A. ( 1989 ) . `` Initiation of West African squall lines '' . Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics. 41 : 99 -- 103 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01043455 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jos Plateau forest - grassland mosaic '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3565:maiduguri-residents-how-we-cope-under-harsh-48-degree-celsius&catid=41:latest-news&Itemid=26 Archived 2011 - 08 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://desertification.wordpress.com/2010/03/25/late-dust-storm-covers-nigeria-google-ap/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ College Park MD ( SPX ) ( Jun 11 , 2004 ) . `` EARTH OBSERVATION Researchers Seeing Double On African Monsoons '' . SPACE MEDIA NETWORK PROMOTIONS . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About the Country Nigeria '' . CANUK. 2011 . Archived from the original on 16 March 2011 . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.nigeria-weather.com/ </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Nigeria '' . Encarta . Microsoft . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Human and Physical Characteristics of Nigeria '' . Geographical Alliance of Iowa . University of Northern Iowa . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 28 . 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Health ( Gaming ) - wikipedia <H1> Health ( Gaming ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search A health bar , a possible representation of the health of a character . <P> Health or vitality is an attribute assigned to entities , such as the player character , enemies and objects within a role - playing or video game , that indicates its state in combat . Health is usually measured in hit points or health points , shortened to HP . When the HP of a player character reaches zero , the player may lose a life or their character might become incapacitated or die . When the HP of an enemy reaches zero , it may be defeated or die and the player is usually rewarded in some way . </P> <P> Any entity within a game could have a health value , including the player character , non-player characters and objects . Indestructible entities have no diminishable health value . </P> <P> Health might be displayed as a numeric value , such as `` 50 / 100 '' . Here , the first number indicates the current amount of HP an entity has and the second number indicates the entity 's maximum HP . In video games , health can also be displayed graphically , such as with a bar that empties itself when an entity loses health ( a health bar , typically red ) , icons that are `` chipped away '' , or in more novel ways . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Usage <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Regeneration </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Display </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Dungeons & Dragons co-creator Dave Arneson described the origin of hit points in a 2002 interview . When Arneson was adapting the medieval wargame Chainmail ( 1971 ) to a fantasy setting , a process that with Gary Gygax would lead to Dungeons & Dragons , he saw that the emphasis of the gameplay was moving from large armies to small groups of heroes and eventually to the identification of one player and one character that is essential to role - playing as it was originally conceived . Players became attached to their heroes and did not want them to die every time they lost a die roll . Players were thus given multiple hit points which were incrementally decreased as they took damage . Arneson took the concept , along with armor class , from a set of a naval American Civil War game 's rules . </P> <P> US Navy used similar concept in their tactical war games already in 1920s and 1930s . In their simulation each ship had Life parameter . The unit of Life of the ship was a number of `` equivalent penetrative 14 - inch shell hits '' . The Navy considered ie. that Kongō - class battlecruiser had 12 Life points and Nagato - class battleship had 18.8 . </P> <P> A visual power meter representing stamina was used in Nintendo 's 1983 arcade game Punch - Out ! ! and Data East 's 1981 DECO Cassette System arcade game Flash Boy . </P> <H2> Usage ( edit ) </H2> <P> In action video games as well as in role - playing games , health points can usually be depleted by attacking the entity . A defense attribute might reduce the amount of HP that is lost when a character is damaged . It is common in role - playing games for a character 's maximum health and defense attributes to be gradually raised as the character levels up . In game design , it is deemed important that a player is aware of it when they are losing health , each hit playing a clear sound effect . Author Scott Rogers states that `` health should deplete in an obvious manner , because with every hit , a player is closer to losing their life . '' The display of health also helps to dramatize the near - loss of a life . </P> <H3> Regeneration ( edit ) </H3> <P> Player characters can often restore their health points by consuming certain items , such as health potions , food or first - aid kits . Staying a night at an inn fully restores a character 's health in many role - playing video games . In general , the different methods of regenerating health has its uses in a particular genre . In action games , this method is very quick , whereas role - playing games feature slower paced methods to match the gameplay and realism . </P> <P> Some video games feature automatically regenerating health , where lost health points are regained over time . This can be useful to not `` cripple '' the player , making them still able to continue even after losing lots of health . However , automatically regenerating health may also cause a player to `` power through '' sections they might otherwise have had to approach cautiously , simply because there are no lasting consequences to losing a large amount of health . </P> <P> This mechanic initially appeared in action role - playing games , with early examples including the Hydlide series , the Ys series , and Woody Poco . In Woody Poco , the rate at which health recharges is based on food level . In Hydlide and Ys , the player character has to stand still for their health to automatically regenerate . This system was popularized in first - person shooters by Halo : Combat Evolved ( 2001 ) , though regenerating health in The Getaway ( 2002 ) has been cited to be more comparable to later use of the mechanic in first - person shooters . </P> <H2> Display ( edit ) </H2> Heart - shaped icons can indicate the amount of health a player has left . <P> The way health is displayed on the screen has an effect on the player . Many games only show the health of the player character , while keeping the health of enemies hidden . This is done in the Legend of Zelda series , Minecraft and Monster Hunter series to keep the player 's progress in defeating their enemy unclear and therefore exciting . In these games , the fact that the enemies are being damaged is indicated by their behavior . On the other hand , many fighting games , such as the Street Fighter series , use easy - to - read health bars to clearly indicate the progress the player is making with each hit . </P> <P> It is common in first - person shooters to indicate low health of the player character by blood spatters or by a distorted red hue on the screen , attempting to mimic the effects of wounding and trauma . These visual effects fade as health regenerates . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Moore , Michael ( 2011 - 03 - 23 ) . Basics of Game Design . CRC Press . pp. 151 , 194 . ISBN 1439867763 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chris Antista . `` The 10 most creative life bars '' . GamesRadar. 2010 - 08 - 17 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 28 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Scott ( 2010 - 09 - 29 ) . Level Up ! : The Guide to Great Video Game Design . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 276 -- 277 . ISBN 0470970928 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allen Rausch ( 2004 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Dave Arneson Interview '' . GameSpy . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ American Calculations of Battleline Strength , 1941 - 2 , Alan D. Zimm , The Northern Mariner / le marin du nord , XIX No. 3 , ( July 2009 ) , 291 - 317 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Glass Joe Boxes Clever '' . Computer + Video Games . Future Publishing : 47 . August 1984 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Szczepaniak , History of Japanese Video Games , Kinephanos , ISSN 1916 - 985X </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nickogibson ( 2012 - 09 - 12 ) . `` What is an RPG - Intro to RPG Games '' . Slideshare . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fullerton , Tracy ( 2008 - 02 - 08 ) . Game Design Workshop : A Playcentric Approach to Creating Innovative Games . CRC Press . pp. 72 , 73 . ISBN 0240809742 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duggan , Michael ( 2011 ) . RPG Maker for Teens . Cengage Learning . pp. 109 , 141 . ISBN 1435459679 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jonathan Moriarty ( 2010 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Video Game Basics : The Health Bar '' . Baltimoregamer.com . Archived from the original on 28 April 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dunn , Jeff ( 2012 - 11 - 15 ) . `` Stop , Drop , and Heal : The history of regenerating health '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sulliven , Lucas . `` Top 7 ... Games you did n't know did it first '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 08 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : John Szczepaniak ( 2016 ) . `` dB - SOFT Gaming 101 '' . The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers . 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Szczepaniak , John ( 7 July 2011 ) . `` Falcom : Legacy of Ys '' . Games ( 111 ) : 152 -- 159 ( 153 ) . ( cf . Szczepaniak , John ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` History of Ys interviews '' . Hardcore Gaming 101 . Retrieved 6 September 2011. ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jon Martindale ( 2012 - 10 - 03 ) . `` Let 's Kill off Health Bars '' . Kit Guru Gaming . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Novak , Jeannie ( 2013 - 04 - 11 ) . The Official GameSalad Guide to Game Development . Cengage Learning . p. 31 . ISBN 1133605648 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Voorhees , Gerald A. ; Call , Joshua ; Whitlock , Katie ( 2012 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Disposable Bodies : Cyborg Regeneration and FPS Mechanics '' . Guns , Grenades , and Grunts : First - Person Shooter Games ( Google eBook ) . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . ISBN 1441191445 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Concepts of video games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Glossary of video game terms </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attributes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Health </Li> <Li> Life </Li> <Li> Experience point </Li> <Li> Magic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mechanics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Item </Li> <Li> Power - up </Li> <Li> HUD </Li> <Li> Warp </Li> <Li> Fog of war </Li> <Li> Invisible wall </Li> <Li> Cutscene </Li> <Li> Mini-map </Li> <Li> Paper doll </Li> <Li> Destructible environment </Li> <Li> Loading screen </Li> <Li> Replay value </Li> <Li> Scripted sequence </Li> <Li> Password </Li> <Li> Line of sight </Li> <Li> Critical hit </Li> <Li> Level </Li> <Li> Permadeath </Li> <Li> Status effect </Li> <Li> Hitbox </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Movement techniques </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rocket jumping </Li> <Li> Strafe - jumping </Li> <Li> Strafing </Li> <Li> Trickjump </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Modes </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Player type </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Single - player </Li> <Li> Multiplayer </Li> <Li> Cooperative </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Competitive gameplay </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> eSports </Li> <Li> Speedrun </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gameplay type </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Capture the flag ( CTF ) </Li> <Li> Deathmatch </Li> <Li> Last man standing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Role - playing game terminology </Li> <Li> Video game terminology </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles lacking reliable references </Li> <Li> Articles lacking reliable references from September 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 18 : 11 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Cyrus Cylinder - wikipedia <H1> Cyrus Cylinder </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Cyrus Cylinder </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The Cyrus Cylinder , obverse and reverse sides </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Material </Th> <Td> Baked clay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Size </Th> <Td> 22.5 centimetres ( 8.9 in ) x 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) ( maximum ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Writing </Th> <Td> Akkadian cuneiform script </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created </Th> <Td> About 539 -- 538 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Period / culture </Th> <Td> Achaemenid Empire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discovered </Th> <Td> Babylon , Mesopotamia by Hormuzd Rassam in March 1879 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Present location </Th> <Td> Room 52 , British Museum , London </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Identification </Th> <Td> BM 90920 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Registration </Th> <Td> 1880 , 0617.1941 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Cyrus Cylinder ( Persian : استوانه کوروش ‎ , translit . Ostovane - ye Kūrosh ) or Cyrus Charter ( منشور کوروش Manshūre Kūrosh ) is an ancient clay cylinder , now broken into several pieces , on which is written a declaration in Akkadian cuneiform script in the name of Persia 's Achaemenid king Cyrus the Great . It dates from the 6th century BC and was discovered in the ruins of Babylon in Mesopotamia ( modern Iraq ) in 1879 . It is currently in the possession of the British Museum , which sponsored the expedition that discovered the cylinder . It was created and used as a foundation deposit following the Persian conquest of Babylon in 539 BC , when the Neo-Babylonian Empire was invaded by Cyrus and incorporated into his Persian Empire . </P> <P> The text on the Cylinder praises Cyrus , sets out his genealogy and portrays him as a king from a line of kings . The Babylonian king Nabonidus , who was defeated and deposed by Cyrus , is denounced as an impious oppressor of the people of Babylonia and his low - born origins are implicitly contrasted to Cyrus ' kingly heritage . The victorious Cyrus is portrayed as having been chosen by the chief Babylonian god Marduk to restore peace and order to the Babylonians . The text states that Cyrus was welcomed by the people of Babylon as their new ruler and entered the city in peace . It appeals to Marduk to protect and help Cyrus and his son Cambyses . It extols Cyrus as a benefactor of the citizens of Babylonia who improved their lives , repatriated displaced people and restored temples and cult sanctuaries across Mesopotamia and elsewhere in the region . It concludes with a description of how Cyrus repaired the city wall of Babylon and found a similar inscription placed there by an earlier king . </P> <P> The Cylinder 's text has traditionally been seen by biblical scholars as corroborative evidence of Cyrus ' policy of the repatriation of the Jewish people following their Babylonian captivity ( an act that the Book of Ezra attributes to Cyrus ) , as the text refers to the restoration of cult sanctuaries and repatriation of deported peoples . This interpretation has been disputed , as the text identifies only Mesopotamian sanctuaries , and makes no mention of Jews , Jerusalem , or Judea . The Cylinder has also been referred to by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , the last Shah of Iran as the first declaration of universal human rights , a view rejected by some historians as anachronistic and a misunderstanding of the Cylinder 's generic nature as a typical statement made by a new monarch at the beginning of his reign . Neil MacGregor , Director of the British Museum , has stated that the cylinder was `` the first attempt we know about running a society , a state with different nationalities and faiths -- a new kind of statecraft . '' It was adopted as a national symbol of Iran by the Imperial State which put it on display in Tehran in 1971 to commemorate 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire . On October 14 , the Mohammad Reza Shah 's sister , Princess Ashraf Pahlavi , presented the United Nations Secretary General U Thant with a replica of the Cylinder . The princess asserted that `` the heritage of Cyrus was the heritage of human understanding , tolerance , courage , compassion and , above all , human liberty '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Discovery </Li> <Li> 2 Description <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Text </Li> <Li> 2.2 Associated fragments </Li> <Li> 2.3 Relation to a Chinese bone inscription </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Interpretations <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Mesopotamian and Persian tradition and propaganda <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Similarities with other royal inscriptions </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Analysis of the Cylinder 's claims </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Biblical interpretations </Li> <Li> 3.3 Human rights <Ul> <Li> 3.3. 1 Pahlavi Iranian government 's view </Li> <Li> 3.3. 2 Reception in the Islamic Republic </Li> <Li> 3.3. 3 Scholarly views </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Exhibition history </Li> <Li> 5 Freedom Sculpture </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Books and journals </Li> <Li> 8.2 Media articles </Li> <Li> 8.3 Other sources </Li> <Li> 8.4 Editions and translations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Discovery ( edit ) </H2> Hormuzd Rassam in Mosul circa 1854 . The Cyrus Cylinder was discovered during Rassam 's excavations in Babylon in February -- March 1879 . <P> The Assyro - British archaeologist Hormuzd Rassam discovered the Cyrus Cylinder in March 1879 during a lengthy programme of excavations in Mesopotamia carried out for the British Museum . It had been placed as a foundation deposit in the foundations of the Ésagila , the city 's main temple . Rassam 's expedition followed on from an earlier dig carried out in 1850 by the British archaeologist Austen Henry Layard , who excavated three mounds in the same area but found little of importance . In 1877 , Layard became Britain 's ambassador to the Ottoman Empire , which ruled Mesopotamia at the time . He helped Rassam , who had been his assistant in the 1850 dig , to obtain a firman ( decree ) from the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II to continue the earlier excavations . The firman was only valid for a year but a second firman , with much more liberal terms , was issued in 1878 . It was granted for two years ( through to 15 October 1880 ) with the promise of an extension to 1882 if required . The Sultan 's decree authorised Rassam to `` pack and dispatch to England any antiquities ( he ) found ... provided , however , there were no duplicates . '' A representative of the Sultan was instructed to be present at the dig to examine the objects as they were uncovered . </P> <P> With permission secured , Rassam initiated a large - scale excavation at Babylon and other sites on behalf of the Trustees of the British Museum . He undertook the excavations in four distinct phases . In between each phase , he returned to England to bring back his finds and raise more funds for further work . The Cyrus Cylinder was found on the second of his four expeditions to Mesopotamia , which began with his departure from London on 8 October 1878 . He arrived in his home town of Mosul on 16 November and travelled down the Tigris to Baghdad , which he reached on 30 January 1879 . During February and March , he supervised excavations on a number of Babylonian sites , including Babylon itself . </P> Map of the site of Babylon in 1829 . Hormuzd Rassam 's diggers found the Cyrus Cylinder in the mound of Tell Amran - ibn - Ali ( marked with an `` E '' at the centre of the map ) under which lay the ruined Esagila temple . <P> He soon uncovered a number of important buildings including the Ésagila temple . This was a major shrine to the chief Babylonian god Marduk , although its identity was not fully confirmed until the German archaeologist Robert Koldewey 's excavation of 1900 . The excavators found a large number of business documents written on clay tablets buried in the temple 's foundations where they discovered the Cyrus Cylinder . Rassam gave conflicting accounts of where his discoveries were made . He wrote in his memoirs , Asshur and the land of Nimrod , that the Cylinder had been found in a mound at the southern end of Babylon near the village of Jumjuma or Jimjima . However , in a letter sent on 20 November 1879 to Samuel Birch , the Keeper of Oriental Antiquities at the British Museum , he wrote , `` The Cylinder of Cyrus was found at Omran ( Tell Amran - ibn - Ali ) with about six hundred pieces of inscribed terracottas before I left Baghdad . '' He left Baghdad on 2 April , returning to Mosul and departing from there on 2 May for a journey to London which lasted until 19 June . </P> <P> The discovery was announced to the public by Sir Henry Rawlinson , the President of the Royal Asiatic Society , at a meeting of the Society on 17 November 1879 . He described it as `` one of the most interesting historical records in the cuneiform character that has yet been brought to light , '' though he erroneously described it as coming from the ancient city of Borsippa rather than Babylon . Rawlinson 's `` Notes on a newly - discovered Clay Cylinder of Cyrus the Great '' were published in the society 's journal the following year , including the first partial translation of the text . </P> <H2> Description ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Cyrus Cylinder is a barrel - shaped cylinder of baked clay measuring 22.5 centimetres ( 8.9 in ) by 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) at its maximum diameter . It was created in several stages around a cone - shaped core of clay within which there are large grey stone inclusions . It was built up with extra layers of clay to give it a cylindrical shape before a fine surface slip of clay was added to the outer layer , on which the text is inscribed . It was excavated in several fragments , having apparently broken apart in antiquity . Today it exists in two main fragments , known as `` A '' and `` B '' , which were reunited in 1972 . </P> <P> The main body of the Cylinder , discovered by Rassam in 1879 , is fragment `` A '' . It underwent restoration in 1961 , when it was re-fired and plaster filling was added . The smaller fragment , `` B '' , is a section measuring 8.6 centimetres ( 3.4 in ) by 5.6 centimetres ( 2.2 in ) . The latter fragment was acquired by J.B. Nies of Yale University from an antiquities dealer . Nies published the text in 1920 . The fragment was apparently broken off the main body of the Cylinder during the original excavations in 1879 and was either removed from the excavations or was retrieved from one of Rassam 's waste dumps . It was not confirmed as part of the Cylinder until Paul - Richard Berger of the University of Münster definitively identified it in 1970 . Yale University lent the fragment to the British Museum temporarily ( but , in practice , indefinitely ) in exchange for `` a suitable cuneiform tablet '' from the British Museum collection . </P> <P> Although the Cylinder clearly post-dates Cyrus the Great 's conquest of Babylon in 539 BC , the date of its creation is unclear . It is commonly said to date to the early part of Cyrus 's reign over Babylon , some time after 539 BC . The British Museum puts the Cylinder 's date of origin at between 539 -- 530 BC . </P> <H3> Text ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Cyrus cylinder </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The surviving inscription on the Cyrus Cylinder consists of 45 lines of text written in Akkadian cuneiform script . The first 35 lines are on fragment `` A '' and the remainder are on fragment `` B . '' A number of lines at the start and end of the text are too badly damaged for more than a few words to be legible . </P> <P> The text is written in an extremely formulaic style that can be divided into six distinct parts : </P> Extract from the Cyrus Cylinder ( lines 15 -- 21 ) , giving the genealogy of Cyrus and an account of his capture of Babylon in 539 BC . <Ul> <Li> Lines 1 -- 19 : an introduction reviling Nabonidus , the previous king of Babylon , and associating Cyrus with the god Marduk ; </Li> <Li> Lines 20 -- 22 : detailing Cyrus 's royal titles and genealogy , and his peaceful entry to Babylon ; </Li> <Li> Lines 22 -- 34 : a commendation of Cyrus 's policy of restoring Babylon ; </Li> <Li> Lines 34 -- 35 : a prayer to Marduk on behalf of Cyrus and his son Cambyses ; </Li> <Li> Lines 36 -- 37 : a declaration that Cyrus has enabled the people to live in peace and has increased the offerings made to the gods ; </Li> <Li> Lines 38 -- 45 : details of the building activities ordered by Cyrus in Babylon . </Li> </Ul> Sample detail image showing cuneiform script . <P> The beginning of the text is partly broken ; the surviving content reprimands the character of the deposed Babylonian king Nabonidus . It lists his alleged crimes , charging him with the desecration of the temples of the gods and the imposition of forced labor upon the populace . According to the proclamation , as a result of these offenses , the god Marduk abandoned Babylon and sought a more righteous king . Marduk called forth Cyrus to enter Babylon and become its new ruler . </P> <P> In ( Nabonidus 's ) mind , reverential fear of Marduk , king of the gods , came to an end . He did yet more evil to his city every day ; ... his ( people ... ... ) , he brought ruin on them all by a yoke without relief ... ( Marduk ) inspected and checked all the countries , seeking for the upright king of his choice . He took the hand of Cyrus , king of the city of Anshan , and called him by his name , proclaiming him aloud for the kingship over all of everything . </P> <P> Midway through the text , the writer switches to a first - person narrative in the voice of Cyrus , addressing the reader directly . A list of his titles is given ( in a Mesopotamian rather than Persian style ) : `` I am Cyrus , king of the world , great king , powerful king , king of Babylon , king of Sumer and Akkad , king of the four quarters ( of the earth ) , son of Cambyses , great king , king of Anshan , descendent of Teispes , great king , king of Anshan , the perpetual seed of kingship , whose reign Bel ( Marduk ) and Nebo love , and with whose kingship , to their joy , they concern themselves . '' He describes the pious deeds he performed after his conquest : he restored peace to Babylon and the other cities sacred to Marduk , freeing their inhabitants from their `` yoke , '' and he `` brought relief to their dilapidated housing ( thus ) putting an end to their ( main ) complaints . '' He repaired the ruined temples in the cities he conquered , restored their cults , and returned their sacred images as well as their former inhabitants which Nabonidus had taken to Babylon . Near the end of the inscription Cyrus highlights his restoration of Babylon 's city wall , saying : `` I saw within it an inscription of Ashurbanipal , a king who preceded me . '' The remainder is missing but presumably describes Cyrus 's rededication of the gateway mentioned . </P> <P> A partial transcription by F.H. Weissbach in 1911 was supplanted by a much more complete transcription after the identification of the `` B '' fragment ; this is now available in German and in English . Several editions of the full text of the Cyrus Cylinder are available online , incorporating both `` A '' and `` B '' fragments . </P> <P> A false translation of the text -- affirming , among other things , the abolition of slavery and the right to self - determination , a minimum wage and asylum -- has been promoted on the Internet and elsewhere . As well as making claims that are not found on the real cylinder , it refers to the Zoroastrian divinity Ahura Mazda rather than the Mesopotamian god Marduk . The false translation has been widely circulated ; alluding to its claim that Cyrus supposedly has stated that `` Every country shall decide for itself whether or not it wants my leadership . '' Iranian Nobel Peace Prize winner Shirin Ebadi in her acceptance speech described Cyrus as `` the very emperor who proclaimed at the pinnacle of power 2,500 years ago that ... he would not reign over the people if they did not wish it '' . Similarly , in a 2006 speech , United States President George W. Bush referred to Cyrus , declaring that his people had `` the right to worship God in freedom '' -- a statement made nowhere in the text of the Cylinder . </P> <H3> Associated fragments ( edit ) </H3> <P> The British Museum announced in January 2010 that two inscribed clay fragments , which had been in the Museum 's collection since 1881 , had been identified as part of a cuneiform tablet that was inscribed with the same text as the Cyrus Cylinder . The fragments had come from the small site of Dailem near Babylon and the identification was made by Professor Wilfred Lambert , formerly of the University of Birmingham , and Irving Finkel , curator in charge of the Museum 's Department of the Middle East . </P> <H3> Relation to a Chinese bone inscription ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1983 two fossilized horse bones inscribed with cuneiform signs surfaced in China which Professor Oliver Gurney at Oxford later identified as coming from the Cyrus Cylinder . The discovery of these objects aroused much discussion about possible connections between ancient Mesopotamia and China , although their authenticity was doubted by many scholars from the beginning and they are now generally regarded as forgeries . </P> <P> The history of the putative artifact goes back almost a century . The earliest record goes back to a Chinese doctor named Xue Shenwei , who sometime prior to 1928 was shown a photo of a rubbing of one of the bones by an antiquities dealer named Zhang Yi'an . Although not able to view the bones at that time , Xue Shenwei later acquired one of them from another antiquities dealer named Wang Dongting in 1935 and then the second via a personal connection named Ke Yanling around 1940 . While Xue did not recognize the script on the bones he guessed at its antiquity and buried the bones for safekeeping during the Cultural Revolution . Then , in 1983 Xue presented the bones to the Palace Museum in Beijing where Liu Jiuan and Wang Nanfang of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage undertook their study . These officials identified the script as cuneiform and asked the Assyriologists Chi Yang and Wu Yuhong to work on the inscriptions . Identification of the source text proceeded slowly until 1985 , when Wu Yuhong along with Oxford Assyriologist Stephanie Dalley and Oliver Gurney recognized the text in one bone as coming from the Cyrus Cylinder . One year later Wu Yuhong presented his findings at the 33rd Rencontre Assyriologique and published them in a journal article . </P> <P> After that the second bone inscription remained undeciphered until 2010 , when Irving Finkel worked on it . In that same year the British Museum held a conference dedicated to the artifacts . Based on the serious textual errors in the inscription , including the omission of a large number of signs from the Cyrus Cylinder , Wu Yuhong argued the inscriptions were most likely copied from the cylinder while housed in the British Museum or from an early modern publication based upon it . However he acknowledged the remote possibility it was copied in late antiquity . Irving Finkel disputed this conclusion based on the relative obscurity of the Cyrus Cylinder until recent decades and the mismatch in paleography between the bone inscriptions and the hand copies found in early editions from the 1880 's . </P> <P> Finally , after the workshop concluded , an 1884 edition of the Cyrus Cylinder by E.A. Wallis Budge came to Irving Finkel 's attention . This publication used an idiosyncratic typeface and featured a handcopy for only a section of the whole cylinder . However the typeface in that edition matched the paleography on the bone inscriptions and the extract of the cylinder published in the book matched that of the bone as well . This convinced Finkel that the bone inscriptions were early modern forgeries and that has remained the majority opinion since then . </P> <H2> Interpretations ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Mesopotamian and Persian tradition and propaganda ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to the British Museum , the Cyrus Cylinder reflects a long tradition in Mesopotamia where , from as early as the third millennium BC , kings began their reigns with declarations of reforms . Cyrus 's declaration stresses his legitimacy as the king , and is a conspicuous statement of his respect for the religious and political traditions of Babylon . The British Museum and scholars of the period describe it as an instrument of ancient Mesopotamian propaganda . </P> <P> The text is a royal building inscription , a genre which had no equivalent in Old Persian literature . It illustrates how Cyrus co-opted local traditions and symbols to legitimize his conquest and control of Babylon . Many elements of the text were drawn from long - standing Mesopotamian themes of legitimizing rule in Babylonia : the preceding king is reprimanded and he is proclaimed to have been abandoned by the gods for his wickedness ; the new king has gained power through the divine will of the gods ; the new king rights the wrongs of his predecessor , addressing the welfare of the people ; the sanctuaries of the gods are rebuilt or restored , offerings to the gods are made or increased and the blessings of the gods are sought ; and repairs are made to the whole city , in the manner of earlier rightful kings . </P> <P> Both continuity and discontinuity are emphasized in the text of the Cylinder . It asserts the virtue of Cyrus as a gods - fearing king of a traditional Mesopotamian type . On the other hand , it constantly discredits Nabonidus , reviling the deposed king 's deeds and even his ancestry and portraying him as an impious destroyer of his own people . As Fowler and Hekster note , this `` creates a problem for a monarch who chooses to buttress his claim to legitimacy by appropriating the ' symbolic capital ' of his predecessors . '' The Cylinder 's reprimand of Nabonidus also discredits Babylonian royal authority by association . It is perhaps for this reason that the Achaemenid rulers made greater use of Assyrian rather than Babylonian royal iconography and tradition in their declarations ; the Cylinder refers to the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal as `` my predecessor '' , rather than any native Babylonian ruler . </P> <P> The Cylinder itself is part of a continuous Mesopotamian tradition of depositing a wide variety of symbolic items , including animal sacrifices , stone tablets , terracotta cones , cylinders and figures . Newly crowned kings of Babylon would make public declarations of their own righteousness when beginning their reigns , often in the form of declarations that were deposited in the foundations of public buildings . Some contained messages , while others did not , and they had a number of purposes : elaboration of a building 's value , commemoration of the ruler or builder and the magical sanctification of the building , through the invocation of divine protection . </P> <P> The cylinder was not intended to be seen again after its burial , but the text inscribed on it would have been used for public purposes . Archive copies were kept of important inscriptions and the Cylinder 's text may likewise have been copied . In January 2010 , the British Museum announced that two cuneiform tablets in its collection had been found to be inscribed with the same text as that on the Cyrus Cylinder , which , according to the Museum , `` show that the text of the Cylinder was probably a proclamation that was widely distributed across the Persian Empire . '' A statue of the cylinder is now on exhibit in Los Angeles on avenue of the stars as a gift from the Persian people to the city of Los Angeles </P> Similarities with other royal inscriptions ( edit ) The Nabonidus Cylinder <P> The Cyrus Cylinder bears striking similarities to older Mesopotamian royal inscriptions . Two notable examples are the Cylinder of Marduk - apla - iddina II , who seized the Babylonian throne in 722 / 1 BC , and the annals of Sargon II of Assyria , who conquered Babylon twelve years later . As a conqueror , Marduk - apla - iddina faced many of the same problems of legitimacy that Cyrus did when he conquered Babylon . He declares himself to have been chosen personally by Marduk , who ensured his victory . When he took power , he performed the sacred rites and restored the sacred shrines . He states that he found a royal inscription placed in the temple foundations by an earlier Babylonian king , which he left undisturbed and honored . All of these claims also appear in Cyrus 's Cylinder . Twelve years later , the Assyrian king Sargon II defeated and exiled Marduk - apla - iddina , taking up the kingship of Babylonia . Sargon 's annals describe how he took on the duties of a Babylonian sovereign , honouring the gods , maintaining their temples and respecting and upholding the privileges of the urban elite . Again , Cyrus 's Cylinder makes exactly the same points . Nabonidus , Cyrus 's deposed predecessor as king of Babylon , commissioned foundation texts on clay cylinders -- such as the Cylinder of Nabonidus , also in the British Museum -- that follows the same basic formula . </P> <P> The text of the Cylinder thus indicates a strong continuity with centuries of Babylonian tradition , as part of an established rhetoric advanced by conquerors . As Kuhrt puts it : </P> <P> ( The Cylinder ) reflects the pressure that Babylonian citizens were able to bring to bear on the new royal claimant ... In this context , the reign of the defeated predecessor was automatically described as bad and against the divine will -- how else could he have been defeated ? By implication , of course , all his acts became , inevitably and retrospectively , tainted . </P> <P> The familiarity with long - established Babylonian tropes suggests that the Cylinder was authored by the Babylonian priests of Marduk , working at the behest of Cyrus . It can be compared with another work of around the same time , the Verse Account of Nabonidus , in which the former Babylonian ruler is excoriated as the enemy of the priests of Marduk and Cyrus is presented as the liberator of Babylon . Both works make a point of stressing Cyrus 's qualifications as a king from a line of kings , in contrast to the non-royal ancestry of Nabonidus , who is described by the Cylinder as merely maţû , `` insignificant '' . </P> <P> The Verse Account is so similar to the Cyrus Cylinder inscription that the two texts have been dubbed an example of `` literary dependence '' -- not the direct dependence of one upon the other , but mutual dependence upon a common source . This is characterised by the historian Morton Smith as `` the propaganda put out in Babylonia by Cyrus 's agents , shortly before Cyrus 's conquest , to prepare the way of their lord . '' This viewpoint has been disputed ; as Simon J. Sherwin of the University of Cambridge puts it , the Cyrus Cylinder and the Verse Account are `` after the event '' compositions which reuse existing Mesopotamian literary themes and do not need to be explained as the product of pre-conquest Persian propaganda . </P> <P> The German historian Hanspeter Schaudig has identified a line on the Cylinder ( `` He ( i.e. Marduk ) saved his city Babylon from its oppression '' ) with a line from tablet VI of the Babylonian `` Epic of Creation '' , Enûma Eliš , in which Marduk builds Babylon . Johannes Haubold suggests that reference represents Cyrus 's takeover as a moment of ultimate restoration not just of political and religious institutions , but of the cosmic order underpinning the universe . </P> Analysis of the Cylinder 's claims ( edit ) Stele depicting Nabonidus praying to the moon , sun and the planet Venus . The Babylonian king 's religious practices were harshly condemned by the Cyrus Cylinder 's inscription . <P> The Cyrus Cylinder 's vilification of Nabonidus is consistent with other Persian propaganda regarding the deposed king 's rule . In contrast to the Cylinder 's depiction of Nabonidus as an illegitimate ruler who ruined his country , the reign of Nabonidus was largely peaceful , he was recognised as a legitimate king and he undertook a variety of building projects and military campaigns commensurate with his claim to be `` the king of Babylon , the universe , and the four corners ( of the Earth ) . '' </P> <P> The Assyriologist Paul - Alain Beaulieu has interpreted Nabonidus 's exaltation of the moon god Sin as `` an outright usurpation of Marduk 's prerogatives by the moon god . '' Although the Babylonian king continued to make rich offerings to Marduk , his greater devotion to Sin was unacceptable to the Babylonian priestly elite . Nabonidus came from the unfashionable north of Babylonia , introduced foreign gods and went into a lengthy self - imposed exile which was said to have prevented the celebration of the vital New Year festival . Cyrus 's conquest of Babylonia was resisted by Nabonidus and his supporters , as the Battle of Opis demonstrated . Iranologist Pierre Briant comments that `` it is doubtful that even before the fall of ( Babylon ) Cyrus was impatiently awaited by a population desperate for a ' liberator ' . '' However , Cyrus 's takeover as king does appear to have been welcomed by some of the Babylonian population . The Judaic historian Lisbeth S. Fried says that there is little evidence that the high - ranking priests of Babylonia during the Achaemenid period were Persians and characterises them as Babylonian collaborators . </P> <P> The inscription goes on to describe Cyrus returning to their original sanctuaries the statues of the gods that Nabonidus had brought to the city before the Persian invasion . This restored the normal cultic order to the satisfaction of the priesthood . It alludes to temples being restored and deported groups being returned to their homelands but does not imply an empire - wide programme of restoration . Instead , it refers to specific areas in the border region between Babylonia and Persia , including sites that had been devastated by earlier Babylonian military campaigns . The Cylinder indicates that Cyrus sought to acquire the loyalty of the ravaged regions by funding reconstruction , the return of temple properties and the repatriation of the displaced populations . However , it is unclear how much actually changed on the ground ; there is no archaeological evidence for any rebuilding or repairing of Mesopotamian temples during Cyrus 's reign . </P> <P> The text presents Cyrus as entering Babylon peacefully and being welcomed by the population as a liberator . This presents an implicit contrast with previous conquerors , notably the Assyrian rulers Tukulti - Ninurta I , who invaded and plundered Babylon in the 12th century BC , and Sennacherib , who did the same thing 150 years before Cyrus conquered the region . The massacre and enslavement of conquered people was common practice and was explicitly highlighted by conquerors in victory statements . The Cyrus Cylinder presents a very different message ; Johannes Haubold notes that it portrays Cyrus 's takeover as a harmonious moment of convergence between Babylonian and Persian history , not a natural disaster but the salvation of Babylonia . </P> <P> However , the Cylinder 's account of Cyrus 's conquest clearly does not tell the whole story , as it suppresses any mention of the earlier conflict between the Persians and the Babylonians ; Max Mallowan describes it as a `` skilled work of tendentious history '' . The text omits the Battle of Opis , in which Cyrus 's forces defeated and apparently massacred Nabonidus 's army . Nor does it explain a two - week gap reported by the Nabonidus Chronicle between the Persian entry into Babylon and the surrender of the Esagila temple . Lisbeth S. Fried suggests that there may have been a siege or stand - off between the Persians and the temple 's defenders and priests , about whose fate the Cylinder and Chronicle makes no mention . She speculates that they were killed or expelled by the Persians and replaced by more pro-Persian members of the Babylonian priestly elite . As Walton and Hill put it , the claim of a wholly peaceful takeover acclaimed by the people is `` standard conqueror 's rhetoric and may obscure other facts . '' Describing the claim of one 's own armies being welcomed as liberators as `` one of the great imperial fantasies '' , Bruce Lincoln , Professor of Divinity at the University of Chicago , notes that the Babylonian population repeatedly revolted against Persian rule in 522 BC , 521 BC , 484 BC and 482 BC ( though not against Cyrus or his son Cambeses ) . The rebels sought to restore national independence and the line of native Babylonian kings -- perhaps an indication that they were not as favourably disposed towards the Persians as the Cylinder suggests . </P> <P> The Persians ' policy towards their subject people , as described by the Cylinder , was traditionally viewed as an expression of tolerance , moderation and generosity `` on a scale previously unknown . '' The policies of Cyrus toward subjugated nations have been contrasted to those of the Assyrians and Babylonians , who had treated subject peoples harshly ; he permitted the resettling of those who had been previously deported and sponsored the reconstruction of religious buildings . Cyrus was often depicted positively in Western tradition by sources such as the Old Testament of the Bible and the Greek writers Herodotus and Xenophon . The Cyropaedia of Xenophon was particularly influential during the Renaissance when Cyrus was romanticised as an exemplary model of a virtuous and successful ruler . </P> <P> Modern historians argue that while Cyrus 's behavior was indeed conciliatory , it was driven by the needs of the Persian Empire , and was not an expression of personal tolerance per se . The empire was too large to be centrally directed ; Cyrus followed a policy of using existing territorial units to implement a decentralized system of government . The magnanimity shown by Cyrus won him praise and gratitude from those he spared . The policy of toleration described by the Cylinder was thus , as biblical historian Rainer Albertz puts it , `` an expression of conservative support for local regions to serve the political interests of the whole ( empire ) . '' Another biblical historian , Alberto Soggin , comments that it was more `` a matter of practicality and economy ... ( as ) it was simpler , and indeed cost less , to obtain the spontaneous collaboration of their subjects at a local level than to have to impose their sovereignty by force . '' </P> <H3> Biblical interpretations ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Cyrus in the Judeo - Christian tradition Further information : The Return to Zion Places in Mesopotamia mentioned by the Cyrus Cylinder . Most of the localities it mentions in connection with the restoration of temples were in eastern and northern Mesopotamia , in territories that had been ruled by the deposed Babylonian king Nabonidus ( excepting Susa ) . <P> The Bible records that some Jews ( who were exiled by the Babylonians ) , returned to their homeland from Babylon , where they had been settled by Nebuchadnezzar , to rebuild the temple following an edict from Cyrus . The Book of Ezra ( 1 -- 4 : 5 ) provides a narrative account of the rebuilding project . Scholars have linked one particular passage from the Cylinder to the Old Testament account : </P> <P> From ( ? ) to Aššur and ( from ) Susa , Agade , Ešnunna , Zabban , Me - Turnu , Der , as far as the region of Gutium , the sacred centers on the other side of the Tigris , whose sanctuaries had been abandoned for a long time , I returned the images of the gods , who had resided there ( i.e. , in Babylon ) , to their places and I let them dwell in eternal abodes . I gathered all their inhabitants and returned to them their dwellings . </P> <P> This passage has often been interpreted as a reference to the benign policy instituted by Cyrus of allowing exiled peoples , such as the Jews , to return to their original homelands . The Cylinder 's inscription has been linked with the reproduction in the Book of Ezra of two texts that are claimed to be edicts issued by Cyrus concerning the repatriation of the Jews and the reconstruction of the Temple in Jerusalem . The two edicts ( one in Hebrew and one in Aramaic ) are substantially different in content and tone , leading some historians to argue that one or both may be a post hoc fabrication . The question of their authenticity remains unresolved , though it is widely believed that they do reflect some sort of Persian royal policy , albeit perhaps not one that was couched in the terms given in the text of the biblical edicts . </P> <P> The dispute over the authenticity of the biblical edicts has prompted interest in this passage from the Cyrus Cylinder , specifically concerning the question of whether it indicates that Cyrus had a general policy of repatriating subject peoples and restoring their sanctuaries . The text of the Cylinder is very specific , listing places in Mesopotamia and the neighboring regions . It does not describe any general release or return of exiled communities but focuses on the return of Babylonian deities to their own home cities . It emphasises the re-establishment of local religious norms , reversing the alleged neglect of Nabonidus -- a theme that Amélie Kuhrt describes as `` a literary device used to underline the piety of Cyrus as opposed to the blasphemy of Nabonidus . '' She suggests that Cyrus had simply adopted a policy used by earlier Assyrian rulers of giving privileges to cities in key strategic or politically sensitive regions and that there was no general policy as such . Lester L. Grabbe , a historian of early Judaism , has written that `` the religious policy of the Persians was not that different from the basic practice of the Assyrians and Babylonians before them '' in tolerating -- but not promoting -- local cults , other than their own gods . </P> <P> Cyrus may have seen Jerusalem , situated in a strategic location between Mesopotamia and Egypt , as worth patronising for political reasons . His Achaemenid successors generally supported indigenous cults in subject territories as an expression of their legitimacy as rulers , thereby currying favour with the cults ' devotees . Conversely , the Persian kings could , and did , destroy the shrines of peoples who had rebelled against them , as happened at Miletos in 494 BC following the Ionian Revolt . Historian Ernst Badian has noted regarding the Ionian revolt `` ( that ) Harpagus ' devastated ' all of lower Asia ( 1.177 ) is obviously an exaggeration , for the Ionians soon returned to their trading activities . '' The Persians evidently did give permission for its reconstruction , which would have been required given the circumstances of its destruction . However , the Cylinder 's text does not describe any general policy of a return of exiles or mention any sanctuary outside Babylonia ; the biblical historian Bob Becking concludes that `` it has nothing to do with Judeans , Jews or Jerusalem . '' Peter Ross Bedford argues that the Cylinder `` is thus not a manifesto for a general policy regarding indigenous cults and their worshippers throughout the empire . '' Kuhrt comments that `` the purely Babylonian context of the Cylinder provides no proof '' of the historicity of Cyrus 's return of the Jewish exiles and the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem , though Becking links this with the lack of any references to the Jews in surviving Achaemenid texts -- an indication that the Persians seem not to have regarded them as being of any great importance . </P> <P> The German scholar Josef Wiesehöfer summarizes the widely held traditional view by noting that `` Many scholars have read into ( ... ) sentences ( from the text of Cylinder ) a confirmation of the Old Testament passages about the steps taken by Cyrus towards the erection of the Jerusalem temple and the repatriation of the Judaeans '' and this interpretation was , according to Wiesehöfer , for some scholars a strict belief `` that the instructions to this effect were actually provided in these very formulations of the Cyrus Cylinder . '' </P> <H3> Human rights ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Cylinder gained new prominence in the late 1960s when the last Shah of Iran called it `` the world 's first charter of human rights '' . The cylinder was a key symbol of the Shah 's political ideology and is still regarded by some commentators as a charter of human rights , despite the disagreement of some historians and scholars . </P> Pahlavi Iranian government 's view ( edit ) Cyrus Cylinder at the center of the official emblem of 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire at Pahlavi Iranian imperial era <P> The Cyrus Cylinder was dubbed the `` first declaration of human rights '' by the pre-Revolution Iranian government , a reading prominently advanced by Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi , in a 1967 book , The White Revolution of Iran . The Shah identified Cyrus as a key figure in government ideology and associated his government with the Achaemenids . He wrote that `` the history of our empire began with the famous declaration of Cyrus , which , for its advocacy of humane principles , justice and liberty , must be considered one of the most remarkable documents in the history of mankind . '' The Shah described Cyrus as the first ruler in history to give his subjects `` freedom of opinion and other basic rights '' . In 1968 , the Shah opened the first United Nations Conference on Human Rights in Tehran by saying that the Cyrus Cylinder was the precursor to the modern Universal Declaration of Human Rights . </P> <P> In his 1971 Nowruz ( New Year ) speech , the Shah declared that 1971 would be Cyrus the Great Year , during which a grand commemoration would be held to celebrate 2,500 years of Persian monarchy . It would serve as a showcase for a modern Iran in which the contributions that Iran had made to world civilization would be recognized . The main theme of the commemoration was the centrality of the monarchy within Iran 's political system , associating the Shah of Iran with the famous monarchs of Persia 's past , and with Cyrus in particular . The Shah looked to the Achaemenid period as `` a moment from the national past that could best serve as a model and a slogan for the imperial society he hoped to create . '' </P> <P> The Cyrus Cylinder was adopted as the symbol for the commemoration , and Iranian magazines and journals published numerous articles about ancient Persian history . The British Museum loaned the original Cylinder to the Iranian government for the duration of the festivities ; it was put on display at the Shahyad Monument ( now the Azadi Tower ) in Tehran . The 2,500 year celebrations commenced on October 12 , 1971 and culminated a week later with a spectacular parade at the tomb of Cyrus in Pasargadae . On October 14 , the shah 's sister , Princess Ashraf Pahlavi , presented the United Nations Secretary General U Thant with a replica of the Cylinder . The princess asserted that `` the heritage of Cyrus was the heritage of human understanding , tolerance , courage , compassion and , above all , human liberty '' . The Secretary General accepted the gift , linking the Cylinder with the efforts of the United Nations General Assembly to address `` the question of Respect for Human Rights in Armed Conflict '' . Since then the replica Cylinder has been kept at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City on the second floor hallway . The United Nations continues to promote the cylinder as `` an ancient declaration of human rights . '' </P> Reception in the Islamic Republic ( edit ) <P> In September 2010 , former Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad officially opened the Cyrus Cylinder exhibition at the National Museum of Iran . After the Pahlavi era , it was the second time the cylinder was brought to Iran . It was also its longest - running exhibition inside the country . Ahmadinejad considers the Cyrus Cylinder as the incarnation of human values and a cultural heritage for all humanity , and called it the `` First Charter of Human Rights '' . The British Museum had loaned the Cyrus Cylinder to the National Museum of Iran for four months . </P> <P> The Cylinder reads that everyone is entitled to freedom of thought and choice and all individuals should pay respect to one another . The historical charter also underscores the necessity of fighting oppression , defending the oppressed , respecting human dignity , and recognizing human rights . The Cyrus Cylinder bears testimony to the fact that the Iranian nation has always been the flag - bearer of justice , devotion and human values throughout history . </P> -- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad during Cyrus Cylinder exhibition at National Museum of Iran , <P> Some Iranian extremists , Islamists and rightist politicians such as MP Ali Motahari criticized Ahmadinejad for bringing the Cyrus Cylinder to Iran , although Tehran daily Kayhan , viewed as an ultra-conservative newspaper , had opined that the Islamic Republic should never have returned the Cyrus Cylinder to Britain : </P> <P> There is an important question : Does n't the cylinder belong to Iran ? And has n't the British government stolen ancient artifacts from our country ? If the answers to these questions are positive , then why should we return this stolen historical and valuable work to the thieves ? </P> -- Kayhan newspaper during Cyrus Cylinder exhibition in Iran , <P> At the time , the Curator of the National Museum of Iran , Azadeh Ardakani , reported approximately 48,000 visitors to the Cylinder exhibition , amongst whom over 2000 were foreigners , including foreign ambassadors . </P> Scholarly views ( edit ) Monument to the Cyrus Cylinder in Balboa Park , San Diego , California erected by an Iranian émigré organisation , presenting a widely circulated false translation of the text that portrays Cyrus as a champion of human rights <P> The interpretation of the Cylinder as a `` charter of human rights '' has been described by some historians as `` rather anachronistic '' and tendentious . It has been dismissed as a `` misunderstanding '' and characterized as political propaganda devised by the Pahlavi regime . The German historian Josef Wiesehöfer comments that the portrayal of Cyrus as a champion of human rights is as illusory as the image of the `` humane and enlightened Shah of Persia . '' D. Fairchild Ruggles and Helaine Silverman describe the Shah 's aim as being to legitimise the Iranian nation and his own regime , and to counter the growing influence of Islamic fundamentalism by creating an alternative narrative rooted in the ancient Persian past . </P> <P> Writing in the immediate aftermath of the Shah 's anniversary commemorations , the British Museum 's C.B.F. Walker comments that the `` essential character of the Cyrus Cylinder ( is not ) a general declaration of human rights or religious toleration but simply a building inscription , in the Babylonian and Assyrian tradition , commemorating Cyrus 's restoration of the city of Babylon and the worship of Marduk previously neglected by Nabonidus . '' Two professors specialising in the history of the ancient Near East , Bill T. Arnold and Piotr Michalowski , comment : `` Generically , it belongs with other foundation deposit inscriptions ; it is not an edict of any kind , nor does it provide any unusual human rights declaration as is sometimes claimed . '' Lloyd Llewellyn - Jones of the University of Edinburgh notes that `` there is nothing in the text '' that suggests the concept of human rights . Neil MacGregor comments : </P> <P> Comparison by scholars in the British Museum with other similar texts , however , showed that rulers in ancient Iraq had been making comparable declarations upon succeeding to the ( Babylonian ) throne for two millennia before Cyrus ( ... ) it is one of the museum 's tasks to resist the narrowing of the object 's meaning and its appropriation to one political agenda . </P> <P> He cautions that while the Cylinder is `` clearly linked with the history of Iran , '' it is `` in no real sense an Iranian document : it is part of a much larger history of the ancient Near East , of Mesopotamian kingship , and of the Jewish diaspora . '' </P> <P> Some historians , as well as writers on human rights , have supported the interpretation of the Cyrus Cylinder as a human rights charter . W.J. Talbott , an American philosopher , believes the concept of human rights is a 20th - century concept but describes Cyrus as `` perhaps the earliest known advocate of religious tolerance '' and suggests that `` ideas that led to the development of human rights are not limited to one cultural tradition . '' The Iranian lawyer Hirad Abtahi argues that viewing the Cylinder as merely `` an instrument of legitimizing royal rule '' is unjustified , as Cyrus issued the document and granted those rights when he was at the height of his power , with neither popular opposition nor visible external threat to force his hand . A former Iranian prime minister , Hassan Pirnia , writing in the early 20th century , characterizes the Cylinder as `` discuss ( ing ) human rights in a way unique for the era , dealing with ways to protect the honor , prestige , and religious beliefs of all the nations dependent to Iran in those days . '' </P> <H2> Exhibition history ( edit ) </H2> The Cyrus Cylinder in Room 55 of the British Museum in London <P> The Cyrus Cylinder has been displayed in the British Museum since its formal acquisition in 1880 . It has been loaned four times -- twice to Iran , between 7 -- 22 October 1971 in conjunction with the 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire and again from September -- December 2010 , once to Spain from March -- June 2006 , and once to the United States in a traveling exhibition from March -- October 2013 . Many replicas have been made . Some were distributed by the Shah following the 1971 commemorations , while the British Museum and National Museum of Iran have sold them commercially . </P> <P> The British Museum 's ownership of the Cyrus Cylinder has been the cause of some controversy in Iran , although the artifact was obtained legally and was not excavated on Iranian soil but on former Ottoman territory ( modern Iraq ) . When it was loaned in 1971 , the Iranian press campaigned for its transfer to Iranian ownership . The Cylinder was brought back to London without difficulty , but the British Museum 's Board of Trustees subsequently decided that it would be `` undesirable to make a further loan of the Cylinder to Iran . '' </P> <P> In 2005 -- 2006 the British Museum mounted a major exhibition on the Persian Empire , Forgotten Empire : the World of Ancient Persia . It was held in collaboration with the Iranian government , which loaned the British Museum a number of iconic artefacts in exchange for an undertaking that the Cyrus Cylinder would be loaned to the National Museum of Iran in return . </P> <P> The planned loan of the Cylinder was postponed in October 2009 following the June 2009 Iranian presidential election so that the British Museum could be `` assured that the situation in the country was suitable . '' In response , the Iranian government threatened to end cooperation with the British Museum if the Cylinder was not loaned within the following two months . This deadline was postponed despite appeals by the Iranian government but the Cylinder did eventually go on display in Tehran in September 2010 for a four - month period . The exhibition was very popular , attracting 48,000 people within the first ten days and about 500,000 people by the time it closed in January 2011 . However , at its opening , Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad mingled Islamic Republican and ancient Persian symbology which commentators inside and outside Iran criticised as an overt appeal to religious nationalism . </P> <P> On November 28 , 2012 , the BBC announced the first United States tour of the Cylinder . Under the headline `` British Museum lends ancient ' bill of rights ' cylinder to US '' , Museum director Neil MacGregor declared that `` The cylinder , often referred to as the first bill of human rights , ' must be shared as widely as possible ' '' . The British Museum itself announced the news in its press release , saying `` First declaration of human rights ' to tour five cities in the United States '' . According to the British Museum 's website for the Cylinder 's US exhibition `` CyrusCylinder2013.com '' , the tour started in March 2013 and included Washington DC 's Smithsonian 's Arthur M. Sackler Gallery , the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston , the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York , the Asian Art Museum in San Francisco and culminated at the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles , in October 2013 . </P> <P> The cylinder , along with thirty two other associated objects from the British Museum collection , including a pair of gold armlets from the Oxus Treasure and the Darius Seal , were part of an exhibition titled ' The Cyrus Cylinder and Ancient Persia -- A New Beginning ' at the Prince of Wales Museum in Mumbai , India , from December 21 , 2013 to February 25 , 2014 . It was organised by the British Museum and the Prince of Wales Museum in partnership with Sir Dorabji Tata Trust , Sir Ratan Tata Trust and Navajbai Ratan Tata Trust , all set up by luminaries from the Parsi community , who are descendants of Persian Zoroastrians , who hold Cyrus in great regard , as many scholars consider him as a follower of Zoroastrianism . </P> <H2> Freedom Sculpture ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Freedom Sculpture The freedom sculpture <P> The Freedom Sculpture ( Persian : تندیس آزادی ‎ ) is a gold and silver statue located on Santa Monica Boulevard in the Beverly Hills , California . </P> <P> The design of the Freedom Sculpture was created by artist and architect Cecil Balmond . It is themed on the Cyrus Cylinder from 2,500 years ago , which is sometimes considered the first declaration of human rights . It commemorates the declaration of Cyrus the Great , King of ancient Iran , granting individual and religious freedoms to those within his empire . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Behistun inscriptions </Li> <Li> Persepolis Fortification Archive </Li> <Li> Cyrus 's edict </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Cyrus Cylinder ( British Museum database ) '' . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dandamayev , ( 2010 - 01 - 26 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kuhrt ( 2007 ) , p. 70 , 72 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : British Museum : The Cyrus Cylinder </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Free & Vos ( 1992 ) , p. 204 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Becking , p. 8 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Janzen , p. 157 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Daniel , p. 39 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , p. 83 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Arnold , pp. 426 -- 430 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Cyrus Cylinder travels to the US '' . British Museum . 2012 . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 10 September 2010 ) . `` Cyrus cylinder , world 's oldest human rights charter , returns to Iran on loan '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Oldest Known Charter of Human Rights Comes to San Francisco '' . 13 August 2013 . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbara Slavin ( 6 March 2013 ) . `` Cyrus Cylinder a Reminder of Persian Legacy of Tolerance '' . Al - Monitor . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ansari , pp. 218 -- 19 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : United Nations Press Release 14 October 1971 ( SG / SM / 1553 / HQ263 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Finkel ( 2009 ) , p. 172 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vos ( 1995 ) , p. 267 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hilprecht ( 1903 ) , pp. 204 -- 05 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rassam ( 1897 ) , p. 223 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Koldewey , p. vi </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rassam , p. 267 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hilprecht ( 1903 ) , p. 264 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Walker , pp. 158 -- 159 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Times ( 18 November 1879 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Oriental Journal ( January 1880 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rawlinson ( 1880 ) , pp. 70 -- 97 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Curtis , Tallis & André - Salvini , p. 59 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nies & Keiser ( 1920 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Berger , pp. 155 -- 159 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wiesehöfer ( 2001 ) , pp. 44 -- 45 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Translation of the text on the Cyrus Cylinder . Finkel , Irving . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pritchard </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kutsko , p. 123 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weissbach , p. 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schaudig , pp. 550 -- 556 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hallo , p. 315 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schulz ( 2008 - 07 - 15 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ compare `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 12 . with the British Museum translation at ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foucart ( 2007 - 08 - 19 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shirin Ebadi 's 2003 Nobel Peace Prize lecture '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The White House Archives ; https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/06/20060619-1.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ British Museum . `` Irving Finkel '' . Retrieved 14 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cyrus Cylinder ( press release ) . British Museum , 20 January 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yang , Zhi ( 1987 ) . `` Brief Note on the Bone Cuneiform Inscriptions '' . Journal of Ancient Civilizations. 2 : 30 -- 33 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Finkel , Irving , ed. ( 2013 ) . The Cyrus Cylinder : The King of Persia 's Proclamation from Ancient Babylon . I.B. Tauris . pp. 28 -- 34 . ISBN 1780760639 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wu , Yuhong ( 1986 ) . `` A Horse - Bone Inscription copied from the Cyrus Cylinder ( Line 18 - 21 ) in the Palace Museum in Beijing '' . Journal of Ancient Civilizations. 1 : 15 -- 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Inscription in the British Museum , Room 55 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kuhrt ( 1982 ) , p. 124 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Winn Leith , p. 285 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fowler & Hekster , p. 33 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ British Museum : The Cyrus Cylinder ; Kuhrt ( 1983 ) , pp. 83 -- 97 ; Dandamaev , pp. 52 -- 53 ; Beaulieu , p. 243 ; van der Spek , pp. 273 -- 285 ; Wiesehöfer ( 2001 ) , p. 82 ; Briant , p. 43 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haubold , p. 52 fn. 24 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ British Museum e-mail ( 2010 - 01 - 11 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ British Museum statement ( 2010 - 01 - 20 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kuhrt ( 2007 ) , pp. 174 -- 175 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dyck , pp. 91 -- 94 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grabbe ( 2004 ) , p. 267 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dick , p. 10 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , p. 78 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sherwin , p. 122 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Haubold , p. 51 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haubold , p. 52 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bidmead , p. 137 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bidmead , p. 134 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bidmead , p. 135 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mallowan , pp. 409 -- 411 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Briant , p. 43 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Buchanan , pp. 12 -- 13 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fried , p. 30 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oppenheim , A. Leo , in Pritchard , James B. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament . Princeton University Press , 1950 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Briant , p. 41 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fried , p. 29 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walton & Hill , p. 172 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lincoln , p. 40 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Masroori , p. 13 - 15 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dandamaev , pp. 52 -- 53 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown , pp. 7 -- 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arberry , p. 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stillman , p. 225 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Min , p. 94 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Evans , pp. 12 -- 13 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Albertz , pp. 115 -- 116 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soggin , p. 295 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hurowitz , pp. 581 -- 591 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Older translations used to give `` Nineveh . '' The relevant passage is fragmentary , but I. Finkel has recently concluded that it is impossible to interpret it as `` Nineveh '' . ( I. Finkel , `` No Nineveh in the Cyrus Cylinder '' , in NABU 1997 / 23 ( 2 ) ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cyrus Cylinder translation , adapted from Schaudig 2001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dandamaev ( 2010 - 01 - 26 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bedford , p. 113 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bedford , p. 134 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kuhrt ( 1983 ) , pp. 83 -- 97 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grabbe ( 2006 ) , p. 542 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bedford , pp. 138 -- 139 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greaves , Alan M. Miletos : A History , p. 84 . Routledge , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23846 - 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ electricpulp.com . `` IONIAN REVOLT -- Encyclopaedia Iranica '' . iranicaonline.org . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bedford , p. 137 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : MacGregor </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United Nations Note to Correspondents no . 3699 , 13 October 1971 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wiesehöfer ( 1999 ) , pp. 55 -- 68 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pahlavi , p. 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robertson , p. 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lincoln , p. 32 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Housego ( 1971 - 10 - 15 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` President opens Cyrus Cylinder exhibit . '' Mehr News Agency ( MNA ) . 2010 . HighBeam Research . ( August 22 , 2016 ) . https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-237021695.html </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` PRESIDENT HAILS CYRUS CYLINDER . '' States News Service . 2010 . HighBeam Research . ( August 22 , 2016 ) . https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-236988632.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MP criticizes Ahmadinejad for praising Cyrus . '' Mehr News Agency ( MNA ) . 2010 . HighBeam Research . ( August 22 , 2016 ) . https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-269449085.html </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Kayhan says : ' do n't return cylinder ' : prez offends right by nuzzling up to Cyrus. ( Culture : From then to now ) . '' Iran Times International ( Washington , DC ) . 2010 . HighBeam Research . ( August 22 , 2016 ) . https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-238653891.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cyrus Cylinder warmly welcomed at home . '' Mehr News Agency ( MNA ) . 2010 . HighBeam Research . ( August 22 , 2016 ) . https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-238049830.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Briant , p. 47 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Llewellyn - Jones , p. 104 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Curtis , Tallis & Andre - Salvini , p. 59 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Silverman , Helaine ; Ruggles , D. Fairchild ( 2008 ) . Cultural Heritage and Human Rights . Springer . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 76579 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Craig A. Lockard , Societies , Networks , and Transitions : A Global History : To 1500 ( 2007 ) p. 147 ; Yunus Jaffery , editor , History of Persian literature ( 1981 ) , p. 121 ( author unknown ) ; </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Damien Kingsbury , Human Rights in Asia : A Reassessment of the Asian Values Debate ( Macmillan , 2008 ) page 21 ; Sabine C. Carey , The Politics of Human Rights : The Quest for Dignity ( 2010 ) p 19 ; Paul Gordon Lauren , The Evolution of International Human Rights ( 2003 ) Page 11 ; Willem Adriaan Veenhoven , Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms : A World Survey : Volume 1 ( 1975 ) Page 244 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Decolonisation , Globalisation : Language - in - Education Policy and Practice , Peter W. Martin , p. 99 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Talbott , W.J. Which Rights Should be Universal ? , p. 40 . Oxford University Press US , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517347 - 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abtahi , pp. 1 -- 38 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cited in Shabani , p. 21 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeffries ( 2005 - 10 - 22 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sheikholeslami ( 2009 - 10 - 12 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilson ( 2010 - 01 - 24 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Iran severs cultural ties with British Museum over Persian treasure ( 2010 - 02 - 07 ) '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cyrus Cylinder , world 's oldest human rights charter , returns to Iran on loan , The Guardian ( 2010 - 09 - 10 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cyrus Cylinder warmly welcomed at home '' . Tehran Times , September 26 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21573955-show-tests-limits-cultural-politics-diplomatic-whirl The Cyrus cylinder : Diplomatic whirl </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Esfandiari , Golnaz . Historic Cyrus Cylinder Called ' A Stranger In Its Own Home ' . `` Persian Letters '' , Radio Free Europe . September 14 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BBC - `` British Museum lends ancient ' bill of rights ' cylinder to US '' , 28 November 2012 , http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-20508195 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The British Museum Press Release - `` The Cyrus Cylinder travels to the US , ' First declaration of human rights ' to tour five cities in the United States ' '' , https://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/news_and_press/press_releases/2012/cyrus_cylinder_travels_to_us.aspx </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cyrus Cylinder US Tour 2013 , Tour Venues and Dates , http://cyruscylinder2013.com/venues/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' The Cyrus Cylinder and Ancient Persia -- A New Beginning ' , an exhibition in partnership with three Tata trusts , http://www.tata.co.in/company/releasesinside/The-Cyrus-Cylinder-and-Ancient-Persia-A-New-Beginning-an-exhibition-in-partnership-with-three-Tata-trusts </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://la.curbed.com/2017/7/5/15923494/la-freedom-sculpture-century-city-cylinder </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-freedom-sculpture-20170704-story.html </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Books and journals ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Abtahi , Hirad ( 2006 ) . Abtahi , Hirad ; Boas , Gideon , eds . The Dynamics of International Criminal Justice : Essays in Honour of Sir Richard May . Leiden : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 90 - 04 - 14587 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Albertz , Rainer ( 2003 ) . Israel in Exile : The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E . Atlanta : Society of Biblical Literature . ISBN 1 - 58983 - 055 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Ansari , Ali ( 2007 ) . Modern Iran : The Pahlavis and After . Harlow : Longman . ISBN 1 - 4058 - 4084 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Arberry , A.J. ( 1953 ) . The Legacy of Persia . Oxford : Clarendon Press . OCLC 1283292 . </Li> <Li> Arnold , Bill T. ; Michalowski , Piotr ( 2006 ) . `` Achaemenid Period Historical Texts Concerning Mesopotamia '' . In Chavelas , Mark W . The Ancient Near East : Historical Sources in Translation . London : Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 631 - 23581 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Bedford , Peter Ross ( 2000 ) . Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah . Leiden : Brill . ISBN 90 - 04 - 11509 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Beaulieu , P. - A. ( Oct 1993 ) . `` An Episode in the Fall of Babylon to the Persians '' . Journal of Near Eastern Studies . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . 52 ( 4 ) . doi : 10.1086 / 373633 . </Li> <Li> Becking , Bob ( 2006 ) . `` '' We All Returned as One ! `` : Critical Notes on the Myth of the Mass Return '' . In Lipschitz , Oded ; Oeming , Manfred . Judah and the Judeans in the Persian period . Winona Lake , IN : Eisenbrauns . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57506 - 104 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Berger , P. - R. ( 1970 ) . `` Das Neujahrsfest nach den Königsinschriften des ausgehenden babylonischen Reiches '' . In Finet , A. Actes de la XVIIe Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale . Publications du Comité belge de recherches historiques , épigraphiques et archéologiques en Mésopotamie , nr. 1 ( in German ) . Ham - sur - Heure : Comité belge de recherches en Mésopotamie . </Li> <Li> Bidmead , Julye ( 2004 ) . The Akitu Festival : Religious Continuity And Royal Legitimation In Mesopotamia . Piscataway , NJ : Gorgias Press LLC . ISBN 1 - 59333 - 158 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Briant , Pierre ( 2006 ) . From Cyrus to Alexander : A History of the Persian Empire . Winona Lake , IN : Eisenbraun . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57506 - 120 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Brown , Dale ( 1996 ) . Persians : Masters of Empire . Alexandra , VA : Time - Life Books . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 9104 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Buchanan , G. ( 1964 ) . `` The Foundation and Extension of the Persian Empire '' . In Bury , J.B. ; Cook , S.A. ; Adcock , F.E. The Cambridge Ancient History : IV . The Persian Empire and the West . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . OCLC 57550495 . </Li> <Li> Curtis , John ; Tallis , Nigel ; André - Salvini , Béatrice ( 2005 ) . Forgotten Empire : The World of Ancient Persia . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24731 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Dandamaev , M.A. ( 1989 ) . A political history of the Achaemenid Empire . Leiden : Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 09172 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Daniel , Elton L. ( 2000 ) . The History of Iran . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30731 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Dick , Michael B. ( 2004 ) . `` The `` History of David 's Rise to Power '' and the Neo-Babylonian Succession Apologies `` . In Batto , Bernard Frank ; Roberts , Kathryn L. ; McBee Roberts , Jimmy Jack . David and Zion : Biblical Studies in Honor of J.J.M. Roberts . Winona Lake , IN : Eisenbrauns . ISBN 1 - 57506 - 092 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Dyck , Jonathan E. ( 1998 ) . The Theocratic Ideology of the Chronicler . Leiden : Brill . ISBN 90 - 04 - 11146 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Evans , Malcolm ( 1997 ) . Religious Liberty and International Law in Europe . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 55021 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Finkel , I.L. ; Seymour , M.J. ( 2009 ) . Babylon . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538540 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Fowler , Richard ; Hekster , Olivier ( 2005 ) . Imaginary kings : royal images in the ancient Near East , Greece and Rome . Stuttgart : Franz Steiner Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 515 - 08765 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Free , Joseph P. ; Vos , Howard Frederic ( 1992 ) . Vos , Howard Frederic , ed . Archaeology and Bible history . Grand Rapids , MI : Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 47961 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Fried , Lisbeth S. ( 2004 ) . The priest and the great king : temple - palace relations in the Persian Empire . Winona Lake , IN : Eisenbrauns . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57506 - 090 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Grabbe , Lester L. ( 2004 ) . A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period : Yehud , the Persian Province of Judah . London : Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 567 - 08998 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Grabbe , Lester L. ( 2006 ) . `` The `` Persian Documents '' in the Book of Ezra : Are They Authentic ? `` . In Lipschitz , Oded ; Oeming , Manfred . Judah and the Judeans in the Persian period . Winona Lake , IN : Eisenbrauns . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57506 - 104 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Hallo , William ( 2002 ) . Hallo , William ; Younger , K. Lawson , eds . The Context of Scripture : Monumental inscriptions from the biblical world . 2 . Leiden : Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 10619 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Haubold , Johannes ( 2007 ) . `` Xerxes ' Homer '' . In Bridges , Emma ; Hall , Edith ; Rhodes , P.J. Cultural Responses to the Persian Wars : Antiquity to the Third Millennium . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 927967 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Hilprecht , Hermann Volrath ( 1903 ) . Explorations in Bible lands during the 19th century . Philadelphia : A.J. Molman and Company . </Li> <Li> Hurowitz , Victor Avigdor ( Jan -- Apr 2003 ) . `` Restoring the Temple : Why and when ? '' . The Jewish Quarterly Review . University of Pennsylvania Press . 93 ( 3 / 4 ) . </Li> <Li> Janzen , David ( 2002 ) . Witch - hunts , purity and social boundaries : the expulsion of the foreign women in Ezra 9 -- 10 . London : Sheffield Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84127 - 292 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Koldewey , Robert ; Griffith Johns , Agnes Sophia ( 1914 ) . The excavations at Babylon . London : MacMillan & co . </Li> <Li> Kuhrt , Amélie ( 1982 ) . `` Babylonia from Cyrus to Xerxes '' . In Boardman , John . The Cambridge Ancient History : Vol IV -- Persia , Greece and the Western Mediterranean . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 22804 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Kuhrt , Amélie ( 1983 ) . `` The Cyrus Cylinder and Achaemenid imperial policy '' . Journal for the Study of the Old Testament . Sheffield : University of Sheffield . Dept. of Biblical Studies . 25 . ISSN 1476 - 6728 . </Li> <Li> Kuhrt , Amélie ( 2007 ) . The Persian Empire : A Corpus of Sources of the Achaemenid Period . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 43628 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Kuhrt , Amélie ( 2007 ) . `` Cyrus the Great of Persia : Images and Realities '' . In Heinz , Marlies ; Feldman , Marian H. Representations of Political Power : Case Histories from Times of Change and Dissolving Order in the Ancient Near East . Winona Lake , IN : Eisenbrauns . ISBN 1 - 57506 - 135 - X . </Li> <Li> Kutsko , John F. ( 2000 ) . Between Heaven and Earth : Divine Presence and Absence in the Book of Ezekiel . Winona Lake , IN : Eisenbrauns . ISBN 1 - 57506 - 041 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Lincoln , Bruce ( 1992 ) . Discourse and the Construction of Society : Comparative Studies of Myth , Ritual , and Classification . New York : Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507909 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Lincoln , Bruce ( 2007 ) . Religion , empire and torture : the case of Achaemenian Persia , with a postscript on Abu Ghraib . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 48196 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Llewellyn - Jones , Lloyd ( 2009 ) . `` The First Persian Empire 550 -- 330BC '' . In Harrison , Thomas . The Great Empires of the Ancient World . Getty Publications . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89236 - 987 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Mallowan , Max ( 1968 ) . `` Cyrus the Great ( 558 - 529 B.C. ) '' . In Frye , Richard Nelson ; Fisher , William Bayne . The Cambridge History of Iran . Vol. 2 , The Median and Achaemenian periods . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 20091 - 1 . OCLC 40820893 . </Li> <Li> Masroori , C. ( August 1999 ) . `` Cyrus II and the Political Utility of Religious Toleration '' . In Laursen , J.C. Religious Toleration : `` The Variety of Rites '' from Cyrus to Defoe . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22233 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Min , Kyung - Jin . The Levitical Authorship of Ezra - Nehemiah . London : Continuum International Publishing Group , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 567 - 08226 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Mitchell , T.C. ( 1988 ) . Biblical Archaeology : Documents from the British Museum . London : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 36867 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Nies , J.B. ; Keiser , C.E. ( 1920 ) . Babylonian Inscriptions in the Collection of J.B. Nies. II . </Li> <Li> Pahlavi , Mohammed Reza ( 1967 ) . The White Revolution of Iran . Imperial Pahlavi Library . </Li> <Li> Pritchard , James Bennett , ed. ( 1973 ) . The Ancient Near East , Volume I : An Anthology of Texts and Pictures . Princeton : Princeton University Press . OCLC 150577756 . </Li> <Li> Rassam , Hormuzd ( 1897 ) . Asshur and the land of Nimrod . London : Curts & Jennings . </Li> <Li> Rawlinson , H.C. ( 1880 ) . `` Notes on a newly - discovered clay Cylinder of Cyrus the Great '' . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland . 12 . </Li> <Li> Robertson , Arthur Henry ; Merrills , J.G. ( 1996 ) . Human rights in the world : an introduction to the study of the international protection of human rights . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 4923 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Schaudig , Hanspeter ( 2001 ) . Die Inschriften Nabonids von Babylon und Kyros ' des Grossen samt den in ihrem Umfeld entstandenen Tendenzschriften : Textausgabe und Grammatik ( in German ) . Münster : Ugarit - Verlag . ISBN 3 - 927120 - 75 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Shabani , Reza ( 2005 ) . Iranian History at a Glance . Mahmood Farrokhpey ( trans . ) . London : Alhoda UK . ISBN 964 - 439 - 005 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Sherwin , Simon J. ( 2007 ) . `` Old Testament monotheism and Zoroastrian influence '' . In Gordon , Robert P . The God of Israel : Studies of an Inimitable Deity . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 87365 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Smith , Morton ( 1996 ) . Cohen , Shaye J.D. , ed . Studies in the cult of Yahweh , Volume 1 . Leiden : Brill . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 10477 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Soggin , J. Alberto ( 1999 ) . An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah . John Bowman ( trans . ) . London : SCM - Canterbury Press Ltd . ISBN 0 - 334 - 02788 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Stillman , Robert E. ( 2008 ) . Philip Sidney and the poetics of Renaissance cosmopolitanism . Aldershot : Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 6369 - 0 . </Li> <Li> van der Spek , R.J. ( 1982 ) . `` Did Cyrus the Great introduce a new policy towards subdued nations ? Cyrus in Assyrian perspective '' . Persica . Leiden : Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Osten. 10 . OCLC 499757419 . </Li> <Li> Vos , Howard Frederic ( 1995 ) . `` Archaeology of Mesopotamia '' . In Bromiley , Geoffrey W . The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3781 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Walker , C.B.F. ( 1972 ) . `` A recently identified fragment of the Cyrus Cylinder '' . Iran : journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies ( 10 ) . ISSN 0578 - 6967 . </Li> <Li> Walton , John H. ; Hill , Andrew E. ( 2004 ) . Old Testament Today : A Journey from Original Meaning to Contemporary Significance . Grand Rapids , MI : Zondervan . ISBN 0 - 310 - 23826 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Wiesehöfer , Josef ( 1999 ) . `` Kyros , der Schah und 2500 Jahre Menschenrechte . Historische Mythenbildung zur Zeit der Pahlavi - Dynastie '' . In Conermann , Stephan . Mythen , Geschichte ( n ) , Identitäten . Der Kampf um die Vergangenheit ( in German ) . Schenefeld / Hamburg : EB - Verlag . ISBN 3 - 930826 - 52 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Wiesehöfer , Josef ( 2001 ) . Ancient Persia : From 550 BC to 650 AD . London : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 675 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Weissbach , Franz Heinrich ( 1911 ) . Die Keilinschriften der Achämeniden . Vorderasiatische Bibliotek ( in German ) . Leipzig : J.C. Hinrichs . </Li> <Li> Winn Leith , Mary Joan ( 1998 ) . `` Israel among the Nations : The Persian Period '' . In Coogan , Michael David . The Oxford History of the Biblical World . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513937 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Farrokh , Kaveh ( 2007 ) . `` Cyrus the Great and early Achaemenids '' . Shadows in the Desert : Ancient Persia at War . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 108 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Lauren , Paul Gordon ( 2003 ) . `` Philosophical Visions : Human Nature , Natural Law , and Natural Rights '' . The Evolution of International Human Rights : Visions Seen . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1854 - X . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Media articles ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> `` Royal Asiatic Society '' . The Times . 18 November 1879 . </Li> <Li> `` A Monument of Cyrus the Great '' . The Oriental Journal . London . January 1880 . </Li> <Li> Housego , David ( 1971 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Pique and peacocks in Persepolis '' . The Times . </Li> <Li> Foucart , Stéphane ( 2007 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Cyrus le taiseux '' . Le Monde ( in French ) . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jeffries , Stuart ( 2005 - 10 - 22 ) . `` A private view '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . </Li> <Li> MacGregor , Neil ( 2004 - 07 - 24 ) . `` The whole world in our hands '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Schulz , Matthias ( 15 July 2008 ) . `` Falling for Ancient Propaganda : UN Treasure Honors Persian Despot '' . Spiegel Online . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Sheikholeslami , Ali ( 2009 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Iran Gives British Museum 2 - Month Deadline Over Cyrus Cylinder '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Wilson , John ( 2010 - 01 - 24 ) . `` British Museum in battle with Iran over ancient ' charter of rights ' '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Staff ( 2010 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Iran severs cultural ties with British Museum over Persian treasure '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 20 . </Li> <Li> `` Iran seeks compensation from British Museum '' . Tehran Times . 2010 - 04 - 18 . </Li> <Li> `` Iran demands $300,000 from British Museum over Cyrus Cylinder delay '' . The Times . London . 2010 - 04 - 20 . Iran is demanding that the British Museum pay $300,000 ( £ 197,000 ) after it refused to hand over the Cyrus Cylinder -- a cuneiform tablet regarded as the first declaration of human rights . </Li> <Li> `` Cyrus Cylinder , world 's oldest human rights charter , returns to Iran on loan '' . The Guardian . London . 2010 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 10 . </Li> <Li> `` موزه بريتانيا : تبادل اشياء تاريخي با موزه ملي ايران براي ما مهم است ( British Museum : Exchange of historical objects with the National Museum of Iran is important to us ) '' . IRNA. 2010 - 09 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 10 . </Li> <Li> `` منشور حقوق بشر كوروش در موزه ملي ايران استقرار يافت ( The Human Rights Declaration of Cyrus was Installed at National Museum ) '' . IRNA. 2010 - 09 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . </Li> <Li> `` Ahmadinejad hails Cyrus Cylinder '' . PressTV. 12 September 2010 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other sources ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> `` British Museum Highlights web page '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 08 . </Li> <Li> `` British Museum collection database web page , with full translation of the Cylinder 's text '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Nayeri , F. ( 2010 - 01 - 11 ) . `` British Museum Postpones Sending Artifact to Iran '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . ' The agreement has been made with our colleagues in Iran that we 'll postpone the loan to investigate this exciting discovery with them , ' said Hannah Boulton , head of press and marketing at the British Museum . ' That 's the reason for the postponement . ' ( ... ) Boulton said the latest postponement had no link to recent events . </Li> <Li> The Cyrus Cylinder . Inscription in room 55 : British Museum . For almost 100 years the Cylinder was regarded as ancient Mesopotamian propaganda . This changed in 1971 when the Shah of Iran used it as a central image in his own propaganda celebrating 2500 years of Iranian monarchy . In Iran , the Cylinder has appeared on coins , banknotes and stamps . Despite being a Babylonian document it has become part of Iran 's cultural identity . </Li> <Li> The British Museum ( 2010 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Statements regarding the Cyrus Cylinder '' . British Museum . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 01 . </Li> <Li> `` Note to Correspondents no . 3699 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 1971 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Lendering , Jona ( 2007 - 01 - 28 ) . `` The Cyrus Cylinder '' . livius.org . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Dandamaev , M.A. ( 2010 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Cyrus II The Great '' . Encyclopædia Iranica . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Dandamaev , M.A. ( 2010 - 01 - 26 ) . `` The Cyrus Cylinder '' . Encyclopædia Iranica . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 13 . </Li> <Li> `` United Nations Press Release SG / SM / 1553 / HQ263 '' ( PDF ) . 1971 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 08 . </Li> <Li> `` Gift of Iran to the United Nations '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 10 . </Li> <Li> `` The First Global Statement of the Inherent Dignity and Equality '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 13 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Editions and translations ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyrus cylinder . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The latest edition of the Akkadian language text is : </P> <Ul> <Li> Hanspeter Schaudig , Die Inschriften Nabonids von Babylon und Kyros ' des Großen , samt den in ihrem Umfeld entstandenen Tendenzschriften . Textausgabe und Grammatik. ( 2001 Münster , Ugarit - Verlag ) ( online with English translation based on Cogan 2003 ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> Older translations and transliterations : </P> <Ul> <Li> Rawlinson , H.C. , & Th . G. Pinches , A Selection from the Miscellaneous Inscriptions of Assyria and Babylonia ( 1884 , 1909 London : fragment A only ) . </Li> <Li> Rogers , Robert William : Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament ( 1912 ) , New York , Eaton & Mains ( Online : fragment A only ) . </Li> <Li> Pritchard , James B. ( ed . ) : Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament ( ANET ) ( 1950 , 1955 , 1969 ) . Translation by A.L. Oppenheim . ( fragment A and B) . </Li> <Li> P. - R. Berger , `` Der Kyros - Zylinder mit dem Susatzfragment BIN II Nr. 32 und die akkidischen Personennamen im Danielbuch '' in Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 65 ( 1975 ) 192 -- 234 </Li> <Li> Mordechai Cogan 's translation , in W.H. Hallo and K.L. Younger , The Context of Scripture vol. II , Monumental Inscriptions from the Biblical World ( 2003 , Leiden and Boston ) ( online with Schaudig 's transliteration ) </Li> <Li> Brosius , Maria ( ed . ) : The Persian Empire from Cyrus II to Artaxerxes I ( 2000 , London Association of Classical Teachers ( LACT ) 16 , London . </Li> <Li> Irving Finkel 's translation at the British Museum website . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> This article is about an item held in the British Museum . The object reference is 1880 , 0617.1941 . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Neil MacGregor , Director of the British Museum , traces 2600 years of Middle Eastern history through this single object . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cyrus the Great </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Teispids , Achaemenid Empire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Cambyses I </Li> <Li> Mandane of Media </Li> <Li> Cassandane </Li> <Li> Amitis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cambyses II </Li> <Li> Bardiya </Li> <Li> Atossa </Li> <Li> Artystone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Battles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Persian Revolt </Li> <Li> Hyrba </Li> <Li> Persian Border </Li> <Li> Pasargadae </Li> <Li> Pteria </Li> <Li> Thymbra </Li> <Li> Sardis </Li> <Li> Opis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Cyrus '' ( name ) </Li> <Li> Pasargadae </Li> <Li> Cyrus Cylinder </Li> <Li> Cyropaedia </Li> <Li> Tomb </Li> <Li> Cyrus in the Bible <Ul> <Li> Cyrus 's edict </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cyrus in the Quran <Ul> <Li> Dhul - 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Sukiyaki ( song ) - wikipedia <H1> Sukiyaki ( song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Sukiyaki '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Kyu Sakamoto </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Sukiyaki and Other Japanese Hits ( US ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Anoko No Namaewa Nantenkana '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1961 ( Japan ) 1963 ( US , UK ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' vinyl </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Pop , Kayōkyoku , Japanese pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Toshiba - EMI ( Japan ) Capitol / EMI Records ( US and Canada ) HMV / EMI Records ( UK ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Rokusuke Ei ( lyrics ) Hachidai Nakamura ( music ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Audio sample </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> `` Kyu Sakamoto -- Sukiyaki '' <Ul> <Li> file </Li> <Li> help </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Ue o Muite Arukō '' ( 上 を 向い て 歩 こう , `` I Look Up As I Walk '' ) is a Japanese - language song that was performed by Japanese crooner Kyu Sakamoto , and written by lyricist Rokusuke Ei and composer Hachidai Nakamura . Ei wrote the lyrics while walking home from a Japanese student demonstration protesting against a continued US Army presence , expressing his frustration at the failed efforts . </P> <P> In Anglophone countries , it is best known under the alternative title `` Sukiyaki '' , a term with no relevance to the song 's lyrics , as sukiyaki is a Japanese dish of cooked beef . </P> <P> The song reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 charts in the United States in 1963 , one of the few non-Indo - European languages ' songs to have done so . </P> <P> It is one of the best - selling singles of all time , having sold over 13 million copies worldwide . The original Kyu Sakamoto recording also went to number eighteen on the R&B chart . In addition , the single spent five weeks at number one on the Middle of the Road charts . The recording was originally released in Japan by Toshiba in 1961 . It topped the Popular Music Selling Record chart in the Japanese magazine Music Life ( Japanese link ) for three months , and was ranked as the number one song of 1961 in Japan . </P> <P> Well - known English - language cover versions with altogether different lyrics include `` My First Lonely Night '' by Jewel Akens in 1966 and `` Sukiyaki '' by A Taste of Honey in 1980 . The song has also been recorded in other languages . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 2 Lyrics </Li> <Li> 3 Covers and variations ( as `` Sukiyaki '' ) <Ul> <Li> 3.1 A Taste of Honey version <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Chart performance <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1.1 Weekly charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 3.3 4 P.M. version <Ul> <Li> 3.3. 1 Charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.4 Selena version </Li> <Li> 3.5 Other versions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Soundtrack appearances </Li> <Li> 5 Legacy </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1961 -- 63 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( Kent Music Report ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan ( Music Life ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Lyrics ( edit ) </H2> <P> The lyrics tell the story of a man who looks up and whistles while he is walking so that his tears will not fall . The verses of the song describe his memories and feelings . Rokusuke Ei wrote this song while coming back from a protest against the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan and feeling dejected about the failure of the protest movement , but the lyrics were rendered purposefully generic so that they might refer to any lost love . The English - language lyrics of the version recorded by A Taste of Honey are not a translation of the original Japanese lyrics , but instead a completely different set of lyrics arranged to the same basic melody . </P> <P> The title `` Sukiyaki '' , a Japanese hot pot dish , does not appear in the song 's lyrics , nor does it have any connection to them ; it was used only because it was short , catchy , recognizably Japanese , and more familiar to English speakers . A Newsweek Magazine columnist noted that the re-titling was like issuing `` Moon River '' in Japan under the title `` Beef Stew '' . </P> <H2> Covers and variations ( as `` Sukiyaki '' ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> A Taste of Honey version ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Sukiyaki '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by A Taste of Honey </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Twice As Sweet </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Do n't You Lead Me On '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> March 1981 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1980 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> R&B Quiet Storm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Capitol B - 4953 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Hachidai Nakamura Janice -- Marie Johnson ( English lyrics ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> George Duke </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> A Taste of Honey singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Rescue Me '' ( 1980 ) </Td> <Td> `` Sukiyaki '' ( 1981 ) </Td> <Td> `` I 'll Try Something New '' ( 1982 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Rescue Me '' ( 1980 ) </Td> <Td> `` Sukiyaki '' ( 1981 ) </Td> <Td> `` I 'll Try Something New '' ( 1982 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The cover version by A Taste of Honey reached number three on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart . It also went to number one on Billboard 's Adult Contemporary chart and Soul chart . </P> <P> While driving around Los Angeles , Janice -- Marie Johnson of A Taste of Honey had heard Linda Ronstadt 's hit remake of Smokey Robinson and the Miracles ' `` Ooo Baby Baby '' play on the car radio with Johnson concluding that A Taste of Honey should remake a classic hit . Johnson focused on Kyu Sakamoto 's `` Sukiyaki '' which she first learned in the original Japanese . According to The Billboard Book of Number One R&B Hits by Fred Bronson , Johnson learned that the Japanese lyrics when translated to English had three possible interpretations -- as the mindset of a man facing execution ; as someone trying to be optimistic despite life 's trials ; or as the story of an ended love affair , with Johnson quoted as saying : `` Me being the hopeless romantic that I am , I decided to write about a love gone bad . '' Johnson was given permission by the original song 's copyright holders to write the English - language lyrics on the understanding that she receive neither official credit nor remuneration . This version used a koto played by Hazel Payne . </P> <P> A Taste of Honey 's version of `` Sukiyaki '' first appeared on their 1980 album , Twice As Sweet . It was released as a single in 1981 . It is the group 's single of greatest U.S. chart longevity at 24 weeks , surpassing their earlier hit , `` Boogie Oogie Oogie '' by one week . </P> Chart performance ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Weekly charts ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1981 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia KMR </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada RPM Top Singles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada RPM Adult Contemporary </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Adult Contemporary </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box Top 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1981 ) </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Cash Box </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 4 P.M. Version ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Sukiyaki '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by 4 P.M. </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Now 's the Time </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> September 6 , 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> CD and cassette single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> London Records ( UK ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Hachidai Nakamura Janice Marie Johnson ( English lyrics ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> 4 P.M. singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Sukiyaki '' ( 1994 ) </Td> <Td> `` Lay Down Your Love '' ( 1995 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Sukiyaki '' ( 1995 ) </Td> <Td> `` Lay Down Your Love '' ( 1995 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> 4 P.M. 's 1994 version reached number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The 4 P.M. version also uses the same English - language lyrics written by Janice Marie Johnson . The 4 P.M. version was a chart success in Australia , reaching number 3 , and in New Zealand , reaching number 5 . </P> Charts ( edit ) <Dl> <Dt> Weekly charts </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1994 -- 1995 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( ARIA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Adult Contemporary </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Year - end charts </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1995 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Selena version ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Sukiyaki '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Selena </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Selena </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> September 13 , 1989 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> CD , 7 '' single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Latin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> EMI </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Hachidai Nakamura </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> A.B. Quintanilla III </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Selena singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Contigo Quiero Estar '' ( 1989 ) </Td> <Td> `` Sukiyaki '' ( 1989 ) </Td> <Td> `` Mentiras '' ( 1989 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Contigo Quiero Estar '' ( 1989 ) </Td> <Td> `` Sukiyaki '' ( 1989 ) </Td> <Td> `` Mentiras '' ( 1989 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Audio sample </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> file </Li> <Li> help </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Sukiyaki '' ( English : I Shall Walk Looking Up , Spanish : Caminaré Mirando Arriba ) , was a single released by Selena in 1990 , which was released as the fourth single from the 1989 self - titled album Selena . The song received much airplay at the time of release . It was a Spanish - language version of the song , featuring the lyrics written by Janice Marie Johnson translated into Spanish . </P> <P> It was released as a single in the United States and Japan . It was included in several of Selena 's greatest hits packages before and after her death . </P> <H3> Other versions ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1963 , the British record label Pye Records released an instrumental cover version of the song by Kenny Ball and his Jazzmen . They were concerned that English - speaking audiences might find the original title too difficult to remember / pronounce , so they gave it the new title of `` Sukiyaki '' . This title was retained when Capitol Records in the United States , and His Master 's Voice ( HMV ) in the UK , released Kyu Sakamoto 's original version a few months later . Sakamoto 's follow - up to `` Sukiyaki '' , `` China Nights ( Shina no Yoru ) '' , charted in 1963 at number 58 . That was the last song by an artist from Japan to reach the U.S. pop charts for 16 years , until the female duo Pink Lady had a top - 40 hit in 1979 with its English - language song `` Kiss in the Dark '' . </P> <P> Several other artists have recorded cover versions of the song , while others have written and / or performed songs based on the melody : </P> <Ul> <Li> Koko Montana , a famous Peruvian singer from the sixties , recorded the song in Spanish and sang one verse in Japanese . </Li> <Li> In 1963 , Brazilian vocal music Trio Esperança , then child singers , released a cover of the song in Portuguese , called `` Olhando para o céu '' ( `` Looking at the sky '' ) , on their debut album `` Nós somos sucesso '' ( `` We are successful '' ) . The lyrics in Portuguese were written by Romeo Nunes . </Li> <Li> In 1963 , the Dutch - based Indonesian duo Blue Diamonds recorded the first evident English - language rendering of `` Ue O Muite Aruko '' , featuring lyrics written by Decca Records executive Martin Stellman of Belgium : in the Netherlands the Blue Diamonds ' English - language version of `` Sukiyaki '' charted in tandem with the Kyu Sakomoto original and two versions of the Dutch rendering subtitled `` In Yokohama '' ( see below ) with a # 13 peak . Blue Diamonds ' English rendering of `` Sukiyaki '' was overlooked in release in both the UK and the US . </Li> <Li> In 1963 a Dutch rendering subtitled `` In Yokohama '' was recorded by Wanda de Fretes the title was also used for an instrumental version by Tony Vos ( nl ) . Charting in tandem with the Blue Diamonds English - language remake ( see above ) and the Kyu Sakomoto original version , these versions reached # 13 in the Netherlands . </Li> <Li> In 1963 , the Danish artist , Otto Brandenburg recorded both a Danish and Swedish version , of Sukiyaki . </Li> <Li> In 1963 , Blue Diamonds ( see above ) reached # 2 in Germany with a German - language cover of `` Sukiyaki '' . </Li> <Li> In 1963 , The Ventures did a gentle instrumental cover of the song on its album release `` Let 's Go ! '' </Li> <Li> In 1963 , Johnny and his Cellar Rockers , the first band of the Dutch guitar - player Jan Akkerman covered the song . </Li> <Li> In 1963 , Canadian singers Claude Valade and Margot Lefebvre each recorded a French version , `` Sous une pluie d'étoiles '' ( `` Under a shower of stars '' ) . </Li> <Li> In 1964 Lucille Starr introduced the English rendering of `` Sukiyaki '' by lyricist Buzz Cason on her album The French Song : this version would be a 1966 single release by Jewel Akens as `` My First Lonely Night '' ( see below ) . </Li> <Li> In 1965 , the Hong Kong - based band The Fabulous Echoes ( later known as Society of Seven ) recorded the song . </Li> <Li> In 1965 , Czech singer Josef Zíma recorded Czech version of the song named `` Bílá vrána '' ( `` White crow '' ) </Li> <Li> In 1965 , the Disneyland Boys Choir sang it on the album `` It 's a Small World : 18 Favorite Folk Songs '' , under the name `` Sukiyaka '' . </Li> <Li> In 1966 , US soul singer Jewel Akens released the song as `` My First Lonely Night '' as part of his double A-side single `` Mama , Take Your Daughter Back '' / `` My First Lonely Night '' on ERA records . The track had debuted on Akens ' 1964 album The Birds and the Bees with its earliest recording being by Lucille Starr in 1964 ( see above ) . This is probably the nearest translation to the original ; although not a literal translation , it tells a similar story of a lonely man walking through the night , after losing his love . </Li> <Li> In 1967 , the Ginny Tiu Revue recorded this on their self - titled first album . </Li> <Li> In 1975 , the Hawaii - based duet Cecilio & Kapono recorded a markedly different English - language version in their album Elua released on Columbia Records . </Li> <Li> In 1981 , Hong Kong singer Teresa Carpio covered this song in Cantonese . </Li> <Li> In 1982 , a Brazilian humour - punk group Joelho De Porco recorded a cover version for the double album Saqueando A Cidade . </Li> <Li> In 1983 , a collaborative album by Peter Metro & Captain Sinbad with Little John , called Sinbad & The Metric System included `` Water Jelly '' on the Taxi Riddim by Peter Metro . The melody was adapted to reggae and it featured new lyrics in Spanish and English . </Li> <Li> In 1983 , Finnish singer Riki Sorsa recorded the song with original Japanese lyrics as `` Sukiyaki ( Ue O Muite Aruko ) '' . </Li> <Li> In 1986 , Norwegian singer Sissel Kyrkjebø recorded the song with Norwegian lyrics . </Li> <Li> In 1989 , Selena recorded a Latin - influenced cover . </Li> <Li> In 1989 , Hong Kong singer Anita Mui covered this song in Cantonese . </Li> <Li> In 1993 , rapper Snoop Dogg used the theme from the song for his song `` Lodi Dodi '' on the album Doggystyle . </Li> <Li> In 1995 , a reggae version by Sayoko both in English and Japanese featuring Beanie Man . </Li> <Li> In 1995 , Jackie and the Cedrics recorded a surf version , `` Sukiyaki Stomp '' , as the B - side of `` Scalpin ' Party '' , with `` Justine '' as the third song on the 7 '' vinyl EP . They also performed the song as part of their live set , including when they appeared in NYC in 1999 . </Li> <Li> In 1996 , Brazilian axé singer Daniela Mercury recorded `` Sukiyaki '' with its original Japanese - language lyrics . The song was released outside Brazil only , as an international bonus track on her 1996 studio album Feijão com Arroz . </Li> <Li> In 1996 , freestyle trio The Cover Girls recorded a version for their album Satisfy . </Li> <Li> The Haitian band Boukman Eksperyans used the melody in the track `` Sevelan / Sukiyaki '' on their 1998 album Revolution . </Li> <Li> In 1999 , Utada Hikaru covered as live recorded from the album , First Love </Li> <Li> In 2000 , solo violinist Diana Yukawa recorded `` Sukiyaki '' on her best - selling debut album ( known as Elegy in the UK and La Campanella in Japan ) . Yukawa also performed `` Sukiyaki '' various times on the mountainside where her father , Akihisa Yukawa , died in the Japan Airlines Flight 123 crash with Sakamoto . </Li> <Li> In 2000 , Big Daddy released a smooth retro version which appeared in their compilation album , The Best of Big Daddy ( the song had originally appeared on the Japanese release of their 1991 album Cutting Their Own Groove ) . </Li> <Li> In 2002 , on her album `` The Best of Trish 2 '' , Trish Thuy Trang released her upbeat remixed version of the song with a combination of the original Japanese and English rendition lyrics . Some verses are sung in Japanese midway through while the majority are sung in English . </Li> <Li> In 2003 , Spanish vocal grupo Charm released a double languaje version in their debut album , Konnichiwa ( sung in Spanish on CD - 1 and in Japanese on CD - 2 ) . </Li> <Li> In the Philippines , Tirso Cruz III was covered his own version from the movie of `` Winter Holiday '' ( 1972 ) . Filmed during the 1972 Winter Olympics in Japan . In the late 2000s , Aiza Seguerra was covered this song and later Sir Johannes Mines covered the song in 2013 for the album Eastwood . </Li> <Li> In 2008 , interpreted by Hiromi Uehara and her group Sonic Bloom in the album Beyond Standard </Li> <Li> In the wake of the March 11 , 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , the Suntory beverage company released several versions of a television commercial featuring many famous Japanese singers and Tommy Lee Jones each doing part of the song , followed by the title caption `` ue wo muite arukou , '' or , roughly , `` let 's walk with our heads up . '' </Li> <Li> In 2011 , Seiko Matsuda performed it with her daughter Sayaka Kanda as part of the 62nd NHK Kohaku Uta Gassen . It was the first time the pair sang together . </Li> <Li> In 2012 , Sweet Sister Pain released a cover featuring Japanese lyrics on their album The Seven Seas of Blood and Honey . </Li> <Li> In 2013 , Missy Elliott protégée Sharaya J sampled a portion of the original tune , alongside A Taste of Honey 's version , for her single `` BANJI '' . </Li> <Li> In 2013 , an Oxford duo SweetnSour Swing recorded and released a special single `` Sukiyaki '' , dedicated to British jazz musician Kenny Ball . </Li> <Li> In 2014 , during his Japanese tour , Olly Murs performed the song in English named `` Look at the Sky '' , featuring lyrics written by Yoko Ono . </Li> <Li> In 2005 , 2012 and 2015 , Japanese singer Kiyoshi Hikawa covered the song live in many concerts ( the most recent was NHK Omoide no melody ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Soundtrack appearances ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The song was prominently featured in the Studio Ghibli film From Up on Poppy Hill . </Li> <Li> In the 12th episode of the anime Hyouka , the song was sung by the A cappella club during their school 's Cultural Festival . </Li> <Li> The song is heard in a sushi bar during the title character 's first date in the 1999 film Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo . </Li> <Li> The song is featured in both the movie and TV Show M * A * S * H even though the movie and series are set almost 10 years before the release of the song . </Li> <Li> A parody of this song , titled `` Nyanyian Kode '' , appeared in the 1980 movie Pintar - Pintar Bodoh , starring the Indonesian comedy group , Warkop DKI . </Li> <Li> The song was featured in a 2000 episode of Malcolm in the Middle , `` Stock Car Races . '' </Li> <Li> The song is played during a party scene in the 2000 film Charlie 's Angels , directed by McG . </Li> <Li> The song appears in the television series Mad Men in the second - season episode `` Flight 1 . '' Although the episode is set in March 1962 , before the song 's official release in the United States , it is heard in a scene set in a Japanese restaurant . </Li> <Li> Wii Music included the song in the handbell harmony section and it can also be unlocked for jam sessions . </Li> <Li> The song appears on the soundtrack to the 2013 film The Double , directed by Richard Ayoade . </Li> <Li> An instrumental version of the song is played during a baton twirling scene in the 2014 movie Tamako Love Story , a spinoff of the anime series Tamako Market . </Li> <Li> The song appears on the soundtrack of the 2014 film Inherent Vice , directed by Paul Thomas Anderson . </Li> <Li> The song appears twice in the 2008 documentary film Japan : A Story of Love and Hate , directed by Sean McAllister . </Li> <Li> The song appears in episode 2 of The Man in the High Castle , in a world where the American west coast is occupied by Imperial Japan . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> <P> An instrumental version of the song was played by NASA over the radio for the Gemini VII astronauts as mood music and became one of the first pieces of music sent to humans in space </P> <P> On March 16 , 1999 , Japan Post issued a stamp that commemorated the song . The stamp is listed in the Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue as Japan number 2666 with a face value of 50 yen . </P> <P> Sakamoto died on August 12 , 1985 , in the crash of Japan Airlines Flight 123 , the deadliest single - aircraft accident in history . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of `` I Look Up as I Walk '' in Anime atelier emily `` . Formeinfullbloom.wordpress.com. 2014 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bittersweet At No. 1 : How A Japanese Song Topped The Charts In 1963 '' . npr.org. 2013 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 坂本 九 さん 〜 心 の ふるさと ・ 笠間 〜 . Kasama Tourist Association ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 20 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 85 年 8 月 12 日 ) 日航 ジャンボ機 墜落 事故 ... 坂本 九 さん 死去 ( in Japanese ) . Sports Nippon . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 509 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 2001 . Record Research . p. 213 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Kyu Sakamoto Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Kyu Sakamoto -- Sukiyaki '' . VG - lista . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kyu Sakamoto '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kyu Sakamoto Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kyu Sakamoto Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 笹本 恒子 「 恒子 の 昭和 : 日本 初 の 女性 報道 写真 家 が 撮影 した 人 と 出来事 」 ISBN 4096820660 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fred Bronson ( 2003 ) . `` Sukiyaki '' . The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits . Billboard Books . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 - June 20 , 1981 '' . Billboard.com. 2011 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 566 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sukiyaki '' . Billboard . Vol. 107 no . 3 . 21 January 1995 . p. 86 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sukiyaki by A Taste of Honey on Soul Train '' . Youtube . Retrieved 4 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.0360&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.0360.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.0360 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=6078& </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=2955 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 236 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/80s_files/19810620.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.4689&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=3870 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- 4 P.M. -- Sukiyaki '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- 4 P.M. -- Sukiyaki '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1995 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1995 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Josef Zíma cover of Kyu Sakamoto 's ' Ue O Muite Arukō ' '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Peter Metro & Captain Sinbad With Little John - Sinbad & The Metric System ( Vinyl , LP ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 『 上 を 向い て 歩 こう 』 、 『 見上げ て ごらん 夜 の 星 を 』 篇 の 公開 は 終了 しま した . サントリー チャンネル サントリー CM ・ 動画 ポータル サイト '' . Suntory.co.jp . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sharaya J 's Banji sample of A Taste of Honey 's Sukiyaki '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UK ポップ スター < オリー ・ マーズ > と オノ ・ ヨーコ が 新た な 命 を 吹き込ん だ 、 「 上 を 向い て 歩 こう 」 の 新しい スタンダード 、 「 Look At The Sky ( ルック ・ アット ・ ザ ・ スカイ ) 」 が 世界 初 披露 ! '' . Sony Music Japan . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo ( 1999 ) : Soundtracks '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Warkop DKI - Pintar Pintar Bodoh `` Nyanyian KODE Kasino '' `` . YouTube . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wii Music 's Licensed Songs '' . WIRED. 2008 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Japan : A Story of Love and Hate ( 2008 ) '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://archive.org/details/Gemini7-6/2042.mp3 ( Song plays from 1 : 19 : 55 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` わたし の 愛 唱歌 シリーズ 第 9 集 郵便 切手 '' . Japan Post . 1999 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 03 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Song lyrics ( in rōmaji and English ) </Li> <Li> An account of the song ( Made in Japan ONLY ) ( in English ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` It 's My Party '' by Lesley Gore </Td> <Td> Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Kyu Sakamoto version ) June 15 , 1963 ( 3 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Easier Said Than Done '' by The Essex </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` I Love Because '' by Al Martino </Td> <Td> Billboard Middle - Road number - one single ( Kyu Sakamoto version ) June 8 , 1963 ( 5 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Tie Me Kangaroo Down Sport '' by Rolf Harris </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Being with You '' by Smokey Robinson </Td> <Td> Billboard Hot Soul Singles number - one single ( A Taste of Honey version ) May 9 , 1981 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` A Woman Needs Love ( Just Like You Do ) '' by Ray Parker , Jr . & Raydio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` 9 to 5 '' by Sheena Easton </Td> <Td> Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one single ( A Taste of Honey version ) May 16 , 1981 ( 2 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` How ' Bout Us '' by Champaign </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> A Taste of Honey </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Taste of Honey </Li> <Li> Another Taste </Li> <Li> Twice As Sweet </Li> <Li> Ladies of the Eighties </Li> <Li> One Taste of Honey ( Janice - Marie Johnson ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Boogie Oogie Oogie '' </Li> <Li> `` Sukiyaki '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'll Try Something New '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Divas of Disco </Li> <Li> Get Down Tonight : The Disco Explosion </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Book : A Taste of Honey </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Selena songs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Albums discography </Li> <Li> Singles discography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Selena </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Contigo Quiero Estar '' </Li> <Li> `` Sukiyaki '' </Li> <Li> `` Mentiras '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ven Conmigo </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Ya Ves '' </Li> <Li> `` Baila Esta Cumbia '' </Li> <Li> `` La Tracalera '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Entre a Mi Mundo </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Como la Flor '' </Li> <Li> `` ¿ Qué Creías ? '' </Li> <Li> `` La Carcacha '' </Li> <Li> `` Amame '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Selena Live ! </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` No Debes Jugar '' </Li> <Li> `` La Llamada '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Amor Prohibido </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Amor Prohibido '' </Li> <Li> `` Bidi Bidi Bom Bom '' </Li> <Li> `` No Me Queda Más '' </Li> <Li> `` Fotos y Recuerdos '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dreaming of You </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I Could Fall in Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Tú Sólo Tú '' </Li> <Li> `` Dreaming of You '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Getting Used to You '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Siempre Selena </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Siempre Hace Frio '' </Li> <Li> `` Costumbres '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Collaborations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Buenos Amigos '' </Li> <Li> `` Donde Quiera Que Estés '' </Li> <Li> `` Puede Ser '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Dame Tu Amor '' </Li> <Li> `` Quiero '' </Li> <Li> `` Enamorada de Ti '' </Li> <Li> `` No Quiero Saber '' </Li> <Li> `` Missing My Baby '' </Li> <Li> `` El Chico del Apartamento 512 '' </Li> <Li> `` El Toro Relajo '' </Li> <Li> `` Techno Cumbia '' </Li> <Li> `` Si Una Vez '' </Li> <Li> `` Where Did the Feeling Go ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Disco Medley '' </Li> <Li> `` A Boy Like That '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> Template </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukiyaki_(song)&oldid=838347990 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1960s ballads </Li> <Li> 1961 songs </Li> <Li> 1963 singles </Li> <Li> 1981 singles </Li> <Li> 1989 singles </Li> <Li> 1995 singles </Li> <Li> A Taste of Honey ( band ) songs </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles </Li> <Li> Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles </Li> <Li> Capitol Records singles </Li> <Li> EMI Music Japan singles </Li> <Li> Japanese film songs </Li> <Li> Japanese - language songs </Li> <Li> Kyu Sakamoto songs </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in Norway </Li> <Li> Selena songs </Li> <Li> Songs from animated films </Li> <Li> Songs with music by Hachidai Nakamura </Li> <Li> Protest songs </Li> <Li> Anti-war songs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown </Li> <Li> CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from September 2010 </Li> <Li> Pages using citations with format and no URL </Li> <Li> Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Audio sample to be checked </Li> <Li> Articles containing Japanese - language text </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Germany </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Norway </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without song </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Australia </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for New Zealand </Li> <Li> Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text </Li> <Li> Articles containing Spanish - language text </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 10 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 13 : 05 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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my first love was a castle in the sky

Warsaw , Missouri - wikipedia <H1> Warsaw , Missouri </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Warsaw , Missouri </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Location of Warsaw , Missouri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Coordinates : 38 ° 14 ′ 43 '' N 93 ° 22 ′ 38 '' W  /  38.24528 ° N 93.37722 ° W  / 38.24528 ; - 93.37722 Coordinates : 38 ° 14 ′ 43 '' N 93 ° 22 ′ 38 '' W  /  38.24528 ° N 93.37722 ° W  / 38.24528 ; - 93.37722 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Td> Missouri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> County </Th> <Td> Benton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 2.62 sq mi ( 6.79 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Land </Th> <Td> 2.41 sq mi ( 6.24 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Water </Th> <Td> 0.21 sq mi ( 0.54 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elevation </Th> <Td> 715 ft ( 218 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Population ( 2010 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 2,127 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Estimate ( 2016 ) </Th> <Td> 2,120 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density </Th> <Td> 810 / sq mi ( 310 / km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time zone </Th> <Td> Central ( CST ) ( UTC - 6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Summer ( DST ) </Th> <Td> CDT ( UTC - 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ZIP code </Th> <Td> 65355 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area code ( s ) </Th> <Td> 660 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FIPS code </Th> <Td> 29 - 77146 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> GNIS feature ID </Th> <Td> 0728365 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.welcometowarsaw.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Warsaw is a city located in Benton County , Missouri . The population was 2,127 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Benton County . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Geography </Li> <Li> 3 Climate </Li> <Li> 4 Demographics <Ul> <Li> 4.1 2010 census </Li> <Li> 4.2 2000 census </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The original inhabitants of the area were the Delaware , Shawnee , Sac , Kickapoo , and Osage ( namesake of the Osage River which passed by the city ) . French settlers visited the area as early as 1719 . </P> <P> Warsaw was platted in 1837 . The city was incorporated in 1843 and designated as the county seat of Benton County . The city was named after Warsaw , the capital city of Poland , in honor of the Revolutionary War hero Tadeusz Kościuszko , who was Polish and had also fought for independence in his homeland . Warsaw was a steamboat port , the furthest point up the Osage River they could navigate . </P> <P> Permanent immigrants to the area were Germans , Scotch - Irish , and English , as well as transplant farmers from Kentucky , Tennessee , and the Carolinas , first arriving around 1820 . </P> <P> The Upper Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 . </P> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> <P> Warsaw is located at 38 ° 14'43 '' North , 93 ° 22'38 '' West ( 38.245195 , - 93.377227 ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 2.62 square miles ( 6.79 km ) , of which , 2.41 square miles ( 6.24 km ) is land and 0.21 square miles ( 0.54 km ) is water . The total area is 7.6 % water , due in part to the construction of the Harry S Truman Reservoir and Dam . </P> <H2> Climate ( edit ) </H2> <P> On July 14 , 1954 , the temperature in Warsaw rose to 118 ° F ( 48 ° C ) . This remains the hottest temperature ever recorded in the state of Missouri . On February 13 , 1905 , the temperature at Warsaw fell to - 40 ° F ( - 40 ° C ) , the coldest temperature ever recorded in Missouri . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Warsaw , Missouri </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month </Th> <Th> Jan </Th> <Th> Feb </Th> <Th> Mar </Th> <Th> Apr </Th> <Th> May </Th> <Th> Jun </Th> <Th> Jul </Th> <Th> Aug </Th> <Th> Sep </Th> <Th> Oct </Th> <Th> Nov </Th> <Th> Dec </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record high ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 74 ( 23 ) </Td> <Td> 81 ( 27 ) </Td> <Td> 88 ( 31 ) </Td> <Td> 92 ( 33 ) </Td> <Td> 96 ( 36 ) </Td> <Td> 104 ( 40 ) </Td> <Td> 118 ( 48 ) </Td> <Td> 109 ( 43 ) </Td> <Td> 105 ( 41 ) </Td> <Td> 94 ( 34 ) </Td> <Td> 86 ( 30 ) </Td> <Td> 78 ( 26 ) </Td> <Td> 118 ( 48 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average high ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 41 ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 46 ( 8 ) </Td> <Td> 56 ( 13 ) </Td> <Td> 66 ( 19 ) </Td> <Td> 75 ( 24 ) </Td> <Td> 84 ( 29 ) </Td> <Td> 89 ( 32 ) </Td> <Td> 89 ( 32 ) </Td> <Td> 80 ( 27 ) </Td> <Td> 69 ( 21 ) </Td> <Td> 57 ( 14 ) </Td> <Td> 45 ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 66.4 ( 19.3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average low ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 20 ( − 7 ) </Td> <Td> 23 ( − 5 ) </Td> <Td> 33 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 42 ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> 54 ( 12 ) </Td> <Td> 64 ( 18 ) </Td> <Td> 69 ( 21 ) </Td> <Td> 67 ( 19 ) </Td> <Td> 57 ( 14 ) </Td> <Td> 45 ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 35 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 24 ( − 4 ) </Td> <Td> 44.4 ( 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record low ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> − 32 ( − 36 ) </Td> <Td> − 40 ( − 40 ) </Td> <Td> − 3 ( − 19 ) </Td> <Td> 10 ( − 12 ) </Td> <Td> 25 ( − 4 ) </Td> <Td> 38 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 53 ( 12 ) </Td> <Td> 44 ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 29 ( − 2 ) </Td> <Td> 21 ( − 6 ) </Td> <Td> 5 ( − 15 ) </Td> <Td> − 20 ( − 29 ) </Td> <Td> − 40 ( − 40 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation inches ( mm ) </Th> <Td> 1.8 ( 45.72 ) </Td> <Td> 2.24 ( 56.9 ) </Td> <Td> 2.95 ( 74.9 ) </Td> <Td> 4.37 ( 111 ) </Td> <Td> 5.41 ( 137.4 ) </Td> <Td> 4.99 ( 126.7 ) </Td> <Td> 4.25 ( 108 ) </Td> <Td> 3.84 ( 97.5 ) </Td> <Td> 4.06 ( 103.1 ) </Td> <Td> 3.56 ( 90.4 ) </Td> <Td> 3.51 ( 89.2 ) </Td> <Td> 2.16 ( 54.9 ) </Td> <Td> 43.14 ( 1,095.72 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="14"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Demographics ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="4"> Historical population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Census </Th> <Th> Pop . </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> % ± </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1880 </Td> <Td> 515 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1890 </Td> <Td> 700 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 35.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1900 </Td> <Td> 743 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1910 </Td> <Td> 824 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> 925 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> 1,102 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td> 957 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 13.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> 936 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 2.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 1,054 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 1,423 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 35.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 1,494 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1,696 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 2,070 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2,127 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Est. 2016 </Td> <Td> 2,120 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 0.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> U.S. Decennial Census </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 2010 Census ( edit ) </H3> <P> As of the census of 2010 , there were 2,127 people , 914 households , and 523 families residing in the city . The population density was 882.6 inhabitants per square mile ( 340.8 / km ) . There were 1,085 housing units at an average density of 450.2 per square mile ( 173.8 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 96.3 % White , 1.0 % African American , 1.1 % Native American , 0.2 % Asian , 0.4 % from other races , and 0.9 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.2 % of the population . </P> <P> There were 914 households of which 27.4 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 41.6 % were married couples living together , 12.1 % had a female householder with no husband present , 3.5 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 42.8 % were non-families. 37.7 % of all households were made up of individuals and 21 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.88 . </P> <P> The median age in the city was 45 years . 22.7 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 6 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 21.2 % were from 25 to 44 ; 25.1 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 25 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 46.7 % male and 53.3 % female . </P> <H3> 2000 Census ( edit ) </H3> <P> As of the census of 2000 , there were 2,070 people , 923 households , and 539 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,045.5 people per square mile ( 403.7 / km2 ) . There were 1,027 housing units at an average density of 518.7 per square mile ( 200.3 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 98.36 % White , 0.14 % African American , 0.43 % Native American , 0.05 % Asian , 0.05 % Pacific Islander , 0.10 % from other races , and 0.87 % from two or more races. 1.26 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race . </P> <P> There were 923 households out of which 24.2 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 44.7 % were married couples living together , 10.7 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 41.6 % were non-families. 38.6 % of all households were made up of individuals and 21.5 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.78 . </P> <P> In the city , the population was spread out with 21.7 % under the age of 18 , 7.1 % from 18 to 24 , 22.9 % from 25 to 44 , 21.2 % from 45 to 64 , and 27.1 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 44 years . For every 100 females there were 79.7 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 77.7 males . </P> <P> The median income for a household in the city was $23,583 , and the median income for a family was $33,068 . Males had a median income of $24,464 versus $19,301 for females . The per capita income for the city was $15,262. 18.5 % of the population and 9.5 % of families were below the poverty line . 24.7 % of those under the age of 18 and 14.2 % of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Warsaw High School </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 08 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 08 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eaton , David Wolfe ( 1916 ) . How Missouri Counties , Towns and Streams Were Named . The State Historical Society of Missouri . p. 209 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Warsaw , Missouri History '' . Warsaw City Government . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/mo_geography.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Historic maps of Warsaw in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection at the University of Missouri </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Municipalities and communities of Benton County , Missouri , United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> County seat : Warsaw </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cole Camp </Li> <Li> Lincoln </Li> <Li> Warsaw </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Village </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ionia ‡ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Townships </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alexander </Li> <Li> Cole </Li> <Li> Fristoe </Li> <Li> North Lindsey </Li> <Li> South Lindsey </Li> <Li> Tom </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> White </Li> <Li> Williams </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unincorporated communities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Avery ‡ </Li> <Li> Bentonville </Li> <Li> Blue Branch </Li> <Li> Brandon </Li> <Li> Cold Springs </Li> <Li> Cole Camp Junction </Li> <Li> Crest </Li> <Li> Crockerville </Li> <Li> Dell </Li> <Li> Dell Junction </Li> <Li> Edmonson </Li> <Li> Edwards </Li> <Li> Fristoe </Li> <Li> Gabriels Mills </Li> <Li> Hastain </Li> <Li> Hilda </Li> <Li> Knobby </Li> <Li> Lake Creek </Li> <Li> Lakeview Heights </Li> <Li> Lively </Li> <Li> Macks Camp </Li> <Li> Majorville </Li> <Li> Mora </Li> <Li> Mount Hulda </Li> <Li> Opportunity Farms </Li> <Li> Palo Pinto </Li> <Li> Pom - o - sa Heights </Li> <Li> Racket </Li> <Li> Santiago </Li> <Li> Tackner </Li> <Li> Teal Bend </Li> <Li> Valley View </Li> <Li> Walkers Corner </Li> <Li> Whitakerville </Li> <Li> White Branch </Li> <Li> Windsor Junction </Li> <Li> Wisdom </Li> <Li> Zora </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former settlements </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fairfield </Li> <Li> Lakeside Estate </Li> <Li> Passo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Footnotes </Th> <Td> ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> County seats in Missouri </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Albany </Li> <Li> Alton </Li> <Li> Ava </Li> <Li> Benton </Li> <Li> Bethany </Li> <Li> Bloomfield </Li> <Li> Bolivar </Li> <Li> Boonville </Li> <Li> Bowling Green </Li> <Li> Buffalo </Li> <Li> Butler </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Camdenton </Li> <Li> Carrollton </Li> <Li> Carthage </Li> <Li> Caruthersville </Li> <Li> Cassville </Li> <Li> Centerville </Li> <Li> Charleston </Li> <Li> Chillicothe </Li> <Li> Clayton </Li> <Li> Clinton </Li> <Li> Columbia </Li> <Li> Doniphan </Li> <Li> Edina </Li> <Li> Eminence </Li> <Li> Farmington </Li> <Li> Fayette </Li> <Li> Forsyth </Li> <Li> Fredericktown </Li> <Li> Fulton </Li> <Li> Gainesville </Li> <Li> Galena </Li> <Li> Gallatin </Li> <Li> Grant City </Li> <Li> Greenfield </Li> <Li> Greenville </Li> <Li> Harrisonville </Li> <Li> Hartville </Li> <Li> Hermann </Li> <Li> Hermitage </Li> <Li> Hillsboro </Li> <Li> Houston </Li> <Li> Huntsville </Li> <Li> Independence </Li> <Li> Ironton </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Jefferson City </Li> <Li> Kahoka </Li> <Li> Kennett </Li> <Li> Keytesville </Li> <Li> Kingston </Li> <Li> Kirksville </Li> <Li> Lamar </Li> <Li> Lancaster </Li> <Li> Lebanon </Li> <Li> Lexington </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Linn </Li> <Li> Linneus </Li> <Li> Macon </Li> <Li> Marble Hill </Li> <Li> Marshall </Li> <Li> Marshfield </Li> <Li> Maryville </Li> <Li> Maysville </Li> <Li> Memphis </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Milan </Li> <Li> Montgomery City </Li> <Li> Monticello </Li> <Li> Mount Vernon </Li> <Li> Neosho </Li> <Li> Nevada </Li> <Li> New London </Li> <Li> New Madrid </Li> <Li> Oregon </Li> <Li> Osceola </Li> <Li> Ozark </Li> <Li> Palmyra </Li> <Li> Paris </Li> <Li> Perryville </Li> <Li> Pineville </Li> <Li> Platte City </Li> <Li> Plattsburg </Li> <Li> Poplar Bluff </Li> <Li> Potosi </Li> <Li> Princeton </Li> <Li> Richmond </Li> <Li> Rock Port </Li> <Li> Rolla </Li> <Li> St. Charles </Li> <Li> St. Joseph </Li> <Li> Salem </Li> <Li> Savannah </Li> <Li> Sedalia </Li> <Li> Shelbyville </Li> <Li> Springfield </Li> <Li> Ste . 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Governor - General of India - Wikipedia <H1> Governor - General of India </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the position of Governor - General of India . For individual Governor - Generals , see List of governors - general of India . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Viceroy and Governor - General of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Standard of the Governor - General </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Louis Mountbatten , the last Viceroy of India & the first Governor - General during the dominion period </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Style </Th> <Td> His Excellency </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Residence </Th> <Td> Viceroy 's House </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Appointer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> East India Company ( to 1858 ) </Li> <Li> Monarch of India ( from 1858 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> 20 October 1774 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First holder </Th> <Td> Warren Hastings </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Final holder </Th> <Td> Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Abolished </Th> <Td> 26 January 1950 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Governor - General of India ( or , from 1858 to 1947 , officially the Viceroy and Governor - General of India , commonly shortened to Viceroy of India ) was originally the head of the British administration in India and , later , after Indian independence in 1947 , the representative of the Indian head of state . The office was created in 1773 , with the title of Governor - General of the Presidency of Fort William . The officer had direct control only over Fort William , but supervised other British East India Company officials in India . Complete authority over all of British India was granted in 1833 , and the official came to be known as the `` Governor - General of India '' . </P> <P> In 1858 , the territories of the East India Company came under the direct control of the British government ; see British Raj . The governor - general ( now also the viceroy ) headed the central government of India , which administered the provinces of British India , including the Punjab , Bengal , Bombay , Madras , the United Provinces , and others . However , much of India was not ruled directly by the British government ; outside the provinces of British India , there were hundreds of nominally sovereign princely states or `` native states '' , whose relationship was not with the British government , but directly with the monarch . To reflect the governor - general 's role as the representative of the monarch to the feudal rulers of the princely states , from 1858 the term Viceroy and Governor - General of India ( known in short as the Viceroy of India ) was applied to him . </P> <P> The title of viceroy was abandoned when British India split into the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan , but the office of governor - general continued to exist in each country separately -- until they adopted republican constitutions in 1950 and 1956 , respectively . </P> <P> Until 1858 , the governor - general was selected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company , to whom he was responsible . Thereafter , he was appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the British government ; the Secretary of State for India , a member of the UK Cabinet , was responsible for instructing him on the exercise of his powers . After 1947 , the sovereign continued to appoint the governor - general , but did so on the advice of the Indian government . </P> <P> Governors - General served at the pleasure of the sovereign , though the practice was to have them serve five - year terms . Governors - General could have their commission rescinded ; and if one was removed , or left , a provisional governor - general was sometimes appointed until a new holder of the office could be chosen . The first Governor - General of British India was Warren Hastings , and the first Governor - General of independent India was Louis Mountbatten . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Functions </Li> <Li> 3 Council </Li> <Li> 4 Style and title </Li> <Li> 5 Flag </Li> <Li> 6 Residence </Li> <Li> 7 Insignia </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Warren Hastings , the first Governor - General of Fort William from 1773 to 1785 . <P> Many parts of the Indian subcontinent were governed by the East India Company , which nominally acted as the agent of the Mughal Emperor . In 1773 , motivated by corruption in the Company , the British government assumed partial control over the governance of India with the passage of the Regulating Act of 1773 . A Governor - General and Supreme Council of Bengal were appointed to rule over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal . The first Governor - General and Council were named in the Act . </P> <P> The Charter Act 1833 replaced the Governor - General and Council of Fort William with the Governor - General and Council of India . The power to elect the Governor - General was retained by the Court of Directors , but the choice became subject to the Sovereign 's approval . </P> <P> After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the East India Company 's territories in India were put under the direct control of the Sovereign . The Government of India Act 1858 vested the power to appoint the Governor - General in the Sovereign . The Governor - General , in turn , had the power to appoint all lieutenant governors in India , subject to the Sovereign 's approval . </P> <P> India and Pakistan acquired independence in 1947 , but Governors - General continued to be appointed over each nation until republican constitutions were written . Louis Mountbatten , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma remained Governor - General of India for some time after independence , but the two nations were otherwise headed by native Governors - General . India became a secular republic in 1950 ; Pakistan became an Islamic one in 1956 . </P> <H2> Functions ( edit ) </H2> Lord Curzon in his robes as Viceroy of India , a post he held from 1899 to 1905 . Lord Mountbatten addressing the Chamber of Princes as Crown Representative in the 1940s <P> The Governor - General originally had power only over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal . The Regulating Act , however , granted them additional powers relating to foreign affairs and defence . The other Presidencies of the East India Company ( Madras , Bombay and Bencoolen ) were not allowed to declare war on or make peace with an Indian prince without receiving the prior approval of the Governor - General and Council of Fort William . </P> <P> The powers of the Governor - General , in respect of foreign affairs , were increased by the India Act 1784 . The Act provided that the other Governors under the East India Company could not declare war , make peace or conclude a treaty with an Indian prince unless expressly directed to do so by the Governor - General or by the Company 's Court of Directors . </P> <P> While the Governor - General thus became the controller of foreign policy in India , he was not the explicit head of British India . That status came only with the Charter Act 1833 , which granted him `` superintendence , direction and control of the whole civil and military Government '' of all of British India . The Act also granted legislative powers to the Governor - General and Council . </P> <P> After 1858 , the Governor - General ( now usually known as the Viceroy ) functioned as the chief administrator of India and as the Sovereign 's representative . India was divided into numerous provinces , each under the head of a Governor , Lieutenant Governor or Chief Commissioner or Administrator . Governors were appointed by the British Government , to whom they were directly responsible ; Lieutenant Governors , Chief Commissioners , and Administrators , however , were appointed by and were subordinate to the Viceroy . The Viceroy also oversaw the most powerful princely rulers : the Nizam of Hyderabad , the Maharaja of Mysore , the Maharaja ( Scindia ) of Gwalior , the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir and the Gaekwad ( Gaekwar ) Maharaja of Baroda . The remaining princely rulers were overseen either by the Rajputana Agency and Central India Agency , which were headed by representatives of the Viceroy , or by provincial authorities . </P> <P> The Chamber of Princes was an institution established in 1920 by a Royal Proclamation of King - Emperor George V to provide a forum in which the princely rulers could voice their needs and aspirations to the government . The chamber usually met only once a year , with the Viceroy presiding , but it appointed a Standing Committee , which met more often . </P> <P> Upon independence in August 1947 , the title of Viceroy was abolished . The representative of the British Sovereign became known once again as the Governor - General . C. Rajagopalachari became the only Indian Governor - General . However , once India acquired independence , the Governor - General 's role became almost entirely ceremonial , with power being exercised on a day - to - day basis by the Indian cabinet . After the nation became a republic in 1950 , the President of India continued to perform the same functions . </P> <H2> Council ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Council of India and Viceroy 's Executive Council The Viceregal Lodge in Simla , built in 1888 , was the summer residence of the Viceroy of India Viceregal Lodge , Delhi , where Viceroy Lord Hardinge stayed ( 1912 -- 31 ) , now the main building of the University of Delhi <P> The Governor - General was always advised by a Council on the exercise of his legislative and executive powers . The Governor - General , while exercising many functions , was referred to as the `` Governor - General in Council . '' </P> <P> The Regulating Act 1773 provided for the election of four counsellors by the East India Company 's Court of Directors . The Governor - General had a vote along with the counsellors , but he also had an additional vote to break ties . The decision of the Council was binding on the Governor - General . </P> <P> In 1784 , the Council was reduced to three members ; the Governor - General continued to have both an ordinary vote and a casting vote . In 1786 , the power of the Governor - General was increased even further , as Council decisions ceased to be binding . </P> <P> The Charter Act 1833 made further changes to the structure of the Council . The Act was the first law to distinguish between the executive and legislative responsibilities of the Governor - General . As provided under the Act , there were to be four members of the Council elected by the Court of Directors . The first three members were permitted to participate on all occasions , but the fourth member was only allowed to sit and vote when legislation was being debated . </P> <P> In 1858 , the Court of Directors ceased to have the power to elect members of the Council . Instead , the one member who had a vote only on legislative questions came to be appointed by the Sovereign , and the other three members by the Secretary of State for India . </P> <P> The Indian Councils Act 1861 made several changes to the Council 's composition . Three members were to be appointed by the Secretary of State for India , and two by the Sovereign . ( The power to appoint all five members passed to the Crown in 1869 ) . The Viceroy was empowered to appoint an additional six to twelve members ( changed to ten to sixteen in 1892 , and to sixty in 1909 ) . The five individuals appointed by the Sovereign or the Indian Secretary headed the executive departments , while those appointed by the Viceroy debated and voted on legislation . </P> <P> In 1919 , an Indian legislature , consisting of a Council of State and a Legislative Assembly , took over the legislative functions of the Viceroy 's Council . The Viceroy nonetheless retained significant power over legislation . He could authorise the expenditure of money without the Legislature 's consent for `` ecclesiastical , political ( and ) defense '' purposes , and for any purpose during `` emergencies . '' He was permitted to veto , or even stop debate on , any bill . If he recommended the passage of a bill , but only one chamber cooperated , he could declare the bill passed over the objections of the other chamber . The Legislature had no authority over foreign affairs and defence . The President of the Council of State was appointed by the Viceroy ; the Legislative Assembly elected its President , but the election required the Viceroy 's approval . </P> <H2> Style and title ( edit ) </H2> <P> Until 1833 , the title of the position was `` Governor - General of Bengal '' . The Government of India Act 1833 converted the title into `` Governor - General of India . '' The title `` Viceroy and Governor - General '' was first used in the queen 's proclamation appointing Viscount Canning in 1858 . It was never conferred by an act of parliament , but was used in warrants of precedence and in the statutes of knightly orders . In usage , `` viceroy '' is employed where the governor - general 's position as the monarch 's representative is in view . The viceregal title was not used when the sovereign was present in India . It was meant to indicate new responsibilities , especially ritualistic ones , but it conferred no new statutory authority . The governor - general regularly used the title in communications with the Imperial Legislative Council , but all legislation was made only in the name of the Governor - General - in - Council ( or the Government of India ) . </P> <P> The Governor - General was styled Excellency and enjoyed precedence over all other government officials in India . He was referred to as ' His Excellency ' and addressed as ' Your Excellency ' . From 1858 to 1947 , the Governor - General was known as the Viceroy of India ( from the French roi , meaning ' king ' ) , and wives of Viceroys were known as Vicereines ( from the French reine , meaning ' queen ' ) . The Vicereine was referred to as ' Her Excellency ' and was also addressed as ' Your Excellency ' . Neither title was employed while the Sovereign was in India . However , the only reigning British Sovereign to visit India during the period of British rule was King George V , who accompanied by his consort Queen Mary attended the Delhi Durbar in 1911 . </P> <P> When the Order of the Star of India was founded in 1861 , the Viceroy was made its Grand Master ex officio . The Viceroy was also made the ex officio Grand Master of the Order of the Indian Empire upon its foundation in 1877 . </P> <P> Most Governors - General and Viceroys were peers . Frequently , a Viceroy who was already a peer would be granted a peerage of higher rank , as with the granting of a marquessate to Lord Reading and an earldom and later a marquessate to Freeman Freeman - Thomas . Of those Viceroys who were not peers , Sir John Shore was a baronet , and Lord William Bentinck was entitled to the courtesy title ' Lord ' because he was the son of a Duke . Only the first and last Governors - General -- Warren Hastings and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari -- as well as some provisional Governors - General , had no honorific titles at all . </P> <H2> Flag ( edit ) </H2> Flag of the Governor General of India ( 1947 -- 50 ) <P> From around 1885 , the Viceroy of India was allowed to fly a Union Flag augmented in the centre with the ' Star of India ' surmounted by a Crown . This flag was not the Viceroy 's personal flag ; it was also used by Governors , Lieutenant Governors , Chief Commissioners and other British officers in India . When at sea , only the Viceroy flew the flag from the mainmast , while other officials flew it from the foremast . </P> <P> From 1947 to 1950 , the Governor - General of India used a dark blue flag bearing the royal crest ( a lion standing on the Crown ) , beneath which was the word ' India ' in gold majuscules . The same design is still used by many other Commonwealth Realm Governors - General . This last flag was the personal flag of the Governor - General only . </P> <H2> Residence ( edit ) </H2> Government House served as the Governor - General 's residence during most of the nineteenth century . <P> The Governor - General of Fort William resided in Belvedere House , Calcutta , until the early nineteenth century , when Government House was constructed . In 1854 , the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal took up residence there . Now , the Belvedere Estate houses the National Library of India . </P> <P> Lord Wellesley , who is reputed to have said that ' India should be governed from a palace , not from a country house ' , constructed a grand mansion , known as Government House , between 1799 and 1803 . The mansion remained in use until the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi in 1912 . Thereafter , the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal , who had hitherto resided in Belvedere House , was upgraded to a full Governor and transferred to Government House . Now , it serves as the residence of the Governor of the Indian state of West Bengal , and is referred to by its Bengali name Raj Bhavan . </P> <P> After the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi , the Viceroy occupied the newly built Viceroy 's House , designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens . Though construction began in 1912 , it did not conclude until 1929 ; the palace was not formally inaugurated until 1931 . The final cost exceeded £ 877,000 ( over £ 35,000,000 in modern terms ) -- more than twice the figure originally allocated . Today the residence , now known by the Hindi name of ' Rashtrapati Bhavan ' , is used by the President of India . </P> <P> Throughout the British administration , Governors - General retreated to the Viceregal Lodge ( Rashtrapati Niwas ) at Shimla each summer to escape the heat , and the government of India moved with them . The Viceregal Lodge now houses the Indian Institute of Advanced Study . </P> <H2> Insignia ( edit ) </H2> See also : Star of India ( flag ) <Ul> <Li> <P> Badge of the Governor - General ( 1885 -- 1947 ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Standard of the Governor - General ( 1885 -- 1947 ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Standard of the Governor - General ( 1947 -- 50 ) </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> India portal </Li> <Li> Pakistan portal </Li> <Li> United Kingdom portal </Li> <Li> Politics portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of governors - general of India </Li> <Li> Commander - in - Chief , India </Li> <Li> British Empire </Li> <Li> Emperor of India </Li> <Li> Indian independence movement </Li> <Li> Council of India </Li> <Li> British Raj </Li> <Li> Secretary of State for India </Li> <Li> India Office </Li> <Li> Indian Civil Service </Li> <Li> Partition of India </Li> <Li> History of Bangladesh </Li> <Li> History of India </Li> <Li> History of Pakistan </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The term British India is mistakenly used to mean the same as the British Indian Empire , which included both the provinces and the Native States . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Imperial Impressions '' . Hindustan Times . 20 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Queen Victoria 's Proclamation </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ H. Verney Lovett , `` The Indian Governments , 1858 -- 1918 '' , The Cambridge History of the British Empire , Volume V : The Indian Empire , 1858 -- 1918 ( Cambridge University Press , 1932 ) , p. 226 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arnold P. Kaminsky , The India Office , 1880 -- 1910 ( Greenwood Press , 1986 ) , p. 126 . </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Association of Commonwealth Archivists and Record Managers ( 1999 ) `` Government Buildings -- India '' </Li> <Li> Forrest , G.W. , CIE , ( editor ) ( 1910 ) Selections from the State Papers of the Governors - General of India ; Warren Hastings ( 2 vols ) , Oxford : Blackwell 's </Li> <Li> Encyclopædia Britannica ( `` British Empire '' and `` Viceroy '' ) , London : Cambridge University Press , 1911 , 11th edition , </Li> <Li> James , Lawrence ( 1997 ) Raj : the Making and Unmaking of British India London : Little , Brown & Company ISBN 0 - 316 - 64072 - 7 </Li> <Li> Keith , A.B. ( editor ) ( 1922 ) Speeches and Documents on Indian Policy , 1750 -- 1921 , London : Oxford University Press </Li> <Li> Oldenburg , P. ( 2004 ) . `` India . '' Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia . ( Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 ) </Li> <Li> mountbattenofburma.com -- Tribute & Memorial website to Louis , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further Reading ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors - General of India . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Arnold , Sir Edwin ( 1865 ) . The Marquis of Dalhousie 's Administration of British India : Annexation of Pegu , Nagpor , and Oudh , and a general review of Lord Dalhousie 's rule in India . </Li> <Li> Dodwell H.H. , ed . The Cambridge History of India . Volume 6 : The Indian Empire 1858 - 1918 . With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818 - 1858 ( 1932 ) 660pp online edition ; also published as vol 5 of the Cambridge History of the British Empire </Li> <Li> Moon , Penderel . The British Conquest and Dominion of India ( 2 vol. 1989 ) 1235pp ; the fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top - down perspective ; </Li> <Li> Rudhra , A.B. ( 1940 ) The Viceroy and Governor - General of India . London : H. Milford , Oxford University Press </Li> <Li> Spear , Percival ( 1990 ) ( First published 1965 ) , A History of India , Volume 2 , New Delhi and London : Penguin Books . Pp. 298 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 013836 - 8 . </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Governors - General of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Governors of the Presidency of Fort William ( 1774 -- 1833 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hastings </Li> <Li> Macpherson </Li> <Li> Cornwallis </Li> <Li> Shore </Li> <Li> Clarke </Li> <Li> Mornington </Li> <Li> Cornwallis </Li> <Li> Barlow </Li> <Li> Minto </Li> <Li> Moira </Li> <Li> Adam </Li> <Li> Amherst </Li> <Li> Bayley </Li> <Li> Bentinck </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> ... </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Governors - General of India ( 1833 -- 1858 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bentinck </Li> <Li> Metcalfe </Li> <Li> Auckland </Li> <Li> Ellenborough </Li> <Li> Bird </Li> <Li> Hardinge </Li> <Li> Dalhousie </Li> <Li> Canning </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Governors - General and Viceroys of India ( 1858 -- 1947 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Canning </Li> <Li> Elgin </Li> <Li> Napier </Li> <Li> Denison </Li> <Li> Lawrence </Li> <Li> Mayo </Li> <Li> Strachey </Li> <Li> Napier </Li> <Li> Northbrook </Li> <Li> Lytton </Li> <Li> Ripon </Li> <Li> Dufferin </Li> <Li> Lansdowne </Li> <Li> Elgin </Li> <Li> Curzon </Li> <Li> Minto </Li> <Li> Penshurst </Li> <Li> Chelmsford </Li> <Li> Reading </Li> <Li> Irwin </Li> <Li> Willingdon </Li> <Li> Wavell </Li> <Li> Mountbatten </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Governors - General of the Union of India ( 1947 -- 1950 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mountbatten </Li> <Li> Rajagopalachari </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Counsellors of State <Ul> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Governors - general <Ul> <Li> Antigua and Barbuda </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Bahamas </Li> <Li> Barbados </Li> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Grenada </Li> <Li> Jamaica </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Papua New Guinea </Li> <Li> Saint Kitts and Nevis </Li> <Li> Saint Lucia </Li> <Li> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Li> <Li> Solomon Islands </Li> <Li> Tuvalu </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sub-national </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Australia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Governors <Ul> <Li> New South Wales </Li> <Li> Queensland </Li> <Li> South Australia </Li> <Li> Tasmania </Li> <Li> Victoria </Li> <Li> Western Australia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Administrator <Ul> <Li> Northern Territory </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lieutenant governors <Ul> <Li> Alberta </Li> <Li> British Columbia </Li> <Li> Manitoba </Li> <Li> New Brunswick </Li> <Li> Newfoundland </Li> <Li> Nova Scotia </Li> <Li> Ontario </Li> <Li> Prince Edward Island </Li> <Li> Quebec </Li> <Li> Saskatchewan </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Realm of New Zealand </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Governor - 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who was the governor general of india when country became independent

Reading FC - Wikipedia <H1> Reading FC </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Reading F.C. Women . <Table> Reading <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Full name </Th> <Td> Reading Football Club </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nickname ( s ) </Th> <Td> The Royals </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 1871 ; 147 years ago ( 1871 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ground </Th> <Td> Madejski Stadium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ground Capacity </Th> <Td> 24,161 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> Dai Yongge and Dai Xiuli ( majority ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chairman </Th> <Td> Sir John Madejski </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manager </Th> <Td> Jaap Stam </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> League </Th> <Td> Championship </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2016 -- 17 </Th> <Td> Championship , 3rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> Club website </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Home colours </Td> <Td> Away colours </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Current season </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Reading Football Club ( / ˈrɛdɪŋ / ( listen ) RED - ing ) is a professional association football club based in Reading , Berkshire , England . The team play in the Championship , the second tier of English football . </P> <P> Reading are nicknamed The Royals , due to Reading 's location in the Royal County of Berkshire , though they were previously known as The Biscuitmen , due to the town 's association with Huntley and Palmers . Established in 1871 , the club is one of the oldest teams in England , but did not join The Football League until 1920 , and had never played in the top tier of English football league system before the 2006 -- 07 season . The club competed in the 2012 -- 13 Premier League season , having gained promotion at the end of the 2011 -- 12 season after winning the Championship , but were relegated after just one season back in the top flight . </P> <P> The club played at Elm Park for 102 years between 1896 and 1998 . In 1998 the club moved to the new Madejski Stadium , which is named after the club 's co-chairman Sir John Madejski . </P> <P> The club holds the record for the number of successive league wins at the start of a season , with a total of 13 wins at the start of the 1985 -- 86 Third Division campaign and also the record for the number of points gained in the professional league season with 106 points in the 2005 -- 06 Football League Championship campaign . Reading then finished eighth in the 2006 -- 07 Premier League , their first ever season as a top flight club . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Crest and colours </Li> <Li> 3 Stadium </Li> <Li> 4 Support <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Rivalries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Sponsorship <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Additional kit sponsors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Ownership and finances </Li> <Li> 7 Players <Ul> <Li> 7.1 First - team squad </Li> <Li> 7.2 Under - 23 squad </Li> <Li> 7.3 Under - 18 squad </Li> <Li> 7.4 Out on loan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Records and statistics <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Notable players </Li> <Li> 8.2 Player of the season </Li> <Li> 8.3 International players </Li> <Li> 8.4 Former players </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Club officials </Li> <Li> 10 Managers </Li> <Li> 11 Women 's team </Li> <Li> 12 Honours <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Managerial </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 Affiliated clubs </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of Reading F.C. See also : Thames Valley Royals proposal <P> Reading were formed on 25 December 1871 , following a public meeting at the Bridge Street Rooms organised by the future club secretary Joseph Edward Sydenham . The early matches were played at Reading Recreation Ground , and later the club held fixtures at Reading Cricket Ground , Coley Park and Caversham Cricket Ground . The switch to professionalism in 1895 resulted in the need for a bigger ground and , to this end , the club moved again , to the purpose - built Elm Park on 5 September 1896 . In 1913 , Reading had a successful tour of Italy , prompting the leading sports newspaper Corriere della Sera to write `` without doubt , Reading FC are the finest foreign team seen in Italy '' . </P> The team from the 1926 -- 27 season <P> Reading were elected to the Football League Third Division South of the Football League in 1920 . Reading 's best performance in the FA Cup came in 1926 -- 27 when they lost to eventual winners Cardiff City at Wolverhampton in the semi-final , a placement the club would not match again until 2015 , when they lost to holders Arsenal in the semi-final . Reading lost their place in Division Two in May 1931 , and remained in Third Division South until the outbreak of World War II . The club won the Southern Section Cup , beating Bristol City in the two - legged final in 1938 , and when taking part in the regional London War League and Cup competitions , gained another honour by beating Brentford in the London War Cup Final of 1941 by 3 -- 2 at Stamford Bridge . </P> <P> When League football resumed after the war , Reading quickly came to prominence once again . The club 's record victory , 10 -- 2 versus Crystal Palace , was recorded in September 1946 , and Reading twice finished runners - up in the Third ( South ) , in 1948 -- 49 and 1951 -- 52 , but they were denied a return to Division Two as only the champions were promoted . The side 's moment of cup glory came in 1988 when they won the Simod Cup , beating a number of top flight sides en route to their Wembley win over Luton Town . Reading were promoted to the Second Division as champions in 1986 under the management of Ian Branfoot , but were relegated back to the Third Division in 1988 . </P> <P> The appointment of Mark McGhee as player - manager , shortly after the takeover by John Madejski , in 1991 saw Reading move forward . They were crowned champions of the new Division Two in 1994 . Thirty - five - year - old striker Jimmy Quinn was put in charge of the first team alongside midfielder Mick Gooding and guided Reading to runners - up in the final Division One table -- only to be denied automatic promotion because of the streamlining of the Premier League , from 22 teams to 20 . In 1995 , Reading had eased past Tranmere Rovers in the play - off semi-finals and looked to have booked their place in the Premier League only to lose against Bolton Wanderers in the final . Quinn and Gooding 's contracts were not renewed two years later after Reading had slid into the bottom half of Division One . Their successor , Terry Bullivant , lasted less than one season before being sacked in March 1998 . </P> The last ever competitive match played at Elm Park between Reading and Norwich City in May 1998 <P> The year 1998 also saw Reading move into the new 24,200 all - seater Madejski Stadium , named after Chairman John Madejski . Tommy Burns had taken over from Terry Bullivant but lasted just 18 months before being replaced by Alan Pardew , who had previously been reserve team manager before being released . The club finished third in 2000 -- 01 qualifying for the play - offs , losing 2 -- 3 in the final against Walsall at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff . Reading returned to Division One for 2002 -- 03 after finishing runners - up in Division Two . The following season , they finished fourth in Division One and qualified for the play - offs , where they lost in the semi-final to Wolverhampton Wanderers . Alan Pardew moved to West Ham United the following October and was replaced by Steve Coppell . </P> <P> Reading won the 2005 -- 06 Championship with a league record 106 points , scoring 99 goals and losing only twice . Reading were promoted to English football 's top division for the first time in their history . The 2006 -- 07 season saw Reading make their first appearance in the top flight of English football . Reading defied pre-season predictions of relegation to finish the season in eighth place with 55 points . Reading turned down the chance to play in the UEFA Intertoto Cup . In the run up to their second season in the Premier League , Reading took part in the 2007 Peace Cup in South Korea . This second season was less successful , however , and Reading were relegated back to the Championship . </P> <P> Reading started the 2008 -- 09 season with a 15 match unbeaten home run . They finished fourth and qualify for the play - offs , where they lost to Burnley in the semi-final . Manager Steve Coppell resigned just hours after the game , replaced by Brendan Rodgers . Rodgers left the club by mutual consent on 16 December 2009 and Brian McDermott made caretaker manager the same day . In the 2010 -- 11 FA Cup , Reading reached the quarter - final , where they lost 1 -- 0 to Manchester City at Etihad Stadium , Reading eventually finished fifth in the Championship to qualify for the division 's play - offs . After beating Cardiff City in the semi-finals , they lost 4 -- 2 to Swansea City in the final at Wembley . In the 2011 -- 12 season , a streak of good form in the second half of the season , ensured promotion to the Premier League on 17 April 2012 with 1 -- 0 home win against Nottingham Forest . </P> <P> McDermott led Reading to their first Premier League win of the 2012 -- 13 season on 17 November 2012 at their 11th attempt , defeating Everton 2 -- 1 at home . On 11 March 2013 , however , he left his position at Reading . Nigel Adkins was then appointed as manager , though he was unable to save them from relegation after drawing Queens Park Rangers 0 -- 0 on 28 April 2013 at Loftus Road . The following season back in the Championship saw Reading make two high - profile signings in Wayne Bridge and Royston Drenthe in hope of an immediate return to the Premier League . Reading , however , missed out on the playoffs because of a last minute winner from Brighton & Hove Albion 's Leonardo Ulloa , which meant they made the playoffs at Reading 's expense . </P> <P> The summer before the 2014 -- 15 season saw further arrivals of Jamie Mackie on loan , Oliver Norwood and the return of Simon Cox . The club was under a high threat of administration , causing departures of Sean Morrison and Adam le Fondre and a Thai consortium taking over the club . A good start to Nigel Adkins ' second season in charge was followed by a poor run of results that ended with his sacking after the 6 -- 1 away defeat to Birmingham City with Steve Clarke taking over the next day in the hope of a promotion push . However , a lack of goals and some poor form in the league meant the club faced some fears of relegation to League One , but luckily safety was secured with few games to spare . Nonetheless during that time , the club embarked on a successful FA Cup journey , reaching the semi-final where they were unlucky to lose to 2 -- 1 to Arsenal at Wembley . </P> <P> The 2015 -- 16 season saw the departures of long - serving players Adam Federici to AFC Bournemouth , Alex Pearce to Derby County and Jem Karacan to Galatasaray , but the arrivals Stephen Quinn and Paul McShane from Hull City , Orlando Sá from Legia Warsaw and Jonathan Bond from newly promoted Premier League side Watford . The summer spending continued , with goalkeeper Ali Al Habsi joining from recently relegated League 1 side Wigan Athletic , Paolo Hurtado from Paços de Ferreira and Andrew Taylor and Álex Fernández in on loan . The club then signed Lucas Piazon on a season - long loan deal from Chelsea just before the deadline day , as well as the signings of winger Ola John from Benfica and striker Matěj Vydra from Watford , both likewise season - long loan deals . The club would finish 17th that season . </P> <P> In the summer leading up to the 2016 -- 17 season the club announced the departure of Brian McDermott and eventually he was to be replaced by former Manchester United defender Jaap Stam . Under Stam , Reading achieved their highest finish since relegation back to the Championship by finishing third and reaching the play - offs , where they beat Fulham on aggregate before facing Huddersfield Town in the final at Wembley where they lost on penalties following 0 -- 0 draw after extra time . </P> <H2> Crest and colours ( edit ) </H2> Reading F.C. crest ( 1987 -- 96 ) A change from 1965 to 1969 saw Reading run out in sky blue <P> The first crest to appear on a Reading kit was in 1953 , it featured just the letter `` R '' . There was no crest seen again until 1981 when there was a crest featuring three trees and the rivers Thames and Kennet , this only lasted two seasons . From 1987 -- 96 the crest used the new kit colours of yellow , sky blue , royal blue and white . In 1995 chairman Sir John Madejski said , `` I know some traditionalists will say we should keep the old badge but they should bear in mind the need to move forward . '' This crest only lasted from 1996 -- 98 when the club moved to the new Madejski Stadium . The current crest was first seen on the kits for the 1998 -- 99 season . It is based on the club colours , blue and white , and includes a crown to represent the County of Berkshire and a Maiwand Lion to represent Reading . </P> <H2> Stadium ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Elm Park and Madejski Stadium <P> The club played at Reading Recreation Ground until 1878 , before moving on to Reading Cricket Ground ( 1878 -- 1882 ) , Coley Park ( 1882 -- 1889 ) and Caversham Cricket Ground ( 1889 -- 1896 ) . </P> Elm Park was Reading 's stadium for 102 years , pictured in 1981 <P> In 1889 , Reading were unable to continue playing at Coley Park as WB Monck ( the local squire ) no longer allowed football due to `` rowdyism ( by ) the rougher elements '' . With club membership exceeding 300 by the time the club went professional in 1895 , Reading required a proper ground . A meeting the following year determined that funding would be difficult . £ 20 was donated by JC Fidler , on the proviso that `` no liquors were to be sold '' on site . The rest of the cost was financed through donations by wealthy supporters , as well as one large individual donation . A former gravel pit in West Reading was identified as the site . The first game at Elm Park was held on 5 September 1896 between Reading and A Roston Bourke 's XI . The visitors were a scratch team from Holloway College . £ 44 was taken on the gate , with an attendance of approximately 2,500 . </P> <P> In 1908 , the club 's annual general meeting proposed moving to a new ground near Reading railway station . A board meeting the following year decided that the move would not be possible , as `` there was no chance of a move to the ground near to the GWR railway stations due to the actions of the Great Western Railway '' . </P> The Madejski Stadium has been Reading 's home ground since 1998 <P> In 1994 , the Taylor Report made an all - seater stadium compulsory in the top two divisions ( the Premier League and the first division ) . Reading were champions of the second division in 1994 , and were promoted to the first division . Reading became subject to the Taylor requirements , though converting Elm Park to an all - seater stadium would have been impractical . Instead , a location in Smallmead ( to the south of the town ) was identified as the site for a new stadium . The former council landfill site was bought for £ 1 , with further conditions that the development of the stadium would include part - funding of the A33 relief road . Expansion of the club 's home would also allow alternative commercial ventures ( particularly leisure facilities ) and shared use with other teams ( such as rugby union clubs Richmond and London Irish ) . The last competitive match at Elm Park took place on 3 May 1998 against Norwich City , with Reading losing 1 -- 0 . Reading began the 1998 -- 99 season at the Madejski Stadium . It was opened on 22 August 1998 when Luton Town were beaten 3 -- 0 . The stadium cost more than £ 50 million to build . For the first time in its history , Reading Football Club participated in the Premier League in the 2006 -- 07 season . As a result of the sell - out crowds for their first few fixtures of the season , the club announced their intention , in October 2006 , to make a planning application to extend the ground to between 37,000 and 38,000 seats . The application was made on 24 January 2007 , proposing initially the extension of the East Stand with a further 6,000 seats ( raising capacity to around 30,000 ) and subsequently extension of the North and South Stands to reach the full proposed capacity . On 24 May 2007 , it was announced that planning permission had been granted to extend the stadium to a capacity of 36,900 . Reading have made plans for a new training ground at Bearwood Golf Club to replace Hogwood park their current training facility . </P> <P> On 5 July 2016 , at the end of Eamonn Dolan 's funeral , Reading announced that the North Stand would be renamed the `` Eamonn Dolan Stand '' . </P> <H2> Support ( edit ) </H2> See also : Supporters ' Trust at Reading Supporters at a Reading match at Elm Park in 1913 <P> In 2001 , Reading became the first football club to register their fans as an official member of their squad , giving the `` player '' registered with squad number 13 as ' Reading Fans ' . </P> <H3> Rivalries ( edit ) </H3> <P> Before going out of business in 1992 , Aldershot were Reading 's biggest rivals . There was a strong rift between the two sets of fans , with fighting between fans occurring on several occasions . Strong feelings remain between fans of Reading and fans of Aldershot Town , the refounded club in Aldershot . With Aldershot Town rejoining the league in 2008 , it remains to be seen whether this traditional rivalry will be re-established . Since Aldershot 's exile , Reading 's main local rivalries have been with Oxford United and Swindon Town . When the three teams had shared a division , their rivalry was referred to as the `` Didcot Triangle '' . However , the rivalry between Oxford and Swindon is stronger than between either of the two and Reading , largely due to them both spending their recent history in lower divisions than Reading , and spending their previous history in higher divisions than Reading . In 2012 , a small survey showed that Reading 's main rivals were Aldershot Town , followed by Swindon Town and Oxford United . </P> <H2> Sponsorship ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Period </Th> <Th> Kit manufacturer </Th> <Th> Shirt sponsor </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 -- 77 </Td> <Td> Umbro </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 -- 81 </Td> <Td> Bukta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 -- 82 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 -- 83 </Td> <Td> Reading Chronicle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1983 -- 84 </Td> <Td> Umbro </Td> <Td> Radio 210 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 -- 89 </Td> <Td> Patrick </Td> <Td> Courage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 -- 90 </Td> <Td> Matchwinner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 -- 92 </Td> <Td> HAT Painting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 -- 93 </Td> <Td> Brooks </Td> <Td> Auto Trader </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 96 </Td> <Td> Pelada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1996 -- 99 </Td> <Td> Mizuno </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2001 </Td> <Td> Westcoast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 04 </Td> <Td> Kit @ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 05 </Td> <Td> Puma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 -- 08 </Td> <Td> Kyocera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 -- 15 </Td> <Td> Waitrose </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 -- 16 </Td> <Td> Carabao Daeng ( home ) Thai Airways ( away ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 -- 19 </Td> <Td> Carabao Daeng </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Additional kit sponsors ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the 2013 -- 14 season and 2014 -- 15 season the Marussia F1 logo was on the back of the shirts as part of a sponsorship deal between former Russian owner Anton Zingarevich and Russian owned Marussia F1 . This deal continued until the team entered administration in October 2014 . The sponsorship deal ended despite the team surviving and racing in the 2015 Formula One season . During the 2015 -- 16 season , Waitrose was on the back of the home shirt whilst Euro Cake was on the back of the away shirt , meanwhile Legend Alliance sponsored the shorts for the season . Waitrose and Euro Cake sponsored the home and away kits respectively again for the 2016 -- 17 season . Cherwell Software took sponsorship of the back of the home shirt for the 2017 -- 18 season while Euro Cake sponsored the back of the away shirt again for the third consecutive season . </P> <H2> Ownership and finances ( edit ) </H2> <P> Reading Football Club ownership structure : 75 % Owned by Renhe Sports Management Ltd , 100 % owned by Xiu Li Dai and Yongge Dai . 25 % Owned by Narin Niruttinanon </P> <P> Reading F.C. Directors : Xiu Li Dai , Yongge Dai , Ronald Gourlay , Narin Niruttinanon , Nigel Howe </P> <H2> Players ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dd> As of 8 January 2018 </Dd> </Dl> <H3> First - team squad ( edit ) </H3> <P> Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Player </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> GK </Td> <Td> Vito Mannone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Chris Gunter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Joey van den Berg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Paul McShane ( captain ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Liam Moore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Roy Beerens </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> George Evans </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> Joseph Mendes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> John Swift </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Jordan Obita </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Garath McCleary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> Sone Aluko </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Callum Harriott </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> David Edwards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> Modou Barrow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> Yann Kermorgant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Leandro Bacuna </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Player </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Tiago Ilori </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Stephen Quinn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Pelle Clement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> Jón Daði Böðvarsson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Tyler Blackett </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Adrian Popa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Tennai Watson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> GK </Td> <Td> Anssi Jaakkola </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Axel Andrésson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Liam Kelly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Ryan East </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Andy Rinomhota </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> GK </Td> <Td> George Legg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Omar Richards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Tyler Frost </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> Sam Smith </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> Danny Loader </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Under - 23 squad ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Reading F.C. Under - 23s and Academy <P> Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Player </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> GK </Td> <Td> Liam Driscoll </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> Ben House </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Teddy Howe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Ramarni Medford - Smith </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Gabriel Osho </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Joel Rollinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Ade Shokunbi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Tom Holmes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Jordan Holsgrove </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Andre Burley </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Player </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Cameron Green </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Jack Nolan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Jack Buchanan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> GK </Td> <Td> Gabe Rosario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Akinwale Odimayo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Harry Philby </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Thomas McIntyre </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Ethan Coleman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Samuel Faniyan </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Under - 18 squad ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Reading F.C. Under - 18s and Academy <P> Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Player </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> GK </Td> <Td> James Hilson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> GK </Td> <Td> Adam Desbois </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Jamal Balogun </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Marcel Elva - Fountaine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Emmanuel Obamakinwa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Joseph Wilson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Roberto Nditi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Oli Pendlebury </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Khalid Simmo </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Player </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Thierry Nevers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Kosta Sparta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Charlie Lawrence </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Jacob Pemberton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Terrance Saydee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Jazz Wallace </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> Josh Obioma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> Leon Okuboyejo </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Out on loan ( edit ) </H3> <P> Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Player </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Danzell Gravenberch ( at Roeselare on a season long loan ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Jake Sheppard ( at Guiseley on a season long loan ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Josh Barrett ( at Coventry City on a season long loan ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> Conor Davis ( at Gosport Borough ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> GK </Td> <Td> Jonathan Bond ( at Peterborough United until end of 2017 / 18 season ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> GK </Td> <Td> Luke Southwood ( at Bath City until end of 2017 / 18 season ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Player </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> GK </Td> <Td> Lewis Ward ( at Aldershot Town until 4th March 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Sandro Wieser ( at Roeselare on a season long loan ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> Yakou Méïte ( at Sochaux on a season long loan ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> Deniss Rakels ( at Lech Poznań on a season long loan ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> Andrija Novakovich ( at Telstar on a season long loan ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Records and statistics ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Reading F.C. records and statistics Reading 's progress through the English football league system from 1920 to present . <P> Reading hold the record for the number of successive league wins at the start of a season , with a total of 13 wins at the start of the 1985 -- 86 Third Division campaign and also the record for the number of points gained in a professional league season with 106 points in the 2005 -- 06 Football League Championship campaign . Reading finished champions of their division on both of these occasions . </P> <P> The club 's largest win was a 10 -- 2 victory over Crystal Palace on 4 September 1946 in the Football League Third Division South . Reading 's heaviest loss was an 18 -- 0 defeat against Preston North End in the FA Cup 1st round on 27 January 1894 . Reading have lost the two highest - scoring matches in the history of the Premier League ; Portsmouth 7 -- 4 Reading on 29 September 2007 , and Tottenham Hotspur 6 -- 4 Reading on 29 December 2007 , as well as losing the highest - scoring League Cup game , Reading 5 -- 7 Arsenal on 30 October 2012 . </P> <P> The player with the most league appearances is Martin Hicks , with 500 from 1978 to 1991 . The most capped player is Kevin Doyle , who earned 26 for the Republic of Ireland whilst at the club . The most league goals in total and in a season are held by Ronnie Blackman with 158 from 1947 to 1954 and 39 in 1951 -- 52 respectively . The player with the most league goals in a game is Arthur Bacon with six against Stoke City in 1930 -- 31 . The first Reading - based player to play in the FIFA World Cup was Bobby Convey in 2006 with the United States . The record time for a goalkeeper not conceding a goal is held by Steve Death at 1,103 minutes in 1978 -- 79 , which is a former English league record in itself . </P> <P> Reading 's highest attendance at Elm Park was in 1927 , when 33,042 spectators watched Reading defeat Brentford 1 -- 0 . The highest attendance at the Madejski Stadium is 24,184 for the Premier League game with Everton on 17 November 2012 . </P> <P> The highest transfer fee received for a Reading player is the £ 6.6 million 1899 Hoffenheim paid for Gylfi Sigurðsson on 31 August 2010 . The most expensive player Reading have ever bought was Sone Aluko , who cost £ 7.5 million from Fulham on 29 August 2017 . </P> <P> Gylfi Sigurðsson will become the first player from the Reading FC academy to feature in a World Cup by being expected to participate with Iceland in the 2018 Russia World Cup . </P> <H3> Notable players ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1999 , Reading commissioned a poll of the supporters ' `` Player of the Millennium '' to determine the club 's best ever player . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pos . </Th> <Th> Player </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robin Friday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Trevor Senior </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Steve Death </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shaka Hislop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Phil Parkinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Alf Messer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Jimmy Quinn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Michael Gilkes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Ronnie Blackman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Martin Hicks </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Player of the season ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Reading F.C. Player of the Season <H3> International players ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Reading F.C. internationals <H3> Former players ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Reading F.C. players <H2> Club officials ( edit ) </H2> <P> Board of Directors & Senior Club Staff </P> <Ul> <Li> Chief Executive : Ron Gourlay </Li> <Li> Commercial Director : Adam Benson </Li> <Li> Club Secretary : Sue Hewett </Li> <Li> Financial Controller : Bryan Stabler </Li> <Li> Directors : Sir John Madejski ( Co Chairman ) , Sasima Srivikorn ( Co Chairwoman ) , Nigel Howe , Narin Niruttinanon , Sumrith Thanakarnjanasuth , Taweesuk Srisumrid and Theekharoj Piamphongsarn </Li> </Ul> <P> Management team </P> <Ul> <Li> Director of Football : Brian Tevreden </Li> <Li> First Team Manager : Jaap Stam </Li> <Li> Assistant Manager : Andries Ulderink & Said Bakkati </Li> <Li> First Team Coach : Michael Gilkes </Li> <Li> Goalkeeping Coach : Dave Beasant </Li> <Li> First Team Sports Scientist : Tristan Baker </Li> <Li> First Team Physio : Jon Urwin </Li> <Li> Academy Manager : Lee Herron </Li> <Li> Assistant Academy Manager : David Dodds </Li> <Li> Academy Loan Manager : Mikele Leigertwood </Li> <Li> Kit Manager : Stewart Bannister </Li> <Li> First Team Head Scout : Steve Shorey </Li> <Li> Masseur : Dan Buchanan </Li> </Ul> <H2> Managers ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Reading F.C. managers <H2> Women 's team ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Reading F.C. Women <P> In May 2006 , Reading launched the Reading FC Women 's team . They used to play in the FA Premier League Southern Division . From 2014 , Reading FC Women played in the FA Women 's Super League 2 until they won promotion to the FA Women 's Super League 1 in 2015 after winning the league . </P> <H2> Honours ( edit ) </H2> For more details on this topic , see List of Reading F.C. records and statistics . <Ul> <Li> English 2nd tier : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Winners : ( 2 ) 2006 , 2012 </Dd> <Dd> Runners Up : ( 1 ) 1995 </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> English 3rd tier : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Winners : ( 3 ) 1926 , 1986 , 1994 </Dd> <Dd> Runners Up : ( 5 ) 1932 , 1935 , 1949 , 1952 , 2002 </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> English 4th tier : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Winners : ( 1 ) 1979 </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Full Members Cup : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Winners : ( 1 ) 1988 </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> London War Cup : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Winners : ( 1 ) 1941 </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Football League Third Division South Cup : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Winners : ( 1 ) 1938 </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> FA Cup : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Semi-finalists : 1927 , 2015 </Dd> <Dd> Quarter Finalists : 1901 , 2010 , 2011 , 2016 </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Football League Cup : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Quarter - finalists : 1996 , 1998 </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> U21 Premier League Cup </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Winners : ( 1 ) 2013 -- 14 </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Highest league finish : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Premier League 2007 , 8th Place </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Managerial ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> LMA Manager of the Year <Ul> <Li> Steve Coppell 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> LMA Championship Manager of the Year <Ul> <Li> Brian McDermott 2011 -- 12 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Affiliated clubs ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Albion Hurricanes FC ( 2010 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Boreham Wood ( 2012 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Charlotte United FC ( 2007 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Ernakulam Eagles ( 2013 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Galatasaray ( 2013 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Ocean City Nor'easters ( 2008 -- present ) </Li> <Li> South Georgia United ( 2008 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Madejski Stadium information '' . readingfc.co.uk . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Reading Football Club '' . readingfc.co.uk. 2 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2010 . Retrieved 29 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Discover gems of our heritage Archived 7 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , Reading Chronicle , 10 September 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Elm Park Reading '' . Old Football Grounds . Archived from the original on 30 June 2009 . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Reading FC Tour of Italy 1913 '' . November 2002 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Season 1991 -- 92 '' . Royals ' Record . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Walsall break Reading hearts '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 27 May 2001 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pardew free to join Hammers '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 18 September 2003 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Coppell seals Reading deal '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 9 October 2003 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Championship Table 2005 - 06 '' . football365. 11 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 25 June 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 Barclays Premier League Table '' . ESPNsoccernet . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Royals need at least a draw on Sunday to have any chance of a European spot '' . Reading Football Club . 13 May 2007 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Peace Cup diary '' . BBC Berkshire . 19 July 2007 . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ive , Ive ( 16 May 2008 ) . `` Murty 's big game is hit by relegation '' . Reading Post . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Football League Championship 2008 -- 2009 '' . football365 . Archived from the original on 12 August 2009 . Retrieved 28 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Burnley 1 -- 0 Reading '' . BBC Sport. 9 May 2009 . Retrieved 9 May 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ley , John ( 4 June 2009 ) . `` Brendan Rodgers new Reading manager '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 10 August 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` McDermott as Caretaker '' . readingfc.co.uk. 16 December 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Man City 1 -- 0 Reading '' . BBC News . 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` League Tables '' . The Football League . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cardiff 0 -- 3 Reading ( agg 0 -- 3 ) '' . BBC News . 17 May 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wembley tickets sold , season ticket update '' . readingfc.co.uk . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reading 1 -- 0 Nottingham Forest '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 17 April 2012 . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reading 2 -- 1 Everton '' . BBC Sport. 17 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brian McDermott leaves position as Reading manager '' . BBC Sport. 11 March 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Old Reading colours '' . Historical Football Kits . Retrieved 14 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vote to choose the new Royals badge '' . Reading Evening Post . 27 November 1995 . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New crest design '' . onlysport.co.uk . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Yeo ( 1976 , p. 192 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Yeo ( 1976 , p. 193 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Royals Record ( 2011a ) . `` Reading 's Grounds '' . Royals Record . Retrieved 3 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : 1871 ( 2003 ) . `` The Home Grounds of Reading FC '' . 1871 -- The Ultimate Reading FC Website . Archived from the original on 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Digby ( 2001 , p. 46 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loader , Graham ( 1998 ) . `` READING 0 Norwich City 1 '' . Hob Nob Anyone ? . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loader , Graham ( 1998 ) . `` Reading 3 Luton Town 0 ( 22 August 1998 , Madejski Stadium ) '' . Hob Nob Anyone ? . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stadium pitch has been lengthened '' . readingfc.co.uk. 2 July 2007 . Retrieved 2 July 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Royals ready to extend Madejski '' . BBC Sport. 21 September 2006 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Plans for stadium expansion will be submitted to the Council later this week '' ( Press release ) . Reading F.C. 22 January 2007 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Committee Report by the Director of Environment Culture & Sport '' ( PDF ) . Reading Borough Council Planning Applications Committee . 23 May 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 April 2008 . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Eamonn Dolan Stand '' . readingfc.co.uk . Reading F.C. 5 July 2016 . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Loyal Royals ' number is up ! '' . readingfc.co.uk. 6 August 2001 . Retrieved 26 January 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fans given thumbs up for Number 13 '' . readingfc.co.uk. 9 August 2001 . Retrieved 26 January 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No 6 . Reading '' . The Guardian . London . 21 February 2001 . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reading FC vs Aldershot 14 / 07 / 01 . Royals.org ( 14 July 2001 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Didcot Triangle / Wallingford Quadrangle '' . Archived from the original on 24 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 February 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Didcot Triangle '' . Retrieved 19 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rivalry Uncovered '' ( PDF ) . The Football Fans Census . p. 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2009 . Retrieved 11 April 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Waitrose announces two - year extension of Reading FC sponsorship '' . waitrose.presscentre.com . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' เรดดิ ง '' เซ็น `` คารา บา ว แดง '' ส ปอน เซอร์ คา ดอก เสื้อ `` . manager.co.th . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Thai : ภาษา ไทย </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Royals welcome Thai Airways on board '' . http://www.readingfc.co.uk/ . Reading FC. 29 June 2015 . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reading FC sign Carabao as Principal Partner until 2019 '' . readingfc.co.uk . Reading FC. 17 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Club Honours and Records '' . Reading F.C. 11 July 2012 . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Points record '' . The Football League . Archived from the original on 10 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reading 2 -- 1 QPR '' . BBC Sport. 30 April 2006 . Retrieved 4 May 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reading Internationals '' . Royals ' Record . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United stretch lead after Van der Sar record '' . CNN world sport . Cable News Network . 31 January 2009 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ van Eijden , Han ( 2011 ) . `` Elm Park Reading '' . Old Football Grounds . Archived from the original on 30 June 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sigurdsson leaving in Club record deal '' . Reading Football Club . 31 August 2010 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fae joins for club record fee '' . 2 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2007 . Retrieved 3 August 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Player of the Millennium vote '' . Reading F.C. 5 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2009 . Retrieved 18 August 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Russian tycoon Anton Zingarevich completes Reading takeover '' . BBC News . 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reading F.C. `` The Management '' `` . Reading F.C . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RFC Academy staff list '' . Reading F.C. 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` More first team staff profiles '' . Reading F.C. 20 September 2011 . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reading : Royals to add four new staff '' . Reading FC Official Website. 25 June 2015 . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jaap Stam appointed as manager '' . readingfc.co.uk . Reading F.C. 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.readingfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10306~2772976,00.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://secure.albionhurricanes.org/index.cfm?pg=ReadingFC </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Partnership with Reading FC `` BWFC . * Borehamwoodfootballclub.co.uk . Retrieved on 17 July 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charlotte United F.C '' . charlotteunited.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ernakulam Eagles sign MoU with Reading -- Times Of India . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com ( 29 April 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Turkish partnership . Readingfc.co.uk ( 27 February 2013 ) . Retrieved on 17 July 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ unveils new name : Nor'easters Archived 26 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Ocean City FC . Retrieved on 17 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ HOW SOUTH GEORGIA UNITED BECAME A READING FC AFFILIATE CLUB . South Georgia United . Retrieved on 5 June 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Digby , Bob ( 2001 ) . It 's a World Thing . Oxford , Oxfordshire : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 913428 - 1 . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Yeo , Stephen ( 1976 ) . Religion and Voluntary Organisations in Crisis . Abingdon , Oxfordshire : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85664 - 017 - 9 . 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Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction - wikipedia <H1> Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> An acute hemolytic transfusion reaction ( AHTR ) is a type of transfusion reaction that is associated with hemolysis . It occurs very soon after the transfusion , and within 24 hrs post-transfusion . It can occur quickly upon transfusing a few milliliters , or up to 1 -- 2 hours post-transfusion . </P> <P> It is also known as an `` immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction '' . This is a medical emergency as it results from rapid destruction of the donor red blood cells by host antibodies ( IgG , IgM ) . It is usually related to ABO blood group incompatibility - the most severe of which often involves group A red cells being given to a patient with group O type blood . Properdin then binds to complement C3 in the donor blood , facilitating the reaction through the alternate pathway cascade . The donor cells also become coated with IgG and are subsequently removed by macrophages in the reticuloendothelial system ( RES ) . Jaundice and disseminated intravascular coagulation ( DIC ) may also occur . The most common cause is clerical error ( i.e. the wrong unit of blood being given to the patient ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Epidemiology </Li> <Li> 2 Types <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Intravascular haemolysis </Li> <Li> 2.2 Extravascular haemolysis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Signs and symptoms </Li> <Li> 4 Pathophysiology <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Immune mediated </Li> <Li> 4.2 Non-immune mediated </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Diagnosis <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Differential diagnoses </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Management </Li> <Li> 7 Prognosis </Li> <Li> 8 Epidemiology </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Epidemiology ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the USA in 2011 there were 48 episodes of acute hemolysis due to a mismatch in ABO blood type ( 1 in 495,207 blood components transfused ) and 168 episodes of hemolysis due to other causes ( 1 in 124,525 blood components transfused ) . In the UK in 2014 there were 18 episodes of hemolysis due to other causes ( 1 in 147,972 blood components transfused ) . </P> <H2> Types ( edit ) </H2> <P> Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions are divided into two types . </P> <H3> Intravascular haemolysis ( edit ) </H3> <P> The most common cause of this reaction is ABO blood groups incompatibility , secondary to human errors . In this process , the donor 's red blood cells are destroyed by recipient 's preformed antibodies through the activation of complement system . Thus , the donor 's red blood cells break open and releases haemoglobin into the blood . The haemoglobin is then excreted into urine , causes haemoglobinuria . Meanwhile , haemoglobin can also pass through the liver system and process into bilirubin , which accumulates under the skin , causing jaundice . The release of red blood cell debris and the activation of complement system causes uncontrolled clotting ( disseminated intravascular coagulation ) and circulatory shock . </P> <H3> Extravascular haemolysis ( edit ) </H3> <P> In this case , the donor 's red blood cells are recognised and bound to IgG antibodies . Macrophages then recognise these IgG antibodies and engulf these red blood cells , removing the red blood cells from the blood circulation into liver and spleen . These red blood cells are then destroyed by macrophages in these organs . Anti-Rh antibodies most commonly directed this type of reaction . This process is much more controlled when compared with intravascular haemolysis . Liver has adequate capacity in processing the bilirubin . Therefore , jaundice rarely occurs . </P> <H2> Signs and symptoms ( edit ) </H2> <P> Early signs are fever , low blood pressure , anxiety , and red - colored urine . </P> <P> Late signs are generalized bleeding , caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation , and low blood pressure . </P> <P> Laboratory assessment is based on a positive Direct Antiglobulin Test ( DAT ) , a decrease in serum haptoglobin , and an increase in blood levels of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase and indirect bilirubin levels . </P> <H2> Pathophysiology ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Immune mediated ( edit ) </H3> <P> This may be caused by preformed IgM anti-A , anti-B or both . It may also be caused by other non-ABO IgG antibodies such as Rh , Kell , or Duffy . The former results in a severe intravascular hemolysis and the latter typically causes extravascular hemolysis . The reactions are mediated by cytokines like TNF , IL - 8 , monocyte chemoattractant protein , IL - 1 etc . </P> <H3> Non-immune mediated ( edit ) </H3> <P> These occur when RBCs are damaged before transfusion , resulting in hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria . Clinical symptoms are nil or milder . </P> <H2> Diagnosis ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Differential diagnoses ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Disseminated intravascular coagulation </Li> <Li> Hemolytic anemia </Li> <Li> Pulmonary edema </Li> <Li> Septic shock </Li> </Ul> <H2> Management ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> In case of antibody - mediated acute hemolytic transfusion reactions , <Ul> <Li> Immediately discontinue the transfusion while maintaining venous access for emergency management . </Li> <Li> Anticipate low blood pressure , kidney failure , and DIC . </Li> <Li> Prophylactic measures to reduce the risk of renal failure may include low - dose dopamine , vigorous hydration with intravenous crystalloid solutions ( e.g. , lactated Ringer 's solution or normal saline ) , and osmotic diuresis with mannitol . </Li> <Li> If DIC is documented and bleeding requires treatment , transfusions of frozen plasma , pooled cryoprecipitates for fibrinogen , and / or platelet concentrates may be indicated . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> In case of non-antibody mediated AHR <Ul> <Li> This does not require rigorous management . </Li> <Li> Diuresis induced by an infusion of normal saline until the intense red color of hemoglobinuria ceases is usually adequate treatment . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Prognosis ( edit ) </H2> <P> The major complication is that the hemoglobin , released by the destruction of red blood cells , may cause acute kidney failure ( also known as the `` oliguric phase '' ) . About 20 deaths occur annually in the US due to AHTR . </P> <H2> Epidemiology ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Acute hemolytic , immune mediated ( fatal ) - 1 per 250,000 - 600,000 </Li> <Li> Acute hemolytic , immune mediated ( nonfatal ) - 1 per 6000 - 33,000 </Li> <Li> Acute hemolytic , nonimmune - Infrequent </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Covin RB , Evans KS , Olshock R , Thompson HW ( 2001 ) . `` Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction caused by anti-Coa '' . Immunohematology. 17 ( 2 ) : 45 -- 9 . PMID 15373591 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoffbrand , A.V. ; P.A.H. Moss ; J.E. Pettit ( 2006 ) . Essential Haematology : 5th Edition . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3649 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Molthan L , Matulewicz TJ , Bansal - Carver B , Benz EJ ( 1984 ) . `` An immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction due to anti-C and a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction due to anti-Ce + e : hemoglobinemia , hemoglobinuria and transient impaired renal function '' . Vox Sang. 47 ( 5 ) : 348 -- 53 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1423 - 0410.1984. tb04138. x . PMID 6438912 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 2011 National Blood Collection and Utilization Survey Report '' ( PDF ) . Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bolton - Maggs , PHB ; Poles , D ; et al . ( The Serious Hazards of Transfusion ( SHOT ) Steering Group ) ( 2015 ) . The 2014 Annual SHOT Report ( 2015 ) ( PDF ) . SHOT . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9558648 - 7 - 2 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Laura , Dean ( 2005 ) . Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens . Bethesda , United States : National Center for Biotechnology Information . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harrison 's Principles of Internal Medicine ( 18th ed . ) . p. 954 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Transfusion Reactions '' . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Complications of Transfusion : Transfusion Medicine : Merck Manual Professional '' . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Complications of surgical and medical care ( T80 -- T88 , 996 -- 999 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Transfusion reactions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Transfusion hemosiderosis </Li> <Li> TRALI </Li> <Li> TACO </Li> <Li> TA - GvHD </Li> <Li> FNHTR </Li> <Li> Acute / Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vaccine injury </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eczema vaccinatum </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Serum sickness </Li> <Li> Malignant hyperthermia </Li> <Li> Herxheimer reaction </Li> <Li> Graft - versus - host disease </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acute_hemolytic_transfusion_reaction&oldid=821817747 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Transfusion reactions </Li> <Li> Complications of surgical and medical care </Li> <Li> Transfusion medicine </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles that are too technical from January 2018 </Li> <Li> All articles that are too technical </Li> <Li> Articles needing expert attention from January 2018 </Li> <Li> All articles needing expert attention </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 20 : 29 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what happens to the rbc in acute hemolytic reaction

National flood insurance program - wikipedia <H1> National flood insurance program </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with National Fire Protection Association . `` NFIP '' redirects here . For the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis , see March of Dimes . <P> The National Flood Insurance Program ( NFIP ) is a program created by the Congress of the United States in 1968 through the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 ( P.L. 90 - 448 ) . The program enables property owners in participating communities to purchase insurance protection , administered by the government , against losses from flooding , and requires flood insurance for all loans or lines of credit that are secured by existing buildings , manufactured homes , or buildings under construction , that are located in a community that participates in the NFIP . </P> <P> This NFIP is designed to provide an insurance alternative to disaster assistance to meet the escalating costs of repairing damage to buildings and their contents caused by floods . As of August 2017 , the program insured about 5 million homes ( down from about 5.5 million homes in April 2010 ) , the majority of which are in Texas and Florida . The cost of the insurance program was fully covered by its premiums until the end of 2004 , but has had to steadily borrow funds since ( primarily due to Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Sandy ) , accumulating $25 billion of debt by August 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Implementation </Li> <Li> 2 Amendments </Li> <Li> 3 Floodplain Status Determination Appeals and Changes <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Letter of Map Amendment </Li> <Li> 3.2 Letter of Map Revision </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Criticisms </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Implementation ( edit ) </H2> <P> Participation in the NFIP is based on an agreement between local communities and the federal government that states that if a community will adopt and enforce a floodplain management ordinance to reduce future flood risks to new construction in Special Flood Hazard Areas ( SFHA ) , the federal government will make flood insurance available within the community as a financial protection against flood losses . The SFHAs and other risk premium zones applicable to each participating community are depicted on Flood Insurance Rate Maps ( FIRMs ) . The Mitigation Division within the Federal Emergency Management Agency manages the NFIP and oversees the floodplain management and mapping components of the Program . </P> <P> The intent was to reduce future flood damage through community floodplain management ordinances and provide protection for property owners against potential losses through an insurance mechanism that requires a premium to be paid for the protection . In 2003 , the GAO found that repetitive - loss properties cost the program about $200 million annually . Congress originally intended that operating expenses and flood insurance claims be paid for through the premiums collected for flood insurance policies . NFIP borrows from the U.S. Treasury for times when losses are heavy , and these loans are paid back with interest . </P> <P> Between 1978 and year - end 2014 , the U.S. Federal Government has paid more than $51 billion in claims under the National Flood Insurance Program . </P> <H2> Amendments ( edit ) </H2> <P> The program was first amended by the Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973 , which made the purchase of flood insurance mandatory for the protection of property within SFHAs . In 1982 , the Act was amended by the Coastal Barrier Resources Act ( CBRA ) . The CBRA enacted a set of maps depicting the John H. Chafee Coastal Barrier Resources System ( CBRS ) in which federal flood insurance is unavailable for new or significantly improved structures . The National Flood Insurance Reform Act of 1994 codified the Community Rating System ( an incentive program that encourages communities to exceed the minimal federal requirements for development within floodplains ) within the NFIP . The program was further amended by the Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004 , with the goal of reducing `` losses to properties for which repetitive flood insurance claim payments have been made . '' </P> <P> The Biggert -- Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 ( Biggert - Waters ) modified the NFIP . At the conclusion of 2011 , as Congress passed Biggert - Waters , the NFIP cumulative debt was over $17 billion . A core principle of Biggert - Waters was to change the NFIP premiums to match actuarial risk - based premiums that better reflected the expected losses and real risk of flooding . These changes included removing discounts to many policies which were being sold below actual actuarial risk targets and eliminating `` grandfathering '' of older rates . </P> <P> In January 2014 , the United States Senate passed the Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014 ( S. 1926 ; 113th Congress ) . This bill changed the process used to alter subsidized premiums and reinstated grandfathering of lower rates ; effectively delaying the increases in flood insurance premiums to obtain risk - based premiums under Biggert - Waters and spreading the cost of the lost premiums over all of the remaining policy holders . </P> <P> The National Flood Insurance Program was $24 billion in debt at the beginning of 2014 as a result of Hurricanes Katrina , Rita and Sandy . The passage of the HFIAA described above has concerned insurance and environmental observers that the delay in implementation of actuarial rates will leave taxpayers exposed to additional losses . </P> <H2> Floodplain status determination appeals and changes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Letter of Map Amendment ( edit ) </H3> <P> Insufficient map topographic detail or accuracy can result in the unwarranted determination of Special Flood Hazard Area ( SFHA ) . An application for a Letter of Map Amendment ( LOMA ) uses an Elevation Certificate ( prepared by a Registered Land Surveyor or Registered Professional Engineer ) to ask FEMA to remove the flood insurance requirement on individual properties . </P> <H3> Letter of Map Revision ( edit ) </H3> <P> For multiple properties or a larger area , an application for a Letter of Map Revision can be submitted when the landscape topography is different from that shown on the floodplain boundary and / or flood heights shown on the FIRM and the Flood Insurance Study . A Letter of Map Revision based on Fill ( LOMR - F ) is used when landscape topography is altered by humans , usually to increase the land elevation and remove land from the floodplain . A Conditional Letter of Map Revision ( CLOMR ) and Conditional Letter of Map Revision Based on Fill ( CLOMR - F ) are strongly advised as a mechanism to obtain FEMA feedback on the project before site changes are made , especially in light of the increasing attention on the nexus between the NFIP and the Endangered Species Act . </P> <H2> Criticisms ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Before 1950 flood insurance was part of the standard homeowners ' insurance policy . During the 1950s increasingly high correlation of losses by holders of flood policies of the same company caused many insurance companies to begin excluding flood coverage from standard insurance policies , selling flood insurance separately . Over time , insurance premiums collected were insufficient in covering payouts after major flooding events . In 1968 , the National Flood Insurance Act established the National Flood Insurance Program ( NFIP ) , which allows property owners to purchase insurance from the U.S. government that covers certain losses from flooding . This insurance is not set by the market risk valuation . It is less expensive than the private insurance company rate would be . This is accomplished either by the program running a deficit and borrowing money or by subsidies from the national government . Either way , the property owners with NFIP policies are receiving government subsidies to live in areas with high flood risk . </P> <P> Property losses stemming from flood damage were largely the responsibility of the property owner , although the consequences were sometimes mitigated through provisions for disaster aid . Today , owners of property in flood plains frequently receive disaster aid and payment for insured losses , which in many ways negates the original intent of the NFIP . Consequently , these policy decisions have escalated losses stemming from floods in recent years , both in terms of property and life . </P> <P> Moreover , certain provisions within the NFIP increase the likelihood that flood - prone properties will be occupied by the people least likely to be in a position to recover from flood disasters , which further increases demand for aid . This is an example of adverse selection . Some factors contributing to increased demand for aid are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Flood insurance for properties in flood prone areas is mandatory only to secure loans , which makes it somewhat more likely that flood prone properties will be owned by seniors who have paid off their mortgages , or investors who have acquired the property for rental income . </Li> <Li> Flood insurance only covers losses for the owner of the property , and claims are subject to caps , which further increases the likelihood that the property will be occupied by renters rather than the property owner . </Li> <Li> Flood prone properties are more likely to be offered for rent because of the owners ' increased risks and / or costs associated with occupying the property themselves . </Li> <Li> Flood prone properties are more likely to be offered for rent at a discount , which attracts lower income groups , seniors , and infirm groups . </Li> </Ul> <P> According to critics of the program , the government 's subsidized insurance plan `` encouraged building , and rebuilding , in vulnerable coastal areas and floodplains . '' Stephen Ellis , of the group Taxpayers for Common Sense , points to `` properties that flooded 17 or 18 times that were still covered under the federal insurance program '' without premiums going up . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency ( March 1986 ) . `` A Unified National Program for Floodplain Management '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Witkowski , Rachel ; Scism , Leslie ( 2017 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Hurricane Harvey Threatens Largest Flood Insurer : The Government '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holladay JS , Schwartz JA . ( 2010 ) . Flooding the Market : The Distributional Consequences of the NFIP . Institute for Policy Integrity . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How government policy exacerbates hurricanes like Harvey '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Government Accountability Office . ( 2003 ) . Challenges Facing the National Flood Insurance Program </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright , James M. , The Nation 's Response to Flood Disasters : A Historical Account . 1 Apr 2000 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fema.gov ( retrieved Apr. 13 , 2016 ) http://www.fema.gov/loss-dollars-paid-calendar-year# </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : National Research Council of the National Academies ( 2015 ) . `` Affordability of National Flood Insurance Program Premiums Report 1 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Uhlenbrock , Kristan ( 31 January 2014 ) . `` Despite Hazard of Sea Level Rise , Senate Halts Flood Insurance Reforms '' . ThinkProgress . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferraro , Thomas ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` U.S. Senate passes bill to delay hikes in flood insurance rates '' . Reuters . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` S. 1926 -- Summary '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ < https://www.fema.gov/floodplain-management/letter-map-amendment-loma </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Letter of Map Revision -- FEMA.gov '' . www.fema.gov . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Flood Insurance Program & the Endangered Species Act -- FEMA.gov '' . www.fema.gov . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Overwhelming risk : Rethinking flood insurance in a world of rising seas '' ( PDF ) . Union of Concerned Scientists . February 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : hanscom , Greg ( 13 January 2014 ) . `` Flood pressure : Climate disasters drown FEMA 's insurance plans '' . Grist . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> http://www.floodsmart.gov </Li> <Li> Federal law authorizing NFIP </Li> <Li> Experts : Flood terms mislead public MSNBC </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Flood_Insurance_Program&oldid=816287584 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> United States Department of Homeland Security </Li> <Li> Insurance in the United States </Li> <Li> Insurance law </Li> <Li> Flood control acts in the United States </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from January 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 12 : 05 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

in us national flood insurance is available for which of the following

Tuskegee Airmen - Wikipedia <H1> Tuskegee Airmen </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Tuskegee Airmen ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Tuskegee Airmen ( unofficial ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> </P> Emblems of wing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Active </Th> <Td> 1940 -- 1948 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Branch </Th> <Td> United States Army Air Corps United States Army Air Forces United States Air Force </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Role </Th> <Td> trained for aerial combat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Part of </Th> <Td> graduates assigned to the 332nd Fighter Group ( 99th Fighter Squadron , 100th Fighter Squadron , 301st Fighter Squadron , 302d Fighter Squadron ) , 477th Medium Bombardment Group ( 616th Bombardment Squadron , 617th Bombardment Squadron , 618th Bombardment Squadron , 619th Bombardment Squadron ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nickname ( s ) </Th> <Td> Red Tails Red - Tail Angels </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Motto ( s ) </Th> <Td> Spit Fire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Engagements </Th> <Td> World War II </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Tuskegee Airmen / tʌsˈkiːɡiː / is the popular name of a group of African - American military pilots ( fighter and bomber ) who fought in World War II . They formed the 332nd Fighter Group and the 477th Bombardment Group of the United States Army Air Forces . The name also applies to the navigators , bombardiers , mechanics , instructors , crew chiefs , nurses , cooks and other support personnel . </P> <P> All black military pilots who trained in the United States trained at Moton Field , the Tuskegee Army Air Field , and were educated at Tuskegee University , located near Tuskegee , Alabama . The group included five Haitians from the Haitian Air Force , and one pilot from Trinidad. . It also included a Hispanic or Latino airman born in the Dominican Republic . </P> <P> Although the 477th Bombardment Group trained with North American B - 25 Mitchell bombers , they never served in combat . The 99th Pursuit Squadron ( later , 99th Fighter Squadron ) was the first black flying squadron , and the first to deploy overseas ( to North Africa in April 1943 , and later to Sicily and Italy ) . The 332nd Fighter Group , which originally included the 100th , 301st , and 302nd Fighter Squadrons , was the first black flying group . It deployed to Italy in early 1944 . In June 1944 , the 332nd Fighter Group began flying heavy bomber escort missions , and in July 1944 , with the addition of the 99th Fighter Squadron , it had four fighter squadrons . </P> <P> The 99th Fighter Squadron was initially equipped with Curtiss P - 40 Warhawk fighter - bomber aircraft . The 332nd Fighter Group and its 100th , 301st and 302nd Fighter Squadrons were equipped for initial combat missions with Bell P - 39 Airacobras ( March 1944 ) , later with Republic P - 47 Thunderbolts ( June -- July 1944 ) , and finally with the aircraft with which they became most commonly associated , the North American P - 51 Mustang ( July 1944 ) . When the pilots of the 332nd Fighter Group painted the tails of their P - 47s red , the nickname `` Red Tails '' was coined . The red markings that distinguished the Tuskegee Airmen included red bands on the noses of P - 51s as well as a red rudder ; the P - 51B and D Mustangs flew with similar color schemes , with red propeller spinners , yellow wing bands and all - red tail surfaces . </P> <P> The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African - American military aviators in the United States Armed Forces . During World War II , black Americans in many U.S. states were still subject to the Jim Crow laws and the American military was racially segregated , as was much of the federal government . The Tuskegee Airmen were subjected to discrimination , both within and outside the army . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origins <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Background </Li> <Li> 1.2 Testing </Li> <Li> 1.3 The First Lady 's flight </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Formation </Li> <Li> 3 Combat assignment <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Active air units </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Tuskegee Airmen bomber units <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Formation </Li> <Li> 4.2 Command difficulties </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 War accomplishments <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Controversy over escort record </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Postwar </Li> <Li> 7 Legacy and honors </Li> <Li> 8 Artistic depictions of the Tuskegee Airmen </Li> <Li> 9 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 10 Squadron images </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 Notes </Li> <Li> 13 Citations </Li> <Li> 14 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origins ( edit ) </H2> See also : Civilian Pilot Training Program <H3> Background ( edit ) </H3> The P - 51C Mustang flown by Commemorative Air Force in the colors and markings of Lieutenant Colonel Lee Archer Tuskegee Airman P - 51 Mustang taken at Airventure . This particular P - 51C is part of the Red Tail Project The Stearman Kaydet training aircraft used by the Tuskegee Airmen , bearing the name Spirit of Tuskegee Portrait of Tuskegee airman Edward M. Thomas by photographer Toni Frissell , March 1945 <P> Before the Tuskegee Airmen , no African - American had been a U.S. military pilot . In 1917 , African - American men had tried to become aerial observers , but were rejected . African - American Eugene Bullard served in the French air service during World War I , because he was not allowed to serve in an American unit . Instead , Bullard returned to infantry duty with the French . </P> <P> The racially motivated rejections of World War I African - American recruits sparked more than two decades of advocacy by African - Americans who wished to enlist and train as military aviators . The effort was led by such prominent civil rights leaders as Walter White of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , labor union leader A. Philip Randolph , and Judge William H. Hastie . Finally , on 3 April 1939 , Appropriations Bill Public Law 18 was passed by Congress containing an amendment by Senator Harry H. Schwartz , designating funds for training African - American pilots . The War Department managed to put the money into funds of civilian flight schools willing to train black Americans . </P> <P> War Department tradition and policy mandated the segregation of African - Americans into separate military units staffed by white officers , as had been done previously with the 9th Cavalry , 10th Cavalry , 24th Infantry Regiment and 25th Infantry Regiment . When the appropriation of funds for aviation training created opportunities for pilot cadets , their numbers diminished the rosters of these older units . In 1941 , the War Department and the Army Air Corps , under pressure -- three months before its transformation into the USAAF -- constituted the first all - black flying unit , the 99th Pursuit Squadron . </P> <P> Due to the restrictive nature of selection policies , the situation did not seem promising for African - Americans since , in 1940 , the U.S. Census Bureau reported there were only 124 African - American pilots in the nation . The exclusionary policies failed dramatically when the Air Corps received an abundance of applications from men who qualified , even under the restrictive requirements . Many of the applicants already had participated in the Civilian Pilot Training Program , unveiled in late December 1938 ( CPTP ) . Tuskegee University had participated since 1939 . </P> <H3> Testing ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The U.S. Army Air Corps had established the Psychological Research Unit 1 at Maxwell Army Air Field , Montgomery , Alabama , and other units around the country for aviation cadet training , which included the identification , selection , education , and training of pilots , navigators , and bombardiers . Psychologists employed in these research studies and training programs used some of the first standardized tests to quantify IQ , dexterity and leadership qualities to select and train the best - suited personnel for the roles of bombardier , navigator , and pilot . The Air Corps determined that the existing programs would be used for all units , including all - black units . At Tuskegee , this effort continued with the selection and training of the Tuskegee Airmen . The War Department set up a system to accept only those with a level of flight experience or higher education which ensured that only the most able and intelligent African - American applicants were able to join . </P> <H3> The first Lady 's flight ( edit ) </H3> <P> The budding flight program at Tuskegee received a publicity boost when First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt inspected it in March 1941 , and flew with African - American chief civilian instructor C. Alfred `` Chief '' Anderson . Anderson , who had been flying since 1929 , and was responsible for training thousands of rookie pilots , took his prestigious passenger on a half - hour flight in a Piper J - 3 Cub . After landing , she cheerfully announced , `` Well , you can fly all right . '' </P> <P> The subsequent brouhaha over the First Lady 's flight had such an impact it is often mistakenly cited as the start of the CPTP at Tuskegee , even though the program was already five months old . Eleanor Roosevelt used her position as a trustee of the Julius Rosenwald Fund to arrange a loan of $175,000 to help finance the building of Moton Field . </P> <H2> Formation ( edit ) </H2> Major James A. Ellison returns the salute of Mac Ross , as he reviews the first class of Tuskegee cadets ; flight line at U.S. Army Air Corps basic and advanced flying school , with Vultee BT - 13 trainers in the background , Tuskegee , Alabama , 1941 <P> On 11 September 1941 , the 99th Pursuit Squadron was activated at Chanute Field in Rantoul , Illinois . </P> <P> A cadre of 271 enlisted men was trained in aircraft ground support trades at Chanute , beginning in July 1941 ; the skills being taught were so technical that setting up segregated classes was deemed impossible . This small number of enlisted men became the core of other black squadrons forming at Tuskegee and Maxwell Fields in Alabama . </P> <P> The Tuskegee program officially began June 1941 with the 99th Pursuit Squadron at Tuskegee University . The unit consisted of 47 officers and 429 enlisted men , and was backed by an entire service arm . After primary training at Moton Field , they were moved to the nearby Tuskegee Army Air Field , about 10 miles ( 16 km ) to the west for conversion training onto operational types . Consequently , Tuskegee Army Air Field became the only Army installation performing three phases of pilot training ( basic , advanced , and transition ) at a single location . Initial planning called for 500 personnel in residence at a time . </P> <P> By mid-1942 , over six times that many were stationed at Tuskegee , even though only two squadrons were training there . </P> War poster featuring a Tuskegee Airman <P> Tuskegee Army Airfield was similar to already - existing airfields reserved for training white pilots , such as Maxwell Field , only 40 miles ( 64 km ) distant . African - American contractor McKissack and McKissack , Inc. was in charge of the contract . The company 's 2,000 workmen , the Alabama Works Progress Administration , and the U.S. Army built the airfield in only six months . The construction was budgeted at $1,663,057 . The airmen were placed under the command of Captain Benjamin O. Davis , Jr. , one of only two black line officers then serving . </P> <P> During training , Tuskegee Army Air Field was commanded first by Major James Ellison . Ellison made great progress in organizing the construction of the facilities needed for the military program at Tuskegee . However , he was transferred on 12 January 1942 , reputedly because of his insistence that his African - American sentries and Military Police had police authority over local Caucasian civilians . </P> <P> His successor , Colonel Frederick von Kimble , then oversaw operations at the Tuskegee airfield . Contrary to new Army regulations , Kimble maintained segregation on the field in deference to local customs in the state of Alabama , a policy that was resented by the airmen . Later that year , the Air Corps replaced Kimble . His replacement had been the director of instruction at Tuskegee Army Airfield , Major Noel F. Parrish . Counter to the prevalent racism of the day , Parrish was fair and open - minded and petitioned Washington to allow the Tuskegee Airmen to serve in combat . </P> Instrument certificate for Tuskegee Airman Robert M. Glass , signed by Parrish <P> The strict racial segregation the U.S. Army required gave way in the face of the requirements for complex training in technical vocations . Typical of the process was the development of separate African - American flight surgeons to support the operations and training of the Tuskegee Airmen . Before the development of this unit , no U.S. Army flight surgeons had been black . </P> <P> Training of African - American men as aviation medical examiners was conducted through correspondence courses until 1943 , when two black physicians were admitted to the U.S. Army School of Aviation Medicine at Randolph Field , Texas . This was one of the earliest racially integrated courses in the U.S. Army . Seventeen flight surgeons served with the Tuskegee Airmen from 1941 - 49 . At that time , the typical tour of duty for a U.S. Army flight surgeon was four years . Six of these physicians lived under field conditions during operations in North Africa , Sicily , and Italy . The chief flight surgeon to the Tuskegee Airmen was Dr. Vance H. Marchbanks , Jr. , MD , a childhood friend of Benjamin Davis . </P> <P> The accumulation of washed - out cadets at Tuskegee and the propensity of other commands to `` dump '' African - American personnel on the post exacerbated the difficulties of administering Tuskegee . A shortage of jobs for them made these enlisted men a drag on Tuskegee 's housing and culinary departments . </P> <P> Trained officers were also left idle , as the plan to shift African - American officers into command slots stalled , and white officers not only continued to hold command , but were joined by additional white officers assigned to the post . One rationale behind the non-assignment of trained African - American officers was stated by the commanding officer of the Army Air Forces , General Henry `` Hap '' Arnold : `` Negro pilots can not be used in our present Air Corps units since this would result in Negro officers serving over white enlisted men creating an impossible social situation . '' </P> <H2> Combat assignment ( edit ) </H2> Eight Tuskegee Airmen in front of a P - 40 fighter aircraft <P> The 99th was finally considered ready for combat duty by April 1943 . It shipped out of Tuskegee on 2 April , bound for North Africa , where it would join the 33rd Fighter Group and its commander , Colonel William W. Momyer . Given little guidance from battle - experienced pilots , the 99th 's first combat mission was to attack the small strategic volcanic island of Pantelleria in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea lanes for the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943 . The air assault on the island began 30 May 1943 . The 99th flew its first combat mission on 2 June . The surrender of the garrison of 11,121 Italians and 78 Germans due to air attack was the first of its kind . </P> <P> The 99th then moved on to Sicily and received a Distinguished Unit Citation for its performance in combat . </P> Col. Benjamin O. Davis , Jr. , commander of the Tuskegee Airmen 332nd Fighter Group , in front of his P - 47 Thunderbolt in Sicily <P> By the end of February 1944 , more graduates were ready for combat , and the all - black 332nd Fighter Group had been sent overseas with three fighter squadrons : The 100th , 301st and 302nd . </P> <P> Under the command of Colonel Davis , the squadrons were moved to mainland Italy , where the 99th Fighter Squadron , assigned to the group on May 1 , 1944 , joined them on June 6 at Ramitelli Airfield , in the small city of Campomarino , on the Adriatic coast . From Ramitelli , the 332nd Fighter Group escorted Fifteenth Air Force heavy strategic bombing raids into Czechoslovakia , Austria , Hungary , Poland and Germany . </P> <P> Flying escort for heavy bombers , the 332nd earned an impressive combat record . The Allies called these airmen `` Red Tails '' or `` Red - Tail Angels , '' because of the distinctive crimson unit identification marking predominantly applied on the tail section of the unit 's aircraft . </P> <P> A B - 25 bomb group , the 477th Bombardment Group , was forming in the U.S. , but was not able to complete its training in time to see action . The 99th Fighter Squadron after its return to the United States became part of the 477th , redesignated the 477th Composite Group . </P> <H3> Active Air units ( edit ) </H3> Pilots of the 332nd Fighter Group at Ramitelli Airfield , Italy ; from left to right , Lt. Dempsey W. Morgan , Lt. Carroll S. Woods , Lt. Robert H. Nelron , Jr. , Captain Andrew D. Turner , and Lt. Clarence P. Lester <P> The only black air units that saw combat during the war were the 99th Pursuit Squadron and the 332nd Fighter Group . The dive - bombing and strafing missions under Lieutenant Colonel Davis , Jr. were considered to be highly successful . </P> <P> In May 1942 , the 99th Pursuit Squadron was renamed the 99th Fighter Squadron . It earned three Distinguished Unit Citations ( DUC ) during World War II . The DUCs were for operations over Sicily from 30 May -- 11 June 1943 , Monastery Hill near Cassino from 12 -- 14 May 1944 , and for successfully fighting off German jet aircraft on 24 March 1945 . The mission was the longest bomber escort mission of the Fifteenth Air Force throughout the war . The 332nd flew missions in Sicily , Anzio , Normandy , the Rhineland , the Po Valley and Rome - Arno and others . Pilots of the 99th once set a record for destroying five enemy aircraft in under four minutes . </P> <P> The Tuskegee Airmen shot down three German jets in a single day . On 24 March 1945 , 43 P - 51 Mustangs led by Colonel Benjamin O. Davis escorted B - 17 bombers over 1,600 miles ( 2,600 km ) into Germany and back . The bombers ' target , a massive Daimler - Benz tank factory in Berlin , was heavily defended by Luftwaffe aircraft , including propeller - driven Fw 190s , Me 163 `` Komet '' rocket - powered fighters , and 25 of the much more formidable Me 262s , history 's first operational jet fighter . Pilots Charles Brantley , Earl Lane and Roscoe Brown all shot down German jets over Berlin that day . For the mission , the 332nd Fighter Group earned a Distinguished Unit Citation . </P> <P> Pilots of the 332nd Fighter Group earned 96 Distinguished Flying Crosses . Their missions took them over Italy and enemy occupied parts of central and southern Europe . Their operational aircraft were , in succession : Curtiss P - 40 Warhawk , Bell P - 39 Airacobra , Republic P - 47 Thunderbolt and North American P - 51 Mustang fighter aircraft . </P> <H2> Tuskegee Airmen bomber units ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Formation ( edit ) </H3> <P> With African - American fighter pilots being trained successfully , the Army Air Force now came under political pressure from the NAACP and other civil rights organizations to organize a bomber unit . There could be no defensible argument that the quota of 100 African - American pilots in training at one time , or 200 per year out of a total of 60,000 American aviation cadets in annual training , represented the service potential of 13 million African - Americans . </P> <P> On 13 May 1943 , the 616th Bombardment Squadron was established as the initial subordinate squadron of the 477th Bombardment Group . The squadron was activated on 1 July 1943 , only to be inactivated on 15 August 1943 . By September 1943 , the number of washed - out cadets on base had surged to 286 , with few of them working . In January 1944 , the 477th Bombardment Group was reactivated . At the time , the usual training cycle for a bombardment group took three to four months . </P> <P> The 477th would eventually contain four medium bomber squadrons . Slated to comprise 1,200 officers and enlisted men , the unit would operate 60 North American B - 25 Mitchell bombers . The 477th would go on to encompass three more bomber squadrons -- the 617th Bombardment Squadron , the 618th Bombardment Squadron , and the 619th Bombardment Squadron . The 477th was anticipated to be ready for action in November 1944 . </P> <P> The home field for the 477th was Selfridge Field , located outside Detroit , however , other bases would be used for various types of training courses . Twin - engine pilot training began at Tuskegee while transition to multi-engine pilot training was at Mather Field , California . Some ground crews trained at Mather before rotating to Inglewood . Gunners learned to shoot at Eglin Field , Florida . Bombers - navigators learned their trades at Hondo Army Air Field and Midland Air Field , Texas or at Roswell , New Mexico . Training of the new African - American crewmen also took place at Sioux Falls , South Dakota , Lincoln , Nebraska , and Scott Field , Belleville , Illinois . Once trained , the air and ground crews would be spliced into a working unit at Selfridge . </P> <H3> Command difficulties ( edit ) </H3> <P> The new group 's first commanding officer was Colonel Robert Selway , who had also commanded the 332nd Fighter Group before it deployed for combat overseas . Like his ranking officer , Major General Frank O'Driscoll Hunter from Georgia , Selway was a racial segregationist . Hunter was blunt about it , saying such things as , `` ... racial friction will occur if colored and white pilots are trained together . '' He backed Selway 's violations of Army Regulation 210 - 10 , which forbade segregation of air base facilities . They segregated base facilities so thoroughly they even drew a line in the base theater and ordered separate seating by races . When the audience sat in random patterns as part of `` Operation Checkerboard '' , the movie was halted to make men return to segregated seating . African - American officers petitioned base Commanding Officer William Boyd for access to the only officer 's club on base . Lieutenant Milton Henry entered the club and personally demanded his club rights ; he was court - martialed for this , and discharged . </P> <P> Subsequently , Colonel Boyd denied club rights to African - Americans although General Hunter stepped in and promised a separate but equal club would be built for black airmen . The 477th was transferred to Godman Field , Kentucky before the club was built . They had spent five months at Selfridge but found themselves on a base a fraction of Selfridge 's size , with no air - to - ground gunnery range , and deteriorating runways that were too short for B - 25 landings . Colonel Selway took on the second role of commanding officer of Godman Field . In that capacity , he ceded Godman Field 's officer club to African - American airmen . Caucasian officers used the whites - only clubs at nearby Fort Knox , much to the displeasure of African - American officers . </P> <P> Another irritant was a professional one for African - American officers . They observed a steady flow of white officers through the command positions of the group and squadrons ; these officers stayed just long enough to be `` promotable '' before transferring out at their new rank . This seemed to take about four months . In an extreme example , 22 - year - old Robert Mattern was promoted to captain , transferred into squadron command in the 477th days later , and left a month later as a major . He was replaced by another Caucasian officer . Meanwhile , no Tuskegee Airmen held command . </P> <P> On 15 March 1945 , the 477th was transferred to Freeman Field , near Seymour , Indiana . The white population of Freeman Field was 250 officers and 600 enlisted men . Superimposed on it were 400 African - American officers and 2,500 enlisted men of the 477th and its associated units . Freeman Field had a firing range , usable runways , and other amenities useful for training . African - American airmen would work in proximity with white ones ; both would live in a public housing project adjacent to the base . </P> <P> Colonel Selway turned the non-commissioned officers out of their club and turned it into a second officers club . He then classified all white personnel as cadre , and all African - Americans as trainees . One officers club became the cadre 's club . The old Non-Commissioned Officers Club , promptly sarcastically dubbed `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin '' , became the trainee 's officers club . At least four of the trainees had flown combat in Europe as fighter pilots , and had about four years in service . Four others had completed training as pilots , bombardiers and navigators , and may have been the only triply qualified officers in the entire Air Corps . Several of the Tuskegee Airmen had logged over 900 flight hours by this time . Nevertheless , by Colonel Selway 's fiat , they were trainees . </P> <P> Off - base was no better ; many businesses in Seymour would not serve African - Americans . A local laundry would not wash their clothes , yet willingly laundered those of captured German soldiers . </P> <P> In early April 1945 , the 118th Base Unit transferred in from Godman Field ; its African - American personnel held orders that specified they were base cadre , not trainees . On 5 April , officers of the 477th peaceably tried to enter the whites - only Officer 's Club . Selway had been tipped off by a phone call , and had the assistant provost marshal and base billeting manager stationed at the door to refuse the 477th officers entry . The latter , a major , ordered them to leave , and took their names as a means of arresting them when they refused . It was the beginning of the Freeman Field Mutiny . </P> <P> In the wake of the Freeman Field Mutiny , the 616th and 619th were disbanded and the returned 99th Fighter Squadron assigned to the 477th on 22 June 1945 ; it was re-designated the 477th Composite Group as a result . On 1 July 1945 , Colonel Robert Selway was relieved of the Group 's command ; he was replaced by Colonel Benjamin O. Davis , Jr . A complete sweep of Selway 's white staff followed , with all vacated jobs filled by African - American officers . The war ended before the 477th Composite Group could get into action . The 618th Bombardment Squadron was disbanded on October 8 , 1945 . On 13 March 1946 , the two - squadron group , supported by the 602nd Engineer Squadron ( later renamed 602nd Air Engineer Squadron ) , the 118th Base Unit , and a band , moved to its final station , Lockbourne Field . The 617th Bombardment Squadron and the 99th Fighter Squadron disbanded on July 1 , 1947 , ending the 477th Composite Group . It would be reorganized as the 332nd Fighter Wing . </P> <H2> War accomplishments ( edit ) </H2> Office of War Information poster <P> In all , 992 pilots were trained in Tuskegee from 1941 - 46 . 355 were deployed overseas , and 84 lost their lives in accidents or combat . The toll included 68 pilots killed in action or accidents , 12 killed in training and non-combat missions and 32 captured as prisoners of war . </P> <P> The Tuskegee Airmen were credited by higher commands with the following accomplishments : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1578 combat missions , 1267 for the Twelfth Air Force ; 311 for the Fifteenth Air Force </Li> <Li> 179 bomber escort missions , with a good record of protection , losing bombers on only seven missions and a total of only 27 , compared to an average of 46 among other 15th Air Force P - 51 groups </Li> <Li> 112 enemy aircraft destroyed in the air , another 150 on the ground and 148 damaged </Li> <Li> 950 rail cars , trucks and other motor vehicles destroyed ( over 600 rail cars ) </Li> <Li> One destroyer put out of action . The ship concerned had been classified as a destroyer ( Giuseppe Missori ) by the Italian Navy , before being reclassified by the Germans as a torpedo boat , TA22 . It was attacked on 25 June 1944 . The German Navy decommissioned it on 8 November 1944 , and finally scuttled it on 5 February 1945 . </Li> <Li> 40 boats and barges destroyed </Li> </Ul> <P> Awards and decorations included : </P> <Ul> <Li> Three Distinguished Unit Citations <Ul> <Li> 99th Pursuit Squadron : 30 May -- 11 June 1943 for actions over Sicily </Li> <Li> 99th Fighter Squadron : 12 -- 14 May 1944 : for successful air strikes against Monte Cassino , Italy </Li> <Li> 332nd Fighter Group ( and its 99th , 100th , and 301st Fighter Squadrons ) : March 24th 1945 : for a bomber escort mission to Berlin , during which pilots of the 100th FS shot down three enemy ME - 262 jets . The 302nd Fighter Squadron did not receive this award as it had been disbanded on March 6th 1945 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> At least one Silver Star </Li> <Li> 96 Distinguished Flying Crosses to 95 Airmen ; Captain William A. Campbell was awarded two . </Li> <Li> 14 Bronze Stars </Li> <Li> 744 Air Medals </Li> <Li> 8 Purple Hearts </Li> </Ul> <H3> Controversy over escort record ( edit ) </H3> Men of the 332nd Fighter Group attend a briefing in Italy in 1945 <P> On 24 March 1945 , during the war , the Chicago Defender said that no bomber escorted by the Tuskegee Airmen had ever been lost to enemy fire , under the headline : `` 332nd Flies Its 200th Mission Without Loss '' ; the article was based on information supplied by the 15th Air Force . </P> <P> This statement was repeated for many years , and not publicly challenged , partly because the mission reports were classified for a number of years after the war . In 2004 , William Holton , who was serving as the historian of the Tuskegee Airmen Incorporated , conducted research into wartime action reports . </P> <P> Alan Gropman , a professor at the National Defense University , disputed the initial refutations of the no - loss myth , and said he researched more than 200 Tuskegee Airmen mission reports and found no bombers were lost to enemy fighters . Dr. Daniel Haulman of the Air Force Historical Research Agency conducted a reassessment of the history of the unit in 2006 and early 2007 . His subsequent report , based on after - mission reports filed by both the bomber units and Tuskegee fighter groups , as well as missing air crew records and witness testimony , documented 25 bombers shot down by enemy fighter aircraft while being escorted by the Tuskegee Airmen . </P> <P> In a subsequent article , `` The Tuskegee Airmen and the Never Lost a Bomber Myth , '' published in the Alabama Review and also by New South Books as an e-book , and included in a more comprehensive study regarding misconceptions about the Tuskegee Airmen released by AFHRA in July 2013 , Haulman documented 27 bombers shot down by enemy aircraft while those bombers were being escorted by the 332nd Fighter Group . This total included 15 B - 17s of the 483rd Bombardment Group shot down during a particularly savage air battle with an estimated 300 German fighters on 18 July 1944 that also resulted in nine kill credits and the award of five Distinguished Flying Crosses to members of the 332nd . </P> <P> Of the 179 bomber escort missions the 332nd Fighter Group flew for the Fifteenth Air Force , the group encountered enemy aircraft on 35 of those missions and lost bombers to enemy aircraft on only seven , and the total number of bombers lost was 27 . By comparison , the average number of bombers lost by the other P - 51 fighter groups of the Fifteenth Air Force during the same period was 46 . </P> Tuskegee Airmen gathered at a U.S. base after a mission in the Mediterranean theater <P> A number of examples of the fighter group 's losses exist in the historical record . A mission report states that on 26 July 1944 : `` 1 B - 24 seen spiraling out of formation in T / A ( target area ) after attack by E / A ( enemy aircraft ) . No chutes seen to open . '' The Distinguished Flying Cross citation awarded to Colonel Benjamin O. Davis for the mission on 9 June 1944 noted that he `` so skillfully disposed his squadrons that in spite of the large number of enemy fighters , the bomber formation suffered only a few losses . '' </P> <P> William Holloman was reported by the Times as saying his review of records confirmed bombers had been lost . Holloman was a member of Tuskegee Airmen Inc. , a group of surviving Tuskegee pilots and their supporters , who also taught Black Studies at the University of Washington and chaired the Airmen 's history committee . According to the 28 March 2007 Air Force report , some bombers under 332nd Fighter Group escort protection were even shot down on the day the Chicago Defender article was published . The mission reports , however , do credit the group for not losing a bomber on an escort mission for a six - month period between September 1944 and March 1945 , albeit when Luftwaffe contacts were far fewer than earlier . </P> <H2> Postwar ( edit ) </H2> Several Tuskegee Airmen at Ramitelli , Italy , March 1945 <P> Contrary to negative predictions from some quarters , Tuskegee Airmen were some of the best pilots in the U.S. Army Air Forces due to a combination of pre-war experience and the personal drive of those accepted for training . Nevertheless , the Tuskegee Airmen continued to have to fight racism . Their combat record did much to quiet those directly involved with the group , notably bomber crews who often requested them for escort , but other units continued to harass these airmen . In 1949 , the 332nd entered the annual U.S. Continental Gunnery Meet in Las Vegas , Nevada . The competition included shooting aerial targets , shooting targets on the ground and dropping bombs on targets . Flying the long range Republic P - 47N Thunderbolt ( built for the long range escort mission in the Pacific theatre of World War II ) , the 332nd Fighter Wing took first place in the conventional fighter class . The pilots were Capt . Alva Temple , Lts . Harry Stewart , James Harvey III and Herbert Alexander . Lt. Harvey said , `` We had a perfect score . Three missions , two bombs per plane . We did n't guess at anything , we were good . '' They received congratulations from the Governor of Ohio , and Air Force commanders across the nation . </P> <P> After segregation in the military was ended in 1948 by President Harry S. Truman with Executive Order 9981 , the veteran Tuskegee Airmen now found themselves in high demand throughout the newly formed United States Air Force . Some taught in civilian flight schools , such as the black - owned Columbia Air Center in Maryland . On 11 May 1949 , Air Force Letter 35.3 was published , which mandated that black Airmen be screened for reassignment to formerly all - white units according to qualifications . </P> <P> Tuskegee Airmen were instrumental in postwar developments in aviation . Edward A. Gibbs was a civilian flight instructor in the U.S. Aviation Cadet Program at Tuskegee during its inception . He later became the founder of Negro Airmen International , an association joined by many airmen . USAF General Daniel `` Chappie '' James Jr. ( then Lt . ) was an instructor of the 99th Pursuit Squadron , later a fighter pilot in Europe . In 1975 , he became the first African - American to reach the rank of four - star general . Post-war commander of the 99th Squadron Marion Rodgers went on to work in communications for NORAD and as a program developer for the Apollo 13 project . </P> <P> In 2005 , seven Tuskegee Airmen , including Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Carter , Colonel Charles McGee , group historian Ted Johnson , and Lieutenant Colonel Lee Archer , flew to Balad , Iraq , to speak to active duty airmen serving in the current incarnation of the 332nd , which was reactivated as the 332nd Air Expeditionary Group in 1998 and made part of the 332nd Air Expeditionary Wing . `` This group represents the linkage between the ' greatest generation ' of airmen and the ' latest generation ' of airmen , '' said Lt. Gen. Walter E. Buchanan III , commander of the Ninth Air Force and US Central Command Air Forces . </P> <P> No one knows how many of the original 996 pilots and about 16,000 ground personnel are still alive . Surviving members of the Tuskegee Airmen participate annually in the Tuskegee Airmen Convention , which is hosted by Tuskegee Airmen , Inc . </P> <P> Willie Rogers , the last surviving member of the original Tuskegee Airmen , died at the age of 101 on 18 November 2016 in St. Petersburg , Florida following a stroke . Rogers was drafted into the Army in 1942 and was part of the 100th Air Engineer Squad. Rogers also served with the Red Tail Angels . He was wounded in action , shot in the stomach and leg by German soldiers , during a mission in Italy in January 1943 . In 2007 , President George W. Bush awarded him the Congressional Gold Medal. Rev. Irby said Rogers was a `` passionate oral historian . '' </P> <H2> Legacy and honors ( edit ) </H2> A tail signed by surviving Tuskegee Airmen located at the Palm Springs Air Museum , Palm Springs , California . The Hangar One Museum at the Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site at Moton Field , Tuskegee , Alabama . The Congressional Gold Medal was collectively presented to approximately 300 Tuskegee Airmen or their widows , at the U.S. Capitol rotunda in Washington , D.C. by President George W. Bush on 29 March 2007 Red Tails continue to fly in the 99th Flying Training Squadron at Randolph Air Force Base in honor of the Tuskegee Airmen The restored P - 51 Mustang associated with the Tuskegee Airmen , now flown by Red Tail Project as described in Red Tail Reborn The new redesigned Tuskegee Airmen Depot sticker . <P> On 29 March 2007 , the Tuskegee Airmen were collectively awarded a Congressional Gold Medal at a ceremony in the U.S. Capitol rotunda . The medal is currently on display at the Smithsonian Institution . The airfield where the airmen trained is now the Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site . </P> <P> Thurgood Marshall , the future Supreme Court justice , got his start defending Tuskegee bomber trainees . The 477th Bombardment Group was formed in 1944 to extend the so - called `` Tuskegee experiment '' by allowing black aviators to serve on bomber crews . The aim was to send pilots -- many of them veterans of the original Tuskegee fighter group -- back to the States for training on B - 25 bombers . While in Indiana , some of the African - American officers were arrested and charged with mutiny after entering an all - white officers ' club . Marshall , then a young lawyer , represented the 100 black officers who had landed in jail as a result of the confrontation . The men were soon released ( although one was later convicted of violent conduct and fined ) . </P> <P> Other members of the Tuskegee Airmen have made contributions in the world of business . Eugene Winslow founded Afro - Am Publishing in Chicago , Illinois , which published Great Negroes Past and Present in 1963 . </P> <P> Daniel `` Chappie '' James Jr. started his career in the early 1940s at Tuskegee , joining the Army Air Corps in July 1943 . After the war ended , James stayed in what became the Air Force and flew missions in both Korea and Vietnam . In 1969 , James was put in command of Wheelus Air Base outside of Tripoli . </P> <P> Three Tuskegee airmen went on to become generals . For keeping his cool in the face of Qaddafi 's troops , James was appointed a brigadier general by President Nixon . However , he was not the only graduate of the `` Tuskegee experiment '' to make flag rank . James followed in the footsteps of Benjamin O. Davis Jr. , the original commander of the 332nd Fighter Group and the first black general in the U.S. Air Force . Another Tuskegee aviator , Lucius Theus , retired a major general after dedicating most of his 36 - year career in the Air Force to improving the military 's bureaucracy , helping to implement a direct deposit system for service members . </P> <P> In 2006 , California Congressman Adam Schiff and Missouri Congressman William Lacy Clay , Jr. , led the initiative to create a commemorative postage stamp to honor the Tuskegee Airmen . </P> <P> The 99th Flying Training Squadron flies T - 1A Jayhawks and , in honor of the Tuskegee Airmen , painted the tops of the tails of their aircraft red . On August 1 , 2008 , Camp Creek Parkway , a portion of State Route 6 in south Fulton County and in the City of East Point near Atlanta , Georgia , was officially renamed in honor of the Tuskegee Airmen . The road is a highway that serves as the main artery into Hartsfield - Jackson International Airport . </P> <P> The Heinz History Center in Pittsburgh presented an award to several Western Pennsylvania Tuskegee veterans , as well as suburban Sewickley , Pennsylvania dedicated a memorial to the seven from that municipality . An exhibit was established at Pittsburgh International Airport in Concourse A . </P> <P> On 9 December 2008 , the Tuskegee Airmen were invited to attend the inauguration of Barack Obama , the first African - American elected as President . Retired Lt. William Broadwater , 82 , of Upper Marlboro , Maryland , a Tuskegee Airman , summed up the feeling . `` The culmination of our efforts and others was this great prize we were given on Nov. 4 . Now we feel like we 've completed our mission . '' More than 180 airmen attended the 20 January 2009 inauguration . </P> <P> The Tuskegee Airmen Memorial was erected at Walterboro Army Airfield , South Carolina , in honor of the Tuskegee Airmen , their instructors , and ground support personnel who trained at the Walterboro Army Airfield during World War II . In the 2010 Rose Parade , the city of West Covina , California paid tribute to the `` service and commitment of the Tuskegee Airmen '' with a float , entitled `` Tuskegee Airmen -- A Cut Above '' , which featured a large bald eagle , two replica World War II `` Redtail '' fighter aircraft and historical images of some of the airmen who served . The float won the mayor 's trophy as the most outstanding city entry -- national or international . </P> <P> In June 1998 , the Ohio Army and Air National guard opened a jointly operated dining hall . They dedicated the new dining facility called the `` Red Tail Dining Facility '' to the Tuskegee Airmen . The facility is operated at the Rickenbacker ANG base outside of Columbus Ohio . </P> <P> In January 2012 , MTA Regional Bus Operations officially changed the name of its 100th Street depot in New York City to the Tuskegee Airmen Depot . In 2012 , George Lucas produced Red Tails , a film based on the experiences of the Tuskegee Airmen . </P> <P> In 2012 , Aldine Independent School District in Harris County , Texas named Benjamin O. Davis High School in honor of Benjamin O. Davis Jr . </P> <H2> Artistic depictions of the Tuskegee Airmen ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Red Tails Escorting the B17s , a watercolor by Kay Smith is in the collections of the Pritzker Military Library . </Li> </Ul> <P> There is a mural depicting the Tuskegee Airmen and their contributions at 39th and Chestnut Streets in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . </P> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> Play media Tuskegee Airmen were featured in Wings for This Man ( 1945 ) <Ul> <Li> Wings for This Man ( 1945 ) , a propaganda short about the Tuskegee Airmen , was produced by the First Motion Picture Unit of the Army Air Forces . The film was narrated by Ronald Reagan . </Li> <Li> `` Graveyard '' , an episode of Twelve O'Clock High ( 1966 ) , starring Ossie Davis , Jon Voight , Lloyd Haynes . </Li> <Li> The Tuskegee Airmen ( 1995 ) , a film starring Laurence Fishburne , was produced and aired by HBO . </Li> <Li> `` The Tuskegee Airmen '' , an episode of the documentary TV series Dogfights , was originally aired on the History Channel on 6 December 2007 . </Li> <Li> The Tuskegee Airmen ( 1997 ) are represented in the G.I. Joe action figure series . </Li> <Li> The Wild Blue : The Men and Boys who Flew the B - 24s over Germany ( 2001 ) , a book by Stephen Ambrose , describes the Tuskegee Airmen in a tribute to their achievements . </Li> <Li> Silver Wings & Civil Rights : The Fight to Fly ( 2004 ) is a documentary that was the first film to feature information regarding the `` Freeman Field Mutiny '' , the struggle of 101 African - American officers arrested for entering a white officer 's club . </Li> <Li> Red Tail Reborn is a documentary film about the restoration of an aircraft that was flown by the Tuskegee Airmen and its use as a flying memorial to them . </Li> <Li> Red Tails is a film about the Tuskegee Airmen by George Lucas released in January 2012 . The film was written by John Ridley and Aaron McGruder , and directed by Anthony Hemingway . </Li> <Li> Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) features the Tuskegee Airmen . One of the Airmen , played by Keith Powell , narrates the group 's activities in a stentorian voice ( `` The Tuskegee Airmen are on the march once again ! '' ) . Another one of the Airmen ( Craig Robinson ) says to Amelia Earhart ( Amy Adams ) , `` A lot of people did n't think we could fly , either ... thanks for clearing the runway for us . '' </Li> <Li> Black Angels Over Tuskegee ( 2015 ) , an Off - Broadway play about the Airmen written and directed by Layon Gray , currently performs in New York City . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Squadron images ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> Patch of the 99th Fighter Squadron </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Patch of the 100th Fighter Squadron </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Patch of the 301st Fighter Squadron </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Patch of the 302d Fighter Squadron </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> United States Air Force portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 92nd Infantry Division </Li> <Li> 93rd Infantry Division </Li> <Li> 555th Parachute Infantry Battalion `` Triple Nicklel '' </Li> <Li> 761st Tank Battalion </Li> <Li> Bessie Coleman -- first African - American civil aviator </Li> <Li> Fly ( 2009 play about the Tuskegee Airmen ) </Li> <Li> List of African - American Medal of Honor recipients </Li> <Li> Military history of African - Americans </Li> <Li> Racial discrimination against African - Americans in the U.S. Military </Li> <Li> Red Ball Express </Li> <Li> Strategic bombing during World War II </Li> <Li> Port Chicago disaster </Li> <Li> Walterboro Army Airfield training site and memorial </Li> <Li> Willa Brown </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. state and local laws enacted between 1876 and 1965 that mandated de jure racial segregation in all public activities were collectively known as the `` Jim Crow laws '' ; the name derivation from a contemporary pejorative for Black Americans . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pursuit '' being the U.S. term for `` fighter '' to May 1942 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ It may have been a lawsuit from a rejected candidate , that caused the USAAC to accept black applicants . Yancey Williams , an African American otherwise qualified for military pilot 's training , filed suit in the District Court in Washington , DC for admittance to training . He was backed by the National Association of for the Advancement of Colored People . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Coffey School of Aeronautics in Chicago was also considered . Tuskegee 's already existent CPTP , ground school training facilities , availability of nearby Montgomery Field , and better flying weather certainly offered some advantages . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The physical requirements that made it possible to fit in a fighter 's cockpit with a height less than 70 inches , weight under 170 pounds , precluded many larger African - American men from eligibility . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Each B - 25 bomber cost $175,000 . Overall cost of the entire group was estimated at $20,000,000 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Citations ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ See `` Pronunciation of Tuskegee '' , thefreedictionary.com ; retrieved October 3 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tuskegee Airmen Pilot Listing '' Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , tuskegee.edu ; retrieved 13 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ An Unknown Latino Tuskegee Airman Has Been Discovered </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woodward and McFeely ( 2001 ) , p. 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Francis and Caso 1997 , pp. 38 -- 39 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lloyd 2000 , p. 176 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , p. 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Tuskegee Airmen '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , p. 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benton 1999 , p. 43 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mrs. Roosevelt Goes for a Ride - Red Tail Squadron '' . Red Tail Squadron . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Moye 2010 , pp. 52 -- 54 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 26 -- 37 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , p. 57 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thole 2002 , p. 48 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly 2001 , pp. 36 -- 37 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lambertson , Gilles . `` History of Flight : The Other Harlem . '' Air & Space Magazine , 1 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fact sheet : Tuskegee Airmen '' Archived 19 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , National Museum of the United States Air Force website ; retrieved 22 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 93 -- 94 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly , p. 68 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 233 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly 2001 , pp. 31 -- 32 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 56 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Gene . `` Colonel Parrish 's Orders . '' American History , Volume 46 , Issue 3 , May / June 1995 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 258 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jones , D.R. , L.P. Gross and R. Marchbanks - Robinson . `` United States Army Aeromedical Support to African Fliers , 1941 -- 1949 : The Tuskegee Flight Surgeons '' , SAM - FE - BR - TR - 2007 - 0001 : US Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine ( 2007 ) ; retrieved 20 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 214 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 93 -- 95 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Davis Leads the 99th into Combat '' Archived 5 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , The National Museum of the United States Air Force ; retrieved 27 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wolk , Herman S. `` Pantelleria , 1943 '' Archived 20 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , airforce-magazine.com , June 2002 ; retrieved 12 February 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Molony et al. 2004 , p. 49 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 99th Flying Training Squadron History . '' United States Air Force ; retrieved 12 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 332d Fighter Squadron '' , everworld.com ; retrieved 9 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rice , Markus . `` The Men and Their Airplanes : The Fighters '' , Tuskegee Airmen via logicalthinker2.tripod.com , 1 March 2000 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Black Americans in Defense of Our Nation . '' Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Sam Houston State University ; retrieved 11 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Celebrating African Americans in Aviation '' , San Diego Air & Space Museum ; retrieved 12 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Escort Excellence '' Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , nationalmuseum.af.mil ; retrieved 12 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Escort Excellence '' Archived 9 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , nationalmuseum.af.mil ; retrieved 27 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Moye 2010 , p. 123 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 219 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 94 , 124 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly 2001 , p. 177 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 457 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly 2001 , p. 186 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 207 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly , pp. 180 -- 82 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly 2001 , pp. 185 -- 86 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 126 -- 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 128 -- 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 131 -- 32 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Homan and Reilly 2001 , p. 187 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 132 -- 33 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , p. 133 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly 2001 , pp. 206 -- 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis and Caso. 1997 , p. 263 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Escort Excellence . '' Archived 9 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . National Museum of the United States Air Force ; retrieved 12 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tillman 2012 , p. 24 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 394 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , pp. 405 -- 13 ( Tuskegee Honor Roll ) , books.google.com ; accessed 5 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haulman , Dr. Daniel L. Misconceptions About the Tuskegee Airmen Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , AFHRA.af.mil , 24 July 2013 ; retrieved 26 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haulman , Dr. Daniel L. `` Nine Myths about the Tuskegee Airmen '' Archived 31 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , tuskegee.edu , 21 October 2011 ; retrieved 5 February 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Freeman Field Mutiny : A Study In Leadership '' , Air University , Maxwell - Gunter Air Force Base , Montgomery , Alabama ; retrieved 12 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haulman 2012 , p. 52 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haulman , Dr. Daniel L. `` Chronological Table of Tuskegee Airmen Who Earned the Distinguished Flying Cross '' ; retrieved 28 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Air Force Historical Study 82 '' ( 1969 ) Archived 30 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , afhra.maxwell.af.mil ; retrieved 16 February 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson , Bob . `` Ex-Pilot Confirms Bomber Loss , Flier Shot down in 1944 was Escorted by Tuskegee Airmen '' , p . A18 , WashingtonPost.com , 17 December 2006 ; retrieved 20 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Report : Tuskegee Airmen lost 25 bombers . '' USA Today ; retrieved 1 April 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , p. 122 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Levesque , William R. `` An uneasy question for the Tuskegee Airmen : The heroism of the Tuskegee Airmen is legendary , but some wonder if they really never lost a bomber . And that does n't sit well . '' St. Petersburg Times , 26 January 2008 ; retrieved 10 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Report : Tuskegee Airmen lost 25 bombers '' , aimpoints.hq.af.mil , 2 April 2007 ; retrieved 10 April 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haulman , Dr. Daniel L. ( 2010 ) . Tuskegee Airmen Chronology `` , p. 29 , afnews.af.mil ; retrieved 31 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haulman , Dr. Daniel L. ( 2013 ) . `` Misconceptions About the Tuskegee Airmen '' Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , afhra.af.mil ; retrieved 26 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Banerji , Shilpa . `` Historians Question Record of Tuskegee Airmen '' Archived 20 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , diverseeducation.com , 19 June 2008 ; retrieved 20 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haulman , `` Tuskegee Airmen Chronology '' , p. 55 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tuskegee Airmen History '' Archived 30 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , tuskegeeairmen.org ; retrieved 11 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aviation History Magazine , March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , pp. 402 -- 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zieminski , Andy . `` County 's first black - owned airport becomes training ground . '' Gazette.net : Maryland Community Newspapers Online , 7 February 2008 ; retrieved 20 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gubert et al. 2002 , p. 130 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` General Daniel James Jr . '' Official United States Air Force ( 1978 ) ; retrieved 20 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeremy Bloom . `` Wishes for Our Warriors '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tuskegee Airmen suit up , head to Iraq . '' USA Today , 22 October 2005 ; retrieved 20 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. `` Inauguration Is a Culmination for Black Airmen . '' The New York Times via nytimes.com , 12 October 2008 ; retrieved 20 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Latest Tuskegee Airmen News '' , tuskegeeairmen.org ; retrieved 20 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Times , Air Force . `` Willie Rogers , Tuskegee Airman , dies at 101 after stroke '' . Air Force Times . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Willie Rogers , Tuskegee Airman , dies at 101 in Florida '' . Fox News . 21 November 2016 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Library of Congress . Resolved by the Senate ( the House of Representatives concurring ) , That the Rotunda of the Capitol is authorized to be used on 29 March 2007 , for a ceremony to award a Congressional ... ( Engrossed as Agreed to or Passed by Senate ) , 7 March 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Price , Deb . `` Nation to honor Tuskegee Airmen . '' The Detroit News , 29 March 2007 ; retrieved 5 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tuskegee Airmen Gold Medal Bill Signed Into Law . '' Office of Congressman Charles B. Rangel ; retrieved 26 October 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Evans , Ben . `` Tuskegee Airmen awarded Congressional Gold Medal . '' , thetandd.com , 30 March 2007 ; retrieved 30 April 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site '' , nps.gov ; retrieved 20 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` History in the Headlines : The Tuskegee Airmen : 5 Fascinating Facts '' , History.com , 20 January 2012 ; retrieved 9 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eugene Winslow , 81 : Tuskegee Airman , Pioneering Designer '' , Chicago Tribune , 11 July 2001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oblack , Sean . `` Schiff Votes to Honor Tuskegee Airmen '' Archived 26 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , schiff.house.gov ; , retrieved 20 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Georgia General Assembly ( 2008 ) House Resolution 1023 Act 745 '' ( pdf ) . Georgia General Assembly Legislation . Georgia General Assembly . 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Majors , Dan . `` Real Tuskegee airman approves of new film about their service in WW II : One good tale '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , 21 January 2012 ; retrieved 5 February 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ove , Torsten . `` Tuskegee Airmen exhibit opens at airport '' , post-gazette.com , 13 September 2013 ; accessed 5 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. `` Tuskegee Airmen Invited to Obama Inauguration . '' The New York Times , 9 December 2008 ; retrieved 20 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ We 've Completed Our Mission . Washington Post , 13 December 2008 , p . B01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Longoria , R. Michael ( 20 January 2009 ) . `` Inauguration Brings Tuskegee Airmen to Bolling '' , U.S. Air Force website ; retrieved 5 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ della Cava , Marco R. `` George Lucas ' ' Red Tails ' salutes Tuskegee Airmen '' , USA Today , 5 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` First day comes with grade - school glitches '' . Houston Chronicle. 2012 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pritzker Military Library Dedicates Oral History Room With Painting Unveiling and Program About the Tuskegee Airmen , prweb.com ; accessed 5 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.muralarts.org/artworks/tuskegee-airmen-they-met-the-challenge/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wings for This Man on IMDb </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' 12 O'Clock High '' Graveyard ( TV Episode 1966 ) `` . IMDb . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Tuskegee Airmen on IMDb </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1997 G.I. Joe Classic Collection '' , mastercollector.com ; retrieved 20 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ambrose 2001 , p. 27 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Silver Wings & Civil Rights : The Fight to Fly on IMDb </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Silver Wings & Civil Rights : The Flight to Fly Archived 20 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine. , fight2fly.com ; retrieved 20 March 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ambrose , Stephen Edward . The Wild Blue : The Men and Boys who Flew the B - 24s over Germany . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0339 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Benton , Jeffrey C. `` Noel F. Parrish '' , They Served Here : Thirty - Three Maxwell Men . Maxwell AFB , Montgomery , Alabama : Air University Press , 1999 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 58566 - 074 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Berry , Ben . Tuskegee Airmen : to the Moon , Mars and Beyond ( Secrets Revealed ) . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform , 2011 ; ISBN 1460931076 OCLC 827831542 </Li> <Li> Broadnax , Samuel L. Blue Skies , Black Wings : African - American Pioneers of Aviation . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger Publishers , 2007 ; ISBN 0 - 275 - 99195 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Bucholtz , Chris and Jim Laurier . 332nd Fighter Group -- Tuskegee Airmen . Oxford , UK : Osprey Publishing , 2007 ; ISBN 1 - 84603 - 044 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Caldwell , Donald and Richard Muller . The Luftwaffe over Germany : Defense of the Reich . London : Greenhill Books , 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 712 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Caver , Joseph , Jerome Ennels , and Daniel Haulman . The Tuskegee Airmen : An Illustrated History , 1939 -- 1949 . Montgomery , Alabama : New South Books , 2011 ; ISBN 1 - 58838 - 244 - 3 / ISBN 978 - 1 - 58838 - 244 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Cotter , Jarrod . `` Red Tail Project '' , Flypast No. 248 , March 2002 . </Li> <Li> Francis , Charles E. and Adolph Caso . The Tuskegee Airmen : The Men Who Changed a Nation . Boston : Branden Books , 1997 ; ISBN 0 - 8283 - 2029 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Gubert , Betty Kaplan , Miriam Sawyer and Caroline M. Fannine . Distinguished African - Americans in Aviation and Space Science . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Group , 2002 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 57356 - 246 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Hill , Ezra M. Sr . The Black Red Tail Angels : A Story of the Tuskegee Airmen . Columbus , Ohio : SMF Haven of Hope , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Holway , John B. Red Tail , Black Wings : The Men of America 's Black Air Force . Las Cruces , New Mexico : Yuca Tree Press , 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 881325 - 21 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Haulman , Daniel L. Eleven Myths About the Tuskegee Airmen . Montgomery , Alabama : New South Books , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60306 - 147 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Haulman , Daniel L. `` The Tuskegee Airmen and the Never Lost a Bomber Myth '' , The Alabama Review , Vol. 64 , No. 1 , January 2011 . </Li> <Li> Haulman , Daniel L. Misconceptions About the Tuskegee Airmen , Air Force Historical Research Agency ( USAF ) , 24 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Haulman , Daniel L. Tuskegee Airmen Chronology , afnews.af.mil ; retrieved October 31 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Homan , Lynn M. and Thomas Reilly . Black Knights : The Story of the Tuskegee Airmen . Gretna , Louisiana : Pelican Publishing , 2001 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 56554 - 828 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Leuthner , Stuart and Olivier Jensen . High Honor : Recollections by Men and Women of World War II Aviation . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press , 1989 ; ISBN 0 - 87474 - 650 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Lloyd , Craig . Eugene Bullard , Black Expatriate in Jazz - Age Paris . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press , 2000 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 2192 - 9 . </Li> <Li> McKissack , Patricia C. and Fredrick L. Red Tail Angels : The Story of the Tuskegee Airmen of World War II . New York : Walker Books for Young Readers , 1996 ; ISBN 0 - 8027 - 8292 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Molony , Brigadier C.J.C. ; Captain F.C. Flynn ( R.N. ) ; Major - General H.L. Davies and Group Captain T.P. Gleave . `` The Mediterranean and Middle East , Volume V : The Campaign in Sicily 1943 and The Campaign in Italy 3 September 1943 to 31 March 1944 '' , History of the Second World War ( United Kingdom Military Series ) . Uckfield , UK : Naval & Military Press , 2004 , First edition , 1973 ( HMSO ) ; ISBN 1 - 84574 - 069 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Moye , J. Todd . Freedom Flyers : The Tuskeegee Airmen of World War II . New York : Oxford University Press ( USA ) , 2010 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538655 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Percy , William A. `` Jim Crow and Uncle Sam : The Tuskegee Flying Units and the U.S. Army Air Forces in Europe during World War II '' , The Journal of Military History , 67 , July 2003 . </Li> <Li> Ross , Robert A. Lonely Eagles : The Story of America 's Black Air Force in World War II . Los Angeles : Tuskegee Airmen Inc. , Los Angeles Chapter , 1980 ; ISBN 0 - 917612 - 00 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Sandler , Stanley . Segregated Skies : All - Black Combat Squadrons of WWII . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press , 1992 ; ISBN 1 - 56098 - 154 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Tillman , Barrett . `` Tales of the Red Tails ; Inside the Tuskegee Legend : The men , the machines , the missions '' , Flight Journal , February 2012 . </Li> <Li> Thole , Lou . `` Segregated Skies . '' Flypast No , 248 , March 2002 . </Li> <Li> Tucker , Phillip Thomas . Father of the Tuskegee airmen , John C. Robinson . Washington , DC : Potomac Books , Inc. , 2012 ; ISBN 1597974870 , e-book ISBN 1597976067 OCLC 752678328 </Li> <Li> Woodward , C. Vann and William S. McFeely . The Strange Career of Jim Crow . New York : Oxford University Press ( USA ) , 2001 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514690 - 5 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tuskegee Airmen . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Tuskegee Airmen at Tuskegee University </Li> <Li> Tuskegee Airmen Museum </Li> <Li> Double V : Civil Rights Struggle of the Tuskegee Airmen , an illustrated history book of the `` Red Tails '' by veteran Tuskegee Airmen ( Lawrence P. Scott , William M. Womack ) from Michigan , with photos from personal collections . </Li> <Li> Images of Tukegee airmen , photos , paintings etc . </Li> <Li> `` Red - Tail Angels '' : The Story of the Tuskegee Airmen of World War II </Li> <Li> The Tuskegee Airmen ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Funeral Program for Tuskegee Airman Cassius Harris </Li> <Li> African American Funeral Programs from the East Central Georgia Regional Library </Li> <Li> The Tuskegee Airmen at the 2012 BET Honors Awards </Li> <Li> Tuskegee Airmen , Inc . -- Official Web Site </Li> <Li> The Red Tail Project </Li> <Li> African Americans in the U.S. Army </Li> <Li> The Negro Pilot Training Program </Li> <Li> `` Tuskegee Airmen : Brett Gadsden Interviews J. Todd Moye '' , Southern Spaces 30 September 2010 . </Li> <Li> Interview with historian Todd Moye regarding the Tuskegee Airmen on `` New Books in History '' </Li> <Li> Contemporary newsreel about `` Negro Pilots '' -- YouTube </Li> <Li> The short film `` Henry Browne , Farmer ( 1942 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive </Li> <Li> The short film `` Negro Pilots ( 1943 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive </Li> <Li> The short film `` The Negro Soldier ( 1943 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive </Li> <Li> The short film `` Wings for This Man ( 1945 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive </Li> <Li> The short film `` Tuskegee Airman Tribute ( 1990 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive </Li> <Li> The short film `` African Americans in World War II : Legacy of Patriotism and Valor ( 1997 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive </Li> <Li> Works by or about United States Army Air Forces Fighter Group , 332nd in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) </Li> <Li> Works by or about United States Army Air Forces Composite Group , 477th in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) </Li> <Li> `` Tuskegee Airmen collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Official Tuskegee Airmen painting created with the Tuskegee Airmen Association </Li> <Li> Photographs and information about the Tuskegee Airmen from World Digital Library </Li> <Li> Interview with three Tuskegee Airmen : Robert Martin , Dr. Quentin P. Smith , and Shelby Westbrook at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on October 2008 </Li> <Li> Citizen Soldier episode on Tuskegee Airmen recorded at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on 12 September 2013 </Li> <Li> Tuskegee Airmen Collections University of California , Riverside </Li> <Li> Nine Myths About the Tuskegee Airmen </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tuskegee Airmen </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Units </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 99th Fighter Squadron </Li> <Li> 100th Fighter Squadron </Li> <Li> 301st Fighter Squadron </Li> <Li> 302nd Fighter Squadron </Li> <Li> 332nd Fighter Group </Li> <Li> 477th Fighter Group </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Air fields </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chanute Field </Li> <Li> Moton Army Air Field </Li> <Li> Tuskegee Army Air Field </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pilots and crew </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Benjamin O. Davis Jr. ( C / O ) </Li> <Li> Lee Archer </Li> <Li> Henry Cabot Lodge Bohler </Li> <Li> George L. Brown </Li> <Li> Roscoe Brown </Li> <Li> William A. Campbell </Li> <Li> Herbert Carter </Li> <Li> Eugene Calvin Cheatham Jr . </Li> <Li> Milton Crenchaw </Li> <Li> Clarence Dart </Li> <Li> Alfonza W. Davis </Li> <Li> Gene Derricotte </Li> <Li> Charles Dryden </Li> <Li> Julius Freeman </Li> <Li> Joseph Gomer </Li> <Li> Oliver Goodall </Li> <Li> Arthur C. Harmon </Li> <Li> Raymond V. Haysbert </Li> <Li> Percy Heath </Li> <Li> Mitchell Higginbotham </Li> <Li> Daniel `` Chappie '' James Jr . </Li> <Li> Alexander Jefferson </Li> <Li> Herman A. Johnson </Li> <Li> James B. Knighten </Li> <Li> Charles William Ledbetter </Li> <Li> Hiram Mann </Li> <Li> Charles McGee </Li> <Li> John Mosley </Li> <Li> Fitzroy Newsum </Li> <Li> Wendell O. Pruitt </Li> <Li> Louis R. Purnell Sr . </Li> <Li> Lawrence E. Roberts </Li> <Li> Isaiah Edward Robinson Jr . </Li> <Li> Robert Searcy </Li> <Li> David Showell </Li> <Li> Wilmeth Sidat - Singh </Li> <Li> Eugene Smith </Li> <Li> Vernon Sport </Li> <Li> Lowell Steward </Li> <Li> Charles `` Chuck '' Stone Jr . </Li> <Li> Percy Sutton </Li> <Li> Roger Terry </Li> <Li> Robert B. 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Seedless fruit - wikipedia <H1> Seedless fruit </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Seedless watermelon <P> A seedless fruit is a fruit developed to possess no mature seeds . As consumption of seedless fruits is generally easier and more convenient , they are considered commercially valuable . </P> <P> Most commercially produced seedless fruits have been developed from plants whose fruits normally contain numerous relatively large hard seeds distributed throughout the flesh of the fruit . </P> <H2> Varieties ( edit ) </H2> <P> Common varieties of seedless fruits include watermelons , tomatoes , grapes ( such as Termarina rossa ) , and bananas . Additionally , there are numerous seedless citrus fruits , such as oranges , lemons and limes . </P> <P> The term `` seedless fruit '' is biologically somewhat contradictory , since fruits are usually defined botanically as mature ovaries containing seeds . </P> <P> Seedless fruits can develop in one of two ways : either the fruit develops without fertilization ( parthenocarpy ) , or pollination triggers fruit development , but the ovules or embryos abort without producing mature seeds ( stenospermocarpy ) . Seedless banana and watermelon fruits are produced on triploid plants , whose three sets of chromosomes make it very unlikely for meiosis to produce fertile gametes . This is because one of the three copies of each chromosome ca n't pair with another appropriate chromosome before separating into daughter cells , so these extra third copies end up randomly distributed between the two daughter cells from meiosis 1 , resulting in the ( usually ) swiftly lethal aneuploidy condition . Such plants can arise by spontaneous mutation or by hybridization between diploid and tetraploid individuals of the same or different species . Some species , such as tomato , pineapple , and cucumber , produce seedless fruit if not pollinated , but will produce seeded fruit if pollination occurs . </P> <P> Lacking seeds , and thus the capacity to propagate via the fruit , the plants are generally propagated vegetatively from cuttings , by grafting , or in the case of bananas , from `` pups '' ( offsets ) . In such cases the resulting plants are genetically identical clones . By contrast , seedless watermelons are grown from seeds . These seeds are produced by crossing diploid and tetraploid lines of watermelon , with the resulting seeds producing sterile triploid plants . Fruit development is triggered by pollination , so these plants must be grown alongside a diploid strain to provide pollen . Triploid plants with seedless fruits can also be produced using endosperm culture for the regeneration of triploid plantlets from endosperm tissue via somatic embryogenesis . </P> <P> One disadvantage of most seedless crops is a significant reduction in the amount of genetic diversity in the species . As genetically identical clones , a pest or disease that affects one individual is likely capable of affecting each of its clones . For example , the vast majority of commercially produced bananas are cloned from a single source , the Cavendish cultivar , and those plants are currently threatened worldwide by a newly discovered fungal disease to which they are highly susceptible . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Frost , H.B. , Soost , R.K. ( 1968 ) `` Seed reproduction : development of gametes and embryos '' . In : Reuther , W. Webber , H.J. , Batchelor , L.D. ( eds ) The Citrus Industry , vol. II : 290 - 324 University of California Press , Berkeley , California . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gmitter , F.G. , Jr. , Ling , X . ( 1991 ) Embryogenesis in vitro and nonchimeric tetraploid plant recovery from undeveloped Citrus ovules treated with colchicine . J. Amer . Soc . Hort. Sci 116 : 317 - 321 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soost , R.K. , Cameron , J.W. ( 1985 ) `` ' Melogold ' a triploid Pummelo - grapefruit hybrid . HortScience 20 : 1134 - 1135 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nowicki , Marcin ; et al. ( 26 October 2013 ) , More than meets the eye : A multi-year expressivity analyses of tomato sterility in ps and ps - 2 lines ( PDF ) , Australian Journal of Crop Science , 7 ( 13 ) : 2154 - 2161 ; Southern Cross Publishing , retrieved 2013 - 10 - 29 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J. Robinson , J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties , including their origins and flavours pg 1047 Allen Lane 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 846 - 14446 - 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ KOEPPEL , DAN ( Dec 27 , 2007 ) . Banana , THE FATE OF THE FRUIT THAT CHANGED THE WORLD . Plume . ISBN 9781101213919 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seedless_fruit&oldid=796934080 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Edible fruits </Li> <Li> Fruit morphology </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 August 2017 , at 23 : 13 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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List of Scandal episodes - wikipedia <H1> List of Scandal episodes </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Scandal is an American political thriller television series created by Shonda Rhimes , which premiered on ABC on April 5 , 2012 . </P> <P> Kerry Washington stars as Olivia Pope , a former White House Communications Director who leaves to start her own crisis management firm , Pope and Associates , where she works to keep the secrets and protect the public images of the country 's most powerful and elite . On staff at the new firm are fresh - faced lawyer Quinn Perkins ( Katie Lowes ) ; smooth talking litigator Harrison Wright ( Columbus Short ) ; investigator Abby Whelan ( Darby Stanchfield ) ; and computer hacker with a CIA past Huck ( Guillermo Diaz ) . The show also focuses on President of the United States Fitzgerald Grant ( Tony Goldwyn ) ; First Lady Mellie Grant ( Bellamy Young ) ; White House Chief of Staff Cyrus Beene ( Jeff Perry ) ; Vice President and eventual presidential candidate Sally Langston ( Kate Burton ) ; U.S. Attorney David Rosen ( Joshua Malina ) ; Head of NSA , Jake Ballard ( Scott Foley ) ; chairwoman Elizabeth North ( Portia de Rossi ) ; activist Marcus Walker ( Cornelius Smith Jr . ) ; and head of B613 Eli Pope ( Joe Morton ) . </P> <P> As of January 18 , 2018 , 114 episodes of Scandal have aired , including one special . On February 10 , 2017 , the show was renewed for a seventh season consisting of 18 episodes . It was later announced it will be the final season . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Series overview </Li> <Li> 2 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Season 1 ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> 2.3 Season 3 ( 2013 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> 2.4 Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> 2.5 Season 5 ( 2015 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> 2.6 Season 6 ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 2.7 Season 7 ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Specials </Li> <Li> 4 Webisodes <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Gladiator Wanted </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Series overview ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Nielsen ratings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Viewers ( in millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 7 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> April 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 8.21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 22 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 8.46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> April 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 12.00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 22 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 12.66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 5 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 21 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 10.68 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 6 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 16 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 8.16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 7 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season 1 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Scandal ( season 1 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Sweet Baby '' </Td> <Td> Paul McGuigan </Td> <Td> Shonda Rhimes </Td> <Td> April 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 7.33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Dirty Little Secrets '' </Td> <Td> Roxann Dawson </Td> <Td> Heather Mitchell </Td> <Td> April 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> 7.28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Hell Hath No Fury '' </Td> <Td> Allison Liddi - Brown </Td> <Td> Matt Byrne </Td> <Td> April 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 7.21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Enemy of the State '' </Td> <Td> Michael Katleman </Td> <Td> Richard E. Robbins </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 104 </Td> <Td> 6.86 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Crash and Burn '' </Td> <Td> Steve Robin </Td> <Td> Mark Wilding </Td> <Td> May 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> 6.69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` The Trail '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Jenna Bans </Td> <Td> May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> 6.43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Grant : For the People '' </Td> <Td> Roxann Dawson </Td> <Td> Shonda Rhimes </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> 7.33 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 2 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Scandal ( season 2 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` White Hat 's Off '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Jenna Bans </Td> <Td> September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 201 </Td> <Td> 6.74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Other Woman '' </Td> <Td> Stephen Cragg </Td> <Td> Heather Mitchell </Td> <Td> October 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 202 </Td> <Td> 6.56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Hunting Season '' </Td> <Td> Ron Underwood </Td> <Td> Matt Byrne </Td> <Td> October 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 203 </Td> <Td> 6.17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Beltway Unbuckled '' </Td> <Td> Mark Tinker </Td> <Td> Mark Fish </Td> <Td> October 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 204 </Td> <Td> 6.11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` All Roads Lead to Fitz '' </Td> <Td> Steve Robin </Td> <Td> Raamla Mohamed </Td> <Td> November 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 205 </Td> <Td> 6.06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Spies Like Us '' </Td> <Td> Bethany Rooney </Td> <Td> Chris Van Dusen </Td> <Td> November 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 206 </Td> <Td> 6.02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Defiance '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Peter Noah </Td> <Td> November 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 207 </Td> <Td> 6.64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Happy Birthday , Mr. President '' </Td> <Td> Oliver Bokelberg </Td> <Td> Shonda Rhimes </Td> <Td> December 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 208 </Td> <Td> 7.39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Blown Away '' </Td> <Td> Jessica Yu </Td> <Td> Mark Wilding </Td> <Td> December 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 209 </Td> <Td> 7.14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` One for the Dog '' </Td> <Td> Steve Robin </Td> <Td> Heather Mitchell </Td> <Td> January 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 210 </Td> <Td> 8.37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` A Criminal , a Whore , an Idiot and a Liar '' </Td> <Td> Stephen Cragg </Td> <Td> Mark Fish </Td> <Td> January 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 211 </Td> <Td> 7.93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Truth or Consequences '' </Td> <Td> Jeannot Szwarc </Td> <Td> Peter Noah </Td> <Td> January 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 212 </Td> <Td> 8.09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Nobody Likes Babies '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Mark Wilding </Td> <Td> February 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 213 </Td> <Td> 8.14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' </Td> <Td> Mark Tinker </Td> <Td> Matt Byrne </Td> <Td> February 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 214 </Td> <Td> 8.02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Boom Goes the Dynamite '' </Td> <Td> Randy Zisk </Td> <Td> Jenna Bans </Td> <Td> February 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 215 </Td> <Td> 7.68 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Top of the Hour '' </Td> <Td> Steve Robin </Td> <Td> Heather Mitchell </Td> <Td> March 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 216 </Td> <Td> 8.51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Snake in the Garden '' </Td> <Td> Ron Underwood </Td> <Td> Raamla Mohamed </Td> <Td> March 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 217 </Td> <Td> 7.97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Molly , You in Danger , Girl '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Chris Van Dusen </Td> <Td> April 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 218 </Td> <Td> 8.04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Seven Fifty - Two '' </Td> <Td> Allison Liddi - Brown </Td> <Td> Mark Fish </Td> <Td> April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 219 </Td> <Td> 7.90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` A Woman Scorned '' </Td> <Td> Tony Goldwyn </Td> <Td> Zahir McGhee </Td> <Td> May 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 220 </Td> <Td> 8.07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` Any Questions ? '' </Td> <Td> Mark Tinker </Td> <Td> Matt Byrne </Td> <Td> May 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 221 </Td> <Td> 8.87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` White Hat 's Back On '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Shonda Rhimes </Td> <Td> May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 222 </Td> <Td> 9.12 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 3 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Scandal ( season 3 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 30 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` It 's Handled '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Shonda Rhimes </Td> <Td> October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 301 </Td> <Td> 10.52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 31 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' </Td> <Td> Allison Liddi - Brown </Td> <Td> Heather Mitchell </Td> <Td> October 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 302 </Td> <Td> 9.01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 32 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Mrs. Smith Goes to Washington '' </Td> <Td> Jeannot Szwarc </Td> <Td> Matt Byrne </Td> <Td> October 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 303 </Td> <Td> 9.51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 33 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Say Hello to My Little Friend '' </Td> <Td> Oliver Bokelberg </Td> <Td> Mark Fish </Td> <Td> October 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 304 </Td> <Td> 8.62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 34 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` More Cattle , Less Bull '' </Td> <Td> Randy Zisk </Td> <Td> Jenna Bans </Td> <Td> October 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 305 </Td> <Td> 9.18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 35 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Icarus '' </Td> <Td> Julie Anne Robinson </Td> <Td> Peter Noah </Td> <Td> November 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 306 </Td> <Td> 8.66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 36 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Everything 's Coming Up Mellie '' </Td> <Td> Michael Katleman </Td> <Td> Peter Nowalk </Td> <Td> November 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 307 </Td> <Td> 9.04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 37 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Vermont is for Lovers , Too '' </Td> <Td> Ava DuVernay </Td> <Td> Mark Wilding </Td> <Td> November 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 308 </Td> <Td> 8.93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 38 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` YOLO '' </Td> <Td> Oliver Bokelberg </Td> <Td> Chris Van Dusen </Td> <Td> December 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 309 </Td> <Td> 8.27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 39 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` A Door Marked Exit '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Zahir McGhee </Td> <Td> December 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 310 </Td> <Td> 9.22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 40 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Ride , Sally , Ride '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Raamla Mohamed </Td> <Td> February 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 311 </Td> <Td> 9.32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 41 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` We Do Not Touch the First Ladies '' </Td> <Td> Oliver Bokelberg </Td> <Td> Heather Mitchell </Td> <Td> March 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 312 </Td> <Td> 8.53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 42 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` No Sun on the Horizon '' </Td> <Td> Randy Zisk </Td> <Td> Matt Byrne </Td> <Td> March 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 313 </Td> <Td> 8.22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 43 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Kiss Kiss Bang Bang '' </Td> <Td> Paul McCrane </Td> <Td> Mark Fish </Td> <Td> March 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 314 </Td> <Td> 9.08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 44 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' </Td> <Td> Tony Goldwyn </Td> <Td> Zahir McGhee </Td> <Td> March 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 315 </Td> <Td> 9.01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 45 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` The Fluffer '' </Td> <Td> Jeannot Szwarc </Td> <Td> Chris Van Dusen & Raamla Mohamed </Td> <Td> April 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 316 </Td> <Td> 9.13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 46 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Flesh and Blood '' </Td> <Td> Debbie Allen </Td> <Td> Severiano Canales & Miguel Nolla </Td> <Td> April 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 317 </Td> <Td> 9.23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 47 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` The Price of Free and Fair Elections '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Shonda Rhimes & Mark Wilding </Td> <Td> April 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 318 </Td> <Td> 10.57 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Scandal ( season 4 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 48 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Randy , Red , Superfreak and Julia '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Shonda Rhimes </Td> <Td> September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 401 </Td> <Td> 11.96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 49 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The State of the Union '' </Td> <Td> Allison Liddi - Brown </Td> <Td> Heather Mitchell </Td> <Td> October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 402 </Td> <Td> 10.34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 50 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Inside the Bubble '' </Td> <Td> Randy Zisk </Td> <Td> Matt Byrne </Td> <Td> October 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 403 </Td> <Td> 9.52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 51 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Like Father , Like Daughter '' </Td> <Td> Paul McCrane </Td> <Td> Mark Fish </Td> <Td> October 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 404A </Td> <Td> 9.90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 52 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` The Key '' </Td> <Td> Paul McCrane </Td> <Td> Chris Van Dusen </Td> <Td> October 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 404B </Td> <Td> 9.98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 53 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` An Innocent Man '' </Td> <Td> Jeannot Szwarc </Td> <Td> Zahir McGhee </Td> <Td> October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 405 </Td> <Td> 9.32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 54 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Baby Made a Mess '' </Td> <Td> Oliver Bokelberg </Td> <Td> Jenna Bans </Td> <Td> November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 406 </Td> <Td> 9.82 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 55 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` The Last Supper '' </Td> <Td> Julie Anne Robinson </Td> <Td> Allan Heinberg </Td> <Td> November 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 407 </Td> <Td> 10.05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 56 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Where the Sun Do n't Shine '' </Td> <Td> Tony Goldwyn </Td> <Td> Mark Wilding </Td> <Td> November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 408 </Td> <Td> 10.14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 57 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Run '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Shonda Rhimes </Td> <Td> January 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 409 </Td> <Td> 10.48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 58 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Where 's the Black Lady ? '' </Td> <Td> Debbie Allen </Td> <Td> Raamla Mohamed </Td> <Td> February 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 410 </Td> <Td> 9.58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 59 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Gladiators Do n't Run '' </Td> <Td> Randy Zisk </Td> <Td> Paul Willam Davies </Td> <Td> February 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 411A </Td> <Td> 9.32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 60 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` No More Blood '' </Td> <Td> Randy Zisk </Td> <Td> Heather Mitchell </Td> <Td> February 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 411B </Td> <Td> 9.62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 61 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` The Lawn Chair '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Zahir McGhee </Td> <Td> March 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 412 </Td> <Td> 9.57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 62 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` The Testimony of Diego Muñoz '' </Td> <Td> Allison Liddi - Brown </Td> <Td> Mark Fish </Td> <Td> March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 413 </Td> <Td> 8.24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 63 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` It 's Good to Be Kink '' </Td> <Td> Paul McCrane </Td> <Td> Matt Byrne </Td> <Td> March 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 414 </Td> <Td> 7.79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 64 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Put a Ring on It '' </Td> <Td> Regina King </Td> <Td> Chris Van Dusen </Td> <Td> March 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 415 </Td> <Td> 8.06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 65 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Honor Thy Father '' </Td> <Td> Jeannot Szwarc </Td> <Td> Severiano Canales </Td> <Td> April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 416 </Td> <Td> 7.27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 66 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` I 'm Just a Bill '' </Td> <Td> Debbie Allen </Td> <Td> Raamla Mohamed </Td> <Td> April 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 417 </Td> <Td> 7.86 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 67 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` First Lady Sings the Blues '' </Td> <Td> David Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Paul William Davies </Td> <Td> April 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 418 </Td> <Td> 7.79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 68 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` A Few Good Women '' </Td> <Td> Oliver Bokelberg </Td> <Td> Severiano Canales & Jess Brownell </Td> <Td> May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 419 </Td> <Td> 7.44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 69 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` You Ca n't Take Command '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Shonda Rhimes & Mark Wilding </Td> <Td> May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 420 </Td> <Td> 8.08 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 5 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Scandal ( season 5 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 70 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Heavy Is the Head '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Shonda Rhimes </Td> <Td> September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 501 </Td> <Td> 10.25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 71 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Yes '' </Td> <Td> Tony Goldwyn </Td> <Td> Heather Mitchell </Td> <Td> October 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 502 </Td> <Td> 9.12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 72 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Paris is Burning '' </Td> <Td> Jann Turner </Td> <Td> Matt Byrne </Td> <Td> October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 503 </Td> <Td> 8.76 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 73 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Dog - Whistle Politics '' </Td> <Td> Zetna Fuentes </Td> <Td> Mark Fish </Td> <Td> October 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 504 </Td> <Td> 8.06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 74 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` You Got Served '' </Td> <Td> Kevin Bray </Td> <Td> Zahir McGhee </Td> <Td> October 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 505 </Td> <Td> 8.28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 75 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Get Out of Jail , Free '' </Td> <Td> Chandra Wilson </Td> <Td> Chris Van Dusen </Td> <Td> October 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 506 </Td> <Td> 7.80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 76 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Even the Devil Deserves a Second Chance '' </Td> <Td> Oliver Bokelberg </Td> <Td> Raamla Mohamed </Td> <Td> November 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 507 </Td> <Td> 8.03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 77 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Rasputin '' </Td> <Td> John Terlesky </Td> <Td> Paul William Davies </Td> <Td> November 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 508 </Td> <Td> 7.70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 78 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Mark Wilding </Td> <Td> November 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 509 </Td> <Td> 8.13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 79 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` It 's Hard Out Here for a General '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Severiano Canales </Td> <Td> February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 510 </Td> <Td> 6.96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 80 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` The Candidate '' </Td> <Td> Allison Liddi - Brown </Td> <Td> Alison Schapker </Td> <Td> February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 511A </Td> <Td> 6.09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 81 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Wild Card '' </Td> <Td> Allison Liddi - Brown & Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Mark Fish </Td> <Td> February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 511B </Td> <Td> 5.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 82 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` The Fish Rots from the Head '' </Td> <Td> Sharat Raju </Td> <Td> Heather Mitchell </Td> <Td> March 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 512 </Td> <Td> 5.97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 83 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` I See You '' </Td> <Td> Paris Barclay </Td> <Td> Matt Byrne </Td> <Td> March 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 513 </Td> <Td> 6.31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 84 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Pencils Down '' </Td> <Td> Regina King </Td> <Td> Chris Van Dusen </Td> <Td> March 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 514 </Td> <Td> 6.15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 85 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` The Miseducation of Susan Ross '' </Td> <Td> Scott Foley </Td> <Td> Raamla Mohamed </Td> <Td> March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 516 </Td> <Td> 6.44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 86 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Thwack ! '' </Td> <Td> Tony Goldwyn </Td> <Td> Zahir McGhee </Td> <Td> April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 517 </Td> <Td> 5.88 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 87 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Till Death Do Us Part '' </Td> <Td> Steph Green </Td> <Td> Paul William Davies </Td> <Td> April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 518 </Td> <Td> 6.00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 88 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Buckle Up '' </Td> <Td> Oliver Bokelberg </Td> <Td> Michelle Lirtzman </Td> <Td> April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 519 </Td> <Td> 6.25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 89 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` Trump Card '' </Td> <Td> Jann Turner </Td> <Td> Severiano Canales & Jess Brownell </Td> <Td> May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 520 </Td> <Td> 6.06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 90 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` That 's My Girl '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Shonda Rhimes & Mark Wilding </Td> <Td> May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 521 </Td> <Td> 6.65 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 6 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Scandal ( season 6 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 91 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Survival of the Fittest '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Shonda Rhimes </Td> <Td> January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 601 </Td> <Td> 7.62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 92 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Hardball '' </Td> <Td> Allison Liddi - Brown </Td> <Td> Matt Byrne </Td> <Td> February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 602 </Td> <Td> 6.54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 93 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Fates Worse Than Death '' </Td> <Td> Scott Foley </Td> <Td> Mark Fish </Td> <Td> February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 603 </Td> <Td> 6.22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 94 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Belt '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Paul William Davies </Td> <Td> February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 606 </Td> <Td> 6.06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 95 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` They All Bow Down '' </Td> <Td> Millicent Shelton </Td> <Td> Zahir McGhee </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 604 </Td> <Td> 5.26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 96 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Extinction '' </Td> <Td> Tony Goldwyn </Td> <Td> Chris Van Dusen </Td> <Td> March 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 605 </Td> <Td> 5.63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 97 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` A Traitor Among Us '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Alison Schapker </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 607 </Td> <Td> 5.40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 98 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` A Stomach for Blood '' </Td> <Td> Oliver Bokelberg </Td> <Td> Severiano Canales </Td> <Td> March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 608 </Td> <Td> 6.57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 99 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Dead in the Water '' </Td> <Td> Nicole Rubio </Td> <Td> Michelle Lirtzman </Td> <Td> April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 609 </Td> <Td> 5.10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 100 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` The Decision '' </Td> <Td> Sharat Raju </Td> <Td> Johanna Lee </Td> <Td> April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 610 </Td> <Td> 5.35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 101 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Trojan Horse '' </Td> <Td> Jann Turner </Td> <Td> Jess Brownell & Nicholas Nardini </Td> <Td> April 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 611 </Td> <Td> 5.11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 102 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Mercy '' </Td> <Td> Nzingha Stewart </Td> <Td> Severiano Canales & Ameni Rozsa </Td> <Td> April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 612 </Td> <Td> 5.29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 103 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` The Box '' </Td> <Td> Steph Green </Td> <Td> Raamla Mohamed & Austin Guzman </Td> <Td> May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 613 </Td> <Td> 5.15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 104 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Head Games '' </Td> <Td> Zetna Fuentes </Td> <Td> Chris Van Dusen & Juan Carlos Fernandez </Td> <Td> May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 614 </Td> <Td> 5.10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 105 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Tick Tock '' </Td> <Td> Salli Richardson - Whitfield </Td> <Td> Zahir McGhee & Michelle Lirtzman </Td> <Td> May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 615 </Td> <Td> 5.23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 106 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Transfer of Power '' </Td> <Td> Tony Goldwyn </Td> <Td> Matt Byrne & Mark Fish </Td> <Td> May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 616 </Td> <Td> 5.23 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 7 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Scandal ( season 7 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 107 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Watch Me '' </Td> <Td> Jann Turner </Td> <Td> Shonda Rhimes </Td> <Td> October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 701 </Td> <Td> 5.52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 108 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Pressing the Flesh '' </Td> <Td> Tony Goldwyn </Td> <Td> Matt Byrne </Td> <Td> October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 702 </Td> <Td> 5.00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 109 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Day 101 '' </Td> <Td> Scott Foley </Td> <Td> Zahir McGhee </Td> <Td> October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 703 </Td> <Td> 4.70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Lost Girls '' </Td> <Td> Nicole Rubio </Td> <Td> Ameni Rozsa & Austin Guzman </Td> <Td> October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 704 </Td> <Td> 4.88 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 111 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Adventures in Babysitting '' </Td> <Td> Oliver Bokelberg </Td> <Td> Serveriano Canales & Tia Napolitano </Td> <Td> November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 705 </Td> <Td> 4.89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 112 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Vampires and Bloodsuckers '' </Td> <Td> Jann Turner </Td> <Td> Chris Van Dusen & Tia Napolitano </Td> <Td> November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 706 </Td> <Td> 5.00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 113 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Something Borrowed '' </Td> <Td> Sharat Raju </Td> <Td> Mark Fish </Td> <Td> November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 707 </Td> <Td> 4.97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 114 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Robin '' </Td> <Td> Daryn Okada </Td> <Td> Juan Carlos Fernandez </Td> <Td> January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 709 </Td> <Td> 5.17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 115 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Good People '' </Td> <Td> Nzingha Stewart </Td> <Td> Shonda Rhimes , Jess Brownell & Nicholas Nardini </Td> <Td> January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 708 </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 116 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` The People v. Olivia Pope '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 710 </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 117 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Army of One '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 711 </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 118 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Specials ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Narrator </Th> <Th> Aired between </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` The Secret is Out '' </Td> <Td> Joshua Malina as David Rosen </Td> <Td> `` White Hat 's Back On '' ( season two ) `` It 's Handled '' ( season three ) </Td> <Td> October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 5.75 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Webisodes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Gladiator wanted ( edit ) </H3> <P> A web series debuted prior to the sixth - season premiere and features Guillermo Diaz as Huck , Katie Lowes as Quinn , Cornelius Smith Jr. as Marcus and George Newbern as Charlie . All of the episodes were directed by Darby Stanchfield , who portrays Abby in the show . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original release date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` So You Want to Be a Gladiator in a Suit '' </Td> <Td> Darby Stanchfield </Td> <Td> Juan Carlos Fernandez </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` A Job to Kill For '' </Td> <Td> Darby Stanchfield </Td> <Td> Juan Carlos Fernandez </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Induction '' </Td> <Td> Darby Stanchfield </Td> <Td> Juan Carlos Fernandez </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Governments Fall '' </Td> <Td> Darby Stanchfield </Td> <Td> Juan Carlos Fernandez </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` By Dawn 's Early Light '' </Td> <Td> Darby Stanchfield </Td> <Td> Juan Carlos Fernandez </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Exit Interview '' </Td> <Td> Darby Stanchfield </Td> <Td> Juan Carlos Fernandez </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Scandal , ' ' Apartment 23 ' Get Premiere Dates , ' Cougar Town ' Does n't '' . The Wrap . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Renews ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal ' and ' How To Get Away With Murder ' for New Seasons '' . Variety . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete List Of 2012 - 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . ZAP2it . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 - 2016 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Scandal Farewell Update : Final Season Episode Count Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Quantico Season 3 and Shondaland 's For the People Get ABC Premiere Dates '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Missing ' , ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Office ' and ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Awake ' & ' Missing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' & ' Parks and Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Mentalist ' & ' Missing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Secret Circle ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' SNL : Weekend Update ' , ' The Office ' , ' Glee ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 5 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Last Resort ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Office ' Adjusted Up ; Two and a Half Men ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Elementary ' ' Rock Center ' & ' The Next ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Ofifice ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Up All Night ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down Plus Final Baseball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 26 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' Rock Center ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Person of Interest ' & ' Beauty & the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up , ' The Office ' , ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Scandal ' & ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Last Resort & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' Glee ' Adjusted Up ; ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Elementary ' , ' Person of Interest ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Last Resort ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' 30 Rock ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down , No Adjustment for ' American Idol ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Scandal ' , ' American Idol ' or ' Do No Harm ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Community ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Person of Interest ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Zero Hour ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Community ' , ' Idol ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' 1600 Penn ' Adjusted Up ; ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 29 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The Office ' , & ' Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Glee ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Hannibal ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Wipeout ' , & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks And Recreation ' , ' Welcome to the Family ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Michael J. Fox Show ' , & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The X Factor ' & ' Glee ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Crazy Ones ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' and ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : The Vampire Diaries , The Millers & Elementary Adjusted Up ; Sean Saves the World & Parenthood Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Elementary ' , ' Scandal ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Voice ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Parenthood ' , & ' The Michael J Fox Show ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The X Factor ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Glee ' , ' The Michael J. Fox Show ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy Adjusted Up ; ' The X Factor ' , ' Reign ' & ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Sing - Off ' , ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' , ' The Millers ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Once Upon A Time in Wonderland ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' & ' Two and a Half Men ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' and ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Up Plus Final NCAA Tournament Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy Adjusted Up + Final NCAA Basketball Ratings '' . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Scandal ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Idol ' , ' The Millers ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Community ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Shark Tank ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Gotham ' & ' Red Band Society ' Top Percentage Gains & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending September 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Parenthood ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : No Adjustement for ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Gracepoint ' or ' Reign ' + Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The McCarthys ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' The McCarthys ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Bad Judge ' , ' A to Z ' , ' Elementary ' , ' Parenthood ' & ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The McCarthys ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Gracepoint ' , ' Reign ' , ' Parenthood ' , ' Bad Judge ' , ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' ' The Biggest Loser ' & ' A to Z ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Backstrom ' Adjusted Down , No Adjustment to ' The Blacklist ' , ' Scandal ' or ' The Vampire Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Scandal ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Odd Couple ' , ' Mom ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Reign ' Adjusted Down & Final Basketball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Crime ' Adjusted Up + Final Basketball Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Amanda ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Backstrom ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Odd Couple ' & ' Reign ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Heroes Reborn ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' The Player ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjusted up , low CW premieres hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Scandal ' adjusted up , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjusts up , ' Grey 's ' and others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' adjusts up , all others hold , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Elementary ' and ' Mom ' adjust down considerably thanks to NFL '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' and CBS take NFL hit , ' Elementary ' below 1.0 , ' Blacklist ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' up even after adjusting down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' and ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Scandal ' adjusts up , 4 CBS shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : NCAA tourney has a soft start on CBS '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , plus final NCAA numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Scandal , ' ' Life in Pieces ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Odd Couple ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Bones ' adjust up , ' 2 Broke Girls ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Odd Couple , ' ' Mom ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Mom ' and ' Rush Hour ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' My Kitchen Rules ' adjust down , Mary Tyler Moore special adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' adjusts down a little : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up ; ' Great Indoors , ' ' Powerless , ' ' Mom , ' ' Chicago Med ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mom ' and NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blacklist : Redemption ' and ' The Catch ' adjust down , final NCAA numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` NCAA Sweet 16 up a little vs. last year : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Mom , ' ' Powerless ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Blacklist : Redemption ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal , ' ' Superstore ' and all others hold : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up ; ' The Catch ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' Riverdale ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' finales , ' Amazing Race ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( # 708 ) `` Good People '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - scandal on abc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Scandal ' Sets Darby Stanchfield - Directed Web Series Ahead of Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 18 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> List of Scandal episodes on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Scandal </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Sweet Baby '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Nobody Likes Babies '' </Li> <Li> `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' </Li> <Li> `` Boom Goes the Dynamite '' </Li> <Li> `` Top of the Hour '' </Li> <Li> `` Snake in the Garden '' </Li> <Li> `` Molly , You in Danger , Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` Seven Fifty - Two '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 3 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` It 's Handled '' </Li> <Li> `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' </Li> <Li> `` Mrs. Smith Goes to Washington '' </Li> <Li> `` Say Hello to My Little Friend '' </Li> <Li> `` More Cattle , Less Bull '' </Li> <Li> `` Icarus '' </Li> <Li> `` Everything 's Coming Up Mellie '' </Li> <Li> `` Vermont is for Lovers , Too '' </Li> <Li> `` YOLO '' </Li> <Li> `` A Door Marked Exit '' </Li> <Li> `` The Price of Free and Fair Elections '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 4 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Randy , Red , Superfreak and Julia '' </Li> <Li> `` Where the Sun Do n't Shine '' </Li> <Li> `` Run '' </Li> <Li> `` Where 's the Black Lady ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Gladiators Do n't Run '' </Li> <Li> `` No More Blood '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 5 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Heavy is the Head '' </Li> <Li> `` Dog - Whistle Politics '' </Li> <Li> `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 6 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Transfer of Power '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 7 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Watch Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Day 101 '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Olivia Pope </Li> <Li> Abby Whelan </Li> <Li> Quinn Perkins </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Judy Smith </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Scandal_episodes&oldid=821580194 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of American drama television series episodes </Li> <Li> Scandal ( TV series ) episodes </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from July 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> <Li> Episode list using the default LineColor </Li> <Li> Official website not in Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 10 : 18 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

when is the next scandal episode coming out

Philadelphia Eagles - Wikipedia <H1> Philadelphia Eagles </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Philadelphia Eagles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Current season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Established July 8 , 1933 ; 84 years ago ( July 8 , 1933 ) First season : 1933 Play in Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Headquartered in the NovaCare Complex Philadelphia , Pennsylvania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Logo </Td> <Td> Wordmark </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> League / conference affiliations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> National Football League ( 1933 -- present ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) </Li> <Li> American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) <Ul> <Li> Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Current uniform </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team colors </Th> <Td> <P> Midnight green , Silver , Black , White </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fight song </Th> <Td> Fly , Eagles Fly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mascot </Th> <Td> Swoop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Personnel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jeffrey Lurie Christina Weiss Lurie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chairman </Th> <Td> Jeffrey Lurie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CEO </Th> <Td> Jeffrey Lurie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President </Th> <Td> Don Smolenski </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General manager </Th> <Td> Howie Roseman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Head coach </Th> <Td> Doug Pederson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Team history </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Philadelphia Eagles ( 1933 -- 1942 ; 1944 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Phil - Pitt `` Steagles '' ( 1943 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Team nicknames </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Birds </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Championships </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> League championships ( 4 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> NFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 3 ) 1948 , 1949 , 1960 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 2017 ( LII ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> Conference championships ( 4 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> NFL Eastern : 1960 </Li> <Li> NFC : 1980 , 2004 , 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> Division championships ( 13 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> NFL East : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 </Li> <Li> NFC East : 1980 , 1988 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Playoff appearances ( 25 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> NFL : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1960 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Home fields </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Baker Bowl ( 1933 -- 1935 ) </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Municipal Stadium ( 1936 -- 1939 , 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Connie Mack Stadium ( 1940 , 1942 -- 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Franklin Field ( 1958 -- 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Veterans Stadium ( 1971 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Lincoln Financial Field ( 2003 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The Eagles compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . They are Super Bowl champions , having won Super Bowl LII , their fourth NFL title , after winning in 1948 , 1949 , and 1960 . </P> <P> The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets , when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia . Bell , Chuck Bednarik , Bob Brown , Brian Dawkins , Reggie White , Steve Van Buren , Tommy McDonald , Greasy Neale , Pete Pihos , Sonny Jurgensen , and Norm Van Brocklin have been inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame . </P> <P> The team has an intense rivalry with the New York Giants . This rivalry is the oldest in the NFC East and is among the oldest in the NFL . It was ranked by NFL Network as the number one rivalry of all - time and Sports Illustrated ranks it amongst the Top 10 NFL rivalries of all - time at number four , and according to ESPN , it is one of the fiercest and most well - known rivalries in the American football community . They also have a bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys , which has become more high - profile since the 1960s , as well as a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins . Their rivalry with the Pittsburgh Steelers is another bitter rivalry , roughly dating back to 1933 , that mostly arises from the two teams ' statuses as being from opposite ends of the same state . </P> <P> The team consistently ranks in the top three in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season . In a Sports Illustrated poll of 321 NFL players , Eagles fans were selected the most intimidating fans in the NFL . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Franchise history <Ul> <Li> 1.1 1931 -- 1960 </Li> <Li> 1.2 1961 -- 1975 </Li> <Li> 1.3 1976 -- 1984 </Li> <Li> 1.4 1985 -- 1993 </Li> <Li> 1.5 Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> 1.5. 1 Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.5. 1.1 2004 Season and Super Bowl XXXIX </Li> <Li> 1.5. 1.2 2005 - 2012 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.5. 2 Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.5. 2.1 Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.5. 3 2016 <Ul> <Li> 1.5. 3.1 2017 : First Super Bowl championship </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Season records </Li> <Li> 3 Rivalries <Ul> <Li> 3.1 New York Giants </Li> <Li> 3.2 Dallas Cowboys </Li> <Li> 3.3 Washington Redskins </Li> <Li> 3.4 Pittsburgh Steelers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Logo and uniforms </Li> <Li> 5 Training camp </Li> <Li> 6 Fight song </Li> <Li> 7 Fans <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Devotion </Li> <Li> 7.2 Bad behavior </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Eagles cheerleaders </Li> <Li> 9 Current roster </Li> <Li> 10 List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) </Li> <Li> 11 Awards and honors <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Retired numbers </Li> <Li> 11.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers </Li> <Li> 11.3 Eagles Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> 11.4 75th anniversary team </Li> <Li> 11.5 John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) </Li> <Li> 11.6 Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> 11.7 Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Franchise records <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Passing </Li> <Li> 12.2 Rushing </Li> <Li> 12.3 Receiving </Li> <Li> 12.4 Other </Li> <Li> 12.5 Returning </Li> <Li> 12.6 Defense </Li> <Li> 12.7 Exceptional performances </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 Coaches of note <Ul> <Li> 13.1 Current staff </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 14 Radio and television <Ul> <Li> 14.1 Eagles radio affiliates </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 15 Media and cultural reference </Li> <Li> 16 See also </Li> <Li> 17 Notes and references </Li> <Li> 18 Sources </Li> <Li> 19 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Franchise history </H2> Main article : History of the Philadelphia Eagles <H3> 1931 -- 1960 </H3> `` Concrete Charlie '' <P> Midway through the 1931 season , the Frankford Yellow Jackets went bankrupt and ceased operations . After more than a year of searching for a suitable replacement , the NFL granted an expansion franchise to a syndicate headed by Bert Bell and Lud Wray and awarded them the franchise rights of the failed Yellow Jackets organization . The Bell - Wray group had to pay an entry fee of $3,500 ( equal to $40,230 today ) and assumed a total debt of $11,000 that was owed to three other NFL franchises . Drawing inspiration from the Blue Eagle insignia of the National Recovery Administration -- the centerpiece of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal -- Bell and Wray named the new franchise the Philadelphia Eagles . Neither the Eagles nor the NFL officially regard the two franchises as the same , citing the aforementioned period of dormancy . Furthermore , almost no Yellow Jackets players were on the Eagles ' first roster . The Eagles , along with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the now - defunct Cincinnati Reds , joined the NFL as expansion teams . </P> <P> In 1937 , the Eagles moved to Shibe Park ( renamed Connie Mack Stadium in 1954 ) and played their home games at the stadium through 1957 , except for the 1941 season , which was played at Municipal Stadium , where they had played from 1936 to 1939 . </P> <P> To accommodate football at Shibe Park during the winter , management set up stands in right field , parallel to 20th Street . Some 20 feet high , these `` east stands '' had 22 rows of seats . The goalposts stood along the first base line and in left field . The uncovered east stands enlarged capacity of Shibe Park to over 39,000 , but the Eagles rarely drew more than 25 to 30,000 . </P> <P> The Eagles struggled over the course of their first decade , enduring repeated losing seasons . In December 1940 , Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney sold his franchise to Alexis Thompson for $160,000 and then used half of the proceeds to buy a half interest in the Eagles from Bell , his longtime friend . Soon after , Bell and Rooney traded the Eagles franchise to Thompson and moved it to Pittsburgh ( as the `` Steelers '' ) , while Thompson moved the Steelers franchise to Philadelphia ( as the `` Eagles '' ) . </P> <P> In 1943 , when manpower shortages stemming from World War II made it impossible to fill the roster , the team merged with the Pittsburgh Steelers forming the `` Phil - Pitt Eagles '' and were known as the `` Steagles . '' ( The merger , never intended as a permanent arrangement , was dissolved at the end of the 1943 season . ) By the late 1940s , head coach Earle `` Greasy '' Neale and running back Steve Van Buren led the team to three consecutive NFL Championship Games , winning two of them in 1948 and 1949 . Those two championships mark the Eagles as the only NFL team ever to win back - to - back championships by shutouts , defeating the Chicago Cardinals , 7 -- 0 , in 1948 -- in a blizzard -- and the Los Angeles Rams , 14 -- 0 , in 1949 . </P> <P> After the 1957 season , the Eagles moved from Connie Mack Stadium to Franklin Field at the University of Pennsylvania . Franklin Field would seat over 60,000 for the Eagles , whereas Connie Mack had a capacity of 39,000 . The stadium switched from grass to AstroTurf in 1969 . It was the first NFL stadium to use artificial turf . </P> <P> In 1960 , the Eagles won their third NFL championship , under the leadership of future Pro Football Hall of Famers Norm Van Brocklin and Chuck Bednarik ; the head coach was Buck Shaw . The 1960 Eagles , by a score of 17 -- 13 , became the only team to defeat Vince Lombardi and his Green Bay Packers in the playoffs . </P> Dick Vermeil , Eagles head coach from 1976 to 1982 <H3> 1961 -- 1975 </H3> <P> The Eagles had a decent 1961 season and then fell on hard times in 1962 . Jerry Wolman , after consulting his longtime friend Brandon Sturrock , bought the franchise in 1963 from the `` Happy Hundred '' , a group of investors who owned the team from 1949 -- 1963 , for $5,505,000 ( equal to $44,004,098 today ) . </P> <P> In 1969 , Leonard Tose bought the Eagles from Wolman for $16,155,000 ( equal to $107,807,505 today ) , then a record for a professional sports franchise . Tose 's first official act was to fire Coach Joe Kuharich after a disappointing 24 -- 41 -- 1 record during his five - year reign . He followed this by naming former Eagles receiving great Pete Retzlaff as General Manager and Jerry Williams as coach . </P> The Eagles defeated the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game and earned their first Super Bowl appearance . <P> With the merger of the NFL and AFL in 1970 , the Eagles were placed in the NFC East Division with their archrivals the New York Giants , the Washington Redskins , and the Dallas Cowboys . Their heated rivalry with the Giants is the oldest of the NFC East rivalries , dating all the way back to 1933 and is often named as one of the best rivalries in the NFL . </P> <H3> 1976 -- 1984 </H3> <P> In 1976 , Dick Vermeil was hired from UCLA to coach the Eagles , who had only one winning season from 1962 -- 1975 . Starting in 1978 , head coach Dick Vermeil and quarterback Ron Jaworski led the team to four consecutive playoff appearances . </P> <P> Vermeil 's 1980 team won their first NFC East title . They were matched up against their hated rival the Dallas Cowboys in the NFC Championship game , which they won 20 -- 7 . However , the Eagles lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV in 1981 . The following year , the Eagles were eliminated in the wildcard round at home against the New York Giants . In the aftermath of the disappointing and strike - shortened season of 1982 , head coach Dick Vermeil resigned , claiming that he was `` burned out '' . Vermeil was replaced by defensive coordinator Marion Campbell . </P> <P> In January 1983 , Tose announced that his daughter , Susan Fletcher , the Eagles ' vice president and legal counsel , would eventually succeed him as primary owner of the Eagles . Then in 1984 , rumors were circulating that Leonard Tose was thinking about moving the team to Phoenix , Arizona due to financial reasons . </P> <H3> 1985 -- 1993 </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1985 , Tose was forced to sell the Eagles to Norman Braman and Ed Leibowitz , highly successful automobile dealers from Florida , for a reported $65 million ( equal to $147,899,134 today ) to pay off his more than $25 million ( equal to $56,884,282 today ) in gambling debts at Atlantic City casinos . </P> <P> Philadelphia football struggled through the Marion Campbell years of the mid-1980s and was marked by a malaise in fan participation . However , in the 1985 Supplemental draft , the Eagles acquired the rights to Memphis Showboats ' elite pass rusher Reggie White . In 1986 , the arrival of head coach Buddy Ryan and his fiery attitude rejuvenated team performance and ignited the fan base , but the Eagles failed to win a playoff game during Ryan 's tenure . Possibly the worst of these losses was the so - called Fog Bowl in 1988 against the Chicago Bears , which happened to be Ryan 's former team that he helped lead to a Super Bowl XX victory as defensive coordinator . Ryan was fired on January 7 , 1991 , after an upset home playoff loss to the Redskins . Offensive coordinator Rich Kotite was promoted to head coach three days later . </P> <P> After All Pro defensive tackle Jerome Brown was killed in an automobile accident , the team and fanbase became dedicated to `` bring it home for Jerome '' in the 1992 season . Kotite did lead the Eagles to a playoff victory against the New Orleans Saints during the 1992 season , but they lost all - time sacks leader Reggie White to free agency in the offseason . Kotie 's contract was not renewed after a disappointing 1994 season in which the Eagles went 7 -- 9 , losing their last seven games after starting the season 7 -- 2 . From 1988 to 1996 , the Eagles qualified for the playoffs during six out of those nine seasons , but they won the NFC East only once , in 1988 . Among the team 's offensive stars during that period were quarterback Randall Cunningham , tight end Keith Jackson , and running back Herschel Walker . But the `` Gang Green '' defense is possibly what defined the team , led by Reggie White , Jerome Brown , Clyde Simmons , Seth Joyner , Wes Hopkins , Mike Golic , Byron Evans , Eric Allen , Andre Waters and Mark McMillian . </P> <H3> Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Andy Reid speaks with Jeff Garcia in a game against the Redskins . <P> Jeffrey Lurie bought the Eagles on May 6 , 1994 from then - owner Norman Braman for an estimated $185 million . The club is now estimated to be the 17th most valuable sports team , worth $1.314 billion , as valuated in 2014 by Forbes . </P> <P> In Lurie 's first season as owner , the team only had 7 wins , but that was followed by a 10 win season in 1995 . Besides the 10 wins and a playoff berth , 1996 was an eventful year . The uniforms changed from the classic shade of Kelly Green to a darker midnight green , quarterback Randall Cunningham left after 11 seasons , and future fan favorite 13 - year starter Brian Dawkins was drafted in the 2nd round . After slipping to 6 -- 9 -- 1 , and then to 3 -- 13 , head coach Ray Rhodes was fired after four seasons . </P> Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) Jeffrey Lurie has been owner since 1994 . <P> In 1999 , the Eagles hired head coach Andy Reid and drafted quarterback Donovan McNabb . From 1999 until 2004 , the team continually improved , going from 5 -- 11 in 1999 , returning to the playoffs in with an 11 -- 5 record in 2000 , surpassing the Buccaneers in the Wild Card round before losing in the divisional . Moreover , the Eagles played in four straight NFC Championship Games between 2001 and 2004 . In 2001 , the Eagles stayed at 11 -- 5 , beating the Buccaneers and Bears to advance to the NFC championship , where they lost to the St. Louis Rams . In 2002 , the Eagles drafted running back Brian Westbrook , got the 1st round bye with the 2nd seed in the NFC with a 12 -- 4 record , but the Tampa Bay Buccaneers got their revenge in the Championship and eliminated the Eagles . In 2003 , they won the NFC first seed , but Westbrook went down in Week 17 , culminating in a loss to the Carolina Panthers in their 3rd straight NFC Championship . </P> 2004 season and Super Bowl XXXIX <P> In 2004 , the Philadelphia Eagles had their best season since 1960 , going 13 -- 1 before resting their starters and losing their next 2 , clinching the 1st seed for the second year in a row . McNabb set career highs , completing 64 % of his passes for 3,875 yards , though he did n't play all 16 games . McNabb became the first quarterback ever to throw more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season . His success could be attributed to the fact that he had a reliable receiver , Terrell Owens , who got 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns in 14 games . After beating the Vikings and Falcons the Eagles advanced to Super Bowl XXXIX , where they dueled the New England Patriots . Although McNabb threw 3 touchdown passes and 357 yards in the game , and the score was tied 14 -- 14 going into the fourth quarter , the Patriots outscored the Eagles and scored ten straight points . McNabb completed a 30 - yard touchdown pass , and the Eagles defense held the Patriots to a 3 and out , but a crucial interception with 46 seconds left on the clock secured their fate . </P> 2005 - 2012 Brian Dawkins was one of the premier safeties in the NFL , and earned him the role of Eagles ' defensive captain , and a mainstay on the Eagles . <P> The team took a step back in 2005 with a 6 -- 10 record . McNabb had played with a sports hernia and a broken thumb , starting 4 -- 2 but losing three in a row , before McNabb finally succumbs to injury and is out for the rest of the season . For obnoxious behavior and a feud with McNabb , Owens was suspended after 7 games , eventually being cut . In 2006 , the team lost McNabb 10 games in and went into turmoil , but Westbrook stepped up , and the Eagles earned their fifth NFC East title under Coach Reid , with a 10 -- 6 record and a win in the wild card round , but they had an 8 -- 8 2007 season . In 2008 , the team won their 500th game , and they also drafted DeSean Jackson , a receiving threat when paired with McNabb . </P> <P> On January 11 , 2009 , the team defeated the defending Super Bowl champion and 1st seed New York Giants 23 -- 11 en route to their 5th NFC Championship Game in 8 years and 5th in the 10 years the Eagles have been coached by Andy Reid . In the 2008 NFC Championship Game , the Eagles made a rally , going from 24 -- 6 at halftime to 25 -- 24 with three minutes left in the 4th , but they lost to the Arizona Cardinals by a score of 32 -- 25 after quarterback Kurt Warner scored a last minute touchdown . As of the conclusion of the 2016 season , during the Lurie era , the Eagles are 1 -- 4 in conference championship games and 0 -- 1 in Super Bowls . </P> <P> On August 13 , 2009 , the Eagles signed quarterback Michael Vick . On December 6 , 2009 , Andy Reid became only the 5th coach in NFL history to win 100 or more games with a single team in a single decade . The other four are Tom Landry , Don Shula , Tony Dungy , and Bill Belichick , all Super Bowl winners . McNabb finally had a complete receiving corps , between first round draft pick Jeremy Maclin , DeSean Jackson 's 1,000 yard season , and Brent Celek ranking among the top 5 tight ends in the league . Without Brian Dawkins , defensive end Trent Cole stepped up and became the dominant force on defense with 12 sacks , earning him his second trip to the Pro Bowl and All - Pro honors . In 2009 , the Eagles started 5 -- 4 , but moved up to 11 -- 4 , and could clinch the NFC 2nd seed if they won their next game . After a shutout at the hands of the Dallas Cowboys in week 17 , the Eagles missed the 1st round bye. but with a record of 11 -- 5 , but they were the NFC 6th seed and they narrowly made the playoffs . In the 2009 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles played against the Cowboys for the second consecutive week and lost 34 -- 14 . Despite many errors from many players , and a great season before the breakdown in Dallas , McNabb took the brunt of the blow and was heavily criticized . Coach Andy Reid said up until April 1 , 2010 , that McNabb would remain the starter . </P> <P> On March 5 , 2010 , Brian Westbrook was cut from the Eagles after eight seasons with the team . On April 4 , 2010 , the team traded long - time starting quarterback Donovan McNabb to the Washington Redskins in exchange for a second round draft pick . Kevin Kolb was immediately named the starter , but after suffering a concussion in week 1 against the Packers , Vick took over as the starter . Vick led the Eagles to its sixth NFC East division title in ten seasons . With a record of 10 -- 6 the Eagles clinched the 3rd seed and had to play a Wild Card Playoff Game . During the 2010 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles faced off against the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers and lost 21 -- 16 . </P> <P> The 2011 season for the Eagles was a major disappointment , as they only managed to finish 8 -- 8 and did not qualify for the playoffs , although they did win the last 4 games of the season . Because of several free agent acquisitions , Vince Young , a back up quarterback , stated that the Eagles were a Dream Team . The Philadelphia fan base and faithful never did concur with the comment as some national outlets may comment . Many Eagles fans believe that Vince Young saying that the Eagles were a ' Dream Team ' is the reason that the Eagles had such a horrible season . </P> <P> Eagles fans had high expectations going into the 2012 season . The Eagles started off winning three out of their four first games , but that changed when they lost the next eight games , and were eliminated from the playoff hunt . They only won one out of their last four games . After a loss to the New York Giants on December 30 , 2012 , longtime head coach Andy Reid was fired after fourteen seasons with the team . </P> Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) <P> On January 16 , 2013 , the Eagles brought in University of Oregon head coach Chip Kelly to succeed Reid as head coach after a 4 -- 12 season . The Philadelphia Eagles named Michael Vick starting quarterback going into the 2013 season with much promise running Chip Kelly 's fast - paced spread offense . </P> <P> The 2013 season proved to be more successful for the Eagles . A hamstring injury took Michael Vick out after a 1 -- 3 start , but his backup , Nick Foles , led the team to a 10 -- 6 regular season record , and its seventh NFC East title in 13 seasons . Before throwing his first interception in Week 14 , Foles threw 19 touchdowns , which was just one shy of the all - time NFL record of consecutive touchdowns without an interception to start a season , set earlier in the season by Peyton Manning . Foles also tied Manning for most touchdown passes in a single - game with seven against the Oakland Raiders which also made him the youngest player in NFL history to throw that many touchdowns in a game . Foles finished the regular season with 27 touchdown passes and only 2 interceptions , giving him the then - best TD - INT ratio in NFL history . ( That record was later broken by Tom Brady , in the 2016 season . ) He also finished with a 119.0 passer rating , third highest in league history behind only Aaron Rodgers in 2011 and Peyton Manning in 2004 . He was also only the second quarterback in NFL history to have a game in which he topped 400 passing yards and a perfect passer rating . LeSean McCoy finished his Pro Bowl season as the league 's top rusher with 1,607 rushing yards ( also a franchise record ) and 2,146 total yards from scrimmage , also best in the NFL . As a whole , the Eagles offense scored 51 touchdowns , most in franchise history passing the previous season high set back in 1948 . </P> <P> The Eagles opened the 2014 season winning their first three games and making NFL history as the only team ever to trail by ten or more points in their first three games and come back to win . Nick Foles struggled with turnovers , but ultimately did well and led the Eagles to a 6 -- 2 record , before breaking his collarbone , resulting in his job getting taken over by Mark Sanchez , who outplayed Foles despite facing more playoff teams . The Eagles held the divisional title from week one to week 15 against the Cowboys . After going 9 -- 3 with their crucial win over the Cowboys , the Eagles lost their next 3 , and a week after losing the NFC East title , they lost an upset against the 3 -- 11 Redskins and were eliminated from playoff contention with the Cowboys ' win over the Colts . </P> <P> Following the 2014 season , Chip Kelly was given total control and made some controversial moves . He traded LeSean McCoy , who had become the team 's all - time leading rusher after the 2014 season , for linebacker Kiko Alonso , a player Kelly coached at Oregon who had missed the entire 2014 season . He also cut ten - year veteran and starter , Trent Cole , who was still a consistent threat on defense and was second only to legend Reggie White on the Eagles all - time sack list . He also made a trade where the highly successful Nick Foles was traded for Sam Bradford , who had missed the entire 2014 season with an ACL tear . Kelly tried to re-sign Jeremy Maclin , who had stepped up as the team 's leading wide receiver , but he signed with the Kansas City Chiefs instead . However , the Eagles also acquired league leading rusher DeMarco Murray , which not only helped the Eagles , but hurt their rivals , the Dallas Cowboys . They also obtained Super Bowl champion Byron Maxwell , who left the Seattle Seahawks in free agency to sign a six - year , $63 million contract . The first two games of the season were disastrous , as they started 0 -- 2 . Bradford had a 2 -- 4 TD - INT ratio , Maxwell was constantly beaten by Falcons receiver Julio Jones , and Murray was held to 11 yards on 21 carries . After Murray was injured , Ryan Mathews rushed for over 100 yards in a Week 3 win against the New York Jets . Kelly made Murray the unquestioned starter and although Murray 's play improved over the season , he never regained his dominant form and was held to a career low 3.6 yards per carry average . </P> <P> On December 29 , 2015 , with one game left in the season , head coach Chip Kelly was released by the Eagles . Offensive Coordinator Pat Shurmur was named Interim Coach for the final game against the rival New York Giants , which Shurmur won 35 -- 30 . Former player and current running backs coach Duce Staley was the first coach to be interviewed for the opening head coaching job on January 2 , 2016 . </P> Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 Carson Wentz made his debut in the 2016 season <P> The Eagles hired Chiefs offensive coordinator Doug Pederson as their next head coach . The team made the official announcement on January 18 , 2016 . Eagles owner Jeffrey Lurie said in a statement : </P> <P> `` Doug is a strategic thinker , a compelling leader and communicator , and someone who truly knows how to get the best out of his players . All of these factors were what initially attracted us to Doug and we believe that he is the right man to help us achieve our ultimate goal . '' </P> <P> Pederson had been with the Chiefs for the preceding three years after spending the four seasons previous to those with the Eagles . He served as a quality control assistant for the Eagles in 2009 and 2010 before being promoted to quarterbacks coach for the 2011 and 2012 seasons . He was praised for his work with Chiefs quarterback Alex Smith over the preceding few seasons , particularly 2015 , as the Chiefs moved into the top 10 in scoring offense . </P> <P> At the end of the 2015 season , the Eagles had the 13th pick in the 2016 NFL Draft . They traded Byron Maxwell , Kiko Alonso , and their pick to the Miami Dolphins for the # 8 pick . Later , they traded the # 8 pick , their third - round pick , their fourth - round pick , a 2017 first - round pick , and a 2018 second - round pick to the Cleveland Browns for the # 2 pick and a 2017 fourth - round pick . They used the # 2 pick to draft North Dakota State quarterback Carson Wentz . On September 3 , 2016 , the Eagles traded starting quarterback Sam Bradford to the Minnesota Vikings , who had lost Teddy Bridgewater for the season , for a 2017 first - round pick and a 2018 fourth - round pick . Following the trade , the Eagles named Wentz the starting quarterback for Week 1 of the 2016 season . First - time head coach Pederson led the Eagles to a 3 -- 0 start to the season . His rookie quarterback started with 5 touchdowns , no interceptions and over 255 yards per game . The Week 4 bye took a toll on the Eagles , and they lost four out of the next five games , including a loss to every rival team in their division . They also lost right tackle Lane Johnson to a 10 - game suspension following the Week 5 loss againist the Lions which damaged Carson Wentz 's hot start . In those four games , their average margin of loss was just under 5 points . Pederson and the Eagles won just 3 of their last 7 games . Those included gruesome road losses against the Seattle Seahawks , the Cincinnati Bengals , and the Baltimore Ravens . Although Wentz started off the season well , the 6 -- 5 quarterback finished with a TD -- INT ratio of 16 : 14 . The rookie head coach and rookie quarterback tandem led the Eagles to a disappointing year , finishing with a 7 -- 9 record and coming in last in the division . </P> 2017 : first Super Bowl Championship <P> During the following offseason , the team made several acquisitions on the offensive side of the ball . The Eagles either traded or released notable players from the Chip Kelly era like Ryan Mathews , Matt Tobin , Allen Barbre , Jordan Matthews and Marcus Smith II . They signed more notable players to improve its wide receiver corps that have struggled the last two seasons like Alshon Jeffery , and Torrey Smith as well as 2016 Super Bowl champion , Legarrette Blount . They also added veterans on defense such as Patrick Robinson , Chris Long , Corey Graham , Tim Jernigan and Ronald Darby . The team addressed its defense mostly in the draft , using its top three picks on defensive players . The Eagles drafted Derek Barnett with the 14th overall pick . The Eagles had completely revamped their offense and strengthened their defense heading into the 2017 season . They opened the season on the road versus the Washington Redskins and won the game 30 -- 17 . The team lost to the Kansas City Chiefs the following week , 27 -- 20 , in Pederson 's return to face Andy Reid . The Eagles then won six consecutive games , including signature wins at the Carolina Panthers , 28 -- 23 , and versus the Washington Redskins , 34 -- 24 , in a Monday Night contest . On the morning of October 31 , 2017 , just before the NFL trade deadline , the Eagles made a blockbuster move sending a fourth - round pick to the Miami Dolphins for star running back Jay Ajayi . The move immediately paid dividends for the Eagles heading into their next game versus the Denver Broncos as Ajayi rushed for 77 yards on just eight attempts including a 46 - yard TD near the end of the second quarter . Ajayi and Wentz led the Eagles to a 51 -- 23 rout of the top defense in the NFL . </P> Foles in the Huddle before leaving the field before Super Bowl LII . <P> The Eagles headed into their bye week with the best record in the NFL ( 8 -- 1 ) , and with Wentz leading the NFL MVP discussion with an NFL - leading 23 touchdowns to 5 interceptions . During their bye , the Eagles signed former Giants offensive tackle Will Beatty and former Saints linebacker Dannell Ellerbe to not only add depth but also players with Super Bowl experiences . Coming off of the bye week , the Philadelphia Eagles entered a Sunday night showdown with the defending NFC East champion Dallas Cowboys . The Eagles came out sluggish and trailed 9 -- 7 at the half . The team exploded in the second half though , rattling off 30 unanswered points to soundly defeat their rival by a final score of 37 -- 9 . The Eagles were rolling on a nine - game winning streak after a huge blowout win over the Chicago Bears . The Eagles traveled to Seattle in Week 13 in a huge Sunday Night showdown against Russell Wilson and the Seattle Seahawks . The Eagles struggled throughout the whole game , blowing many scoring opportunities and allowing Wilson to throw 3 touchdowns . The Eagles lost 24 -- 10 , ending their win streak . However , the Eagles bounced back in Week 14 win over the Los Angeles Rams in a tough 43 -- 35 win . However , Carson Wentz left the game in the third quarter with a knee injury . It was later found out that Wentz tore his ACL , ending his MVP caliber season . Backup Nick Foles would once again take over as starting quarterback . In Foles 's first start against the New York Giants , he would lead them back from a 20 -- 7 deficit and score 4 touchdowns and win the game 34 -- 29 . Foles struggled in the last two games of the season against the Oakland Raiders and the Dallas Cowboys , and threw a touchdown and 2 interceptions in that span . Despite this , the Eagles finished 13 -- 3 and secured the top seed in the NFC . The Eagles opened as the underdogs , the first time in history that a No. 1 seed has opened up the postseason as an underdog . Despite this , Foles would lead the Eagles past the Atlanta Falcons in the Divisional Round 15 -- 10 . In the next game Foles and the Eagles annihilated the Minnesota Vikings 38 -- 7 in the NFC Championship nicknamed the Minneapolis Massacre , mocking the Minneapolis Miracle from their previous playoff victory . Foles had his best game since week 15 and threw for 352 passing yards and 3 touchdowns including an impressive flea flicker touchdown pass . This win marked the franchise 's third Super Bowl appearance and a berth in Super Bowl LII for a 2005 rematch against Tom Brady and the New England Patriots . </P> <P> With Foles at the helm , the Eagles started off the game strong , leading the Patriots 22 -- 12 at halftime . In the second half the Patriots gained momentum and for the first time took the lead in the 4th quarter 33 -- 32 . The Eagles rallied back and scored an 11 - yard Touchdown to tight end Zach Ertz . Later the Eagles converted on a 46 - yard field goal by Jake Elliott to lead 41 -- 33 . On the final play of the game with 9 seconds left , Brady threw a hail - mary pass directed toward tight end Rob Gronkowski which was bobbled by Patrick Robinson before being dropped in the end - zone as time expired , securing the win for the Eagles 41 -- 33 , and ending the 58 - year long championship drought . This would be Philadelphia 's first Super Bowl win and their fourth league championship ( their first championship since 1960 ) . Foles won Super Bowl MVP going 28 -- 43 with 373 passing yards , 3 touchdowns , and an interception . Nick Foles became the first backup quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl since his opponent Tom Brady won as the backup for Drew Bledsoe in 2001 . </P> <H2> Season records </H2> Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles seasons <Ul> <Li> Regular season record ( all - time ) : 568 -- 594 -- 26 </Li> <Li> Playoff record ( all - time ) : 22 -- 21 ( last appearance after beating New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII ) </Li> <Li> Most points in a season : 474 points ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> NFL championships won : 4 ( 3 before the 1967 NFL - AFL merger created the Super Bowl ) </Li> <Li> Super Bowls won : 1 out of 3 appearances </Li> <Li> Passing leader ( all - time ) : Donovan McNabb -- 32,873 yards </Li> <Li> Rushing leader ( all - time ) : LeSean McCoy -- 6,792 yards </Li> <Li> Receiving leader ( all - time ) : Harold Carmichael -- 8,978 yards </Li> <Li> Winningest coach ( all - time ) : Andy Reid -- 130 wins </Li> <Li> Top player by approximate value ( all - time ) : Donovan McNabb -- 126 AV </Li> </Ul> <H2> Rivalries </H2> <H3> New York Giants </H3> Main article : Eagles -- Giants rivalry <P> One of the NFL 's oldest , this rivalry began on October 15 , 1933 when the Giants defeated the newly founded Eagles 56 -- 0 . The Giants lead the all - time series 84 -- 82 -- 2 . Three of the best known comebacks against the Giants are labeled as `` Miracle In The Meadowlands -- Herm Edwards '' , `` Miracle In The Meadowlands II -- Brian Westbrook '' and `` Miracle In The New Meadowlands -- DeSean Jackson '' . </P> <H3> Dallas Cowboys </H3> Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry <P> The Cowboys have been one of the Eagles ' biggest rivals . The Eagles won the first game in this rivalry 27 -- 25 on September 30 , 1960 . Dallas leads the all - time series 63 -- 51 -- 0 . They have been close in recent years , with Dallas winning 12 games from 2006 to the present while the Eagles have also won 12 . There is much hostility between the two teams ' fan bases , with incidents such as the 1989 Bounty Bowl . </P> <H3> Washington Redskins </H3> Main article : Eagles -- Redskins rivalry <P> Not as big as the rivalries between the Giants and Cowboys , that with division rivals Washington Redskins is still fierce . It started in 1934 when the Washington Redskins were first known as the Boston Redskin ; the Redskins defeated the Eagles 6 -- 0 , and lead the all - time series 85 -- 76 -- 6 . The rivalry has been very even since 2010 overall . However , the Eagles swept the Redskins during the 2017 season for the first time since the 2013 season . </P> <H3> Pittsburgh Steelers </H3> Main article : Eagles -- Steelers rivalry <P> The Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers are both located in Pennsylvania and began play in 1933 . From that season , through 1966 , this was a major rivalry for both teams as both were part of the same division . In 1967 , they were placed in separate divisions but remained in the same conference for three years . Finally , in 1970 , the Steelers ( along with the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Colts ) moved to the American Football Conference while the Eagles stayed with the rest of the old - line NFL teams in the National Football Conference . As a result , the Eagles and Steelers no longer played each other every year . Currently they are scheduled to meet once every four years in the regular season , the most recent meeting being in 2016 at Philadelphia , with the Eagles winning 34 - 3 . The Steelers have lost nine straight games on the road against the Eagles dating back to 1966 , which was also the start of the Super Bowl era . The Eagles lead the all - time series 47 -- 28 -- 3 . </P> <H2> Logo and uniforms </H2> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Uniform ( American football ) and footnote about Eagles ' uniform numbers . </Dd> </Dl> <P> For several decades , the Eagles ' colors were kelly green , silver , and white . In 1954 , the Eagles , along with the Baltimore Colts , became the second team ever in the NFL to put a logo on their helmets , with silver wings on a kelly green helmet . In 1969 , the team wore two helmet versions : Kelly green with white wings in road games , and white with kelly green wings at home . From 1970 to ' 73 , they wore the white helmets with Kelly green wings exclusively before switching back to Kelly green helmets with silver wings . By 1974 , Joseph A. Scirrotto Jr. designed the silver wings took on a white outline , and this style on a kelly green helmet became standard for over two decades . </P> <P> From 1948 -- 95 , the team logo was an eagle in flight carrying a football in its claws , although from ' 69 -- 72 , the eagle took on a more stylized look . As the design was similar to the Apollo 11 emblem , and its moon - landing craft was dubbed Eagle , players wore the flight 's mission patch on their jerseys during 1969 . </P> <P> In 1973 , the team 's name was added below the eagle , which returned to its pre - ' 69 look . </P> <P> However , both the logo and uniforms were radically altered in 1996 . The primary kelly green color was changed to a darker shade , officially described as `` midnight green . '' Silver was practically abandoned , as uniform pants moved to either white or midnight green . The traditional helmet wings were changed to a primarily white color , with silver and black accents . The team 's logo combination ( the eagle and club name lettering ) also changed in 1996 , with the eagle itself limited to a white ( bald eagle ) head , drawn in a less realistic , more cartoon - based style , and the lettering changing from calligraphic to block letters . </P> <P> Since the 1996 alterations , the team has made only minor alterations , mostly relating to jersey / pant combinations worn during specific games . For example , in 1997 , against the San Francisco 49ers , the team wore midnight green jerseys and pants for the first of only two occasions in team history . The second occasion was in 2002 , during the final regular season game at Veterans Stadium , a win over the division - rival Washington Redskins . A year later , in the first two games of the 2003 season ( both home losses to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New England Patriots ) , the Eagles wore white jerseys with white pants . Since 2003 , the white jerseys along with white pants have been worn during preseason games . </P> <P> The 2003 season also saw the first ( though only subtle ) change to the 1996 - style uniform . On both white and green jerseys , black shadows and silver trim were added to both the green and white numbering . The stripe on the pants changed from black - green - black to black - silver - green on the white pants , and from a solid black stripe to one stripe of black , another of silver , with one small white stripe in between for the midnight blue pants . The 2003 season also saw the team debut black alternate jerseys , with a green ( instead of black ) shadow on white numbers , and silver trim . These black jerseys have been worn for two selected home games each season ( usually the first home game after bye week and the season finale ) . In the 2003 and 2004 regular season home finales , the team wore the green road pants with the black alternate jerseys , but lost each game . Since then , the Eagles have only worn the black jerseys with the white pants . However , due to the special 75th anniversary uniforms serving as the `` alternates '' for one game in 2007 , the Eagles could not wear the alternate black jersey that season per league rules ( alternate uniforms are permitted twice per season but only one can be used ) . The black jerseys with white pants , however , re-appeared for the 2008 Thanksgiving night game against the Arizona Cardinals . The black jerseys were most recently used in a December 21 , 2016 game against the New York Giants , in which they won 24 - 19 . From 2006 -- 2013 , the Eagles have only worn the alternate black jerseys once a season and for the last November home game , but did not use them in 2007 , 2010 , and 2011 . For the 2007 and 2010 seasons , the Eagles used throwback uniforms in place of the black alternates for their anniversary to commemorate past teams . The team also started wearing black shoes exclusively in 2004 . Since 2014 , the Eagles have worn the black jersey twice per season . In 2016 , they wore the black jersey three times . </P> <P> To celebrate the team 's 75th anniversary , the 2007 uniforms featured a 75th - season logo patch on the left shoulder . In addition , the team wore `` throwback '' jerseys in a 2007 game against the Detroit Lions . The yellow and blue jerseys , the same colors found on Philadelphia 's city flag , are based on those worn by the Philadelphia Eagles in the team 's inaugural season , and were the same colors used by the former Frankford Yellow Jackets franchise prior to their suspension of operations in 1931 . The Eagles beat Detroit , 56 -- 21 . </P> <P> The Philadelphia Eagles wear their white jerseys at home for preseason games and daytime games in the first half of the regular season from September to mid-October when the temperature is warmer . In night contests in the first half of the regular season , the Eagles do not need to wear white at home since the temperature is cooler . However , there have been exceptions , such as the home opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2003 and the Washington Redskins in 2007 that were played at night . In late October or beginning in November , the Eagles start to wear their colors at home ( although they have done it earlier before ) , be it the midnight green jerseys or a third jersey . On one occasion the Eagles wore white at home after October in a meeting against the Dallas Cowboys on November 4 , 2007 to make the Cowboys wear their road blue jerseys . Since moving to Lincoln Financial Field in 2003 , the Eagles have worn white at home for at least their home opener , with the exceptions for the 2010 home opener ( see next paragraph ) , the 2011 home opener against the New York Giants , the 2016 home opener against the Cleveland Browns , and the 2017 home opener against the Giants . </P> <P> In the 2010 season against the Green Bay Packers , on September 12 , 2010 , the Eagles wore uniforms similar to the ones that were worn by the 1960 championship team in honor the 50th anniversary of that team . In weeks 4 and 6 of the 2010 season , the Eagles wore their white jerseys in a match - up against the Washington Redskins and Atlanta Falcons respectively before reverting to their midnight green jerseys for the rest of their home games . For the 2011 season , the Eagles did not wear white for any of their home games . </P> <P> For the 2012 season Nike took over from Reebok as the NFL 's official apparel licensee but the Eagles decided that they would not be adopting Nike 's `` Elite 51 '' uniform technology . Aside from the Nike logo replacing the Reebok logo , the only other change is the league - wide revision of the NFL shield on the uniform ( replacing the NFL Equipment logo ) , other than that the uniforms essentially remain unchanged . The Eagles also revived their black alternate jersey . </P> <P> For the 2013 season , the Eagles started to wear white pants , as an alternate to their green pants , with their white jerseys , in the regular season . </P> <P> For the 2014 season the Eagles have officially adopted the `` Elite 51 '' style uniform from Nike . Recently the team has discussed bringing back the `` Kelly Green '' uniforms similar to the uniforms worn in the 1960 NFL Championship season and which were last worn in the 2010 season opener vs. Green Bay . Traditionally kelly green , silver and white had been the official team color until 1996 season when it switched to the current `` Midnight Green '' uniforms . But due to the NFL rules and restrictions having a team go through a waiting period before any major uniform changes and alterations can be made , it would most likely be quite some time before any uniform changes are officially made . </P> <P> In Week 6 of 2014 against the New York Giants , the team introduced black pants to complement their black jerseys , giving them a blackout uniform set , the Eagles won the game 27 -- 0 . The victory was their first shutout in 18 years . The blackout uniform was most recently worn in a Week 16 victory , 19 - 10 , against the Raiders in 2017 . The Eagles are 6 -- 3 in their blackout uniforms : winning three times against the Giants and once against each of the Minnesota Vikings , Denver Broncos , and Oakland Raiders , and losing against the Seattle Seahawks , Arizona Cardinals , and Green Bay Packers . </P> <H2> Training camp </H2> <P> The Eagles previously held their preseason training camp from the end of July through mid-August each year at Lehigh University in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley . With the addition of new head coach Chip Kelly , the Eagles recently moved their training camp to the NovaCare Complex in Philadelphia . Training camps were previously held at Chestnut Hill Academy in 1935 , Saint Joseph 's University in 1939 and 1943 , Saranac Lake from 1946 -- 1948 , Hershey from 1951 -- 1967 , Albright College from 1968 -- 1972 , Widener University from 1973 -- 1979 , and West Chester University from 1980 -- 1995 . </P> <H2> Fight song </H2> Further information : Fly , Eagles Fly <P> This fight song is heard during Eagles ' home games after touchdowns and before the team is introduced prior to kickoff . </P> <H2> Fans </H2> Full house at `` The Linc '' for a playoff game in January 2011 An Eagles fan in attendance at U.S. Bank Stadium celebrates following the team 's victory at Super Bowl LII . Eagles fans celebrating along Benjamin Franklin Parkway at the Eagles victory parade <H3> Devotion </H3> <P> Although the method may vary , studies that attempt to rank the 32 fan bases in the NFL consistently place Eagles fans among the best in the league , noting their `` unmatched fervor . '' Eagles fans have numerous dedicated web communities , ranking the Eagles just behind the Phillies as the dominant Philadelphia sports presence on the web . </P> <P> The American City Business Journals , which conducts a regular study to determine the most loyal fans in the NFL , evaluates fans based primarily on attendance - related factors , and ranked Eagles fans third in both 1999 and 2006 . The 2006 study called the fans `` incredibly loyal '' , noting that they filled 99.8 % of the seats in the stadium over the previous decade . Forbes placed the Eagles fans first in its 2008 survey , which was based on the correlation between team performance and fan attendance . ESPN.com placed Eagles fans fourth in the league in its 2008 survey , citing the connection between the team 's performance and the mood of the city . The last home game which was blacked out on television in the Philadelphia market as a result of not being sold out was against the Arizona Cardinals on Sunday , September 12 , 1999 , which was Andy Reid 's first home game as new head coach of the Eagles . </P> <P> The studies note that -- win or lose -- Eagles fans can be counted on to pack their stadium . As of August 2008 , the team had sold out 71 consecutive games , and 70,000 were on the team 's waiting list for season tickets . Despite finishing with a 6 -- 10 record in the 2005 season , the Eagles ranked second in the NFL in merchandise sales , and single - game tickets for the next season were sold out minutes after phone and Internet lines opened . </P> <P> Eagles fans have also been known to chant the famous , `` E-A-G-L-E-S -- Eagles ! ! '' at Flyers , Phillies , and 76ers games when the team is getting blown out late in a game and a loss is inevitable , signifying their displeasure with the given team 's performance , and that they are instead putting their hope into the Eagles . </P> <H3> Bad behavior </H3> <P> Along with their fierce devotion , Eagles fans have a reputation for bad behavior and sports - related violence , especially when the team plays its rivals . In If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? , Jereé Longman described the fans of the 700 Level of Veterans Stadium as having a reputation for `` hostile taunting , fighting , public urination and general strangeness . '' So many incidents occurred at a 1997 game against the 49ers that at the following home game , Judge Seamus McCaffery began presiding over a temporary courtroom at the stadium ; 20 suspects came before him that day . Fan behavior improved after the team 's move to Lincoln Financial Field , and `` Eagles Court '' ended in December 2003 . </P> <H2> Eagles Cheerleaders </H2> Eagles Cheerleaders doing a routine in 2008 . Main article : Philadelphia Eagles Cheerleaders <P> The team also has its own cheerleading squad , which performs a variety of dance moves for the fans and the Eagles on the sideline . The squad also releases a swimsuit calendar each year , and is the first squad in the league to release the calendar on the Android and iOS mobile systems . </P> <H2> Current roster </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="10"> Philadelphia Eagles roster <Ul> <Li> view </Li> <Li> talk </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quarterbacks <Ul> <Li> 9 Nick Foles </Li> <Li> 7 Nate Sudfeld </Li> <Li> 11 Carson Wentz </Li> </Ul> <P> Running backs </P> <Ul> <Li> 26 Jay Ajayi </Li> <Li> 30 Corey Clement </Li> <Li> 34 Donnel Pumphrey </Li> <Li> 28 Wendell Smallwood </Li> </Ul> <P> Wide receivers </P> <Ul> <Li> 13 Nelson Agholor </Li> <Li> 19 Rashard Davis </Li> <Li> 18 Shelton Gibson </Li> <Li> 10 Mack Hollins </Li> <Li> 17 Alshon Jeffery </Li> <Li> 16 Bryce Treggs </Li> <Li> 14 Mike Wallace </Li> <Li> 89 Greg Ward Jr . </Li> <Li> -- Dom Williams </Li> <Li> -- Marquess Wilson </Li> </Ul> <P> Tight ends </P> <Ul> <Li> 85 Billy Brown </Li> <Li> 86 Zach Ertz </Li> <Li> -- Joshua Perkins </Li> <Li> -- Richard Rodgers </Li> <Li> -- Adam Zaruba </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Offensive linemen <Ul> <Li> 79 Brandon Brooks G </Li> <Li> 78 Darrell Greene G </Li> <Li> -- Taylor Hart T </Li> <Li> 65 Lane Johnson T </Li> <Li> 62 Jason Kelce C </Li> <Li> 71 Jason Peters T </Li> <Li> 73 Isaac Seumalo G </Li> <Li> -- Jon Toth C </Li> <Li> 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai T </Li> <Li> 67 Chance Warmack G </Li> <Li> 61 Stefen Wisniewski G </Li> </Ul> <P> Defensive linemen </P> <Ul> <Li> 96 Derek Barnett DE </Li> <Li> 77 Michael Bennett DE </Li> <Li> 91 Fletcher Cox DT </Li> <Li> -- Winston Craig DT </Li> <Li> 55 Brandon Graham DE </Li> <Li> 93 Timmy Jernigan DT </Li> <Li> 56 Chris Long DE </Li> <Li> 51 Steven Means DE </Li> <Li> 94 Haloti Ngata DT </Li> <Li> 98 Elijah Qualls DT </Li> <Li> -- Aziz Shittu DT </Li> <Li> 97 Destiny Vaeao DT </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Linebackers <Ul> <Li> 53 Nigel Bradham OLB </Li> <Li> 47 Nathan Gerry OLB </Li> <Li> 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill OLB </Li> <Li> 58 Jordan Hicks MLB </Li> <Li> 95 Mychal Kendricks OLB </Li> <Li> -- Corey Nelson OLB </Li> <Li> 59 Joe Walker MLB </Li> <Li> -- Paul Worrilow OLB </Li> </Ul> <P> Defensive backs </P> <Ul> <Li> -- De'Vante Bausby CB </Li> <Li> -- Elie Bouka CB </Li> <Li> 21 Ronald Darby CB </Li> <Li> 32 Rasul Douglas CB </Li> <Li> -- Randall Goforth CB </Li> <Li> 27 Malcolm Jenkins SS </Li> <Li> 22 Sidney Jones CB </Li> <Li> 35 D.J. Killings CB </Li> <Li> 23 Rodney McLeod FS </Li> <Li> 42 Chris Maragos FS </Li> <Li> 31 Jalen Mills CB </Li> <Li> 49 Tre Sullivan S </Li> </Ul> <P> Special teams </P> <Ul> <Li> 4 Jake Elliott K </Li> <Li> -- Cameron Johnston P </Li> <Li> 45 Rick Lovato LS </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Reserve lists <Ul> <Li> Currently vacant </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> Rookies in italics <P> Roster updated April 16 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 68 Active , Inactive </P> → AFC rosters → NFC rosters </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="10"> <Dl> <Dt> AFC East </Dt> <Dd> BUF </Dd> <Dd> MIA </Dd> <Dd> NE </Dd> <Dd> NYJ </Dd> <Dt> North </Dt> <Dd> BAL </Dd> <Dd> CIN </Dd> <Dd> CLE </Dd> <Dd> PIT </Dd> <Dt> South </Dt> <Dd> HOU </Dd> <Dd> IND </Dd> <Dd> JAX </Dd> <Dd> TEN </Dd> <Dt> West </Dt> <Dd> DEN </Dd> <Dd> KC </Dd> <Dd> LAC </Dd> <Dd> OAK </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> NFC East </Dt> <Dd> DAL </Dd> <Dd> NYG </Dd> <Dd> PHI </Dd> <Dd> WAS </Dd> <Dt> North </Dt> <Dd> CHI </Dd> <Dd> DET </Dd> <Dd> GB </Dd> <Dd> MIN </Dd> <Dt> South </Dt> <Dd> ATL </Dd> <Dd> CAR </Dd> <Dd> NO </Dd> <Dd> TB </Dd> <Dt> West </Dt> <Dd> ARI </Dd> <Dd> LAR </Dd> <Dd> SF </Dd> <Dd> SEA </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) </H2> Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles players <H2> Awards and honors </H2> <H3> Retired numbers </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> Philadelphia Eagles retired numbers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Years played </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Donovan McNabb </Td> <Td> QB </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Steve Van Buren </Td> <Td> HB </Td> <Td> 1944 -- 1951 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Brian Dawkins </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1996 -- 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Tom Brookshier </Td> <Td> CB </Td> <Td> 1953 -- 1961 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Pete Retzlaff </Td> <Td> RB , WR , TE </Td> <Td> 1956 -- 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Chuck Bednarik </Td> <Td> LB , C </Td> <Td> 1949 -- 1962 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> Al Wistert </Td> <Td> OT </Td> <Td> 1943 -- 1951 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> Reggie White </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> Jerome Brown </Td> <Td> DT </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 1991 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Notes : </P> <Ul> <Li> Posthumous honors . </Li> <Li> Despite not being retired , no one has worn Randall Cunningham 's No. 12 since he left the Eagles . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Pro Football Hall of Famers </H3> Eagles legend Steve Van Buren Main article : List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="10"> Eagles in the Pro Football Hall of Fame </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="10"> Players </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Positions </Th> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Th> Inducted </Th> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Positions </Th> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Th> Inducted </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Chuck Bednarik </Td> <Td> C -- LB </Td> <Td> 1949 -- 1962 </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Ollie Matson </Td> <Td> RB </Td> <Td> 1964 -- 1966 </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> Bob Brown </Td> <Td> OT </Td> <Td> 1964 -- 1968 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Tommy McDonald </Td> <Td> WR </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 1963 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> Cris Carter </Td> <Td> WR </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 1989 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> James Arthur `` Art '' Monk </Td> <Td> WR </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> Richard Dent </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Pete Pihos </Td> <Td> TE -- DE </Td> <Td> 1947 -- 1955 </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> Mike Ditka </Td> <Td> TE </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 1968 </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Jim Ringo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1964 -- 1967 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> Bud Grant </Td> <Td> WR -- DE </Td> <Td> 1951 -- 1952 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Norm Van Brocklin </Td> <Td> QB </Td> <Td> 1958 -- 1960 </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> Bill Hewitt </Td> <Td> End - FB </Td> <Td> 1937 -- 1939 , 1943 </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Steve Van Buren </Td> <Td> HB </Td> <Td> 1944 -- 1951 </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> Claude Humphrey </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1981 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> Reggie White </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Sonny Jurgensen </Td> <Td> QB </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 1963 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Alex Wojciechowicz </Td> <Td> C -- DT </Td> <Td> 1946 -- 1950 </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> James Lofton </Td> <Td> WR </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Brian Dawkins </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1996 - 2008 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="10"> Coaches and Executives </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Name </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Positions </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Seasons </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Inducted </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Bert Bell </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Owner / Founder </Td> <Td colspan="3"> 1933 -- 1940 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 1963 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Wayne Millner </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Assistant Coach </Td> <Td colspan="3"> 1951 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 1968 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Earle `` Greasy '' Neale </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Head Coach </Td> <Td colspan="3"> 1941 -- 1950 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 1969 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Mike McCormack </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Head Coach </Td> <Td colspan="3"> 1973 -- 1975 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 1984 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Eagles Hall of Fame </H3> See also : Category : American football museums and halls of fame . <P> In 1987 , the Eagles Honor Roll was established . Every Eagles player who had by then been elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame was among the inaugural induction class . By 2012 , the Honor Roll had been retitled as the Eagles Hall of Fame . Players are considered for induction three years after their retirement from the NFL , and there have been 41 inductees into the Eagles Hall of Fame as of 2015 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Eagles Hall of Fame </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Position ( s ) </Th> <Th> Tenure </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Chuck Bednarik </Td> <Td> C -- LB </Td> <Td> 1949 -- 1962 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bert Bell </Td> <Td> Founder - Owner </Td> <Td> 1933 -- 1940 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Harold Carmichael </Td> <Td> WR </Td> <Td> 1971 -- 1983 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> Bill Hewitt </Td> <Td> TE -- DE </Td> <Td> 1936 -- 1939 , 1943 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Sonny Jurgensen </Td> <Td> QB </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 1963 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Ollie Matson </Td> <Td> RB </Td> <Td> 1964 -- 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Wilbert Montgomery </Td> <Td> RB </Td> <Td> 1977 -- 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Earle `` Greasy '' Neale </Td> <Td> Head Coach </Td> <Td> 1941 -- 1950 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Pete Pihos </Td> <Td> TE -- DE </Td> <Td> 1947 -- 1955 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Jim Ringo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1964 -- 1967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Norm Van Brocklin </Td> <Td> QB </Td> <Td> 1958 -- 1960 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Steve Van Buren </Td> <Td> HB </Td> <Td> 1944 -- 1951 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Alex Wojciechowicz </Td> <Td> C -- DT </Td> <Td> 1946 -- 1950 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> Bill Bergey </Td> <Td> LB </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1980 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Tommy McDonald </Td> <Td> WR </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 1963 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Tom Brookshier </Td> <Td> CB </Td> <Td> 1954 -- 1961 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Pete Retzlaff </Td> <Td> TE </Td> <Td> 1956 -- 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Timmy Brown </Td> <Td> RB </Td> <Td> 1960 -- 1967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> Jerry Sisemore </Td> <Td> OT </Td> <Td> 1973 -- 1987 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> Stan Walters </Td> <Td> OT </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 1983 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Ron Jaworski </Td> <Td> QB </Td> <Td> 1977 -- 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Bill Bradley </Td> <Td> S -- P </Td> <Td> 1969 -- 1976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Dick Vermeil </Td> <Td> Head Coach </Td> <Td> 1976 -- 1982 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Jim Gallagher </Td> <Td> Team Executive </Td> <Td> 1949 -- 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> Mike Quick </Td> <Td> WR </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 1990 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> Jerome Brown </Td> <Td> DT </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Otho Davis </Td> <Td> Head Trainer </Td> <Td> 1973 -- 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> 1948 NFL Championship team </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> 1949 NFL Championship team </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> Bob Brown </Td> <Td> OT </Td> <Td> 1964 -- 1968 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> Reggie White </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> Al Wistert </Td> <Td> OT </Td> <Td> 1943 -- 1951 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Randall Cunningham </Td> <Td> QB -- P </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Eric Allen </Td> <Td> CB </Td> <Td> 1988 -- 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Jim Johnson </Td> <Td> Defensive Coordinator </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Leo Carlin </Td> <Td> Ticket Manager </Td> <Td> 1960 -- 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Brian Dawkins </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1996 -- 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Troy Vincent </Td> <Td> CB </Td> <Td> 1996 -- 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Donovan McNabb </Td> <Td> QB </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Brian Westbrook </Td> <Td> RB </Td> <Td> 2002 -- 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> Maxie Baughan </Td> <Td> LB </Td> <Td> 1960 -- 1965 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Jeremiah Trotter </Td> <Td> LB </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 2001 , 2004 -- 2006 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> - </Td> <Td> Merrill Reese </Td> <Td> Radio Play by Play </Td> <Td> 1977 -- Present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> David Akers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1999 - 2010 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 75th anniversary team </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Philadelphia Eagles 75th Anniversary Team ( 2007 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Offense </Dt> <Dd> McNabb ( QB ) </Dd> <Dd> Van Buren ( RB ) </Dd> <Dd> Byars ( FB ) </Dd> <Dd> Carmichael ( WR ) </Dd> <Dd> McDonald ( WR ) </Dd> <Dd> Pihos ( TE ) </Dd> <Dd> Thomas ( LT ) </Dd> <Dd> Key ( LG ) </Dd> <Dd> Bednarik ( C ) </Dd> <Dd> Andrews ( RG ) </Dd> <Dd> Runyan ( RT ) </Dd> <Dt> Defense </Dt> <Dd> Simmons ( DE ) </Dd> <Dd> White ( DE ) </Dd> <Dd> J. Brown ( DT ) </Dd> <Dd> Johnson ( DT ) </Dd> <Dd> Bednarik ( MLB ) </Dd> <Dd> Joyner ( OLB ) </Dd> <Dd> Wojciechowicz ( OLB ) </Dd> <Dd> Allen ( CB ) </Dd> <Dd> Vincent ( CB ) </Dd> <Dd> Waters ( SS ) </Dd> <Dd> Dawkins ( FS ) </Dd> <Dt> Special teams </Dt> <Dd> T. Brown ( KR ) </Dd> <Dd> Westbrook ( PR ) </Dd> <Dd> Akers ( PK ) </Dd> <Dd> Landeta ( P ) </Dd> <Dd> Papale ( ST ) </Dd> <Dt> Coach </Dt> <Dd> Andy Reid </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) </H3> <Dl> <Dd> See footnote </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame </H3> Main article : Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame <H3> Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame </H3> <Dl> <Dd> See : Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame # Football </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Franchise records </H2> <P> Source : pro-football-reference.com Eagles Franchise Page </P> <H3> Passing </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Statistic </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Regular season </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Playoffs </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Rookie </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Career </Th> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Game </Th> <Th> Career </Th> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Game </Th> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Game </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Completions </Td> <Td> 2801 Donovan McNabb </Td> <Td> 379 Carson Wentz 2016 </Td> <Td> 37 Mark Sanchez 2014 - 12 - 20 @ WAS Sam Bradford 2015 - 12 - 26 WAS </Td> <Td> 341 Donovan McNabb </Td> <Td> 73 Donovan McNabb 2008 </Td> <Td> 30 Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE </Td> <Td> 379 Carson Wentz 2016 </Td> <Td> 36 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pass Attempts </Td> <Td> 4746 Donovan McNabb </Td> <Td> 607 Carson Wentz 2016 </Td> <Td> 62 Randall Cunningham 1989 - 10 - 02 @ CHI Nick Foles 2014 - 10 - 26 @ ARI </Td> <Td> 577 Donovan McNabb </Td> <Td> 121 Donovan McNabb 2008 </Td> <Td> 54 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI </Td> <Td> 607 Carson Wentz 2016 </Td> <Td> 60 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Passing Yards </Td> <Td> 32873 Donovan McNabb </Td> <Td> 3916 Donovan McNabb 2008 </Td> <Td> 464 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 12 - 05 GNB </Td> <Td> 3752 Donovan McNabb </Td> <Td> 892 Donovan McNabb 2008 </Td> <Td> 407 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI </Td> <Td> 3782 Carson Wentz 2016 </Td> <Td> 381 Nick Foles 2012 - 12 - 09 @ TAM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Passing TDs </Td> <Td> 216 Donovan McNabb </Td> <Td> 33 Carson Wentz 2017 </Td> <Td> 7 Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK </Td> <Td> 24 Donovan McNabb </Td> <Td> 7 Donovan McNabb </Td> <Td> Ron Jaworski 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI / > Nick Foles 2018 - 01 - 21 MIN 2018 - 02 - 04 NNWE </Td> <Td> 16 Carson Wentz 2016 </Td> <Td> Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Donovan McNabb 2000 - 01 - 02 STL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Intercepted </Td> <Td> 151 Ron Jaworski </Td> <Td> 26 Sonny Jurgensen 1962 </Td> <Td> 6 Bobby Thomason 1956 - 10 - 21 CRD Pete Liske 1971 - 09 - 26 DAL </Td> <Td> 17 Donovan McNabb </Td> <Td> 7 Ron Jaworski 1980 </Td> <Td> Ron Jaworski 1981 - 01 - 25 NOAK Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 18 CAR 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE </Td> <Td> 17 Davey O'Brien 1939 </Td> <Td> Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 15 RAM Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 18 @ GNB Brad Goebel 1991 - 10 - 13 NOR </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Passer Rating </Td> <Td> 94.2 + Nick Foles </Td> <Td> 119.2 # Nick Foles 2013 </Td> <Td> 158.3 * Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 23 DET Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK </Td> <Td> 83.6 # Jeff Garcia </Td> <Td> 132.4 * Rodney Peete 1995 </Td> <Td> 143.3 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET </Td> <Td> 79.3 # Carson Wentz 2016 </Td> <Td> 131.7 * Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sacked </Td> <Td> 422 Randall Cunningham </Td> <Td> 72 Randall Cunningham 1986 </Td> <Td> 12 Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 30 @ NYG </Td> <Td> 48 Donovan McNabb </Td> <Td> 12 Donovan McNabb 2003 </Td> <Td> 8 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 11 GNB </Td> <Td> 38 John Reaves 1972 </Td> <Td> 7 Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 29 NYG </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yds / Pass Att </Td> <Td> 8.71 + Sonny Jurgensen </Td> <Td> 9.12 # Nick Foles 2013 </Td> <Td> 16.29 * Sonny Jurgensen 1962 - 11 - 25 DAL </Td> <Td> 6.5 # Donovan McNabb Randall Cunningham </Td> <Td> 10.2 * Norm Van Brocklin 1960 </Td> <Td> 10.8 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET </Td> <Td> 6.73 # John Reaves 1972 </Td> <Td> 12.47 * Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 22 @ WAS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pass Yds / Game </Td> <Td> 266.1 + Sam Bradford </Td> <Td> 278.6 # Donovan McNabb 2005 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 234.5 # Donovan McNabb </Td> <Td> 407 * Randall Cunningham 1988 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 242.7 # Nick Foles 2012 </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> + = min . 500 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , ∗ = minimum 15 attempts , </P> <H3> Rushing </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Statistic </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Regular season </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Playoffs </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Rookie </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Career </Th> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Game </Th> <Th> Career </Th> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Game </Th> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Game </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rush Attempts </Td> <Td> 1465 Wilbert Montgomery </Td> <Td> 353 Ricky Watters </Td> <Td> 35 Heath Sherman 1990 - 11 - 12 WAS </Td> <Td> 141 Wilbert Montgomery </Td> <Td> 68 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 </Td> <Td> 26 Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL </Td> <Td> 182 Po James 1972 </Td> <Td> 28 Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 09 WAS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rush Yards </Td> <Td> 6792 LeSean McCoy </Td> <Td> 1607 LeSean McCoy 2013 </Td> <Td> 217 LeSean McCoy 2013 - 12 - 08 DET </Td> <Td> 591 Brian Westbrook </Td> <Td> 312 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 </Td> <Td> 194 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL </Td> <Td> 637 LeSean McCoy 2009 </Td> <Td> 178 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rush Yds / Att </Td> <Td> 6.62 Randall Cunningham </Td> <Td> 7.98 Randall Cunningham 1990 </Td> <Td> 11.63 Timmy Brown 1965 - 11 - 07 @ CLE </Td> <Td> 5.86 Donovan McNabb </Td> <Td> 7.79 Brian Westbrook 2006 </Td> <Td> 7.46 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL </Td> <Td> 4.9 Bryce Brown 2012 </Td> <Td> 9.37 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rushing TDs </Td> <Td> 69 Steve Van Buren </Td> <Td> 17 LeSean McCoy 2011 </Td> <Td> Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS 1982 - 12 - 19 HOU LeSean McCoy 2010 - 09 - 19 @ DET </Td> <Td> 6 Wilbert Montgomery </Td> <Td> Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Brian Westbrook 2006 </Td> <Td> Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 12 - 27 NYG </Td> <Td> Ken Keller 1956 LeSean McCoy 2009 Bryce Brown 2012 </Td> <Td> Wilbert Montgomery 1977 - 12 - 18 NYJ James Joseph 1991 - 11 - 04 NYG Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 02 @ SFO Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR 2012 - 12 - 02 @ DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rush Yds / Game </Td> <Td> 79 Ricky Watters </Td> <Td> 100.4 LeSean McCoy 2013 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 74 Wilbert Montgomery </Td> <Td> 128.5 Brian Westbrook 2006 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 70.1 Mike Hogan 1976 </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ∗ = minimum 15 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , + = min . 500 attempts </P> <H3> Receiving </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Statistic </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Regular season </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Playoffs </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Rookie </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Career </Th> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Game </Th> <Th> Career </Th> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Game </Th> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Game </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Receptions </Td> <Td> 589 Harold Carmichael </Td> <Td> 90 Brian Westbrook 2007 </Td> <Td> 13 Jeremy Maclin 2011 - 09 - 18 @ ATL Zach Ertz 2017 - 01 - 01 DAL </Td> <Td> 38 Chad Lewis </Td> <Td> 19 Brent Celek 2008 </Td> <Td> 10 Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI </Td> <Td> 81 Keith Jackson 1988 </Td> <Td> 11 Junior Tautalatasi 1986 - 11 - 09 NYG </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Receiving Yds </Td> <Td> 8,978 Harold Carmichael </Td> <Td> 1409 Mike Quick </Td> <Td> 237 Tommy McDonald 1961 - 12 - 10 NYG </Td> <Td> 465 Harold Carmichael </Td> <Td> 211 Kevin Curtis 2008 </Td> <Td> 146 Jeremy Maclin 2010 - 01 - 09 @ DAL </Td> <Td> 912 DeSean Jackson 2008 </Td> <Td> 177 Hank Baskett 2006 - 12 - 31 ATL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yds / Rec </Td> <Td> 19.16 + Tommy McDonald </Td> <Td> 21.44 # Ben Hawkins 1967 </Td> <Td> 52.5 * DeSean Jackson 2010 - 12 - 12 @ DAL </Td> <Td> 16.03 # Harold Carmichael </Td> <Td> 23.5 * Donte ' Stallworth 2006 </Td> <Td> 30.5 * Kevin Curtis 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI </Td> <Td> 21.09 # Hank Baskett 2006 </Td> <Td> 28.5 * Fred Barnett 1990 - 10 - 15 MIN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Receiving TDs </Td> <Td> 79 Harold Carmichael </Td> <Td> 14 Terrell Owens </Td> <Td> Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT </Td> <Td> 6 Harold Carmichael </Td> <Td> Harold Carmichael 1979 Brent Celek 2008 </Td> <Td> Harold Carmichael 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Fred Barnett 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Chad Lewis 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI </Td> <Td> 9 Calvin Williams 1990 </Td> <Td> ( 9 times ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rec Yds / Game </Td> <Td> 70.3 + DeSean Jackson </Td> <Td> 90.4 # Ben Hawkins 1967 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 66.4 # Harold Carmichael </Td> <Td> 146 * Jeremy Maclin 2009 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 64.3 # Don Looney 1940 </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ∗ = minimum 4 receptions , # = min . 20 receptions , + = min . 200 receptions </P> <H3> Other </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Statistic </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Regular season </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Playoffs </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Rookie </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Career </Th> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Game </Th> <Th> Career </Th> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Game </Th> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Game </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total TDs </Td> <Td> 79 Harold Carmichael </Td> <Td> 20 LeSean McCoy 2011 </Td> <Td> Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT Wilbert Montgomery 1978 - 09 - 10 @ WAS 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS Brian Westbrook 2008 - 11 - 27 ARI </Td> <Td> 6 Brian Westbrook Wilbert Montgomery Harold Carmichael </Td> <Td> Harold Carmichael 1979 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Duce Staley 2001 Brian Westbrook 2006 Brent Celek 2008 </Td> <Td> ( 8 times ) </Td> <Td> 9 Calvin Williams 1990 </Td> <Td> Corey Clement 2017 - 11 - 05 DEN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yds from Scrimmage </Td> <Td> 9,785 Brian Westbrook </Td> <Td> 2146 LeSean McCoy 2013 </Td> <Td> 249 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL </Td> <Td> 925 Brian Westbrook </Td> <Td> 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 </Td> <Td> 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL </Td> <Td> 878 Charle Young 1973 </Td> <Td> 189 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> All Purpose Yds </Td> <Td> 12,049 Timmy Brown </Td> <Td> 2428 Timmy Brown 1963 </Td> <Td> 341 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL </Td> <Td> 953 Brian Westbrook </Td> <Td> 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 </Td> <Td> 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL </Td> <Td> 940 Steve Van Buren 1944 </Td> <Td> 231 Kevin Bowman 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Returning </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Statistic </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Regular season </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Playoffs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Career </Th> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Game </Th> <Th> Career </Th> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Game </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kick Returns </Td> <Td> 169 Timmy Brown </Td> <Td> 54 Allen Rossum 1999 </Td> <Td> 8 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI Allen Rossum 1999 - 11 - 21 IND Quintin Demps 2008 - 11 - 09 NYG </Td> <Td> 22 Brian Mitchell </Td> <Td> 11 Brian Mitchell 2001 </Td> <Td> 6 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kick Ret Yds </Td> <Td> 4,483 Timmy Brown </Td> <Td> 1347 Allen Rossum 1999 </Td> <Td> 253 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI </Td> <Td> 522 Brian Mitchell </Td> <Td> 239 Brian Mitchell 2001 </Td> <Td> 128 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yds / KR </Td> <Td> 27.74 Josh Huff </Td> <Td> 33.25 Steve Van Buren 1944 </Td> <Td> 61 <P> Jake Elliott </P> <P> 2017 - 09 - 24 </P> </Td> <Td> 25.29 J.R. Reed </Td> <Td> 26.8 Brian Mitchell 2002 </Td> <Td> 31.25 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kick Ret TDs </Td> <Td> 5 Timmy Brown </Td> <Td> Timmy Brown 1966 Derrick Witherspoon </Td> <Td> Timmy Brown 1966 - 11 - 06 DAL </Td> <Td colspan="3"> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Punt Returns </Td> <Td> 148 Wally Henry </Td> <Td> 54 Wally Henry 1981 </Td> <Td> 9 Larry Marshall 1977 - 09 - 18 TAM </Td> <Td> 16 Brian Mitchell </Td> <Td> 8 Wally Henry 1979 John Sciarra 1980 </Td> <Td> 6 John Sciarra 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Punt Ret Yds </Td> <Td> 1369 Brian Mitchell </Td> <Td> 567 Brian Mitchell 2002 </Td> <Td> 140 Alvin Haymond 1968 - 10 - 06 @ WAS </Td> <Td> 174 DeSean Jackson </Td> <Td> 122 DeSean Jackson 2008 </Td> <Td> 109 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yds / PR </Td> <Td> 14.71 Ernie Steele </Td> <Td> 20.44 Ernie Steele 1942 </Td> <Td> 33 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 11 - 25 @ SFO </Td> <Td> 15.82 DeSean Jackson </Td> <Td> 17.43 DeSean Jackson 2008 </Td> <Td> 21.8 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Punt Ret TDs </Td> <Td> DeSean Jackson Darren Sproles </Td> <Td> Brian Westbrook 2003 DeSean Jackson 2009 Darren Sproles 2014 , 2015 </Td> <Td> ( 8 times ) </Td> <Td colspan="3"> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total Return Yds </Td> <Td> 4,997 Timmy Brown </Td> <Td> 1729 Brian Mitchell 2002 </Td> <Td> 234 Vai Sikahema 1992 - 11 - 22 @ NYG </Td> <Td> 657 Brian Mitchell </Td> <Td> 296 Brian Mitchell 2001 </Td> <Td> 159 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Defense </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Statistic </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Regular season </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Playoffs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Career </Th> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Game </Th> <Th> Career </Th> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Game </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Interceptions </Td> <Td> 34 Bill Bradley Brian Dawkins Eric Allen </Td> <Td> 11 Bill Bradley 1971 </Td> <Td> Don Burroughs 1961 - 12 - 03 @ PIT Nate Ramsey 1965 - 11 - 28 @ STL Jim Nettles 1965 - 12 - 12 @ PIT Joe Scarpati 1966 - 10 - 23 @ NYG </Td> <Td> 5 Herm Edwards </Td> <Td> Roynell Young 1980 Damon Moore 2001 </Td> <Td> Herm Edwards 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Roynell Young 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Eric Allen 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Int Ret Yds </Td> <Td> 536 Bill Bradley </Td> <Td> 248 Bill Bradley 1971 </Td> <Td> 114 Frank LeMaster 1975 - 12 - 21 @ WAS </Td> <Td> 77 Damon Moore </Td> <Td> 77 Damon Moore 2001 </Td> <Td> 59 Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Int Ret TDs </Td> <Td> 5 Eric Allen </Td> <Td> Eric Allen 1993 </Td> <Td> Eric Allen 1993 - 12 - 26 NOR </Td> <Td colspan="3"> ( 6 times ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sacks ( since 1982 ) </Td> <Td> 124 Reggie White </Td> <Td> 21 Reggie White </Td> <Td> 4.5 Clyde Simmons 1991 - 09 - 15 @ DAL Hugh Douglas 1998 - 10 - 18 @ SDG </Td> <Td> Derrick Burgess Hugh Douglas Carl Hairston Reggie White </Td> <Td> Carl Hairston 1980 Derrick Burgess </Td> <Td> Carl Hairston 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Hugh Douglas 2000 - 12 - 31 TAM Derrick Burgess 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Darwin Walker 2007 - 01 - 13 @ NOR </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Exceptional performances </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Statistic </Th> <Th> Career </Th> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Playoff Games </Th> <Th> Rookie Games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 300 + yard passing games </Td> <Td> 30 Donovan McNabb </Td> <Td> 6 Donovan McNabb </Td> <Td> Donovan McNabb </Td> <Td> Carson Wentz 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 100 + yard rushing games </Td> <Td> 26 Wilbert Montgomery </Td> <Td> 8 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 Brian Westbrook 2006 </Td> <Td> Brian Westbrook </Td> <Td> Don Johnson 1953 Mike Hogan 1976 Charlie Garner 1994 Bryce Brown 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 100 + yard receiving games </Td> <Td> 23 Pete Retzlaff </Td> <Td> 8 Terrell Owens </Td> <Td> Fred Barnett Keith Jackson </Td> <Td> Charle Young 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Games with 1 + TD scored </Td> <Td> 69 Harold Carmichael </Td> <Td> 13 LeSean McCoy 2011 </Td> <Td> 5 Harold Carmichael Duce Staley Brian Westbrook </Td> <Td> 9 Calvin Williams 1990 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Games with 2 + TD scored </Td> <Td> 18 Brian Westbrook </Td> <Td> 6 LeSean McCoy 2011 </Td> <Td> Wilbert Montgomery </Td> <Td> Bryce Brown 2012 Jordan Matthews 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Games with 3 + TD scored </Td> <Td> 7 Brian Westbrook </Td> <Td> Pete Retzlaff 1965 Wilbert Montgomery 1982 Terrell Owens Brian Westbrook 2007 , 2008 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Coaches of note </H2> Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles head coaches <H3> Current staff </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="7"> Philadelphia Eagles staff <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Front Office </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Chairman / CEO -- Jeffrey Lurie </Li> <Li> President -- Don Smolenski </Li> <Li> Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- Howie Roseman </Li> <Li> Senior Football Advisor -- Tom Donahoe </Li> <Li> Vice President of Player Personnel -- Joe Douglas </Li> <Li> Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Andy Weidl </Li> <Li> Vice President of Football Operations and Strategy -- Alec Halaby </Li> <Li> Senior Director of College Scouting -- Anthony Patch </Li> <Li> Director of College Scouting -- Ian Cunningham </Li> <Li> Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Mike Bradway </Li> <Li> Director of Pro Scouting -- Dwayne Joseph </Li> <Li> Assistant Director of Pro Scouting -- Brandon Brown </Li> <Li> Director of Football Administration -- Jake Rosenberg </Li> <Li> Football Operations Executive -- Brian Dawkins </Li> <Li> Player Personnel Executive -- T.J. McCreight </Li> <Li> Player Personnel Executive College / Pro -- Trey Brown </Li> <Li> Assistant Director of Football Analytics -- Taylor Rajack </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Head Coaches </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Head Coach -- Doug Pederson </Li> <Li> Assistant Head Coach / Running Backs -- Duce Staley </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Offensive Coaches </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Offensive Coordinator -- Mike Groh </Li> <Li> Quarterbacks -- Press Taylor </Li> <Li> Wide Receivers -- Gunter Brewer </Li> <Li> Assistant Wide Receivers - Carson Walch </Li> <Li> Tight Ends -- Justin Peelle </Li> <Li> Offensive Line / Run Game Coordinator -- Jeff Stoutland </Li> <Li> Assistant Offensive Line / Tight Ends / Run Game -- Eugene Chung </Li> <Li> Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Quarterbacks -- Spencer Phillips </Li> <Li> Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Running Backs - Trent Miles </Li> <Li> Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Offensive Line -- T.J. Paganetti </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Defensive Coaches </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Defensive Coordinator -- Jim Schwartz </Li> <Li> Defensive Line -- Chris Wilson </Li> <Li> Linebackers -- Ken Flajole </Li> <Li> Secondary -- Cory Undlin </Li> <Li> Safeties -- Tim Hauck </Li> <Li> Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Defensive Line -- Phillip Daniels </Li> <Li> Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Linebackers - Ryan Paganetti </Li> <Li> Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Secondary -- Dino Vasso </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Special Teams Coaches </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Special Teams Coordinator -- Dave Fipp </Li> <Li> Assistant Special Teams -- Matthew Harper </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Strength and Conditioning </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Head Strength Coach -- Josh Hingst </Li> <Li> Assistant Strength Coach -- Keith Gray </Li> <Li> Perfomance Nutrition Coordinator / Assistant Strength Coach - Michael Minnis </Li> <Li> Strength Assistant -- Ben Wagner </Li> <Li> Director of High Performance -- Shaun Huls </Li> </Ul> <P> → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> <Dl> <Dt> AFC East </Dt> <Dd> BUF </Dd> <Dd> MIA </Dd> <Dd> NE </Dd> <Dd> NYJ </Dd> <Dt> North </Dt> <Dd> BAL </Dd> <Dd> CIN </Dd> <Dd> CLE </Dd> <Dd> PIT </Dd> <Dt> South </Dt> <Dd> HOU </Dd> <Dd> IND </Dd> <Dd> JAX </Dd> <Dd> TEN </Dd> <Dt> West </Dt> <Dd> DEN </Dd> <Dd> KC </Dd> <Dd> LAC </Dd> <Dd> OAK </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> NFC East </Dt> <Dd> DAL </Dd> <Dd> NYG </Dd> <Dd> PHI </Dd> <Dd> WAS </Dd> <Dt> North </Dt> <Dd> CHI </Dd> <Dd> DET </Dd> <Dd> GB </Dd> <Dd> MIN </Dd> <Dt> South </Dt> <Dd> ATL </Dd> <Dd> CAR </Dd> <Dd> NO </Dd> <Dd> TB </Dd> <Dt> West </Dt> <Dd> ARI </Dd> <Dd> LAR </Dd> <Dd> SF </Dd> <Dd> SEA </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Radio and television </H2> Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles broadcasters <H3> Eagles Radio affiliates </H3> Map of radio affiliates . <Table> <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Th> Call Sign </Th> <Th> Frenquency </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atlantic City , New Jersey </Td> <Td> WPGG </Td> <Td> 1450 AM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Easton , Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> WCTO </Td> <Td> 96.1 FM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Levittown , Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> WBCB </Td> <Td> 1490 AM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Milford , Delaware </Td> <Td> WAFL </Td> <Td> 97.7 FM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Millville , New Jersey </Td> <Td> WENJ </Td> <Td> 97.3 FM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philadelphia </Td> <Td> WTEL </Td> <Td> 610 AM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> WIP - FM </Td> <Td> 94.1 FM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pottsville , Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> WPPA </Td> <Td> 1360 AM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reading , Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> WEEU </Td> <Td> 830 AM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scranton , Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> WEJL </Td> <Td> 630 AM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sunbury , Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> WEGH </Td> <Td> 107.3 FM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Williamsport , Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> WBZD - FM </Td> <Td> 93.3 FM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wilmington , Delaware </Td> <Td> WDEL </Td> <Td> 1150 AM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> York , Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> WSOX </Td> <Td> 96.1 FM </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> From 2008 through 2010 , Eagles games were broadcast on both rock - formatted WYSP and sports - talk Sports Radio 610 WIP , as both stations are owned and operated by CBS Radio . In 2011 , CBS dropped the music on WYSP , renaming it WIP - FM and making it a full simulcast of WIP . Later , 610 AM became a CBS Sports Radio national broadcast , and 94 WIP was broadcast on WIP FM . The Eagles extended their broadcasting contract with WIP - FM through 2024 . </P> <P> Merrill Reese , who joined the Eagles in 1976 , is the play - by - play announcer , and former Eagles wide receiver Mike Quick , who replaced the offense lineman Stan Walters beginning in 1998 , is the color analyst . The post game show , which has consisted of many Philadelphia sports personalities , as of the 2014 season is hosted by Kevin Riley , a former Eagles linebacker and special - teamer , and Rob Ellis . Riley was the former post-game host for the show on 94 WYSP before the WIP change over ; Rob Ellis hosts a weekly show nightly from 6 -- 10 on 94.1 WIP - FM . No announcement was made prior to the start of preseason regarding who would be the host ( s ) for 2015 . </P> <P> In 2015 , the preseason games are being televised on WCAU , the local NBC owned and operated station . Television announcers for these preseason games were not announced prior to the start of preseason . During the regular season , games are governed by the NFL 's master broadcasting contract with FOX , CBS , NBC , and ESPN . Most games can be seen on FOX - owned WTXF - TV . When hosting an AFC team , those games can be seen on CBS - owned KYW - TV . </P> <H2> Media and cultural reference </H2> <P> In the book MASH : A Novel About Three Army Doctors , the character Captain Oliver Wendell `` Spearchucker '' Jones fictionally played for the Philadelphia Eagles , though in the movie this was changed to San Francisco . </P> <P> The 1976 draw was the subject of the movie Invincible . The movie stars Mark Wahlberg as Vince Papale , a 30 - year - old bartender and part - time school teacher , and also a diehard Eagles fan who became an Eagles player . The film differs slightly from true events as the selection process was invitation only , and Papale had at least some previous playing experience . The film Silver Linings Playbook highlights the 2008 Philadelphia Eagles season . The film was critically acclaimed and nominated for several awards including 8 Academy Awards . </P> <P> In the 1978 Academy Award - winning movie The Deer Hunter , the Eagles are referenced when Nick talks to Stan in the bar , saying : `` Hey , I got a hundred bucks says the Eagles never cross the fifty in the next half and Oakland wins by 20 ! '' Stan responds ; `` And I got an extra twenty says the Eagles ' quarterback wears a dress ! '' </P> <P> The award - winning comedy series It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia starring Danny DeVito makes several references to the Philadelphia Eagles , most notably Season 3 , Episode 2 -- `` The Gang Gets Invincible , '' the title being a reference to the Wahlberg film . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Philadelphia portal </Li> <Li> Sports portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> South Philadelphia Sports Complex </Li> <Li> Sports in Philadelphia </Li> <Li> The Michael Vick Project </Li> <Li> Forbes ' list of the most valuable sports teams </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes and references </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Team Information '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Philadelphia Eagles Training Camp Media Guide . Philadelphia Eagles . September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 10 NFL Rivalries Of All Time : No. 4 Giants - Eagles '' . Sports Illustrated . December 15 , 2005 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chadiha , Jeffri ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` Ranking the NFL 's best rivalries : Where does Colts - Pats fit ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bryan , Dave ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` After 8 Straight Losses , Steelers Looking For Philadelphia Freedom Sunday Against Eagles '' . SteelersDepot.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fox , Ashley ( January 4 , 2014 ) . `` Fans always have Eagles ' back '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clark , Kevin ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Game Changer : NFL Scrambles to Fill Seats '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Howard ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` NFL Players Poll : Most Intimidating Fans '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lyons , 2010 pg. 81 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lyons , 2010 pg. 82 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuklick , Bruce ( 1993 ) . To Every Thing a Season : Shibe Park and Urban Philadelphia , 1909 -- 1976 . Princeton University Press . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02104 - X . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : See : History of the Pittsburgh Steelers # 1940 -- 41 : A new name and a `` new '' team . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Didinger , Ray ; Robert S. Lyons ( 2005 ) . The Eagles Encyclopedia . Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 449 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Year - by - Year History '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 29 , 2006 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Birds ' Biggest Rival -- In a division of fierce foes , the Giants have battled the Eagles as tough as anyone '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Eagles -- Giants among top rivalries '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eagles search ends with Vermeil '' . St Petersburg Times . February 9 , 1976 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The World 's Most Valuable Sports Teams No. 11 Philadelphia Eagles '' . Forbes.com . July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heath , John . `` Denver 's Brian Dawkins : An Ageless Wolverine '' . BroncoTalk . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dan Gelston ( Oct 26 , 2008 ) . `` Westbrook Helps Eagles Soar Above Falcons , Win 500th Game '' . NBC 10 Philadelphia . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vick , Eagles agree to 2 - year deal '' . ESPN.com . August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eagles sign Reid through 2013 '' . ESPN.com . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maese , Rick ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` Washington Redskins acquire quarterback Donovan McNabb from Philadelphia Eagles '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eagles fire Reid '' . USA Today . Philadelphia . December 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eagles hire Chip Kelly as coach '' . ESPN.com . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sports . Rocky Mount Telegram . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Eagles Acquire LB Alonso For RB McCoy '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Indianapolis Colts to sign Trent Cole '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` Rams trading Sam Bradford to Eagles for Nick Foles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : RB Murray Signs With Eagles '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CB Byron Maxwell joins Eagles via FA '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eagles Release Head Coach Chip Kelly '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . December 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duce Staley interviews for Philadelphia Eagles ' vacant coaching job . Espn.go.com ( January 2 , 2016 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Philadelphia Eagles hire Doug Pederson as coach '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eagles Name Doug Pederson Head Coach '' . Philadelphia Eagles . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reimer , Alex ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Carson Wentz will start for Eagles '' . sbnation.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pennington , Tom ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Eagles Should Be Better Than 4 - 4 '' . fivethirtyeight.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philadelphia Eagles Media Guide Archived February 1 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Legacy.philadelphiaeagles.com . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berman , Zach ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` What 's in a number ? Eagles tell their stories : Some are chosen , some are random '' . Philadelphia Media Network ( Digital ) , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . See also : National Football League uniform numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eagles Unveil 75th Anniversary Plans '' . Philadelphia Eagles. April 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eagles Announce Plans to Honor 1960 Title Team '' . Csnphilly.com . May 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Training Camp , '' . Philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eagles move training camp from Lehigh . Foxnews.com ( March 15 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Frank , Reuben ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Eagles to keep training camp at Lehigh in 2013 '' . CSN Philly . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` In Depth : America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Phillies Pass Eagles In Google Ranking . myfoxphilly.com ( July 2 , 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Loyalty : Methodology '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George , John ( February 5 , 1999 ) . `` Proven : Eagles ' fans are fanatics '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Philadelphia ; Pennsylvania . p. 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Full fan loyalty rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Support Rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans : Methodology '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mosley , Matt ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` NFL 's best fans ? We got ta hand it to Steelers barely '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berman , Zack ( June 14 , 2006 ) . `` Single Game Tickets Sold Out ! '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Dave ( October 29 , 2002 ) . `` To Eagles , Shockey Is Public Enemy No. 1 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 2006 ) . If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084373 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Court at Eagles ' games is out of session Sunday '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 6 , 2003 . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders -- Swimsuit Calendar '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eagles Cheerleaders Swimsuit -- Android - apps op Google Play '' . Play.google.com . November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Didinger , Ray ( July 21 , 2012 ) . `` Ray 's QB Notes 4 : Randall 's No. 12 retired ? '' . CSN Philly . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weinberg , David ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Leo Carlin , Troy Vincent headed to Eagles Hall of Fame '' . pressofatlanticcity.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eagles Hall of Fame Inductees '' ( PDF ) . philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ And The Winners Were ... See all the John Wanamaker Athletic Award - recipients since 1961 Archived July 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . webpage . Philadelphia Sports Congress website ( Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Bureau ) . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sportsradio WIP - Entercom Communications CEO David Field '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Invincible on IMDb </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cimino , Michael . `` The Deer Hunter Final Screenplay '' ( PDF ) . drexel.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Savage , Fred ( 13 September 2007 ) . `` The Gang Gets Invincible '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Sources </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyons , Robert S. ( 2010 ) . On Any Given Sunday : A Life of Bert Bell . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 731 - 2 . OCLC 607553558 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philadelphia Eagles . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Philadelphia Eagles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Founded in 1933 </Li> <Li> Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franchise </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Franchise </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Seasons </Li> <Li> Coaches </Li> <Li> Quarterbacks </Li> <Li> Players </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stadiums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baker Bowl </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Municipal Stadium </Li> <Li> Connie Mack Stadium </Li> <Li> Franklin Field </Li> <Li> Veterans Stadium </Li> <Li> Lincoln Financial Field </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fly , Eagles Fly </Li> <Li> Swoop </Li> <Li> Curse of Billy Penn </Li> <Li> The Lombardi Curse </Li> <Li> Invincible </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> Matt Guokas Sr . </Li> <Li> Dan Baker </Li> <Li> Cheerleaders </Li> <Li> Silver Linings Playbook </Li> <Li> The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Frankford Yellow Jackets </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania Keystoners </Li> <Li> `` Pennsylvania Polka '' </Li> <Li> Steagles </Li> <Li> `` Happy Hundred '' </Li> <Li> Miracle at the Meadowlands </Li> <Li> Buddy Ball </Li> <Li> Fog Bowl </Li> <Li> Bounty Bowl series </Li> <Li> Body Bag Game </Li> <Li> 4th and 26 </Li> <Li> Miracle at the New Meadowlands </Li> <Li> Philly Special </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rivalries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dallas Cowboys </Li> <Li> New York Giants </Li> <Li> Washington Redskins </Li> <Li> Pittsburgh Steelers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division championships ( 13 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1947 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1949 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference championships ( 4 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> League championships ( 4 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1949 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 2017 ( LII ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Retired numbers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 15 </Li> <Li> 20 </Li> <Li> 40 </Li> <Li> 44 </Li> <Li> 60 </Li> <Li> 70 </Li> <Li> 92 </Li> <Li> 99 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> <Li> WTEL </Li> <Li> WIP - FM </Li> <Li> Merrill Reese </Li> <Li> Mike Quick </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current league affiliations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> League : National Football League </Li> <Li> Conference : National Football Conference </Li> <Li> Division : East Division </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons ( 86 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1933 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1935 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1937 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1939 </Li> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1941 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1943 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1945 </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1947 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1949 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1951 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1955 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1957 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1959 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Championship seasons in bold </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Links to related articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> National Football League ( 2018 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AFC </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="1"> East </Td> <Td colspan="1"> North </Td> <Td colspan="1"> South </Td> <Td colspan="1"> West </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buffalo Bills </Li> <Li> Miami Dolphins </Li> <Li> New England Patriots </Li> <Li> New York Jets </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baltimore 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Tampa Bay Buccaneers </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arizona Cardinals </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Rams </Li> <Li> San Francisco 49ers </Li> <Li> Seattle Seahawks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Seasons ( by team ) </Li> <Li> Preseason <Ul> <Li> Hall of Fame Game </Li> <Li> American Bowl </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Regular season <Ul> <Li> Kickoff game </Li> <Li> Monday Night Football </Li> <Li> International Series <Ul> <Li> London </Li> <Li> Toronto </Li> <Li> Bills Series </Li> <Li> List of games played outside the U.S. </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Thanksgiving games </Li> <Li> Christmas games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Playoffs <Ul> <Li> Streaks </Li> <Li> Droughts </Li> <Li> AFC Championship </Li> <Li> NFC Championship </Li> <Li> Super Bowl <Ul> <Li> champions </Li> <Li> quarterbacks </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pro Bowl </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> League history <Ul> <Li> Executive history </Li> <Li> Championship history </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Timeline <Ul> <Li> Defunct franchises </Li> <Li> Franchise moves and mergers </Li> <Li> Los Angeles team history <Ul> <Li> Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) <Ul> <Li> Playoffs </Li> <Li> Merger </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Playoff Bowl </Li> <Li> Records <Ul> <Li> individual </Li> <Li> team </Li> <Li> Super Bowl </Li> <Li> All time win -- loss </Li> <Li> Last undefeated </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tied games </Li> <Li> Canceled games </Li> <Li> Controversies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Business </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Owners </Li> <Li> Properties </Li> <Li> Management Council </Li> <Li> Competition Committee </Li> <Li> Collective Bargaining Agreement </Li> <Li> National Football League Players Association </Li> <Li> Lockouts </Li> <Li> Media <Ul> <Li> TV <Ul> <Li> NFL Network </Li> <Li> 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IronPigs </Dd> <Dd> Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders </Dd> <Dt> EL </Dt> <Dd> Altoona Curve </Dd> <Dd> Erie SeaWolves </Dd> <Dd> Harrisburg Senators </Dd> <Dd> Reading Fightin Phils </Dd> <Dt> NYPL </Dt> <Dd> State College Spikes </Dd> <Dd> Williamsport Crosscutters </Dd> <Dt> ALPB </Dt> <Dd> Lancaster Barnstormers </Dd> <Dd> York Revolution </Dd> <Dt> FL </Dt> <Dd> Washington Wild Things </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basketball </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> NBA </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia 76ers </Dd> <Dt> G League </Dt> <Dd> Erie BayHawks </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cricket </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lehigh Valley Cricket Club </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Cricket Club </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Football </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> NFL </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Eagles </Dd> <Dd> Pittsburgh Steelers </Dd> <Dt> AFL </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Soul </Dd> <Dt> NAL </Dt> <Dd> Lehigh Valley Steelhawks </Dd> <Dt> WFA </Dt> <Dd> Keystone Assault </Dd> <Dd> Philadelphia Phantomz </Dd> <Dd> Pittsburgh Passion </Dd> <Dt> IWFL </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Firebirds </Dd> <Dt> WSFL </Dt> <Dd> Erie Illusion </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hockey </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> NHL </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Flyers </Dd> <Dd> Pittsburgh Penguins </Dd> <Dt> AHL </Dt> <Dd> Hershey Bears </Dd> <Dd> Lehigh Valley Phantoms </Dd> <Dd> Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins </Dd> <Dt> ECHL </Dt> <Dd> Reading Royals </Dd> <Dt> OHL </Dt> <Dd> Erie Otters </Dd> <Dt> NAHL </Dt> <Dd> Johnstown Tomahawks </Dd> <Dd> Philadelphia Rebels </Dd> <Dd> Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Knights </Dd> <Dt> EHL </Dt> <Dd> Central Penn Panthers </Dd> <Dd> Philadelphia Little Flyers </Dd> <Dd> Philadelphia Junior Flyers </Dd> <Dd> Philadelphia Revolution </Dd> <Dt> NA3HL </Dt> <Dd> Pittsburgh Vengeance </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inline hockey </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> PIHA </Dt> <Dd> Harrisburg Lunatics </Dd> <Dd> Pennsylvania Typhoon </Dd> <Dt> AIHL </Dt> <Dd> Delco Demons </Dd> <Dd> Philadelphia Liberty </Dd> <Dd> Pittsburgh Bandits </Dd> <Dd> Pottstown Team Blue </Dd> <Dd> Scottdale Inferno </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lacrosse </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> NLL </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Wings </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Roller derby </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> WFTDA </Dt> <Dd> Black Rose Rollers </Dd> <Dd> Brandywine Roller Derby </Dd> <Dd> Dutchland Rollers </Dd> <Dd> Harrisburg Area Roller Derby </Dd> <Dd> Lehigh Valley Rollergirls </Dd> <Dd> Philly Roller Derby </Dd> <Dd> Steel City Roller Derby </Dd> <Dd> Penn Jersey Roller Derby </Dd> <Dt> MRDA </Dt> <Dd> Penn Jersey Roller Derby </Dd> <Dt> RDCL </Dt> <Dd> Penn Jersey Roller Derby </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rugby league </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> USARL </Dt> <Dd> Bucks County Sharks </Dd> <Dd> Philadelphia Fight </Dd> <Dd> Pittsburgh Sledgehammers </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soccer </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> MLS </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Union </Dd> <Dt> USL </Dt> <Dd> Bethlehem Steel FC </Dd> <Dd> Penn FC </Dd> <Dd> Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC </Dd> <Dt> NPSL </Dt> <Dd> Buxmont Torch FC </Dd> <Dd> Electric City Shock SC </Dd> <Dd> Erie Commodores FC </Dd> <Dd> Fort Pitt Regiment </Dd> <Dd> Hershey FC </Dd> <Dd> Junior Lone Star FC </Dd> <Dd> West Chester United SC </Dd> <Dt> PDL </Dt> <Dd> Lehigh Valley United </Dd> <Dd> Reading United AC </Dd> <Dt> ASL </Dt> <Dd> AFC Lancaster Lions </Dd> <Dd> Philadelphia Fury </Dd> <Dt> WPSL </Dt> <Dd> Lancaster Torch FC </Dd> <Dd> FC Bucks </Dd> <Dd> Hershey FC </Dd> <Dd> Steel City FC </Dd> <Dt> UWS </Dt> <Dd> Lancaster Inferno </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Indoor soccer </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> MASL </Dt> <Dd> Harrisburg Heat </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Softball </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> NPF </Dt> <Dd> Pennsylvania Rebellion </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tennis </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> WTT </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Freedoms </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ultimate </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> AUDL </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Phoenix </Dd> <Dd> Pittsburgh Thunderbirds </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> Sports in Pennsylvania </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Sports teams based in and around Philadelphia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Baseball </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> MLB </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Phillies </Dd> <Dt> IL </Dt> <Dd> Lehigh Valley IronPigs </Dd> <Dt> EL </Dt> <Dd> Reading Fightin Phils </Dd> <Dd> Trenton Thunder </Dd> <Dt> CL </Dt> <Dd> Wilmington Blue Rocks </Dd> </Dl> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basketball </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> NBA </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia 76ers </Dd> <Dt> G League </Dt> <Dd> Delaware Blue Coats </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Football </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> NFL </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Eagles </Dd> <Dt> AFL </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Soul </Dd> <Dt> NAL </Dt> <Dd> Lehigh Valley Steelhawks </Dd> <Dt> WFA </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Phantomz </Dd> <Dt> IWFL </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Firebirds </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hockey </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> NHL </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Flyers </Dd> <Dt> AHL </Dt> <Dd> Lehigh Valley Phantoms </Dd> <Dt> ECHL </Dt> <Dd> Reading Royals </Dd> <Dt> NAHL </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Rebels </Dd> <Dt> EHL </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Little Flyers </Dd> <Dd> Philadelphia Junior Flyers </Dd> <Dd> Philadelphia Revolution </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rugby league </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> USARL </Dt> <Dd> Bucks County Sharks </Dd> <Dd> Delaware Black Foxes </Dd> <Dd> Philadelphia Fight </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Roller derby </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> WFTDA </Dt> <Dd> Diamond State Roller Girls </Dd> <Dd> Philly Roller Derby </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soccer </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> MLS </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Union </Dd> <Dt> USL </Dt> <Dd> Bethlehem Steel FC </Dd> <Dt> NPSL </Dt> <Dd> Junior Lone Star FC </Dd> <Dt> PDL </Dt> <Dd> Lehigh Valley United Sonic </Dd> <Dd> Reading United A.C. </Dd> <Dt> ASL </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Fury </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tennis </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> WTT </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Freedoms </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lacrosse </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> NLL </Dt> <Dd> Philadelphia Wings </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> College athletics ( NCAA Div . 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when is the last time the philadelphia won the superbowl

Like a Boss - wikipedia <H1> Like a Boss </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( January 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Like a Boss '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Song by The Lonely Island featuring Seth Rogen </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Incredibad </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Comedy hip hop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 1 : 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Universal Republic Records </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Andy Samberg , Akiva Schaffer , Jorma Taccone , A. Banks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Rick tha Rular </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Incredibad track listing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Shrooms ( skit ) '' ( 9 ) </Td> <Td> `` Like a Boss '' ( 10 ) </Td> <Td> `` We Like Sportz '' ( 11 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Like a Boss '' is a song written and recorded by comedy hip hop troupe The Lonely Island for their debut studio album Incredibad . The song is a parody of the first official single from Slim Thug 's first album Already Platinum , also named `` Like a Boss '' . The song had multiple versions , including an audio - only that did not have the celebrity interviewer and a clean version that was produced in both audio and video . In 2011 it was also subject to a lawsuit from the producers of the song who claimed they never received proper compensation for their work . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Song </Li> <Li> 2 Video </Li> <Li> 3 Popularity </Li> <Li> 4 Lawsuit </Li> <Li> 5 Censorship </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Song ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Like a Boss '' premiered as a Saturday Night Live Digital Short on April 4 , 2009 . In the song , Andy Samberg is a businessman , evidently in middle management , having a performance review . The reviewer asks him to describe the things he does in an average day , and does so for the remainder of the song in his trademark aggressive style while repeating the lyric `` like a boss '' after every activity . </P> <P> He first lists activities which are fairly mundane , such as communicating to bigger bosses in corporate headquarters , approving memorandums , remembering birthdays , leading a workshop , and promoting synergy . However , the song takes a foul turn after he mentions his female subordinate Deborah , whom he repeatedly pursues , rejecting him , causing him to `` swallow sadness '' , face a sexual harassment lawsuit and be passed up for a promotion . The ensuing depression leads to him binge drinking vodka and defecating on Deborah 's desk . The activities Samberg 's character describes become more and more bizarre , such as calling a sex line , `` cry ( ing ) deeply '' , demanding a refund , attempting suicide with a gun only to back out in fear , vomiting on Deborah 's desk , jumping out of a window , `` suck ( ing ) a dude 's dick '' , purchasing cocaine , crashing his car , `` suck ( ing ) his own dick , '' eating chicken strips , castrating himself , blacking out in a sewer , meeting a giant fish which he evidently `` fucks its brains out '' , turning into a jet , `` bombing the Russians '' , crashing into the sun , and finally dying . Everything described is done `` like a boss . '' It ends with the reviewer trying to confirm some of the more bizarre events with Samberg , who confirms that he does daily chop off his testicles and die , but denies ever having said he fellates himself . While Samberg then keeps repeating the words `` I 'm the boss , '' the reviewer leaves the room , understandably annoyed and disgusted . The video ends with the giant fish delivering the final words `` like a boss . '' </P> <H2> Video ( edit ) </H2> <P> The video features Seth Rogen , recording over the vocals done by Akiva Schaffer on the single. The video adds additional visuals not included with the words of the song . It ends with Samberg 's tombstone being shown ( which has the epitaph `` He was da Best '' ) , and a skeptical Rogen trying to confirm some of the more bizarre events with Samberg . The `` bomb the Russians '' part shows Samberg attacking St. Basil 's Cathedral . </P> <P> The video features brief cameo appearances from Saturday Night Live writer John Mulaney as the worker that Samberg micromanages , Casey Wilson as the woman giving Samberg the memo , Kristen Wiig as Samberg 's office crush Debra , Jason Sudeikis as Samberg 's boss and Bill Hader as the man on whom Samberg performs fellatio . It also features Jorma Taccone as the man giving him the lawsuit , and Akiva Schaffer selling him the gun . Abby Elliott and Bobby Moynihan can be seen in the video as background dancers . </P> <H2> Popularity ( edit ) </H2> <P> Prior to the release of the video on Saturday Night Live , the term `` Like a Boss '' was not often searched for or used in social context . Though it was indeed searched for prior to the release of the video , the term clearly spiked at release and peaked on Google in April 2009 , hitting a 100 on the Google Trend chart . It has also become popular on social media sites such as Twitter Tumblr , and Facebook , where it is a popular hashtag to cite a task completed , goal achieved or successful action that someone is proud of doing . It has also led to parody videos such as `` Like a Bus '' , where a bus is shown flying through traffic and often bad weather conditions with no regard or slowing for the bad conditions . On 22 October 2012 , `` Like A Boss '' surpassed 100 million views . The video was featured by The Huffington Post , and TV Guide . </P> <H2> Lawsuit ( edit ) </H2> <P> In November 2011 a production team from St. Louis filed charges against Andy Samberg and Co. , NBC Universal and Universal Republic Records . At the root of the suit was the claim that Monique `` Foxx StarStrukk '' Hines and Aleric `` Rick Tha Rular '' Banks submitted the audio track for `` Like a Boss '' along with the audio track that would become another hit for The Lonely Island , `` Shy Ronnie '' . The duo claimed that , through a mutual connection in 2008 , they knew Samberg and submitted their tracks for inclusion in the upcoming debut album , Incredibad . The Lonely Island then recorded their own lyrics on top of the audio track to create the songs . The duo from StarStrukk productions claimed that they were never compensated properly for their work , both in money and recognition / notoriety . Banks claimed that originally he signed an agreement giving him a 50 % ownership of the song , given his position as writer and producer . According to his lawsuit , he received a response from Universal Music Group that gave him only a 25 % interest in `` Like a Boss . '' Banks , however , claims that he has yet to see any sort of a royalty for the song . Another track from the duo was later featured on the band 's 2011 album Turtleneck & Chain in the song `` Shy Ronnie 2 : Ronnie & Clyde . '' </P> <H2> Censorship ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> On the NBC version of this digital short , the part where Andy has a gun in his mouth and whines , `` Oh fuck , man , I ca n't fuckin ' do it . Shit ! '' had the shot of Andy with the gun in his mouth shortened and redubbed the line to , `` Oh crap , man , I ca n't effin ' do it . Ugh ! ! '' </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Van Dril , Eric ( 5 April 2009 ) . `` ' SNL ' Digital Short : ' Like A Boss ' ( With Video ) '' . The Ripcord . Archived from the original on 11 April 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Google Trends - websearch interest : like a boss - Worldwide , 2004 - present '' . Google Trends . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Twitter / search - # likeaboss '' . Twitter.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` like a boss on Tumblr '' . Tumblr.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` # likeaboss '' . Facebook.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Like a BUS ! Playlist '' . Youtube.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Like A Boss : SNL Digital Short ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . 6 May 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DiNunno , Gina . `` Today 's News : Our Take - Seth Rogen and Andy Samberg in SNL Digital Short `` Like a Boss '' `` . TV Guide.com . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gill . `` ' SNL , ' Andy Samberg Sued By Producers over ' Like A Boss ' - MTV '' . MTV News . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Beard , Lanford ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` NBC , Andy Samberg sued for copyright infringement '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Original video : `` Like a Boss '' on YouTube </Li> <Li> Censored video : `` Like a Boss - Clean Version '' on YouTube </Li> <Li> Video and Song Lyrics : `` Like a Boss '' </Li> <Li> Lonely Island 's Song Page : `` Like a Boss '' </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Lonely Island </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Andy Samberg </Li> <Li> Akiva Schaffer </Li> <Li> Jorma Taccone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discography </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Incredibad </Li> <Li> Turtleneck & Chain </Li> <Li> The Wack Album </Li> <Li> Popstar : Never Stop Never Stopping </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Dick in a Box '' </Li> <Li> `` Jizz in My Pants '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm on a Boat '' </Li> <Li> `` I Just Had Sex '' </Li> <Li> `` The Creep '' </Li> <Li> `` We 're Back ! '' </Li> <Li> `` Jack Sparrow '' </Li> <Li> `` 3 - Way ( The Golden Rule ) '' </Li> <Li> `` YOLO '' </Li> <Li> `` Spring Break Anthem '' </Li> <Li> `` Hugs '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Lazy Sunday '' </Li> <Li> `` Like a Boss '' </Li> <Li> `` Cool Guys Do n't Look at Explosions '' </Li> <Li> `` Everything Is Awesome '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hot Rod ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Popstar : Never Stop Never Stopping ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> SNL Digital Shorts </Li> <Li> Party Over Here </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Like_a_Boss&oldid=816720124 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> The Lonely Island songs </Li> <Li> 2009 singles </Li> <Li> Saturday Night Live sketches </Li> <Li> Comedy rap songs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia introduction cleanup from January 2015 </Li> <Li> All pages needing cleanup </Li> <Li> Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from January 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from February 2011 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles with multiple maintenance issues </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from January 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 06 : 20 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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where does the saying like a boss come from

Who lives , Who dies , Who tells your story - wikipedia <H1> Who lives , Who dies , Who tells your story </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the Grey 's Anatomy episode , see Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story ( Grey 's Anatomy ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Song by Cast of Hamilton </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Hamilton </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Show tune </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Lin - Manuel Miranda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Hamilton track listing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` The World Was Wide Enough '' ( 22 ) </Td> <Td> `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' ( 23 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' is the finale song of Act 2 of the musical Hamilton , based on the life of Alexander Hamilton , which premiered on Broadway in 2015 . Lin - Manuel Miranda wrote both the music and lyrics to the song . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Synopsis </Li> <Li> 2 Analysis </Li> <Li> 3 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Synopsis ( edit ) </H2> <P> After the death of Alexander Hamilton , the already deceased George Washington comes forward and repeats a line from his earlier song , `` History Has Its Eyes on You '' : `` Let me tell you what I wish I 'd known / When I was young and dreamed of glory / You have no control '' , then the rest of the cast joins in with this song 's title : `` Who lives , who dies , who tells your story . '' </P> <P> Aaron Burr individually reintroduces Thomas Jefferson and James Madison as `` President Jefferson '' and `` President Madison '' ( though Madison did n't become President until four years after Hamilton 's death ) . Both Presidents begrudgingly express respect for Hamilton and the financial system he created . </P> <P> Angelica points out to the audience that Hamilton was the only one of the Founding Fathers who did n't live long enough to have his story told . Burr raises the question of who tells one 's story after one is dead and gone . </P> <P> Hamilton 's wife Eliza , played by Phillipa Soo in the original Broadway cast , then comes forward and takes the largest part of the song , revealing that she lived for 50 years after her husband 's death , and all the efforts she made to tell her husband 's story , as well as the stories of his fellow American Revolutionary War veterans , and of George Washington . She sings of her proudest accomplishment , founding an orphanage , and how the orphans there remind her of her orphaned husband . Throughout her part of the song , the word `` Time '' is repeated and emphasized as a motif , representing how Hamilton always felt he was running out of time and contrasts that with the large amount of time Eliza had to tell his story and preserve his legacy . Finally , she expresses her longing to see Alexander again in the afterlife . `` It 's only a matter of time . '' The rest of the cast splits between singing the word `` Time '' and the song 's title , `` Who lives , who dies , who tells your story ? '' </P> <P> Vibe explains that `` Eliza Hamilton steers the song as she reflects on her life , her marriage to Hamilton and their legacy , which includes the opening of New York City 's first private orphanage '' . </P> <H2> Analysis ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Atlantic 's review of the musical notes that Hamilton is n't remembered as fondly as other Founding Fathers ; Angelica sings `` Every other Founding Father story gets told . Every other Founding Father gets to grow old '' . The review also mentions that at the time of Hamilton 's extramarital - affair scandal , his political rival Thomas Jefferson was having a relationship with his slave which would have been a bigger scandal at the time , had it been known . </P> <P> During the entire musical , Hamilton sings about not wanting to throw away his shot and his wish to be placed firmly in the history books . Yet in his final moment , he decides to throw away his `` shot '' by aiming at the sky instead of at his duel opponent Aaron Burr . The final song speaks of his legacy that is in the end out of his control . The worth of a human being is decided after their death by people and events they have no agency over . So despite Hamilton 's best efforts to be remembered for certain things , history may see it a different way . </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Village Voice argues that this song 's refrain `` suggest ( s ) that we might look differently at the Founding Fathers and their ideas of freedom and equality , depending on who 's depicting them '' . NewYorkCityTheatre wrote that `` Eliza Hamilton sums up the story and leads the company to a moving finale , when the lights drop as the weight and vision of the American Dream continues its tug of war , between the immigrants who once founded this country and those looking to make her home '' . Variety wrote that `` in the end , Miranda 's impassioned narrative of one man 's story becomes the collective narrative of a nation , a nation built by immigrants who occasionally need to be reminded where they came from . '' Newsday described the finale as `` focused '' , while Uloop said it `` gives the heaviest meaning to any show in recent memory '' . The Huffington Post wrote `` The show ends with a bang , then a whimper , then a harmony . '' Vibe said that the `` reflective yet dramatic instrumental '' backs the casts ' `` posing of a simple yet deep question '' . AmericanTheatre thought the titular refrain `` seems more of a contemporary hip - hop paradigm than it does a celebration of an unsung founding father '' . </P> <P> The A.V. Club wrote `` The musical 's oft - repeated question , ' Who lives , Who dies , Who tells your story ? ' is answered not with a self - congratulatory pat on the back about the Hamilton 's importance but with a salute to a woman whose face ca n't be found on any currency . It 's a breathtaking and unexpected finale -- the equivalent of ending Steve Jobs with a five - minute monologue from Kate Winslet 's character , Joanna Hoffman , about her own achievements . '' The New Yorker notes `` The last verse -- unexpectedly , and powerfully -- belongs to Eliza '' . CentreOnTheAisle said that `` Act two , while engaging , does n't reach the heights of its predecessor , until the show 's plaintive ' Finale ' in a hauntingly beautiful performance '' by Eliza Hamilton . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Going H.A.M. : A Track - By - Track Review Of The ' Hamilton ' Soundtrack '' . Vibe . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alana Semuels . `` In Lin - Manuel Miranda 's Broadway Smash ' Hamilton , ' Thomas Jefferson Is the Bad Guy - The Atlantic '' . The Atlantic . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tom Sellar . `` Lacking Only Heft , ' Hamilton ' Bowls Over Broadway '' . Village Voice . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Review of Hamilton at the Richard Rodgers Theater , New York by New York City Theater '' . New York City Theater . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marilyn Stasio. `` ' Hamilton ' Review : Lin - Manuel Miranda 's Musical at the Public Theater - Variety '' . Variety . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Sheward ( 7 August 2015 ) . `` Review Roundup : ' Hamilton ' - August 7 , 2015 - NewYork.com '' . EVERYTHING NEW YORK . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hamilton Album Review : Starting a Revolution Pt. 2 '' . Uloop . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` I Have an Opinion on Every Song in `` Hamilton '' `` . The Huffington Post . 1 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sure , ' Hamilton ' Is a Game - Changer , But Whose Game ? '' . AMERICAN THEATRE . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` George Takei and Lin - Manuel Miranda shift the historical lens on Broadway '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Schulman ( 6 August 2015 ) . `` The Women of `` Hamilton '' `` . The New Yorker . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ # COTA . `` REVIEW : Lin - Manuel Miranda 's Genius Keeps Hamilton 's Flame Alive '' . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hamilton at Internet Broadway Database </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Hamilton : An American Musical </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Act 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Alexander Hamilton '' </Li> <Li> `` Aaron Burr , Sir '' </Li> <Li> `` My Shot '' </Li> <Li> `` The Story of Tonight '' </Li> <Li> `` The Schuyler Sisters '' </Li> <Li> `` Farmer Refuted '' </Li> <Li> `` You 'll Be Back '' </Li> <Li> `` Right Hand Man '' </Li> <Li> `` A Winter 's Ball '' </Li> <Li> `` Helpless '' </Li> <Li> `` Satisfied '' </Li> <Li> `` The Story of Tonight ( Reprise ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Wait for It '' </Li> <Li> `` Stay Alive '' </Li> <Li> `` Ten Duel Commandments '' </Li> <Li> `` Meet Me Inside '' </Li> <Li> `` That Would Be Enough '' </Li> <Li> `` Guns and Ships '' </Li> <Li> `` History Has Its Eyes On You '' </Li> <Li> `` Yorktown ( The World Turned Upside Down ) '' </Li> <Li> `` What Comes Next ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Dear Theodosia '' </Li> <Li> `` Non-Stop '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Act 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` What 'd I Miss '' </Li> <Li> `` Cabinet Battle # 1 '' </Li> <Li> `` Take a Break '' </Li> <Li> `` Say No to This '' </Li> <Li> `` The Room Where It Happens '' </Li> <Li> `` Schuyler Defeated '' </Li> <Li> `` Cabinet Battle # 2 '' </Li> <Li> `` Washington on Your Side '' </Li> <Li> `` One Last Time '' </Li> <Li> `` I Know Him '' </Li> <Li> `` The Adams Administration '' </Li> <Li> `` We Know '' </Li> <Li> `` Hurricane '' </Li> <Li> `` The Reynolds Pamphlet '' </Li> <Li> `` Burn '' </Li> <Li> `` Blow Us All Away '' </Li> <Li> `` Stay Alive ( Reprise ) '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's Quiet Uptown '' </Li> <Li> `` The Election of 1800 '' </Li> <Li> `` Your Obedient Servant '' </Li> <Li> `` Best of Wives and Best of Women '' </Li> <Li> `` The World Was Wide Enough '' </Li> <Li> `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alexander Hamilton </Li> <Li> Cast album </Li> <Li> The Hamilton Mixtape </Li> <Li> Lin - Manuel Miranda </Li> <Li> Ron Chernow </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Lives,_Who_Dies,_Who_Tells_Your_Story&oldid=837383101 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2015 songs </Li> <Li> Songs from Hamilton ( musical ) </Li> <Li> Songs written by Lin - Manuel Miranda </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 13 : 51 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who lives who dies who tells your atory lyrics

Whistleblower Protection Act - Wikipedia <H1> Whistleblower Protection Act </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the Act in India , see Whistle Blowers Protection Act , 2011 . <Table> Whistleblower Protection Act <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Long title </Th> <Td> An Act to amend title 5 , United States Code , to strengthen the protections available to Federal employees against prohibited personnel practices , and for other purposes . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nicknames </Th> <Td> Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Enacted by </Th> <Td> the 101st United States Congress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Effective </Th> <Td> April 10 , 1989 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Citations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Public law </Th> <Td> 101 - 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Statutes at Large </Th> <Td> 103 Stat. 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Codification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Titles amended </Th> <Td> 5 U.S.C. : Government Organization and Employees </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> U.S.C. sections amended </Th> <Td> 5 U.S.C. ch. 12 § 1201 et seq . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Legislative history </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Introduced in the Senate as S. 20 by Carl Levin ( D -- MI ) on January 25 , 1989 </Li> <Li> Passed the Senate on March 16 , 1989 ( 97 - 0 , Roll call vote 24 , via Senate.gov ) </Li> <Li> Passed the House on March 21 , 1989 ( Agreed voice vote ) </Li> <Li> Signed into law by President George H.W. Bush on April 10 , 1989 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 , Pub. L. 101 - 12 as amended , is a United States federal law that protects federal whistleblowers who work for the government and report agency misconduct . A federal agency violates the Whistleblower Protection Act if agency authorities take ( or threaten to take ) retaliatory personnel action against any employee or applicant because of disclosure of information by that employee or applicant . Whistleblowers may file complaints that they believe reasonably evidences a violation of a law , rule or regulation ; gross mismanagement ; gross waste of funds ; an abuse of authority ; or a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Authorized Federal Agencies </Li> <Li> 2 Legal Cases </Li> <Li> 3 Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act and Presidential Policy Directive 19 </Li> <Li> 4 Related legislation </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Authorized federal agencies ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Office of Special Counsel investigates federal whistleblower complaints . In October 2008 , then - special counsel Scott Bloch resigned amid an FBI investigation into whether he obstructed justice by illegally deleting computer files following complaints that he had retaliated against employees who disagreed with his policies . Then - Senator Barack Obama made a campaign vow to appoint a special counsel committed to whistleblower rights . It was not until April 2011 that President Obama 's appointee Carolyn Lerner was confirmed by the Senate . Today , the primary mission of OSC is to safeguard the merit system by protecting federal employees and applicants from prohibited personnel practices , especially reprisal for whistleblowing . </Li> <Li> The Merit Systems Protection Board , a quasi-judicial agency that adjudicates whistleblower complaints , uses appointed administrative law judges who often back the government . Since 2000 , the board has ruled for whistleblowers just three times in 56 cases decided on their merits , according to a Government Accountability Project analysis . Obama appointed a new chairperson and vice chairperson with backgrounds as federal worker advocates , but Tom Devine of GAP says , `` It 's likely to take years for them to turn things around . '' Currently , this office works to protect the Merit System Principles and promote an effective Federal workforce free of Prohibited Personnel Practices . </Li> <Li> The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit was established under Article III of the Constitution on October 1 , 1982 . It is the only court empowered to hear appeals of whistleblower cases decided by the merit board , has been criticized by Senator Grassley ( R - Iowa ) and others in Congress for misinterpreting whistleblower laws and setting a precedent that is hostile to claimants . Between 1994 and 2010 , the court had ruled for whistleblowers in only three of 203 cases decided on their merits , GAP 's analysis found . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Legal cases ( edit ) </H2> <P> The U.S. Supreme Court , in the case of Garcetti v. Ceballos , 04 - 473 , ruled in 2006 that government employees do not have protection from retaliation by their employers under the First Amendment of the Constitution when they speak pursuant to their official job duties . The U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board ( MSPB ) uses agency lawyers in the place of administrative law judges to decide federal employees ' whistleblower appeals . These lawyers , dubbed `` attorney examiners , '' deny 98 % of whistleblower appeals ; the Board and the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals give great deference to their initial decisions , resulting in affirmance rates of 97 % and 98 % , respectively . The most common characteristics for a court claim that are encompassed within the protection of the Act include : that the plaintiff is an employee or person covered under the specific statutory or common law relied upon for action , that the defendant is an employer or person covered under the specific statutory or common law relied upon for the action , that the plaintiff engaged in protected whistleblower activity , that the defendant knew or had knowledge that the plaintiff engaged in such activity , that there was retaliatory action taken against the one doing the whistleblowing and that the unfair treatment would not have occurred if the plaintiff had n't brought to attention the activities . Robert MacLean blew the whistle on the fact that the TSA had cut its funding for more air marshals . In 2009 MacLean , represented by the Government Accountability Project , challenged his dismissal at the Merit Systems Protection Board , on the grounds that `` his disclosure of the text message was protected under the Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 , because he ' reasonably believe ( d ) ' that the leaked information disclosed ' a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety ' . '' MacLean won the case in a ruling of 7 -- 2 in the Supreme Court in January 2015 . </P> <H2> Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act and Presidential Policy Directive 19 ( edit ) </H2> <P> President Barack Obama issued Presidential Policy Directive 19 ( PPD - 19 ) , entitled `` Protecting Whistleblowers with Access to Classified Information '' . According to the law signed by Obama on October 10 , 2012 , it is written that `` this Presidential Policy Directive ensures that employees ( 1 ) serving in the Intelligence Community or ( 2 ) who are eligible for access to classified information can effectively report waste , fraud , and abuse while protecting classified national security information . It prohibits retaliation against employees for reporting waste , fraud , and abuse . </P> <P> However , according to a report that the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs submitted to accompany S. 743 , `` the federal whistleblowers have seen their protections diminish in recent years , largely as a result of a series of decisions by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit , which has exclusive jurisdiction over many cases brought under the Whistleblower Protection Act ( WPA ) . Specifically , the Federal Circuit has wrongly accorded a narrow definition to the type of disclosure that qualifies for whistleblower protection . Additionally , the lack of remedies under current law for most whistleblowers in the intelligence community and for whistleblowers who face retaliation in the form of withdrawal of the employee 's security clearance leaves unprotected those who are in a position to disclose wrongdoing that directly affects our national security . '' S. 743 would address these problems by restoring the original congressional intent of the WPA to adequately protect whistleblowers , by strengthening the WPA , and by creating new whistleblower protections for intelligence employees and new protections for employees whose security clearance is withdrawn in retaliation for having made legitimate whistleblower disclosures . S. 743 ultimately became Pub. L. 112 - 199 ( S. Rep. 112 - 155 ) . </P> <H2> Related legislation ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> On July 14 , 2014 , the United States House of Representatives voted to pass the All Circuit Review Extension Act ( H.R. 4197 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that gives authority to federal employees who want to appeal their judgment to any federal court , and which allows whistleblowers to appeal to any U.S. Court of Appeals that has jurisdiction . The bill would extend from three years after the effective date of the Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of 2012 ( i.e. , December 27 , 2012 ) , the period allowed for : ( 1 ) filing a petition for judicial review of Merit Systems Protection Board decisions in whistleblower cases , and ( 2 ) any review of such a decision by the Director of the Office of Personnel Management ( OPM ) . </P> <P> There is also a bill in its early stages called the FBI Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act . This bill was introduced by Senators Grassley and Leahy in 2015 . It would protect whistleblowers in the FBI more completely from reprisals by supervisors , by assigning administrative law judges to adjudicate the cases , and enabling FBI employees to appeal their decisions to the courts . This bill is still in the process of possibly getting passed and has individuals cosponsoring it in March 2016 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Whistleblower protection in United States </Li> <Li> False Claims Act </Li> <Li> Federal crime </Li> <Li> Immunity from prosecution </Li> <Li> Informant </Li> <Li> List of whistleblowers </Li> <Li> Qui tam </Li> <Li> Testimony </Li> <Li> Turn state 's evidence </Li> <Li> White collar crime </Li> <Li> Witness </Li> <Li> Witness intimidation </Li> <Li> United States Federal Witness Protection Program </Li> <Li> United States Marshals Service </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Public Law 101 - 12 ( 1989 ) at gpo.gov </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Eisler ( 2010 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Whistleblowers '' . USA TODAY . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ High Court Trims Whistleblower Rights </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCarthy , Robert J. `` Blowing in the Wind : Answers for Federal Whistleblowers '' . William & Mary Policy Review 3 : 184 ( 2012 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Know Your Rights FAQ '' . National Whistleblowers Center . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Whistleblower protection case reaches US Supreme Court '' . Courage Foundation . November 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/image/ppd-19.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ WHISTLEBLOWER PROTECTION ENHANCEMENT ACT OF 2012 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY AND GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS , UNITED STATES SENATE TO ACCOMPANY S. 743 . April 19 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-112srpt155/pdf/CRPT-112srpt155.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4197 - Summary '' . United States Congress . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4197 - All Actions '' . United States Congress . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joe Davidson . How FBI blocks whistleblower fighting dismissal ; new bill could help others . Washington Post 2 Feb 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grassley - Leahy Bill Improves Disclosure & Review Process for FBI Whistleblowers . Website of Senator Grassley . Dec 10 , 2015 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Whistleblower Protection Act Information . '' U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . January 30 , 2004 . Retrieved May 3 , 2007 </Li> <Li> OSC Form 11 for filing a whistleblower retaliation complaint . </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whistleblower_Protection_Act&oldid=838141336 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1989 in law </Li> <Li> 101st United States Congress </Li> <Li> United States federal criminal legislation </Li> <Li> Whistleblower protection legislation </Li> <Li> United States federal labor legislation </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2017 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles in need of updating </Li> <Li> All articles with vague or ambiguous time </Li> <Li> Vague or ambiguous time from January 2017 </Li> <Li> Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 05 : 17 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

the primary reason for the creation of federal whistleblower statutes was to

Wade in the Water - wikipedia <H1> Wade in the Water </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the album by Ramsey Lewis , see Wade in the Water ( album ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Wade in the Water '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> American folk song </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Native language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First publication </Th> <Td> New Jubilee Songs as Sung by the Fisk Jubilee Singers ( 1901 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Catalogue ( s ) </Th> <Td> Roud 5439 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable performer ( s ) </Th> <Td> The Staple Singers , Ramsey Lewis ; etc . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> First released recording </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Title of the recording </Th> <Td> `` Good News Chariot 's Coming and Wade in the Water '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> ca . 1925 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record label </Th> <Td> Paramount Records </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Artist </Th> <Td> Sunset Four Jubilee Singers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Negro spiritual </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Wade in the Water '' ( Roud 5439 ) is the name of a Negro spiritual first published in New Jubilee Songs as Sung by the Fisk Jubilee Singers ( 1901 ) by John Wesley Work II and his brother , Frederick J. Work ( see Fisk Jubilee Singers ) . It is associated with the songs of the Underground Railroad . </P> <P> Wade in the water Wade in the water , children Wade in the water God 's gon na trouble the water </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Meaning </Li> <Li> 2 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 3 Selective list of recordings </Li> <Li> 4 References <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Meaning ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song relates to both the Old and New Testaments . The verses reflect the Israelites ' escape out of Egypt as found in Exodus 14 . The chorus refers to healing : see John 5 : 4 , `` For an angel went down at a certain season into the pool , and troubled the water : whosoever then first after the troubling of the water stepped in was made whole of whatsoever disease he had . '' </P> <P> Many Internet sources and popular books claim that songs such as `` Wade in the Water '' contained explicit instructions to fugitive slaves on how to avoid capture and the route to take to successfully make their way to freedom . </P> <P> An example of this is cited in the book Pathways to Freedom : Maryland & the Underground Railroad . The book explains how Harriet Tubman used the song `` Wade in the Water '' to tell escaping slaves to get off the trail and into the water to make sure that the dogs employed by slavers lost their trail . </P> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <P> One version of the song performed by The Staple Singers became a part of the civil rights movement in the US . `` Wade in the Water '' was a popular instrumental hit in 1966 for the Ramsey Lewis Trio , which prompted further instrumental recordings by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass , and Billy Preston ( both 1967 ) . The melody was used for the 1988 Tony ! Toni ! Toné ! hit `` Little Walter '' . The version by Golden Gate Quartet also appears on the compilation album Nick Cave - Roots & Collaborations ( 2009 ) , establishing the song as one of the musical sources that have inspired the Australian artist . The band Half Man Half Biscuit parody the song in `` Took Problem Chimp To Ideal Home Show '' on their 2008 album CSI : Ambleside , with the chorus `` wade in the watertube '' . </P> <P> Wade in the Water , Children is a 2008 American documentary film directed and produced by Elizabeth Wood and Gabriel Nussbaum . It was filmed by a group of 8th grade students at the first school to reopen in New Orleans in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina . The film offers a shockingly intimate look into life as a child in the ruined city . The film was praised as `` scalding stuff '' by Newsday , and won the audience award at the New Orleans International Human Rights Film Festival . </P> <P> Wade in the Water is the title of a historical fiction novel by American author Michael Stephan Oates . The story follows the lives of three characters before , during , and after the great Johnstown Flood of 1889 . </P> <H2> Selective list of recordings ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The first commercially recorded version of the song was released by Paramount Records ( sung by Sunset Four Jubilee Singers in 1925 ) , as `` Good News Chariot 's Coming and Wade in the Water '' . Other recordings include : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Charioteers ( Brunswick - Columbia 1939 ) </Li> <Li> Golden Gate Quartet ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Odetta The Tin Angel ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> The Folksmiths with Joe Hickerson ( 1958 ) Folkways F - 2407 </Li> <Li> Ella Jenkins and the Goodwill Spiritual Choir ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Johnny Griffin The Big Soul Band ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Bob Dylan Live 1961 -- 2000 : Thirty - Nine Years of Great Concert Performances ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Judy Henske `` Judy Henske '' ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> The Graham Bond Organisation ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> The Staple Singers ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Ramsey Lewis Trio ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Marlena Shaw ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Billy Preston ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Big Mama Thornton ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Harvey Mandel Cristo Redentor ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> The Chambers Brothers Love , Peace and Happiness ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> CCS ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Alex Harvey , with Rock Workshop ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Peter Herbolzheimer with Rhythm Combination & Brass ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Ellen McIlwain Honkey Tonk Angel ( Polydor , 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Fine Young Cannibals , B - side to Blue ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Tony ! Toni ! Toné ! 's song `` Little Walter '' ( Who ? , 1988 ) includes the chorus of `` Wade in the Water '' with the altered lyrics `` Hey , Little Walter ... Hey , Little Walter , listen ... Hey , Little Walter ... Somethin 's gon na getcha , Little Walter '' </Li> <Li> Eva Cassidy ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Make - up Wade in the Water 7 '' ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Chanticleer , recorded in `` Reflections ( An Anniversary Celebration ) '' ( 1997 ) and `` A Portrait '' ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Mary Mary Thankful ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Moses Hogan Moses Hogan Singers : Choral Series ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Marc Broussard 's song `` Home '' ( Carenco , 2004 ) includes the chorus of `` Wade in the Water '' with the altered lyrics `` Straight from the Water , Straight from the water , children '' </Li> <Li> IIIrd Tyme Out ( The Best Durn Ride ) ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Mavis Staples ( Live : Hope at the Hideout ) ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> J. Boykin ( Jesus Loves Me ) ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> John Boutte , recorded for the film Wade in the Water , Children ( see above ) </Li> <Li> Patty Griffin Downtown Church ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Cerys Matthews - `` Explorer '' ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Tedeschi Trucks Band Everybody 's Talkin ' ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Aleksander Vinter sampled the first verse in a song of the same title ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Tina Savage The Son and the Soul ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Jamie N Commons Spotify Sessions ( Jamie N Commons EP ) ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Frances Madden ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Sirena : the Sirens Out of the Blue ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> PJ Harvey as an intro to `` River Anacostia '' ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Steve Sullivan ( 17 May 2017 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 387 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 5449 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wade in De Water '' . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pathways to Freedom Secrets : Signs and Symbols Music '' . Pathways.thinkport.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Pruter ( 1992 ) . Chicago Soul . University of Illinois Press . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06259 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wade in the Water : A Must See Film : Boston Globe '' . Wadeinthewater.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wade in the Water , Children ( DVD ) Elizabeth Wood , Gabriel Nussbaum '' . IndiePix Films . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William Edward Burghardt Du Bois ( 1925 ) . Crisis . Crisis Publishing Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert M. Marovich ( 15 March 2015 ) . A City Called Heaven : Chicago and the Birth of Gospel Music . University of Illinois Press . p. 135 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 09708 - 9 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Sources ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Waltz , Robert B ; David G. Engle . `` Wade In The Water '' . The Traditional Ballad Index : An Annotated Bibliography of the Folk Songs of the English - Speaking World . Hosted by California State University , Fresno , Folklore , 2007 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Further reading </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Jones , Arthur C. ( 2005 ) . Wade in the water : the wisdom of the spirituals ( 3rd ed . ) . Boulder , Colo. : Leave a Little Room . pp. 54 , 112 . ISBN 0976237709 . </Li> <Li> `` Music : Wade in the Water '' . Pathways to Freedom : Maryland & the Underground Railroad Secrets : Signs and Symbols . Maryland Public Television . 2014 . </Li> <Li> Tobin , Jacqueline L. ; Dobard , Raymond G. ( 2011 ) . Hidden in plain view the secret story of quilts and the underground railroad . New York , N.Y. : Anchor Books . p. 126 . ISBN 0307790568 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics at Negrospirituals.org </Li> <Li> MIDI at Gospelsonglyrics.org </Li> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wade_in_the_Water&oldid=833167717 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> American folk songs </Li> <Li> Bob Dylan songs </Li> <Li> African - American spiritual songs </Li> <Li> Eva Cassidy songs </Li> <Li> 1966 singles </Li> <Li> 1967 singles </Li> <Li> Year of song unknown </Li> <Li> Songs based on American history </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from September 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases </Li> <Li> Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from February 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 01 : 17 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

meaning of lyrics to wade in the water

List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha - wikipedia <H1> List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Member of Parliament ( India ) . <P> As per the Fourth Schedule ( Articles 4 ( 1 ) and 80 ( 2 ) ) of the Constitution of India , 12 members are nominated by President for term of six years for their contributions to art , literature , science , and social services . </P> <H2> Current nominated members of Rajya Sabha ( edit ) </H2> <P> This is a Current list of Members of the Rajya Sabha who have been nominated by the President . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Field </Th> <Th> Affiliation </Th> <Th> Date of Appointment </Th> <Th> Date of Retirement </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Roopa Ganguly </Td> <Td> Art </Td> <Td> Bharatiya Janata Party </Td> <Td> 04 - Oct - 2016 </Td> <Td> 03 - Oct - 2022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Sambhaji Raje </Td> <Td> Social work </Td> <Td> Bharatiya Janata Party </Td> <Td> 07 - Jun - 2016 </Td> <Td> 03 - May - 2022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Suresh Gopi </Td> <Td> Art </Td> <Td> Bharatiya Janata Party </Td> <Td> 25 - Apr - 2016 </Td> <Td> 24 - Apr - 2022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Subramanian Swamy </Td> <Td> Economics </Td> <Td> Bharatiya Janata Party </Td> <Td> 25 - Apr - 2016 </Td> <Td> 24 - Apr - 2022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Narendra Jadhav </Td> <Td> Economics </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> 25 - Apr - 2016 </Td> <Td> 24 - Apr - 2022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Mary Kom </Td> <Td> Sport </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> 25 - Apr - 2016 </Td> <Td> 24 - Apr - 2022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Swapan Dasgupta </Td> <Td> Journalism </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> 25 - Apr - 2016 </Td> <Td> 24 - Apr - 2022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> K.T.S. Tulsi </Td> <Td> Law </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> 25 - Feb - 2014 </Td> <Td> 24 - Feb - 2020 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> K. Parasaran </Td> <Td> Law </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> 09 - Jun - 2012 </Td> <Td> 28 - Jun - 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Rekha </Td> <Td> Art </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> 27 - Apr - 2012 </Td> <Td> 26 - Apr - 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> Sachin Tendulkar </Td> <Td> Social service </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> 27 - Apr - 2012 </Td> <Td> 26 - Apr - 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> Anu Aga </Td> <Td> Business </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> 27 - Apr - 2012 </Td> <Td> 26 - Apr - 2018 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Complete list of nominated members of Rajya Sabha ( edit ) </H2> <P> This is a Complete list of Members of the Rajya Sabha who have been nominated by the President . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Sr. No . </Th> <Th> Image </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Tenure </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer </Td> <Td> 1952 -- 1953 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Satyendranath Bose </Td> <Td> 1952 -- 1960 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Prithviraj Kapoor </Td> <Td> 1952 -- 1960 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Jagadisan Mohandas Kumarappa </Td> <Td> 1952 -- 1954 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Kalidas Nag </Td> <Td> 1952 -- 1954 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rukmini Devi Arundale </Td> <Td> 1952 -- 1962 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> N.R. Malkani </Td> <Td> 1952 -- 1962 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Sahib Singh Sokhey </Td> <Td> 1952 -- 1956 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Zakir Hussain </Td> <Td> 1952 -- 1962 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Maithili Sharan Gupt </Td> <Td> 1952 -- 1964 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Kakasaheb Kalelkar </Td> <Td> 1952 -- 1964 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Radha Kumud Mukherjee </Td> <Td> 1952 -- 1958 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> P.V. Kane </Td> <Td> 1953 -- 1964 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Moturi Satyanarayana </Td> <Td> 1954 -- 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia </Td> <Td> 1954 -- 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bhargavram Vitthal Warerkar </Td> <Td> 1956 -- 1968 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Tara Chand </Td> <Td> 1956 -- 1968 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Ajudhia Nath Khosla </Td> <Td> 1958 -- 1964 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> K.M. Panikkar </Td> <Td> 1959 -- 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Jairamdas Daulatram </Td> <Td> 1959 -- 1976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Mohanlal Saksena </Td> <Td> 1959 -- 1964 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay </Td> <Td> 1960 -- 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> V.T. Krishnamachari </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 1967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> R.R. Diwakar </Td> <Td> 1962 -- 1968 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Gopal Singh </Td> <Td> 1962 -- 1968 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> M. Ajmal Khan </Td> <Td> 1964 -- 1972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Satyavrata Siddhantalankar </Td> <Td> 1964 -- 1968 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shakuntala Paranjpye </Td> <Td> 1964 -- 1970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Badri Nath Prasad </Td> <Td> 1964 -- 1970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> G. Ramachandran </Td> <Td> 1964 -- 1970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> M.N. Kaul </Td> <Td> 1964 -- 1972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Harivanshrai Bachchan </Td> <Td> 1966 -- 1972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil </Td> <Td> 1966 -- 1972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> M.C. Setalvad </Td> <Td> 1966 -- 1972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> G. Sankara Kurup </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 1972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joachim Alva </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 1974 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> S. Nurul Hasan </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 1974 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> K. Ramiah </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 1974 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Ganga Sharan Sinha </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 1974 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Maragatham Chandrasekhar </Td> <Td> 1970 -- 1988 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Umashankar Joshi </Td> <Td> 1970 -- 1976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Rasheeduddin Khan </Td> <Td> 1970 -- 1982 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Vidya Prakash Dutt </Td> <Td> 1971 -- 1980 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Abu Abraham </Td> <Td> 1972 -- 1978 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Pramathanath Bishi </Td> <Td> 1972 -- 1978 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> C.K. Daphtary </Td> <Td> 1972 -- 1978 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Habib Tanvir </Td> <Td> 1972 -- 1978 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Krishna Kriplani </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1980 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lokesh Chandra </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Scato Swu </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> B.N. Banerjee </Td> <Td> 1976 -- 1982 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Malcolm Adiseshiah </Td> <Td> 1978 -- 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Fathema Ismail </Td> <Td> 1978 -- 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Pandurang Dharmaji Jadhav </Td> <Td> 1978 -- 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bhagwati Charan Varma </Td> <Td> 1978 -- 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nargis Dutt </Td> <Td> 1980 -- 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Khushwant Singh </Td> <Td> 1980 -- 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Asima Chatterjee </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 1990 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sivaji Ganesan </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Hayatullah Ansari </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 1988 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Madan Bhatia </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> V.N. Tiwari </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Ghulam Rasool Kar </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 1987 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Tindivanam K. Ramamurthy </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 1990 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> H.L. Kapur </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1988 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Salim Ali </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1988 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Purushottam Kakodkar </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ela Bhatt </Td> <Td> 1986 -- 1988 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Amrita Pritam </Td> <Td> 1986 -- 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> M.F. Husain </Td> <Td> 1986 -- 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> R.K. Narayan </Td> <Td> 1986 -- 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ravi Shankar </Td> <Td> 1986 -- 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Syeda Anwara Taimur </Td> <Td> 1988 -- 1990 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Sat Paul Mittal </Td> <Td> 1988 -- 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bishambhar Nath Pande </Td> <Td> 1988 -- 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Mohammad Yunus </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Prakash Ambedkar </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jagmohan </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bhupinder Singh Mann </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Russi Karanjia </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Mahendra Prasad </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> M. Aram </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vyjayantimala Bali </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> B.B. Dutta </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Maulana Habibur Rahman Nomani </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nirmala Deshpande </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 1999 and 2004 -- 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shabana Azmi </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> P. Selvie Das </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Kartar Singh Duggal </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kuldip Nayyar </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Raja Ramanna </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> C. Narayana Reddy </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mrinal Sen </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Chaudhary Harmohan Singh Yadav </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Nanaji Deshmukh </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lata Mangeshkar </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Fali Nariman </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Cho Ramaswamy </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hema Malini </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bimal Jalan </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> K. Kasturirangan </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Narayan Singh Manaklao </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Vidya Niwas Misra </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 104 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Chandan Mitra </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dara Singh </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kapila Vatsyayan </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ram Jethmalani </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Shobhana Bhartia </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 109 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shyam Benegal </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 110 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> M.S. Swaminathan </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> C. Rangarajan </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 112 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> H.K. Dua </Td> <Td> 2009 -- 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 113 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Ashok Sekhar Ganguly </Td> <Td> 2009 -- 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 114 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Mani Shankar Aiyar </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Javed Akhtar </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 116 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> B. Jayashree </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 117 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ram Dayal Munda </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 118 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bhalchandra Mungekar </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 119 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Mrinal Miri </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 120 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Anu Aga </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 121 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> K. Parasaran </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 122 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rekha </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 123 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sachin Tendulkar </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 124 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> K.T.S. Tulsi </Td> <Td> 2014 - 2020 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 125 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Subramanian Swamy </Td> <Td> 2016 - 2022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MC Mary Kom </Td> <Td> 2016 - 2022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 127 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Narendra Jadhav </Td> <Td> 2016 - 2022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 129 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Suresh Gopi </Td> <Td> 2016 - 2022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 130 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Swapan Dasgupta </Td> <Td> 2016 - 2022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 131 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Sambhaji Raje </Td> <Td> 2016 - 2022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 132 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Roopa Ganguly </Td> <Td> 2016 - 2022 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Nominated Members since 1952 Narender Kumar </Li> <Li> Current list of Nominated Members </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Specific </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Statewise List '' . 164.100. 47.5 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/partymemberlist.aspx </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Statewise Retirement '' . 164.100. 47.5 . 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who was the first lady nominated member of the rajya sabha

Game seven - wikipedia <H1> Game seven </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Game 7 '' redirects here . For the song by T.I. , see We Want Smoke . <P> A game seven is the final game of a best of seven series . This game can occur in the postseasons for Major League Baseball ( MLB ) ( League Championship Series and World Series ) , the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) ( all rounds of the NBA playoffs ) , and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) ( all rounds of the Stanley Cup playoffs ) . </P> <P> The game is generally played at the site of the team holding the home advantage across the series . </P> <P> The nature of a best - of - seven series requires that the series be tied at three games apiece going into game seven , such that either team can take the series ( advancing further in the playoffs or winning the championship ) by winning the game . Because of this decisive nature , game sevens add an element of drama to their sports . </P> <P> Aside from North American sports leagues , game sevens are also a fixture in many other sports around the world , mostly in baseball , basketball , and ice hockey leagues . Most codes of football do not employ a best - of - seven series ( or any best - of - x series in general ) , hence game sevens are not played in those leagues . </P> <P> Some playoff rounds ( such as MLB 's current Division Series ) are played in a best of five format , such that game five has similar qualities to those described above , though the suspense and drama have less time to build in a shorter series . Furthermore , the World Series of 1903 , 1919 , 1920 , and 1921 were played in a best of nine format , though none of the four went to a decisive game nine . </P> <P> The game seven is comparable to a final or to a single game in a single - elimination tournament or to a one - game playoff . The game is equivalent to the Super Bowl game in the National Football League in that the game 's winner is the league 's champion for the season . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Examples <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Major League Baseball <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 World Series </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 League Championship Series </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 National Hockey League </Li> <Li> 1.3 National Basketball Association </Li> <Li> 1.4 Chinese Professional Baseball League </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Comebacks </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Examples ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Major League Baseball ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the MLB Postseason , game seven can occur in the League Championship Series and the World Series ( the divisional series are best of five ) . In the World Series , there have been 39 decisive game sevens ( of the four World Series that were contested on a best - of - nine basis , none went to a game nine , though all four included a non-decisive game seven ) . </P> World Series ( edit ) <P> World Series that were decided on a game seven : All extra inning game sevens involve three franchises each with two appearances , the New York / San Francisco Giants ( losing both ) , the Washington Senators / Minnesota Twins ( winning both ) and the Cleveland Indians ( losing both ) . Home teams are 19 -- 20 in game sevens . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Winning team </Th> <Th> Losing team </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1909 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Pirates </Td> <Td> Detroit Tigers </Td> <Td> 8 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Bennett Park , Detroit </Td> <Td> Rookie Babe Adams tosses a six hit shutout for his third win of the series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> Boston Red Sox </Td> <Td> New York Giants </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 F / 10 </Td> <Td> Fenway Park , Boston </Td> <Td> This decisive contest was actually game eight , as game two had ended in a tie . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1924 </Td> <Td> Washington Senators </Td> <Td> New York Giants </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 F / 12 </Td> <Td> Griffith Stadium , Washington , D.C. </Td> <Td> Longest game seven in innings . In the 12th , Muddy Ruel doubled after a dropped foul popfly by Giants catcher Hank Gowdy . Ruel scored on a game - winning RBI double by Earl McNeely . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1925 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Pirates </Td> <Td> Washington Senators </Td> <Td> 9 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Forbes Field , Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh became the first team in a best of seven to win the series when trailing three games to one . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1926 </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Yankee Stadium , the Bronx , New York City </Td> <Td> Grover Cleveland Alexander strikes out Tony Lazzeri with the bases loaded to end the seventh and preserve the Cardinals lead . Two innings later Babe Ruth is caught stealing to end the World Series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1931 </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> Philadelphia Athletics </Td> <Td> 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> St. Louis , Missouri </Td> <Td> Last postseason game for the Athletics while based in Philadelphia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1934 </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> Detroit Tigers </Td> <Td> 11 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Navin Field , Detroit </Td> <Td> Dizzy Dean 's second win , a six - hit shutout on one day of rest , gives the Cardinals the title . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati Reds </Td> <Td> Detroit Tigers </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Crosley Field , Cincinnati </Td> <Td> This game was over in a snappy 1 : 47 while a sacrifice bunt and sacrifice fly scored the winning runs . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> Detroit Tigers </Td> <Td> Chicago Cubs </Td> <Td> 9 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Wrigley Field , Chicago </Td> <Td> Cubs last World Series appearance until 2016 . See also : Curse of the Billy Goat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> Boston Red Sox </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Sportsman 's Park III , St. Louis , Missouri </Td> <Td> Enos Slaughter 's famous mad dash scored the deciding run to win the game and the series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> Brooklyn Dodgers </Td> <Td> 5 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Yankee Stadium , the Bronx , New York City </Td> <Td> This was the Series that featured Cookie Lavagetto 's pinch - hit that spoiled Bill Bevens ' no - hit bid and Al Gionfriddo 's catch to rob Joe DiMaggio of a home run . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> Brooklyn Dodgers </Td> <Td> 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Ebbets Field , Brooklyn , New York City </Td> <Td> Billy Martin 's game saving infield catch preserves the Yankees lead and helps win the game and the series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> Brooklyn Dodgers </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Yankee Stadium , the Bronx , New York City </Td> <Td> Dodgers ' only championship in Brooklyn . The home team won all games of the series , except for game seven . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> Brooklyn Dodgers </Td> <Td> 9 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Ebbets Field , Brooklyn , New York City </Td> <Td> Jackie Robinson 's final Major League game . Last postseason game at Ebbets Field and Dodgers ' last postseason game before moving to Los Angeles . The home team won all games of the series , except for game seven . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> Milwaukee Braves </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> 5 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Yankee Stadium , the Bronx , New York City </Td> <Td> The Braves ' only championship in Milwaukee . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> Milwaukee Braves </Td> <Td> 6 -- 2 </Td> <Td> County Stadium , Milwaukee </Td> <Td> The Yankees win their 18th World Series title after being down three games to one . This was the Braves ' last postseason game in Milwaukee . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Pirates </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> 10 -- 9 </Td> <Td> Forbes Field , Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> Bill Mazeroski hit the walk - off home run to win the Pirates the championship . Last postseason game in Forbes Field . Last postseason game for Yankees ' manager Casey Stengel . Highest scoring game seven . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> San Francisco Giants </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Candlestick Park , San Francisco </Td> <Td> With runners on second and third and two outs , Willie McCovey 's line drive to Bobby Richardson ended the game . First game seven that ended with a 1 - 0 score . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> 7 -- 5 </Td> <Td> Busch Stadium I , St. Louis , Missouri </Td> <Td> The Yankees ' last World Series appearance until 1976 . Last postseason game at Busch Stadium I . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Dodgers </Td> <Td> Minnesota Twins </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Metropolitan Stadium , Bloomington , Minnesota </Td> <Td> Pitching through immense pain and on two days rest , Sandy Koufax throws a 3 hit shutout to win the Series and World Series MVP . The home team won all games of the series , except for game seven . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> Boston Red Sox </Td> <Td> 7 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Fenway Park , Boston </Td> <Td> Bob Gibson wins his third game of the Series and also homers . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> Detroit Tigers </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Busch Stadium II , St. Louis , Missouri </Td> <Td> Mickey Lolich out - duels Bob Gibson . The Tigers rallied from a 3 - 1 deficit to win the series . First game seven loss by the Cardinals in the World Series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Pirates </Td> <Td> Baltimore Orioles </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Memorial Stadium , Baltimore </Td> <Td> The home team won all games of the series , except for game seven . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Oakland Athletics </Td> <Td> Cincinnati Reds </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Riverfront Stadium , Cincinnati </Td> <Td> The A 's first championship in Oakland . The A 's were the last American League team to win a World Series game seven on the road until 2017 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Oakland Athletics </Td> <Td> New York Mets </Td> <Td> 5 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , Oakland , California </Td> <Td> Bert Campaneris and Reggie Jackson hit the only Oakland home runs in this game to set the tone for victory and the series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cincinnati Reds </Td> <Td> Boston Red Sox </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Fenway Park , Boston </Td> <Td> One night after Carlton Fisk 's famous home run , the Reds rebound to take the Series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Pirates </Td> <Td> Baltimore Orioles </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Memorial Stadium , Baltimore </Td> <Td> The Pittsburgh Pirates , powered by NLCS and World Series MVP Willie Stargell , rally from a 3 - 1 deficit to win the series . The Pirates were the last team to win a road game seven until 2014 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> Milwaukee Brewers </Td> <Td> 6 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Busch Stadium II , St. Louis , Missouri </Td> <Td> Joaquín Andújar earns his second win of the Series and Bruce Sutter his second save . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Kansas City Royals </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> 11 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Royals Stadium , Kansas City , Missouri </Td> <Td> Second World Series held entirely in the state of Missouri . The Royals also won the 1985 American League Championship Series in seven games . Royals became first team to win the World Series after losing the first two games at home . The Royals were the last team to come back from 3 -- 1 down to win a title , in any of the five major men 's professional sports leagues , until the Cleveland Cavaliers won the 2016 NBA Finals after trailing 3 -- 1 . The 1985 Royals were the last team to win a World Series after trailing 3 -- 1 until the Cubs did so in 2016 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> New York Mets </Td> <Td> Boston Red Sox </Td> <Td> 8 -- 5 </Td> <Td> Shea Stadium , Flushing , Queens , New York </Td> <Td> Mets become the first team to be one strike away from elimination and come back to win the series . They also become the second team to win the series after losing the first two at home . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Minnesota Twins </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , Minneapolis </Td> <Td> The home team won all seven games of the series for the first time in MLB history . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Minnesota Twins </Td> <Td> Atlanta Braves </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 F / 10 </Td> <Td> Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , Minneapolis </Td> <Td> Like in 1987 , the home team won all games of the series . The Twins won in the bottom of the 10th on a walk - off single by Gene Larkin scoring Dan Gladden after ​ 9 ⁄ scoreless innings of play . Jack Morris goes all ten innings for the Twins and is named the Series MVP . Twins Centerfielder Kirby Puckett hit a famous walk - off home run in the bottom of the eleventh inning of the previous night 's game to force this decisive game . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Florida Marlins </Td> <Td> Cleveland Indians </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 F / 11 </Td> <Td> Pro Player Stadium , Miami Gardens , Florida </Td> <Td> Florida becomes the first wild card team to win the World Series . The Marlins rallied for one run in the bottom of the ninth to tie and won in the eleventh on an Édgar Rentería RBI single off Charles Nagy . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Arizona Diamondbacks </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Bank One Ballpark , Phoenix , Arizona </Td> <Td> Arizona becomes the fastest expansion team to win the World Series , rallying for two runs in the bottom of the ninth for a come - from - behind win , capped off by Luis Gonzalez hitting the winning RBI single off closer Mariano Rivera . The home team won every game of the series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Anaheim Angels </Td> <Td> San Francisco Giants </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Edison International Field , Anaheim , California </Td> <Td> Both World Series teams were wild card entrants into the playoffs . John Lackey became the second rookie pitcher to win a World Series game seven . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> Texas Rangers </Td> <Td> 6 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Busch Stadium , St. Louis , Missouri </Td> <Td> Cardinals became the second team to be one strike away from elimination and come back to win the series , which they did twice . Just like the 1991 series , a walk - off home run in the bottom of the eleventh inning of game six , forced this decisive game with David Freese providing the fire power . Most recent game seven won by the home team . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> San Francisco Giants </Td> <Td> Kansas City Royals </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Kauffman Stadium , Kansas City , Missouri </Td> <Td> Like in 2002 , both World Series teams were wild card entrants into the playoffs . The Giants became the first NL team to win a game seven on the road since 1979 . NLCS MVP and eventual World Series MVP Madison Bumgarner , normally a starter , pitched five scoreless innings of relief on two days rest to save the Giants ' third title in five years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Chicago Cubs </Td> <Td> Cleveland Indians </Td> <Td> 8 -- 7 F / 10 </Td> <Td> Progressive Field , Cleveland , Ohio </Td> <Td> Chicago Cubs ' first World Series win since 1908 . Game played between the two teams ( Cleveland Indians and Chicago Cubs ) with the longest active championship droughts . The Cubs are the first Major League Baseball team to come back to win the World Series from a 3 -- 1 series deficit since the 1985 Royals . Most recent World Series game seven to be decided in extra innings . First extra innings game seven to be won by the road team . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Houston Astros </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Dodgers </Td> <Td> 5 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Dodger Stadium , Los Angeles </Td> <Td> First instance of back - to - back game sevens since 2001 -- 2002 . First World Series championship for the Astros , who became the first AL team to win a World Series game 7 on the road since 1972 . The Astros became the second team to win two winner - take - all game sevens in the same postseason since the Kansas City Royals in 1985 . </Td> </Tr> </Table> League Championship Series ( edit ) <P> The League Championship Series were originally decided best of five from 1969 until 1984 . Since 1985 when both were expanded to best of seven contests , 16 series ( 7 American , 9 National ) were decided in game seven . </P> <P> League Championship Series that were decided on a game seven : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Series </Th> <Th> Winning team </Th> <Th> Losing team </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> ALCS </Td> <Td> Kansas City Royals </Td> <Td> Toronto Blue Jays </Td> <Td> 6 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Exhibition Stadium , Toronto </Td> <Td> The Royals rallied from a 3 - 1 deficit , including taking the last two on the road to win the pennant . They would go on to win the 1985 World Series in seven games , becoming the first team in MLB history to win two game sevens in a single postseason . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> ALCS </Td> <Td> Boston Red Sox </Td> <Td> California Angels </Td> <Td> 8 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Fenway Park , Boston , Massachusetts </Td> <Td> Dave Henderson 's famous home run off of Donnie Moore turned the tide as Boston rallied from a 3 - 1 deficit to win the series . Boston would lose the 1986 World Series in seven games . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> NLCS </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> San Francisco Giants </Td> <Td> 6 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Busch Stadium ( II ) , St. Louis , Missouri </Td> <Td> Although Jeffrey Leonard would homer in the first four games of the series it was not enough as back - to - back shutouts by the Cardinals in games six and seven gave St. Louis the NL Pennant . The Cardinals would lose the World Series as the Minnesota Twins give new meaning to the term home - field advantage in the World Series as only the decisive game seven is close . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> NLCS </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Dodgers </Td> <Td> New York Mets </Td> <Td> 6 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Dodger Stadium , Los Angeles </Td> <Td> Orel Hershiser pitches a five - hit shutout to send the Dodgers to the World Series . Until 2017 , this was the only game seven of any postseason series to be played in Dodger Stadium . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> NLCS </Td> <Td> Atlanta Braves </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Pirates </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Three Rivers Stadium , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> Back - to - back shutouts in games six and seven helps the Braves win the pennant . The Braves would lose the series to Minnesota in seven games in what is regarded as the best World Series of all time . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> NLCS </Td> <Td> Atlanta Braves </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Pirates </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium , Atlanta </Td> <Td> Atlanta scored all three runs in the bottom of the ninth . Pinch hitter Francisco Cabrera drove in the two winning runs with a two - out single with the bases loaded . The winning run was scored by Sid Bream . Pirates ' last postseason game until 2013 . Atlanta would lose the World Series to the Toronto Blue Jays in six games . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> NLCS </Td> <Td> Atlanta Braves </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> 15 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium , Atlanta </Td> <Td> Highest run differential for a Game Seven . Final game for Cardinals ' Hall of Famer Ozzie Smith . Also , this was the third of a 5 - game winning streak as the Braves came back from a three games to one deficit to win the series . They would go on to win the first two games of the 1996 World Series only to lose the Series to the New York Yankees in six games . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> ALCS </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> Boston Red Sox </Td> <Td> 6 -- 5 F / 11 </Td> <Td> Yankee Stadium , the Bronx , New York City </Td> <Td> Leading off for the Yankees in the bottom of the eleventh , Aaron Boone hit a walk - off home run to win the series and score a date with the Florida Marlins . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> NLCS </Td> <Td> Florida Marlins </Td> <Td> Chicago Cubs </Td> <Td> 9 -- 6 </Td> <Td> Wrigley Field , Chicago </Td> <Td> One night after the Steve Bartman incident , the Marlins advance to the World Series , where they would win in six games , and the Cubs ' World Series drought continues . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ALCS </Td> <Td> Boston Red Sox </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> 10 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Yankee Stadium , the Bronx , New York City </Td> <Td> Boston rallied from an 0 -- 3 deficit to win the American League pennant , the only time in Major League Baseball history that this has happened in a best of seven series . Boston would go on to win the World Series for the first time since 1918 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> NLCS </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> Houston Astros </Td> <Td> 5 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Busch Stadium ( II ) , St. Louis , Missouri </Td> <Td> The home team won all games of the series . Last time both LCS went to a game seven in the same year . Scott Rolen 's two - run homer off Roger Clemens in the sixth inning puts the Cardinals in front for good . This is the last win of the season for St. Louis as the Cardinals got steamrolled by Boston in four games . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> NLCS </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> New York Mets </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Shea Stadium , Flushing , Queens , New York </Td> <Td> Last postseason game at Shea Stadium . Yadier Molina hits a two - run homer in the top of the ninth and Adam Wainwright strikes out Carlos Beltrán in the bottom of the ninth with the bases loaded to send the Cardinals to the World Series where they would beat Detroit in five games . Most recent game seven in either LCS to be won by the road team . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> ALCS </Td> <Td> Boston Red Sox </Td> <Td> Cleveland Indians </Td> <Td> 11 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Fenway Park , Boston , Massachusetts </Td> <Td> Boston overcomes a 3 - games - to - 1 deficit to win the pennant and would win the second World Series championship in four years . Like four years ago , the result is a sweep , this time over the Colorado Rockies . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> ALCS </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay Rays </Td> <Td> Boston Red Sox </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Tropicana Field , St. Petersburg , Florida </Td> <Td> Matt Garza pitches Tampa Bay to its first American League Championship . The Rays would end up losing to the Philadelphia Phillies in five games . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> NLCS </Td> <Td> San Francisco Giants </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> 9 -- 0 </Td> <Td> AT&T Park , San Francisco , California </Td> <Td> First Giants victory in a winner - take - all game seven . The Giants would go on to sweep the Detroit Tigers in the World Series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> ALCS </Td> <Td> Houston Astros </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Minute Maid Park , Houston , Texas </Td> <Td> The home team won all games of the series . Houston became the first franchise to win the pennant in both the National League and American League . The Astros would go on to win the World Series over the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games , becoming the second MLB team to win two game sevens in a single postseason . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> National Hockey League ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of NHL game sevens <P> In the NHL playoffs , game seven can occur in all playoff series . In the Stanley Cup Final , the NHL gained complete control of the Cup in 1926 , and the league instituted the best - of - seven series starting in the 1938 -- 39 season . No Stanley Cup Final game seven has ever ended with a 1 -- 0 score . </P> <P> The game sevens where the Cup was awarded are : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Winning team </Th> <Th> Losing team </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1942 </Td> <Td> Toronto Maple Leafs </Td> <Td> Detroit Red Wings </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Maple Leaf Gardens , Toronto , Ontario </Td> <Td> Toronto came back down 0 -- 3 in the series to win the Cup . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> Toronto Maple Leafs </Td> <Td> Detroit Red Wings </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Olympia Stadium , Detroit </Td> <Td> Detroit was down 0 -- 3 in the series and rallied to force game seven before losing . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> Detroit Red Wings </Td> <Td> New York Rangers </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 ( 2OT ) </Td> <Td> Olympia Stadium , Detroit </Td> <Td> Longest game seven in a Stanley Cup Final . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> Detroit Red Wings </Td> <Td> Montreal Canadiens </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 ( OT ) </Td> <Td> Olympia Stadium , Detroit </Td> <Td> Most recent Stanley Cup Final game seven to be decided in overtime . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> Detroit Red Wings </Td> <Td> Montreal Canadiens </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Olympia Stadium , Detroit </Td> <Td> Red Wings ' last Stanley Cup victory until 1997 . The home team won all games of the series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> Toronto Maple Leafs </Td> <Td> Detroit Red Wings </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Maple Leaf Gardens , Toronto , Ontario </Td> <Td> First game seven that ended in a shut out . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Montreal Canadiens </Td> <Td> Chicago Blackhawks </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Montreal Forum , Montreal </Td> <Td> The home team won all games of the series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Montreal Canadiens </Td> <Td> Chicago Black Hawks </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Chicago Stadium , Chicago </Td> <Td> The home team won all games of the series , except for game seven . Chicago led 2 -- 0 in the deciding game at home before allowing three unanswered goals and losing the game . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Edmonton Oilers </Td> <Td> Philadelphia Flyers </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Northlands Coliseum , Edmonton , Alberta </Td> <Td> Flyers rallied from a 3 -- 1 series deficit to force a decisive game . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> New York Rangers </Td> <Td> Vancouver Canucks </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Madison Square Garden , Manhattan , New York City </Td> <Td> Canucks represented Canada 's last Stanley Cup Final appearance until 2004 Calgary Flames . Rangers first Stanley Cup since 1940 . This was the last NHL game before a 100 - day lockout that reduced the 1994 -- 95 season to 48 games per team . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Colorado Avalanche </Td> <Td> New Jersey Devils </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Pepsi Center , Denver , Colorado </Td> <Td> Long - time Boston Bruins captain Ray Bourque won the Stanley Cup in the last of his 22 seasons in the NHL . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> New Jersey Devils </Td> <Td> Mighty Ducks of Anaheim </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Continental Airlines Arena , East Rutherford , New Jersey </Td> <Td> The home team won all games of the series . This was Ken Daneyko 's final playing season with New Jersey , as he retired after the Devils ' Cup win . When Daneyko went on the ice for the last shift of Game 7 , that was considered to be his last ice shift in his 20 - year NHL career . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay Lightning </Td> <Td> Calgary Flames </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> St. Pete Times Forum , Tampa , Florida </Td> <Td> Lightning captain Dave Andreychuk won his Stanley Cup after 22 seasons . This was the last NHL game before the lockout that cancelled the entire 2004 -- 05 season . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Carolina Hurricanes </Td> <Td> Edmonton Oilers </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> RBC Center , Raleigh , North Carolina </Td> <Td> First Stanley Cup Final featuring two former World Hockey Association teams . The Hurricanes became the first Stanley Cup champion to miss the playoffs the subsequent season ( they also missed the playoffs the following season ) . Most recent game seven to be won by the home team . This was Rod Brind'Amour 's first and only Stanley Cup in his 21 - year playing career . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Penguins </Td> <Td> Detroit Red Wings </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Joe Louis Arena , Detroit </Td> <Td> The home team won all games of the series , except for game seven . This was also the last sporting event to take place in the United States before the shutdown of analog broadcasting for full - power television stations . First time the road team won game seven of a championship round , in any major professional sport , since the 1979 World Series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Boston Bruins </Td> <Td> Vancouver Canucks </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Rogers Arena , Vancouver </Td> <Td> The home team won all games of the series , except for game seven . Vancouver failed to be the third Canadian city to win the championship a year after hosting an Olympics . Boston became the first city to win all four major sports championships in the 21st century and third millennium . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> National Basketball Association ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of NBA game sevens <P> All playoff rounds in the NBA are now in a best - of - seven series format so all rounds can have a maximum of seven games . The NBA Finals has been consistently played in a best - of - seven series format since its inception . </P> <P> The games seven where the champions were awarded are : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Winning team </Th> <Th> Losing team </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> Rochester Royals </Td> <Td> New York Knicks </Td> <Td> 79 -- 75 </Td> <Td> Edgerton Park Arena , Rochester , New York </Td> <Td> New York forced a game seven after trailing 0 -- 3 in the series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis Lakers </Td> <Td> New York Knicks </Td> <Td> 82 -- 65 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis Auditorium , Minneapolis </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis Lakers </Td> <Td> Syracuse Nationals </Td> <Td> 87 -- 70 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis Auditorium , Minneapolis </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> Syracuse Nationals </Td> <Td> Fort Wayne Pistons </Td> <Td> 92 -- 91 </Td> <Td> Onondaga County War Memorial , Syracuse , New York </Td> <Td> The home team won every game of this series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> <Td> St. Louis Hawks </Td> <Td> 125 -- 123 ( 2OT ) </Td> <Td> Boston Garden , Boston </Td> <Td> Only game seven in NBA history to go into double overtime . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> <Td> St. Louis Hawks </Td> <Td> 122 -- 103 </Td> <Td> Boston Garden , Boston </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers </Td> <Td> 110 - 107 ( OT ) </Td> <Td> Boston Garden , Boston </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers </Td> <Td> 95 -- 93 </Td> <Td> Boston Garden , Boston </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers </Td> <Td> 108 -- 106 </Td> <Td> The Forum , Inglewood , California </Td> <Td> Final game for Celtics Bill Russell and Sam Jones </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> New York Knicks </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers </Td> <Td> 113 -- 99 </Td> <Td> Madison Square Garden , Manhattan , New York City </Td> <Td> Notable for Willis Reed 's return from injury . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> <Td> Milwaukee Bucks </Td> <Td> 102 -- 87 </Td> <Td> MECCA Arena , Milwaukee </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> Washington Bullets </Td> <Td> Seattle SuperSonics </Td> <Td> 105 -- 99 </Td> <Td> Kingdome , Seattle </Td> <Td> Last NBA Finals game seven won by the road team until 2016 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers </Td> <Td> 111 -- 102 </Td> <Td> Boston Garden , Boston </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers </Td> <Td> Detroit Pistons </Td> <Td> 108 -- 105 </Td> <Td> The Forum , Inglewood , California </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Houston Rockets </Td> <Td> New York Knicks </Td> <Td> 90 -- 84 </Td> <Td> The Summit , Houston </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> San Antonio Spurs </Td> <Td> Detroit Pistons </Td> <Td> 81 -- 74 </Td> <Td> SBC Center , San Antonio </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> <Td> 83 -- 79 </Td> <Td> Staples Center , Los Angeles </Td> <Td> Fifth time that Boston and L.A. met in a game seven . Kobe Bryant won his second consecutive Finals MVP award , scoring 10 of his game high 23 points in the fourth quarter , as well as grabbing 15 rebounds to clinch the victory for L.A. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Miami Heat </Td> <Td> San Antonio Spurs </Td> <Td> 95 -- 88 </Td> <Td> American Airlines Arena , Miami </Td> <Td> Last time the NBA finals was a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Cleveland Cavaliers </Td> <Td> Golden State Warriors </Td> <Td> 93 -- 89 </Td> <Td> Oracle Arena , Oakland , California </Td> <Td> First time road team to win game seven of the NBA Finals since 1978 . Cavaliers became the first team to win the NBA Finals after trailing 3 -- 1 in the series . The Cavaliers also became the first team in the five major men 's professional sports leagues to come back from 3 -- 1 down in a championship round since the 1985 Kansas City Royals . This was the first major professional sports championship in Cleveland since 1964 . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Chinese professional Baseball League ( edit ) </H3> <P> Taiwan Series that were decided on a game seven : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Winning team </Th> <Th> Losing team </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Uni-President Lions </Td> <Td> Wei Chuan Dragons </Td> <Td> 13 -- 5 </Td> <Td> Taipei City </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Wei Chuan Dragons </Td> <Td> Sinon Bulls </Td> <Td> 5 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Taichung City </Td> <Td> Capacity audience . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Uni-President Lions </Td> <Td> Sinon Bulls </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Taichung City </Td> <Td> Capacity audience . Lo Min - ching homered the fifth time and then the sixth in the series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Brother Elephants </Td> <Td> Uni-President Lions </Td> <Td> 7 -- 5 </Td> <Td> Tainan City </Td> <Td> Capacity audience . Yofu Tetsu saved the Elephants . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sinon Bulls </Td> <Td> Uni-President Lions </Td> <Td> 8 -- 6 </Td> <Td> Tainan City </Td> <Td> Capacity audience . Chang Chia - hao hit the winning triple in the ninth inning . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Uni-President Lions </Td> <Td> La New Bears </Td> <Td> 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Kaohsiung County </Td> <Td> Capacity audience . Nelson Figueroa became the first player taking three starting wins in CPBL playoff history . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Uni-President 7 - Eleven Lions </Td> <Td> Brother Elephants </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Tainan City </Td> <Td> Capacity audience . Luther Hackman closed the game . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Uni-President 7 - Eleven Lions </Td> <Td> Brother Elephants </Td> <Td> 5 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Tainan City </Td> <Td> Capacity audience . Lions wins three streak champions . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Comebacks ( edit ) </H2> <P> In only eight instances has a team been able to come back from being down 0 -- 3 to win a series : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Toronto Maple Leafs vs. the Detroit Red Wings in the 1942 Stanley Cup Finals </Li> <Li> The New York Islanders vs. the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 1975 Stanley Cup Quarterfinals </Li> <Li> The Boston Red Sox vs. the New York Yankees in the 2004 American League Championship Series </Li> <Li> The Philadelphia Flyers vs. the Boston Bruins in the 2010 Stanley Cup Eastern Conference Semifinals </Li> <Li> KalPa vs. the Espoo Blues in the 2012 Liiga playoffs </Li> <Li> The Los Angeles Kings vs. the San Jose Sharks in the 2014 Stanley Cup Western Conference Quarterfinals </Li> <Li> SKA St. Petersburg vs. CSKA Moscow in the 2015 Gagarin Cup Western Conference Finals </Li> <Li> San Miguel Beermen vs. Alaska Aces in the 2015 -- 16 PBA Philippine Cup Finals </Li> </Ul> <P> Mike Richards and Jeff Carter are the only players to have been a part of two comebacks from being down 0 - 3 , having played for both the 2010 Philadelphia Flyers and the 2014 Los Angeles Kings . </P> <P> Additionally , the following nine teams were able to force a seventh game in a series after being down 0 -- 3 , subsequently losing it : </P> <Ul> <Li> The New York Rangers vs. the Boston Bruins in the 1939 Stanley Cup Semifinals </Li> <Li> The Detroit Red Wings vs. the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1945 Stanley Cup Finals </Li> <Li> The New York Knicks vs. the Rochester Royals in the 1951 NBA Finals </Li> <Li> The New York Islanders vs. the Philadelphia Flyers in the 1975 Stanley Cup Semifinals </Li> <Li> The Denver Nuggets vs. the Utah Jazz in the 1994 NBA Western Conference Semifinals </Li> <Li> The Portland Trail Blazers vs. the Dallas Mavericks in the 2003 NBA Western Conference First Round </Li> <Li> The Chicago Blackhawks vs. the Vancouver Canucks in the 2011 Stanley Cup Western Conference Quarterfinals </Li> <Li> The Detroit Red Wings vs. the San Jose Sharks in the 2011 Stanley Cup Western Conference Semifinals </Li> <Li> The Toledo Walleye vs. the South Carolina Stingrays in the 2015 Kelly Cup Eastern Conference Finals </Li> </Ul> <P> The Islanders are the only team to have forced two game sevens after falling behind 0 - 3 in a series in the same postseason . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Jaffe , Chris ( January 21 , 2008 ) . `` The 10 greatest Game Sevens in World Series history '' . The Hardball Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A look at World Series Game 7s '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1909 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1912 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1924 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1925 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1926 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1931 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1934 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1940 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1945 World Series '' . MLB.com . 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Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1967 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1968 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1971 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1972 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1973 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1975 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1979 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1982 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1985 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1986 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1987 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1991 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1997 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2001 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2002 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2011 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2016 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ; Muskat , Carrie ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs are heavy wait champions ! '' . Cleveland : Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Houston Strongest ! Astros rule the World '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` October 16 , 1985 American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) Game 7 , Royals at Blue Jays '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` October 15 , 1986 American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) Game 7 , Angels at Red Sox '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` October 14 , 1987 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) Game 7 , Giants at Cardinals '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` October 12 , 1988 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) Game 7 , Mets at Dodgers '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` October 17 , 1991 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) Game 7 , Braves at Pirates '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` October 14 , 1992 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) Game 7 , Pirates at Braves '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` October 17 , 1996 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) Game 7 , Pirates at Braves '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` October 16 , 2003 American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) Game 7 , Red Sox at Yankees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` October 15 , 2003 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) Game 7 , Marlins at Cubs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` October 20 , 2004 American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) Game 7 , Red Sox at Yankees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` October 21 , 2004 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) Game 7 , Astros at Cardinals '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` October 19 , 2006 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) Game 7 , Cardinals at Mets '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` October 21 , 2007 American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) Game 7 , Indians at Red Sox '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` October 19 , 2008 American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) Game 7 , Red Sox at Rays '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` October 22 , 2012 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) Game 7 , Cardinals at Giants '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` October 21 , 2017 American league Championship Series ( ALCS ) Game 7 , Yankees at Astros '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kreiser , John ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Game 7 of Final : The ultimate all - or - nothing contest '' . NHL.com . National Hockey League . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1942 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1945 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1950 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1954 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1955 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1964 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1965 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1971 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1987 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1994 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2001 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2003 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2004 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2006 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2009 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2011 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Royals Reign , Despite Knicks ' Unlikely Comeback '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lakers Reclaim the NBA Crown '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Minneapolis Makes One Last Title Run '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nats Win First Title of Shot - Clock Era '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Celtics Officially Launch Their Dynasty '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hawks Force Game 7 , But Celtics Repeat '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Celtics , Lakers Work OT to Start Rivalry '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Red Lights Cigar to Close Coaching Career '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` West 's Heroics Ca n't Deprive Russell of 11th Title '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gutsy Reed Rallies Knicks in Game 7 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Celtics Win First Title of Post-Russell Era '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Fat Lady ' Sings Victorious Tune for Bullets '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Celtics Win First Bird - Magic Finals Showdown '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lakers Capture the Elusive Repeat '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Houston 's Championship : Dream Come True '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2005 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2010 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2013 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCauley , Janie ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` James and Cavaliers win thrilling NBA Finals Game 7 , 93 -- 89 '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Championships by Season '' . Chinese Professional Baseball League . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Links to related articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> World Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1900s -- 1910s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1900 1901 1902 1903 </Li> <Li> 1904 </Li> <Li> 1905 </Li> <Li> 1906 </Li> <Li> 1907 </Li> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 1909 </Li> <Li> 1910 </Li> <Li> 1911 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1913 </Li> <Li> 1914 </Li> <Li> 1915 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1917 </Li> <Li> 1918 </Li> <Li> 1919 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1920s -- 1930s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1921 </Li> <Li> 1922 </Li> <Li> 1923 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1925 </Li> <Li> 1926 </Li> <Li> 1927 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1929 </Li> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> 1931 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1933 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1935 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1937 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1939 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1940s -- 1950s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1941 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1943 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1945 </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1947 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1949 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1951 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1955 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1957 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1959 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960s -- 1970s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s -- 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s -- 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pre-World Series champions </Li> <Li> World Series champions </Li> <Li> Most Valuable Players </Li> <Li> Starting pitchers </Li> <Li> Babe Ruth Award </Li> <Li> Commissioner 's Trophy </Li> <Li> World Series ring </Li> <Li> Appearances </Li> <Li> Streaks </Li> <Li> Droughts </Li> <Li> Series ( by franchise ) </Li> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> <Li> TV ratings </Li> <Li> ALCS </Li> <Li> NLCS </Li> <Li> ALDS </Li> <Li> NLDS </Li> <Li> ALWC </Li> <Li> NLWC </Li> <Li> Game 7 </Li> <Li> 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake </Li> <Li> Dauvray Cup </Li> <Li> Temple Cup </Li> <Li> Chronicle - Telegraph Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book : World Series </Li> <Li> Category : World Series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Stanley Cup Finals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Stanley Cup awarded on challenge basis 1893 -- 1914 , by prearranged inter-league competitions 1915 -- 1926 , to NHL champion since 1927 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1890s -- 1900s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1890 1891 1892 1893 </Li> <Li> 1894 </Li> <Li> 1895 </Li> <Li> 1896 </Li> <Li> 1897 </Li> <Li> 1898 </Li> <Li> 1899 </Li> <Li> 1900 </Li> <Li> 1901 </Li> <Li> 1902 </Li> <Li> 1903 </Li> <Li> 1904 </Li> <Li> 1905 </Li> <Li> 1906 </Li> <Li> 1907 </Li> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 1909 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1910s -- 1920s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1910 </Li> <Li> 1911 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1913 </Li> <Li> 1914 </Li> <Li> 1915 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1917 </Li> <Li> 1918 </Li> <Li> 1919 </Li> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1921 </Li> <Li> 1922 </Li> <Li> 1923 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1925 </Li> <Li> 1926 </Li> <Li> 1927 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1929 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1930s -- 1940s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> 1931 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1933 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1935 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1937 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1939 </Li> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1941 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1943 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1945 </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1947 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1949 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950s -- 1960s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1951 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1955 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1957 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1959 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s -- 1980s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s -- 2000s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s -- 2020s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stanley Cup </Li> <Li> Stanley Cup ring </Li> <Li> Champions <Ul> <Li> Players </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Challenge games </Li> <Li> Conference Finals </Li> <Li> Championship seasons </Li> <Li> Engravings </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Traditions and anecdotes </Li> <Li> Conn Smythe Trophy </Li> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> <Li> Television ratings </Li> <Li> Overtime winners </Li> <Li> Game seven </Li> <Li> Officials </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Book : Stanley Cup Finals </Li> <Li> Category : Stanley Cup Finals </Li> <Li> Portal : Ice hockey </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> American League Championship Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1969 -- 1970s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s -- 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s -- 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> AL pennant winners </Li> <Li> MVPs </Li> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> National League Championship Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1969 -- 1970s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s -- 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s -- 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> NL pennant winners </Li> <Li> MVPs </Li> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> NBA playoffs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of playoff series </Li> <Li> Conference Finals </Li> <Li> Finals </Li> <Li> 60 Greatest Playoff Moments </Li> <Li> Game sevens </Li> <Li> Streaks </Li> <Li> Droughts </Li> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> Scoring Leaders </Li> <Li> Assists Leaders </Li> <Li> 3 Pt Leaders </Li> <Li> Rebound Leaders </Li> <Li> WNBA playoffs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1940s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> 1949 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1959 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> 1969 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> 1979 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> 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when was the last time the world series went less than 7 games

List of NBA players Who have spent their entire career with one franchise - wikipedia <H1> List of NBA players Who have spent their entire career with one franchise </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Kobe Bryant spent his entire 20 - year NBA career with the Los Angeles Lakers . <P> The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a men 's professional basketball league consisting of 30 teams in North America ( twenty - nine in the United States and one in Canada ) . The NBA was founded on June 6 , 1946 in New York City , as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . The league adopted its current name at the start of the 1949 -- 50 season when it merged with the National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball , which is recognized by the International Basketball Federation ( FIBA ) as the National Governing Body ( NGB ) for basketball in the country . The league is considered to be one of the four major professional sports leagues of North America . </P> <P> The players listed here have spent their entire NBA career with just one franchise . Kobe Bryant played his entire 20 - year career with the Los Angeles Lakers . Hall of Famer John Stockton spent his entire 19 - year playing career with the Utah Jazz , while Tim Duncan also played 19 seasons for the San Antonio Spurs . </P> <H2> Key ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Pos . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Position </Td> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> Center </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Note : This list is correct through the start of the 2017 -- 18 season . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Denotes player who is still active in the NBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> * </Td> <Td> Denotes player who has been inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> NBA players who have spent their career at one franchise <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons played </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Pos . </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Career </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers </Td> <Td> 1996 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> Drafted by the Charlotte Hornets in 1996 and traded to the Lakers . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki ^ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dallas Mavericks </Td> <Td> 1998 -- present </Td> <Td> Drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks in 1998 and traded to the Mavericks </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Stockton , John John Stockton * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Utah Jazz </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan </Td> <Td> F / C </Td> <Td> San Antonio Spurs </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Miller , Reggie Reggie Miller * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Indiana Pacers </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 2005 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Havlicek , John John Havlicek * </Td> <Td> F / G </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> <Td> 1962 -- 1978 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Parker , Tony Tony Parker ^ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> San Antonio Spurs </Td> <Td> 2001 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Ginóbili , Manu Manu Ginóbili ^ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> San Antonio Spurs </Td> <Td> 2002 -- present </Td> <Td> Drafted by the Spurs in 1999 , but did not enter the NBA until 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Schayes , Dolph Dolph Schayes * </Td> <Td> F / C </Td> <Td> Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers </Td> <Td> 1949 -- 1964 </Td> <Td> Drafted by the New York Knicks in 1948 , but opted to play for the Nationals in the NBL before moving to the NBA with the Nationals in 1949 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Greer , Hal Hal Greer * </Td> <Td> G / F </Td> <Td> Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers </Td> <Td> 1958 -- 1973 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers </Td> <Td> 1958 -- 1971 </Td> <Td> Retired in November 1971 due to injury after only playing 9 games in the 1971 -- 72 season </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> West , Jerry Jerry West * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers </Td> <Td> 1960 -- 1974 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Dumars , Joe Joe Dumars * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Detroit Pistons </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1999 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Haslem , Udonis Udonis Haslem ^ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Miami Heat </Td> <Td> 2003 -- present </Td> <Td> Went undrafted in 2002 , but signed as a free agent with the Heat a year later </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Robinson , David David Robinson * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> San Antonio Spurs </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> Drafted by the Spurs in 1987 , but did not enter the NBA until 1989 due to his commitment with the Navy </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Russell , Bill Bill Russell * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> <Td> 1956 -- 1969 </Td> <Td> Drafted by the St. Louis Hawks in 1956 and traded to the Celtics </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Cousy , Bob Bob Cousy * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> <Td> 1950 - 1963 </Td> <Td> Drafted by the Tri-Cities Blackhawks but traded to the Boston Celtics . Played seven games for the Cincinnati Royals while coaching in 1970 to support ticket sales . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Sanders , Satch Satch Sanders * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> <Td> 1960 -- 1973 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Unseld , Wes Wes Unseld * </Td> <Td> C / F </Td> <Td> Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 1981 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Murphy , Calvin Calvin Murphy * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> San Diego / Houston Rockets </Td> <Td> 1970 -- 1983 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Brown , Fred Fred Brown </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Seattle SuperSonics </Td> <Td> 1971 -- 1984 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Adams , Alvan Alvan Adams </Td> <Td> C / F </Td> <Td> Phoenix Suns </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 1988 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Bird , Larry Larry Bird * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> Drafted by the Celtics in 1978 , but did not enter the NBA until 1979 , after his college graduation </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Collison , Nick Nick Collison ^ </Td> <Td> F / C </Td> <Td> Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder </Td> <Td> 2003 -- present </Td> <Td> Missed the 2003 -- 04 season due to injury </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1991 ; 1996 </Td> <Td> Came out from retirement on January 1996 and played 32 games in the 1995 -- 96 season </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> McHale , Kevin Kevin McHale * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> <Td> 1980 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Thomas , Isiah Isiah Thomas * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Detroit Pistons </Td> <Td> 1981 -- 1994 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Foster , Jeff Jeff Foster </Td> <Td> F / C </Td> <Td> Indiana Pacers </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2012 </Td> <Td> Drafted by the Golden State Warriors in 1999 and traded to the Pacers </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Jones , Sam Sam Jones * </Td> <Td> G / F </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 1969 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Cooper , Michael Michael Cooper </Td> <Td> G / F </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers </Td> <Td> 1978 -- 1990 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Worthy , James James Worthy * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 1994 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> McMillan , Nate Nate McMillan </Td> <Td> G / F </Td> <Td> Seattle SuperSonics </Td> <Td> 1986 -- 1998 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Smits , Rik Rik Smits </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Indiana Pacers </Td> <Td> 1988 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Conley , Mike Mike Conley ^ </Td> <Td> PG </Td> <Td> Memphis Grizzlies </Td> <Td> 2007 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Pettit , Bob Bob Pettit * </Td> <Td> F / C </Td> <Td> Milwaukee / St. Louis Hawks </Td> <Td> 1954 -- 1965 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Twyman , Jack Jack Twyman * </Td> <Td> G / F </Td> <Td> Rochester / Cincinnati Royals </Td> <Td> 1955 -- 1966 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Attles , Al Al Attles </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors </Td> <Td> 1960 -- 1971 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Tomjanovich , Rudy Rudy Tomjanovich </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> San Diego / Houston Rockets </Td> <Td> 1970 -- 1981 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Erving , Julius Julius Erving * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Philadelphia 76ers </Td> <Td> 1976 -- 1987 </Td> <Td> Drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks in 1972 , but opted to play in the ABA before joining the 76ers after the ABA -- NBA merger in 1976 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Eaton , Mark Mark Eaton </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Utah Jazz </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Mikkelsen , Vern Vern Mikkelsen * </Td> <Td> F / C </Td> <Td> Minneapolis Lakers </Td> <Td> 1949 -- 1959 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Arizin , Paul Paul Arizin * </Td> <Td> G / F </Td> <Td> Golden State Warriors </Td> <Td> 1950 -- 1962 </Td> <Td> Missed the 1953 -- 54 season and the 1954 -- 55 season due to military service </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Bianchi , Al Al Bianchi </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers </Td> <Td> 1956 -- 1966 </Td> <Td> Drafted by the Minneapolis Lakers in 1954 and traded to the Nationals , but did not enter the league until 1956 due to military service </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Hagan , Cliff Cliff Hagan * </Td> <Td> G / F </Td> <Td> St. Louis Hawks </Td> <Td> 1956 -- 1966 </Td> <Td> Drafted by the Boston Celtics in 1953 and traded to the Hawks , but did not enter the league until 1956 due to military service </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Reed , Willis Willis Reed * </Td> <Td> F / C </Td> <Td> New York Knicks </Td> <Td> 1964 -- 1974 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Bradley , Bill Bill Bradley * </Td> <Td> G / F </Td> <Td> New York Knicks </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 1977 </Td> <Td> Drafted by the Knicks in 1965 , but did not enter the NBA until 1967 due to academic commitment in England </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Boerwinkle , Tom Tom Boerwinkle </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chicago Bulls </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 1978 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Leavell , Allen Allen Leavell </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Houston Rockets </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1989 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Griffith , Darrell Darrell Griffith </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Utah Jazz </Td> <Td> 1980 -- 1991 </Td> <Td> Missed the 1985 -- 86 season due to injury </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Wanzer , Bobby Bobby Wanzer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rochester Royals </Td> <Td> 1947 -- 1957 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Ramsey , Frank Frank Ramsey </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> <Td> 1954 -- 1964 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Issel , Dan Dan Issel </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Denver Nuggets </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 1985 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Jordan , DeAndre DeAndre Jordan ^ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Clippers </Td> <Td> 2008 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Oklahoma City Thunder </Td> <Td> 2008 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Gasol , Marc Marc Gasol ^ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Memphis Grizzlies </Td> <Td> 2008 -- present </Td> <Td> Drafted by the Los Angeles Lakers in 2007 and traded to the Grizzlies </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Active NBA players who have spent their career at one franchise <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons played </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Pos . </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Career </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dallas Mavericks </Td> <Td> 1998 -- present </Td> <Td> Drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks in 1998 and traded to the Mavericks </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Parker , Tony Tony Parker </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> San Antonio Spurs </Td> <Td> 2001 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Ginóbili , Manu Manu Ginóbili </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> San Antonio Spurs </Td> <Td> 2002 -- present </Td> <Td> Drafted by the Spurs in 1999 , but did not enter the NBA until 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Haslem , Udonis Udonis Haslem </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Miami Heat </Td> <Td> 2003 -- present </Td> <Td> Went undrafted in 2002 , but signed as a free agent with the Heat a year later </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Collison , Nick Nick Collison </Td> <Td> F / C </Td> <Td> Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder </Td> <Td> 2003 -- present </Td> <Td> Drafted by the SuperSonics in 2003 , but missed the 2003 -- 04 season due to injury </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Mike Conley </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Memphis Grizzlies </Td> <Td> 2007 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> DeAndre Jordan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Clippers </Td> <Td> 2008 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Marc Gasol </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Memphis Grizzlies </Td> <Td> 2008 -- present </Td> <Td> Drafted by the Los Angeles Lakers in 2007 and traded to the Grizzlies </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Russell Westbrook </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Oklahoma City Thunder </Td> <Td> 2008 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> DeMar DeRozan </Td> <Td> G / F </Td> <Td> Toronto Raptors </Td> <Td> 2009 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Stephen Curry </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Golden State Warriors </Td> <Td> 2009 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Blake Griffin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Clippers </Td> <Td> 2009 -- present </Td> <Td> Drafted by the Los Angeles Clippers in 2009 , but missed the 2009 -- 10 season due to injury in the preseason </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> John Wall </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Washington Wizards </Td> <Td> 2010 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Klay Thompson </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> Golden State Warriors </Td> <Td> 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Tristan Thompson </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> Cleveland Cavaliers </Td> <Td> 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Kemba Walker </Td> <Td> PG </Td> <Td> Charlotte Bobcats / Hornets </Td> <Td> 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Alec Burks </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> Utah Jazz </Td> <Td> 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Kawhi Leonard </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> San Antonio Spurs </Td> <Td> 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> Drafted by the Indiana Pacers in 2011 and traded to San Antonio </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Kenneth Faried </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> Denver Nuggets </Td> <Td> 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> National Basketball Association portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of National Basketball Association seasons played leaders </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <P> General </P> <Ul> <Li> Grasso , John . `` Players Who Played Their Entire Careers With One Franchise '' . The Association for Professional Basketball Research . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> </Ul> <P> Specific </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldaper , Sam . `` The First Game '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1949 -- 50 Season Overview : Powerful Lakers Repeat '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inside USA Basketball '' . USA Basketball . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2010 . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pennington , Bill ( April 4 , 2003 ) . `` Drugs ; Anti-Doping Executive Plans to Prod Pro Leagues '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dirk Nowitzki Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` John Stockton Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tim Duncan Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reggie Miller Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` John Havlicek Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Tony Parker Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Manu Ginobili Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dolph Schayes Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dolph Schayes Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hal Greer Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Elgin Baylor Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jerry West Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joe Dumars Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Udonis Haslem Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( May 18 , 1987 ) . `` Sports of the Times ; The Robinson Plot Thickens '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` David Robinson Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bill Russell Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tom Sanders Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wes Unseld Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Calvin Murphy Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fred Brown Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alvan Adams Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Larry Bird Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Larry Bird Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` First - rounder needs shoulder surgery '' . ESPN.com . October 4 , 2003 . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Nick Collison Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Magic Johnson Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kevin McHale Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Isiah Thomas Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeff Foster Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sam Jones Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael Cooper Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` James Worthy Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nate McMillan Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rik Smits Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mike Conley Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bob Pettit Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack Twyman Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Al Attles Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rudy Tomjanovich Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Julius Erving Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Julius Erving Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mark Eaton Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vern Mikkelsen Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Paul Arizin Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Paul Arizin Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Suns Add Al Bianchi to Coaching Staff '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 18 , 2002 . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Al Bianchi Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack ( October 24 , 2008 ) . `` Wait over , Oden is ready to go '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Warner Company . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cliff Hagan Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Willis Reed Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mann , Jack ( February 7 , 1966 ) . `` Just A Guy At Oxford '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Warner Company . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bill Bradley Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tom Boerwinkle Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Allen Leavell Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1985 -- 86 : `` The Mailman '' Delivers A Winning Season `` . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Darrell Griffith Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bobby Wanzer Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Frank Ramsey Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dan Issel Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DeAndre Jordan Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Marc Gasol Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NBA_players_who_have_spent_their_entire_career_with_one_franchise&oldid=806218522 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> National Basketball Association lists </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 14 : 42 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who has played for the most nba teams

Hawaii - Wikipedia <H1> Hawaii </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Hawaiki or Kawaii . This article is about the U.S. state of Hawaii . For the island for which it is named , see Hawaii ( island ) . For other uses , see Hawaii ( disambiguation ) . <P> Coordinates : 21 ° 18 ′ 41 '' N 157 ° 47 ′ 47 '' W  /  21.31139 ° N 157.79639 ° W  / 21.31139 ; - 157.79639 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> State of Hawaii Moku ʻāina o Hawai ʻi ( Hawaiian ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flag </Td> <Td> Seal </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Nickname ( s ) : The Aloha State ( official ) , Paradise of the Pacific , The Islands of Aloha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Motto ( s ) : Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono ( `` The Life of the Land is Perpetuated in Righteousness '' ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> State song ( s ) : `` Hawai ʻi Pono ʻī ( Hawai ʻi 's Own True Sons ) '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official language </Th> <Td> English , Hawaiian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demonym </Th> <Td> Hawaiian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Capital ( and largest city ) </Th> <Td> Honolulu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Largest metro </Th> <Td> Island of Oahu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area </Th> <Td> Ranked 43rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 10,931 sq mi ( 28,311 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Width </Th> <Td> n / a miles ( n / a km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 1,522 miles ( 2,450 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> % water </Th> <Td> 41.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latitude </Th> <Td> 18 ° 55 ′ N to 28 ° 27 ′ N </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Longitude </Th> <Td> 154 ° 48 ′ W to 178 ° 22 ′ W </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Population </Th> <Td> Ranked 40th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 1,428,557 ( 2016 est . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density </Th> <Td> 214 / sq mi ( 82.6 / km ) Ranked 13th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Median household income </Th> <Td> $64,514 ( 12th ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elevation </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Highest point </Th> <Td> Mauna Kea 13,796 ft ( 4205.0 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean </Th> <Td> 3,030 ft ( 920 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lowest point </Th> <Td> Pacific Ocean sea level </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Before statehood </Th> <Td> Territory of Hawaii </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Admission to Union </Th> <Td> August 21 , 1959 ( 50th ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Governor </Th> <Td> David Ige ( D ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lieutenant Governor </Th> <Td> Shan Tsutsui ( D ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legislature </Th> <Td> State Legislature </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Upper house </Th> <Td> Senate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lower house </Th> <Td> House of Representatives </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> U.S. Senators </Th> <Td> Brian Schatz ( D ) Mazie Hirono ( D ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> U.S. House delegation </Th> <Td> 1 : Colleen Hanabusa ( D ) 2 : Tulsi Gabbard ( D ) ( list ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time zone </Th> <Td> Hawaii : UTC − 10 ( no DST ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISO 3166 </Th> <Td> US - HI </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Abbreviations </Th> <Td> HI , H.I. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.hawaii.gov </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( show ) Hawaii state symbols </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The Flag of Hawaii </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The Seal of Hawaii </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Living insignia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bird </Th> <Td> Nene </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fish </Th> <Td> Humuhumunukunukuāpuaʻa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Flower </Th> <Td> Pua aloalo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Insect </Th> <Td> Pulelehua </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tree </Th> <Td> Kukui tree </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Inanimate insignia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dance </Th> <Td> Hula </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Food </Th> <Td> Kalo ( taro ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gemstone </Th> <Td> ʻĒkaha kū moana ( black coral ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Song </Th> <Td> `` Hawaiʻi Ponoʻi '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> Heʻe nalu ( surfing ) ( state individual sport ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> State route marker </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> State quarter </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Released in 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Lists of United States state symbols </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Hawaii ( English : / həˈwaɪ. i , - ji , - ʔi / ( listen ) hə - WY - ( y ) ee ; Hawaiian : Hawai ʻi ( həˈvɐjʔi ) ) is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America , having received statehood on August 21 , 1959 . Hawaii is the only U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one composed entirely of islands . It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia , occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean . Hawaii is the only U.S. state located outside North America . </P> <P> The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago , which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) . At the southeastern end of the archipelago , the eight main islands are -- in order from northwest to southeast : Ni ʻihau , Kaua ʻi , Oʻahu , Moloka ʻi , Lāna ʻi , Kaho ʻolawe , Maui , and the Island of Hawai ʻi . The last is the largest island in the group ; it is often called the `` Big Island '' or `` Hawai ʻi Island '' to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago . The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania . </P> <P> Hawaii 's diverse natural scenery , warm tropical climate , abundance of public beaches , oceanic surroundings , and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists , surfers , biologists , and volcanologists . Because of its central location in the Pacific and 19th - century labor migration , Hawaii 's culture is strongly influenced by North American and Asian cultures , in addition to its indigenous Hawaiian culture . Hawaii has over a million permanent residents , along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel . Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu . </P> <P> Hawaii is the 8th - smallest and the 11th - least populous , but the 13th-most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . It is the only state with an Asian plurality . The state 's coastline is about 750 miles ( 1,210 km ) long , the fourth longest in the U.S. after the coastlines of Alaska , Florida , and California . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Spelling of state name </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Geography and environment <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Topography </Li> <Li> 2.2 Geology </Li> <Li> 2.3 Flora and fauna </Li> <Li> 2.4 Protected areas </Li> <Li> 2.5 Climate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 History <Ul> <Li> 3.1 First human settlement -- Ancient Hawai ʻi ( 800 -- 1778 ) </Li> <Li> 3.2 European arrival </Li> <Li> 3.3 Kingdom of Hawai ʻi <Ul> <Li> 3.3. 1 House of Kamehameha </Li> <Li> 3.3. 2 1887 Constitution and overthrow preparations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.4 Overthrow of 1893 -- the Republic of Hawaii ( 1894 -- 1898 ) </Li> <Li> 3.5 Annexation -- the Territory of Hawaii ( 1898 -- 1959 ) </Li> <Li> 3.6 Political changes of 1954 -- the State of Hawaii ( 1959 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Demographics <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Population </Li> <Li> 4.2 Ancestry </Li> <Li> 4.3 Languages <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 Hawaiian </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2 Hawaiian Pidgin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.4 Religion </Li> <Li> 4.5 Birth data </Li> <Li> 4.6 LGBT </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Economy <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Taxation </Li> <Li> 5.2 Cost of living </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Culture <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Cuisine </Li> <Li> 6.2 Customs and etiquette </Li> <Li> 6.3 Hawaiian mythology </Li> <Li> 6.4 Polynesian mythology </Li> <Li> 6.5 List of state parks </Li> <Li> 6.6 Literature </Li> <Li> 6.7 Music </Li> <Li> 6.8 Sports </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Tourism </Li> <Li> 8 Health </Li> <Li> 9 Education <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Public schools </Li> <Li> 9.2 Private schools </Li> <Li> 9.3 Colleges and universities </Li> <Li> 9.4 Pūnana Leo </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Transportation <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Rail </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Governance <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Political subdivisions and local government </Li> <Li> 11.2 State government </Li> <Li> 11.3 Federal government </Li> <Li> 11.4 Politics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Legal status of Hawaii <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Hawaiian sovereignty movement </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 Gallery of satellite views and landmarks </Li> <Li> 14 See also </Li> <Li> 15 References <Ul> <Li> 15.1 Notes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 16 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 17 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Etymology </H2> <P> The state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island , Hawai ʻi . A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawai ʻi is that was named for Hawai ʻiloa , a legendary figure from Hawaiian myth . He is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled . </P> <P> The Hawaiian language word Hawai ʻi is very similar to Proto - Polynesian * Sawaiki , with the reconstructed meaning `` homeland '' . Cognates of Hawai ʻi are found in other Polynesian languages , including Māori ( Hawaiki ) , Rarotongan ( ʻAvaiki ) and Samoan ( Savai ʻi ) . According to linguists Pukui and Elbert , `` ( e ) lsewhere in Polynesia , Hawai ʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the ancestral home , but in Hawaii , the name has no meaning '' . </P> <H3> Spelling of state name </H3> <P> A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as a second official state language . The title of the state constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii . Article XV , Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii . Diacritics were not used because the document , drafted in 1949 , predates the use of the okina ( ʻ ) and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography . The exact spelling of the state 's name in the Hawaiian language is Hawai ʻi . In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood , the federal government recognized Hawaii as the official state name . Official government publications , department and office titles , and the Seal of Hawaii use the traditional spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length . In contrast , the National and State Parks Services , the University of Hawai ʻi and some private enterprises implement these symbols . No precedent for changes to U.S. state names exists since the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1789 . However , the Constitution of Massachusetts formally changed the Province of Massachusetts Bay to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1780 , and in 1819 , the Territory of Arkansaw was created but was later admitted to statehood as the State of Arkansas . </P> <H2> Geography and environment </H2> Main article : Hawaiian Islands <P> There are eight main Hawaiian islands , seven of which are permanently inhabited . The island of Ni ʻihau is privately managed by brothers Bruce and Keith Robinson ; access is restricted to those who have permission from the island 's owners . Access to uninhabited Kahoʻolawe island is also restricted . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Hawaii from space , January 26 , 2014 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Nā Pali Coast State Park , Kauaʻi </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The main islands and undersea terrain of Hawaii </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The main islands </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Hawaiian archipelago : main islands , the Northwest Hawaiian Islands , and Midway Atoll </P> </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Island </Th> <Th> Nickname </Th> <Th> Area </Th> <Th> Population ( as of 2010 ) </Th> <Th> Density </Th> <Th> Highest point </Th> <Th> Elevation </Th> <Th> Age ( Ma ) </Th> <Th> Location </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hawai ʻi </Td> <Td> The Big Island </Td> <Td> 1 4,028.0 sq mi ( 10,432.5 km ) </Td> <Td> 185,079 </Td> <Td> 4 45.948 / sq mi ( 17.7407 / km ) </Td> <Td> Mauna Kea </Td> <Td> 1 13,796 ft ( 4,205 m ) </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> 19 ° 34 ′ N 155 ° 30 ′ W  /  19.567 ° N 155.500 ° W  / 19.567 ; - 155.500  ( Hawaii ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maui </Td> <Td> The Valley Isle </Td> <Td> 2 727.2 sq mi ( 1,883.4 km ) </Td> <Td> 144,444 </Td> <Td> 2 198.630 / sq mi ( 76.692 / km ) </Td> <Td> Haleakalā </Td> <Td> 2 10,023 ft ( 3,055 m ) </Td> <Td> 1.3 -- 0.8 </Td> <Td> 20 ° 48 ′ N 156 ° 20 ′ W  /  20.800 ° N 156.333 ° W  / 20.800 ; - 156.333  ( Maui ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oʻahu </Td> <Td> The Gathering Place </Td> <Td> 3 596.7 sq mi ( 1,545.4 km ) </Td> <Td> 953,207 </Td> <Td> 1 1,597.46 / sq mi ( 616.78 / km ) </Td> <Td> Mount Ka ʻala </Td> <Td> 5 4,003 ft ( 1,220 m ) </Td> <Td> 3.7 -- 2.6 </Td> <Td> 21 ° 28 ′ N 157 ° 59 ′ W  /  21.467 ° N 157.983 ° W  / 21.467 ; - 157.983  ( Oahu ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaua ʻi </Td> <Td> The Garden Isle </Td> <Td> 4 552.3 sq mi ( 1,430.5 km ) </Td> <Td> 66,921 </Td> <Td> 3 121.168 / sq mi ( 46.783 / km ) </Td> <Td> Kawaikini </Td> <Td> 3 5,243 ft ( 1,598 m ) </Td> <Td> 5.1 </Td> <Td> 22 ° 05 ′ N 159 ° 30 ′ W  /  22.083 ° N 159.500 ° W  / 22.083 ; - 159.500  ( Kauai ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moloka ʻi </Td> <Td> The Friendly Isle </Td> <Td> 5 260.0 sq mi ( 673.4 km ) </Td> <Td> 7,345 </Td> <Td> 5 28.250 / sq mi ( 10.9074 / km ) </Td> <Td> Kamakou </Td> <Td> 4 4,961 ft ( 1,512 m ) </Td> <Td> 1.9 -- 1.8 </Td> <Td> 21 ° 08 ′ N 157 ° 02 ′ W  /  21.133 ° N 157.033 ° W  / 21.133 ; - 157.033  ( Molokai ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lāna ʻi </Td> <Td> The Pineapple Isle </Td> <Td> 6 140.5 sq mi ( 363.9 km ) </Td> <Td> 3,135 </Td> <Td> 6 22.313 / sq mi ( 8.615 / km ) </Td> <Td> Lāna ʻihale </Td> <Td> 6 3,366 ft ( 1,026 m ) </Td> <Td> 1.3 </Td> <Td> 20 ° 50 ′ N 156 ° 56 ′ W  /  20.833 ° N 156.933 ° W  / 20.833 ; - 156.933  ( Lanai ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ni ʻihau </Td> <Td> The Forbidden Isle </Td> <Td> 7 69.5 sq mi ( 180.0 km ) </Td> <Td> 170 </Td> <Td> 7 2.45 / sq mi ( 0.944 / km ) </Td> <Td> Mount Pānī ʻau </Td> <Td> 8 1,250 ft ( 381 m ) </Td> <Td> 4.9 </Td> <Td> 21 ° 54 ′ N 160 ° 10 ′ W  /  21.900 ° N 160.167 ° W  / 21.900 ; - 160.167  ( Niihau ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaho ʻolawe </Td> <Td> The Target Isle </Td> <Td> 8 44.6 sq mi ( 115.5 km ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 8 0 </Td> <Td> Pu ʻu Moaulanui </Td> <Td> 7 1,483 ft ( 452 m ) </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 20 ° 33 ′ N 156 ° 36 ′ W  /  20.550 ° N 156.600 ° W  / 20.550 ; - 156.600  ( Kahoolawe ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Topography </H3> The Hawaiian Islands are located in the North Pacific Ocean <P> The Hawaiian archipelago is located 2,000 mi ( 3,200 km ) southwest of the contiguous United States . Hawaii is the southernmost U.S. state and the second westernmost after Alaska . Hawaii , along with Alaska , does not border any other U.S. state . It is the only U.S. state that is not geographically located in North America , the only state completely surrounded by water and that is entirely an archipelago , and the only state in which coffee is commercially cultivable . </P> <P> In addition to the eight main islands , the state has many smaller islands and islets . Ka ʻula is a small island near Ni ʻihau . The Northwest Hawaiian Islands is a group of nine small , older islands to the northwest of Kaua ʻi that extend from Nihoa to Kure Atoll ; these are remnants of once much larger volcanic mountains . Across the archipelago are around 130 small rocks and islets , such as Molokini , which are either volcanic , marine sedimentary or erosional in origin . </P> <P> Hawaii 's tallest mountain Mauna Kea is 13,796 ft ( 4,205 m ) above mean sea level ; it is taller than Mount Everest if measured from the base of the mountain , which lies on the floor of the Pacific Ocean and rises about 33,500 feet ( 10,200 m ) . </P> <H3> Geology </H3> Main article : Hawaii hotspot Pāhoehoe , or smooth lava , spills into the Pacific Ocean , forming new rock off the coast of the Island of Hawaii . <P> The Hawaiian islands were formed by volcanic activity initiated at an undersea magma source called the Hawaii hotspot . The process is continuing to build islands ; the tectonic plate beneath much of the Pacific Ocean continually moves northwest and the hot spot remains stationary , slowly creating new volcanoes . Because of the hotspot 's location , all currently active land volcanoes are located on the southern half of Hawaii Island . The newest volcano , Lō ʻihi Seamount , is located south of the coast of Hawaii Island . </P> <P> The last volcanic eruption outside Hawaii Island occurred at Haleakalā on Maui before the late 18th century , possibly hundreds of years earlier . In 1790 , Kīlauea exploded ; it was the deadliest eruption known to have occurred in the modern era in what is now the United States . Up to 5,405 warriors and their families marching on Kīlauea were killed by the eruption . Volcanic activity and subsequent erosion have created impressive geological features . Hawaii Island has the third - highest point among the world 's islands . </P> <P> On the flanks of the volcanoes , slope instability has generated damaging earthquakes and related tsunamis , particularly in 1868 and 1975 . Steep cliffs have been created by catastrophic debris avalanches on the submerged flanks of ocean island volcanoes . </P> <H3> Flora and fauna </H3> See also : Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands and List of invasive plant species in Hawaii Corvus hawaiiensis , the endemic Hawaiian crow ( ʻalalā ) , is extinct in the wild . <P> Because the islands of Hawaii are distant from other land habitats , life is thought to have arrived there by wind , waves ( i.e. by ocean currents ) and wings ( i.e. birds , insects , and any seeds they may have carried on their feathers ) . This isolation , in combination with the diverse environment ( including extreme altitudes , tropical climates , and arid shorelines ) , produced an array of endemic flora and fauna . Hawaii has more endangered species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state . One endemic plant , Brighamia , now requires hand - pollination because its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct . The two species of Brighamia -- B. rockii and B. insignis -- are represented in the wild by around 120 individual plants . To ensure these plants set seed , biologists rappel down 3,000 - foot ( 910 m ) cliffs to brush pollen onto their stigmas . </P> <P> The extant main islands of the archipelago have been above the surface of the ocean for fewer than 10 million years ; a fraction of the time biological colonization and evolution have occurred there . The islands are well known for the environmental diversity that occurs on high mountains within a trade winds field . On a single island , the climate around the coasts can range from dry tropical ( less than 20 inches or 510 millimeters annual rainfall ) to wet tropical ; on the slopes , environments range from tropical rainforest ( more than 200 inches or 5,100 millimeters per year ) , through a temperate climate , to alpine conditions with a cold , dry climate . The rainy climate impacts soil development , which largely determines ground permeability , affecting the distribution of streams and wetlands . </P> <H3> Protected areas </H3> French Frigate Shoals , located in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands , is protected as part of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument . <P> Several areas in Hawaii are under the protection of the National Park Service . Hawaii has two national parks : Haleakalā National Park located near Kula on the island of Maui , which features the dormant volcano Haleakalā that formed east Maui , and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in the southeast region of the Hawai ʻi Island , which includes the active volcano Kīlauea and its rift zones . </P> <P> There are three national historical parks ; Kalaupapa National Historical Park in Kalaupapa , Moloka ʻi , the site of a former leper colony ; Kaloko - Honokōhau National Historical Park in Kailua - Kona on Hawai ʻi Island ; and Pu ʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park , an ancient place of refuge on Hawai ʻi Island 's west coast . Other areas under the control of the National Park Service include Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail on Hawai ʻi Island and the USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor on Oʻahu . </P> <P> The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument was proclaimed by President George W. Bush on June 15 , 2006 . The monument covers roughly 140,000 square miles ( 360,000 km ) of reefs , atolls , and shallow and deep sea out to 50 miles ( 80 km ) offshore in the Pacific Ocean -- an area larger than all of the national parks in the U.S. combined . </P> <H3> Climate </H3> See also : List of Hawaii tornadoes and Climate of Hawaii A true - color satellite view of Hawaii shows that most of the vegetation on the islands grows on the northeast sides which face the wind . The silver glow around the southwest of the islands is the result of calmer waters . <P> Hawaii 's climate is typical for the tropics , although temperatures and humidity tend to be less extreme because of near - constant trade winds from the east . Summer highs usually reach around 88 ° F ( 31 ° C ) during the day , with the temperature reaching a low of 75 ° F ( 24 ° C ) at night . Winter day temperatures are usually around 83 ° F ( 28 ° C ) ; at low elevation they seldom dip below 65 ° F ( 18 ° C ) at night . Snow , not usually associated with the tropics , falls at 13,800 feet ( 4,200 m ) on Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa on Hawaii Island in some winter months . Snow rarely falls on Haleakalā . Mount Wai ʻaleʻale on Kaua ʻi has the second - highest average annual rainfall on Earth , about 460 inches ( 12,000 mm ) per year . Most of Hawaii experiences only two seasons ; the dry season runs from May to October and the wet season is from October to April . </P> <P> The warmest temperature recorded in the state , in Pahala on April 27 , 1931 , is 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) , making it tied with Alaska as the lowest record high temperature observed in a U.S. state . Hawaii 's record low temperature is 12 ° F ( − 11 ° C ) observed in May 1979 , on the summit of Mauna Kea . Hawaii is the only state to have never recorded sub-zero Fahrenheit temperatures . </P> <P> Climates vary considerably on each island ; they can be divided into windward and leeward ( ko ʻolau and kona , respectively ) areas based upon location relative to the higher mountains . Windward sides face cloud cover . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Honolulu </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Climate chart ( explanation ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> O </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2.3 80 66 </Td> <Td> 80 66 </Td> <Td> 81 68 </Td> <Td> 0.6 83 69 </Td> <Td> 0.6 85 71 </Td> <Td> 0.3 87 73 </Td> <Td> 0.5 88 75 </Td> <Td> 0.6 89 75 </Td> <Td> 0.7 89 74 </Td> <Td> 1.8 87 73 </Td> <Td> 2.4 84 71 </Td> <Td> 3.2 81 68 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Source : National Climate Data Center </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="12"> ( show ) Metric conversion </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> O </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 27 19 </Td> <Td> 51 27 19 </Td> <Td> 51 27 20 </Td> <Td> 16 28 21 </Td> <Td> 16 29 22 </Td> <Td> 6.6 31 23 </Td> <Td> 13 31 24 </Td> <Td> 14 32 24 </Td> <Td> 18 31 24 </Td> <Td> 47 30 23 </Td> <Td> 61 29 22 </Td> <Td> 82 27 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Hilo </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Climate chart ( explanation ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> O </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9.3 79 64 </Td> <Td> 9.6 79 64 </Td> <Td> 13 79 65 </Td> <Td> 12 79 66 </Td> <Td> 8.1 81 67 </Td> <Td> 7.4 82 68 </Td> <Td> 11 83 69 </Td> <Td> 9.9 83 70 </Td> <Td> 9.9 83 69 </Td> <Td> 9.8 83 69 </Td> <Td> 16 81 67 </Td> <Td> 12 79 65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Source : National Climate Data Center </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="12"> ( show ) Metric conversion </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> O </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 235 26 18 </Td> <Td> 243 26 18 </Td> <Td> 341 26 18 </Td> <Td> 293 26 19 </Td> <Td> 206 27 19 </Td> <Td> 187 28 20 </Td> <Td> 275 28 21 </Td> <Td> 250 28 21 </Td> <Td> 252 29 21 </Td> <Td> 248 28 20 </Td> <Td> 394 27 20 </Td> <Td> 294 26 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Kahului </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Climate chart ( explanation ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> O </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2.9 81 63 </Td> <Td> 1.9 81 63 </Td> <Td> 2.5 81 64 </Td> <Td> 1.6 82 66 </Td> <Td> 0.7 84 67 </Td> <Td> 0.2 86 70 </Td> <Td> 0.5 87 71 </Td> <Td> 0.5 88 71 </Td> <Td> 0.4 88 70 </Td> <Td> 87 70 </Td> <Td> 2.2 84 68 </Td> <Td> 3.4 82 65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Source : National Climate Data Center </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="12"> ( show ) Metric conversion </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> O </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 27 17 </Td> <Td> 48 27 17 </Td> <Td> 62 27 18 </Td> <Td> 39 28 19 </Td> <Td> 19 29 20 </Td> <Td> 5.1 30 21 </Td> <Td> 13 31 22 </Td> <Td> 13 31 22 </Td> <Td> 9.7 31 21 </Td> <Td> 30 30 21 </Td> <Td> 56 29 20 </Td> <Td> 85 28 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Lihue </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Climate chart ( explanation ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> O </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3.8 78 66 </Td> <Td> 3.2 78 66 </Td> <Td> 4.6 78 67 </Td> <Td> 2.3 79 69 </Td> <Td> 2.1 81 70 </Td> <Td> 1.6 83 73 </Td> <Td> 1.9 84 74 </Td> <Td> 2.1 85 75 </Td> <Td> 2.1 85 74 </Td> <Td> 3.8 83 73 </Td> <Td> 4.5 81 71 </Td> <Td> 5.2 79 68 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Source : National Climate Data Center </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="12"> ( show ) Metric conversion </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> O </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 95 26 19 </Td> <Td> 80 25 19 </Td> <Td> 117 26 19 </Td> <Td> 57 26 20 </Td> <Td> 53 27 21 </Td> <Td> 41 29 23 </Td> <Td> 47 29 23 </Td> <Td> 54 29 24 </Td> <Td> 54 29 23 </Td> <Td> 97 29 23 </Td> <Td> 113 27 22 </Td> <Td> 132 26 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Lanai City </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Climate chart ( explanation ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> O </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2.5 76 60 </Td> <Td> 1.6 76 60 </Td> <Td> 1.6 77 61 </Td> <Td> 0.9 78 61 </Td> <Td> 0.5 80 63 </Td> <Td> 0.6 82 65 </Td> <Td> 0.4 83 66 </Td> <Td> 0.5 84 67 </Td> <Td> 0.9 83 67 </Td> <Td> 1.4 82 66 </Td> <Td> 2.4 79 64 </Td> <Td> 2.2 77 61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Source : National Climate Data Center </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="12"> ( show ) Metric conversion </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> J </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> O </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 63 24 15 </Td> <Td> 41 25 16 </Td> <Td> 41 25 16 </Td> <Td> 22 26 16 </Td> <Td> 13 26 17 </Td> <Td> 16 28 18 </Td> <Td> 11 28 19 </Td> <Td> 11 29 19 </Td> <Td> 24 28 19 </Td> <Td> 35 28 19 </Td> <Td> 61 26 18 </Td> <Td> 57 25 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> History </H2> Main article : History of Hawaii <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History of Hawaii </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Timeline </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ancient </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Hawaii </Li> <Li> Provisional Government </Li> <Li> Republic of Hawaii </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Modern - day Hawaii </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> U.S. Territory </Li> <Li> State of Hawaii </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hawaii portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Hawaii is one of four U.S. states -- apart from the original thirteen , along with the Vermont Republic ( 1791 ) , the Republic of Texas ( 1845 ) , and the California Republic ( 1846 ) -- that were independent nations prior to statehood . Along with Texas , Hawaii had formal , international diplomatic recognition as a nation . </P> <P> The Kingdom of Hawai ʻi was sovereign from 1810 until 1893 when the monarchy was overthrown by resident American and European capitalists and landholders . Hawaii was an independent republic from 1894 until August 12 , 1898 , when it officially became a territory of the United States . Hawaii was admitted as a U.S. state on August 21 , 1959 . </P> <H3> First human settlement -- ancient Hawai ʻi ( 800 -- 1778 ) </H3> Main article : Ancient Hawaii <P> Based on archaeological evidence , the earliest habitation of the Hawaiian Islands dates to around 300 CE , probably by Polynesian settlers from the Marquesas Islands . A second wave of migration from Raiatea and Bora Bora took place in the 11th century . The date of the human discovery and habitation of the Hawaiian Islands is the subject of academic debate . Some archaeologists and historians think it was a later wave of immigrants from Tahiti around 1000 CE who introduced a new line of high chiefs , the kapu system , the practice of human sacrifice , and the building of heiau . This later immigration is detailed in Hawaiian mythology ( mo ʻolelo ) about Pa ʻao . Other authors say there is no archaeological or linguistic evidence for a later influx of Tahitian settlers and that Pa ʻao must be regarded as a myth . </P> <P> The history of the islands is marked by a slow , steady growth in population and the size of the chiefdoms , which grew to encompass whole islands . Local chiefs , called ali ʻi , ruled their settlements , and launched wars to extend their influence and defend their communities from predatory rivals . Ancient Hawaii was a caste - based society , much like that of Hindus in India . </P> <H3> European arrival </H3> Kalaniʻōpuʻu , King of Hawai ʻi , brings presents to Captain Cook . <P> It is possible that Spanish explorers arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in the 16th century -- 200 years before Captain James Cook 's first documented visit in 1778 . Ruy López de Villalobos commanded a fleet of six ships that left Acapulco in 1542 bound for the Philippines with a Spanish sailor named Juan Gaetano aboard as pilot . Depending on the interpretation , Gaetano 's reports describe an encounter with either Hawai ʻi or the Marshall Islands . If de Villalobos ' crew spotted Hawai ʻi , Gaetano would be considered the first European to see the islands . Some scholars have dismissed these claims due to a lack of credibility . </P> <P> Spanish archives contain a chart that depicts islands at the same latitude as Hawai ʻi but with a longitude ten degrees east of the islands . In this manuscript , the island of Maui is named La Desgraciada ( The Unfortunate Island ) , and what appears to be Hawai ʻi Island is named La Mesa ( The Table ) . Islands resembling Kahoolawe , Lanai , and Molokai are named Los Monjes ( The Monks ) . For two - and - a-half centuries , Spanish galleons crossed the Pacific from Mexico along a route that passed south of Hawai ʻi on their way to Manila . The exact route was kept secret to protect the Spanish trade monopoly against competing powers . </P> <P> The 1778 arrival of British explorer James Cook was the first documented contact by a European explorer with Hawaii . Cook named the archipelago as the Sandwich Islands in honor of his sponsor John Montagu , 4th Earl of Sandwich . Cook published the islands ' location and rendered the native name as Owyhee . This spelling lives on in Owyhee County , Idaho . It was named after three native Hawaiian members of a trapping party who went missing in that area . The Owyhee Mountains were also named for them . </P> King Kamehameha receiving Otto von Kotzebue 's Russian naval expedition . Drawing by Louis Choris in 1816 . <P> Cook visited the Hawaiian Islands twice . As he prepared for departure after his second visit in 1779 , a quarrel ensued as Cook took temple idols and fencing as `` firewood '' , and a minor chief and his men took a ship 's boat . Cook abducted the King of Hawai ʻi Island , Kalani ʻōpuʻu , and held him for ransom aboard his ship in order to gain return of Cook 's boat . This tactic had worked in Tahiti and other islands . Instead , Kalani ʻōpuʻu 's supporters fought back , killing Cook and four marines as Cook 's party retreated along the beach to their ship . They departed without the ship 's boat . </P> <P> After Cook 's visit and the publication of several books relating his voyages , the Hawaiian islands attracted many European visitors : explorers , traders , and eventually whalers , who found the islands to be a convenient harbor and source of supplies . Early British influence can be seen in the design of the flag of Hawai ʻi , which bears the Union Jack in the top - left corner . These visitors introduced diseases to the once - isolated islands , causing the Hawaiian population to drop precipitously . Native Hawaiians had no resistance to Eurasian diseases , such as influenza , smallpox and measles . By 1820 , disease , famine and wars between the chiefs killed more than half of the Native Hawaiian population . During the 1850s , measles killed a fifth of Hawaii 's people . </P> <P> Historical records indicated the earliest Chinese immigrants to Hawaii originated from Guangdong Province ; a few sailors arrived in 1778 with Captain Cook 's journey and more arrived in 1789 with an American trader , who settled in Hawaii in the late 18th century . It appears that leprosy was introduced by Chinese workers by 1830 ; as with the other new infectious diseases , it proved damaging to the Hawaiians . </P> <H3> Kingdom of Hawai ʻi </H3> Main article : Kingdom of Hawaii House of Kamehameha Kamehameha I conquered the Hawaiian Islands and established a unified monarchy across the archipelago . <P> During the 1780s , and 1790s , chiefs often fought for power . After a series of battles that ended in 1795 , all inhabited islands were subjugated under a single ruler , who became known as King Kamehameha the Great . He established the House of Kamehameha , a dynasty that ruled the kingdom until 1872 . </P> <P> After Kamehameha II inherited the throne in 1819 , American Protestant missionaries to Hawaii converted many Hawaiians to Christianity . They used their influence to end many traditional practices of the people . During the reign of King Kamehameha III , Hawai'i turned into a Christian monarchy with the signing of the 1840 Constitution . Hiram Bingham I , a prominent Protestant missionary , was a trusted adviser to the monarchy during this period . Other missionaries and their descendants became active in commercial and political affairs , leading to conflicts between the monarchy and its restive American subjects . Catholic and Mormon missionaries were also active in the kingdom , but they converted a minority of the Native Hawaiian population . Missionaries from each major group administered to the leper colony at Kalaupapa on Moloka ʻi , which was established in 1866 and operated well into the 20th century . The best known were Father Damien and Mother Marianne Cope , both of whom were canonized in the early 21st century as Roman Catholic saints . </P> <P> The death of the bachelor King Kamehameha V -- who did not name an heir -- resulted in the popular election of Lunalilo over Kalākaua . Lunalilo died the next year , also without naming an heir . In 1874 , the election was contested within the legislature between Kalākaua and Emma , Queen Consort of Kamehameha IV . After riots broke out , the United States and Britain landed troops on the islands to restore order . King Kalākaua was chosen as monarch by the Legislative Assembly by a vote of 39 to 6 on February 12 , 1874 . </P> 1887 Constitution and overthrow preparations <P> In 1887 , Kalākaua was forced to sign the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii . Drafted by white businessmen and lawyers , the document stripped the king of much of his authority . It established a property qualification for voting that effectively disenfranchised most Hawaiians and immigrant laborers and favored the wealthier , white elite . Resident whites were allowed to vote but resident Asians were not . As the 1887 Constitution was signed under threat of violence , it is known as the Bayonet Constitution . King Kalākaua , reduced to a figurehead , reigned until his death in 1891 . His sister , Queen Lili ʻuokalani , succeeded him ; she was the last monarch of Hawai ʻi . </P> <P> In 1893 , Queen Lili ʻuokalani announced plans for a new constitution to proclaim herself an absolute monarch . On January 14 , 1893 , a group of mostly Euro - American business leaders and residents formed the Committee of Safety to stage a coup d'état against the kingdom and seek annexation by the United States . United States Government Minister John L. Stevens , responding to a request from the Committee of Safety , summoned a company of U.S. Marines . The Queen 's soldiers did not resist . According to historian William Russ , the monarchy was unable to protect itself . </P> <H3> Overthrow of 1893 -- the Republic of Hawaii ( 1894 -- 1898 ) </H3> Main articles : Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and Republic of Hawaii See also : List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups § Historical -- Royalist Organizations ( from 1880s ) Queen Lili ʻuokalani , the last reigning monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom . The ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu , formerly the residence of the Hawaiian monarch , was the capitol of the Republic of Hawaii . <P> In January 1893 , Queen Lili ʻuokalani was overthrown and replaced by a provisional government composed of members of the Committee of Safety . Lawyer Sanford B. Dole , a citizen of Hawaii , became President of the Republic when the Provisional Government of Hawaii ended on July 4 , 1894 . Controversy ensued in the following years as the Queen tried to regain her throne . The administration of President Grover Cleveland commissioned the Blount Report , which concluded that the removal of Lili ʻuokalani had been illegal . The U.S. government first demanded that Queen Lili ʻuokalani be reinstated , but the Provisional Government refused . </P> <P> Congress conducted an independent investigation , and on February 26 , 1894 , submitted the Morgan Report , which found all parties , including Minister Stevens -- with the exception of the Queen -- `` not guilty '' and not responsible for the coup . Partisans on both sides of the debate questioned the accuracy and impartiality of both the Blount and Morgan reports over the events of 1893 . </P> <P> In 1993 , the US Congress passed a joint Apology Resolution regarding the overthrow ; it was signed by President Bill Clinton . The resolution did not apologize and did not say the overthrow was illegal . It `` acknowledges that the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and further acknowledges that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands , either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum '' . </P> <H3> Annexation -- the territory of Hawaii ( 1898 -- 1959 ) </H3> Main article : Territory of Hawaii In 1899 Uncle Sam balances his new possessions , which are depicted as savage children . The figures are Puerto Rico , Hawaii , Cuba , Philippines and `` Ladrones '' ( the Mariana Islands ) . <P> After William McKinley won the 1896 U.S. presidential election , advocates pressed to annex the Republic of Hawaii . The previous president , Grover Cleveland , was a friend of Queen Lili ʻuokalani . McKinley was open to persuasion by U.S. expansionists and by annexationists from Hawai ʻi . He met with three annexationists : Lorrin A. Thurston , Francis March Hatch and William Ansel Kinney . After negotiations in June 1897 , Secretary of State John Sherman agreed to a treaty of annexation with these representatives of the Republic of Hawaii . The U.S. Senate never ratified the treaty . Despite the opposition of most native Hawaiians , the Newlands Resolution was used to annex the Republic to the U.S. ; it became the Territory of Hawaii . The Newlands Resolution was passed by the House on June 15 , 1898 , by 209 votes in favor to 91 against , and by the Senate on July 6 , 1898 , by a vote of 42 to 21 . </P> <P> In 1900 , Hawaii was granted self - governance and retained ʻIolani Palace as the territorial capitol building . Despite several attempts to become a state , Hawaii remained a territory for 60 years . Plantation owners and capitalists , who maintained control through financial institutions such as the Big Five , found territorial status convenient because they remained able to import cheap , foreign labor . Such immigration and labor practices were prohibited in many states . </P> The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 was the primary event that galvanized the United States into entering World War II . <P> Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii began in 1899 , when Puerto Rico 's sugar industry was devastated by two hurricanes , causing a worldwide shortage of sugar and a huge demand for sugar from Hawaii . Hawaiian sugarcane plantation owners began to recruit experienced , unemployed laborers in Puerto Rico . Two waves of Korean immigration to Hawaii occurred in the 20th century . The first wave arrived between 1903 and 1924 ; the second wave began in 1965 after President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 , which removed racial and national barriers and resulted in significantly altering the demographic mix in the U.S. </P> <P> Oʻahu was the target of a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by Imperial Japan on December 7 , 1941 . The attack on Pearl Harbor and other military and naval installations , carried out by aircraft and by midget submarines , brought the United States into World War II . </P> <H3> Political changes of 1954 -- the state of Hawaii ( 1959 -- present ) </H3> Main article : Democratic Revolution of 1954 ( Hawaii ) See also : List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups § Modern -- Sovereignty Organizations ( 1960s -- present ) Prior to the postwar labor movement , Hawaii was governed by plantation owners . Here , three young women pack pineapples into cans in 1928 . <P> In the 1950s , the power of the plantation owners was broken by the descendants of immigrant laborers , who were born in Hawaii and were U.S. citizens . They voted against the Hawaii Republican Party , strongly supported by plantation owners . The new majority voted for the Democratic Party of Hawaii , which dominated territorial and state politics for more than 40 years . Eager to gain full representation in Congress and the Electoral College , residents actively campaigned for statehood . In Washington there was talk that Hawaii would be a Republican Party stronghold so it was matched with the admission of Alaska , seen as a Democratic Party stronghold . These predictions turned out to be inaccurate ; today , Hawaii votes Democratic predominately , and Alaska votes Republican . </P> <P> In March 1959 , Congress passed the Hawaii Admission Act , which U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into law . The act excluded Palmyra Atoll from statehood ; it had been part of the Kingdom and Territory of Hawaii . On June 27 , 1959 , a referendum asked residents of Hawaii to vote on the statehood bill ; 94.3 % voted in favor of statehood and 5.7 % opposed it . The referendum asked voters to choose between accepting the Act and remaining a U.S. territory . The United Nations ' Special Committee on Decolonization later removed Hawaii from its list of non-self - governing territories . </P> <P> After attaining statehood , Hawaii quickly modernized through construction and a rapidly growing tourism economy . Later , state programs promoted Hawaiian culture . The Hawaii State Constitutional Convention of 1978 created institutions such as the Office of Hawaiian Affairs to promote indigenous language and culture . </P> <H2> Demographics </H2> <H3> Population </H3> Population density map of the Hawaiian islands See also : Hawaii statistical areas <P> After Europeans and mainland Americans first arrived during the Kingdom of Hawaii period , the overall population of Hawaii , until that time composed solely of indigenous Hawaiians , fell dramatically . The indigenous Hawaiian population succumbed to foreign diseases , declining from 300,000 in the 1770s , to 60,000 in the 1850s , to 24,000 in 1920 . The population of Hawaii began to finally increase after an influx of primarily Asian settlers that arrived as migrant laborers at the end of the 19th century . </P> <P> The unmixed indigenous Hawaiian population has still not restored itself to its 300,000 pre-contact level . As of 2010 , only 156,000 persons declared themselves to be of Native Hawaiian only ancestry , just over half of the pre-contact level Native Hawaiian population , although an additional 371,000 persons declared themselves to possess Native Hawaiian ancestry in combination with one or more other races ( including other Polynesian groups , but mostly Asian and / or Caucasian ) . </P> <P> The United States Census Bureau estimates the population of Hawaii was 1,431,603 on July 1 , 2015 ; an increase of 5.2 % since the 2010 United States Census . </P> <P> As of 2014 , Hawaii had an estimated population of 1,431,603 ; an increase of 12,042 from the previous year and an increase of 71,302 ( 5.2 % ) since 2010 . This includes a natural increase of 48,111 ( 96,028 births minus 47,917 deaths ) and an increase due to net migration of 16,956 people into the state . Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 30,068 ; migration within the country produced a net loss of 13,112 people . </P> <P> The center of population of Hawaii is located between the two islands of O'ahu and Moloka'i . Large numbers of Native Hawaiians have moved to Las Vegas , which has been called the `` ninth island '' of Hawaii . </P> <P> Hawaii has a de facto population of over 1.4 million , due in part to a large number of military personnel and tourist residents . O'ahu is the most populous island ; it has the highest population density with a resident population of just under one million in 597 square miles ( 1,546 km ) , approximately 1,650 people per square mile . Hawaii 's 1.4 million residents , spread across 6,000 square miles ( 15,500 km ) of land , result in an average population density of 188.6 persons per square mile . The state has a lower population density than Ohio and Illinois . </P> <P> The average projected lifespan of people born in Hawaii in 2000 is 79.8 years ; 77.1 years if male , 82.5 if female -- longer than the average lifespan of any other U.S. state . As of 2011 the U.S. military reported it had 42,371 personnel on the islands . </P> <Table> Historical population <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Population </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1778 </Td> <Td> 300,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1805 </Td> <Td> 264,160 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1831 </Td> <Td> 130,313 </Td> <Td> Census </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1850 </Td> <Td> 82,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1853 </Td> <Td> 73,134 </Td> <Td> 2,119 foreigners </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1872 </Td> <Td> 56,897 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1876 </Td> <Td> 53,900 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1884 </Td> <Td> 80,000 </Td> <Td> The native population continues to decline . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1890 </Td> <Td> 40,000 native Hawaiians </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1900 </Td> <Td> 154,001 </Td> <Td> About 25 % Hawaiian / part - Hawaiian ; 40 % Japanese ; 16 % Chinese ; 12 % Portuguese ; and about 5 % other Caucasian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1910 </Td> <Td> 191,874 </Td> <Td> 26,041 Hawaiians and 12,056 part - Hawaiians </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> 255,881 </Td> <Td> 43 % of the population is of Japanese descent . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> 368,336 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td> 420,770 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> 499,794 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 632,772 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 769,913 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 964,691 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> 1,108,228 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 1,211,537 </Td> <Td> 239,655 native Hawaiians ; Japanese : 21 % ; Filipino : 18 % ; Chinese : 8 % ; German : 6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1,360,301 </Td> <Td> 10 % Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders ; Two or more races may include some of the remainder </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Ancestry </H3> Further information : Native Hawaiians , White Americans in Hawaii , Africans in Hawaii , and Japanese in Hawaii Mixed Hawaiian / European - American family in Honolulu , 1860s <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="4"> Historical population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Census </Th> <Th> Pop . </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> % ± </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1900 </Td> <Td> 154,001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1910 </Td> <Td> 191,874 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> 255,881 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 33.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> 368,300 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 43.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td> 422,770 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> 499,794 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 632,772 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 26.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 769,913 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 964,691 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> 1,108,229 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 1,211,537 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1,360,301 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Est. 2017 </Td> <Td> 1,427,538 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> Source : 1910 -- 2010 2015 estimate </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> According to the 2010 United States Census , Hawaii had a population of 1,360,301 . The state 's population identified as 38.6 % Asian ; 24.7 % White ( 22.7 % Non-Hispanic White Alone ) ; 23.6 % from two or more races ; 10.0 % Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders ; 8.9 % Hispanics and Latinos of any race ; 1.6 % Black or African American ; 1.2 % from some other race ; and 0.3 % Native American and Alaska Native . </P> <Table> Hawaii racial breakdown of population <Tr> <Th> ( hide ) Racial composition </Th> <Th> 1970 </Th> <Th> 1990 </Th> <Th> 2000 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> est. 2015 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> White </Td> <Td> 38.8 % </Td> <Td> 33.4 % </Td> <Td> 24.3 % </Td> <Td> 24.7 % </Td> <Td> 26.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asian </Td> <Td> 57.7 % </Td> <Td> 61.8 % </Td> <Td> 41.6 % </Td> <Td> 38.6 % </Td> <Td> 37.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander </Td> <Td> 9.4 % </Td> <Td> 10.0 % </Td> <Td> 9.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Black </Td> <Td> 1.0 % </Td> <Td> 2.5 % </Td> <Td> 1.8 % </Td> <Td> 1.6 % </Td> <Td> 2.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Native American and Alaskan native </Td> <Td> 0.1 % </Td> <Td> 0.5 % </Td> <Td> 0.3 % </Td> <Td> 0.3 % </Td> <Td> 0.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other race </Td> <Td> 2.4 % </Td> <Td> 1.9 % </Td> <Td> 1.2 % </Td> <Td> 1.2 % </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Two or more races </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 21.4 % </Td> <Td> 23.6 % </Td> <Td> 23.0 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Hawaii has the highest percentage of Asian Americans and multiracial Americans and the lowest percentage of White Americans of any state . It is the only state where Asian Americans identify as the largest ethnic group . In 2011 , 14.5 % of births were to white , non-Hispanic parents . Hawaii 's Asian population consists mainly of 198,000 ( 14.6 % ) Filipino Americans , 185,000 ( 13.6 % ) Japanese Americans , roughly 55,000 ( 4.0 % ) Chinese Americans , and 24,000 ( 1.8 % ) Korean Americans . There are over 80,000 Indigenous Hawaiians -- 5.9 % of the population . Including those with partial ancestry , Samoan Americans constitute 2.8 % of Hawaii 's population , and Tongan Americans constitute 0.6 % . </P> <P> Over 120,000 ( 8.8 % ) Hispanic and Latino Americans live in Hawaii . Mexican Americans number over 35,000 ( 2.6 % ) ; Puerto Ricans exceed 44,000 ( 3.2 % ) . Multiracial Americans constitute almost 25 % of Hawaii 's population , exceeding 320,000 people . Eurasian Americans are a prominent mixed - race group , numbering about 66,000 ( 4.9 % ) . The Non-Hispanic White population numbers around 310,000 -- just over 20 % of the population . The multi-racial population outnumbers the non-Hispanic white population by about 10,000 people . In 1970 , the Census Bureau reported Hawaii 's population was 38.8 % white and 57.7 % Asian and Pacific Islander . </P> <P> The five largest European ancestries in Hawaii are German ( 7.4 % ) , Irish ( 5.2 % ) , English ( 4.6 % ) , Portuguese ( 4.3 % ) and Italian ( 2.7 % ) . About 82.2 % of the state 's residents were born in the United States . Roughly 75 % of foreign - born residents originate in Asia . Hawaii is a majority - minority state . It was expected to be one of three states that will not have a non-Hispanic white plurality in 2014 ; the other two are California and New Mexico . </P> Japanese immigration to Hawaii was largely fueled by the high demand for plantation labor in Hawaii post-annexation . Many Portuguese immigrants were Azorean or Madeiran . They brought with them Roman Catholicism and Portuguese language and cuisine . Map of the largest racial / ethnic group by county . Red indicates Native Hawaiian , blue indicates non-Hispanic white , and green indicates Asian . Darker shades indicate a higher proportion of the population . <Table> Population of Hawaii <Tr> <Th> Ancestry </Th> <Th> Percentage </Th> <Th> Main article : </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Filipino </Td> <Th> 13.6 % </Th> <Td> See Filipinos in Hawaii </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japanese </Td> <Th> 12.6 % </Th> <Td> See Japanese in Hawaii </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Polynesian </Td> <Th> 9.0 % </Th> <Td> See Native Hawaiians </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germans </Td> <Th> 7.4 % </Th> <Td> See German American </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Irish </Td> <Th> 5.2 % </Th> <Td> See Irish American </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> English </Td> <Th> 4.6 % </Th> <Td> See English American </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portuguese </Td> <Th> 4.3 % </Th> <Td> See Portuguese American </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chinese </Td> <Th> 4.1 % </Th> <Td> See Chinese in Hawaii </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Korean </Td> <Th> 3.1 % </Th> <Td> See Korean American </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexican </Td> <Th> 2.9 % </Th> <Td> See Mexican American </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Puerto Rican </Td> <Th> 2.8 % </Th> <Td> See Puerto Rican </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italian </Td> <Th> 2.7 % </Th> <Td> See Italian American </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> African </Td> <Th> 2.4 % </Th> <Td> See African American </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French </Td> <Th> 1.7 % </Th> <Td> See French American </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Samoan </Td> <Th> 1.3 % </Th> <Td> See Samoan American </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scottish </Td> <Th> 1.2 % </Th> <Td> See Scottish American </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The third group of foreigners to arrive in Hawaii were from China . Chinese workers on Western trading ships settled in Hawaii starting in 1789 . In 1820 , the first American missionaries arrived to preach Christianity and teach the Hawaiians Western ways . As of 2015 , a large proportion of Hawaii 's population have Asian ancestry -- especially Filipino , Japanese and Chinese . Many are descendants of immigrants brought to work on the sugarcane plantations in the mid-to - late 19th century . The first 153 Japanese immigrants arrived in Hawaii on June 19 , 1868 . They were not approved by the then - current Japanese government because the contract was between a broker and the Tokugawa shogunate -- by then replaced by the Meiji Restoration . The first Japanese current - government - approved immigrants arrived on February 9 , 1885 , after Kalākaua 's petition to Emperor Meiji when Kalākaua visited Japan in 1881 . </P> <P> Almost 13,000 Portuguese migrants had arrived by 1899 ; they also worked on the sugarcane plantations . By 1901 , over 5,000 Puerto Ricans were living in Hawaii . </P> <H3> Languages </H3> <P> English ( General American ) and Hawaiian are listed as Hawaii 's `` official languages '' in the state 's 1978 constitution . Article XV , Section 4 specifies that `` Hawaiian shall be required for public acts and transactions only as provided by law '' . Hawai ʻi Creole English , locally referred to as `` Pidgin '' , is the native language of many native residents and is a second language for many others . </P> <P> As of the 2000 Census , 73.4 % of Hawaii residents aged five and older exclusively speak English at home . According to the 2008 American Community Survey , 74.6 % of Hawaii 's residents over the age of five speak only English at home . In their homes , 21.0 % of state residents speak an additional Asian language , 2.6 % speak Spanish , 1.6 % speak other Indo - European languages and 0.2 % speak another language . </P> <P> After English , other languages popularly spoken in the state are Tagalog , Japanese and Ilocano . Significant numbers of European immigrants and their descendants also speak their native languages ; the most numerous are German , Portuguese , Italian and French . 5.4 % of residents speak Tagalog -- which includes non-native speakers of Filipino language , the national , co-official , Tagalog - based language ; 5.0 % speak Japanese and 4.0 % speak Ilocano ; 1.2 % speak Chinese , 1.7 % speak Hawaiian ; 1.7 % speak Spanish ; 1.6 % speak Korean ; and 1.0 % speak Samoan . </P> <P> The keyboard layout used for Hawaiian is QWERTY . </P> Hawaiian Main article : Hawaiian language <P> The Hawaiian language has about 2,000 native speakers , about 0.15 % of the total population . According to the United States Census , there were over 24,000 total speakers of the language in Hawaii in 2006 -- 2008 . Hawaiian is a Polynesian member of the Austronesian language family . It is closely related to other Polynesian languages , such as Marquesan , Tahitian , Māori , Rapa Nui ( the language of Easter Island ) , and less closely to Samoan and Tongan . </P> <P> According to Schütz , the Marquesans colonized the archipelago in roughly 300 CE and were later followed by waves of seafarers from the Society Islands , Samoa and Tonga . </P> <P> These Polynesians remained in the islands ; they eventually became the Hawaiian people and their languages evolved into the Hawaiian language . Kimura and Wilson say , `` ( l ) inguists agree that Hawaiian is closely related to Eastern Polynesian , with a particularly strong link in the Southern Marquesas , and a secondary link in Tahiti , which may be explained by voyaging between the Hawaiian and Society Islands '' . Before the arrival of Captain James Cook , the Hawaiian language had no written form . That form was developed mainly by American Protestant missionaries between 1820 and 1826 . They assigned to the Hawaiian phonemes letters from the Latin alphabet . </P> <P> Interest in Hawaiian increased significantly in the late 20th century . With the help of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs , specially designated immersion schools in which all subjects would be taught in Hawaiian were established . The University of Hawaii developed a Hawaiian language graduate studies program . Municipal codes were altered to favor Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments . Hawai'i Sign Language , a sign language for the deaf based on the Hawaiian language , has been in use in the islands since the early 1800s . It is dwindling in numbers due to American Sign Language supplanting HSL through schooling and various other domains . </P> <P> Hawaiian distinguishes between long and short vowel sounds . In modern practice , vowel length is indicated with a macron ( kahakō ) . Hawaiian - language newspapers ( nūpepa ) published from 1834 to 1948 and traditional native speakers of Hawaiian generally omit the marks in their own writing . The ʻokina and kahakō are intended to help non-native speakers . The Hawaiian language uses the glottal stop ( ʻokina ) as a consonant . It is written as a symbol similar to the apostrophe or left - hanging ( opening ) single quotation mark . </P> Hawaiian pidgin Main article : Hawaiian Pidgin <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Some residents of Hawaii speak Hawai ʻi Creole English ( HCE ) , endonymically called pidgin or pidgin English . The lexicon of HCE derives mainly from English but also uses words that have derived from Hawaiian , Chinese , Japanese , Portuguese , Ilocano and Tagalog . During the 19th century , the increase in immigration -- mainly from China , Japan , Portugal -- especially from the Azores and Madeira , and Spain -- catalyzed the development of a hybrid variant of English known to its speakers as pidgin . By the early 20th century , pidgin speakers had children who acquired it as their first language . HCE speakers use some Hawaiian words without those words being considered archaic . Most place names are retained from Hawaiian , as are some names for plants and animals . For example , tuna fish is often called by its Hawaiian name , ahi . </P> <P> HCE speakers have modified the meanings of some English words . For example , `` aunty '' and `` uncle '' may either refer to any adult who is a friend or be used to show respect to an elder . Syntax and grammar follow distinctive rules different from those of General American English . For example , instead of `` it is hot today , is n't it ? '' , an HCE speaker would say simply `` stay hot , eh ? '' The term da kine is used as a filler ; a substitute for virtually any word or phrase . During the surfing boom in Hawaii , HCE was influenced by surfer slang . Some HCE expressions , such as brah and da kine , have found their ways elsewhere through surfing communities . </P> <H3> Religion </H3> The Makiki Christian Church in Honolulu heavily draws upon Japanese architecture . <P> Christianity is the most widespread religion in Hawaii . It is mainly represented by various Protestants , Catholics and Mormons . Buddhism is the second most popular religion , especially among the archipelago 's Japanese community . Unaffilliated account for one - quarter of the population . </P> <P> The largest denominations by number of adherents were the Catholic Church with 249,619 adherents in 2010 and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints with 68,128 adherents in 2009 . The third - largest religious group includes all non-denominational churches , with 128 congregations and 32,000 members . The third - largest denominational group is the United Church of Christ , with 115 congregations and 20,000 members . The Southern Baptist Convention has 108 congregations and 18,000 members in Hawaii . </P> <P> According to data provided by religious establishments , religion in Hawaii in 2000 was distributed as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> Christianity : 351,000 ( 29 % ) </Li> <Li> Buddhism : 110,000 ( 9 % ) </Li> <Li> Judaism : 10,000 ( 1 % ) </Li> <Li> Other : 100,000 ( 10 % ) </Li> <Li> Unaffiliated : 650,000 ( 51 % ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Other '' refers to religions other than Christianity , Buddhism , or Judaism ; this group includes Bahá'í Faith , Confucianism , Daoism , the Hawaiian religion , Hinduism , Islam , Sikhism , Shintoism , Zoroastrianism , and other religions . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Unaffiliated '' refers to people who do not belong to a congregation ; this group includes agnostics , atheists , humanists , deists and the irreligious . </Li> </Ol> <P> A Pew poll found that the religious composition was as follows : </P> <Table> Religious affiliation in Hawaii ( 2014 ) <Tr> <Th> Affiliation </Th> <Th colspan="2"> % of Hawai'i's population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christian </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Protestant </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Evangelical Protestant </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mainline Protestant </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Black church </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Catholic </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mormon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jehovah 's Witnesses </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eastern Orthodox </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other Christian </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Unaffiliated </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nothing in particular </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Agnostic </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atheist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Non-Christian faiths </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jewish </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Muslim </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Buddhist </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hindu </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other Non-Christian faiths </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Do n't know </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Birth Data </H3> <P> Note : Births in table do n't add up , because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race , giving a higher overall number . </P> <Table> Live births by race / ethnicity of mother <Tr> <Th> Race </Th> <Th> 2013 </Th> <Th> 2014 </Th> <Th> 2015 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asian </Td> <Td> 12,203 ( 64.3 % ) </Td> <Td> 11,535 ( 62.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 11,443 ( 62.1 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> White : </Td> <Td> 6,045 ( 31.8 % ) </Td> <Td> 6,368 ( 34.3 % ) </Td> <Td> 6,322 ( 34.3 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> > Non-Hispanic white </Td> <Td> 4,940 ( 26.0 % ) </Td> <Td> 4,881 ( 26.3 % ) </Td> <Td> 4,803 ( 26.1 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Black </Td> <Td> 671 ( 3.5 % ) </Td> <Td> 617 ( 3.3 % ) </Td> <Td> 620 ( 3.3 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Native </Td> <Td> 68 ( 0.3 % ) </Td> <Td> 30 ( 0.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 35 ( 0.2 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hispanic ( of any race ) </Td> <Td> 3,003 ( 15.8 % ) </Td> <Td> 2,764 ( 14.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 2,775 ( 15.1 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total Hawai'i </Td> <Td> 18,987 ( 100 % ) </Td> <Td> 18,550 ( 100 % ) </Td> <Td> 18,420 ( 100 % ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> LGBT </H3> <P> Hawaii has had a long history of queer identities . Māhū people , who often traversed gender as defined by Western standards , were a respected group of pre-colonization people who were widely known in society as healers . Another Hawaiian word , aikāne , referred to same - sex relationships . According to journals written by Captain Cook 's crew , it is widely believed that many ali ʻi engaged in aikāne relationships . Hawaiian scholar Lilikalā Kame ʻeleihiwa said , `` If you did n't sleep with a man , how could you trust him when you went into battle ? How would you know if he was going to be the warrior that would protect you at all costs , if he was n't your lover ? '' </P> <P> A 2012 poll by Gallup found that Hawaii had the largest proportion of lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender ( LGBT ) adults in the U.S. , at 5.1 % , comprising an estimated adult LGBT population of 53,966 individuals . The number of same - sex couple households in 2010 was 3,239 ; a 35.5 % increase of figures from a decade earlier . In 2013 , Hawaii became the fifteenth U.S. state to legalize same - sex marriage ; a University of Hawaii researcher said the law may boost tourism by $217 million . </P> <H2> Economy </H2> See also : Hawaii locations by per capita income Post-annexation , Hawaii 's economy and demographic changes were shaped mostly by the agricultural sector 's growth . From the end of World War II onwards , depictions and photographs , such as this , of Hawaii as a tropical , leisure paradise encouraged the growth of tourism in Hawaii , which eventually became the largest industry of the islands . The U.S. federal government 's spending on Hawaii - stationed personnel , installations and materiel , either directly or through military personnel spending , amounts to Hawaii 's second largest source of income , after tourism . <P> The history of Hawaii 's economy can be traced through a succession of dominant industries ; sandalwood , whaling , sugarcane , pineapple , the military , tourism and education . Since statehood in 1959 , tourism has been the largest industry , contributing 24.3 % of the gross state product ( GSP ) in 1997 , despite efforts to diversify . The state 's gross output for 2003 was US $47 billion ; per capita income for Hawaii residents in 2014 was US $54,516 . Hawaiian exports include food and clothing . These industries play a small role in the Hawaiian economy , due to the shipping distance to viable markets , such as the West Coast of the contiguous U.S. The state 's food exports include coffee , macadamia nuts , pineapple , livestock , sugarcane and honey . </P> <P> By weight , honey bees may be the state 's most valuable export . According to the Hawaii Agricultural Statistics Service , agricultural sales were US $370.9 million from diversified agriculture , US $100.6 million from pineapple , and US $64.3 million from sugarcane . Hawaii 's relatively consistent climate has attracted the seed industry , which is able to test three generations of crops per year on the islands , compared with one or two on the mainland . Seeds yielded US $264 million in 2012 , supporting 1,400 workers . </P> <P> As of December 2015 , the state 's unemployment rate was 3.2 % . In 2009 , the United States military spent US $12.2 billion in Hawaii , accounting for 18 % of spending in the state for that year . 75,000 United States Department of Defense personnel live in Hawaii . According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International , Hawaii had the fourth - largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States , with a ratio of 7.2 % . </P> <H3> Taxation </H3> <P> Hawaii residents pay the most per person in state taxes in the United States . Millions of tourists pay general excise tax and hotel room tax . </P> <P> The Hawaii Tax Foundation considers the state 's tax burden too high , which it says contributes to higher prices and the perception of an unfriendly business climate . </P> <P> State Senator Sam Slom says state taxes are comparatively higher than other states because the state government handles education , health care , and social services that are usually handled at a county or municipal level in most other states . </P> <H3> Cost of living </H3> <P> The cost of living in Hawaii , specifically Honolulu , is high compared to that of most major U.S. cities , although it is 6.7 % lower than in New York City and 3.6 % lower than in San Francisco . These numbers may not take into account some costs , such as increased travel costs for flights , additional shipping fees , and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers outside the contiguous U.S. While some online stores offer free shipping on orders to Hawaii , many merchants exclude Hawaii , Alaska , Puerto Rico and certain other U.S. territories . </P> <P> Hawaiian Electric Industries , a privately owned company , provides 95 % of the state 's population with electricity , mostly from fossil - fuel power stations . Average electricity prices in October 2014 ( 36.41 cents per kilowatt - hour ) were nearly three times the national average ( 12.58 cents per kilowatt - hour ) and 80 % higher than the second - highest state , Connecticut . </P> <P> The median home value in Hawaii in the 2000 U.S. Census was US $272,700 , while the national median home value was US $119,600 . Hawaii home values were the highest of all states , including California with a median home value of US $211,500 . Research from the National Association of Realtors places the 2010 median sale price of a single family home in Honolulu , Hawaii , at US $607,600 and the U.S. median sales price at US $173,200 . The sale price of single family homes in Hawaii was the highest of any U.S. city in 2010 , just above that of the Silicon Valley area of California ( US $602,000 ) . </P> <P> Hawaii 's very high cost of living is the result of several interwoven factors of the global economy in addition to domestic U.S. government trade policy . Like other regions with desirable weather throughout the year , such as areas of California , Arizona and Florida , Hawaii 's residents can be considered to be subject to a `` Sunshine tax '' . This situation is further exacerbated by the natural factors of geography and world distribution that lead to higher prices for goods due to increased shipping costs , a problem which many island states and territories suffer from as well . The situation is compounded even further by what could possibly be the single largest contributor to the high costs of living in Hawaii , a U.S. trade law known as the Jones Act , or the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 . This trade regulation prohibits any foreign - flagged ships from carrying cargo between two American ports -- a practice known as cabotage . Most consumer goods in the United States are manufactured by outsourced labor in East Asia , then transported by container ships to ports on the U.S. mainland , and Hawaii also receives the same goods . Being located in the central Pacific Ocean , right between major Pacific shipping lanes , it would be very economical to unload Hawaiian - bound goods in Honolulu , before continuing on to the mainland . However , this would effectively make the second leg of the voyage between Hawaii and the mainland a domestic route between two American ports . Because most large cargo ships operate under foreign `` flags of convenience '' such as Liberia , Vanuatu or Papua New Guinea , allowing them to avoid the more stringent , and thus more costly , regulations of developed nations ' ports , the domestic leg of the voyage would be disallowed by the Jones Act . Instead , those cargo ships must proceed directly to the West Coast , where distributors break bulk and transport the Hawaiian - bound , Asian - manufactured goods back across the ocean by U.S. - flagged ships and increasing the length of the voyage by more than 50 % . This highly inefficient system of shipping Hawaii 's consumer cargo comes at a very hefty price for the average Hawaiian citizen , and makes the cost of living in Hawaii much , much higher than it would otherwise be . </P> <P> Hawaiian consumers ultimately bear the expense of transporting goods imposed by the Jones Act . This law makes Hawaii less competitive than West Coast ports as a shopping destination for tourists from countries with much higher taxes like Japan , even though prices for Asian - manufactured goods should be cheaper because Hawaii is much closer than mainland states to Asia . </P> <H2> Culture </H2> Main article : Culture of the Native Hawaiians <P> The aboriginal culture of Hawaii is Polynesian . Hawaii represents the northernmost extension of the vast Polynesian Triangle of the south and central Pacific Ocean . While traditional Hawaiian culture remains as vestiges in modern Hawaiian society , there are re-enactments of the ceremonies and traditions throughout the islands . Some of these cultural influences , including the popularity ( in greatly modified form ) of lū ʻau and hula , are strong enough to affect the wider United States . </P> <H3> Cuisine </H3> Main article : Cuisine of Hawaii Taro , or in Hawaiian kalo , was one of the primary staples in Ancient Hawaii and remains a central ingredient in Hawaiian gastronomy today . <P> The cuisine of Hawaii is a fusion of many foods brought by immigrants to the Hawaiian Islands , including the earliest Polynesians and Native Hawaiian cuisine , and American , Chinese , Filipino , Japanese , Korean , Polynesian and Portuguese origins . Plant and animal food sources are imported from around the world for agricultural use in Hawaii . Poi , a starch made by pounding taro , is one of the traditional foods of the islands . Many local restaurants serve the ubiquitous plate lunch , which features two scoops of rice , a simplified version of American macaroni salad and a variety of toppings including hamburger patties , a fried egg , and gravy of a loco moco , Japanese style tonkatsu or the traditional lū ʻau favorites , including kālua pork and laulau . Spam musubi is an example of the fusion of ethnic cuisine that developed on the islands among the mix of immigrant groups and military personnel . In the 1990s , a group of chefs developed Hawaii regional cuisine as a contemporary fusion cuisine . </P> <H3> Customs and etiquette </H3> Main article : Customs and etiquette in Hawaii <P> Some key customs and etiquette in Hawaii are as follows : when visiting a home , it is considered good manners to bring a small gift for one 's host ( for example , a dessert ) . Thus , parties are usually in the form of potlucks . Most locals take their shoes off before entering a home . It is customary for Hawaiian families , regardless of ethnicity , to hold a luau to celebrate a child 's first birthday . It is also customary at Hawaiian weddings , especially at Filipino weddings , for the bride and groom to do a money dance ( also called the pandanggo ) . Print media and local residents recommend that one refer to non-Hawaiians as `` locals of Hawaii '' or `` people of Hawaii '' . </P> <H3> Hawaiian mythology </H3> A stone carving of a Hawaiian deity , housed at a German museum . Main article : Hawaiian mythology <P> Hawaiian mythology comprises the legends , historical tales , and sayings of the ancient Hawaiian people . It is considered a variant of a more general Polynesian mythology that developed a unique character for several centuries before circa 1800 . It is associated with the Hawaiian religion , which was officially suppressed in the 19th century but was kept alive by some practitioners to the modern day . Prominent figures and terms include Aumakua , the spirit of an ancestor or family god and Kāne , the highest of the four major Hawaiian deities . </P> <H3> Polynesian mythology </H3> Main article : Polynesian mythology A sacred god figure wrapping for the war god ' Oro , made of woven dried coconut fibre ( sennit ) , which would have protected a Polynesian god effigy ( to'o ) , made of wood . <P> Polynesian mythology is the oral traditions of the people of Polynesia , a grouping of Central and South Pacific Ocean island archipelagos in the Polynesian triangle together with the scattered cultures known as the Polynesian outliers . Polynesians speak languages that descend from a language reconstructed as Proto - Polynesian that was probably spoken in the area around Tonga and Samoa in around 1000 BCE . </P> <P> Prior to the 15th century , Polynesian people migrated east to the Cook Islands , and from there to other island groups such as Tahiti and the Marquesas . Their descendants later discovered the islands Tahiti , Rapa Nui and later the Hawaiian Islands and New Zealand . </P> <P> The Polynesian languages are part of the Austronesian language family . Many are close enough in terms of vocabulary and grammar to be mutually intelligible . There are also substantial cultural similarities between the various groups , especially in terms of social organization , childrearing , horticulture , building and textile technologies . Their mythologies in particular demonstrate local reworkings of commonly shared tales . The Polynesian cultures each have distinct but related oral traditions ; legends or myths are traditionally considered to recount ancient history ( the time of `` pō '' ) and the adventures of gods ( `` atua '' ) and deified ancestors . </P> <H3> List of state parks </H3> Main article : List of Hawaiian state parks <P> There are many Hawaiian state parks . </P> <Ul> <Li> The Island of Hawai ʻi has state parks , recreation areas , and historical parks . </Li> <Li> Kaua ʻi has the Ahukini State Recreation Pier , six state parks , and the Russian Fort Elizabeth State Historical Park . </Li> <Li> Maui has two state monuments , several state parks , and the Polipoli Spring State Recreation Area . Moloka'i has the Pala'au State Park . </Li> <Li> Oʻahu has several state parks , a number of state recreation areas , and a number of monuments , including the Ulu Pō Heiau State Monument . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Literature </H3> Main article : Literature in Hawaii <P> The literature of Hawaii is diverse and includes authors Kiana Davenport , Lois - Ann Yamanaka , and Kaui Hart Hemmings . Hawaiian magazines include Hana Hou ! , Hawaii Business Magazine and Honolulu , among others . </P> <H3> Music </H3> Main article : Music of Hawaii Jack Johnson , folk rock musician , was born and raised on Oahu 's North Shore . A young Cape Verdean man plays the Portuguese cavaquinho , a four - stringed instrument from which the ʻukulele is descended . <P> The music of Hawaii includes traditional and popular styles , ranging from native Hawaiian folk music to modern rock and hip hop . Hawaii 's musical contributions to the music of the United States are out of proportion to the state 's small size . Styles such as slack - key guitar are well - known worldwide , while Hawaiian - tinged music is a frequent part of Hollywood soundtracks . Hawaii also made a major contribution to country music with the introduction of the steel guitar . </P> <P> Traditional Hawaiian folk music is a major part of the state 's musical heritage . The Hawaiian people have inhabited the islands for centuries and have retained much of their traditional musical knowledge . Their music is largely religious in nature , and includes chanting and dance music . Hawaiian music has had an enormous impact on the music of other Polynesian islands ; according to Peter Manuel , the influence of Hawaiian music a `` unifying factor in the development of modern Pacific musics '' . Native Hawaiian musician and Hawaiian sovereignty activist Israel Kamakawiwoʻole , famous for his medley of `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' , was named `` The Voice of Hawaii '' by NPR in 2010 in its 50 great voices series . </P> <H3> Sports </H3> <P> Surfing has been a central part of Polynesian culture for centuries . Since the late 19th century , Hawaii has become a major site for surfists from around the world . Notable competitions include the Triple Crown of Surfing and The Eddie . </P> <P> The only NCAA Division I team in Hawaii is the Hawaii Rainbow Warriors and Rainbow Wahine , which competes at the Big West Conference ( major sports ) , Mountain West Conference ( football ) and Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ( minor sports ) . There are three teams in NCAA Division II : Chaminade Silverswords , Hawaii Pacific Sharks and Hawaii - Hilo Vulcans , all of which compete at the Pacific West Conference . </P> <P> Notable college sports events in Hawaii include the Maui Invitational Tournament , Diamond Head Classic ( basketball ) and Hawaii Bowl ( football ) . </P> <P> Notable professional teams include The Hawaiians , which played at the World Football League in 1974 and 1975 ; the Hawaii Islanders , a Triple - A minor league baseball team that played at the Pacific Coast League from 1961 to 1987 ; and Team Hawaii , a North American Soccer League team that played in 1977 . </P> <P> Hawaii has hosted the Sony Open in Hawaii golf tournament since 1965 , the Tournament of Champions golf tournament since 1999 , the Lotte Championship golf tournament since 2012 , the Honolulu Marathon since 1973 , the Ironman World Championship triathlon race since 1978 , the Ultraman triathlon since 1983 , the National Football League 's Pro Bowl from 1980 to 2016 , the 2000 FINA World Open Water Swimming Championships , and the 2008 Pan-Pacific Championship and 2012 Hawaiian Islands Invitational soccer tournaments . </P> <H2> Tourism </H2> Main article : Tourism in Hawaii Punalu'u Beach on the Big Island . Tourism is Hawaii 's leading employer . <P> Tourism is an important part of the Hawaiian economy . In 2003 , according to state government data , there were over 6.4 million visitors , with expenditures of over $10 billion , to the Hawaiian Islands . Due to the mild year - round weather , tourist travel is popular throughout the year . The major holidays are the most popular times for outsiders to visit , especially in the winter months . Substantial numbers of Japanese tourists still visit the islands but have now been surpassed by Chinese and Koreans due to the collapse of the value of the Yen and the weak Japanese economy . The average Japanese stays only 5 days while other Asians spend over 9.5 days and spend 25 % more . </P> <P> Hawaii hosts numerous cultural events . The annual Merrie Monarch Festival is an international Hula competition . The Hawaii International Film Festival is the premier film festival for Pacific rim cinema . Honolulu hosts the state 's long - running LGBT film festival , the Rainbow Film Festival . </P> <H2> Health </H2> Main article : Hawaii Prepaid Health Care Act <P> As of 2009 , Hawaii 's health care system insures 92 % of residents . Under the state 's plan , businesses are required to provide insurance to employees who work more than twenty hours per week . Heavy regulation of insurance companies helps reduce the cost to employers . Due in part to heavy emphasis on preventive care , Hawaiians require hospital treatment less frequently than the rest of the United States , while total health care expenses measured as a percentage of state GDP are substantially lower . Proponents of universal health care elsewhere in the U.S. sometimes use Hawaii as a model for proposed federal and state health care plans . </P> <H2> Education </H2> <H3> Public schools </H3> Main article : Hawai'i Department of Education See also : List of elementary schools in Hawaii , List of middle schools in Hawaii , and List of high schools in Hawaii Waianae High School , located in Wai ʻanae , houses an educational community media center . <P> Hawaii has the only school system within the U.S. that is unified statewide . Policy decisions are made by the fourteen - member state Board of Education , which sets policy and hires the superintendent of schools , who oversees the state Department of Education . The Department of Education is divided into seven districts ; four on Oʻahu and one for each of the other three counties . The main rationale for centralization is to combat inequalities between highly populated Oʻahu and the more rural Neighbor Islands , and between lower - income and more affluent areas . </P> <P> Public elementary , middle and high school test scores in Hawaii are below national averages on tests mandated under the No Child Left Behind Act . The Hawaii Board of Education requires all eligible students to take these tests and report all student test scores . This may have unbalanced the results that reported in August 2005 that of 282 schools across the state , 185 failed to reach federal minimum performance standards in mathematics and reading . The ACT college placement tests show that in 2005 , seniors scored slightly above the national average ( 21.9 compared with 20.9 ) , but in the widely accepted SAT examinations , Hawaii 's college - bound seniors tend to score below the national average in all categories except mathematics . </P> <H3> Private schools </H3> <P> Hawaii has the highest rates of private school attendance in the nation . During the 2011 -- 2012 school year , Hawaii public and charter schools had an enrollment of 181,213 , while private schools had 37,695 . Private schools educated over 17 % of students in Hawaii that school year , nearly three times the approximate national average of 6 % . It has four of the largest independent schools ; ʻIolani School , Kamehameha Schools , Mid-Pacific Institute and Punahou School . Pacific Buddhist Academy , the second Buddhist high school in the U.S. and first such school in Hawaii , was founded in 2003 . The first native controlled public charter school was the Kanu O Ka Aina New Century Charter School . </P> <P> Independent and charter schools can select their students , while the public schools are open to all students in their district . The Kamehameha Schools are the only schools in the U.S. that openly grant admission to students based on ancestry ; collectively , they are one of the wealthiest schools in the United States , if not the world , having over eleven billion US dollars in estate assets . In 2005 , Kamehameha enrolled 5,398 students , 8.4 % of the Native Hawaiian children in the state . </P> <H3> Colleges and universities </H3> See also : List of colleges and universities in Hawaii Main Entrance of the University of Hawaii at Hilo <P> Graduates of secondary schools in Hawaii often enter directly into the workforce . Some attend colleges and universities on the mainland or other countries , and the rest attend an institution of higher learning in Hawaii . The largest is the University of Hawaii System , which consists of : the research university at Mānoa , two comprehensive campuses at Hilo and West Oʻahu , and seven community colleges . Private universities include Brigham Young University -- Hawaii , Chaminade University of Honolulu , Hawaii Pacific University , and Wayland Baptist University . Saint Stephen Diocesan Center is a seminary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu . Kona hosts the University of the Nations , which is not an accredited university . </P> <H3> Pūnana Leo </H3> Main article : Pūnana Leo <P> First opened in 1984 illegally in Kekaha , Kaua'i , the Pūnana Leo or `` Language Nest '' ( lit . `` Nest of Voices '' ) were the first indigenous language immersion schools in the United States . Modelled after the Māori language Kōhanga reo of New Zealand , they provide preschool aged children the opportunity to engage in early education through a Hawaiian language medium , generally taught by elders . Graduates from the Pūnana Leo schools have achieved several measures of academic success in later life . As of 2006 , there were a total of eleven Pūnana Leo preschools , with locations on five of the islands . </P> <H2> Transportation </H2> See also : Hawaii Department of Transportation , List of airports in Hawaii , and Aviation in Hawaii The main welcome sign for Honolulu Airport . <P> A system of state highways encircles each main island . Only Oʻahu has federal highways , and is the only area outside the contiguous 48 states to have signed Interstate highways . Narrow , winding roads and congestion in populated places can slow traffic . Each major island has a public bus system . </P> <P> Honolulu International Airport ( IATA : HNL ) , which shares runways with the adjacent Hickam Field ( IATA : HIK ) , is the major commercial aviation hub of Hawaii . The commercial aviation airport offers intercontinental service to North America , Asia , Australia and Oceania . Hawaiian Airlines , Mokulele Airlines and go ! use jets to provide services between the large airports in Honolulu , Līhu ʻe , Kahului , Kona and Hilo . Island Air and Pacific Wings serve smaller airports . These airlines also provide air freight services between the islands . On May 30 , 2017 , the airport was officially renamed as the Daniel K. Inouye International Airport ( HNL ) , after U.S. Senator Daniel K. Inouye . </P> <P> Until air passenger services began in the 1920s , private boats were the sole means of traveling between the islands . Seaflite operated hydrofoils between the major islands in the mid-1970s . </P> <P> The Hawaii Superferry operated between Oʻahu and Maui between December 2007 and March 2009 , with additional routes planned for other islands . Protests and legal problems over environmental impact statements ended the service , though the company operating Superferry has expressed a wish to recommence ferry services in the future . Currently there are passenger ferry services in Maui County between Moloka ʻi and Maui , and between Lana ʻi and Maui , though neither of these take vehicles . Currently Norwegian Cruise Lines and Princess Cruises provide passenger cruise ship services between the larger islands . </P> <H3> Rail </H3> <P> At one time Hawaii had a network of railroads on each of the larger islands that transported farm commodities and passengers . Most were 3 ft ( 914 mm ) narrow gauge systems but there were some 2 ft 6 in ( 762 mm ) gauge on some of the smaller islands . The standard gauge in the U.S. is 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ( 1,435 mm ) . By far the largest railroad was the Oahu Railway and Land Company ( OR&L ) that ran lines from Honolulu across the western and northern part of Oahu . </P> <P> The OR&L was important for moving troops and goods during World War II . Traffic on this line was busy enough for signals to be used to facilitate movement of trains and to require wigwag signals at some railroad crossings for the protection of motorists . The main line was officially abandoned in 1947 , although part of it was bought by the U.S. Navy and operated until 1970 . Thirteen miles ( 21 km ) of track remain ; preservationists occasionally run trains over a portion of this line . The Honolulu High - Capacity Transit Corridor Project aims to add elevated passenger rail on Oahu to relieve highway congestion . </P> <H2> Governance </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Hawaii State Legislature convenes at the Hawaii State Capitol . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Supreme Court of Hawaii is housed within Ali ʻiōlani Hale . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Governor of Hawaii officially resides at Washington Place . </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> The ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu , formerly the residence of the Hawaiian monarch , was the capitol of the Republic of Hawaii . <H3> Political subdivisions and local government </H3> See also : List of counties in Hawaii <P> The movement of the Hawaiian royal family from Hawai ʻi Island to Maui , and subsequently to Oʻahu , explains the modern - day distribution of population centers . Kamehameha III chose the largest city , Honolulu , as his capital because of its natural harbor -- the present - day Honolulu Harbor . Now the state capital , Honolulu is located along the southeast coast of Oʻahu . The previous capital was Lahaina , Maui , and before that Kailua - Kona , Hawai ʻi . Some major towns are Hilo ; Kāne ʻohe ; Kailua ; Pearl City ; Waipahu ; Kahului ; Kailua - Kona . Kīhei ; and Līhu ʻe . </P> <P> Hawaii comprises five counties : the City and County of Honolulu , Hawaii County , Maui County , Kauai County , and Kalawao County . </P> <P> Hawaii has the fewest local governments among U.S. states . Unique to this state is the lack of municipal governments . All local governments are generally administered at the county level . The only incorporated area in the state is Honolulu County , a consolidated city -- county that governs the entire island of Oahu . County executives are referred to as mayors ; these are the Mayor of Hawaii County , Mayor of Honolulu , Mayor of Kaua ʻi , and the Mayor of Maui . The mayors are all elected in nonpartisan elections . Kalawao County has no elected government , and as mentioned above there are no local school districts and instead all local public education is administered at the state level by the Hawaii Department of Education . The remaining local governments are special districts . </P> <H3> State government </H3> <P> The state government of Hawaii is modeled after the federal government with adaptations originating from the kingdom era of Hawaiian history . As codified in the Constitution of Hawaii , there are three branches of government : executive , legislative and judicial . The executive branch is led by the Governor of Hawaii , who is assisted by the Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii , both of whom are elected on the same ticket . The governor is the only state public official elected statewide ; all others are appointed by the governor . The lieutenant governor acts as the Secretary of State . The governor and lieutenant governor oversee twenty agencies and departments from offices in the State Capitol . The official residence of the governor is Washington Place . </P> Further information : Category : State agencies of Hawaii <P> The legislative branch consists of the bicameral Hawaii State Legislature , which is composed of the 51 - member Hawaii House of Representatives led by the Speaker of the House , and the 25 - member Hawaii Senate led by the President of the Senate . The Legislature meets at the State Capitol . The unified judicial branch of Hawaii is the Hawaii State Judiciary . The state 's highest court is the Supreme Court of Hawaii , which uses Ali ʻiōlani Hale as its chambers . </P> <H3> Federal government </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Hawaii 's congressional delegation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Senator Brian Schatz </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Senator Mazie Hirono </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Representative Colleen Hanabusa ( HI - 1 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Representative Tulsi Gabbard ( HI - 2 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 115th United States Congress </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Hawaii is represented in the United States Congress by two senators and two representatives . As of 2016 , all four seats are held by Democrats . Colleen Hanabusa won a special election for the 1st congressional district representing southeastern Oahu , including central Honolulu , on November 8 , 2016 to finish the term of Rep. Mark Takai who died July 20 , 2016 . Tulsi Gabbard represents the 2nd congressional district , representing the rest of the state , which is largely rural and semi-rural . </P> <P> Brian Schatz is the senior United States Senator from Hawaii . He was appointed to the office on December 26 , 2012 , by Governor Neil Abercrombie , following the death of former senator Daniel Inouye . The state 's junior senator is Mazie Hirono , the former representative from the second congressional district . Hirono is the first female Asian American senator and the first Buddhist senator . Hawaii incurred the biggest seniority shift between the 112th and 113th Congresses . The state went from a delegation consisting of senators who were first and twenty - first in seniority to their respective replacements , relative newcomers Schatz and Hirono . </P> <P> Federal officials in Hawaii are based at the Prince Kūhiō Federal Building near the Aloha Tower and Honolulu Harbor . The Federal Bureau of Investigation , Internal Revenue Service and the Secret Service maintain their offices there ; the building is also the site of the federal District Court for the District of Hawaii and the United States Attorney for the District of Hawaii . </P> <H3> Politics </H3> See also : Politics of Hawaii , Political party strength in Hawaii , and Hawaiian sovereignty movement <Table> Gubernatorial election results <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Democratic </Th> <Th> Republican </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> 48.7 % 82,074 </Td> <Td> 51.1 % 86,213 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> 58.3 % 114,308 </Td> <Td> 41.7 % 81,707 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> 51.1 % 108,840 </Td> <Td> 48.9 % 104,324 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 57.7 % 137,812 </Td> <Td> 42.4 % 101,249 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 54.6 % 136,262 </Td> <Td> 45.4 % 113,388 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> 54.5 % 153,394 </Td> <Td> 44.3 % 124,610 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> 45.2 % 141,043 </Td> <Td> 26.1 % 81,507 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 52.0 % 173,655 </Td> <Td> 48.0 % 160,460 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> 59.8 % 203,491 </Td> <Td> 38.6 % 131,310 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 36.6 % 134,978 </Td> <Td> 29.2 % 107,908 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 50.1 % 204,206 </Td> <Td> 48.8 % 198,952 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> 47.0 % 179,647 </Td> <Td> 51.6 % 197,009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 35.4 % 121,717 </Td> <Td> 62.5 % 215,313 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 57.8 % 222,724 </Td> <Td> 40.8 % 157,311 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 49.0 % 181,106 </Td> <Td> 36.7 % 135,775 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Presidential election results <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Democratic </Th> <Th> Republican </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 50.0 % 92,410 </Td> <Td> 50.0 % 92,295 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> 78.8 % 163,249 </Td> <Td> 21.2 % 44,022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> 59.8 % 141,324 </Td> <Td> 38.7 % 91,425 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> 37.5 % 101,409 </Td> <Td> 62.4 % 168,865 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> 50.6 % 147,375 </Td> <Td> 48.1 % 140,003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 44.8 % 135,879 </Td> <Td> 42.9 % 130,112 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> 43.8 % 147,154 </Td> <Td> 55.1 % 185,050 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 54.3 % 192,364 </Td> <Td> 44.8 % 158,625 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 48.1 % 179,310 </Td> <Td> 36.7 % 136,822 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 56.9 % 205,012 </Td> <Td> 31.6 % 113,943 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 55.8 % 205,286 </Td> <Td> 37.5 % 137,845 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 54.0 % 231,708 </Td> <Td> 45.3 % 194,191 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 71.9 % 325,871 </Td> <Td> 26.6 % 120,566 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 70.6 % 306,658 </Td> <Td> 27.8 % 121,015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 61.0 % 266,891 </Td> <Td> 29.4 % 128,847 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election . <P> Since gaining statehood and participating in its first election in 1960 , Hawaii has supported Democrats in all but two presidential elections ; 1972 and 1984 , both of which were landslide victories for Republicans Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan respectively . In Hawaii 's statehood tenure , only Minnesota has supported Republican candidates fewer times in presidential elections . </P> <P> Hawaii has n't elected a Republican to represent the state in the U.S. Senate since Hiram Fong in 1970 ; since 1977 , both of the state 's U.S. Senators have been Democrats . </P> <P> In 2004 , John Kerry won the state 's four electoral votes by a margin of nine percentage points with 54 % of the vote . Every county supported the Democratic candidate . In 1964 , favorite son candidate senator Hiram Fong of Hawaii sought the Republican presidential nomination , while Patsy Mink ran in the Oregon primary in 1972 . </P> <P> Honolulu - born Barack Obama , then serving as United States Senator from Illinois , was elected the 44th President of the United States on November 4 , 2008 and was re-elected for a second term on November 6 , 2012 . Obama had won the Hawaii Democratic caucus on February 19 , 2008 , with 76 % of the vote . He was the third Hawaii - born candidate to seek the nomination of a major party and the first presidential nominee from Hawaii . </P> <H2> Legal status of Hawaii </H2> Main article : Legal status of Hawaii <P> While Hawaii is internationally recognized as a state of the United States while also being broadly accepted as such in mainstream understanding , the legality of this status has been raised in U.S. District Court , the U.N. , and other international forums . Domestically , the debate is a topic covered in the Kamehameha Schools curriculum , and in classes at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa . On September 29 , 2015 the Department of the Interior announced a procedure to recognize a Native Hawaiian government . </P> <H3> Hawaiian sovereignty movement </H3> Main article : Hawaiian sovereignty movement <P> Political organizations seeking some form of sovereignty for Hawaii have been active since the 1880s . Generally , their focus is on self - determination and self - governance , either for Hawaii as an independent nation ( in many proposals , for `` Hawaiian nationals '' descended from subjects of the Hawaiian Kingdom or declaring themselves as such by choice ) , or for people of whole or part native Hawaiian ancestry in an indigenous `` nation to nation '' relationship akin to tribal sovereignty with US federal recognition of Native Hawaiians . A 2005 Grassroot Institute poll found the majority of Hawaiian residents opposed the Akaka Bill . </P> <P> The Hawaiian sovereignty movement generally views the overthrow of Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893 and its subsequent annexation by the United States as illegal , and seeks some form of greater autonomy for Hawaii , such as free association or independence from the United States . </P> <P> Some groups also advocate some form of redress from the United States for the 1893 overthrow of Queen Lili ʻuokalani , and for what is described as a prolonged military occupation beginning with the 1898 annexation . The Apology Resolution passed by US Congress in 1993 is cited as a major impetus by the movement for Hawaiian sovereignty . The sovereignty movement considers Hawaii to be an illegally occupied nation . </P> <H2> Gallery of satellite views and landmarks </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Islands of Hawai ʻi </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hawai ʻi -- 4,028.2 square miles ( 10,433 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maui -- 727.3 square miles ( 1,884 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaho ʻolawe -- 44.6 square miles ( 116 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lāna ʻi -- 140.5 square miles ( 364 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moloka ʻi -- 260 square miles ( 670 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oʻahu -- 598 square miles ( 1,550 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaua ʻi -- 552.3 square miles ( 1,430 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ni ʻihau -- 70 square miles ( 180 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Landmarks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ʻIolani Palace . Honolulu , Oʻahu . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum . Honolulu , Oʻahu . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The U.S.S. Arizona Memorial . Pearl Harbor , Oʻahu . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hana Belt Road . Between Haikū and Kīpahulu , Maui . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mānoa Falls Trail . Mānoa , Oʻahu . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Statue of Kamehameha I , Ali ʻiolani Hale . Honolulu , Oʻahu . </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hawaii portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Index of Hawaii - related articles </Li> <Li> Outline of Hawaii -- organized list of topics about Hawaii </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Brodie , Carolyn S ; Goodrich , Debra ; Montgomery , Paula Kay ( 1996 ) . 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United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The summit of Mauna Kea is the highest point in Oceania . Mauna Kea is also the tallest mountain on Earth when measured from base to summit . The shield volcano sits on the floor of the Pacific Ocean at a depth of 5,998 meters ( 19,678 ft ) for a total height of 10,205.3 meters ( 33,482 ft ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 48 USC 3 Hawaii '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Boeing , G. ( 2016 ) . `` Honolulu Rail Transit : International Lessons in Linking Form , Design , and Transportation '' . Planext. 2 : 28 -- 47 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The legend of Hawaiiloa by Bruce Cartwright Archived July 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Origins of Hawaii 's Names '' . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2006 . 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The missionary gazetteer : comprising a geographical and statistical account ... CIHM / ICMH microfiche series , no . 35042 ( also ATLA monograph preservation program ; ATLA fiche 1988 -- 3226 ) . BB Edwards ( America ed . ) . Boston , MA : W. Hyde & Co. p. 424 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 665 - 35042 - 9 . OCLC 657191416 , 718098082 , 719990067 , 680518873 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goto , Junichi ( April 2007 ) . `` Latin Americans of Japanese Origin ( Nikkeijin ) Working in Japan -- A Survey '' ( PDF ) . Documents & Reports -- All Documents The World Bank . Washington , DC : World Bank . pp. 5 , 48 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` + Hawaii Alive Realms : Wao Lani + '' . Hawaii Alive . Honolulu , HI : Bishop Museum . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoffman , Frederic L. ( September 1899 ) . `` The Portuguese Population in the United States '' . Publications of the American Statistical Association . Alexandria , VA : American Statistical Association . 6 ( 47 ) : 327 -- 336 . doi : 10.2307 / 2276463 . JSTOR 2276463 . OCLC 11137237 . ( subscription required ) See pp. 332 -- 33 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ López , Iris ( May 3 , 2006 ) . `` Puerto Ricans in Hawaii '' . In Ruiz , Vicki L. ; Korrol , Virginia Sánchez . Latinas in the United States : A Historical Encyclopedia . Gale Virtual Reference Library . 2 . Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press . pp. 591 -- 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34680 - 3 . OCLC 74671044 , 748855661 , 756540171 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Language Map Data Center '' . Mla.org . July 17 , 2007 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Layouts : Hawaiian ( haw ) '' . unicode.org . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lyovin , Anatole V. ( 1997 ) . An Introduction to the Languages of the World . New York : Oxford University Press , Inc . pp. 257 -- 58 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508116 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for the United States : 2006 -- 2008 '' ( MS - Excel Spreadsheet ) . American Community Survey Data on Language Use . Washington , DC : U.S. Census Bureau . April 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schütz , Albert J. ( 1994 ) . The Voices of Eden : A History of Hawaiian Language Studies . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . pp. 334 -- 36 ; 338 20n . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1637 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elbert & Pukui ( 1979 : 35 -- 36 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kimura , Larry ; Pila , Wilson ( 1983 ) . `` Native Hawaiian Culture '' . Native Hawaiian Study Commission Minority Report . Washington : United States Department of Interior . pp. 173 -- 203 ( 185 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report '' . www.thearda.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LDS Newsroom Statistical Information '' . Newsroom.lds.org . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2008 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives -- Maps & Reports '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` State of Hawaii Data Book 2000 , Section 1 Population , Table 1.47 '' . Hawaii.gov . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Survey shows partial picture '' . The Honolulu Advertiser . September 21 , 2002 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Religious Landscape Study -- Religious composition of adults in Hawaii '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Vital Statistics Reports Births : Final Data for 2013 '' ( PDF ) . January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2017 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Vital Statistics Reports Births : Final Data for 2014 '' ( PDF ) . December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2017 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Vital Statistics Reports Births : Final Data for 2015 '' ( PDF ) . January 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2017 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Xian , Kathryn and Brent Anbe ( Directors ) ( 2001 ) . Ke Kūlana He Māhū : Remembering a Sense of Place ( DVD ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gates , Gary J. ; Newport , Frank ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` LGBT Percentage Highest in D.C. , Lowest in North Dakota '' . Gallup , Inc . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gates , Gary J. ; Newport , Frank ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` An Estimated 780,000 Americans in Same - Sex Marriages '' . Gallup , Inc . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Senate passes gay marriage bill '' . USA Today . November 13 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hawaii sandalwood trade '' . Hawaiihistory.org . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Whaling in Hawaii '' . Hawaiihistory.org . June 16 , 1999 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Per capita GDF by year '' . State of Hawaii . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A History of Honey Bees in the Hawaiian Islands '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hawaii honeybees vie for most valuable export '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McAvoy , Audrey ( April 19 , 2014 ) . `` Hawaii is genetically engineered crop flash point '' . ap.org . Associated Press . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pollack , Andrew ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Unease in Hawaii 's Cornfields '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Local Area Unemployment Statistics '' . www.bls.gov . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Study : Military spent $12 B in Hawaii in 2009 '' . Military Times . Associated Press . June 1 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frank , Robert . `` Top states for millionaires per capita '' . CNBC . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Honolulu Star - Bulletin Hawaii News '' . Starbulletin.com . November 30 , 2006 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cost of Living Wizard '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FreeShipping.org '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chesto , Jon ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` House bill aims to address state 's power shortfall '' ( February 8 , 2015 ) . The Boston Globe . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Historic Housing Values '' . www.census.gov . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Median Prices '' . Realtor.org . February 15 , 2005 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Keeping up with the Jones Act '' . Hawaii Business Magazine . Honolulu , HI : PacificBasin Communications . August 2012 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2012 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philips , Matthew ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` U.S. Law Restricting Foreign Ships Leads to Higher Gas Prices '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . New York , NY : Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynch , Russ ( April 4 , 1997 ) . `` U.S. - only shipping rule praised , blasted ; Backers and foes of the Jones Act make their case before the Legislature '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Honolulu , HI : Black Press Group Ltd . ISSN 0439 - 5271 . OCLC 9188300 , 433678262 , 232117605 , 2268098 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Slom , Sam ( 2012 ) . `` SR11. DOC '' . Hawaii State Legislature . Honolulu , HI : Hawaii State Legislature . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . 2012 resolution introduced requesting Congress to exempt Hawaii , Alaska , Guam , and Puerto Rico from the Jones Act . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Unterberger , pp. 465 -- 73 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Manuel , pp. 236 -- 41 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamakawiwo , Israel ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Israel Kamakawiwo'ole : The Voice Of Hawaii '' . NPR . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hawaii State DBEDT ( 2003 ) . `` Overview of All Visitors '' ( PDF ) . Summary of 2003 Visitors to Hawaii : 2 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hawaii.gov . `` Tourism stats '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Merrie Monarch Festival 2005 '' . The Honolulu Advertiser . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelson , Shane ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` Hawaii International Film Festival : Kinship through cinema '' . Travel Weekly . Secaucus , NJ : Northstar Travel Media . OCLC 60626324 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 19th Annual Honolulu Rainbow Film Festival at Doris Duke Theatre : Honolulu Hawaii Nightlife Event Guide '' . Hnlnow.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Honolulu Star - Bulletin Features '' . Archives.starbulletin.com . May 29 , 2001 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Two - Thirds Of Hawaii Schools Do Not Meet Requirements -- Education News Story -- KITV Honolulu '' . Thehawaiichannel.com . August 18 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2007 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Honolulu Advertiser , August 17 , 2005 , p . B1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` News -- Official 2011 -- 12 Public and Charter School Enrollment '' . Hawaii Public Schools . Honolulu , HI : Hawai'i Department of Education . October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jordan , Cynthia ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Private School Enrollment Report 2011 -- 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Hawaii Association of Independent Schools . Honolulu , HI : Hawaii Association of Independent Schools . p. 3 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hussar , William J. ; Bailey , Tabitha M. ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` Projections of Education Statistics to 2018 '' ( PDF ) . National Center for Education Statistics ( NCES ) Home Page , a part of the U.S. Department of Education . Washington , DC : National Center for Education Statistics . p. 6 ( 22 out of 68 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kamehameha Schools 2013 -- 2014 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ishibasha , Koren ( November 2005 ) . `` Official Enrollment '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Department of Transportation - Hawaii 's biggest airport officially renamed Daniel K. Inouye International Airport '' . hidot.hawaii.gov . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horvat , William J. `` Inter-Island Airways / Hawaiian Airlines -- Hawaii Aviation '' . Hawaii 's Aviation History . Honolulu , HI : State of Hawaii . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cataluna , Lee ( December 23 , 2005 ) . `` Nothing Smooth On Seaflite '' . The Honolulu Advertiser . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aloha , Superferry Alakai leaves Hawaii to find job '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Honolulu , HI : Black Press Group Ltd . March 29 , 2009 . ISSN 0439 - 5271 . OCLC 9188300 , 433678262 , 232117605 , 2268098 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maui Molokai Ferry on Molokai Princess and Maui Princess '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Expeditions : Maui -- Lanaʻi Ferry Service '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Cruises Cruise Overview Hawaii Cruises Cruise Destinations & Vacation Packages '' . Norwegian Cruise Line . Miami - Dade County , FL : Norwegian Cruise Line . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hawaii , Tahiti , & South Pacific Cruises '' . Princess Cruises . Santa Clarita , CA : Princess Cruises . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Norton Jr. , Victor ; Treiber , Gale E. ( 2005 ) . Hawaiian Railway Album -- WW II Photographs Vol 2 . Hanover , PA : Railroad Press . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Number of Local Governments by Type '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Hawaii '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hawaii 's 4 ( or 5 ) Counties '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About Tulsi '' . gabbard.house.gov . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blackwell , Sarah ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` msnbc 's The Daily Rundown , 23 December 2009 , accessed 6 January 2012 '' . nbcnews.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Leip , David . `` General Election Results -- Hawaii '' . United States Election Atlas . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaste , Martin ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` Can A Republican Win A Senate Seat In Blue Hawaii ? '' . NPR . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bernstein , Adam ( August 19 , 2004 ) . `` Hiram Fong Dies ; One of First Hawaiian Senators '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rudin , Ken ( December 23 , 2009 ) . `` NPR 's Political Junkie '' . Npr.org . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Asian Writer Ponders First Asian President Too '' . Npr.org . October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hawaiian Kingdom -- David Keanu Sai v. Barack Obama , et al '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hawai'i and the United Nations '' . Cultural Survival . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Umi Perkins . `` Maori and Native Hawaiian Education '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ University of Hawaii at Manoa Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lauer , Nancy Cook ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Interior Department announces procedure for Native Hawaiian recognition '' . Oahu Publications . West Hawaii Today . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Interior Proposes Path for Re-Establishing Government - to - Government Relationship with Native Hawaiian Community '' . Department of the Interior . Office of the Secretary of the Department of the interior . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Recent Survey of Hawaii residents shows two out of three oppose Akaka bill '' . new.grassrootinstitute.org . Honolulu , HI : Grassroot Institute . 2015 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Rape of Paradise : The Second Century Hawai'ians Grope Toward Sovereignty As The U.S. President Apologizes '' , Perceptions Magazine , March / April 1996 , p. 18 - 25 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Grass , Michael ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` As Feds Hold Hearings , Native Hawaiians Press Sovereignty Claims '' . Government Executive . Government Executive . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United States Social Forum . Book Committee ( 2010 ) . The United States Social Forum : Perspectives of a Movement . Lulu.com . p. 294 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 557 - 32373 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aran Alton Ardaiz ( 2008 ) . Hawaii -- The Fake State . Trafford Publishing . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4251 - 7524 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United States Social Forum . Book Committee ( 2010 ) . The United States Social Forum : Perspectives of a Movement . Lulu.com . p. 294 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 557 - 32373 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aran Alton Ardaiz ( 2008 ) . Hawaii - The Fake State . Trafford Publishing . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4251 - 7524 - 5 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Notes </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Local usage generally reserves Hawaiian as an ethnonym referring to Native Hawaiians . Hawaii resident is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity . Hawaii may also be used adjectivally . The Associated Press Stylebook , 42nd ed. ( 2007 ) , also prescribes this usage ( p. 112 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The ʻokina , which resembles an apostrophe and precedes the final i in Hawai ʻi , is a consonant in Hawaiian and phonetically represents the glottal stop / ʔ / . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For comparison , New Jersey -- which has 8,717,925 people in 7,417 square miles ( 19,210 km ) -- is the most - densely populated state in the Union with 1,134 people per square mile . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ English `` to be '' is often omitted in Pidgin . In contexts where `` to be '' is used in General American , `` to stay '' is preferred . `` To stay '' may have arisen due to an English calque of the Portuguese ser , estar , or ficar . Eh ? ( IPA : ( æ̃ː ˧ ˦ ) ) is a tag question which may have roots in Japanese , which utilizes ね ( ne ? ) to emphasize a point that may be agreed upon by all parties , or may come from Portuguese né ? ( shortened from `` não é ? '' ) , cf. French n'est - ce pas ? . Eh ? may also have come from English yeah . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Senator Inouye , who ranked first in seniority , died in December 2012 . Senator Daniel Akaka , who ranked 21st of the Senate 's one hundred members , retired in January 2013 after serving twenty - three years in the Senate . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bushnell , Oswald A. ( 1993 ) . The Gifts of Civilization : Germs and Genocide in Hawai ? i . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1457 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Holmes , T. Michael ( 1994 ) . The Specter of Communism in Hawaii . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1550 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Russ Jr. , William Adam . The Hawaiian Republic ( 1894 -- 98 ) and Its Struggle to Win Annexation . Selinsgrove , PA : Susquehanna University Press , 1961 . </Li> <Li> Schamel , Wynell ; Schamel , Charles E. ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) . `` The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii '' . National Archives . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Schamel , Wynell and Charles E. Schamel . `` The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawai ʻi . '' Social Education 63 , 7 ( November / December 1999 ) : 402 -- 08 . </Li> <Li> Stokes , John F.G. ( 1932 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Spaniards and the Sweet Potato in Hawaii and Hawaiian - American Contacts '' . American Anthropologist. 34 ( 4 ) : 594 -- 600 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1932.34. 4.02 a00050 . ISSN 1548 - 1433 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> Find more aboutHawaiiat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Media from Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> News from Wikinews </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Texts from Wikisource </Li> <Li> Textbooks from Wikibooks </Li> <Li> Travel guide from Wikivoyage </Li> <Li> Learning resources from Wikiversity </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Hawaii State Guide from the Library of Congress </Li> <Li> Hawaii at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) </Li> <Li> Hawai ʻi State Fact Sheet from the U.S. Department of Agriculture </Li> <Li> USGS real - time , geographic , and other scientific resources of Hawaii </Li> <Li> Energy Data & Statistics for Hawaii </Li> <Li> Satellite image of Hawaiian Islands at NASA 's Earth Observatory </Li> <Li> Documents relating to Hawaii Statehood , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library </Li> <Li> Happily a State , Forever an Island by The New York Times </Li> <Li> `` Hawai ʻi Then and Now '' -- slideshow by Life magazine ( Archived from the original on November 3 , 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Geographic data related to Hawaii at OpenStreetMap </Li> <Li> Hawaiian Imprint Collection From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Alaska </Td> <Td> List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on August 21 , 1959 ( 50th ) </Td> <Td> Most recent </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) Topics related to Hawai ʻi </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> State of Hawaii </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Honolulu ( capital ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Constitution </Li> <Li> Delegations </Li> <Li> Discovery and settlement </Li> <Li> Earthquakes </Li> <Li> Geography </Li> <Li> Government </Li> <Li> Hawaiianize </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Islands </Li> <Li> ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi ( Hawaiian Language ) </Li> <Li> Kūʻē Petitions </Li> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> People </Li> <Li> State symbols </Li> <Li> Tourism </Li> <Li> Transportation </Li> <Li> Unification </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Seal of Hawaii </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Society </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hawaiian architecture </Li> <Li> Crime </Li> <Li> Culture </Li> <Li> Demographics </Li> <Li> Economy </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Energy </Li> <Li> Folklore </Li> <Li> Media </Li> <Li> Politics </Li> <Li> Sports </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Main Islands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hawai ʻi </Li> <Li> Kaho ʻolawe </Li> <Li> Kaua ʻi </Li> <Li> Lāna ʻi </Li> <Li> Maui </Li> <Li> Moloka ʻi </Li> <Li> Ni ʻihau </Li> <Li> Oʻahu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Northwestern Islands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> French Frigate Shoals </Li> <Li> Gardner </Li> <Li> Kure </Li> <Li> Laysan </Li> <Li> Lisianski </Li> <Li> Maro Reef </Li> <Li> Necker </Li> <Li> Nihoa </Li> <Li> Pearl and Hermes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Communities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hilo </Li> <Li> Honolulu </Li> <Li> Kahului </Li> <Li> Kāneʻohe </Li> <Li> Līhu ʻe </Li> <Li> Pearl City </Li> <Li> Waipahu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Counties </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hawai ʻi </Li> <Li> Honolulu </Li> <Li> Kalawao </Li> <Li> Kaua ʻi </Li> <Li> Maui </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereignty Movement </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hawaiian Renaissance </Li> <Li> 2008 occupation of Iolani Palace </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Countries and territories of Oceania </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign states </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Entire </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Federated States of Micronesia </Li> <Li> Fiji </Li> <Li> Kiribati </Li> <Li> Marshall Islands </Li> <Li> Nauru </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Palau </Li> <Li> Papua New Guinea </Li> <Li> Samoa </Li> <Li> Solomon Islands </Li> <Li> Tonga </Li> <Li> Tuvalu </Li> <Li> Vanuatu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In part </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chile <Ul> <Li> Easter Island </Li> <Li> Juan Fernández Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Indonesia <Ul> <Li> West Papua </Li> <Li> Papua </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Japan <Ul> <Li> Bonin Islands </Li> <Li> Minami - 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5 </Li> <Li> SELIBR : 147701 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 176330623 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb13903909f ( data ) </Li> <Li> NDL : 00628968 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaii&oldid=819396917 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Hawaii </Li> <Li> 1959 establishments in the United States </Li> <Li> Geography of Polynesia </Li> <Li> States and territories established in 1959 </Li> <Li> States of the United States </Li> <Li> Western United States </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages with URL errors </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) </Li> <Li> Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links </Li> <Li> CS1 errors : dates </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Unrecognized language </Li> <Li> Pages containing links to subscription - only content </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages </Li> <Li> Use American English from March 2015 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in American English </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from January 2017 </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> <Li> Articles containing Hawaiian - 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when did hawaii become a state and why

Adobe Flash Player - wikipedia <H1> Adobe Flash Player </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Adobe Flash Player <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original author ( s ) </Th> <Td> FutureWave Macromedia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Adobe Systems </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Initial release </Th> <Td> 1996 ; 22 years ago ( 1996 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Stable release ( s ) ( ± ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Windows , macOS , Linux , Chrome OS </Th> <Td> 28.0. 0.137 / January 9 , 2018 ; 16 days ago ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Android 4.0. x </Th> <Td> 11.1. 115.81 / September 10 , 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Android 2. x and 3. x </Th> <Td> 11.1. 111.73 / September 10 , 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Solaris </Th> <Td> 11.2. 202.223 / March 28 , 2012 ; 5 years ago ( 2012 - 03 - 28 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Preview release ( s ) ( ± ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Windows , macOS , Linux , Chrome OS </Th> <Td> 28.0. 0.152 Beta / January 24 , 2018 ; 1 day ago ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written in </Th> <Td> C++ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operating system </Th> <Td> Windows , macOS , Linux , Chrome OS , Solaris , BlackBerry Tablet OS , Android , and Pocket PC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platform </Th> <Td> Web browsers and ActiveX - based software </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Available in </Th> <Td> Chinese Simplified , Chinese Traditional , English , French , German , Italian , Japanese , Polish , Russian , Spanish , Korean , and Turkish </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Run - time environment , Media player , and Browser extension </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> License </Th> <Td> Freeware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.adobe.com/products/flashplayer.html </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Adobe Flash Player ( labeled Shockwave Flash in Internet Explorer and Firefox ) is freeware software for using content created on the Adobe Flash platform , including viewing multimedia , executing rich Internet applications , and streaming video and audio . Flash Player can run from a web browser as a browser plug - in or on supported mobile devices . Flash Player was created by Macromedia and has been developed and distributed by Adobe Systems since Adobe acquired Macromedia . </P> <P> Flash Player runs SWF files that can be created by the Adobe Animate and Adobe Flash Professional authoring tools , by Adobe Flash Builder or by third party tools such as FlashDevelop . Flash Player supports vector and raster graphics , 3D graphics , an embedded scripting language called ActionScript , and streaming of video and audio . ActionScript is based on ECMAScript , and supports object - oriented code , and is similar to JavaScript . Flash Player has a wide user base , and is a common format for games , animations , and graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) embedded in web pages . Adobe stated in 2013 that more than 400 million out of over 1 billion connected desktops update to the new version of Flash Player within six weeks of release . </P> <P> Flash Player is distributed for free and its plug - in versions are available for every major web browser and operating system . Google Chrome comes bundled with the sandboxed Adobe Flash plug - in and Windows 8 and later come with their own integrated Flash Player ( for Internet Explorer and Edge ) . </P> <P> Flash Player has become increasingly criticized for its performance , consumption of battery on mobile devices , the number of security vulnerabilities that had been discovered in the software , and that Flash is a closed platform . Apple co-founder Steve Jobs was highly critical of Flash Player , having published an open letter detailing Apple 's reasoning for banning the Flash platform from being used on its iOS device family . Its usage has also waned due to modern web standards that allow some of Flash 's use cases to be fulfilled without third - party plugins . In July 2017 , Adobe announced that it would end support for Flash Player in 2020 , and continued to encourage the use of open HTML5 standards in place of Flash . The announcement was coordinated with Apple , Facebook , Google , Microsoft , and Mozilla . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Features <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Data formats </Li> <Li> 1.2 Multimedia formats </Li> <Li> 1.3 Streaming protocols </Li> <Li> 1.4 Performance <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 Hardware acceleration </Li> <Li> 1.4. 2 Compilation </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Development methods </Li> <Li> 3 Development tools <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Game development </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Availability <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Desktop platforms </Li> <Li> 4.2 Mobile platforms </Li> <Li> 4.3 Other hardware </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Open source </Li> <Li> 6 Criticism <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Usability </Li> <Li> 6.2 Privacy </Li> <Li> 6.3 Security </Li> <Li> 6.4 Vendor lock - in </Li> <Li> 6.5 Apple controversy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Release history </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References and notes </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Features ( edit ) </H2> <P> Adobe Flash Player is a runtime that executes and displays content from a provided SWF file , although it has no in - built features to modify the SWF file at runtime . It can execute software written in the ActionScript programming language which enables the runtime manipulation of text , data , vector graphics , raster graphics , sound and video . The player can also access certain connected hardware devices , including web cameras and microphones , after permission for the same has been granted by the user . </P> <P> Flash Player is used internally by the Adobe Integrated Runtime ( AIR ) , to provide a cross-platform runtime environment for desktop applications and mobile applications . AIR supports installable applications on Windows , Linux , macOS , and some mobile operating systems such as iOS and Android . Flash applications must specifically be built for the AIR runtime to use additional features provided , such as file system integration , native client extensions , native window / screen integration , taskbar / dock integration , and hardware integration with connected Accelerometer and GPS devices . </P> <H3> Data formats ( edit ) </H3> <P> Flash Player includes native support for many different data formats , some of which can only be accessed through the ActionScript scripting interface . </P> <Ul> <Li> XML : Flash Player has included native support for XML parsing and generation since version 8 . XML data is held in memory as an XML Document Object Model , and can be manipulated using ActionScript . ActionScript 3 also supports ECMAScript for XML ( E4X ) , which allows XML data to be manipulated more easily . </Li> <Li> JSON : Flash Player 11 includes native support for importing and exporting data in the JavaScript Object Notation ( JSON ) format , which allows interoperability with web services and JavaScript programs . </Li> <Li> AMF : Flash Player allows application data to be stored on users computers , in the form of Local Shared Objects , the Flash equivalent to browser cookies . Flash Player can also natively read and write files in the Action Message Format , the default data format for Local Shared Objects . Since the AMF format specification is published , data can be transferred to and from Flash applications using AMF datasets instead of JSON or XML , reducing the need for parsing and validating such data . </Li> <Li> SWF : The specification for the SWF file format was published by Adobe , enabling the development of the SWX Format project , which used the SWF file format and AMF as a means for Flash applications to exchange data with server side applications . The SWX system stores data as standard SWF bytecode which is automatically interpreted by Flash Player . Another open - source project , SWXml allows Flash applications to load XML files as native ActionScript objects without any client - side XML parsing , by converting XML files to SWF / AMF on the server . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Multimedia formats ( edit ) </H3> <P> Flash Player is primarily a graphics and multimedia platform , and has supported raster graphics and vector graphics since its earliest version . It supports the following different multimedia formats which it can natively decode and playback . </P> <Ul> <Li> MP3 : Support for decoding and playback of streaming MPEG - 2 Audio Layer III ( MP3 ) audio was introduced in Flash Player 4 . MP3 files can be accessed and played back from a server via HTTP , or embedded inside an SWF file , which is also a streaming format . </Li> <Li> FLV : Support for decoding and playing back video and audio inside Flash Video ( FLV and F4V ) files , a format developed by Adobe Systems and Macromedia . Flash Video is only a container format and supports multiple different video codecs , such as Sorenson Spark , VP6 and more recently H. 264 . Flash Player uses hardware acceleration to display video where present , using technologies such as DirectX Video Acceleration and OpenGL to do so . Flash Video is used by YouTube , Hulu , Yahoo ! Video , BBC Online and other news providers . FLV files can be played back from a server using HTTP progressive download , and can also be embedded inside an SWF file . Flash Video can also be streamed via RTMP using the Adobe Flash Media Server or other such server - side software . </Li> <Li> PNG : Support for decoding and rendering Portable Network Graphics ( PNG ) images , in both its 24 - bit ( opaque ) and 32 - bit ( semi-transparent ) variants . Flash Player 11 can also encode a PNG bitmap via ActionScript . </Li> <Li> JPEG : Support for decoding and rendering compressed JPEG images . Flash Player 10 added support for the JPEG - XR advanced image compression standard developed by Microsoft Corporation , which results in better compression and quality than JPEG . JPEG - XR enables lossy and lossless compression with or without alpha channel transparency . Flash Player 11 can also encode a JPEG or JPEG - XR bitmap via ActionScript . </Li> <Li> GIF : Support for decoding and rendering compressed Graphics Interchange Format ( GIF ) images , in its single - frame variants only . Loading a multi-frame GIF will display only the first image frame . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Streaming protocols ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> HTTP : Support for communicating with web servers using HTTP requests and POST data . However , only websites that explicitly allow Flash to connect to them can be accessed via HTTP or sockets , to prevent Flash being used as a tool for cross-site request forgery , cross-site scripting , DNS rebinding and denial - of - service attacks . Websites must host a certain XML file termed a cross domain policy , allowing or denying Flash content from specific websites to connect to them . Certain websites , such as Digg , Flickr , Photobucket already host a cross domain policy that permits Flash content to access their website via HTTP . </Li> <Li> RTMP : Support for live audio and video streaming using the Real Time Messaging Protocol ( RTMP ) developed by Macromedia . RTMP supports a non-encrypted version over the Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP ) or an encrypted version over a secure Transport Layer Security ( SSL ) connection . RTMPT can also be encapsulated within HTTP requests to traverse firewalls that only allow HTTP traffic . </Li> <Li> TCP : Support for Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP ) Internet socket communication to communicate with any type of server , using stream sockets . Sockets can be used only via ActionScript , and can transfer plain text , XML or binary data ( ActionScript 3.0 and later ) . To prevent security issues , web servers that permit Flash content to communicate with them using sockets must host an XML - based cross domain policy file , served on Port 843 . Sockets enable AS3 programs to interface with any kind of server software , such as MySQL . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Performance ( edit ) </H3> Hardware acceleration ( edit ) <P> Until version 10 of the Flash player , there was no support for GPU acceleration . Version 10 added a limited form of support for shaders on materials in the form of the Pixel Bender API , but still did not have GPU - accelerated 3D vertex processing . A significant change came in version 11 , which added a new low - level API called Stage3D ( initially codenamed Molehill ) , which provides full GPU acceleration , similar to WebGL . ( The partial support for GPU acceleration in Pixel Bender was completely removed in Flash 11.8 , resulting in the disruption of some projects like MIT 's Scratch , which lacked the manpower to recode their applications quickly enough . ) </P> <P> Current versions of Flash Player are optimized to use hardware acceleration for video playback and 3D graphics rendering on many devices , including desktop computers . Performance is similar to HTML5 video playback . Also , Flash Player has been used on multiple mobile devices as a primary user interface renderer . </P> Compilation ( edit ) <P> Although code written in ActionScript 3 executes up to 10 times faster than the prior ActionScript 2 , the Adobe ActionScript 3 compiler is a non-optimizing compiler , and produces inefficient bytecode in the resulting SWF , when compared to toolkits such as CrossBridge . </P> <P> CrossBridge , a toolkit that targets C++ code to run within the Flash Player , uses the LLVM compiler to produce bytecode that runs up to 10 times faster than code the ActionScript 3 compiler produces , only because the LLVM compiler uses more aggressive optimization . </P> <P> Adobe has released ActionScript Compiler 2 ( ASC2 ) in Flex 4.7 and onwards , which improves compilation times and optimizes the generated bytecode and supports method inlining , improving its performance at runtime . </P> <P> As of 2012 , the Haxe multiplatform language can build programs for Flash Player that perform faster than the same application built with the Adobe Flex SDK compiler . </P> <H2> Development methods ( edit ) </H2> <P> Flash Player applications and games can be built in two significantly different methods : </P> <Ul> <Li> `` Flex '' applications : The Adobe Flex Framework is an integrated collection of stylable Graphical User Interface , data manipulation and networking components , and applications built upon it are termed `` Flex '' applications . Startup time is reduced since the Flex framework must be downloaded before the application begins , and weighs in at approximately 500 KB . Editors include Adobe Flash Builder and FlashDevelop . </Li> <Li> `` Pure ActionScript '' applications : Applications built without the Flex framework allow greater flexibility and performance . Video games built for Flash Player are typically pure - Actionscript projects . Various open - source component frameworks are available for pure ActionScript projects , such as MadComponents , that provide UI Components at significantly smaller SWF file sizes . </Li> </Ul> <P> In both methods , developers can access the full Flash Player set of functions , including text , vector graphics , bitmap graphics , video , audio , camera , microphone , and others . AIR also includes added features such as file system integration , native extensions , native desktop integration , and hardware integration with connected devices . </P> <H2> Development tools ( edit ) </H2> <P> Adobe provides five ways of developing applications for Flash Player : </P> <Ul> <Li> Adobe Flash Builder : enterprise application development and debugging </Li> <Li> Adobe Animate : graphic design , animation and scripting toolset </Li> <Li> Adobe Scout : visual profiler for performance optimization </Li> <Li> Apache Flex : a free SDK to compile Flash and Adobe AIR applications from source code ; developed by Adobe and donated to the Apache Foundation </Li> <Li> CrossBridge : a free SDK to cross-compile C++ code to run in Flash Player </Li> </Ul> <P> Third - party development environments are also available : </P> <Ul> <Li> FlashDevelop : an open - source Flash ActionScript IDE , which includes a debugger for AIR applications </Li> <Li> Powerflasher FDT : a commercial ActionScript IDE </Li> <Li> CodeDrive : an extension to Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 for ActionScript 3 development and debugging </Li> <Li> MTASC : a compiler </Li> <Li> Haxe : a multi-platform language </Li> </Ul> <H3> Game development ( edit ) </H3> <P> Adobe offers the free Adobe Gaming SDK , consisting ( as of August 2014 ) of several open - source AS3 libraries built on the Flash Player Stage3D APIs for GPU - accelerated graphics : </P> <Ul> <Li> Away3D : GPU - accelerated 3D graphics and animation engine </Li> <Li> Starling : GPU - accelerated 2D graphics that mimics the Flash display list API </Li> <Li> Feathers : GPU - accelerated skinnable GUI library built on top of Starling </Li> <Li> Dragon Bones : GPU - accelerated 2D skeletal animation library </Li> </Ul> <P> A few commercial game engines target Flash Player ( Stage3D ) as run - time environment , such as Unity 3D and Unreal Engine 3 . Before the introduction of Stage3D , a number of older 2D engines or isometric engines like Flixel saw their heyday . </P> <P> Adobe also developed the CrossBridge toolkit which cross-compiles C / C++ code to run within the Flash Player , using LLVM and GCC as compiler backends , and high - performance memory - access opcodes in the Flash Player ( termed `` Domain Memory '' ) to work with in - memory data quickly . CrossBridge is targeted toward the game development industry , and includes tools for building , testing , and debugging C / C++ projects in Flash Player . </P> <P> Notable online video games developed in Flash include Angry Birds , FarmVille and FarmVille 2 , and AdventureQuest ( started in 2002 , and still active as of 2011 ) . </P> <H2> Availability ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Desktop platforms ( edit ) </H3> <P> The latest version of Flash Player is available for Windows XP and later , Mac OS X 10.6 and later and Linux . </P> <P> Adobe Flash Player is available in four flavors : </P> <Ol> <Li> The `` Internet Explorer -- ActiveX '' version is an ActiveX control for use in Internet Explorer , its shells , and other Windows applications that support ActiveX technology . This plugin can not be installed on Windows 8 and later , because these OSes come with their own integrated Flash Player ActiveX . </Li> <Li> The `` Firefox -- NPAPI '' version is available for Firefox as well as other applications that support NPAPI technology . </Li> <Li> The `` Opera and Chromium -- PPAPI '' version is available for Chromium and browsers based on Chromium ( such as Opera ) as well as other applications that support PPAPI technology . This plugin can not be installed on Google Chrome as it comes with its own built - in Flash component . </Li> <Li> The `` projector '' version is a standalone player that can open SWF files directly . </Li> </Ol> <P> On February 22 , 2012 , Adobe announced that it would no longer release new versions of NPAPI Flash plugins for Linux , although Flash Player 11.2 would continue to receive security updates . In August 2016 Adobe announced that , beginning with version 24 , it will resume offering of Flash Player for Linux for other browsers . </P> <P> The Extended Support Release ( ESR ) of Flash Player on macOS and Windows was a version of Flash Player kept up to date with security updates , but none of the new features or bug fixes available in later versions . It has been on version 11.7 as of July 9 , 2013 , version 13 as of May 13 , 2014 , and version 18 as of August 11 , 2015 . Adobe has decided to discontinue the ESR branch and instead focus solely on the standard release as of August 2016 . </P> <Table> Availability on desktop operating systems <Tr> <Th> Platform </Th> <Th> Latest version </Th> <Th> Browser support </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Windows XP and later Windows Server 2003 and later </Td> <Td> 28.0. 0.137 </Td> <Td> Firefox , Chrome , Chromium , Safari , Opera , Internet Explorer , Microsoft Edge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Windows 2000 </Td> <Td> 11.1. 102.55 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Windows 98 and ME </Td> <Td> 9.0. 115.0 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Windows 95 and NT 4 </Td> <Td> 7.0. 14.0 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mac OS X 10.6 or later </Td> <Td> 28.0. 0.137 </Td> <Td> Firefox , Chrome , Chromium , Safari , Opera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mac OS X 10.5 </Td> <Td> 10.3. 183.90 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Classic Mac OS , PowerPC </Td> <Td> 7.0. 14.0 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Classic Mac OS , 68k </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Linux </Td> <Td> 28.0. 0.137 </Td> <Td> Firefox , Chrome , Chromium , Opera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Solaris </Td> <Td> 11.2. 202.223 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Mobile platforms ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Adobe Integrated Runtime <P> In 2011 , Flash Player had emerged as the de facto standard for online video publishing on the desktop , with adaptive bitrate video streaming , DRM , and fullscreen support . On mobile devices however , after Apple refused to allow the Flash Player within the inbuilt iOS web browser , Adobe changed strategy , enabling Flash content to be delivered as native mobile applications using the Adobe Integrated Runtime . </P> <P> Up until 2012 , Flash Player 11 was available for the Android ( ARM Cortex - A8 and above ) , although in June 2012 , Google announced that Android 4.1 ( codenamed Jelly Bean ) would not support Flash by default . Starting in August 2012 , Adobe no longer updates Flash for Android . In spite of this , Adobe Flash is still available to install on Android devices via Adobe 's update archives ( up to Android 4.3 ) . </P> <P> Flash Player is certified to be supported on a select range of mobile and tablet devices , from Acer , BlackBerry 10 , Dell , HTC , Lenovo , Logitech , LG , Motorola , Samsung , Sharp , SoftBank , Sony ( and Sony Ericsson ) , and Toshiba . As of 2012 , Adobe has stopped browser - based Flash Player development for mobile browsers in favor of HTML5 , however Adobe continues to support Flash content on mobile devices with the Adobe Integrated Runtime , which allows developers to publish content that runs as native applications on certain supported mobile phone platforms . </P> <P> Version 9 is the most recent version currently available for the Linux / ARM - based Nokia 770 / N800 / N810 Internet tablets running Maemo OS2008 , classic Mac OS and Windows 95 / NT . Version 10 can be run under Windows 98 / Me using KernelEx . HP offers Version 6 of the player for HP - UX . Other versions of the player have been available at some point for OS / 2 , Symbian OS , Palm OS , BeOS and IRIX . The Kodak Easyshare One includes Flash Player . </P> <P> Adobe said it will optimize Flash for use on ARM architecture ( ARMv7 and ARMv6 architectures used in the Cortex - A series of processors and in the ARM11 family ) and release it in the second half of 2009 . The company also stated it wants to enable Flash on NVIDIA Tegra , Texas Instruments OMAP 3 and Samsung ARMs . Beginning 2009 , it was announced that Adobe would be bringing Flash to TV sets via Intel Media Processor CE 3100 before mid-2009 . ARM Holdings later said it welcomes the move of Flash , because `` it will transform mobile applications and it removes the claim that the desktop controls the Internet . '' However , as of May 2009 , the expected ARM / Linux netbook devices had poor support for Web video and fragmented software base . </P> <P> Among other devices , LeapFrog Enterprises provides Flash Player with their Leapster Multimedia Learning System and extended the Flash Player with touch - screen support . Sony has integrated Flash Player 6 into the PlayStation Portable 's web browser via firmware version 2.70 and Flash Player 9 into the PlayStation 3 's web browser in firmware version 2.50 . Nintendo has integrated Flash Lite 3.1 , equivalent to Flash 8 , in the Internet Channel on the Wii . </P> <P> The following table documents Flash Player and AIR support on mobile operating systems : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Platform </Th> <Th> Latest version </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Android 2.2 -- 4.1 , ARM Cortex - A8 + </Td> <Td> Flash Player 11.1 , AIR 3.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Android 2.1 </Td> <Td> Flash Lite 3.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> iOS </Td> <Td> Flash Player 11.1 , AIR 3.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> BlackBerry 10. 0 -- 10.3. 1 </Td> <Td> Flash Player 11.1 , AIR 3.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> BlackBerry Tablet OS </Td> <Td> Flash Player 11.1 , AIR 3.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maemo </Td> <Td> Flash Player 9.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PlayStation 3 with Firmware 2.50 , NetFront 2.81 </Td> <Td> Flash Player 9.1 ( update 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PSP with Firmware 2.70 </Td> <Td> Flash Player 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Symbian OS </Td> <Td> Flash Lite 4.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wii ( Internet Channel ) </Td> <Td> Flash Lite 3.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pocket PC 2003 </Td> <Td> Flash Player 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Windows Mobile 5 </Td> <Td> Flash Player 7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Other hardware ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some CPU emulators have been created for Flash Player , including Chip8 , Commodore 64 , ZX Spectrum and the Nintendo Entertainment System . They enable video games created for such platforms to run within Flash Player . </P> <H2> Open source ( edit ) </H2> <P> Adobe has taken steps to reduce or eliminate Flash licensing costs . For instance , the SWF file format documentation is provided free of charge after they relaxed the requirement of accepting a non-disclosure agreement to view it in 2008 . Adobe also created the Open Screen Project which removes licensing fees and opens data protocols for Flash . </P> <P> Adobe has also open - sourced many components relating to Flash . </P> <Ul> <Li> In 2006 , the ActionScript Virtual Machine 2 ( AVM2 ) which implements ActionScript 3 was donated as open - source to Mozilla Foundation , to begin work on the Tamarin virtual machine that will finally implement the ECMAScript 4 language standard with the help of the Mozilla community . It was released under the terms of a MPL / GPL / LGPL tri-license and includes the specification for the ActionScript bytecode format ; Tamarin Project jointly managed by Mozilla and Adobe Systems It is now considered obsolete by Mozilla . </Li> <Li> In 2011 , the Adobe Flex Framework was donated as open - source to the Apache Software Foundation and rebranded as Apache Flex . Some saw this move as Adobe abandoning Flex , and stepping away from the Flash Platform as a whole . Sources from Apache say that `` Enterprise application development is no longer a focus at Adobe . At least as Flash is concerned , Adobe is concentrating on games and video . '' , and they conclude that `` Flex Innovation is Exploding ! '' . The donated source code included a partly developed AS3 compiler ( dubbed `` Falcon '' ) and the BlazeDS set of technologies . </Li> <Li> In 2013 , the CrossBridge C++ cross-compilation toolset was open sourced by Adobe and released on GitHub . The project was formerly termed `` Alchemy '' and `` Flash Runtime C++ Compiler '' , and targeted the game development market to enable C++ video games to run in Adobe Flash Player . </Li> </Ul> <P> However , Adobe has not been willing to make complete source code of the Flash Player available for free software development . Free and open source alternatives to the Adobe Flash Player such as Shumway and Gnash have been built , but are no longer under active development and therefore not a viable alternative . The only fully functional open - source third - party Flash Player is the commercially available Scaleform GFx Player , which is game development middleware designed for integration into non-Flash video games . </P> <H2> Criticism ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Usability ( edit ) </H3> <P> In some browsers , prior Flash versions have had to be uninstalled before an updated version could be installed . However , as of version 11.2 for Windows , there are now automatic updater options . Linux is partially supported , as Adobe is cooperating with Google to implement it via Chrome web browser on all Linux platforms . </P> <P> Mixing Flash applications with HTML leads to inconsistent behavior with respect to input handling ( keyboard and mouse not working as they would in an HTML - only document ) . This is often done in web sites and can lead to poor user experience with the site . </P> <P> The February 20 , 2014 update to 12.0. 0.70 introduced a reported bug , producing green video with sound only . This defect is related to hardware acceleration and may be overcome by disabling hardware acceleration via the Adobe settings in Firefox ( accessed by right clicking within the video ) or in Internet Explorer ( within the Tools settings ) . This defect may be related to widely used graphics hardware , AMD Radeon HD video cards , and similar visual defects have occurred in earlier Flash updates , with the same workaround . </P> <H3> Privacy ( edit ) </H3> See also : Adobe Flash § Flash cookies <P> Flash Player supports persistent local storage of data ( also referred to as Local Shared Objects ) , which can be used similarly to HTTP cookies or Web Storage in web applications . Local storage in Flash Player allows websites to store non-executable data on a user 's computer , such as authentication information , game high scores or saved games , server - based session identifiers , site preferences , saved work , or temporary files . Flash Player will only allow content originating from exactly the same website domain to access data saved in local storage . </P> <P> Because local storage can be used to save information on a computer that is later retrieved by the same site , a site can use it to gather user statistics , similar to how HTTP cookies and Web Storage can be used . With such technologies , the possibility of building a profile based on user statistics is considered by some a potential privacy concern . Users can disable or restrict use of local storage in Flash Player through a `` Settings Manager '' page . These settings can be accessed from the Adobe website or by right - clicking on Flash - based content and selecting `` Global Settings '' . </P> <P> Local storage can be disabled entirely or on a site - by - site basis . Disabling local storage will block any content from saving local user information using Flash Player , but this may disable or reduce the functionality of some websites , such as saved preferences or high scores and saved progress in games . </P> <P> Flash Player 10.1 and upward honor the privacy mode settings in the latest versions of the Chrome , Firefox , Internet Explorer , and Safari web browsers , such that no local storage data is saved when the browser 's privacy mode is in use . </P> <H3> Security ( edit ) </H3> See also : Adobe Flash § Security <P> Adobe security bulletins and advisories announce security updates , but Adobe Flash Player release notes do not disclose the security issues addressed when a release closes security holes , making it difficult to evaluate the urgency of a particular update . A version test page allows the user to check if the latest version is installed , and uninstallers may be used to ensure that old - version plugins have been uninstalled from all installed browsers . </P> <P> In February 2010 , Adobe officially apologized for not fixing a known vulnerability for over a year . In June 2010 Adobe announced a `` critical vulnerability '' in recent versions , saying there are reports that this vulnerability is being actively exploited in the wild against both Adobe Flash Player , and Adobe Reader and Acrobat . Later , in October 2010 , Adobe announced another critical vulnerability , this time also affecting Android - based mobile devices . Android users have been recommended to disable Flash or make it only on demand . Subsequent security vulnerabilities also exposed Android users , such as the two critical vulnerabilities published in February 2013 or the four critical vulnerabilities published in March 2013 , all of which could lead to arbitrary code execution . </P> <P> Symantec 's Internet Security Threat Report states that a remote code execution in Adobe Reader and Flash Player was the second most attacked vulnerability in 2009 . The same report also recommended using browser extensions to disable Flash Player usage on untrusted websites . McAfee predicted that Adobe software , especially Reader and Flash , would be primary target for attacks in 2010 . Adobe applications had become , at least at some point , the most popular client - software targets for attackers during the last quarter of 2009 . The Kaspersky Security Network published statistics for the third quarter of 2012 showing that 47.5 % of its users were affected by one or more critical vulnerabilities . The report also highlighted that `` Flash Player vulnerabilities enable cybercriminals to bypass security systems integrated into the application . '' </P> <P> Steve Jobs criticized the security of Flash Player , noting that `` Symantec recently highlighted Flash for having one of the worst security records in 2009 '' . Adobe responded by pointing out that `` the Symantec Global Internet Threat Report for 2009 , found that Flash Player had the second lowest number of vulnerabilities of all Internet technologies listed ( which included both web plug - ins and browsers ) . '' </P> <P> April 7 , 2016 , Adobe released a Flash Player patch for a zero - day memory corruption vulnerability CVE - 2016 - 1019 that could be used to deliver malware via the Magnitude exploit kit . The vulnerability could be exploited for remote code execution . </P> <H3> Vendor lock - in ( edit ) </H3> <P> Flash Player 11.2 does not play certain kinds of content unless it has been digitally signed by Adobe , following a license obtained by the publisher directly from Adobe . </P> <P> This move by Adobe , together with the abandonment of Flex to Apache was criticized as a way to lock out independent tool developers , in favor of Adobe 's commercial tools . </P> <P> This has been resolved as of January 2013 , after Adobe no longer requires a license or royalty from the developer . All premium features are now classified as general availability , and can be freely used by Flash applications . </P> <H3> Apple controversy ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Apple and Adobe Flash controversy <P> In April 2010 , Steve Jobs , at the time CEO of Apple Inc. published an open letter explaining why Apple would not support Flash on the iPhone , iPod touch and iPad . In the letter he blamed problems with the `` openness '' , stability , security , performance , and touchscreen integration of the Flash Player as reasons for refusing to support it . He also claimed that when one of Apple 's Macintosh computers crashes , `` more often than not '' the cause can be attributed to Flash , and described Flash as `` buggy '' . Adobe 's CEO Shantanu Narayen responded by saying , `` If Flash ( is ) the number one reason that Macs crash , which I 'm not aware of , it has as much to do with the Apple operating system . '' </P> <P> Steve Jobs also claimed that a large percentage of the video on the Internet is supported on iOS , since many popular video sharing websites such as YouTube have published video content in an HTML5 compatible format , enabling videos to playback in mobile web browsers even without Flash Player . </P> <H2> Release history ( edit ) </H2> Adobe Flash Player version history ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Macromedia Flash Player 2 ( June 17 , 1997 ) <Ul> <Li> Mostly vectors and motion , some bitmaps , limited audio </Li> <Li> Support of stereo sound , enhanced bitmap integration , buttons , the Library , and the ability to tween color changes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Macromedia Flash Player 3 ( May 31 , 1998 ) <Ul> <Li> Added alpha transparency , licensed MP3 compression </Li> <Li> Brought improvements to animation , playback , and publishing , as well as the introduction of simple script commands for interactivity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Macromedia Flash Player 4 ( June 15 , 1999 ) <Ul> <Li> Saw the introduction of streaming MP3s and the Motion Tween . Initially , the Flash Player plug - in was not bundled with popular web browsers and users had to visit Macromedia website to download it ; As of 2000 , however , the Flash Player was already being distributed with all AOL , Netscape and Internet Explorer browsers . Two years later it shipped with all releases of Windows XP . The install - base of the Flash Player reached 92 percent of all Internet users . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Macromedia Flash Player 5 ( August 24 , 2000 ) <Ul> <Li> A major advance in ability , with the evolution of Flash 's scripting abilities as released as ActionScript </Li> <Li> Saw the ability to customize the authoring environment 's interface </Li> <Li> Macromedia Generator was the first initiative from Macromedia to separate design from content in Flash files . Generator 2.0 was released in April 2001 , and featured real - time server - side generation of Flash content in its Enterprise Edition . Generator was discontinued in 2002 , in favor of new technologies such as Flash Remoting , which allows for seamless transmission of data between the server and the client , and ColdFusion Server . </Li> <Li> In October 2000 , usability guru Jakob Nielsen wrote a polemic article regarding usability of Flash content entitled `` Flash : 99 % Bad '' . ( Macromedia later hired Nielsen to help them improve Flash usability . ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> The old Macromedia Flash Player logo <Ul> <Li> Macromedia Flash Player 6 ( version 6.0. 21.0 , codenamed Exorcist ) ( March 15 , 2002 ) <Ul> <Li> Support for the consuming Flash Remoting ( AMF ) and Web Service ( SOAP ) </Li> <Li> Supports ondemand / live audio and video streaming ( RTMP ) </Li> <Li> Support for screenreaders via Microsoft Active Accessibility </Li> <Li> Added Sorenson Spark video codec for Flash Video </Li> <Li> Support for video , application components , shared libraries , and accessibility </Li> <Li> Macromedia Flash Communication Server MX , also released in 2002 , allowed video to be streamed to Flash Player 6 ( otherwise the video could be embedded into the Flash movie ) . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Macromedia Flash Player 7 ( version 7.0. 14.0 , codenamed Mojo ) ( September 10 , 2003 ) <Ul> <Li> Supports progressive audio and video streaming ( HTTP ) </Li> <Li> Supports ActionScript 2.0 , an object - oriented programming language for developers </Li> <Li> Ability to create charts , graphs and additional text effects with the new support for extensions ( sold separately ) , high fidelity import of PDF and Adobe Illustrator 10 files , mobile and device development and a forms - based development environment . ActionScript 2.0 was also introduced , giving developers a formal object - oriented approach to ActionScript . V2 Components replaced Flash MX 's components , being rewritten from the ground up to take advantage of ActionScript 2.0 and object - oriented principles . </Li> <Li> In 2004 , the `` Flash Platform '' was introduced . This expanded Flash to more than the Flash authoring tool . Flex 1.0 and Breeze 1.0 were released , both of which used the Flash Player as a delivery method but relied on tools other than the Flash authoring program to create Flash applications and presentations . Flash Lite 1.1 was also released , enabling mobile phones to play Flash content . </Li> <Li> Last version for Windows 95 / NT4 and Mac Classic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Macromedia Flash Player 8 ( version 8.0. 22.0 , codenamed Maelstrom ) ( September 13 , 2005 ) <Ul> <Li> Support for runtime loading of GIF and PNG images </Li> <Li> New video codec ( On2 VP6 ) </Li> <Li> Improved runtime performance and runtime bitmap caching </Li> <Li> Live filters and blendmodes </Li> <Li> File upload and download abilities </Li> <Li> New text - rendering engine , the Saffron Type System </Li> <Li> ExternalAPI subsystem introduced to replace fscommand </Li> <Li> On December 3 , 2005 , Adobe Systems acquired Macromedia and its product portfolio ( including Flash ) . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Macromedia Flash Player 8 ( version 8.0. 24.0 ) ( April 23 , 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 9 ( version 9.0. 15.0 , codenamed Zaphod and formerly named Flash Player 8.5 ) ( June 22 , 2006 ) <Ul> <Li> Introduction of ActionScript Virtual Machine 2 ( AVM2 ) with AVM1 retained for compatibility </Li> <Li> ActionScript 3 ( a superset of ECMAScript 3 ) via AVM2 </Li> <Li> E4X , which is a new approach to parsing XML </Li> <Li> Support for binary sockets </Li> <Li> Support for regular expressions and namespaces </Li> <Li> AVM2 donated to Mozilla Foundation as open - source virtual machine named Tamarin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 9 Update 1 ( version 9.0. 28.0 , codenamed Marvin ) ( November 9 , 2006 ) <Ul> <Li> Support for fullscreen mode </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 9 ( version 9.0. 45.0 ) ( March 27 , 2007 ) <Ul> <Li> Support for Creative Suite 3 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 9 Update 2 ( version Mac / Windows 9.0. 47.0 and Linux 9.0. 48.0 , codenamed Hotblack ) ( June 11 , 2007 ) <Ul> <Li> Security Update </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 9 Update 3 ( version 9.0. 115.0 , codenamed Moviestar or Frogstar ) ( December 2007 ) <Ul> <Li> H. 264 </Li> <Li> AAC ( HE - AAC , AAC Main Profile , and AAC - LC ) </Li> <Li> New Flash Video file format F4V based on the ISO base media file format ( MPEG - 4 Part 12 ) </Li> <Li> Support for container formats based on the ISO base media file format </Li> <Li> Last version for Windows 98 / ME and other platforms </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 10 ( version 10.0. 12.36 , codenamed Astro ) ( October 15 , 2008 ) <Ul> <Li> New Features <Ul> <Li> 3D object transformations </Li> <Li> Custom filters via Pixel Bender </Li> <Li> Advanced text support </Li> <Li> Speex audio codec </Li> <Li> Real Time Media Flow Protocol ( RTMFP ) </Li> <Li> Dynamic sound generation </Li> <Li> Vector data type </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Enhanced Features <Ul> <Li> Larger bitmap support </Li> <Li> Graphics drawing API </Li> <Li> Context menu </Li> <Li> Hardware acceleration </Li> <Li> Anti-aliasing engine ( Saffron 3.1 ) </Li> <Li> Read / write clipboard access </Li> <Li> WMODE </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 10 ( version 10.0. 32.18 ) ( July 27 , 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 10 ( version 10.0. 42.34 ) ( November 16 , 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 10 ( version 10.0. 45.2 ) ( February 21 , 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 10.1 ( version 10.1. 53.64 , codenamed Argo ) ( June 10 , 2010 ) <Ul> <Li> Reuse of bitmap data copies for better memory management </Li> <Li> Improved garbage collector </Li> <Li> Hardware - based H. 264 video decoding </Li> <Li> HTTP Dynamic Streaming </Li> <Li> Peer - assisted networking and multicast </Li> <Li> Support for browser privacy modes </Li> <Li> Multi-touch APIs </Li> <Li> For Macs / OSX 10.4 ppc or later <Ul> <Li> Using Cocoa UI for Macs </Li> <Li> Use of double - buffered OpenGL context for fullscreen </Li> <Li> Use of Core Animation </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 10.2 ( version 10.2. 152.26 , codenamed Spicy ) ( February 8 , 2011 ) <Ul> <Li> Stage Video , a full hardware - accelerated video pipeline </Li> <Li> Internet Explorer 9 hardware - accelerated rendering support </Li> <Li> Custom native mouse cursors </Li> <Li> Multiple monitor fullscreen support </Li> <Li> Enhanced subpixel rendering for text </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 10.2 ( version 10.2. 152.32 ) ( February 28 , 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 10.2 ( version 10.2. 153.1 ) ( March 21 , 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 10.2 ( version 10.2. 159.1 ) ( April 15 , 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 10.3 ( version 10.3. 181.14 , codenamed Wasabi ) ( May 12 , 2011 ) <Ul> <Li> Media measurement ( video analytics for websites ; desktop only ) </Li> <Li> Acoustic Echo Cancellation ( acoustic echo cancellation , noise suppression , voice activity detection , automatic compensation for microphone input levels ; desktop only ) </Li> <Li> Integration with browser privacy controls for managing local storage ( ClearSiteData NPAPI ) </Li> <Li> Native control panel </Li> <Li> Auto - update notification for Mac OS X </Li> <Li> Last version for Mac OS X 10.5 and Windows 2000 ( unofficially bypassing the XP installer ) </Li> <Li> Adobe replaced Extended Support Release 10.3 by 11.7 on July 9 , 2013 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 10.3 ( version 10.3. 181.23 ) ( June 5 , 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 10.3 ( version 10.3. 181.26 ) ( June 14 , 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 10.3 ( version 10.3. 181.34 ) ( June 29 , 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 10.3 ( version 10.3. 183.5 ) ( August 14 , 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 10.3 ( version 10.3. 183.7 ) ( August 24 , 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 10.3 ( version 10.3. 183.10 ) ( September 21 , 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 10.3 ( version 10.3. 183.11 ) ( November 11 , 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 10.3 ( version 10.3. 183.25 ) ( September 18 , 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 10.3 ( version 10.3. 183.29 ) ( October 8 , 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 11 ( version 11.0. 1.152 , codenamed Serrano ) ( October 4 , 2011 ) <Ul> <Li> Desktop only <Ul> <Li> Stage 3D accelerated graphics rendering <Ul> <Li> Desktop : Windows ( DirectX 9 ) , OS X ( Intel processor only ) and Linux ( OpenGL 1.3 ) , SwiftShader fallback </Li> <Li> Mobile : Android and iOS ( OpenGL ES 2 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> H. 264 / AVC software encoding for cameras </Li> <Li> Native 64 - bit </Li> <Li> Asynchronous bitmap decoding </Li> <Li> TLS secure sockets </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Desktop and mobile <Ul> <Li> Stage Video hardware acceleration </Li> <Li> Native extension libraries <Ul> <Li> Desktop : Windows (. dll ) , OS X (. framework ) </Li> <Li> Mobile : Android (. jar , . so ) , iOS (. a ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> JPEG XR decoding </Li> <Li> G. 711 audio compression for telephony </Li> <Li> Protected HTTP Dynamic Streaming ( HDS ) </Li> <Li> Unlimited bitmap size </Li> <Li> LZMA SWF compression </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mobile only <Ul> <Li> H. 264 / AAC playback </Li> <Li> Front - facing camera </Li> <Li> Background audio playback </Li> <Li> Device speaker control </Li> <Li> 16 - and 32 - bit color depth </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 11.1 ( version 11.1. 102.55 , codenamed Anza ) ( November 10 , 2011 ) <Ul> <Li> Last version of the web browser plug - in for mobile devices ( made for Android 2.2 to 4.0. 3 ) </Li> <Li> iOS 5 native extensions for AIR </Li> <Li> StageText : Native text input UI for Android </Li> <Li> Security enhancements , last official version for Windows 2000 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 11.1 ( version 11.1. 102.62 ) ( March 5 , 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 11.2 ( version 11.2. 202.228 ) ( March 28 , 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 11.2 ( version 11.2. 202.233 ) ( April 12 , 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 11.2 ( version 11.2. 202.235 , codenamed Brannan ) ( May 3 , 2012 ) <Ul> <Li> The Windows version offers automatic updater options </Li> <Li> Dropped support of the browser plug - in for mobile devices ( Android ) . Android app developers are encouraged to use Adobe Air and Android web developers should switch to HTML5 . </Li> <Li> Extended support for Flash player 11.2 on Solaris as it is the last version to be supported . </Li> <Li> Adobe replaced Extended Support Release 11.2 on Linux with 24.0 on December 13 , 2016 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 11.3 ( version 11.3. 300.257 ) ( June 8 , 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 11.3 ( version 11.3. 300.262 ) ( June 21 , 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 11.3 ( version 11.3. 300.265 ) ( July 11 , 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 11.3 ( version 11.3. 300.268 ) ( July 26 , 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 11.3 ( version 11.3. 300.270 ) ( August 4 , 2012 ) <Ul> <Li> Desktop and mobile <Ul> <Li> Fullscreen interactive mode ( keyboard input during fullscreen ) </Li> <Li> Native bitmap encoding and compression ( PNG , JPEG , JPEG - XR ) </Li> <Li> Draw bitmaps with quality ( low , medium , high , best ) </Li> <Li> Texture streaming for Stage3D </Li> <Li> Dropped support for Linux and Solaris </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mobile - only <Ul> <Li> Auto - orientation on specific devices </Li> <Li> USB debugging for AIR on iOS </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 11.3 ( version 11.3. 300.271 ) ( September 18 , 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 11.3 ( version 11.3. 300.273 ) ( October 3 , 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 11.4 ( version 11.4. 402.259 ) ( August 10 , 2012 ) <Ul> <Li> Flash Player only <Ul> <Li> ActionScript workers </Li> <Li> SandboxBridge support </Li> <Li> Licensing support : Flash Player Premium features for gaming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Flash Player and AIR <Ul> <Li> Stage3D `` constrained '' profile for increased GPU reach </Li> <Li> LZMA support for ByteArray </Li> <Li> StageVideo attachCamera / Camera improvements </Li> <Li> Compressed texture with alpha support for Stage3D </Li> <Li> DXT encoding </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> AIR only <Ul> <Li> Deprecated Carbon APIs for AIR </Li> <Li> Direct AIR deployment using ADT </Li> <Li> Push notifications for iOS </Li> <Li> Ambient AudioPlaybackMode </Li> <Li> Exception support in Native Extensions for iOS </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 11.4 ( version 11.4. 402.265 ) ( August 21 , 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 11.4 ( version 11.4. 402.278 ) ( September 18 , 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 11.4 ( version 11.4. 402.287 ) ( October 8 , 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 11.5 <Ul> <Li> Shared ByteArray </Li> <Li> Invoke Event enhancement ( for openurl ) </Li> <Li> Packaging multiple libraries in an ANE ( iOS ) </Li> <Li> Debug stack trace in release builds of Flash Player </Li> <Li> Statically link DRM ( desktop only ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 11.6 ( codenamed Folsom ) <Ul> <Li> Lossless video export from standalone and authplay. dll </Li> <Li> Support for flash. display. graphics. readGraphicsData ( ) that returns a Vector of IGraphicsData </Li> <Li> Improve permissions UI related to full screen keyboard access </Li> <Li> Prevent ActiveX abuse in Office documents </Li> <Li> Support file access in cloud on Windows </Li> <Li> Enhance multi-SWF support </Li> <Li> Migration certification for ANEs </Li> <Li> RectangleTexture </Li> <Li> File API update so AIR apps conform to Apple data storage guidelines </Li> <Li> Separate sampler state for Stage3D </Li> <Li> Set device specific Retina Display resolution ( iOS ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 11.7 ( version 11.7. 700.169 , codenamed Geary ) ( April 9 , 2013 ) <Ul> <Li> SharedObject. preventBackup property </Li> <Li> forceCPURenderModeForDevices </Li> <Li> Remote hosting of SWF files in case of multiple SWFs </Li> <Li> Support for uploading 16 - bit texture formats </Li> <Li> GameInput updates </Li> <Li> Android -- create captive runtime apps </Li> <Li> Adobe replaced Extended Support Release 11.7 on Mac and Windows with 13.0 on May 13 , 2014 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 11.8 ( codenamed Harrison ) <Ul> <Li> Stage3D baselineExtended profile </Li> <Li> Recursive stop on MovieClip </Li> <Li> Flash Player & AIR Desktop Game Pad Support </Li> <Li> Support for large textures ( extendedBaseline , 4096 ) </Li> <Li> Rectangle texture </Li> <Li> DatagramSocket </Li> <Li> ServerSocket </Li> <Li> Substitute a redirected URL from a source URLRequest for part of the URL in a new URLRequest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 11.9 ( codenamed Irving ) <Ul> <Li> OS X Mavericks Support </Li> <Li> Mac . pkg Installation Support </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 12 ( codenamed Jones ) <Ul> <Li> Improved Mac . pkg Installation Support for the work flow and UI </Li> <Li> Support for Internet Explorer 11 on Windows 7 </Li> <Li> Support for Safe Mode in Safari 6.1 and higher </Li> <Li> 64 - bit PPAPI Flash Player for Google Chrome </Li> <Li> Graphics : Buffer Usage flag for Stage3D </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 13 ( codenamed King ) <Ul> <Li> Supplementary Characters Enhancement Support for Text Field </Li> <Li> Full Screen video message tweak </Li> <Li> As of 13 May 2014 this is the Extended Support Release . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 14 ( version 14.0. 0.125 , codenamed ( Lombard Street ( San Francisco ) Lombard ) ) ( June 10 , 2014 ) <Ul> <Li> Stage 3D Standard profile </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 14 ( version 14.0. 0.145 ) ( July 8 , 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 14 ( version 14.0. 0.179 ) ( August 12 , 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 15 ( version 15.0. 0.152 , codenamed ( Market Street ( San Francisco ) Market ) ) ( September 9 , 2014 ) <Ul> <Li> Improved support for browser zoom levels </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 15 ( version 15.0. 0.167 ) ( September 24 , 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 15 ( version 15.0. 0.223 ) ( November 11 , 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 15 ( version 15.0. 0.239 ) ( November 25 , 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 16 ( version 16.0. 0.235 , codenamed Natoma ) ( December 12 , 2014 ) <Ul> <Li> Stage3D -- Standard Constrained Profile </Li> <Li> PPAPI Installers for Windows and Mac </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 16 ( version 16.0. 0.257 ) ( January 13 , 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 16 ( version 16.0. 0.287 ) ( January 22 , 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 17 ( version 17.0. 0.134 , codenamed Octavia ) ( March 12 , 2015 ) <Ul> <Li> Control Panel improvements </Li> <Li> Installer improvements for Mac </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 18 ( version 18.0. 0.160 , codenamed ( Presidio of San Francisco Presidio ) ) ( June 9 , 2015 ) <Ul> <Li> Contains fixes for Adobe Security Bulletin APSB 15 -- 11 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 19 ( version 19.0. 0.185 , codenamed Quint ) ( September 21 , 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 20 ( version 20.0. 0.228 , codenamed Rankin ) ( December 8 , 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 21 ( version 21.0. 0.182 , codenamed Sutter ) ( March 10 , 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 22 ( version 22.0. 0.192 , codenamed Townsend ) ( June 16 , 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 23 ( version 23.0. 0.164 , codenamed Underwood ) ( September 13 , 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 24 ( version 24.0. 0.186 , codenamed ( Van Ness Avenue Van Ness ) ) ( December 13 , 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 24 ( version 24.0. 0.194 ) ( January 10 , 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 25 ( version 25.0. 0.127 , codenamed Webster ) ( March 14 , 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 25 ( version 25.0. 0.148 ) ( April 11 , 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 25 ( version 25.0. 0.163 ) ( April 20 , 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 26 ( version 26.0. 0.131 , codenamed York ) ( June 13 , 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 27 ( version 27.0. 0.130 , codenamed Zoe ) ( September 12 , 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 27 ( version 27.0. 0.159 ) ( October 10 , 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Player 28 ( version 28.0. 0.11 , codenamed ( Atka ) ) ( November 16 , 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Adobe AIR </Li> <Li> Adobe Shockwave </Li> <Li> Apache Flex </Li> <Li> Microsoft Silverlight </Li> </Ul> <H2> References and Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Adobe - Flash Player '' . Adobe.com . Adobe Systems . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Archived Flash Player versions '' . Adobe.com . Adobe Systems . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Download Flash Player 28 Beta '' . labs.adobe.com . Adobe Systems . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adobe Flash Player Download '' . Adobe Systems . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why You Should Ditch Adobe Shockwave '' . Krebs on Security . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adobe Flash Runtimes Statistics '' . Adobe Systems Incorporated . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Integrated Adobe Flash Player Plug - in , Chrome team blog </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porting Flash to sandboxed PPAPI platform , Official Chromium Blog </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flash Player issues Windows 8 '' . Adobe Systems . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flash Player Issues Windows 10 Internet Explorer '' . Adobe Systems . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flash Player issues Windows 10 Microsoft Edge '' . Adobe Systems . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barrett , Brian ( 15 July 2015 ) . `` Flash . Must . Die '' . Wired.com . Condé Nast . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vaughan - Nichols , Steven J. ( 16 June 2016 ) . `` How to really fix the latest Adobe Flash security hole '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Collins , Katie ( 11 March 2016 ) . `` Adobe rushes out emergency update for ' critical ' Flash security flaw '' . CNET . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flash & The Future of Interactive Content '' . 2017 - 07 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lardinois , Frederic . `` Get ready to finally say goodbye to Flash -- in 2020 '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Adobe will finally kill Flash in 2018 '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adobe Announces Flash Distribution and Updates to End '' . 2017 - 07 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pudełek , Jakub ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Migrating Games from Flash to Open Web Standards on Facebook '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Laforge , Anthony ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Saying goodbye to Flash in Chrome '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The End of an Era -- Next Steps for Adobe Flash '' . 2017 - 07 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smedberg , Benjamin ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Firefox Roadmap for Flash End - of - Life '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AIR 3 , Adobe </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What are local shared objects ? '' . Security and privacy . Adobe Systems . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2010 . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SWX : SWF Data Format , official website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ swxjava -- SWX RPC implementation in Java , Google Code </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ swx - format -- Data Format , Google Code </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SWX Contest Winners Archived August 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , SWX Format Website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Introducing SWXml , Aral Balkan </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flash H. 264 '' . MainConcept . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Flash and the HTML5 < video > tag , YouTube Blog </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pardon Our Dust , Hulu Blog </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Future Media Standards & Guidelines -- AV Addendum v1. 5 BBC </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Protocols : HTTP vs. RTMP > Beginner 's Guide to Distributing Flash Video , Adobe Press </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cross-domain policy file usage recommendations for Flash Player , Adobe </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Policy file changes in Flash Player 9 and Flash Player 10 , Adobe </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sites which support crossdomain. xml to allow Flash and Silverlight access '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Socket , Adobe ActionScript 3 API Reference </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sockets , ActionScript 3.0 Developer 's Guide </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Setting up a socket policy file server , Adobe </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AsSQL -- MySQL Driver for AS3 , Google Code </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Remi Arnaud ( 2011 ) . `` 3D in a Web Browser '' . In Eric Lengyel . Game Engine Gems 2 . CRC Press . pp. 208 -- 212 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56881 - 437 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christer Kaitila ( 2011 ) . Adobe Flash 11 Stage3D ( Molehill ) Game Programming Beginner 's Guide . Packt Publishing Ltd. p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84969 - 169 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stage3D vs WebGL Performance -- Airtight Interactive '' . Airtightinteractive.com . October 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stage3D '' . scratch.mit.edu . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adobe Flash Player 11.8 -- Bug 3591185 : Pixel Bender shader performance drastically degraded in FP11. 8 . Closed as `` NeverFix '' Archived April 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Comparing Flash , HTML5 Performance , OS News </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Battery Performance with Flash Player 10.1 on Nexus One , Flash Mobile Blog </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reference Designs and Demos , QNX </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ActionScript 3.0 overview , `` ActionScript 3.0 code executes up to 10 times faster than legacy ActionScript code . '' , Adobe </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alchemy : FAQ '' . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . , Adobe Labs , `` ASC performs few optimizations at this time '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zotov , Peter ( May 6 , 2012 ) . `` Reaching the Limits of Adobe Stupidity -- whitespace '' . Whitequark.org . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Alchemy : FAQ Archived May 5 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Adobe Labs </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Optimizing ActionScript Bytecode using LLVM , Adobe </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Adobe Alchemy , is it ActionScript heresy ? , Unit Zero One </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Introducing ASC 2.0 , Thibault Imbert , ByteArray.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AS3 vs haXe performance , SplashDust website Archived January 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Optimizing performance of applications for connected TVs , Adobe Developer Connection </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Top 10 Performance Killers in your AIR Application , FlexWiz </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flex versus ActionScript -- the debate gets new life , Greg 's Ramblings </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pure ActionScript + MadComponents vs. Flash Builder 4.5 , MobileAppDev </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flex 4.5 vs Pure AS3 , Michael Crosby </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Adobe donates Flex to Apache '' . Techworld . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Response to `` Thoughts on Flash '' , True Gryc Blog </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adobe Gaming SDK '' . creative.adobe.com . Adobe . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wagner James Au ( 2012 ) . Game Design Secrets . John Wiley & Sons . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 46391 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adobe Flash 11 adopts Unreal Engine 3 for better browser games The Verge '' . theverge.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` List of Flash Gaming Engines '' . FlashRealtime.com. April 23 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2013 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CrossBridge for Flash Player , GitHub </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adobe Finally kills Adobe Flash Player in 2020 - Article Pub '' . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Remi Arnaud ( 2011 ) . `` 3D in a Web Browser '' . In Eric Lengyel . Game Engine Gems 2 . CRC Press . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56881 - 437 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Downloads '' . Adobe Flash Player Support Center . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adobe and Google Partnering for Flash Player on Linux '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Noyes , Katherine ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` For Flash on Linux , Chrome Will Be Users ' Only Choice PCWorld Business Center '' . Pcworld.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adobe Releases Last Linux Version of Flash Player -- Slashdot '' . Linux.slashdot.org . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beta News -- Flash Player NPAPI for Linux '' . Adobe AIR and Adobe Flash Player Team Blog . August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tareq Aljaber ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Extended Support Release Updated to Flash Player 11.7 '' . Adobe AIR and Adobe Flash Player Team Blog . Adobe . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Upcoming changes to Flash Player 's extended support release '' . Adobe . March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Upcoming changes to Flash Player 's extended support release '' . Adobe . May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campbell , Chris ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Where can I find the `` Extended Support Release '' of Flash Player for Windows or Macintosh ? `` . forums.adobe.com . Adobe Systems . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Adobe Flash Player Versions , Adobe.com </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Archived Flash Player versions '' . Adobe . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flash Player 5 '' . System 7 Today . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : iOS features in Adobe AIR 2.6 , Adobe Devnet </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Flash Player 10.1 -- Installations and updates '' . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` Flash Player for Android : Adobe calls time , declares it dead '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flash Platform Certified Devices , Adobe </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flash Platform Certified Devices : Smartphones , Adobe </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flash Platform Certified Devices : Tablets , Adobe </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adobe abandons Flash Player on mobile browsers for HTML5 , CBS News </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adobe abandons Flash for mobile devices , The Telegraph </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Web Players . Adobe . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MACROMEDIA INTRODUCES FREE FLASH PLAYERS FOR LINUX , SOLARIS , IRIX USERS . Technology > Software Services & Applications from . AllBusiness.com . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Macromedia -- Flash Player SDK http://www.adobe.com/products/flashplayer_sdk/ ( Taken July 7 , 2006 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Press Room : For immediate release Archived August 5 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Adobe . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adobe Flash 10 to be ARM - optimized in 2009 . Electronista ( November 17 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Press Room : For immediate release Archived August 16 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Adobe . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ARM welcomes Adobe 's mobile Flash move -- 5 / 2 / 2008 . Electronics Weekly ( May 2 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ARM netbooks struggle with video , apps . Eetimes.com ( April 14 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adobe Success Story : LeapFrog Enterprises http://www.adobe.com/cfusion/showcase/index.cfm?event=casestudydetail&casestudyid=21019&loc=en_us ( Taken July 7 , 2006 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New info on the firmware updates for PS3 and PSP '' . ThreeSpeech . October 14 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adobe Flash Player Archived October 13 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Android Market </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Announcing Flash Player 11 and AIR 3 Archived May 4 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Adobe Flash Platform Blog </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flash Player 10.1 : Live and Ready for Android `` Adobe Flash Player Team Blog . Blogs.adobe.com . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Retrieved on September 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maemo software Nokia '' Maemo Browser Archived December 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Maemo.nokia.com . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mobile and Devices Developer Center : Sony PSP . Adobe ( July 16 , 2007 ) . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Symbian ^ 3 . Adobe Flash Lite ( April 27 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott Janousek '' Blog Archive '' Nintendo Wii Flash Player supported via Opera updated to Flash Lite 3.1 ( Flash 8 / 9 ) Archived September 13 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Flashmobile.scottjanousek.com ( September 1 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Download Macromedia Flash Player 7 for Pocket PC Archived February 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Adobe </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Flash Player 7 For Pocket PC Archived January 19 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Adobe ( July 14 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ rich Internet applications Adobe Flash Platform runtimes . Adobe.com ( July 14 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flip8 -- the World 's First Flash Emulator -- v0. 9 '' . Newsdee.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Claus Wahlers . `` FC64 -- Flash Commodore 64 Emulator -- Demo -- c 么 deazur brasil lab '' . Codeazur.com.br . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FlashZXSpectrum48k , Sinclair ZX Spectrum Emulator written in Flash '' . Jorin.com . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2008 . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` aminnes -- Project Hosting on Google Code '' . www.aminlab.com/ . May 17 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SWF Technology Center Adobe Developer Connection . Adobe.com ( July 14 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adobe Open Screen Project '' . Starting today , there will be no restrictions on the use of the SWF specification or the FLV and F4V specifications that make up video in Flash . Formerly , to look at the SWF specification users had to sign a licensing agreement not to use it to create competing players </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adobe and Mozilla Foundation to Open Source Flash Player Scripting Engine '' . Mozilla Foundation Press Center . San Francisco . November 7 , 2006 . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tamarin Project Archived February 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Mozilla.org ( October 5 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tim Anderson ( November 15 , 2015 ) . `` Adobe Flex SDK bombshell STUNS developers '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Joab Jackson , IDG News Service ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Adobe Donates Flex to Apache '' . PCWorld . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Flex ! = Flash , PrintUI , January 27 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Open Source Flash C++ Compiler , CrossBridge , Adobe Blogs , June 25 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CrossBridge , Adobe Gaming GitHub Website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adobe Open - Sources Flash C / C++ Compiler , Phoronix , Michael Larabel , June 26 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gnash Reference Manual '' . gnu.org . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flash Player Help / Installation problems '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Help / Uninstall ( old - version ) Flash Player ( if installation is unsuccessful ) '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Patch for Adobe Flash '' . The H. March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adobe roadmap for the Flash Player '' . Adobe . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Usage Statistics of Flash for Websites , December 2013 . W3techs.com ( July 22 , 2013 ) . 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The Sleeping Beauty ( ballet ) - wikipedia <H1> The Sleeping Beauty ( ballet ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ballets by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Swan Lake ( 1876 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1889 ) The Nutcracker ( 1892 ) List of all compositions </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Sleeping Beauty ( Russian : Спящая красавица / Spyashchaya krasavitsa ) is a ballet in a prologue and three acts , first performed in 1890 . The music was composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ( his opus 66 ) . The score was completed in 1889 , and is the second of his three ballets . The original scenario was conceived by Ivan Vsevolozhsky , and is based on Charles Perrault 's La Belle au bois dormant . The choreographer of the original production was Marius Petipa . </P> <P> The premiere performance took place at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg on January 15 , 1890 . The work has become one of the classical repertoire 's most famous ballets . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Composition history </Li> <Li> 1.2 Performance history </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Roles and original cast </Li> <Li> 3 Instrumentation </Li> <Li> 4 Roles </Li> <Li> 5 Synopsis </Li> <Li> 6 Structure </Li> <Li> 7 Versions by other hands <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Piano arrangements </Li> <Li> 7.2 Aurora 's Wedding by Sergei Diaghilev </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Trademark controversy </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Video samples </Li> <Li> 10.2 Scores </Li> <Li> 10.3 History </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Composition history ( edit ) </H3> <P> Tchaikovsky was approached by the Director of the Imperial Theatres in St. Petersburg , Ivan Vsevolozhsky on 25 May 1888 about a possible ballet adaptation on the subject of the story of Undine . It was later decided that Charles Perrault 's La Belle au bois dormant would be the story for which Tchaikovsky would compose the music for the ballet . Tchaikovsky did not hesitate to accept the commission , although he was aware that his only previous ballet , Swan Lake , met with little enthusiasm at that stage of his career . </P> <P> The ballet scenario that Tchaikovsky worked on was based on the Brothers Grimm 's version of Perrault 's work entitled ' Dornröschen ' . In that version , the Princess 's parents ( the King and the Queen ) survived the 100 - year sleep to celebrate the Princess 's wedding to the Prince . However , Vsevolozhsky incorporated Perrault 's other characters from his stories into the ballet , such as Puss in Boots , Little Red Riding Hood , Cinderella , Bluebird , Bluebeard , Ricky of the Tuft and Tom Thumb . Other French fairy tale characters to be featured are Beauty and the Beast , Pretty Goldilocks and The White Cat . Regardless , Tchaikovsky was happy to inform the Director of the Imperial Theatre that he had great pleasure studying the work and had come away with adequate inspiration to do it justice . </P> <P> The choreographer was Marius Petipa , ballet master of the Imperial Ballet , who wrote a very detailed list of instructions as to the musical requirements . Tchaikovsky worked quickly on the new work at Frolovskoye ; he began initial sketches in the winter of 1888 and began orchestration on the work on 30 May 1889 . </P> <P> The ballet 's focus was undeniably on the two main conflicting forces of good ( the Lilac Fairy ) and evil ( Carabosse ) ; each has a leitmotif representing them , which run through the entire ballet , serving as an important thread to the underlying plot . Act III of the work , however , takes a complete break from the two motifs and instead places focus on the individual characters of the various court dances . </P> <H3> Performance history ( edit ) </H3> <P> St. Petersburg premiere ( world premiere ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Date : 15 January 1890 </Li> <Li> Place : Imperial Mariinsky Theatre , St. Petersburg </Li> <Li> Balletmaster : Marius Petipa </Li> <Li> Conductor : Riccardo Drigo </Li> <Li> Scene Designers : Henrich Levogt ( Prologue ) , Ivan Andreyev ( Act 1 ) , Mikhail Bocharov ( Acts 1 & 2 ) , Matvey Shishkov ( Act 3 ) </Li> <Li> Costumes : Ivan Vsevolozhsky </Li> </Ul> <P> Moscow premiere </P> <Ul> <Li> Date : 17 January 1899 </Li> <Li> Place : Moscow Imperial Bolshoi Theatre </Li> <Li> Balletmaster : Aleksandr Gorsky </Li> <Li> Conductor : Andrey Arends </Li> <Li> Scene Designers : Anatoliy Geltser , Karl Valts ( Waltz ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Other notable productions </P> <Ul> <Li> 1896 , Milan , La Scala , staged by Giorgio Saracco , Carlotta Brianza as Aurora </Li> <Li> 1921 , London , Alhambra Theatre , as The Sleeping Princess , Diaghilev production , staged by Nikolay Sergeyev , scenes by Léon Bakst </Li> <Li> 1937 , Philadelphia , staged by Catherine Littlefield </Li> <Li> 1946 , London , Royal Opera House debut , performed by the Sadler 's Wells Ballet . </Li> <Li> 1968 , London , with the London Festival Ballet at the Royal Festival Hall </Li> <Li> 1990 , San Francisco , with San Francisco Ballet as choreographed by Helgi Tómasson in tribute to Tchaikovsky , and with a focus on maintaining the Russian - French connection </Li> <Li> 1992 , Basel Theater Basel reworked by Youri Vámos with new narrative involving the life of Anna Anderson and her claim to be Grand Duchess Anastasia . The order of musical numbers has been slightly changed , some numbers omitted with other music by Tchaikovsky added and major set pieces of Petipa 's choreography retained , but now placed in different narrative context - often performed as Anderson 's `` memories '' . This version has been performed by a number of central European ballet companies over the past two decades . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Roles and original cast ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Mariinsky 1890 </Th> <Th> Bolshoi 1899 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> King Florestan </Td> <Td> Feliks Krzesiński ( Mathilde Kschessinska 's father ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Queen </Td> <Td> Giuseppina Cecchetti </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Princess Aurora , the Sleeping Beauty </Td> <Td> Carlotta Brianza </Td> <Td> Lyubov Roslavleva </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lilac Fairy </Td> <Td> Marie Petipa </Td> <Td> M. Grachevskaya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carabosse </Td> <Td> Enrico Cecchetti </Td> <Td> Vasiliy Geltser </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prince Désiré </Td> <Td> Pavel Gerdt </Td> <Td> Ivan Khlyustin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bluebird </Td> <Td> Enrico Cecchetti </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Princess Florine </Td> <Td> Varvara Nikitina </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The ballet 's premiere received more favorable accolades than Swan Lake from the press but Tchaikovsky never had the luxury of being able to witness his work become an instant success in theatres outside of Russia . He died in 1893 . By 1903 , The Sleeping Beauty was the second most popular ballet in the repertory of the Imperial Ballet ( the Petipa / Pugni The Pharaoh 's Daughter was first ) , having been performed 200 times in only 10 years . </P> Original cast members costumed for Act I . At center is Carlotta Brianza as Aurora . Mariinsky Theatre , St. Petersburg , 1890 <P> A production mounted at the La Scala in Milan did not arouse much interest and it was not until 1921 that , in London , the ballet finally gained wide acclaim and eventually a permanent place in the classical repertoire . In 1999 , the Mariinsky Ballet reconstructed the original 1899 production , including reproductions of the original sets and costumes . Although the 1951 Kirov production by Konstantin Sergeyev is available on DVD / Video , the 1999 `` authentic '' version is only available in short excerpts as of 2007 . </P> <P> The Sleeping Beauty is Tchaikovsky 's longest ballet , lasting nearly four hours at full length - counting the intermissions . Without intermissions ( as it appears on several CD sets ) , it lasts nearly three hours . It is nearly always cut . </P> <P> At the premiere , Tsar Alexander III summoned Tchaikovsky to the imperial box . The Tsar made the simple remark ' Very nice , ' which seemed to have irritated Tchaikovsky , who had likely expected a more favorable response . </P> <H2> Instrumentation ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Strings : Violins I , Violins II , Violas , Cellos , Double Basses </Li> <Li> Woodwinds : Piccolo , 2 Flutes , 2 Oboes , Cor Anglais , 2 Clarinets ( B ♭ , A ) , 2 Bassoons </Li> <Li> Brass : 4 Horns ( F ) , 2 Cornets ( B ♭ , A ) , 2 Trumpets ( B ♭ , A ) , 3 Trombones , Tuba </Li> <Li> Percussion : Timpani , Triangle , Tambourine , Side Drum , Cymbals , Bass Drum , Tam - tam , Glockenspiel </Li> <Li> Other : 2 Harps , Piano </Li> </Ul> <H2> Roles ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Royal Court : </P> <Ul> <Li> King Florestan XXIV </Li> <Li> Queen , his wife </Li> <Li> Princess Aurora , the Sleeping Beauty , their daughter </Li> <Li> Catalabutte , the master - of - ceremonies </Li> <Li> Courtiers , maids of honor , pages , lackeys </Li> </Ul> <P> The Fairies : </P> <Ul> <Li> Candide ( Candor ) </Li> <Li> Coulante , Fleur de farine ( Flowing , Wheat flour ) </Li> <Li> Miettes qui tombent ( Falling breadcrumbs ) </Li> <Li> Canari qui chante ( Singing canary ) </Li> <Li> Violente ( Force ) </Li> <Li> The Lilac Fairy </Li> <Li> Carabosse , the evil fairy </Li> <Li> The Gold , Silver , Sapphire , and Diamond Fairies </Li> </Ul> <P> The Four Suitors : </P> <Ul> <Li> Prince Chéri </Li> <Li> Prince Charmant </Li> <Li> Prince Fortuné </Li> <Li> Prince Fleur de Pois </Li> </Ul> <P> The Prince 's Hunting Party : </P> <Ul> <Li> Prince Désiré ( Florimund ) </Li> <Li> Gallifron , Prince Désiré 's tutor </Li> <Li> The Prince 's friends , duchesses , baronesses , countesses , and marchionesses </Li> </Ul> <P> Fairy - Tale Characters : </P> <Ul> <Li> Puss - in - Boots </Li> <Li> The White Cat </Li> <Li> Cinderella </Li> <Li> Prince Charming </Li> <Li> Princess Florine </Li> <Li> Bluebird </Li> <Li> Little Red Riding Hood </Li> <Li> The Gray Wolf </Li> <Li> Hop - o ' - My - Thumb , his brothers , and the Ogre </Li> </Ul> <H2> Synopsis ( edit ) </H2> <P> Setting </P> <Ul> <Li> Time : Baroque </Li> <Li> Place : Europe </Li> </Ul> The bad fairy Carabosse by Léon Bakst , who created the décor and about 300 costume designs in 2 months for Diaghilev 's lavish 1921 production of The Sleeping Beauty in London . <P> Prologue ( The Christening ) King Florestan XXIV and his Queen have welcomed their first child , Princess Aurora , and declare a grand christening ceremony to honor her . Six fairies are invited to the ceremony to bestow gifts on the child . Each fairy represents a virtue or positive trait , such as beauty , courage , sweetness , musical talent , and mischief . The most powerful fairy , the Lilac Fairy , arrives with her entourage , but before she can bestow her gift , the evil fairy Carabosse arrives with her minions . Carabosse furiously asks the King and Queen why she had not received an invitation to the christening . The blame falls on the Master of Ceremonies who was in charge of the guest list . Carabosse gleefully tears his wig off and beats him with her staff , before placing a curse upon the baby princess as revenge : Aurora will indeed grow up to be a beautiful , healthy , delightful young lady , but on her sixteenth birthday she will prick her finger on a Spindle and die . The King and Queen are horrified and beg Carabosse for mercy , but she shows none . However , the Lilac Fairy intervenes . Though she does not have enough power to completely undo the curse , she alters it , allowing the spindle to cause a peaceful 100 - year sleep for the princess , rather than death . At the end of those 100 years , she will be woken by the kiss of a handsome prince . Relieved that Aurora 's life will ultimately be spared , the court is set at ease . </P> <P> Act I ( The Spell ) It is the day of Princess Aurora 's sixteenth birthday . Celebrations are underway , though the King is still unsettled by Carabosse 's omen . The master of ceremonies discovers several peasant ladies frolicking about with knitting needles and alerts the King , who initially sentences the women to a harsh punishment . The Queen gently persuades him to spare the innocent citizens , and he agrees . an elaborate waltz is performed and Princess Aurora arrives , She is introduced to four suitors by her doting parents . Aurora and the suitors perform the famous Rose Adagio. Presently , a cloaked stranger appears and offers a gift to the princess : a spindle . Having never seen one before , Aurora curiously examines the strange object as her parents desperately try to intervene . As predicted , she pricks her finger . While initially appearing to recover quickly , she falls into a swoon and collapses . The cloaked stranger reveals herself to be Carabosse , who believes that her curse still stands and that the princess is dead . Once again , the Lilac Fairy quells the hubbub and reminds the King and Queen that Aurora is merely asleep . The princess is carried off to bed , and the Lilac Fairy casts a spell of slumber over the entire kingdom , which will only be broken when Aurora awakens </P> Carlotta Brianza as Princess Aurora and Pavel Gerdt as Prince Désiré , costumed for the Grand Procession of Act III in Petipa 's original production of The Sleeping Beauty . ( Mariinsky Theatre , St. Petersburg , 1890 ) <P> Act II ( The Vision ) One hundred years later , Prince Désiré is with his bossy countess girlfriend . He is unhappy , but dances . Still unhappy , he asks for some time to himself . Alone in the forest , he is met by the Lilac Fairy , who has chosen him to awaken Aurora . She shows him a vision of the beautiful princess , and the prince is immediately smitten . The Lilac Fairy explains the situation , and Désiré begs to be taken to the princess . The Lilac Fairy takes himto the hidden castle . Carabosse makes one last attempt to cement her vengeful curse , but the Lilac Fairy and the prince manage to defeat her together at last . Once inside the castle , Désiré awakens Aurora with a kiss . The rest of the court wakes as well , and the King and Queen heartily approve when the prince proposes marriage and the princess accepts . </P> <P> The royal wedding is underway . Guests include the Jewel Fairies : Diamond , Gold , Silver and Sapphire , and of course the Lilac Fairy . Fairytale characters are in attendance , including Puss in Boots and The White Cat , Princess Florine and the Bluebird , and others . Aurora and Désiré perform a grand Pas de Deux , and the entire ensemble dances. The prince and princess are married , with the Lilac Fairy blessing the union . </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> Alexandra Ansanelli as Princess Aurora and David Makhateli as Prince Florimund in a Royal Ballet production of Sleeping Beauty , 29 April 2008 . <P> Titles of all of the numbers listed here come from Marius Petipa 's original scenario , as well as the original libretto and programs of the first production of 1890 . Major changes which were made to the score for Petipa 's original production are mentioned , and help explain why the score is often heard in different versions in theatres today . </P> <P> All libretti and programs of works performed on the stages of the Imperial Theatres were titled in French , which was the official language of the Emperor 's Court , as well as the language in which balletic terminology is derived . </P> <P> Prologue -- Le baptême de la Princesse Aurore </P> <Dl> <Dd> No. 1 - a Introduction </Dd> <Dd> No. 1 - b Marche de salon </Dd> <Dd> No. 2 - a Entrée des fées </Dd> <Dd> No. 2 - b Scène dansante </Dd> <Dd> No. 3 Grand pas d'ensemble ( a.k.a. Pas de six ) -- <Dl> <Dd> a . Grand adage . Petit allégro </Dd> <Dd> b . Variation - Candide </Dd> <Dd> c . Variation - Coulante -- Fleur de farine </Dd> <Dd> d . Variation - Miettes -- qui tombent ( a.k.a. breadcrumb ) </Dd> <Dd> e . Variation - Canari -- qui chante </Dd> <Dd> f . Variation - Violente -- échevelée </Dd> <Dd> g . Variation - La Fée des lilas -- voluptueuse </Dd> <Dd> h . Coda générale </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> No. 4 Scène et final -- <Dl> <Dd> a . Entrée de Carabosse </Dd> <Dd> b . Scène mimique de Carabosse </Dd> <Dd> c . Scène mimique de la Fée des lilas </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <P> Act I -- Les quatre fiancés de la Princesse Aurore </P> <Dl> <Dd> No. 5 - a Introduction </Dd> <Dd> No. 5 - b Scène des tricoteuses </Dd> <Dd> No. 6 Grande valse villageoise ( a.k.a. The Garland Waltz ) </Dd> <Dd> No. 7 Entrée d'Aurore </Dd> <Dd> No. 8 Grand pas d'action -- <Dl> <Dd> a . Grand adage à la rose ( opening harp cadenza possibly extended by either the harpist Albert Heinrich Zabel or Riccardo Drigo ) </Dd> <Dd> b . Danse des demoiselles d'honneur et des pages </Dd> <Dd> c . Variation d'Aurore ( coda edited by an unknown hand , possibly Riccardo Drigo ) </Dd> <Dd> d . Coda </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> No. 9 Scène et final -- <Dl> <Dd> a . Danse d'Aurore avec le fuseau </Dd> <Dd> b . Le charme </Dd> <Dd> c . L'arrivée de la Fée des lilas </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <P> Act II </P> <Dl> <Dd> Scene I -- La chasse du Prince Désiré </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> No. 10 - a Entr'acte </Dd> <Dd> No. 10 - b Scène de la chasse royale </Dd> <Dd> No. 11 Colin - Maillard </Dd> <Dd> No. 12 Danses des demoiselles nobles -- <Dl> <Dd> a . Scène </Dd> <Dd> b . Danse des duchesses </Dd> <Dd> c . Danse des baronesses ( likely cut by Petipa from the original production ) </Dd> <Dd> d . Danse des comtesses ( likely cut by Petipa from the original production ) </Dd> <Dd> e . Danse des marquises ( likely cut by Petipa from the original production ) </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> No. 13 Coda -- Farandole </Dd> <Dd> No. 14 - a Scène et départ des chasseurs </Dd> <Dd> No. 14 - b Entrée de la Fée des lilas </Dd> <Dd> No. 15 Pas d'action -- <Dl> <Dd> a . Entrée de l'apparition d'Aurore </Dd> <Dd> b . Grand adage ( opening harp cadenza possibly extended by either the harpist Albert Heinrich Zabel or Riccardo Drigo ) </Dd> <Dd> c . Valse des nymphes -- Petit allégro coquet </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Interpolation : 4 transitional bars for the end of no. 15 - c composed by Riccardo Drigo to lead into Brianza 's variation </Li> <Li> Interpolation : Variation Mlle . Brianza ( No. 23 - b Variation de la fée - Or from Act III ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> d . Variation d'Aurore ( cut by Petipa from the original production ) </Dd> <Dd> e . Petite coda </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> No. 16 Scène </Dd> <Dd> No. 17 Panorama </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Interpolation : 3 transitional bars for the end of no. 17 composed by Riccardo Drigo to lead into no. 19 , as no. 18 was cut in the original production </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> No. 18 Entr'acte symphonique ( solo for violin with light orchestral accompaniment , composed for Leopold Auer , cut from the original production ) </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> Scene II -- Le château de la belle au bois dormant </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> No. 19 Scène du château de sommeil </Dd> <Dd> No. 20 Scène et final -- Le réveil d'Aurore </Dd> </Dl> The Bluebird and Princess Florina ( Valeri Panov and Natalia Makarova ) from the 1964 Russian motion picture featuring artists of the Kirov Ballet . <P> Act III -- Les Noces de Désiré et d'Aurore </P> <Dl> <Dd> No. 21 Marche </Dd> <Dd> No. 22 Grand polonaise dansée ( a.k.a. The Procession of the Fairy Tales ) </Dd> <Dd> Grand divertissement -- </Dd> <Dd> No. 23 Pas de quatre <Dl> <Dd> a . Entrée </Dd> <Dd> b . Variation de la fée - Or ( transferred by Petipa to Act II as a variation for Carlotta Brianza in the original production ) </Dd> <Dd> c . Variation de la fée - Argent ( changed by Petipa in the original production -- Pas de trois pour la Fées d'Or , d'Argent et de Saphir ) </Dd> <Dd> d . Variation de la fée - Saphir ( cut by Petipa from the original production ) </Dd> <Dd> e . Variation de la fée - Diamant </Dd> <Dd> f . Coda </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Interpolation : Entrée de chats ( a 10 bar introduction written by Tchaikovsky for no. 24 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> No. 24 Pas de caractère -- Le Chat botté et la Chatte blanche </Dd> <Dd> No. 25 Pas de quatre ( changed by Petipa in the original production -- Pas de deux de l'Oiseau bleu et la Princesse Florine ) <Dl> <Dd> a . Entrée </Dd> <Dd> b . Variation de Cendrillon et Prince Fortuné ( changed by Petipa in the original production -- Variation de l'Oiseau bleu ) </Dd> <Dd> c . Variation de l'Oiseau bleu la Princesse Florine ( changed by Petipa in the original production -- Variation de la Princesse Florine ) </Dd> <Dd> d . Coda </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> No. 26 Pas de caractère -- Chaperon Rouge et le Loup </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Interpolation : Pas de caractère -- Cendrillon et Prince Fortuné </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> No. 27 Pas berrichon -- Le Petit Poucet , ses frères et l'Ogre </Dd> <Dd> No. 28 Grand pas de quatre ( originally arranged by Petipa as a Pas de quatre for the Princess Aurora , Prince Désiré and the Gold and Sapphire Fairies ) <Dl> <Dd> a . Entrée ( only the first eight bars were retained ) </Dd> <Dd> b . Grand adage </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Interpolation : Danse pour les Fées d'Or et de Saphir in 6 / 8 ( Petipa possibly utilized the music for the Entrée to accompany a dance for the Gold and Sapphire Fairies ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> c . Variation du Prince Désiré </Dd> <Dd> d . Variation d'Aurore -- Mlle . Brianza ( edited by Riccardo Drigo for the original production at Petipa 's request ) </Dd> <Dd> e . Coda </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> No. 29 Sarabande -- quadrille pour Turcs , Éthiopiens , Africains et Américains </Dd> <Dd> No. 30 - a Coda générale </Dd> <Dd> No. 30 - b Apothéose -- Helios en costume de Louis XIV , éclairé par le soleil entouré des fées ( music based on Marche Henri IV ) </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Versions by other hands ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Piano arrangements ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1890 , Alexander Siloti was approached to arrange the music for piano duet . He declined , but suggested his then 17 - year - old cousin Sergei Rachmaninoff would be more than competent . This offer was accepted , although Siloti supervised the arrangement . Rachmaninoff himself arranged the entire score for piano solo . </P> <H3> Aurora 's wedding by Sergei Diaghilev ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1922 , ballet impresario Sergei Diaghilev arranged a 45 - minute version of the final act for his Ballets Russes , entitled Aurora 's Wedding . This abridged version has been recorded by conductor Leopold Stokowski , in one of his last performances , and by Charles Dutoit . </P> <P> The adaptation takes material from the Act I Introduction of the ballet and combines it with most of the final act , as well as other sections . The selections in this version are listed as follows : </P> <Ol> <Li> Introduction ( Prologue ) </Li> <Li> Polacca ( Act 3 ) </Li> <Li> Pas de Six ( Prologue ) </Li> <Li> Scene ; Danse des Duchesses ; Danse des Marquises ( Act 2 ) </Li> <Li> Farandole ; Danse - Tempo di Mazurka ( Act 2 ) </Li> <Li> Pas de Quatre ( Act 3 ) </Li> <Li> Pas de Charactere - Chaperone Rouge et le Loup ( Act 3 ) </Li> <Li> Pas de Quatre ( Act 3 ) </Li> <Li> Coda - les trois Ivans ( Act 3 ) </Li> <Li> Pas de Deux ( Act 3 ) </Li> <Li> Finale - Tempo di Mazurka ; Apothéose ( Act 3 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> Trademark controversy ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Walt Disney Company has registered a trademark with the US Patent and Trademark Office , filed 13 March 2007 , for the name `` Princess Aurora '' that covers production and distribution of motion picture films ; production of television programs ; production of sound and video recordings . Some suggest that this may limit the ability to perform this ballet , from which Disney acquired some of the music for its animated 1959 film Sleeping Beauty . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Roger Fiske ( 1973 ) : Eulenberg Edition , Foreword to the complete score of the ballet : `` On 2 Feb 1939 Sadler 's Wells presented the ballet in London with Margot Fonteyn in the title role ... This was the first successful production outside Russia , and it led to The Sleeping Beauty becoming extremely popular in all countries where classical ballet is cultivated ... The way in which he developed his themes and the lavish originality with which he scored the music raised his ballets far above those his predecessors had composed . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Sleeping Beauty '' . Collections Online . Royal Opera House . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Review / Ballet ; San Francisco ' Sleeping Beauty ' Underlines Russian Influences '' . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . New York Times / Anna Kisselgoff , March 20 , 1990 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brillarelli , Livia ( 1995 ) . Cecchetti A Ballet Dynasty . Toronto : Dance Collection Danse Educational Publications . p. 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawrence & Elizabeth Hanson , Tchaikovsky page 269 Cassell London 1965 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Patent and Trademark Office -- Princess Aurora trademark status '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` An Attempt To Stop The Disney Machine '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . Deadline Hollywood / Niki Finke , May 1 , 2009 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Sleeping Beauty . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Video samples ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The Sleeping Beauty - Choreography by Rudolf Nureyev </Li> <Li> The Ballet Soloist ( aka Russian Ballerina ) -- 1947 Soviet musical film with scenes from Tchaikovsky 's Swan Lake and The Sleeping Beauty . With subtitles in Esperanto . </Li> <Li> Solo of Prince Désiré from Pas de deux ( Act 3 ) danced by Rudolf Nureyev ( from YouTube ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Scores ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Sleeping Beauty : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> History ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Tchaikovsky Research </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ballets by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Swan Lake , Op. 20 </Li> <Li> Sleeping Beauty , Op. 66 </Li> <Li> The Nutcracker , Op. 71 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> List of compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The ballets and * revivals of Marius Petipa in Russia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1847 -- 59 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Paquita ( * 1847 , * 1881 ) </Li> <Li> Le Diable amoureux ( as `` Satanella '' ) ( * 1848 ) </Li> <Li> Leda , the Swiss Milkmaid ( 1849 ) </Li> <Li> Giselle ( * 1850 , * 1884 , * 1899 , * 1903 ) </Li> <Li> The Star of Granada ( 1855 ) </Li> <Li> The Rose , the Violet , and the Butterfly ( 1857 ) </Li> <Li> Le Corsaire ( * 1858 , * 1863 , * 1868 , * 1885 , * 1899 ) </Li> <Li> A Marriage During the Regency ( 1858 ) </Li> <Li> The Parisian Market ( 1859 , * 1861 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1860 -- 79 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Blue Dahlia ( 1860 , * 1875 ) </Li> <Li> Terpsichore ( 1861 ) </Li> <Li> The Pharaoh 's Daughter ( 1862 , * 1885 , * 1898 ) </Li> <Li> The Beauty of Lebanon ( 1863 ) </Li> <Li> The Traveling Dancer ( 1864 ) </Li> <Li> Florida ( 1866 ) </Li> <Li> Titania ( 1866 ) </Li> <Li> Faust ( * 1867 ) </Li> <Li> The Benevolent Cupid ( 1868 ) </Li> <Li> The Slave ( 1868 ) </Li> <Li> Le Roi Candaule ( 1868 , * 1891 , * 1903 ) </Li> <Li> Don Quixote ( 1869 , * 1871 ) </Li> <Li> Trilby ( 1870 ) </Li> <Li> Catarina ( * 1870 ) </Li> <Li> The Two Stars ( 1871 ) </Li> <Li> La Péri ( * 1872 ) </Li> <Li> Camargo ( 1872 ) </Li> <Li> Le Papillon ( * 1874 ) </Li> <Li> Ondine ( as `` The Naiad and the Fisherman '' ) ( * 1874 , * 1892 ) </Li> <Li> The Bandits ( 1875 ) </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Peleus ( 1876 , * 1897 ) </Li> <Li> A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1876 ) </Li> <Li> La Bayadère ( 1877 , * 1900 ) </Li> <Li> Roxana ( 1878 ) </Li> <Li> Ariadne ( 1878 ) </Li> <Li> The Daughter of the Snows ( 1879 ) </Li> <Li> Frizak the Barber ( 1879 ) </Li> <Li> Mlada ( 1879 , * 1896 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1880 -- 99 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> La Fille du Danube ( * 1880 ) </Li> <Li> Zoraiya ( 1881 ) </Li> <Li> La Vivandière ( as `` Markitenka '' ) ( * 1881 ) </Li> <Li> Pâquerette ( * 1882 ) </Li> <Li> The Night and the Day ( 1883 ) </Li> <Li> Pygmalion ( 1883 ) </Li> <Li> Coppélia ( * 1884 ) </Li> <Li> Giselle ( * 1884 , 1899 , 1903 ) </Li> <Li> Le Diable à Quatre ( as `` The Willful Wife '' ) ( * 1885 ) </Li> <Li> La Fille Mal Gardée ( * 1885 ) </Li> <Li> The Magic Pills ( 1886 ) </Li> <Li> The King 's Command ( 1886 , * 1887 , * 1900 ) </Li> <Li> La Esmeralda ( * 1886 , * 1899 ) </Li> <Li> The Sacrifices to Cupid ( 1886 ) </Li> <Li> * Fiametta ( 1887 ) </Li> <Li> The Vestal ( 1888 ) </Li> <Li> The Talisman ( 1889 , * 1895 ) </Li> <Li> The Enchanted Forest ( * 1889 ) </Li> <Li> The Caprices of a Butterfly ( 1889 , * 1895 ) </Li> <Li> The Sleeping Beauty ( 1890 ) </Li> <Li> Nénuphar ( 1890 ) </Li> <Li> Kalkabrino ( 1891 ) </Li> <Li> A Fairy Tale ( 1891 ) </Li> <Li> La Sylphide ( * 1892 ) </Li> <Li> The Nutcracker ( 1892 ) </Li> <Li> Cinderella ( 1893 ) </Li> <Li> The Awakening of Flora ( 1894 ) </Li> <Li> Swan Lake ( * 1895 ) </Li> <Li> The Little Humpbacked Horse ( as `` The Tsar Maiden '' ) ( * 1895 ) </Li> <Li> The Calvary Halt ( 1896 ) </Li> <Li> The Pearl ( 1896 ) </Li> <Li> Bluebeard ( 1896 ) </Li> <Li> Raymonda ( 1898 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1900 -- 03 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Les Ruses d'Amour or The Trial of Damis ( 1900 ) </Li> <Li> The Seasons ( 1900 ) </Li> <Li> Harlequinade ( 1900 ) </Li> <Li> The Heart of the Marquis ( 1902 ) </Li> <Li> The Magic Mirror ( 1903 ) </Li> <Li> The Romance of the Rosebud and the Butterfly ( never presented ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Voyevoda </Li> <Li> Undina </Li> <Li> The Oprichnik </Li> <Li> Vakula the Smith </Li> <Li> Eugene Onegin </Li> <Li> The Maid of Orleans </Li> <Li> Mazepa ( or Mazeppa ) </Li> <Li> Cherevichki </Li> <Li> The Enchantress </Li> <Li> The Queen of Spades </Li> <Li> Iolanta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ballets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Swan Lake </Li> <Li> The Sleeping Beauty </Li> <Li> The Nutcracker </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Symphonies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> No. 1 in G minor ( `` Winter Daydreams '' ) </Li> <Li> No. 2 in C minor ( `` Little Russian '' ) </Li> <Li> No. 3 in D major ( `` Polish '' ) </Li> <Li> No. 4 in F minor </Li> <Li> Symphony in B minor ( `` Manfred '' ) </Li> <Li> No. 5 in E minor </Li> <Li> No. 6 in B minor ( `` Pathétique '' ) </Li> <Li> No. 7 in E ♭ major ( unfinished ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concertante </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Piano Concerto No. 1 in B ♭ minor </Li> <Li> Piano Concerto No. 2 in G major </Li> <Li> Piano Concerto No. 3 in E ♭ major </Li> <Li> Concert Fantasia </Li> <Li> Andante and Finale </Li> <Li> Sérénade mélancolique </Li> <Li> Valse - Scherzo </Li> <Li> Violin Concerto in D major </Li> <Li> Variations on a Rococo Theme </Li> <Li> Pezzo capriccioso </Li> <Li> Cello Concerto </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Orchestral works </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Romeo and Juliet </Li> <Li> The Tempest </Li> <Li> Hamlet </Li> <Li> Capriccio Italien </Li> <Li> Francesca da Rimini </Li> <Li> The Storm </Li> <Li> Fatum </Li> <Li> The Voyevoda </Li> <Li> 1812 Overture </Li> <Li> Marche slave </Li> <Li> Festival Overture on the Danish National Anthem </Li> <Li> Festival Coronation March </Li> <Li> Orchestral Suite No. 1 in D minor </Li> <Li> Orchestral Suite No. 2 in C major </Li> <Li> Orchestral Suite No. 3 in G major </Li> <Li> Orchestral Suite No. 4 in G major ( `` Mozartiana '' ) </Li> <Li> Serenade for Strings </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vocal music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Liturgy of St John Chrysostom </Li> <Li> All - Night Vigil </Li> <Li> Moscow </Li> <Li> Six Romances ( Op. 38 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chamber music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Quartet Movement in B ♭ major </Li> <Li> String Quartet No. 1 in D major </Li> <Li> String Quartet No. 2 in F major </Li> <Li> String Quartet No. 3 in E ♭ minor </Li> <Li> Souvenir d'un lieu cher </Li> <Li> Piano Trio in A minor </Li> <Li> String Sextet in D minor ( Souvenir de Florence ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Piano music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Scherzo à la russe </Li> <Li> Souvenir de Hapsal </Li> <Li> The Seasons ( Les saisons ) </Li> <Li> Piano Sonata No. 2 in C ♯ minor </Li> <Li> Grand Piano Sonata in G major </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tchaikovsky ( 1969 film ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music competitions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Tchaikovsky Competition </Li> <Li> International Tchaikovsky Competition for Young Musicians </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antonina Miliukova </Li> <Li> Belyayev circle </Li> <Li> Death </Li> <Li> Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky </Li> <Li> Musical style </Li> <Li> Nadezhda von Meck </Li> <Li> Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in popular media </Li> <Li> Symphonies by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky </Li> <Li> Tchaikovsky State House - Museum </Li> <Li> The Five </Li> <Li> Vladimir Davydov </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Book : Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky <P> List of compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky </P> Category : Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> `` Sleeping Beauty '' / `` Little Briar Rose '' by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theatre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> La Belle au Bois Dormant ( opera ) </Li> <Li> The Sleeping Beauty ( ballet ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Variants </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sun , Moon , and Talia </Li> <Li> The Young Slave </Li> <Li> The Glass Coffin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Retellings </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alinda of the Loch </Li> <Li> Enchantment </Li> <Li> The Light Princess </Li> <Li> `` Little Daylight '' </Li> <Li> The Ordinary Princess </Li> <Li> The Sleeping Beauty Quartet </Li> <Li> Spindle 's End </Li> <Li> The Gates of Sleep </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> Some Call It Loving ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Sleeping Beauty ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Sleeping Beauty ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Keys to the Kingdom ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Sleeping Betty ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Maleficent ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Descendants ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Charming ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Disney </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Once Upon a Dream '' ( song ) </Li> <Li> Sleeping Beauty Castle </Li> <Li> Le Château de la Belle au Bois Dormant </Li> <Li> `` Evil Like Me '' ( song ) </Li> <Li> Kingdom Hearts series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Charming </Li> <Li> Wicked fairy godmother </Li> <Li> Disney 's Sleeping Beauty characters <Ul> <Li> Princess Aurora </Li> <Li> Flora , Fauna , and Merryweather </Li> <Li> Maleficent </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 177018667 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n79129182 </Li> <Li> GND : 300033966 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sleeping_Beauty_(ballet)&oldid=820890862 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Ballets by Marius Petipa </Li> <Li> Suites by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky </Li> <Li> 1890 ballet premieres 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swan lake the sleeping beauty and the nutcracker are three famous ballets by

List of James Bond villains - wikipedia <H1> List of James Bond villains </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> For secondary villains , see List of henchmen of James Bond villains . <P> The James Bond novels and film series feature a number of villainous characters who serve as primary antagonists . Each story normally features a main villain bent on world domination or destruction who seeks to defeat or kill Bond , often with the assistance of secondary characters . Bond typically confronts the villain during the story 's climax and exposes the evil plot . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Main villains <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Novel villains by author <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Ian Fleming </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Kingsley Amis ( writing as Robert Markham ) </Li> <Li> 1.1. 3 Christopher Wood </Li> <Li> 1.1. 4 John Gardner </Li> <Li> 1.1. 5 Raymond Benson </Li> <Li> 1.1. 6 Sebastian Faulks </Li> <Li> 1.1. 7 Jeffery Deaver </Li> <Li> 1.1. 8 William Boyd </Li> <Li> 1.1. 9 Anthony Horowitz </Li> <Li> 1.1. 10 Young Bond series <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 10.1 Charlie Higson </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Film villains by production <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Eon Productions films </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 Non-Eon works </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.3 Video game villains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Villainous organisations </Li> <Li> 3 Henchmen </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Main villains ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Novel villains by author ( edit ) </H3> Ian fleming ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Novel </Th> <Th> Villain </Th> <Th> Objective </Th> <Th> Outcome </Th> <Th> Fate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Casino Royale </Td> <Td> Le Chiffre </Td> <Td> Pay off his embarrassing debts to his SMERSH masters by winning the money at Casino Royale 's baccarat table . </Td> <Td> Bond beats Le Chiffre at baccarat . </Td> <Td> Shot between the eyes by a SMERSH hitman . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Live and Let Die </Td> <Td> Mr. Big ( Buonaparte Ignace Gallia ) </Td> <Td> Smuggle and sell ancient gold coins to finance SMERSH operations . </Td> <Td> Bond kills Mr Big . </Td> <Td> Eaten by sharks and barracuda after he falls into the water when Bond blows up his boat . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moonraker </Td> <Td> Sir Hugo Drax ( Graf Hugo von der Drache ) </Td> <Td> Destroy London with a nuclear missile , the eponymous Moonraker . </Td> <Td> Bond alters the rocket 's target coordinates . </Td> <Td> Rocket crashes into the water directly in the path of Drax 's submarine , the blast killing Drax and all of his men . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Diamonds Are Forever </Td> <Td> Jack Spang </Td> <Td> Smuggle a large cache of diamonds worth millions of dollars from Africa to America to fund organisation . </Td> <Td> Smuggling operation is dismantled when all operatives are assassinated . </Td> <Td> Killed when Bond shoots down his helicopter . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seraffimo Spang </Td> <Td> Bond shoots him in the leg while he is driving the train , causing the train to derail and crash . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> From Russia , with Love </Td> <Td> Rosa Klebb </Td> <Td> Kill Bond in a humiliating sex scandal , kill MI6 cryptanalysts with a boobytrapped cipher machine . </Td> <Td> KGB killer Grant fails to kill Bond , as does Klebb . </Td> <Td> Captured by the Deuxieme Bureau and later dies . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> General Grubozaboyschikov </Td> <Td> Survives . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. No </Td> <Td> Dr. Julius No </Td> <Td> Disrupt U.S. - guided missile tests . </Td> <Td> Dr. No is killed and the project is dismantled . </Td> <Td> Buried under a pile of guano by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goldfinger </Td> <Td> Auric Goldfinger </Td> <Td> Steal the U.S. gold supply from Fort Knox to finance SMERSH . </Td> <Td> U.S. authorities are alerted by Bond . </Td> <Td> Strangled by Bond with his bare hands after hijacking an aeroplane . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` From a View to a Kill '' ( short story ) </Td> <Td> GRU agents </Td> <Td> Kill dispatch - riders of SHAPE to steal information from the British Secret Service . </Td> <Td> The riders are killed but the information is recovered by Bond . </Td> <Td> Shot by Bond and Mary Ann Russell . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` For Your Eyes Only '' ( short story ) </Td> <Td> Colonel von Hammerstein </Td> <Td> Acquire the Havelock Estate in Jamaica to use as a headquarters for a drug running operation . </Td> <Td> Obtains the estate , but both are later killed . </Td> <Td> Killed by Judy Havelock with an arrow . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hector Gonzales </Td> <Td> Shot by Bond in firefight . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Risico '' ( short story ) </Td> <Td> Aristotle Kristatos </Td> <Td> Smuggle drugs , aid Soviet missile development , and trick Bond into killing rival . </Td> <Td> Bond discovers the truth . </Td> <Td> Shot by Bond while driving his car , and the car rolls off into the fog . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` The Hildebrand Rarity '' ( short story ) </Td> <Td> Milton Krest </Td> <Td> Catch the Hildebrand Rarity by any means necessary . </Td> <Td> Succeeds , but dies . </Td> <Td> Chokes to death on the rare fish , possibly murdered by his battered wife . Bond throws the body overboard . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thunderball </Td> <Td> Emilio Largo </Td> <Td> Blackmail the western world with two stolen atomic bombs . </Td> <Td> Bond discovers the location of the bombs . </Td> <Td> Shot in the neck with a speargun by his mistress , Domino . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ernst Stavro Blofeld </Td> <Td> Survives . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Spy Who Loved Me </Td> <Td> Mr. Sanguinetti </Td> <Td> Have his motel burnt down , and have Vivienne Michel assassinated to claim the property and life insurances . </Td> <Td> His assassins fail to kill Vivienne and set the place on fire . </Td> <Td> Arrested by the U.S. Border Patrol . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sol `` Horror '' Horowitz and `` Sluggsy '' Morant </Td> <Td> Assassinate Vivienne Michel under orders of Mr. Sanguinetti and torch the motel owned by Sanguinetti . </Td> <Td> They fail to kill Vivienne and are killed themselves . </Td> <Td> Both are shot to death by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> On Her Majesty 's Secret Service </Td> <Td> Ernst Stavro Blofeld </Td> <Td> Develop a deadly virus to destroy British livestock and cereals . </Td> <Td> The virus and their headquarters are destroyed by Bond and Draco 's Union Corse . </Td> <Td> Survives . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> You Only Live Twice </Td> <Td> Ernst Stavro Blofeld ( a.k.a. Dr. Guntram Shatterhand ) </Td> <Td> He creates a `` garden of death '' and entices depressed Japanese to suicide . He charges for the suicides to refinance the SPECTRE organisation . </Td> <Td> His lair is destroyed and his henchmen killed by Bond . </Td> <Td> Strangled by Bond with his bare hands . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Man with the Golden Gun </Td> <Td> Francisco ( Paco ) `` Pistols '' Scaramanga </Td> <Td> Expand his international crime organisation into the Caribbean and organise smuggling operations to finance . </Td> <Td> His allies are killed in the explosion of his mansion and he is killed by Bond . </Td> <Td> Shot through the heart by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Octopussy '' ( short story ) </Td> <Td> Major Dexter Smythe </Td> <Td> Live off looted Nazi gold . </Td> <Td> Discovered by Bond , he is faced with the choice between prosecution and suicide . </Td> <Td> Accidentally stung by a scorpionfish , then partially eaten by an octopus . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` The Property of a Lady '' ( short story ) </Td> <Td> Maria Freudenstein and her Soviet contact </Td> <Td> Receive secret payment for double agent services . </Td> <Td> Succeeds . </Td> <Td> Survives , but her contact is deported . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` The Living Daylights '' ( short story ) </Td> <Td> Trigger , KGB assassin . </Td> <Td> Assassinate defector . </Td> <Td> Her gun is shot out of her hand before she can kill the defector . </Td> <Td> Wounded by Bond , she survives and escapes . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` 007 in New York '' ( short story ) </Td> <Td> KGB double - agent </Td> <Td> Blackmail MI6 using a female employee . </Td> <Td> Employee is tipped off by Bond . </Td> <Td> Arrested by the CIA . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Kingsley amis ( writing as robert markham ) ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Novel </Th> <Th> Villain </Th> <Th> Objective </Th> <Th> Outcome </Th> <Th> Fate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colonel Sun </Td> <Td> Colonel Sun Liang - tan </Td> <Td> Sabotage USSR summit conference , frame Great Britain . </Td> <Td> Operatives are killed , and summit conference members are alerted . </Td> <Td> Stabbed in the back and heart by Bond . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Christopher wood ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Novel </Th> <Th> Villain </Th> <Th> Objective </Th> <Th> Outcome </Th> <Th> Fate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Bond , The Spy Who Loved Me </Td> <Td> Sigmund Stromberg </Td> <Td> Use stolen submarines to provoke a nuclear war between the U.S. and the Soviets , then rebuild humanity under the ocean . </Td> <Td> Bond destroys his base and blows up the submarines . </Td> <Td> Shot twice in the groin and twice in the chest by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Bond and Moonraker </Td> <Td> Hugo Drax </Td> <Td> Fire a nerve agent from space to kill the entire population of earth , then create a new civilisation in space . </Td> <Td> Bond destroys his space station and , with it , the globes containing the nerve agent . </Td> <Td> Shot with a poison dart by Bond before being pushed out of an airlock and blown into the vacuum of space . </Td> </Tr> </Table> John Gardner ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Novel </Th> <Th> Villain </Th> <Th> Objective </Th> <Th> Outcome </Th> <Th> Fate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Licence Renewed </Td> <Td> Dr. Anton Murik </Td> <Td> Hold nuclear power plants hostage in exchange for $50 billion to build a safe reactor . </Td> <Td> Bond gives the abort order to the henchmen . </Td> <Td> Shot by Bond with Gyrojet pistol . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> For Special Services </Td> <Td> SPECTRE -- Nena Bismaquer ( nee Blofeld ) </Td> <Td> Use Bond to take control of NORAD . </Td> <Td> Nena 's husband , Markus Bismaquer , breaks her hypnotic spell on Bond before the plan succeeds . </Td> <Td> Crushed by her own pythons . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Icebreaker </Td> <Td> Count Konrad von Glöda ( also known as `` Aarne Tudeer '' ) </Td> <Td> Bring back Nazism by wiping out Communists . </Td> <Td> Bond defeats him with the aid of a Mossad agent and a member of the CIA . </Td> <Td> Shot by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Role of Honour </Td> <Td> Jay Autem Holy </Td> <Td> Disarm U.S. and Soviet nuclear weaponry through a computerised scheme to create world peace . </Td> <Td> Bond 's `` defection '' to SPECTRE is actually a ruse , and he ruins them . </Td> <Td> Shot and killed by Rahani . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tamil Rahani ( SPECTRE ) </Td> <Td> Disarm the U.S. nuclear weaponry to give the USSR an advantage in the Cold War . </Td> <Td> Escapes . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nobody Lives for Ever </Td> <Td> Tamil Rahani ( SPECTRE ) </Td> <Td> Put a large bounty on Bond 's head to have him assassinated . </Td> <Td> Bond kills him . </Td> <Td> Blown up by bed bomb , courtesy of Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No Deals , Mr. Bond </Td> <Td> General Konstantin Nikolaevich Chernov ( also known as `` Blackfriar '' ) </Td> <Td> Kill all participants in a defunct espionage operation . </Td> <Td> Bond saves them . </Td> <Td> Arrested . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scorpius </Td> <Td> Vladimir Scorpius ( also known as `` Father Valentine '' ) </Td> <Td> Carry out assassinations with a cult of suicide bombers , ultimately kill the U.S. president and British prime minister . </Td> <Td> The cult is raided and disbanded , and the president and prime minister are saved . </Td> <Td> Bitten by water moccasins . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win , Lose or Die </Td> <Td> BAST -- Bassam Baradj </Td> <Td> Capture aircraft carrier with US , UK , and USSR leaders on board and hold them for ransom . </Td> <Td> Bond overtakes the ship . </Td> <Td> Shot by Bond 's ally . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Licence to Kill ( Novelization ) </Td> <Td> Franz Sanchez </Td> <Td> Smuggle drugs . </Td> <Td> Bond destroys the factory . </Td> <Td> Set on fire by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brokenclaw </Td> <Td> `` Brokenclaw '' Lee Fu - Chu </Td> <Td> Sell secret plans for underwater defence system to Red China , and crash the world stock market with a computerised scheme . </Td> <Td> Chinese agents captured and impersonated by Bond and ally , and their base is blown up . </Td> <Td> Shot by Bond with bow and arrow . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Man from Barbarossa </Td> <Td> General Yevgeny Yuskovich </Td> <Td> Supply Iraq with nuclear weapons . </Td> <Td> Battleship with nuclear weapons destroyed . </Td> <Td> Dies when his ship is blown up . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Death is Forever </Td> <Td> Wolfgang Weisen </Td> <Td> Assassinate all members of British - American CABAL , and destabilise Western Europe by blowing up train containing several world leaders . </Td> <Td> Train remotely stopped before it can reach its destination . </Td> <Td> Electrocuted on train railing . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Never Send Flowers </Td> <Td> David Dragonpol </Td> <Td> Assassinate Princess Diana and her sons at Euro Disney . </Td> <Td> The Royal Family is prevented from arriving at Euro Disney . </Td> <Td> Blown up by his own bomb . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SeaFire </Td> <Td> Sir Maxwell Tarn </Td> <Td> Start oil spill fire during demonstration with U-boat . </Td> <Td> Bond destroys the submarine . </Td> <Td> Burns to death when Bond shoots him with a flare . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GoldenEye ( Novelization ) </Td> <Td> Alec Trevelyan </Td> <Td> Ruin London 's economy . </Td> <Td> His base is destroyed . </Td> <Td> Crushed by falling debris . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> COLD </Td> <Td> General Brutus Clay </Td> <Td> Replace government with Puritan society . </Td> <Td> Bond discovers his plan and notifies his superiors to bomb the base . </Td> <Td> Bond shoots him off a boat and he drowns in the water . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Raymond Benson ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Novel </Th> <Th> Villain </Th> <Th> Objective </Th> <Th> Outcome </Th> <Th> Fate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Blast from the Past '' ( short story ) </Td> <Td> Irma Bunt </Td> <Td> Kill James Bond by shaving him with a razor soaked in Japanese pufferfish poison and `` accidentally '' nicking him . </Td> <Td> Bond is rescued by his girlfriend . </Td> <Td> Shot by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zero Minus Ten </Td> <Td> Guy Thackeray </Td> <Td> Destroy Hong Kong with a nuclear bomb . </Td> <Td> The location of the bomb is discovered , and the bomb is neutralised . </Td> <Td> Drowned by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tomorrow Never Dies ( Novelization ) </Td> <Td> Elliot Carver </Td> <Td> Initiate a war between the United Kingdom and China by destroying Beijing to boost ratings . </Td> <Td> Bond and Wai - Lin destroy the bomb and Carver 's base . </Td> <Td> Forced into the path of the Sea - Vac drill , controlled by Bond , and killed . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Facts of Death </Td> <Td> Konstantine Romanos </Td> <Td> Instigate war between Greece and Turkey by firing nuclear missile into Turkey . </Td> <Td> Killed by fellow Decada member Hera Volopoulos . </Td> <Td> Killed by Hera . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hera Volopoulos </Td> <Td> Release virus onto the world and profit from treatment . </Td> <Td> Stopped with assistance from Greek military . </Td> <Td> Blown up , then drowned by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Midsummer Night 's Doom '' ( short story ) </Td> <Td> Anton Redenius ( a likely reference to Doug Redenius of the Ian Fleming Foundation ) </Td> <Td> Sell Ministry of Defence secrets to Russian mafia . </Td> <Td> After being identified as the culprit , the microfilm is retrieved by Bond . </Td> <Td> Arrested . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> High Time to Kill </Td> <Td> Roland Marquis </Td> <Td> Retrieve Skin 17 microdot from corpse on Kangchenjunga mountain before Bond does and sell it to the Russian mafia . </Td> <Td> Marquis gives Bond the microdot in exchange for oxygen . </Td> <Td> Chased by Bond to the mountain 's peak and dies of oxygen deprivation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Le Gérant , The Union </Td> <Td> Retrieve the microdot and sell it to the Chinese government . </Td> <Td> Survives . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The World Is Not Enough ( Novelization ) </Td> <Td> Elektra King </Td> <Td> Kill her father to take over his oil business and destroy Istanbul in order to monopolise the oil market . </Td> <Td> Renard 's submarine is sunk by Bond . </Td> <Td> Shot in the chest by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Renard </Td> <Td> Assassinate Elektra 's father and then use a nuclear submarine to destroy Istanbul ; allowing him to commit one final act of terror and giving Elektra leverage over the oil industry . </Td> <Td> Bond kills him and sinks the submarine . </Td> <Td> Impaled by his own plutonium rod shot out of the reactor by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Live at Five '' ( short story ) </Td> <Td> KGB ( Natalia 's coach ) </Td> <Td> Prevent Russian ice skater Natalia Lustokov 's defection to the West . </Td> <Td> Bond helps the skater defect on live television . </Td> <Td> The KGB is embarrassed in public . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doubleshot </Td> <Td> Domingo Espada </Td> <Td> Overthrow Gibraltar 's government with a series of assassinations , then frame James Bond by using a lookalike as assassin and install Espada as the new governor . </Td> <Td> Bond kills his double and takes his place , foiling the coup . </Td> <Td> Shot through cheek by Bond and chokes to death on his own blood . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Le Gérant , The Union </Td> <Td> Survives . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Never Dream of Dying </Td> <Td> Le Gérant , The Union </Td> <Td> Make a political statement about Western decadence by blowing up the Cannes Film Festival with CL - 20 explosives . </Td> <Td> Bond discovers the location of the bomb , prevents remote detonation by telephone call , and informs the authorities . </Td> <Td> Blown up in an escape helicopter by Bond 's grenade launcher . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goro Yoshida </Td> <Td> Survives . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Man with the Red Tattoo </Td> <Td> Goro Yoshida </Td> <Td> Release a deadly mutant strain of the West Nile virus via mosquitoes on the Western world . </Td> <Td> The virus is destroyed . </Td> <Td> Commits seppuku before he can be captured by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Another Day ( Novelization ) </Td> <Td> Colonel Moon / Gustav Graves </Td> <Td> Smuggle diamonds and use the Icarus satellite to attack South Korea before invading it . </Td> <Td> Bond dismantles the diamond smuggling operation and the Icarus controls are destroyed . </Td> <Td> His escape vehicle is driven over a cliff , then his parachute is opened by Bond next to the torn fuselage , sucking him out into the plane engine . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Sebastian faulks ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Novel </Th> <Th> Villain </Th> <Th> Objective </Th> <Th> Outcome </Th> <Th> Fate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Devil May Care </Td> <Td> Dr. Julius Gorner </Td> <Td> Import opium into Britain , and force Bond to pilot an airliner into Soviet territory and bomb it , making it appear to be the UK 's doing . </Td> <Td> Bond gains control of the airliner and crashes it into a mountainside . </Td> <Td> Shot by Bond , he jumps into a river to escape , where he is torn apart by a boat 's paddles . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Jeffery deaver ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Novel </Th> <Th> Villain </Th> <Th> Objective </Th> <Th> Outcome </Th> <Th> Fate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carte Blanche </Td> <Td> Severan Hydt </Td> <Td> Use a prototype Serbian weapon known as a `` Cutter '' to destroy a university in York , killing a cancer researcher who could ruin his employer , a pharmaceutical corporation . </Td> <Td> Bond is able to warn British authorities about the Cutter before it detonates . </Td> <Td> Shot by an associate , Niall Dunne . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Felicity Willing </Td> <Td> Uses her position as head of the International Organisation Against Hunger to strategically distribute food aid across northern Africa , giving the government of the Sudan a pretext to go to war with the south . </Td> <Td> She is tricked into confessing to the scheme by Bond and Bheka Jordaan . </Td> <Td> Extradited to a secret location after evidence is planted to suggest she was embezzling money from her Chinese backers . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Niall Dunne </Td> <Td> He assists Hydt in his operation , then betrays and kills him while working for Felicity Willing . </Td> <Td> Bond captures Felicity and kills Dunne . </Td> <Td> Shot by Bond and Bheka Jordaan . </Td> </Tr> </Table> William boyd ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Novel </Th> <Th> Villain </Th> <Th> Objective </Th> <Th> Outcome </Th> <Th> Fate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Solo </Td> <Td> Kobus Breed </Td> <Td> Use Dahumni children as drug mules to smuggle raw heroin into the States . </Td> <Td> Bond tracks him down to Washington D.C . </Td> <Td> Shot and left for dead by Bond . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Anthony horowitz ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Novel </Th> <Th> Villain </Th> <Th> Objective </Th> <Th> Outcome </Th> <Th> Fate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trigger Mortis </Td> <Td> Jason Sin </Td> <Td> Sabotage US rocket test launch . Blow up Empire State Building with train bomb and make it appear to be the rocket 's doing by spreading debris of duplicate rocket around bomb site . Use public outcry to give USSR advantage in the Space Race </Td> <Td> Bomb neutralized and train derailed en route to Empire State Building . </Td> <Td> Electrocuted by train railing . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Young Bond series ( edit ) Charlie higson ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Novel </Th> <Th> Villain </Th> <Th> Objective </Th> <Th> Outcome </Th> <Th> Fate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SilverFin </Td> <Td> Lord Randolph Hellebore </Td> <Td> Create a serum that manipulates the endocrine system and hormones in a human , giving them increased strength , and use his new army of modified soldiers to conquer the world . </Td> <Td> Bond and George Hellebore wreck his laboratory by smashing the serum tubes and igniting the paperwork . </Td> <Td> Algar pushes him and Randolph into the loch , where eels savagely devour them . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blood Fever </Td> <Td> Count Ugo Carnifex </Td> <Td> Steal paintings and sculptures from around the world using the aid of a secret band of villains named the Milennaria . </Td> <Td> His benefactor floods his palace for his failure . </Td> <Td> Hit by his seaplane after it is swept away by a wave of water . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Double or Die </Td> <Td> Irina Sedova `` Babushka '' </Td> <Td> Construct a brand - new and modified decoding machine for the Russians , that is promised to think a thousand times faster than any human is capable . </Td> <Td> Bond destroys the machine . </Td> <Td> Bond threatens to shoot her , but then decides to spare her life . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hurricane Gold </Td> <Td> Mrs. Glass </Td> <Td> Sell important American documents to the Japanese . </Td> <Td> She succeeds . </Td> <Td> Imprisoned on Huracán 's island . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> El Huracán </Td> <Td> Punish all guests on his island who break his rules . </Td> <Td> Bond beats his obstacle course and escapes . </Td> <Td> Spared by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> By Royal Command </Td> <Td> Dr. Perseus Friend </Td> <Td> Assist the Nazi cause by making a plan to murder King George , and also stage a personal vendetta against James Bond after he foiled his work at the end of SilverFin . </Td> <Td> Bond saves the king , destroys Friend 's operation and forces Sedova to kill Friend . </Td> <Td> Shot in the face by Colonel Sedova . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Irina Sedova `` Babushka '' </Td> <Td> Find and kill Friend after King George is dead . </Td> <Td> Shot by Bond , but survives because of her bulletproof jacket . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` A Hard Man to Kill '' ( Short story ) </Td> <Td> Emil Lefebrve </Td> <Td> Help General Caiboche escape . </Td> <Td> Succeeds . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caiboche </Td> <Td> Escape from custody . </Td> <Td> Succeeds . </Td> <Td> Survives . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Film villains by production ( edit ) </H3> Eon productions films ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Villain </Th> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Th> Objective </Th> <Th> Outcome </Th> <Th> Fate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. No </Td> <Td> Dr. Julius No </Td> <Td> Joseph Wiseman </Td> <Td> Stage a personal vendetta against the Americans by using a nuclear radio beam to interfere with their manned missile launch . </Td> <Td> Bond overloads the nuclear reactor in No 's base causing the toppling device used to sabotage the tests to overload and disable </Td> <Td> Left to boil to death in the cooling vat . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> From Russia With Love </Td> <Td> Colonel Rosa Klebb </Td> <Td> Lotte Lenya </Td> <Td> Stage an elaborate revenge scheme against James Bond for the death of Dr No , by stealing a Russian crytographic device . Bond will be assigned to recover the device , where SPECTRE 's hired assassin Red Grant , will kill Bond . They will then leak compromising photos of Bond and the Russian pawn , Tatiana Romanova , to the press and then sell the device back to the Russians . </Td> <Td> Bond acquires the device for MI6 and evades SPECTRE 's attempts on his life . </Td> <Td> Shot in the chest by Tatiana Romanova . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ernst Stavro Blofeld </Td> <Td> Anthony Dawson ( body ) , Eric Pohlmann ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Survives ( No contact between him and Bond ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goldfinger </Td> <Td> Auric Goldfinger </Td> <Td> Gert Fröbe ( body ) , Michael Collins ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Detonate a bomb within Fort Knox , contaminating the gold reserves and causing a financial meltdown in the United States , increasing the value of Goldfinger 's own gold in the process . </Td> <Td> An American technician disables the bomb before it can detonate . </Td> <Td> Sucked out of the shattered window of a depressurizing plane . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thunderball </Td> <Td> Emilio Largo </Td> <Td> Adolfo Celi </Td> <Td> Extort one hundred million pounds from world governments by threatening them with nuclear missiles . </Td> <Td> Missiles destroyed by Bond and the U.S. Coast Guard . </Td> <Td> Shot in the back with a harpoon by his mistress , Domino . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ernst Stavro Blofeld </Td> <Td> Anthony Dawson ( body ) , Eric Pohlmann ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Survives ( No contact between him and Bond ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> You Only Live Twice </Td> <Td> Ernst Stavro Blofeld </Td> <Td> Donald Pleasence </Td> <Td> Capture American and Soviet spacecraft with the Bird One space capsule and triggering a war between the United States and the Soviet Union on behalf of an undisclosed Asian country . </Td> <Td> Bond uses a self - destruct button in Blofeld 's lair to destroy the Bird One spacecraft used to capture manned space capsules from orbit . </Td> <Td> Survives , although wounded . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> On Her Majesty 's Secret Service </Td> <Td> Ernst Stavro Blofeld </Td> <Td> Telly Savalas </Td> <Td> Abduct beautiful women from around the world and use them as pawns to spread a dangerous virus that is capable of destroying crops and livestock unless the United Nations agree to pardon him for his past crimes . </Td> <Td> Bond , with the help of Marc Ange Draco , destroys the laboratory where the viruses are being developed before they can be released . </Td> <Td> Survives , despite neck injury . Assassinates Tracy di Vicenzo , Bond 's newly married wife on their honeymoon . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Diamonds Are Forever </Td> <Td> Ernst Stavro Blofeld </Td> <Td> Charles Gray </Td> <Td> Target nuclear stockpiles with the help of a space weapons platform , attached to a satellite and magnified by diamonds . The nuclear stockpiles will be of countries that refuse to pay him . </Td> <Td> Bond smashes Blofeld 's Mini-Sub multiple times like a wrecking ball against the control room of his lair , disabling the satellite . </Td> <Td> Presumed to have died in the fiery demolition of the control room . ( Unofficially returns in the opening of For Your Eyes Only where an unidentified wheelchair villain is dropped down a smokestack . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Live and Let Die </Td> <Td> Dr. Kananga / Mr. Big </Td> <Td> Yaphet Kotto </Td> <Td> Distribute colossal supplies of heroin without cost , causing a huge monopoly in the heroin market that will eventually make all other dealers bankrupt . </Td> <Td> Quarrel Jr. destroys Kananga 's poppy fields with a series of explosives . </Td> <Td> Compressed gas pellet forced down his throat , causing his body to rapidly inflate and explode . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Man with the Golden Gun </Td> <Td> Francisco Scaramanga </Td> <Td> Christopher Lee </Td> <Td> Acquire a device called the Solex Agitator , which is capable of controlling solar energy , and sell it to the highest bidder , and kill James Bond : the one man he considers his equal . </Td> <Td> Bond retrieves the Agitator for MI6 and defeats Scaramanga in mortal combat . </Td> <Td> Shot in the heart by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Spy Who Loved Me </Td> <Td> Karl Stromberg </Td> <Td> Curt Jürgens </Td> <Td> Capture a British submarine and a Soviet submarine and fire a nuclear warhead from both , luring Britain and the Soviet Union into a nuclear war and rebuild human civilization underwater once the war is finished . </Td> <Td> Bond redirects the British and Soviet nuclear missiles ' coordinates so that the missile fired by each sub hits the other , destroying both . </Td> <Td> Shot repeatedly by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moonraker </Td> <Td> Hugo Drax </Td> <Td> Michael Lonsdale </Td> <Td> Fire a nerve agent from space , poisoning Earth 's atmosphere and killing off the human population . Rebuild humanity in space with carefully selected humans , creating a new master race before returning to repopulate the Earth once the nerve agent is rendered harmless . </Td> <Td> The space station containing the poisonous globes is destroyed by US Marines , and the three globes that were launched were destroyed by Bond and Holly Goodhead before they could release their payload . </Td> <Td> Shot with a poisonous dart by Bond , and ejected into outer space . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> For Your Eyes Only </Td> <Td> Aristotle Kristatos </Td> <Td> Julian Glover </Td> <Td> Retrieve an ATAC device that is capable of controlling missiles for the Soviets ; misinform Bond into killing Milos Columbo . </Td> <Td> Bond joins forces with Columbo , and the pair infiltrate Kristatos ' mountain hideout in Greece . Bond throws the ATAC device off a cliff and destroys it . </Td> <Td> Stabbed in the back with throwing knife by Columbo . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Octopussy </Td> <Td> General Orlov </Td> <Td> Steven Berkoff </Td> <Td> Smuggle a bomb into a U.S Air Force Base in West Germany and detonate it , tricking Western powers into disarmament and allowing the Warsaw Pact to invade and conquer Western Europe without fear of retaliation . </Td> <Td> Bond disarms the bomb . </Td> <Td> While attempting to jump on Octopussy 's circus train , he is shot and killed by East German border guards mistakenly believing he is trying to defect . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prince Kamal Khan </Td> <Td> Louis Jourdan </Td> <Td> To aid General Orlov in his plan in exchange for being paid in jewels stolen from the Kremlin . </Td> <Td> The jewels are recovered by the KGB . </Td> <Td> Attempts to escape in plane , but Bond disables one of the rudders on the plane , causing Khan to crash it into a mountain . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A View to a Kill </Td> <Td> Max Zorin </Td> <Td> Christopher Walken </Td> <Td> Develop a bomb and activate it under Silicon Valley , triggering an earthquake in California and cause the valley to flood , wiping out his competitors and allowing him to monopolise the microchip market . </Td> <Td> Zorin leaves May Day to die in the bomb blast . Enraged at his betrayal , she smuggles the bomb out of the blast radius , ensuring that no other damage is caused . </Td> <Td> Falls to his death from the Golden Gate Bridge . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Living Daylights </Td> <Td> General Georgi Koskov </Td> <Td> Jeroen Krabbé </Td> <Td> Supply the Soviets with weapons for their continuing invasion of Afghanistan and misinform MI6 into killing General Pushkin . </Td> <Td> Bond and Pushkin fake the latter 's assassination and destroys the shipment of opium that Koskov was going to use to buy weapons from Brad Whitaker . </Td> <Td> Arrested by Pushkin ; implied to be executed by the Soviet government offscreen . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brad Whitaker </Td> <Td> Joe Don Baker </Td> <Td> Engage in a triangle deal with Koskov and the Mujahadeen where Whitaker will get valuable opium to finance operations . </Td> <Td> Bond destroys the shipment of opium , ruining the deal . </Td> <Td> Bond activates a bomb disguised as a key chain , dropping a bust of Wellington on Whitaker , crushing him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Licence to Kill </Td> <Td> Franz Sanchez </Td> <Td> Robert Davi </Td> <Td> Smuggle cocaine dissolved in petrol into Asia . The re-integration process will be given to the drug lords who can pay his price . </Td> <Td> Bond destroys his drug supply . </Td> <Td> Bond uses a cigarette lighter , given to him by the Leiters on their wedding day , to set a petrol - soaked Sanchez alight ; he stumbles into the trucks of petrol causing them and him to explode . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GoldenEye </Td> <Td> Alec Trevelyan </Td> <Td> Sean Bean </Td> <Td> Hijack the eponymous satellite with his Janus syndicate , and use the satellite to emmit an electro - magnetic pulse , creating a financial meltdown in London as the pulse will interfere with the Bank Of England 's computer systems . </Td> <Td> Bond destroys the GoldenEye by sabotaging the ground transmitter , causing the GoldenEye to burn up on re-entry . </Td> <Td> Bond drops him to the bottom of the antenna cradle . Somehow surviving this , he is soon crushed by the rubble and remains of the GoldenEye ground transmitter . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tomorrow Never Dies </Td> <Td> Elliot Carver </Td> <Td> Jonathan Pryce </Td> <Td> Provoke war between China and the United Kingdom , before firing a missile from a sunken British warship onto Beijing and arranging a broadcasting deal with the new government . </Td> <Td> Bond destroys Carver 's stealth boat in a massive explosion , destroying the missile before it can launch . </Td> <Td> Bond throws him in front of his own Sea - Vac drill , tearing him to shreds . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The World Is Not Enough </Td> <Td> Elektra King </Td> <Td> Sophie Marceau </Td> <Td> Kill her father , take over his oil business , and sabotage her competitors by creating a nuclear meltdown in Istanbul with the help of Renard . </Td> <Td> Kills her father , but is shot by Bond after he escapes her capture . </Td> <Td> Bond shoots her in the chest . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Renard </Td> <Td> Robert Carlyle </Td> <Td> Fulfill his terrorist agenda by detonating a nuclear submarine in the waters of Istanbul , thus destroying the city and giving his lover , Elektra , the upper hand in conquering the petroleum market . </Td> <Td> Bond kills him before he can overload the submarine 's reactor . </Td> <Td> Impaled by a plutonium rod , shot out of the sub 's reactor core at high speed , by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Die Another Day </Td> <Td> Gustav Graves / Colonel Moon </Td> <Td> Toby Stephens / Will Yun Lee </Td> <Td> Create a solar energy platform called Icarus to cut a path through the Korean Demilitarized Zone , allowing North Korea to launch an invasion of South Korea . </Td> <Td> Icarus is rendered harmless when Bond destroys the control device . </Td> <Td> Bond pulls the cord on his parachute , sucking him into his plane 's engine . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Casino Royale </Td> <Td> Le Chiffre </Td> <Td> Mads Mikkelsen </Td> <Td> Squanders his client 's money and attempts to recoup the loss by competing in a high - stakes poker game held at the Casino Royale . </Td> <Td> Bond wins the tournament . </Td> <Td> Shot in the forehead by Mr. White . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mr. White </Td> <Td> Jesper Christensen </Td> <Td> Act as the middleman in the distribution of funds between terrorist banker , Le Chiffre and his respective clients . He is later tasked with eliminating Le Chiffre , who has been branded as a liability to White 's people . </Td> <Td> Dispatches Le Chiffre and retrieves the money but is ultimately apprehended by Bond . </Td> <Td> Arrested by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steven Obanno </Td> <Td> Isaach de Bankolé </Td> <Td> Obtain money from Le Chiffre to help fund the Lord 's Resistance Army . </Td> <Td> Bond repeatedly causes Le Chiffre to lose the money . </Td> <Td> Strangled to death by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quantum of Solace </Td> <Td> Dominic Greene </Td> <Td> Mathieu Amalric </Td> <Td> Create a coup d'etat by selling water back to the Bolivian government at rapidly inflated prices , after creating an artificial drought . </Td> <Td> Bond intercepts Greene before he can carry out the coup . </Td> <Td> Bond abandons him in the middle of the Bolivian desert , with nothing but a can of motor oil to drink . He is later reported to have been shot by an anonymous assassin . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mr. White </Td> <Td> Jesper Christensen </Td> <Td> Escape MI6 custody . </Td> <Td> Succeeds . </Td> <Td> Survives . ( Returns in Spectre where he shoots himself rather than face Blofeld 's wrath . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Skyfall </Td> <Td> Raoul Silva </Td> <Td> Javier Bardem </Td> <Td> Hack into MI6 and leak photos of agents onto the net , causing a major scandal and forcing M to resign , before murdering her as revenge for betraying him several years prior . </Td> <Td> Indirectly succeeds . M is shot by Silva 's henchman , but Silva himself dies before she succumbs to her wounds . </Td> <Td> Bond throws a knife into his back , killing him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spectre </Td> <Td> Ernst Stavro Blofeld ( Franz Oberhauser ) </Td> <Td> Christoph Waltz </Td> <Td> Gain world power by infiltrating the world 's intelligence agencies and bringing them under his control via a surveillance program called `` Nine Eyes '' . Also desires to torment and eliminate Bond for supposedly stealing his father 's love and for meddling with his previous schemes . </Td> <Td> Bond destroys Blofeld 's Data Center and Q manages to disable the `` Nine Eyes '' program before it can be activated . </Td> <Td> Arrested by M . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Non-eon works ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Villain </Th> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Th> Objective </Th> <Th> Outcome </Th> <Th> Fate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Casino Royale ( 1954 TV episode ) </Td> <Td> Le Chiffre </Td> <Td> Peter Lorre </Td> <Td> Escape bankruptcy with baccarat game . </Td> <Td> Loses to Bond . </Td> <Td> Shot by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Casino Royale ( 1967 film ) </Td> <Td> Dr. Noah / Jimmy Bond </Td> <Td> Woody Allen </Td> <Td> Use biological warfare to make all women beautiful , then wipe out all men bigger than him to make him get the girls . </Td> <Td> Poisoned by The Detainer with his own atomic pill . </Td> <Td> Blown up by pill . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Le Chiffre </Td> <Td> Orson Welles </Td> <Td> Recover embezzled SMERSH funds in baccarat game . </Td> <Td> Loses game to Evelyn Tremble . </Td> <Td> Shot by SMERSH agents . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Never Say Never Again </Td> <Td> Maximillian Largo </Td> <Td> Klaus Maria Brandauer </Td> <Td> Hold world powers for ransom with nuclear weapons . </Td> <Td> The weapons are retrieved by Bond . </Td> <Td> Shot in the back with harpoon by Domino . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ernst Stavro Blofeld </Td> <Td> Max von Sydow </Td> <Td> Survives . No contact with Bond . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Video game villains ( edit ) </H3> <P> Following is a list of original main villains in James Bond computer and video games . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Game </Th> <Th> Villain </Th> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Th> Objective </Th> <Th> Outcome </Th> <Th> Fate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GoldenEye 007 </Td> <Td> Alec Trevelyan </Td> <Td> Sean Bean ( likeness ) </Td> <Td> Use Goldeneye to rob and destroy London . </Td> <Td> Bond destroys Goldeneye 's controls . </Td> <Td> Falls to his death after Bond shoots him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tomorrow Never Dies </Td> <Td> Elliot Carver </Td> <Td> Jonathan Pryce ( likeness ) Andrew Burt ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Fire a nuclear missile at Beijing , eliminating the current Chinese government in favour of politicians who will grant him exclusive broadcasting rights in China . </Td> <Td> Bond aborts the missile launch . </Td> <Td> Shot and killed by Bond . <P> Sky fall - shot at the back of the head by Bond </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Bond 007 </Td> <Td> General Golgov </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Use a nuclear holocaust to emerge as the ruler of the world . </Td> <Td> Bond destroys Golgov 's robot with a bazooka . </Td> <Td> Dies in the explosion . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The World is Not Enough </Td> <Td> Elektra King </Td> <Td> Sophie Marceau ( likeness ) Sumalee Montano ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Kill her father to take over his oil business , and then destroy İstanbul in a nuclear explosion to monopolise the oil market . </Td> <Td> Succeeds in killing her father ; however , Bond escapes captivity at Maiden 's Tower and boards the nuclear submarine . </Td> <Td> Shot and killed by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Renard </Td> <Td> Robert Carlyle ( likeness ) David Robb ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Overload the reactor of a nuclear submarine to generate a nuclear explosion , destroying İstanbul and increasing the value of Elektra 's oil . </Td> <Td> Bond stops Renard from blowing up the nuclear submarine . </Td> <Td> Impaled by a plutonium rod shot out of the sub 's core at high speed by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 007 Racing </Td> <Td> Dr. Hammond Litte </Td> <Td> Tim Bentinck </Td> <Td> Smuggle stolen NATO warheads to terrorists via his automobile line , then later commit genocide using a deadly virus . </Td> <Td> His smuggling operation is dissolved by Bond , and the plane carrying the virus is destroyed . </Td> <Td> Presumably killed when Bond blows up his plane . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Agent Under Fire </Td> <Td> Adrian Malprave </Td> <Td> Corina Harmon </Td> <Td> Kidnap the World Trade Leaders , create clones , kill the G8 , then force the clones to give her control of the world . </Td> <Td> Bond destroys her cloning lab and kills the clones . </Td> <Td> Dies when headquarters explodes . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nightfire </Td> <Td> Rafael Drake </Td> <Td> Michael Ensign </Td> <Td> Destroy NATO forces in a massive air strike from space . </Td> <Td> Bond disables the missiles ' targeting systems , sending them off course . </Td> <Td> Shot with a laser by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Everything or Nothing </Td> <Td> Nikolai Diavolo </Td> <Td> Willem Dafoe </Td> <Td> Take over Russia and the world by using a metal - eating nanobot army , then get revenge on Bond for the death of his mentor Max Zorin . </Td> <Td> Bond destroys the nanobots . </Td> <Td> Falls into a missile silo after Bond shoots Diavolo 's control tower with a rocket launcher . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Katya Nadanova </Td> <Td> Heidi Klum </Td> <Td> Supply Diavolo with her nanobots which are then engineered to eat through all metals except platinum , and work with her lover ( Diavolo ) to invade Russia using their nanobots . </Td> <Td> Bond deactivates their nanotech weapons and destroys a helicopter containing Diavolo and Nadanova . </Td> <Td> Dies in the explosion ( Diavolo survives ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GoldenEye : Rogue Agent </Td> <Td> Auric Goldfinger </Td> <Td> Gert Fröbe ( likeness ) Enn Reitel ( voice ) . </Td> <Td> Use the OMEN virus to take over the world . </Td> <Td> Goldeneye uses the virus against Goldfinger 's forces . </Td> <Td> Destroyed by OMEN virus set off by Goldeneye . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Julius No </Td> <Td> Joseph Wiseman ( likeness ) Carlos Alazraqui ( voice ) . </Td> <Td> Electrocuted in his own reactor . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number 1 </Td> <Td> Donald Pleasence ( likeness ) Gideon Emery ( voice ) . </Td> <Td> Manipulate Goldeneye into killing off his two liabilites , Dr. No and Goldfinger . </Td> <Td> Succeeds . </Td> <Td> Survives , no contact with Goldeneye . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> From Russia with Love </Td> <Td> Rosa Klebb </Td> <Td> Lotte Lenya ( likeness ) Karly Rothenberg ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Kill Bond and obtain the Lektor . </Td> <Td> Bond survives and gets the Lektor to MI6 . </Td> <Td> Shot in the chest by Tatiana Romanova . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Red Grant </Td> <Td> Robert Shaw ( likeness ) Brian McCole ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Bond shoots him with a Wright Magnum . OCTOPUS is believed to have fallen apart afterwards . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quantum of Solace </Td> <Td> Dominic Greene </Td> <Td> Mathieu Amalric </Td> <Td> Stage a coup d'état in Bolivia , to gain control of a piece of land rich in resources . </Td> <Td> Camille kills General Medrano ( Greene 's associate who will execute the plan ) , and Bill Tanner , using hacking , bankrupts Greene , nullifying all of his efforts . </Td> <Td> Killed in the gunfight by Bond . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GoldenEye 007 ( 2010 Remake ) </Td> <Td> Alec Trevelyan </Td> <Td> Elliot Cowan </Td> <Td> Use Goldeneye to rob and destroy London , as punishment for their greed . </Td> <Td> Bond destroys Goldeneye 's controls . </Td> <Td> Falls to his death after Bond shoots him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blood Stone </Td> <Td> Stefan Pomerov </Td> <Td> Laurentio Passa </Td> <Td> Weaponise an antidote for smallpox and anthrax then release it upon the world . </Td> <Td> Bond blows up his factory , then prevents his plane from releasing the toxin . </Td> <Td> Blown out of his plane after Bond shoots the door open . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rak </Td> <Td> James Goode </Td> <Td> Aid in the kidnapping of scientists and sell their research . </Td> <Td> Killed by Bond . </Td> <Td> Shot by Bond , causing him to fire a rocket at his plane , which thus explodes , killing him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicole Hunter </Td> <Td> Joss Stone </Td> <Td> Organise the kidnapping of scientists . </Td> <Td> Bond discovers her connection with the kidnapping plot and chases after her . </Td> <Td> Shot by an unmanned drone controlled by her `` boss '' ( After the release of Spectre , it was implied that the `` boss '' is no other than Ernst Stavro Blofeld ( Christoph Waltz ) ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 007 : Legends </Td> <Td> Auric Goldfinger </Td> <Td> Gert Fröbe ( likeness ) Timothy Watson ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Irradiate the gold supply of Fort Knox with a bomb . </Td> <Td> The bomb is disabled . </Td> <Td> Blown out of plane window . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ernst Stavro Blofeld </Td> <Td> Glenn Wrage </Td> <Td> Blackmail the UN with the threat of a deadly virus that will wipe out all livestock and cereals . </Td> <Td> The base is destroyed by Bond . </Td> <Td> Thrown out of cable car by Bond and presumed dead . Later fires at James Bond and his wife , Tracey Bond , in an act of revenge , killing the latter . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Franz Sanchez </Td> <Td> Robert Davi </Td> <Td> Smuggle drugs in Asia . </Td> <Td> The shipment is attacked by Bond . </Td> <Td> Set on fire by Bond and burns to death . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gustav Graves </Td> <Td> Toby Stephens </Td> <Td> Invade South Korea using the Icarus . </Td> <Td> Icarus is disabled . </Td> <Td> Sucked into plane engine . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hugo Drax </Td> <Td> Michael Lonsdale </Td> <Td> Kill the entire human race , then rebuild in outer space . </Td> <Td> The space station is destroyed by Bond . </Td> <Td> Blown out of airlock and suffocated . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Patrice </Td> <Td> Ola Rapace </Td> <Td> Kill MI6 agents in İstanbul , and assassinate a man in Shanghai . </Td> <Td> Succeeds , but is killed by Bond . </Td> <Td> Dropped off of a skyscraper by Bond . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Villainous organisations ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> SMERSH -- SMiERt SHpionam , `` Death to Spies , '' Bond 's original nemesis in the novels , though only taking an active role in the 1967 film Casino Royale and only briefly mentioned in the others ( apparently disbanded 20 years before the events of The Living Daylights ) . The Soviet agency is in charge of assassination , loosely based on the real - life SMERSH . </Li> <Li> SPECTRE -- SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence , Terrorism , Revenge and Extortion , first appeared in the novel Thunderball and replaced SMERSH as Bond 's nemesis in the films . The independent terrorist organisation is headed by Ernst Stavro Blofeld . In the 2015 film , Spectre , 007 digs deep into the organisation and tries to get payback for his beloved M ( Judi Dench ) ; he discovers the organisation is headed by his adopted brother Franz Oberhauser , now calling himself Blofeld , and that its entire purpose was to personnally persecute Bond himself . </Li> <Li> The Spangled Mob -- Bond 's enemy in the novel Diamonds Are Forever , appearing also in Goldfinger and The Man with the Golden Gun . The mob is an American Mafia family based in Las Vegas . </Li> <Li> Drax Metals -- Hugo Drax 's company . </Li> <Li> Stromberg Shipping Line -- Karl Stromberg 's organisation . </Li> <Li> Zorin Enterprises -- Max Zorin 's industrial conglomerate . </Li> <Li> Entreprises Auric A.G. -- Auric Goldfinger 's organisation . </Li> <Li> KGB -- Soviet intelligence agency . </Li> <Li> Janus Syndicate -- Alec Trevelyan 's vehemently anti-British terrorist organisation in GoldenEye . </Li> <Li> CMGN -- Carver Media Group Network , Elliot Carver 's self - made media empire in Tomorrow Never Dies . </Li> <Li> The Scales of Justice -- A movement in John Gardner 's The Man from Barbarossa . </Li> <Li> Yakuza -- Japanese crime gang in the novel The Man with the Red Tattoo . </Li> <Li> COLD -- The Children of Last Days , a terrorist organisation that Bond faces in the novel COLD . </Li> <Li> The Union -- A villainous organisation in Raymond Benson 's novels High Time to Kill , Doubleshot , and Never Dream of Dying . </Li> <Li> OCTOPUS -- Replaces SPECTRE in the video game adaptation of From Russia with Love for copyright reasons . </Li> <Li> BAST -- Brotherhood of Anarchy and Secret Terrorism , featured in the novel Win , Lose or Die . </Li> <Li> Quantum -- A shadowy criminal organisation seen in Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace . The organisation is strictly apolitical -- but with considerable political influence of their own -- and will deal with anyone whose interests converge with their own . Known members of the organisation include an extensive network of current and former politicians , business people and intelligence agents . One of their leading members , Dominic Greene , leads a cover organisation called Greene Planet . In Spectre ( 2015 ) , the organisation is revealed as a division within SPECTRE rather than an independent group . </Li> <Li> SCUM -- Stands for `` Saboteurs and Criminals United in Mayhem '' , the main villainous organisation in the James Bond Jr. series . </Li> <Li> TAROT -- Technological Accession , Revenge and Organized Terror , the replacement for SPECTRE in the James Bond Roleplaying Game produced by Victory Games from 1983 - 1987 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Henchmen ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of James Bond henchmen <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Outline of James Bond </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seeking Solace on the Bond set '' . USA Today . 3 April 2008 . 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bond villain has a good head for numbers

Speed limit - wikipedia <H1> Speed limit </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about road speed limits . For speed of light , see special relativity . For road speed limits in specific countries , see Speed limits by country . For rail speed limits , see Slow zone . A typical 60 km / h speed limit sign used in Australia A typical 50 mph speed limit sign in the United States A typical 50 mph speed limit sign in the United Kingdom and 50 km / h speed limit sign in Hong Kong <P> Road speed limits are used in most countries to set the maximum ( or minimum in some cases ) speed at which road vehicles may legally travel on particular stretches of road . Speed limits may be variable and in some places speed is unlimited ( e.g. on some Autobahn sections in Germany ) . Speed limits are normally indicated on a traffic sign . Speed limits are commonly set by the legislative bodies of nations or provincial governments and enforced by national or regional police or judicial bodies . </P> <P> The first maximum speed limit was the 10 mph ( 16 km / h ) limit introduced in the United Kingdom in 1861 . The highest posted speed limit in the world is 140 km / h ( 87 mph ) , which applies to some motorways in Poland and Bulgaria ; similarly Texas posts 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) on one 40 - mile ( 64 km ) long toll road . However , some roads have no speed limit for certain classes of vehicles . Best known are Germany 's less congested Autobahns , where automobile drivers have no mandated maximum speed . Measurements from the German state of Brandenburg in 2006 showed average speeds of 142 km / h ( 88 mph ) on a 6 - lane section of autobahn in free - flowing conditions . Rural roads on the Isle of Man and the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh , Maharashtra , and Telangana , also lack speed limits . </P> <P> Speed limits are usually set to attempt to cap road traffic speed ; there are several reasons for wanting to do this . It is often done with an intention to improve road traffic safety and reduce the number of road traffic casualties from traffic collisions . In their World report on road traffic injury prevention report , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) identify speed control as one of various interventions likely to contribute to a reduction in road casualties . ( The WHO estimated that some 1.2 million people were killed and 50 million injured on the roads around the world in 2004 . ) Speed limits may also be set in an attempt to reduce the environmental impact of road traffic ( vehicle noise , vibration , emissions ) and to satisfy local community wishes for streets usable by people out of cars . Some cities have reduced limits to as little as 30 km / h ( 19 mph ) for both safety and efficiency reasons . However , it has also been shown that in some circumstances changing a speed limit has little effect on the average speed of cars . </P> <P> In situations where the natural road speed is considered too high by governments , notably in urban areas where speed limits below 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) are used then traffic calming is often also used . For some classes of vehicle , speed limiters may be mandated to enforce compliance . </P> <P> Since their introduction , speed limits have been opposed by some motoring advocacy groups . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Regulations <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Basic rule <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Vienna Convention on Road Traffic </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 Reasonable speed </Li> <Li> 2.1. 3 Excessive speed </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Maximum speed limits </Li> <Li> 2.3 Minimum speed limits </Li> <Li> 2.4 Variable speed limits </Li> <Li> 2.5 Roads without speed limits <Ul> <Li> 2.5. 1 Roads formerly without speed limits </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Method </Li> <Li> 4 Enforcement </Li> <Li> 5 Effectiveness </Li> <Li> 6 Justification <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Road traffic safety </Li> <Li> 6.2 Fuel efficiency </Li> <Li> 6.3 Environmental considerations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Advocacy <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Opposition </Li> <Li> 7.2 Support </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Signage <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Maximum speed limit </Li> <Li> 8.2 Minimum speed limit </Li> <Li> 8.3 Special speed limits </Li> <Li> 8.4 Speed limit derestriction </Li> <Li> 8.5 Advisory speed limit </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Law Review </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Historic New Hampshire speed limit sign <P> The United Kingdom Stage Carriage Act 1832 first introduced the offense of endangering the safety of a passenger or person by ' furious driving ' . The first numeric speed limits were created in the UK by a series of Locomotive Acts ( 1861 , 1865 and 1878 ) ; the 1861 Act introduced a UK speed limit of 10 mph ( 16 km / h ) on open roads in town , reduced to 2 mph ( 3 km / h ) in towns and 4 mph ( 6 km / h ) in rural areas by the 1865 ' red flag act ' . The Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 , which raised the speed limit to 14 mph ( 23 km / h ) ( being the estimated speed of a horse being driven ' furiously ' ) is celebrated to this day by the annual London to Brighton Veteran Car Run . </P> <P> The first person to be convicted of speeding is believed to be Walter Arnold of East Peckham , Kent , who on 28 January 1896 was fined for speeding at 8 mph ( 13 km / h ) . He was fined 1 shilling plus costs . </P> <P> In the UK 20 mph speed was allowed in 1903 . </P> <P> In Australia , during the early 20th century , there were people reported for `` furious driving '' offences . One conviction in 1905 cited furiously driving 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) when passing a tram traveling at half that speed . </P> <P> In the 1960s , in continental Europe , some speed limit were established based on the V85 speed , ( so that 85 % of drivers respect this speed ) . </P> <P> Later Sweden defined the Vision Zero program . </P> <H2> Regulations ( edit ) </H2> Speed limit sign in Germany , showing a 60 km / h restriction . Signs in other European countries are similar but make use of different fonts and sizes <P> Most jurisdictions use the metric speed unit of kilometers per hour for speed limits , while some , primarily the United States and the United Kingdom , use speed limits given in miles per hour . There is an ongoing discussion as to whether they should follow the lead of other countries and switch to using metric units ( see Metrication in the United Kingdom and Metrication in the United States ) . </P> <H3> Basic rule ( edit ) </H3> <P> See also main article on the Basic Speed Law or Rule . </P> Vienna Convention on road traffic ( edit ) <P> In countries bounded by Vienna Convention on Road Traffic ( 1968 & 1977 ) , article 13 defines a basic rule for Speed and distance between vehicles : `` Every driver of a vehicle shall in all circumstances have his vehicle under control so as to be able to exercise due and proper care and to be at all times in a position to perform all manœuvres required of him . He shall , when adjusting the speed of his vehicle , pay constant regard to the circumstances , in particular the lie of the land , the state of the road , the condition and load of his vehicle , the weather conditions and the density of traffic , so as to be able to stop his vehicle within his range of forward vision and short of any foreseeable obstruction . He shall slow down and if necessary stop whenever circumstances so require , and particularly when visibility is not good . '' </P> Reasonable speed ( edit ) Map of highest - posted speed limits around the world . Click to zoom in <P> Drivers are required to drive at a safe speed for conditions . In the United States , this requirement is referred to as the basic rule , but more generally in Britain and elsewhere in common law as the reasonable man requirement . The German Highway Code ( Straßenverkehrs - Ordnung ) section on speed begins with a statement which may be rendered in English : </P> <P> Any person driving a vehicle may only drive so fast that the car is under control . Speeds must be adapted to the road , traffic , visibility and weather conditions as well as the personal skills and characteristics of the vehicle and load . </P> <P> In France the law clarifies that even if speed is limited by law and by local authority , the driver assumes the responsibility to control his vehicle 's speed , and to reduce speed in various circumstances , such as overtaking a pedestrian , or bicycles , individually or in a group , when overtaking a stopped convoy , when passing a transportation vehicle loading or unloading people or children , in any case where road does not appear clear , or risky , when visibility is low ( rain , fog , ... ) , in turns , when the road goes rapidly down , in road sections that are small , busy , or with homes , near the top of the road , near a crossing when visibility is not sure , when specific lights are used , when overtaking animals . According to the same article , the fact for a driver to not keep master of its speed or to not reduce it in such cases is penalized . </P> <P> The US federal government has a similar law -- 49 CFR 392.14 -- which applies in all states as permitted under by the commerce clause and due process clause. ; for example California Vehicle Code section 22350 which states that `` No person shall drive a vehicle upon a highway at a speed greater than is reasonable ... and in no event at a speed which endangers the safety of persons or property '' . </P> <P> The basic speed law is almost always supplemented by specific maximum or minimum limits , but applies regardless . The reasonable speed may be different than the posted speed limit in conditions such as fog , heavy rain , ice , snow , gravel , sharp corners , blinding glare , darkness , crossing traffic , or when there is an obstructed view of orthogonal traffic -- such as by road curvature , parked cars , vegetation , or snow banks -- thus limiting the Assured Clear Distance Ahead ( ACDA ) . Basic speed laws are statutized reinforcements of the centuries - old common law negligence doctrine as specifically applied to vehicular speed . </P> Excessive speed ( edit ) <P> Consequential results of basic law violations are often categorized as excessive speed crashes ; for example , the leading cause of crashes on German autobahns in 2012 was that category : 6,587 so - called `` speed related '' crashes claimed the lives of 179 people , which represented almost half ( 46.3 % ) of 387 autobahn fatalities in 2012 . However , `` excessive speed '' does not necessarily mean that the speed limit has been exceeded ( if one even exists ) , rather that police determined at least one party traveled too fast for existing road or weather conditions . Examples of conditions where drivers may find themselves driving too fast include : wet roadways ( rain , snow , or ice ) , reduced visibility ( fog or `` white out '' snow ) , uneven roads , construction zones , curves , intersections , gravel roads , and heavy traffic . Per distance traveled , consequences of inappropriate speed are more frequent on lower speed , lower quality roads ; in the United States , for example , the `` speeding fatality rate for local roads is three times that for Interstates '' </P> <P> Citations for violations of the basic speed law without a crash have sometimes been ruled unfairly vague or arbitrary , hence a violation the due process of law , at least in the State of Montana . Even within states , differing jurisdictions ( counties and cities ) choose to prosecute similar cases with differing approaches . </P> <H3> Maximum speed limits ( edit ) </H3> A speed limit sign in Ontario In France city sign has value of speed limit A street limited at 30 km / h End of speed limit , previous speed limit applies <P> Most public roads in most countries have a legally assigned numerical maximum speed limit which applies on all roads unless otherwise stated ; lower speed limits are often shown on a sign at the start of the restricted section , although the presence of streetlights or the physical arrangement of the road may sometimes also be used instead . A posted speed limit may only apply to that road or to all roads beyond the sign that defines them depending on local laws . In the European Union , large signposts showing the national ( default ) speed limits of the respective country are usually erected immediately after border crossings , with a repeater sign some 200 to 500 m ( 660 to 1,640 ft ) after the first sign . Some places provide an additional `` speed zone ahead '' ahead of the restriction and speed limit reminder signs may appear at regular intervals which may be painted on the road surface . </P> <P> Signs are normally placed on both sides of the road and in some places there are small ( less than 1 / 4 the size of the sign ) rectangular orange reflector flags attached to both upper right corners of both signs . The speed limit sign marking the new speed zone may also have the orange flags ; this practice can be observed in New York on highways where the speed limit varies such as New York State Route 17 . </P> Speed limits on European Motorways in km / h <P> Signage in many countries , especially in Europe , conforms to the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals using black text with a red circle on a white background . </P> <P> In the United States , the signs are usually rectangular with the words `` SPEED LIMIT '' and the values in black on a white background . The U.S. Federal Highway Administration 's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices provides guidelines for the appearance of speed limit signs . In Alaska and California , speed limits are often labeled `` MAXIMUM SPEED '' instead . In Oregon , most speed limit signs just say `` SPEED '' and the number . Canada has similar signs bearing the legend `` MAXIMUM '' and in km / h instead of mph . `` Maximum '' is used instead of `` Speed Limit '' because it has similar meanings in English and French . Australian signs are rectangular but have a red circle like the Vienna Convention signs . </P> <P> The speed limit is commonly set at or below the 85th percentile operating speed ( being the speed which no more than 15 % of traffic is exceeding ) and in the US is frequently set 4 to 8 mph ( 6 to 13 km / h ) below that speed . Thus , if the 85th percentile operating speed as measured by a Traffic and Engineering Survey exceeds the design speed , legal protection is given to motorists traveling at such speeds ( design speed is `` based on conservative assumptions about driver , vehicle and roadway characteristics '' ) . The theory behind the 85th percentile rules is , that as a policy , most citizens should be deemed reasonable and prudent , and limits must be practical to enforce . However , there are some circumstances where motorists do not tend to process all the risks involved , and as a mass choose a poor 85th percentile speed . This rule in substance is a process for voting the speed limit by driving ; and in contrast to delegating the speed limit to an engineering expert . </P> <P> The maximum speed permitted by statute , as posted , is normally based on ideal driving conditions , and the basic speed rule always applies . Violation of the statute generally raises a rebuttable presumption of negligence . </P> <P> In international European roads , speed should be taken into account at design stage . </P> <Table> Maximum speed recommended by international European road design standard <Tr> <Th> Road classification </Th> <Th> 60 km / h </Th> <Th> 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) </Th> <Th> 100 km / h ( 60 mph ) </Th> <Th> 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) </Th> <Th> 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Motorway </Td> <Td> x </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 120 </Td> <Td> 140 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Express road </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 120 </Td> <Td> x </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Road </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> x </Td> <Td> x </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Minimum speed limits ( edit ) </H3> UK minimum speed limit sign <P> Some roads also have `` minimum speed limits '' , where slow speeds can impede traffic flow or be dangerous . </P> <P> Signs often use blue circles based on the obligatory signs of the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals . A Japanese minimum speed sign has the same design as a maximum speed sign , but with a horizontal line below the number . In the United States of America , they are also identical to their respective maximum speed limit signs with the exception of the text `` MINIMUM SPEED '' . </P> <P> This minimum speed is not so common , as the risk usually raise with higher speed and not with lower speed . </P> <H3> Variable speed limits ( edit ) </H3> Example variable speed limit sign in the United States Digital speed limit sign for variable speed limits <P> In 1965 , the first known experiments with variable speed limit signs took place on a 30 km stretch of German motorway A8 between Munich and the border city of Salzburg , Austria . Mechanically variable message signs could display speeds of 60 , 80 and 100 km / h , `` danger zone '' or `` accident '' . Personnel monitored traffic using video technology , and manually controlled the signage . Beginning in the 1970s , additional advanced traffic control systems were put into service . Modern motorway control systems can work without human intervention using various types of sensors to measure traffic flow and weather conditions . In 2009 , 1,300 km ( 810 mi ) of German motorways were equipped with such systems . </P> <P> In the late 1960s , heavily traveled portions of the New Jersey Turnpike began using variable speed limit signs , in combination with variable message signs . Officials can adjust the speed limit according to weather , traffic conditions , and construction . More typically , variable speed limits are used on remote stretches of highway in the United States in areas with extreme changes in driving conditions . For example , variable limits were introduced in October 2010 on a 52 - mile ( 84 km ) stretch of Interstate 80 in Wyoming , replacing the winter season speed reduction from 75 to 65 mph ( 121 to 105 km / h ) that had been in place since 2008 . This Variable Speed Limit system has been proved to be effective in terms of reducing crash frequency and road closures . Similarly , Interstate 90 at Snoqualmie Pass and other mountain passes in Washington State variable speed limits are used to slow traffic in severe winter weather . As a response to fog - induced chain - reaction collisions involving 99 vehicles in 1990 , a variable speed limit system covering 19 miles ( 31 km ) of Interstate 75 in Tennessee was implemented in fog - prone areas around the Hiwassee River . </P> <P> A variable speed limit was introduced on part of Britain 's M25 motorway in 1995 ( on the busiest 14 - mile ( 23 km ) section from junction 10 to 16 ) . Initial results suggested savings in journey times , smoother - flowing traffic , as well as a fall in the number of crashes , and the scheme was made permanent in 1997 . However a 2004 National Audit Organization report noted that the business case was unproved ; conditions at the site of the Variable Speed Limits trial were not stable before or during the trial , and the study was deemed neither properly controlled nor reliable . Since December 2008 the upgraded section of the M1 between the M25 and Luton has had the facility for variable speed limits . In January 2010 temporary variable speed cameras on the M1 between J25 and J28 were made permanent . </P> <P> New Zealand introduced variable speed limits in February 2001 . The first installation was on the Ngauranga Gorge section of dual carriageway on State Highway 1 with steep terrain , numerous bends , high traffic volumes , and higher than average accident rate . The speed limit is normally 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) . </P> <P> In 2006 , Austria undertook a short - term experiment with a variable limit configuration that could increase statutory limits under the most favorable conditions , as well as reduce them . In June , a stretch of motorway was configured with variable speed limits that could increase the general Austrian motorway limit of 130 to 160 km / h ( 81 to 99 mph ) . Then Austrian Transport Minister Hubert Gorbach called the experiment `` a milestone in European transport policy - despite all predictions to the contrary '' ; however , the experiment was discontinued . </P> <P> In 2014 , the Georgia Department of Transportation installed variable speed limits on part of Interstate 285 around Atlanta . These speeds can be as low as 35 mph but are generally set to 65 mph . </P> <P> In 2016 the Oregon Department of Transportation has installed a variable speed zone on a 30 - mile stretch of Interstate 84 between Baker City and Ladd Canyon . The new electronic signs collect data regarding temperature , skid resistance , and average motorist speed to determine the most effective speed limit for the area before presenting the limit on the sign . This speed zone is scheduled to be activated November 2016 . </P> <H3> Roads without speed limits ( edit ) </H3> German border crossing sign showing 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) limit in built - up areas , 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) in rural areas , but a legal advisory 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) limit for the Autobahn ( motorway ) , increasing liability in the case of an accident from driving faster <P> Just over half of the German autobahns have only an advisory speed limit ( called in German Richtgeschwindigkeit ) , 15 % have temporary speed limits due to weather or traffic conditions and 33 % have permanent speed limits , according to 2008 estimates . German federal highways and any road outside of towns which is either a dual carriageway or features at least two lanes per direction do have a general speed limit of 100 km / h . Usually it is reduced to 80 km / h at Allée - streets ( federal highways bordered by trees or bushes on one or both sites ) . Travel speeds are not regularly monitored in Germany ; however , a 2008 report noted that on the autobahn in Niemegk ( between Leipzig and Berlin ) `` significantly more than 60 % of road users exceed 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) . More than 30 % of motorists exceed 150 km / h ( 93 mph ) '' . Prior to German reunification in 1990 , accident reduction programs in eastern German states were primarily focused on restrictive traffic regulation . Within two years after the opening , availability of high - powered vehicles and a 54 % increase in motorized traffic led to a doubling of annual traffic deaths , despite `` interim arrangements ( which ) involved the continuation of the speed limit of 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) on autobahns and of 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) outside cities . An extensive program of the four Es ( enforcement , education , engineering , and emergency response ) brought the number of traffic deaths back to pre-unification levels after a decade of effort while traffic regulations were conformed to western standards ( e.g. , 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) freeway advisory limit , 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) on other rural roads , and 0.05 milligrams BAC ) . </P> <P> The Isle of Man has no speed limit on many rural roads ; a 2004 proposal to introduce a general speed limits 60 mph and of 70 mph on Mountain Road for safety reasons were not progressed following consultation . Measured travel speeds on the island are relatively low . </P> Roads formerly without speed limits ( edit ) <P> Many roads without a maximum limit became permanently limited following the 1973 oil crisis . For example , Switzerland and Austria had no maximum restriction prior to 1973 on motorways and rural roads , but imposed a temporary 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) maximum limit in quick response to higher fuel prices ; the limit on motorways was increased to 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) later in 1974 . </P> <P> Montana and Nevada were the last remaining U.S. states relying exclusively on the basic rule , without a specific , numeric rural speed limit prior to the National Maximum Speed Law of 1974 . After repeal of Federal speed mandates in 1996 , Montana was the only state to revert to the Basic Rule for daylight rural speed regulation . The Montana Supreme Court ruled that the Basic Rule was too vague to allow citation , prosecution , and conviction of a driver ; in other words , enforcement was a violation of the due process requirement of the Montana Constitution . In response , Montana 's legislature imposed a 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) limit on rural freeways in 1999 . </P> <P> In Australia 's Northern Territory , after the removal of open limits in 2007 , sections of the Stuart Highway had no limits as part of an open speed limit trial from 2014 to 2016 . </P> <H2> Method ( edit ) </H2> <P> Several methods exist to set up a speed limit : </P> <Ul> <Li> Engineering </Li> <Li> Harm minimization , </Li> <Li> Economic optimization </Li> <Li> Expert system </Li> </Ul> <H2> Enforcement ( edit ) </H2> Gatso speed camera Main article : Speed limit enforcement <P> Speed limit enforcement is the action taken by appropriately empowered authorities to check that road vehicles are complying with the speed limit . Methods used include roadside speed traps set up and operated by the police and automated roadside speed camera systems , which may incorporate the use of an automatic number plate recognition system . </P> <P> In 2012 , in UK , 30 % of drivers did not comply with speed limits . </P> <P> In Europe , between 2009 and 2012 , 20 % of European drivers have been fined for excessive speed . In 2012 in Europe , 62 % of people supported the idea to set up speed - limiting devices . </P> <P> The tolerance level needs to be adequate to not add confusion to the driver . One efficient scheme consist in penalty points and charges for speeding just a few over the speed limit . </P> <P> Another possibility is to make the necessary work to change the road so that the driver can consider the speed limit is legitimate in regard to the road . This can be achieved by implementing traffic calming measure , vehicle activated signs , or safety cameras . </P> <P> The city of Munich has adopted Self - explaining roads : roadway widths , intersection controls and crossing types have been harmonized in regard to speed limit , so that the driver can guess the speed limit even with no sign . A Self - Explaining Road is a Self - Regulating Road . </P> <H2> Effectiveness ( edit ) </H2> <P> To be effective and applied by drivers , the speed limits need to be perceived as credible . This mean that the speed limit should be adequate in regard to some factors such as , for instance , the view ahead and the view to the right . </P> <P> To be effective , speed limit needs to be set up with road infrastructure , education or enforcement activity . </P> <P> A 1998 US Federal Highway administration report cited a number of studies regarding the effects of reductions in speed limits and the observed changes in speeding , fatalities , injuries and property damage which followed : </P> <Table> Results from lowering speed limits . <Tr> <Th> Country ( year of research publication ) </Th> <Th> Speed limit reduction </Th> <Th> Reported change </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( 1992 ) </Td> <Td> 110 km / h to 100 km / h </Td> <Td> Injury crashes declined by 19 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( 1996 ) </Td> <Td> 5 -- 20 km / h decreases </Td> <Td> No significant change ( 4 % increase relative to sites not changed ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark ( 1990 ) </Td> <Td> 60 km / h to 50 km / h </Td> <Td> Fatal crashes declined by 24 % Injury crashes declined by 9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( 1994 ) </Td> <Td> 60 km / h to 50 km / h </Td> <Td> Crashes declined by 20 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden ( 1990 ) </Td> <Td> 110 km / h to 90 km / h </Td> <Td> Speeds declined by 14 km / h Fatal crashes declined by 21 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( 1994 ) </Td> <Td> 130 km / h to 120 km / h </Td> <Td> Speeds declined by 5 km / h Fatal crashes declined by 12 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK ( 1991 ) </Td> <Td> 60 mph to 40 mph / 100 km / h to 65 km / h </Td> <Td> Speeds declined by 6 km / h ( 4 mph ) Crashes declined by 14 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US ( 22 states ) ( 1992 ) </Td> <Td> 5 mph to 15 mph ( 8 km / h to 24 km / h ) decreases </Td> <Td> No significant changes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Results from increasing speed limits : <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Speed limit increase </Th> <Th> Reported change </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( 1992 ) </Td> <Td> 100 km / h to 110 km / h </Td> <Td> Injury crashes increased by 25 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( Victoria ) ( 1996 ) </Td> <Td> 5 -- 20 km / h increases </Td> <Td> Crashes increased overall by 8 % , 35 % decline in zones raised from 60 km / h to 80 km / h </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( 2012 ) </Td> <Td> 120 km / h to 130 km / h </Td> <Td> Effect as of yet unclear , more research needed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US ( 1989 ) </Td> <Td> 55 mph to 65 mph ( 89 km / h to 105 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Fatal crashes increased by 21 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US ( 1990 ) </Td> <Td> 55 mph to 65 mph ( 89 km / h to 105 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Fatal crashes increased by 22 % Speeding increased by 48 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US ( 40 states ) ( 1990 ) </Td> <Td> 55 mph to 65 mph ( 89 km / h to 105 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Fatalities increased by 15 % Decrease or no effect in 12 States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US ( Iowa ) ( 1996 ) </Td> <Td> 55 mph to 65 mph ( 89 km / h to 105 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Fatal crashes increased by 36 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US ( Michigan ) ( 1991 ) </Td> <Td> 55 mph to 65 mph ( 89 km / h to 105 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Fatal and injury crashes increased significantly on rural freeways </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US ( Michigan ) ( 1992 ) </Td> <Td> Various </Td> <Td> No significant changes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US ( Ohio ) ( 1992 ) </Td> <Td> 55 mph to 65 mph ( 89 km / h to 105 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Injury and property damage increased but not fatal crashes . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US ( 40 states ) ( 1994 ) </Td> <Td> 55 mph to 65 mph ( 89 km / h to 105 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Statewide fatality rates decreased 3 - 5 % ( Significant in 14 of 40 states ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US ( 22 states ) ( 1997 ) </Td> <Td> 5 mph to 15 mph ( 8 km / h to 24 km / h ) increase </Td> <Td> No significant changes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Annual surveys of speed on South Dakota Interstate roads show that from 2000 to 2011 , the average speed rose from 71 to 74 mph ; South Dakota increased its maximum speed limit from 65 to 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) in 1996 . </P> <P> The Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed and Speed Limits report sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration published in 1998 found that changing speed limits on low and moderate speed roads appeared to have no significant effect on traffic speed or the number of crashes , whilst on high - speed roads such as freeways , increased speed limits generally resulted in higher traffic speeds and more crashes . It states that limited evidence suggests that speed limits have a positive effect on a system wide basis . </P> <P> Research in 1998 showed that the reduction of some 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) United Kingdom speed limits to 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) had achieved only a 1 mph drop in speeds and no discernible reduction in accidents ; ' 20 mph speed limit zones ' which use self enforcing traffic calming achieved average speed reductions of 10 mph , child pedestrian accidents were reduced by 70 % and child cyclist accidents by 48 % . </P> <P> Zones where speeds are set at 30 km / h ( or 20 mph ) are gaining popularity as they are found to be effective at reducing crashes and increasing community cohesion . </P> <P> Studies undertaken in conjunction with Australia 's move from 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) speed limits to 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) in built - up areas and found that the measure was effective in reducing speed and also the frequency and severity of crashes . </P> <P> A study of the impact of the replacement of 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) with 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) speed limits in New South Wales , Australia , showed only a 0.5 km / h drop in urban areas and a 0.7 km / h drop in rural areas . The report noted that widespread community compliance would require a combination of strategies including traffic calming treatments . </P> <P> A 1999 study found that the U.S. states that increased speed limits in the wake of the repeal of federally mandated speed limits had a 15 % increase in fatalities . </P> <P> Information campaigns are also used by authorities to support speed limits , for example the Speeding . No one thinks big of you . campaign in Australia 2007 . </P> <H2> Justification ( edit ) </H2> <P> Speed limits are set primarily to balance road traffic safety concerns with the effect on travel time and mobility . Speed limits are also sometimes used to reduce consumption of fuel or in response to environmental concerns . </P> <P> Some speed limit have also been initiated to avoid import too much gas - oil during 1973 oil crisis . </P> <H3> Road traffic safety ( edit ) </H3> See also : Road traffic safety The Pan-American Highway with central median and no freestanding obstructions increasing level of safety at high speed <P> According to a 2004 report from the World Health Organisation a total of 22 % of all ' injury mortality ' worldwide were from road traffic injuries in 2002 and without ' increased efforts and new initiatives ' casualty rates would increase by 65 % between 2000 and 2020 . The report identified that the speed of vehicles was ' at the core of the problem and said that speed limits should be set appropriately for the road function and design along with physical measures related to the road and the vehicle and effective enforcement by the police . Road incidents are said to be the leading cause of deaths among children 10 -- 19 years of age ( 260,000 children die a year , 10 million are injured ) . They are also occasionally set to reduce vehicle emissions or fuel use . </P> <P> Maximum speed limits place an upper limit on speed choice and if obeyed can reduce the differences in vehicle speeds by drivers using the same road at the same time . Traffic engineers observe that the likelihood of a crash happening is significantly higher if vehicles are traveling at speeds faster or slower than the mean speed of traffic ; when severity is taken into account the risk is lowest for those traveling at or below the median speed and `` increases exponentially for motorists travelling much faster '' . </P> Traffic calming can be effective on lower speed roads <P> It is desirable to attempt to reduce the speed of road vehicles in some circumstances because the kinetic energy involved in a motor vehicle collision is proportional to the square of the speed at impact . The probability of a fatality is , for typical collision speeds , empirically correlated to the fourth power of the speed difference ( depending on the type of collision , not necessarily the same as travel speed ) at impact , rising much faster than kinetic energy . </P> <P> Typically motorways have higher speed limits than conventional roads because motorways have features which decrease the likelihood of collisions and severity of impacts . For example , motorways separate opposing traffic and crossing traffic , employ traffic barriers , and prohibit the most vulnerable users such as pedestrians and bicyclists . Germany 's crash experience illustrates the relative effectiveness of these strategies on crash severity : on autobahns 22 people died per 1000 injury crashes , a lower rate than the 29 deaths per 1,000 injury accidents on conventional rural roads ; however , the rural risk is five times higher than on urban roads -- speeds are higher on rural roads and autobahns than urban roads , increasing the severity potential of a crash . The net effect of speeds , crash probability , and impact mitigation strategies may be measured by the rate of deaths per billion - travel - kilometers : the autobahn fatality rate is 2 deaths per billion - travel - kilometers , lower than either the 8.7 rate on rural roads or the 5.3 rate in urban areas ; the overall national fatality rate was 5.6 , slightly higher than urban rate and more than twice that of autobahns . </P> <P> The 2009 technical report An Analysis of Speeding - Related Crashes : Definitions and the Effects of Road Environments by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration showed that about 55 percent of all speeding - related crashes in fatal crashes had `` exceeding posted speed limits '' among their crash factors , and 45 percent had `` driving too fast for conditions '' among their crash factors . However , the authors of the report did not attempt to determine whether the factors were actually a crash cause , contributor , or an unrelated factor . Furthermore , separate research finds that only 1.6 % of crashes are `` caused '' by drivers that exceed the posted speed limit . Finally , exceeding the posted limit may not be a remarkable factor in crash analysis as there exist roadways where virtually all motorists are in technical violation of the law . </P> <P> The speed limit will also take note of the speed at which the road was designed to be driven ( the design speed ) which is defined in the US as `` a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of the roadway '' However traffic engineers recognize that `` operating speeds and even posted speed limits can be higher than design speeds without necessarily compromising safety '' since design speed is `` based on conservative assumptions about driver , vehicle and roadway characteristics '' . </P> <P> Vision Zero , which envision reducing road fatalities and serious injuries to zero by 2020 , suggests the following `` possible long term maximum travel speeds related to the infrastructure , given best practice in vehicle design and 100 % restraint use '' : </P> <Table> Possible Maximum Travel Speeds <Tr> <Th> Type of infrastructure and traffic </Th> <Th> Possible travel speed ( km / h ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Locations with possible conflicts between pedestrians and cars </Td> <Td> 30 km / h ( 19 mph ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Intersections with possible side impacts between cars </Td> <Td> 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roads with possible frontal impacts between cars , including rural roads </Td> <Td> 70 km / h ( 43 mph ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roads with no possibility of a side impact or frontal impact ( only impact with the infrastructure ) </Td> <Td> 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) + </Td> </Tr> </Table> A stack of speed limit signs <P> `` Roads with no possibility of a side impact or frontal impact '' are sometimes designated as Type 1 ( motorways / freeways / Autobahns ) , Type 2 ( `` 2 + 2 roads '' ) or Type 3 ( `` 2 + 1 roads '' ) . These roadways have crash barriers separating opposing traffic , limited access , grade separation and prohibitions on slower and more vulnerable road users . Undivided rural roads can be quite dangerous even with speed limits that appear low by comparison . For example , in 2011 , Germany 's 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) - limited rural roads had a fatality rate of 8.7 deaths per billion travel - km , over four times higher than the autobahn rate of 2 deaths . Autobahns accounted for 31 % of German road travel in 2011 , but just 11 % ( 453 of 4,009 ) of traffic deaths . </P> <H3> Fuel efficiency ( edit ) </H3> <P> Fuel efficiency sometimes affects speed limit selection . The United States instituted a National Maximum Speed Law of 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) as part of the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act in response to the 1973 oil crisis to reduce fuel consumption . According to a report published in 1986 by The Heritage Foundation , a Conservative advocacy group , the law was widely disregarded by motorists and hardly reduced consumption at all . In 2009 The American Trucking Associations called for a 65 mph speed limit and also national fuel economy standards claiming that the lower speed limit was not effective at saving fuel . European studies have claimed that , whereas the effects of specific speed reduction schemes on particulate emissions from trucks are ambiguous , lower maximums speed for trucks consistently result in lower emissions of CO and better fuel efficiency . </P> <H3> Environmental considerations ( edit ) </H3> <P> Speed limits can also be used to improve local air quality issues or other factors affecting environmental quality for example the `` environmental speed limits '' in the United States including one in an area of Texas . </P> <P> The European Union is also increasingly using speed limits as in response to environmental concerns . </P> <H2> Advocacy ( edit ) </H2> <P> Speed limits , and especially some of the methods used to attempt to enforce them , have always been controversial . There are a variety of notable organisations and individuals who , for a variety of often passionately held views , oppose or support the use of speed limits or the way they are enforced . </P> <H3> Opposition ( edit ) </H3> <P> Speed limits , and their enforcement have been opposed by various groups and for various reasons since their inception . Historically , the AA was formed in 1905 , initially to warn members about speed traps . </P> <P> In more recent times some advocacy groups seek to have certain speed limits as well as other measures removed . For example , automated camera enforcement has been criticised by motoring advocacy groups the Association of British Drivers , the North American National Motorists Association , and the German Auto Club . </P> <P> Arguments used by those advocating a relaxation of speed limits or their removal include : </P> <Ul> <Li> A 1994 peer - reviewed paper by Charles A. Lave et al. titled Did the 65 mph Speed Limit Save Lives ? stated that evidence that a higher speed limit may be positive on a system wide in the United States by shifting more traffic to these safer roads . </Li> <Li> A 1998 report in the Wall Street Journal title ' Highways are safe at any speed ' stated that when speed limits are set artificially low , tailgating , weaving and speed variance ( the problem of some cars traveling significantly faster than others ) make roads less safe . </Li> <Li> In 2010 , German Auto Club ( a major motoring organisation ) argued that an autobahn speed limit was unnecessary because numerous countries with a general highway speed limit had worse safety records than Germany , for example Denmark , Belgium , Austria , and the United States . </Li> <Li> In 2008 , the German Automobile Manufacturer 's Association called general limits `` patronizing '' , arguing instead for variable speed limits . The Association also stated that `` raising the speed limits in Denmark ( in 2004 from 110 km / h to 130 km / h ) and Italy ( 2003 increase on six - lane highways from 130 km / h to 150 km / h ) had no negative impact on traffic safety . The number of accidental deaths even declined '' . </Li> <Li> Safe Speed , a UK advocacy organisation campaigns for higher speed limits and to scrap speed cameras on the basis that the benefits were exaggerated and that they may actually increase casualty levels ; their ePetition to the UK government in 2007 calling for speed cameras to be scrapped received over 25,000 signatures . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Support ( edit ) </H3> <P> Various other advocacy groups press for stricter limits and better enforcement . The Pedestrians Association was formed in the United Kingdom in 1929 to protect the interests of the pedestrian . Their president published a critique of motoring legislation and the influence of motoring groups in 1947 title ' Murder most foul ' which laid out in an emotional but detailed way the situation as they saw it and called for tighter speed limits . Historically , the Pedestrians ' Association and the Automobile Association were described as `` bitterly opposed '' in the early years of United Kingdom motoring legislation . More recently organisations such as RoadPeace , Twenty is Plenty , and Vision Zero have campaigned for lower speed limits in residential areas . </P> <H2> Signage ( edit ) </H2> <P> In most of the world speed limit signs display the limitation within a red circle . This design follows the style set out by the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals , with the exception of United States and Canada . All countries globally worldwide ( except the United Kingdom and United States ) use metric speed limits in kilometres per hour . Metric signs are optional in the United States though less commonly seen , while Samoa uses both units . In Ontario , Canada , the type , location , and frequency of speed limit signs is covered by regulation 615 of the Ontario Highway Traffic Act . </P> <H3> Maximum speed limit ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> <P> Speed limit sign for 50 km / h ( Vienna Convention Sign C14 , most of the world follows this pattern ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> UK sign for 50 mph </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Standard speed limit sign used in Australia showing 50 km / h </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Alternative Vienna Convention sign with a yellow background used in some countries , such as Sweden , Finland and Iceland </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Ireland includes the symbol `` km / h '' since going metric in 2005 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Japan uses blue numerals </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Samoa uses both miles per hour and kilometres per hour </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The United Arab Emirates uses both Western Arabic and Eastern Arabic numerals </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Canada ( displayed in km / h ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Canada ( Ontario ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Canada ( Yukon and British Columbia ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> United States ( in mph ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> United States ( Oregon variant ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> United States ( metric ) </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Minimum speed limit ( edit ) </H3> <P> Minimum speed limit signs are usually a blue circle with a white border and the limit in white . Some South American countries ( e.g. : Argentina ) , use a red border . Japan and South Korea use their normal speed limit sign , with a line below the limit . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Common minimum speed limit sign </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The United Arab Emirates uses both Western Arabic and Eastern Arabic numerals </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Argentina </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Canada </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Chile </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Colombia </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Japan </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Philippines </P> </Li> <Li> <P> South Korea </P> </Li> <Li> <P> United States </P> </Li> <Li> <P> United States ( dual maximum and minimum speeds ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> United States ( metric ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> United States ( metric , dual maximum and minimum speeds ) </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Special speed limits ( edit ) </H3> <P> In some countries , speed limits may apply to certain classes of vehicles , or special conditions such as night - time . Usually these speed limits will be reduced from the normal limit for safety reasons . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Australia - Speed limit during certain times </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Australia - Road Train speed limit </P> </Li> <Li> <P> New Zealand - Limited Speed Zone ( Maximum speed limit is 100 km / h , reduces to 50 km / h if dangerous conditions exist such as bad weather ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Romania - Trucks speed limit </P> </Li> <Li> <P> United States - Roadworks zone speed limit </P> </Li> <Li> <P> United States - Trucks speed limit </P> </Li> <Li> <P> United States - Towed vehicles speed limit </P> </Li> <Li> <P> United States - Night time speed limit </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Unique speed limit sign in the United States on evacuation routes requiring drivers to maintain the maximum safe speed </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Safe speed sign in South Korea </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Speed limit derestriction ( edit ) </H3> <P> In some countries , derestriction signs are used to mark where a speed zone ends . The speed limit beyond the sign is the prevailing limit for the general area , for example the sign might be used to show the end of an urban area . In the United Kingdom , the sign means that the national speed limit applies ( 60 mph on open roads , 70 mph on dual carriageways and motorways ) . In New Zealand it means you are on an open road , but the maximum legal speed of 100 km / h still applies On roads without a general speed limits , such as German Autobahn , a portion of Stuart Highway , and rural areas on the Isle of Man , it really means end of all quantitative speed limits . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Common maximum speed limit derestriction sign </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Common minimum speed limit derestriction sign </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Common advisory speed limit derestriction sign </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Australia </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Australia </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Belgium , United Kingdom , Republic of Ireland pre-2005 , New Zealand , Singapore , Malaysia and Switzerland </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Japan </P> </Li> <Li> <P> In Japan , additional sign of `` ← '' or `` ここ まで '' is also derestriction sign . But `` → '' and `` ここ から '' is `` from here '' . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Philippines </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Philippines </P> </Li> <Li> <P> End speed limit 35 mph United States </P> </Li> <Li> <P> End speed limit ( custom ) United States ( archaic ) </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Advisory speed limit ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Advisory speed limit <P> Advisory speed limits may provide a safe suggested speed in an area , or warn of the safe maximum speed for dangerous curves . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Advisory speed limit </Li> <Li> Assured Clear Distance Ahead ( ACDA ) </Li> <Li> Design speed </Li> <Li> Functional classification </Li> <Li> Negligence per se </Li> <Li> Operating speed </Li> <Li> Radar speed sign </Li> <Li> Solomon curve </Li> <Li> Speed limits by country </Li> <Li> Stopping sight distance </Li> <Li> Traffic violations reciprocity </Li> <Li> Traffic psychology </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ World Health Organisation ( 2004 ) p. foreword , `` In high - income countries , an established set of interventions have contributed to significant reductions in the incidence and impact of road traffic injuries . These include the enforcement of legislation to control speed and alcohol consumption , mandating the use of seat - belts and crash helmets , and the safer design and use of roads and vehicles . '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Table 3 , J. Stuster and Z . Coffman , Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed and Speed Management , FHWA - RD - 98 - 154 , July 1998 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Federal Highway Administration ( 1998 ) p. 2 ' In general , changing speed limits on low and moderate speed roads appears to have little or no effect on speed and thus little or no effect on crashes , thereby suggesting that drivers travel at speeds they feel are reasonable and safe for the road and traffic regardless of the posted limit . However , on freeways and other high - speed roads , speed limit increases generally lead to higher speeds and crashes . The change in speed is roughly one - fourth the change in speed limit . Results from international studies suggest that for every 1 mi / h change in speed , injury accidents will change by 5 percent ( 3 percent for every 1 km / h ) . However limited evidence suggests the net effect of speed limits may be positive on a system wide basis . ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Health Organisation ( 2004 ) p. 34 fig 2.1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Health Organisation ( 2004 ) p. 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Health Organisation ( 2004 ) p. 76 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Health Organisation ( 2004 ) p. 127 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Federal Highway Administration ( 1998 ) p. 2 ' When the consequences of crashes are taken into account , the risk of being involved in an injury crash is lowest for vehicles that travel near the median speed or slower and increases exponentially for motorists traveling much faster ' </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Documents referenced from ' Notes ' section </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Federal Highway Administration ( 1998 ) . `` Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed and Speed Limits '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> British Columbia Ministry of Transportation ( 2003 ) . `` Review and Analysis of Posted Speed Limits and Speed Limit Setting Practices in British Columbia '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 17 . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> World Health Organisation ( 2004 ) . `` World report on road traffic injury prevention '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Department for Transport ( 2008 ) . `` Reported Road Casualties Great Britain : 2008 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Other references for article </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Samochodowy , Przeglad . `` Jak dobrze jeździć samochodem . Porady . Prawidłowe i pomocne nawyki ( m.in . manewry , hamowanie , kultura , parkowanie , podróż ) '' . przeglad-samochodowy.pl ( in Polish ) . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=140674 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/US/speeding-texas-85-mph-highway-opens/story?id=17549839 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Current speed limit policies '' . European Commission . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Auswirkungen eines allgemeinen Tempolimits auf Autobahnen im Land Brandenburg '' ( PDF ) . Brandenburg . October 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . ( German ) Auf einer 6 - streifigen Autobahn ergibt sich für den Pkw - Verkehr im Mittel eine Geschwindigkeit von 142 km / h . ( English ) On clear stretches of 6 - lane highway , cars average a speed of 142 km / h </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` No All - Island Speed Limit '' . Isle of Man Guide . 6 November 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Table of Maximum Speed Limits at a Glance '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.mahatranscom.in/faq.aspx </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.transport.telangana.gov.in </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The impact of lowered speed limits in urban and metropolitan areas '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Parker , M.R. Jr. ( 1997 ) . Effects of Raising and Lowering Speed Limitson Selected Roadway Sections , FHWA - RD - 9 7 - 084 ( PDF ) . Washington DC : Federal Highway Commission . pp. 85 -- 87 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Criminal on the Road : A Study of Serious Motoring Offences and Those Who Commit Them . Routledge. 1964 . p. 64 . ISBN 0415264162 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Motoring firsts '' . National Motoring Museum . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adam Hart Davis . `` The Eureka Years '' . BBC Radio 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US History , Criminal Justice , The first speeding ticket '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://www.racfoundation.org/assets/rac_foundation/content/downloadables/speed_limits-box_bayliss-aug2012.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Keeping Order : Motor - Car Regulation and the Defeat of Victoria 's 1905 Motor - Car Bill '' . On 7 April 1905 , E Norton Grimwade ... appeared in the District Court ( charged with ) ' furious ' driving ( because ) he passed a tram ... Several people ... ( estimated ) the car 's speed at 20 mph ... It was going twice as fast as the tram . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vienna Convention on Road Traffic </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` An Analysis of Speeding - Related Crashes : Definitions and the Effects of Road Environments '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Transportation , National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . February 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Appendix : The basic rules governing speed of vehicles in Kansas , Kentucky , Maryland , Montana , North Carolina , and Wisconsin . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Road Traffic Act 1991 '' . Office of Public Sector Information . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . A person is guilty of an offence if he intentionally and without lawful authority or reasonable cause -- ( a ) causes anything to be on or over a road , or ( b ) interferes with a motor vehicle , trailer or cycle , or ( c ) interferes ( directly or indirectly ) with traffic equipment , in such circumstances that it would be obvious to a reasonable person that to do so would be dangerous . ( 2 ) In subsection ( 1 ) above `` dangerous '' refers to danger either of injury to any person while on or near a road , or of serious damage to property on or near a road ; and in determining for the purposes of that subsection what would be obvious to a reasonable person in a particular case , regard shall be had not only to the circumstances of which he could be expected to be aware but also to any circumstances shown to have been within the knowledge of the accused . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stvo_2013/__3.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006842207&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006074228 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 49 CFR 392.14 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` State v. Stanko '' . Supreme Court of Montana . 1998 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Section 2 -- Driving Safely '' ( PDF ) . Commercial Driver License Manual 2005 . United States Department of Transportation . July 2014 . pp. 2 -- 15 , 2 -- 19 , 2 -- 26 , 13 -- 1 . ( pg 2 - 15 ) 2.6. 4 -- Speed and Distance Ahead : You should always be able to stop within the distance you can see ahead . Fog , rain , or other conditions may require that you slowdown to be able to stop in the distance you can see ... ( pg 2 - 19 ) 2.8. 3 -- Drivers Who Are Hazards : Vehicles may be partly hidden by blind intersections or alleys . If you only can see the rear or front end of a vehicle but not the driver , then he or she ca n't see you . Be alert because he / she may back out or enter into your lane . Always be prepared to stop ... ( pg 2 - 26 ) 2.11. 4 -- Vehicle Factors : Headlights . At night your headlights will usually be the main source of light for you to see by and for others to see you . You ca n't see nearly as much with your headlights as you see in the daytime . With low beams you can see ahead about 250 feet and with high beams about 350 - 500 feet . You must adjust your speed to keep your stopping distance within your sight distance . This means going slowly enough to be able to stop within the range of your headlights ... ( pg 13 - 1 ) 13.1. 2 -- Intersections As you approach an intersection : Check traffic thoroughly in all directions . Decelerate gently . Brake smoothly and , if necessary , change gears . If necessary , come to a complete stop ( no coasting ) behind any stop signs , signals , sidewalks , or stop lines maintaining a safe gap behind any vehicle in front of you . Your vehicle must not roll forward or backward . When driving through an intersection : Check traffic thoroughly in all directions . Decelerate and yield to any pedestrians and traffic in the intersection . Do not change lanes while proceeding through the intersection . Keep your hands on the wheel . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` California Vehicle Code section 22350 : Basic Speed Law '' . California Department of Motor Vehicles . September 20 , 1963 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . No person shall drive a vehicle upon a highway at a speed greater than is reasonable or prudent having due regard for weather , visibility , the traffic on , and the surface and width of , the highway , and in no event at a speed which endangers the safety of persons or property . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` On Gravel Roads , People Drive At Speed They Are Comfortable With , Regardless Of Posted Limit '' . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 13 . `` We found that people are driving at speeds based on their perceptions and existing conditions -- regardless of the speed limit , '' said Dissanayake , who also is a faculty member with K - State 's University Transportation Center ... when it came to speed limits and the actual speeds driven , the difference was not significant between 35 mph and 55 mph roads . An example is the gravel roadways in Johnson County and Miami County . The study found that though two speed limits exist , the driving characteristics were the same . While Johnson County 's speed limit is 35 mph and posted , the average actual speed of 37.5 mph was higher than the average actual speed of 35.8 mph in Miami County , where the speed limit is 55 mph and not posted . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hatzakorzian v. Rucker - Fuller Desk Co. , 197 Cal. 82 '' . Official California Reports , Vol. 197 , p. 82 ( California Supreme Court reporter ) . September 21 , 1925 . Under the circumstances of the present case -- the narrowness of the unpaved portion of the highway , the darkness of the night and the blinding of Kennell by the glare of the lights reflected from the headlights of the approaching machine -- the highway over which Kennell was traveling was beset by danger of an extraordinary character from the time his vision became so obscured as to make it impossible for him to see plainly the road before him to the time that he struck the deceased . Thus the ordinary care with which Kennell was charged in driving his car over the highway required such an amount of such care as was commensurate with the exactions of the extraordinary dangerous circumstances under which he was then operating his car . The respective rights and duties of drivers of automobiles and other vehicles and of pedestrians have repeatedly been by the courts of this state clearly pointed out ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Allin v. Snavely , 100 Cal . App . 2d 411 '' . Official California Appellate Reports ( 2nd Series Vol. 100 , p. 411 ) . November 14 , 1950 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 27 . `` A driver by insisting on his lawful right of way may violate the basic speed law as provided by Veh . Code , § 22350 , and thus become guilty of negligence . '' ( CA Reports Headnote # ( 2 ) ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Riggs v. Gasser Motors , 22 Cal . App . 2d 636 '' . Official California AppellateReports ( 2nd Series Vol. 22 , p. 636 ) . September 25 , 1937 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 27 . It is common knowledge that intersecting streets in cities present a continuing hazard , the degree of hazard depending upon the extent of the use of the intersecting streets and the surrounding circumstances or conditions of each intersection . Under such circumstances the basic ( speed ) law ... is always governing . See Official Reports Opinions Online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Leeper v. Nelson , 139 Cal . App . 2d 65 '' . Official California Appellate Reports ( 2nd Series Vol. 139 , p. 65 ) . Feb 6 , 1956 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 27 . The operator of an automobile is bound to anticipate that he may meet persons or vehicles at any point of the street , and he must in order to avoid a charge of negligence , keep a proper lookout for them and keep his machine under such control as will enable him to avoid a collision with another automobile driven with care and caution as a reasonably prudent person would do under similar conditions . See Huetter v. Andrews , 91 Cal . App . 2d 142 , Berlin v. Violett , 129 Cal. App . 337 , Reaugh v. Cudahy Packing Co. , 189 Cal. 335 , and Official Reports Opinions Online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reaugh v. Cudahy Packing Co. , 189 Cal. 335 '' . Official California Reports , Vol. 189 , p. 335 , ( California Supreme Court reporter ) . July 27 , 1922 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 27 . This is but a reiteration of the rule , in statutory form , which has always been in force without regard to a statutory promulgation to the effect that drivers or operators of vehicles , and more particularly motor vehicles , must be specially watchful in anticipation of the presence of others at places where other vehicles are constantly passing , and where men , women , and children are liable to be crossing , such as corners at the intersections of streets or other similar places or situations where people are likely to fail to observe an approaching automobile . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : www.destatis.de ( 10 July 2013 ) . `` Unfallentwicklung auf deutschen Straßen 2012 ( Crashes on German Roads 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . Statistisches Bundesamt ( Federal Statistics Office ) . Statistisches Bundesamt . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . ( Seite 19 ) Mit 29 Getöteten je 1 000 Unfälle mit Personenschaden ist das Todesrisiko auf Landstraßen fünfmal höher als auf Innerortsstraßen und auch höher als auf Autobahnen , auf denen 22 Personen je 1000 Unfälle starben . Ein Grund für das wesentlich höhere Risiko auf Landstraßen und Autobahnen ist , dass hier wesentlich schneller gefahren wird als auf Innerortsstraßen und dadurch die Unfallschwere steigt ... ( Seite 20 ) Hauptunfallursache auf Autobahnen ist die `` nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit '' . Im Jahr 2012 waren mehr als ein Drittel aller Unfälle mit Personenschaden auf Autobahnen Unfälle , bei denen mindestens einem Beteiligten dieses Fehlverhalten zur Last gelegt wurde . Bei insgesamt 6 587 sogenannten Geschwindigkeitsunfällen kamen 179 Menschen zu Tode , das heißt nahezu die Hälfte ( 46 , 3 % ) aller Getöteten auf Autobahnen ... ( Seite 20 ) Hierbei ist allerdings zu berücksichtigen , dass die Unfallursache `` nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit '' häufig nicht bedeutet , dass die zulässige Höchstgeschwindigkeit überschritten worden ist . `` Nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit '' wird von der Polizei bei einem Unfall auch dann als Ursache erfasst , wenn ein Beteiligter für die vorliegenden Straßen - oder Witterungsverhältnisse zu schnell gefahren ist . Check date values in : year = / date = mismatch ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A 95 : Polizei geschockt über `` immenses Tempo '' ( Translation : A 95 : Police Shocked At High Speed ) `` . Merkur Online ( The Mercury online version ) . Aug 5 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 . den stellvertretenden Kommandanten der Feuerwehr aus Hohenschäftlarn ( Kreis München ) , Daniel Buck ... war mit seinen Kollegen einer der ersten an der Unfallstelle , an der ein Porschefahrer ( 51 ) so schnell in den Toyota einer 67 - jährigen Weilheimerin bretterte , dass sich ihr Auto mehrmals überschlug . Die Frau musste noch vor Ort reanimiert werden , starb jedoch später im Krankenhaus . Die beiden Männer im Porsche kamen mit leichten Verletzungen davon ... Auf Höhe des Dreiecks Starnberg verlor er auf der linken Spur die Kontrolle über sein Auto . Er kam ins Schleudern , schoss rechts über einen Grünstreifen und kam auf dem Zubringer aus Starnberg wieder auf die Fahrbahn . Dort rammte er die 67 - jährige Weilheimerin in ihrem Toyota ... Zeugen vor Ort schätzen , dass der Sportwagen mit rund 300 Kilometer pro Stunde unterwegs war ... Ein Zeuge hatte seinen Tempomat auf 140 Stundenkilometer eingestellt und war von dem Sportwagen überholt worden . `` Er schätzt , der Porsche war doppelt so schnell '' , sagt Buck . Und : `` ... Schneller wie 160 Kilometer pro Stunde ist hier absolut unangemessen . '' . ( Translation : deputy commander of the fire brigade from Hohenschaeftlarn county ( Munich ) , Daniel Buck ... was one of the first with his colleagues at the accident site where a Porsche driver ( age 51 ) bashed into the Toyota driven by a 67 - year - old Weilheim in Oberbayern resident , rolling her car over several times . The woman had to be resuscitated on site , but died later in hospital . The two men in the Porsche escaped with minor injuries ... At the peak of the Starnberg interchange in the left lane he lost control of his car . He went into a skid , shot right through a grass strip to ram the 67 - year - old Weilheimer resident in her Toyota ... Witnesses on site estimated that the sports car was traveling about 300 kilometers per hour ... One witness had his cruise control set at 140 kilometers per hour and was overtaken by the sports car . `` He estimates the Porsche was twice as fast , '' says Buck . And : `` This is simply irresponsible ; even as fast as 160 kilometers per hour is absolutely inappropriate . `` ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Autobahn Pileup : 52 - Car German Crash Kills 3 ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffington Post . 2011 - 11 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/about/outreach/education/driverTips/Too-Fast-for-Conditions-all.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kennedy , Maev ( 6 September 2013 ) . `` ' All you could hear was cars crashing ' : 120 - car pile - up on Sheppey bridge '' . The Guardian . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.fox19.com/story/20639696/girl-12-killed-in-86-car-pileup-on-i-275 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://sanatogapost.com/2013/07/10/detectives-excessive-speed-factor-in-422-crash-death/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kyle Stein charged in Colerain Twp . crash that killed Rachel McGrath and Eric Moormann ) ) '' . ( The teenage driver ) lost control of the vehicle on a `` curvy portion '' of Sheed Road in Colerain Township and struck a parked Ford Titanium . The crash killed both ... passengers ( , the driver ) was traveling in excess of the posted 35 mph speed limit in order to `` catch up to a new model Audi R8 to get a better look at this very expensive vehicle '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.freep.com/article/20131013/NEWS06/310130122/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No sign of alcohol for 6 teens killed in OH crash '' . the SUV was traveling between 62 mph and 70 mph on a 35 - mph road before it flipped into a pond in a dark , unlit area in Warren on March 10 ( , 2013 ) , killing the 19 - year - old driver and five of the seven boys riding with her </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Speeding Counts on All Roads '' ( PDF ) . FHWA Safety ( November 2000 ) . almost 50 percent of speeding - related fatalities occur on lower speed collector and local roads , which carry only 28.1 percent of the total vehicle miles traveled in the United States ... the deadly consequences of speeding on local and collector roads becomes even more dramatic . The speeding fatality rate for local roads is three times that for Interstates </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.pe.com/articles/speed-776756-survey-limit.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://caselaw.findlaw.com/mt-supreme-court/1110919.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://vincenzeslaw.com/4-ways-virginia-reckless-driving-charges-handled-differently-fairfax-county-arlington-alexandria-stafford/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Traffic Operations : Road Signs '' . Government of South Australia . 2002 - 08 - 23 ( last update date ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Most regulatory signs are rectangular with a black legend on a white background ... ( exceptions include ) speed restriction signs ( symbol enclosed in a red circle ) '' Check date values in : date = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Speed Zoning Information '' ( PDF ) . Institute of Transportation Engineers . 22 March 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MUTCD Sections 2B. 13 - 16 # 12 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` California Vehicle Code § 21400 ( b ) '' . The State of California . January 1 , 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Transportation Research Board of the National Academies ; Kay Fitzpatrick ; Paul Carlson ; Marcus A. Brewer ; Mark D. Wooldridge ; Shaw - Pin Miaou ; Texas Transportation Institute ( October 6 , 2003 ) . NCHRP Report 504 -- Design Speed , Operating Speed , and Posted Speed Practices ( PDF ) . onlinepubs.trb.org . Washington , D.C. : National Academies Press . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 08767 - 8 . ISSN 0077 - 5614 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2014 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/1465-1.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://azdot.gov/business/engineering-and-construction/traffic/faq/establishing-speed-limits </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.ksdot.org/bureaus/burTrafficSaf/brochures/establishingspeedlimits.asp </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Public opposition to speed limits being set by an authority , often arise because such agency has been viewed as abusing its power -- such as by arbitrary indiscretion or by creating `` speed traps . '' Because an expert can theoretically calculate a safer speed limit , than the populace 's vote by driving , it is beneficial that local governments preserve strong public trust with their integrity in speed regulation . See A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets , AASHTO , 4th Ed. , 2001 ; ISBN 1 - 56051 - 156 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ USLIMITS2 : A Tool to Aid Practitioners in Determining Appropriate Speed Limit Recommendations </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Riggs v. Gasser Motors , 22 Cal . App . 2d 636 '' . Official California Appellate Reports ( 2nd Series , Vol. 22 , p. 22 ) . September 25 , 1937 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alarid v. Vanier , 50 Cal. 2d 617 '' . Official California Reports , 2nd Series Vol. 50 , p. 617 ( California Supreme Court reporter ) . July 17 , 1958 . See Official California Reports online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Speeds on Rural Interstate Highways Relative to Posting the 40 mph Minimum Speed Limit '' . U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics ( BTS ) . 2004 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . The relevance of posting the 40 mile per hour ( mph ) minimum speed limit on the Interstate Highway System has been increasingly called into question since the National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 repealed the federally sanctioned maximum speed limit . In this study , data were collected on major interstate highways in Florida to evaluate speed distribution relative to the 40 mph posted minimum speed limit . The data revealed that the 15th percentile speed at all sites was 60 mph or above on both four - lane and six - lane highway sections . The analysis showed that the average speed at all sites was approximately 5 standard deviations above the 40 mph minimum . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Schick ( June 2003 ) , ( translation ) `` Influence of Traffic Control Systems on Freeway Capacity and Stability of Traffic Flow '' ; Original Title `` Einfluss von Streckenbeeinflussungsanlagen auf de Kapazitaet von Autobahnabschnitten sowie die Stabilitaet des Verkehrsflusses '' ( PDF ) , University of Stuttgart , p. 20 , retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 , ( translation ) `` The first experiment was carried out in 1965 on a 30 km section of the A8 from Salzburg to Munich . The system consisted of mechanically variable message signs at a distance of 2 km , which could display speeds of 60 , 80 and 100 km / h , and `` danger zone '' and `` accident '' . Personnel monitored traffic using video technology , and manually controlled the signage . Studies reported a decrease in traffic disruptions and breakdowns , harmonization of the velocity distribution and an increase in performance ( Zackor 1972 , see also Chapter 3.2. 2 ) . '' German text : `` Die erste linienhafte Beeinflussung des Verkehrs erfolgte im Jahr 1965 durch die Errichtung einer Wechselverkehrszeichenanlage auf einem 30 km langen Abschnitt der A8 auf der Richtungsfahrbahn Salzburg -- München . Die Anlage bestand aus neben der Fahrbahn angebrachten mechanischen Wechselverkehrszeichen im Abstand von 2 km , die StVO - gerechte Zeichen für die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzungen 60 , 80 und 100 km / h sowie `` Gefahrstelle '' und `` Unfall '' anzeigen konnten ( Abb. 2 - 1 ) . Diese Zeichen wurden vom Betreiberpersonal , das mittels Videotechnologie eine Übersicht über das Verkehrsgeschehen hatte , manuell geschaltet . Somit konnte erstmals auf einer Autobahn die Geschwindigkeit des Verkehrs beeinflusst sowie eine Unfallwarnung vorgenommen werden . Die ersten Erfahrungen und wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen berichten von einer Abnahme der Störungen und Verkehrszusammenbrüche , einer Harmonisierung der Geschwindigkeitsverteilung sowie einer Steigerung der Leistungsfähigkeit ( ZACKOR 1972 , siehe auch Kapitel 3.2. 2 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ralf Schmahld ( 6 August 2009 ) , ( translation ) `` 20 years waiting in traffic jams '' ; Original Title `` 20 Jahre im Stau gestanden '' , Reise ( Travel ) magazine , retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 , ( translation ) `` A total of 1,300 kilometers of motorways now have traffic control systems for the harmonization of traffic flow by speed limits and traffic warning , and the government expects to expand their use : 2500 km stretch of motorway could be controlled by these dynamic control systems . '' German text : `` An insgesamt 1.300 Kilometern der Bundesautobahnen seien inzwischen Streckenbeeinflussungsanlagen zur Harmonisierung des Verkehrsablaufs durch Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkungen und Gefahrenwarnung installiert worden , teilt die Regierung weiter mit . 2.500 Kilometer Autobahnstrecke könnten mittels dynamischer Netzbeeinflussungsanlagen gesteuert werden '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark Robinson , P.E. ( January 9 , 2000 ) , Examples of Variable Speed Limit Applications . Speed Management Workshop ( PDF ) , Transportation Research Board . 79th Annual Meeting , retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 , `` New Jersey . Status : Active ( installed in the late 1960s ) . Objective : to provide early warning to motorists of slow traffic or hazardous road conditions . Setting : Urban / Rural - New Jersey Turnpike . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/briefing/12164.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WYDOT proposes to lower I - 80 speed limit '' . KSL - TV . September 29 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . The Wyoming Department of Transportation says it plans to impose a speed limit of 65 mph on a 52 - mile stretch of the interstate between Laramie and Rawlins . The reduction from the existing speed limit of 75 mph will take effect Oct. 15 and continue for six months . In addition , WYDOT intends to install variable speed - limit signs on the same stretch of highway so the limit can be lowered further because of bad weather . The section is between the Quealy Dome Interchange , 20 miles west of Laramie , and the Peterson Interchange , 22 miles east of Rawlins , the agency said . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wyoming seasonal speed limit will vary with conditions '' . Land Line Magazine . October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . `` When it 's all horizontal and drifts , it kills the visibility , and we have a horrible time trying to keep people on the road , '' Wyoming DOT engineer Tim McGary told Land Line Now on Sirius XM . McGary says this winter , truckers on I - 80 will no longer see that 65 mph seasonal speed limit between Laramie and Rawlins . Instead , the whole 52 - mile stretch will have the electronic , variable speed limit signs that the DOT started installing last year . The variable signs allow the DOT to lower or raise the speed limit in 5 mph increments depending on the weather conditions . And McGary says they work . The statistics are kind of showing that if we 're on top of things with our plow operators and troopers out there , and we get the speed limits reduced appropriately to the weather conditions , people are complying pretty well with that , '' McGary said . `` Our crash rates have gone down and we 're hoping to continue that trend . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' Saha , P. , and Young , R. ( 2014 ) . ' Weather - Based Safety Analysis for the Effectiveness of Rural Variable Speed Limit ( VSL ) Corridors ' In Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting ( No. 14 - 2293 ) , http://docs.trb.org/prp/15-1916.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' R. Young , V. Sabawat , P. Saha , Y . Sui ( 2014 ) . ' Rural Variable Speed Limits : Phase II ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Managing Speed '' . Public Roads . www.tfhrc.gov . January -- February 2003 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Low Visibility Warning System '' ( PDF ) . Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Report ( HC 15 , 2004 - 05 ) : Tackling congestion by making better use of England 's motorways and trunk roads ( Full Report ) ( PDF ) , National Audit Office , 26 November 2004 , p. 21 , retrieved 2009 - 09 - 17 , The initial results of the one year trial of Variable Speed Limits indicated savings in journey times , smoother flowing traffic and a fall in the number of accidents . On the basis of these findings , the Agency converted the trial into a permanent facility in 1997 . Variable Speed Limits have generally been popular with road users who have reported perceived benefits , including less congestion and less stressful journeys . Yet the Agency could not prove a business case to use the measure elsewhere . Conditions at the site of the Variable Speed Limits trial were not stable before or during the trial , or in the period of extended monitoring that followed it . Traffic volumes changed and the Agency introduced new technology and new lighting and widened the motorway at both ends of the trial site , preventing it from establishing properly controlled and reliable `` before and after '' data to assess the measure 's impact . Without reliable data , the Agency could not prove a business case to use the measure elsewhere . As a result , in 2002 the Agency extended the Variable Speed Limits trial , at a further budgeted cost of £ 3.9 million , to cover an additional eight kilometres of the M25 , where conditions were expected to be more stable , in order to collect sufficient before and after data to prepare a business case . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` M1 Junctions 6A to 10 Official Completion Ceremony '' ( PDF ) . Highways Agency . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` M1 works speed cameras will stay '' . BBC News . 2010 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrew W Fergus and David J Turner ( MWH NZ Ltd . ) ( 22 -- 25 September 2002 ) . `` Monitoring Incident and Travel Behaviour Through the Use of ATMS Architecture '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 21 . initial results of a Transfund Research project being undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of Variable Message Speed Signs ( VMSS ) within the Ngauranga Active Traffic Management System ( NATMS ) . NATMS is an incident based system whose objective is to facilitate the passage of traffic through a very demanding section of state highway just north of Wellington ... A unique feature of the NATMS is the use of VMSS which display a mandatory speed imposed by controllers in response to an incident or prevailing traffic conditions ... In February 2001 Transit New Zealand ( TNZ ) commissioned the operation of the Ngauranga Active Traffic Management System ( NATMS ) on State Highway 1 , north of Wellington , New Zealand . The NATMS covers a 4 km stretch of State Highway between Johnsonville and the SH1 / SH2 Interchange . The NATMS is the first system in New Zealand to use Automatic Incident Detection ( AID ) and was chosen because of the challenging driving conditions which are compounded by steep terrain , numerous bends and a high degree of weaving between lanes . This in conjunction with a volume in excess of 60,000 vehicles per day and an accident rate higher than the national average were contributing factors in the introduction of the NATMS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` German : Ein Monat ' Tempo 160 ' auf der A10 . English : A month of ' Tempo 160 ' on the A10 '' . `` German : Den ' Tempo 160 - Test ' auf der A10 bezeichnete Gorbach `` allen Unkenrufen zum Trotz '' als ' Meilenstein in der europäischen Verkehrspolitik ' . Er betonte im Rahmen einer Pressekonferenz in Wien , dass mit Tempo 160 ' nicht die Raser gefördert , sondern die Geschwindigkeit flexibilisiert ' werden soll . English : ' ( The then Austrian Minister for Transportation Hubert ) Gorbach said the ' Test Speed 160 ' on the A10 ( motorway ) was ' a milestone in European transport policy - despite all predictions to the contrary ' . He said at a press conference in Vienna that a 160 limit ' does not promote speeding , but more flexible travel speeds ' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Moving speed limits on I - 285 '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . September 29 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Autobahnrichtgeschwindigkeitsverordnung '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . German Federal Government . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SPEED Fact Sheet . German Autobahn : The Speed Limit Debate '' ( PDF ) . European Transport Safety Council . Feb 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Currently , 52 % of the German motorways do not have a speed limit , 15 % have temporary speed limits due to weather or traffic conditions and 33 % have permanent speed limits . On unlimited sections there is a 130 km / h recommendation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` § 3 StVO : Speed '' . Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 29 . Diese Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkung gilt nicht ( ... ) auf anderen Straßen mit Fahrbahnen für eine Richtung , die durch Mittelstreifen oder sonstige bauliche Einrichtungen getrennt sind . Sie gilt ferner nicht auf Straßen , die mindestens zwei durch Fahrstreifenbegrenzung ( Zeichen 295 ) oder durch Leitlinien ( Zeichen 340 ) markierte Fahrstreifen für jede Richtung haben . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lärmaktionsplan 2008 der Stadt Gera '' ( Noise Action Plan of Gera 2008 ) ( PDF ) . Die Berechnung basiert dabei auf der in Deutschland gültigen Richtgeschwindigkeit von 130 km / h . Die real gefahrene Geschwindigkeit auf `` freigegebenen '' Autobahnabschnitten liegt jedoch deutlich höher , wie das in Abb. 54 dargestellte Beispiel von der A9 im Bereich Niemegk zeigt . Die V85 liegt teilweise bei über 170 km / h . Im Schnitt fahren deutlich über 60 % der Verkehrsteilnehmer schneller als 130 km / h . Mehr als 30 % der Verkehrsteilnehmer fahren im Schnitt schneller als 150 km / h ( English translation ) Calculations are based on the German recommended speed of 130 km / h . Actual driving speeds on motorway sections is much higher , as shown in Figure 54 , for example the A9 in Niemegk . The V85 ( 85th percentile speed ) exceeds 170 km / h . On average , significantly more than 60 % of road users exceed 130 km / h . More than 30 % of motorists exceed 150 km / h . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/06/990616165539.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Traffic Safety - The German Experience after Reunification '' ( PDF ) . German Society for Technical Cooperation. 2004 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Transport Implications of the Isle of Man Strategic Plan : Report '' ( PDF ) . JMP Consulting . 2007 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The duties of the Swiss Federal Roads Office - ASTRA - Bundesamt '' . 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Outside of built - up areas : Prior to 1973 : no restriction 1973 : 100 km / h ( provisional ) 1977 : 100 km / h ( definitive ) 1985 : 80 km / h ( trial ) 1989 : 80 km / h ( definitive ) , national referendum on 26 November 1989 Motorways : Prior to 1973 : no restriction 1973 : 100 km / h ( temporary ) , due to oil crisis 1974 : 130 km / h ( provisional ) 1977 : 130 km / h ( definitive ) 1985 : 120 km / h ( trial ) 1989 : 120 km / h ( definitive ) , national referendum on 26 November 1989 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://oesv1.orf.at/stories/358361 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.oeamtc.at/?id=2500%2C1136024%2C%2C </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darren L. Jorgenson , Kumares C. Sinha ( Joint Transportation Research Program , Purdue University ) ( April 2000 ) . `` The Development of a Speed Monitoring Program for Indiana ( FHWA / IN / JTRP - 98 / 19 ) '' . Indiana Department of Transportation . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION : 1.1 Background Information `` Prior to 1974 , Interstate highways through various states had different speed limits , with the exception of Montana and Nevada , which had none . '' CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law , Federal and State Resources , Forms , and Code </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Transport Infrastructure and Systems : Proceedings of the AIIT International Congress on Transport Infrastructure and Systems ( Rome , Italy , 10 -- 12 April 2017 ) Couverture Gianluca Dell'Acqua , Fred Wegman CRC Press , 16 mars 2017 - 1154 pages https://books.google.com/books?id=-RpdDgAAQBAJ </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/raise/publications/2015/regdev/1415.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.dttas.ie/sites/default/files/upload/general/Guide_Speed_Limits_Mar_2015.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` EFFECTS OF THE 65 - MPH SPEED LIMIT ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN OHIO '' . University of Cincinnati . 1992 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 10 . fatal accident rates on rural Interstate highways posted at 65 mph or rural non-Interstate highways posted at 55 mph had not significantly changed after the implementation of the 65 - mph speed limit . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` South Dakota Speed Monitoring '' ( PDF ) . South Dakota Department of Transportation . 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Written Answers to Questions : Road Accidents '' . Hansard . House of Commons . 2003 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . TRL research on urban speed management methods published in 1998 ( TRL Report 363 ) found only an average 1 mph drop in speeds and no discernible accident reduction in accidents in 20 mph limits using only signs . Advisory speed limits are not normally approved in England and Wales . However , the more successful 20 mph zones that use self enforcing traffic calming features achieved average speed reductions of around 10 mph which produced a 70 per cent . reduction in child pedestrian accidents and a 48 per cent . reduction in child cyclist accidents . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.streetfilms.org/no-need-for-speed-20s-plenty-for-us/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.walk21.com/papers/Josua_Hart.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A 50 km / h default urban speed limit for Australia ? '' ( PDF ) . Monash University Accident Research Centre . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 26 . After Norway reduced its urban speed limit from 60 km / h to 50 km / h , the average speed fell by 3.5 - 4 km / h and the number of fatal accidents was reduced by 45 per cent ( Norwegian Traffic Safety Handbook , cited in 9 ) ... The bulk of the casualty crash benefit relates to implementation of 50 km / h default speed limits on urban arterials currently zoned 60 km / h . Extending the default 50 km / h urban speed limit to all residential streets across Australia contributes about 6 % of the total saving in casualty crashes . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Evaluation of a 50 km / h Default Urban Speed Limit for Australia '' . Monash University Accident Research Centre . November 2001 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 15 . The trial achieved reductions in average speeds of 1.5 to 2 km / h in some councils and a 7 % reduction in the number of casualties and casualty crashes in the trial LGAs compared to the rest of the State . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Farmer , Charles M ; Retting , Richard A ; Lund , Adrian K ( 1999 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Changes in motor vehicle occupant fatalities after repeal of the national maximum speed limit '' . Accident Analysis & Prevention . 31 ( 5 ) : 537 -- 543 . doi : 10.1016 / S0001 - 4575 ( 99 ) 00010 - X . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Current speed limit policies '' . European Commission . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . A speed limit is based on both safety and mobility considerations and increasingly also on environmental considerations . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UN raises child accidents alarm '' . BBC News . 2008 - 12 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Federal Highway Administration ( 1998 ) p. 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ British Columbia Ministry of Transportation ( 2003 ) , p. v ' The likelihood of a crash occurring is significantly greater for motorists traveling at speed slower and faster than the mean speed of traffic ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed and Speed Limits '' ( PDF ) . Federal Highway Administration . 1998 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ www.destatis.de ( 10 July 2013 ) . `` Unfallentwicklung auf deutschen Straßen 2012 ( Crash Development on German Roads 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . Statistisches Bundesamt ( Federal Statistics Office ) . Statistisches Bundesamt . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . ( Seite 19 ) Mit 29 Getöteten je 1 000 Unfälle mit Personenschaden ist das Todesrisiko auf Landstraßen fünfmal höher als auf Innerortsstraßen und auch höher als auf Autobahnen , auf denen 22 Personen je 1000 Unfälle starben . Ein Grund für das wesentlich höhere Risiko auf Landstraßen und Autobahnen ist , dass hier wesentlich schneller gefahren wird als auf Innerortsstraßen und dadurch die Unfallschwere steigt ... ( Seite 20 ) Hauptunfallursache auf Autobahnen ist die `` nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit '' . Im Jahr 2012 waren mehr als ein Drittel aller Unfälle mit Personenschaden auf Autobahnen Unfälle , bei denen mindestens einem Beteiligten dieses Fehlverhalten zur Last gelegt wurde . Bei insgesamt 6 587 sogenannten Geschwindigkeitsunfällen kamen 179 Menschen zu Tode , das heißt nahezu die Hälfte ( 46 , 3 % ) aller Getöteten auf Autobahnen ... ( Seite 20 ) Hierbei ist allerdings zu berücksichtigen , dass die Unfallursache `` nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit '' häufig nicht bedeutet , dass die zulässige Höchstgeschwindigkeit überschritten worden ist . `` Nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit '' wird von der Polizei bei einem Unfall auch dann als Ursache erfasst , wenn ein Beteiligter für die vorliegenden Straßen - oder Witterungsverhältnisse zu schnell gefahren ist . Check date values in : year = / date = mismatch ( help ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://www.bast.de ( December 2012 ) . `` Traffic and Accident Data : Summary Statistics - Germany '' ( PDF ) . Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen ( Federal Highway Research Institute ) . Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . Check date values in : year = / date = mismatch ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Liu , Cejun ; Chen , Chou - Lin ( 2009 ) . `` An Analysis of Speeding - Related Crashes : Definitions and the Effects of Road Environments '' ( PDF ) . National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.thenewspaper.com/news/38/3801.asp </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.nbcdfw.com/investigations/Dallas-Freeways-Where-Almost-Everyone-Speeds-138851784.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Design Speed , Operating Speed , and Posted Speed Practices ( Report 504 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Cooperative Highway Research Program . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Design Speed , Operating Speed , and Posted Speed Practices ( Report 504 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Cooperative Highway Research Program . A significant concern with the 1954 design speed concept was the language of the definition and its relationship with operational speed measures . The term `` maximum safe speed '' is used in the definition , and it was recognized that operating speeds and even posted speed limits can be higher than design speeds without necessarily compromising safety . In 1997 , Fambro et al. ( 15 ) recommended a revised definition of design speed for the Green Book while maintaining the five provisions noted above . The definition recommended was , `` The design speed is a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of the roadway . '' The term `` safe '' was removed in order to avoid the perception that speeds greater than the design speed were `` unsafe . '' The AASHTO Task Force on Geometric Design voted in November 1998 to adopt this definition and it was included in the 2001 Green Book ( 17 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Claes Tingvall & Narelle Haworth . `` Vision Zero - An ethical approach to safety and mobility '' . Table 1 . Possible long term maximum travel speeds related to the infrastructure , given best practice in vehicle design and 100 % restraint use ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` EU wants to slash rural speed limit '' . Irish Independent newspaper . 2010 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 10 . Europe 's top road safety agency warned yesterday that the speed limit on our killer rural roads is too high and should be slashed by a third ... The general speed limit of 100 kmh on main rural roads which do not have dividing crash barriers should be cut to 70kmh or less , an official report recommended yesterday . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NRA New Divided Road Types : Type 2 and Type 3 Dual - carriageways '' ( PDF ) . ( Ireland ) National Road Authority . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 22 . Type 2 Dual Carriageway : A divided all - purpose road with two lanes in each direction Type 3 Dual Carriageway : A divided all purpose road with two lanes in one direction of travel and one lane in the other direction . the two - lane section , which provides the overtaking opportunity , alternates with a one - lane section at intervals </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nevada brief in Nevada v. Skinner </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Copulos , Milton R. ( 1986 - 09 - 09 ) . `` The High Cost of the 55 MPH Speed Limit '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Trucking Industry Asks Congress for National 65 mph Speed Limit '' . Environment News Service . January 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 08 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Int Panis L , et al. ( 2011 ) . `` PM , NOX and CO2 emission reductions from speed management policies in Europe '' . Transport Policy . 18 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 37 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tranpol. 2010.05. 005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vehicular Speed - Limit Reduction '' . Texas Commission on Environmental Quality . 2002 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AA History , The story of the AA since 1905 '' . The Automobile Association . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . A group of motoring enthusiasts met at the Trocadero restaurant in London 's West End on 29 June to form the Automobile Association ( the AA ) -- a body initially intended to help motorists avoid police speed traps . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Speed Limits -- How they are set and your Right to Object '' . Association of British Drivers . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Speed Cameras '' . Association of British Drivers . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Thousands of motorists are losing their jobs , freedom and ability to earn a living . 82 % of speed camera victims thought they were driving safely at the time of their conviction and were just unfortunate to be doing a few miles over the limit . 65 % thought their speeding ticket was totally unjustified and felt cheated . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About us '' . National Motorists Association . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 18 . We work for more reasonable speed limits </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NMA Objections To Photo Enforcement '' . National Motorists Association . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 18 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Autobahn - Temporegelung '' . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 22 . German : Der ADAC hält ein allgemeines Tempolimit auf Autobahnen für nicht erforderlich ... Ein Zusammenhang zwischen generellem Tempolimit und dem Sicherheitsniveau auf Autobahnen ist nicht feststellbar . Die Zahl der Getöteten auf Autobahnen pro einer Milliarde Fahrzeugkilometer liegt in Deutschland bei 2 , 2 , mit fallender Tendenz . Zahlreiche Länder mit genereller Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkung schneiden schlechter ab , z.B. Dänemark , Belgien , Österreich , USA . In Österreich , wo ein generelles Tempolimit von 130 km / h gilt , ist die Getötetenrate auf Autobahnen etwa 1 , 5 - mal höher als in Deutschland . English : ADAC holds a general speed limit on motorways to be unnecessary ... A connection between general speed limit on highways and safety is undectable . The number of deaths on motorways per 1 billion vehicle - kilometers in Germany is 2.2 with a falling trend . Many countries fare worse with a general speed limit than Germany ( e.g. Denmark , Belgium , Austria , USA ) . In Austria , where speed is generally 130 , the death rate on motorways is about 1.5 times higher , Press Release , June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lave , Charles ; Elias , Patrick ( February 1994 ) . `` Did the 65 mph speed limit save lives ? '' ( PDF ) . Accident Analysis & Prevention . Elsevier . 26 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 62 . doi : 10.1016 / 0001 - 4575 ( 94 ) 90068 - X . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 20 Apr 2010 . This study analyzes the statewide consequences of raising the speed limit , treating highways and enforcement as a total system . We find that the 65 mph speed limit reduced the statewide fatality rate by 3.4 % - 5.1 % , compared to those states that did not raise their speed limit. on rural interstate highways ( p. 49 ) VMT grew 1.62 times faster in the 65 mph states than it did in the 55 mph states ... These numbers are consistent with the expected pattern of traffic shifts ( p. 53 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peters , Eric ( 24 November 1998 ) . `` Highways Are Safe at Any Speed '' ( PDF ) . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . When speed limits are set arbitrarily low -- as under the old system -- tailgating , weaving and `` speed variance '' ( the problem of some cars traveling significantly faster than others ) make roads less safe </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` VDA opposes using speed limit to patronize the public : General Speed Limit Will Not Help with Climate Protection or Safety '' . Verband der Automobilindustrie . March 2008 . A general speed limit on Germany 's autobahns will not offer additional benefits in terms of climate protection or driving safety , '' said VDA Managing Director Dr. Kunibert Schmidt ... `` Much more important than the mantra - like repetition of old demands are measures designed to prevent motorists from driving at speeds that are not in line with weather conditions and the flow of the surrounding traffic - the leading cause of motor vehicle accidents </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Higher speed limits reducing accidents on rural roads : Few accidents stem from cars overtaking '' . Nine years ago the speed limit on certain motorways was increased from 110 km / h to 130 km / h and this resulted in fewer traffic fatalities on those stretches of road . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carsten Thomsen ( 11 Jul 2012 ) . `` Socialists open up several highways to 130 km / h ( S åbner for flere motorveje med 130 km / t ) '' . Socialists are now open to raising the speed limit to 130 km / h on several of the country 's motorways . Previously , the party was strongly opposed when the Liberal government in 2005 raised the speed limit from 110 to 130 on several stretches . However , it has not resulted in increased fatalities . Which it has convinced the Socialists , says Transport Coordinator Rasmus Prehn . ' There might be places where you can raise the limit from 110 km / h to 130 km / h . There should be a detailed assessment about that . What is important is that people get a feeling that there is a correlation between how things are and how fast you can drive , says Rasmus Prehn . The number of fatalities last year was 220 , which is the lowest since World War II . Only 12 were killed on motorways . ( ORIGINAL DANISH : Socialdemokraterne åbner nu for at hæve fartgrænsen til 130 kilometer i timen på flere af landets motorvejsstrækninger . Partiet var ellers stærkt imod , da VK - regeringen i 2005 hævede fartgrænsen fra 110 til 130 på en lang række strækninger . Men det har ikke betydet flere dræbte i trafikken . Og det har overbevist Socialdemokraterne . trafikordfører Rasmus Prehn . Der kan godt være steder , hvor man kan hæve grænsen fra 110 km / t til 130 km / t . Det skal der en nærmere vurdering til . Men det , der er vigtigt , er , at folk får en oplevelse af , at der er en sammenhæng mellem hvordan forholdene er , og hvor hurtigt man må køre , siger Rasmus Prehn . Antallet af trafikdræbte var sidste år 220 . Det er det laveste siden Anden Verdenskrig . Kun 12 omkom på motorveje . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fakten gegen ein generelles Tempolimit ( '' Facts Against A General Speed Limit `` ) '' . Mar 31 , 2007 . Thus , Denmark in April 2004 increased its speed limit 110 km / h to 130 km / h on all highways . Italy enacted its 2003 speed limit on six - lane highways of 130 km / h to 150 km / h ... Raising the speed limits in Denmark and Italy had no negative impact on traffic safety . The number of accidental deaths even declined over the year before the increase the limit of - 10 % ( Italy ) or - 15 % ( Denmark ). ( German ) So hat Dänemark im April 2004 sein Tempolimit von 110 km / h auf 130 km / h auf allen Autobahnen heraufgesetzt . Italien setzte 2003 sein Tempolimit auf sechsspurigen Autobahnen von 130 km / h auf 150 km / h herauf . Auch die schwedische Regierung hat jetzt eine Anhebung des Tempolimits auf ausgewählten Streckenabschnitten wie auch auf vierspurigen Landstraßen beschlossen ... Die Anhebung der Tempolimits in Dänemark und Italien hatten keinerlei negative Auswirkungen auf die Verkehrssicherheit . Die Zahl der Unfalltoten sank sogar gegenüber dem Jahr vor der Anhebung des Limits um -- 10 % ( Italien ) bzw. -- 15 % ( Dänemark ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Speed limits '' . Safe Speed . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Note that the `` average '' driver at the 50 % percentile has a greater crash risk than the 85th percentile driver . Below the 30th percentile crash risk is significantly increased and these speeds tend to be used by less skilled and competent drivers ... Doddery old fool at 30 mph / 50 km / h on a UK `` A '' road suitable for 60 mph / 100 km / h . Of course he has an elevated crash risk . He does not know what he is doing ... A single vehicle in lane 3 of a busy motorway . It 's obvious that as the speed is reduced below 55 mph / 90 km / h the crash risk will increase </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Safe Speed '' . Safe Speed . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 18 . In March we learned via Freedom of Information request that the speed camera side effects research ( announced in May 2005 ) had been axed . It is inconceivable that the side effects DON 'T cost more than 25 lives per year , meaning that speed cameras are making road safety worse . But DfT does n't want to hear this , which is the only possible reason for axing the most important research . So here 's the truth . Speed camera policy has failed catastrophically . Department for Transport KNOWS that it has failed but wo n't admit their deadly mistake and pull the plug . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Paul ( 2007 - 06 - 23 ) . `` ' Scrap speed cameras now ' '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J.S. Dean . `` Murder most foul '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Criminal on the road . Tavistock Publications . 1964 . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 26416 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Moreover it has been the result of continued compromise between two bitterly opposed factions : those who are against the motorist and will do all they can to constrain him , and those who oppose constraints unless they are relatively minor in their effects . Examples of both sides are , respectively , the Pedestrians ' Association and the Automobile Association . The survey shows also that motoring law in 1903 and 1930 wa framed by legislators who knew little of the motor vehicle . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Regulation 615 of the H.T.A '' . E-laws Government Website . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About limits - Speed limits '' . The official New Zealand Road Code . New Zealand Transport Agency . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Open road speed limits - The signs below mean that the maximum speed that you can travel at is 100 km / h . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 21 http://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/lz/c/r/australian%20road%20rules/current/1999.219.un.pdf </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Actual Speeds on the Roads Compared to the Posted Limits , Final Report 551 , Arizona Dept of Transportation , October 2004 . </Li> <Li> Effects of Raising and Lowering Speed Limits on Selected Roadway Sections , United States Publication No . FHWA - RD - 97 - 084 , January 1997 . </Li> <Li> Effect of 20 mph traffic speed zones on road injuries in London , 1986 - 2006 : controlled interrupted time series analysis British Medical Journal 2009 . </Li> <Li> Engineering Speed Limits - FHWA Safety Program United States Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Administration , Office of Safety , 1200 New Jersey Avenue , SE , Washington DC 20590 </Li> <Li> Special Report 254 : Managing Speed , Transportation Research Board , 1998 . </Li> <Li> Speed : Understanding Design , Operating , and Posted Speed Texas Transportation Institute , College Station , TX . Research Report 1465 - 1 . March 1996 . R.A. Krammes , K. Fitzpatrick , J.D. Blaschke , D.B. Fambro . </Li> <Li> The Speeding Driver : Who , How and Why ? A research report by the Scottish government into the psychology of the speeding driver . </Li> <Li> Transport , Local Government and the Regions - Ninth Report A comprehensive UK report into the effects of speeding . </Li> <Li> Elvik , R. ( 2012 ) . `` Speed Limits , Enforcement , and Health Consequences '' . Annual Review of Public Health . 33 : 225 -- 238 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - publhealth - 031811 - 124634 . PMID 22224882 . </Li> <Li> `` 3.11 Fartsgrenser '' . Trafikksikkerhetshåndboken ( in Norwegian ) . Oslo , Norway : Transportøkonomisk Institutt. 2000 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Law Review ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> R.A. Vinluan ( 2008 ) . `` Indefiniteness of automobile speed regulations as affecting validity '' . American Law Reports -- Annotated , 3rd Series . 6 . The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company ; Bancroft - Whitney ; West Group Annotation Company . p. 1326 . </Li> <Li> C.C. Marvel ( 2010 ) . `` Meaning of `` residence district , '' `` business district , '' `` school area , '' and the like , in statutes and ordinances regulating speed of motor vehicles `` . American Law Reports -- Annotated , 2nd Series . 50 . The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company ; Bancroft - Whitney ; West Group Annotation Company . p. 343 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Speed limit signs and Driver speed and relative risk of an accident . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Global map of speed limits from Wikispeedia </Li> <Li> A Walk Through The History of Speed Limit Signs in The US </Li> <Li> John F. Carr 's State Traffic and Speed Laws </Li> <Li> Global map of speed limits from OpenStreetMap </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Traffic signs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Signs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Warning sign </Li> <Li> Regulatory sign </Li> <Li> Prohibitory traffic sign </Li> <Li> Mandatory sign </Li> <Li> Special regulation sign </Li> <Li> Stop sign </Li> <Li> Yield sign </Li> <Li> Crossbuck </Li> <Li> Dead End sign </Li> <Li> One - way traffic </Li> <Li> Speed limit ( by country ) </Li> <Li> Advisory speed limit </Li> <Li> Information sign </Li> <Li> Direction , position , or indication sign </Li> <Li> Variable - message sign </Li> <Li> Bilingual sign </Li> <Li> Driver location signs </Li> <Li> Logo sign </Li> <Li> Priority to the right </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By comparison </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Comparison of European road signs </Li> <Li> Comparison of MUTCD - influenced traffic signs </Li> <Li> Comparison of traffic signs in English - 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how often does a speed limit sign need to be posted

List of National Football League records ( individual ) - wikipedia <H1> List of National Football League records ( individual ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> This is a list of records in the National Football League ( NFL ) set by individual players . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Service </Li> <Li> 2 Scoring <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Touchdowns </Li> <Li> 2.2 Points after touchdown </Li> <Li> 2.3 Field goals </Li> <Li> 2.4 Safeties </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Rushing <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Rushing attempts </Li> <Li> 3.2 Rushing yards </Li> <Li> 3.3 Rushing touchdowns </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Passing <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Passer rating </Li> <Li> 4.2 Passing attempts </Li> <Li> 4.3 Pass completions </Li> <Li> 4.4 Pass completion percentage </Li> <Li> 4.5 Passing yards </Li> <Li> 4.6 Average passing yards </Li> <Li> 4.7 Passing touchdowns </Li> <Li> 4.8 Interceptions thrown </Li> <Li> 4.9 Passing interception differential / ratio </Li> <Li> 4.10 Lowest percentage passes had intercepted </Li> <Li> 4.11 Sacked </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Receiving <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Receptions </Li> <Li> 5.2 Yards receiving </Li> <Li> 5.3 Average yards / reception </Li> <Li> 5.4 Receiving touchdowns </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Yards from scrimmage </Li> <Li> 7 All - purpose <Ul> <Li> 7.1 All - purpose attempts </Li> <Li> 7.2 All - purpose yards </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Interceptions <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Interception return yards </Li> <Li> 8.2 Interception return touchdowns </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Punting <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Punts </Li> <Li> 9.2 Punting yards </Li> <Li> 9.3 Average punting yards </Li> <Li> 9.4 Average net punting yards </Li> <Li> 9.5 Punts had blocked </Li> <Li> 9.6 Punts inside the 20 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Punt returns <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Punt return attempts </Li> <Li> 10.2 Fair catches </Li> <Li> 10.3 Punt return yards </Li> <Li> 10.4 Average punt return yards </Li> <Li> 10.5 Punt return touchdowns </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Kickoff returns <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Kickoff return attempts </Li> <Li> 11.2 Kickoff return yards </Li> <Li> 11.3 Average kickoff return yards </Li> <Li> 11.4 Kickoff return touchdowns </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Combined kick / punt returns <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Kick / punt return yards </Li> <Li> 12.2 Kick / punt return touchdowns </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 Fumbles <Ul> <Li> 13.1 Fumbles recovered </Li> <Li> 13.2 Opponent fumbles recovered </Li> <Li> 13.3 Fumble return yards </Li> <Li> 13.4 Fumble return touchdowns </Li> <Li> 13.5 Fumbles forced </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 14 Tackles </Li> <Li> 15 Sacks </Li> <Li> 16 Records in a single decade </Li> <Li> 17 Records in a single month </Li> <Li> 18 Overtime records </Li> <Li> 19 Miscellaneous </Li> <Li> 20 Other </Li> <Li> 21 Age </Li> <Li> 22 Starts / games played </Li> <Li> 23 QB Wins </Li> <Li> 24 QB Losses </Li> <Li> 25 Professional football firsts <Ul> <Li> 25.1 Rushing </Li> <Li> 25.2 Passing </Li> <Li> 25.3 Receiving </Li> <Li> 25.4 Scrimmage </Li> <Li> 25.5 Combined yards </Li> <Li> 25.6 Touchdowns </Li> <Li> 25.7 Scoring </Li> <Li> 25.8 Starts </Li> <Li> 25.9 Wins </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 26 Longest play </Li> <Li> 27 Milestones <Ul> <Li> 27.1 Passing Yards </Li> <Li> 27.2 Rushing Yards </Li> <Li> 27.3 Receiving Yards </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 28 Notes </Li> <Li> 29 See also </Li> <Li> 30 References </Li> <Li> 31 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Service ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons : 26 , George Blanda 1949 -- 1958 , 1960 -- 1975 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , one team : 21 , Jason Hanson 1992 -- 2012 </Li> <Li> Most games played , career : 382 , Morten Andersen 1982 -- 2007 </Li> <Li> Most games played , one team : 327 , Jason Hanson 1992 -- 2012 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games played , career : 352 , Jeff Feagles 1988 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games played , one team : 270 , Jim Marshall 1961 -- 1979 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Scoring ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons leading league : 5 , Don Hutson , 1940 -- 1944 ; Gino Cappelletti , 1961 , 1963 -- 1966 ; Stephen Gostkowski , 2008 , 2012 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons leading league : 5 , Don Hutson , 1940 -- 1944 </Li> <Li> Most points scored , career : 2,544 , Morten Andersen , 1983 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 </Li> <Li> Most points scored , season : 186 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 </Li> <Li> Most points scored , season , home : 102 , Shaun Alexander , 2005 </Li> <Li> Most points scored , season , away : 100 , Gino Cappelletti , 1964 </Li> <Li> Highest average points per game scored , career : 8.77 , Stephen Gostkowski ( 1,613 Points / 184 Games ) , 2006 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Highest average points per game scored , season : 14.67 , Paul Hornung ( 176 Points / 12 Games ) , 1960 </Li> <Li> Most points scored , season , no touchdowns : 166 , David Akers , 2011 </Li> <Li> Most points scored , game , no touchdowns : 26 , Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 100 + points : 20 , Adam Vinatieri , 1996 -- 2008 , 2010 , 2012 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 100 + points : 16 , Jason Elam , 1993 -- 2008 </Li> <Li> Most points , season , rookie : 150 , Cody Parkey , 2014 </Li> <Li> Most points , game : 40 , Ernie Nevers , November 28 , 1929 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive quarters scoring : 38 , Stephen Gostkowski Sep 10 , 2015 - Nov 23 , 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Touchdowns ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dd> Note : this section applies to touchdowns scored running , receiving , or returning . Passing touchdowns are listed separately . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons leading league touchdowns : 8 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1938 , 1941 -- 1944 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons leading league touchdowns : 4 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1938 , 1941 -- 1944 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns , career : 208 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns , season : 31 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns , rookie season : 22 , Gale Sayers , 1965 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns , game : 6 , Ernie Nevers November 28 , 1929 ; Dub Jones November 25 , 1951 ; Gale Sayers December 12 , 1965 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns , half : 5 , Shaun Alexander , Sep 29 , 2002 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns , quarter : 4 , Don Hutson , Oct 7 , 1945 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games touchdown : 18 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2004 -- 05 ; Lenny Moore , 1963 -- 65 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games 2 + touchdown : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games 3 + touchdown : 4 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games 4 + touchdown : 2 , Jim Taylor , 1962 ; Marshall Faulk 2000 ; LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 1 + touchdowns : 20 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 2 + touchdowns : 17 , Tony Gonzalez , 1997 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 3 + touchdowns : 15 , Terrell Owens , 1996 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 4 + touchdowns : 15 , Terrell Owens , 1996 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 5 + touchdowns : 11 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1945 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 ; Cris Carter , 1991 -- 2001 ; Tim Brown , 1991 -- 2001 ; Marvin Harrison , 1996 -- 2006 ; Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2010 ; Frank Gore , 2006 -- 2016 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 6 + touchdowns : 11 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1945 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 ; Marvin Harrison , 1996 -- 2006 ; Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 7 + touchdowns : 11 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1945 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 8 + touchdowns : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 9 + touchdowns : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 10 + touchdowns : 10 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1995 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 11 + touchdowns : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 12 + touchdowns : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 13 + touchdowns : 6 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2007 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 14 + touchdowns : 6 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2007 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 15 + touchdowns : 6 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2007 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Points after touchdown ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons leading league : 8 , George Blanda , 1956 , 1961 -- 62 , 1967 -- 69 , 1972 , 1974 </Li> <Li> Most kicking attempts , career : 959 , George Blanda , 1949 -- 1976 </Li> <Li> Most kicking attempts , season : 75 , Matt Prater , 2013 </Li> <Li> Most kicks attempted , game : 10 , Charlie Gogolak on November 27 , 1966 </Li> <Li> Most kicks made , career : 943 , George Blanda , 1949 -- 1976 </Li> <Li> Most kicks made , season : 75 , Matt Prater , 2013 </Li> <Li> Most kicks made , rookie season : 60 , Doug Brien , 1994 </Li> <Li> Most kicks made , game : 9 , Pat Harder on October 17 , 1948 , Bob Waterfield on October 22 , 1950 and Charlie Gogolak on November 27 , 1966 </Li> <Li> Most kicks made no misses , season : 75 , Matt Prater , 2013 </Li> <Li> Most kicks made no misses , rookie season : 54 , Cody Parkey , 2014 </Li> <Li> Most kicks made no misses , game : 9 , Pat Harder on October 17 , 1948 and Bob Waterfield on October 22 , 1950 </Li> <Li> Most kicks made , half : 7 , Jan Stenerud ; October 2 , 1983 </Li> <Li> Most kicks made , quarter ( including playoffs ) : 5 , Stephen Gostkowski November 22 , 2012 , October 18 , 2009 ; Ali Haji - Sheikh January 31 , 1988 ; Jan Stenerud October 2 , 1983 ; Don Chandler November 12 , 1967 ; Pat Harder October 24 , 1948 ; Don Hutson October 7 , 1945 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive kicks made : 479 , Stephen Gostkowski ; 2006 -- 2016 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive kicks made ( including playoffs ) : 523 , Stephen Gostkowski ; December 31 , 2006 -- January 16 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive kicks made to start a career : 321 , Rian Lindell ; October 5 , 2000 -- November 7 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Highest percentage kicks made career ( minimum 200 attempts ) : 100.0 , Dan Bailey , ( 250 / 250 ) 2011 -- 2016 </Li> <Li> Most two point conversions , career : 7 , Marshall Faulk , 1994 -- 2005 </Li> <Li> Most two point conversions , season : 4 , Todd Heap , 2003 </Li> <Li> Most two point conversions , rookie season : 3 , Gino Cappelletti , 1960 </Li> <Li> Most two point conversions game : 2 , by 11 players , most recently Ladarius Green on October 25 , 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Field goals ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons leading league : 5 , Lou Groza , 1950 , 1952 -- 1954 , 1957 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons leading league : 3 , Lou Groza , 1952 -- 1954 </Li> <Li> Most field goals attempted , career : 709 , Morten Andersen , 1982 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 </Li> <Li> Most field goals attempted , season : 52 , David Akers , 2011 </Li> <Li> Most field goals attempted , rookie season : 48 , Chester Marcol , 1972 </Li> <Li> Most field goals missed , season : 26 , Paul Hornung , 1964 </Li> <Li> Most field goals missed , career : 304 , George Blanda , 1949 -- 1976 </Li> <Li> Most field goals attempted , game : 9 , Jim Bakken on September 24 , 1967 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , career : 565 , Morten Andersen , 1982 -- 2004 ; 2006 -- 2007 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , season : 44 , David Akers , 2011 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made per game , season : 2.79 , Greg Zuerlein ( 39 field goals / 14 games ) , 2017 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , season , no misses : 37 , Mike Vanderjagt , 2003 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , rookie season : 38 , Harrison Butker , 2017 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , game : 8 , Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , game , no misses : 8 , Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , postseason game : 6 , Chris Boswell on January 15 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , one half : 5 ; Chris Boniol on November 18 , 1996 , Morten Andersen on September 3 , 2000 , Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 , and Mike Nugent on September 7 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , one quarter : 4 ; by 8 players , most recently Shayne Graham on November 11 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games with field goal made : 38 , Matt Stover , 1999 -- 2001 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games with field goal made of 40 + yards : 10 , Rob Bironas , 2011 -- 2012 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games with 2 + field goals made : 19 , Stephen Gostkowski 2013 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games with 3 + field goals made : 6 , Olindo Mare 1999 ; Gary Anderson 1985 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games with 4 + field goals made : 4 , Olindo Mare 1999 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games with 5 + field goals made : 2 , Dan Carpenter 2010 ; Richie Cunningham , 1997 ; John Kasay , 1996 ; John Carney , 1994 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive field goals made : 44 , Adam Vinatieri ; October 4 , 2015 -- October 20 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive field goals made ( postseason ) : 23 , Mason Crosby ; January 15 , 2011 -- January 22 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive field goals made to start a career : 18 , Travis Coons , 2015 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive field goals made ( regular season and postseason combined ) : 46 , Gary Anderson ; December 15 , 1997 -- Jan. 17 , 1999 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive field goals made from under 30 yards : 122 , John Kasay November 30 , 1997 -- January 1 , 2012 ( end of career ) </Li> <Li> Most consecutive field goals made from under 30 yards to start a career : 93 , Robbie Gould 2005 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive field goals made from under 40 yards : 53 , Rian Lindell Dec. 17 , 2005 - Nov. 30 , 2008 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive field goals made from under 50 yards : 56 , Ryan Succop Dec. 14 , 2014 - Nov. 12 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive field goals made from 40 + yards : 24 , Jason Hanson , 2007 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive field goals made from 50 + yards : 12 , Blair Walsh , 2012 -- 2013 ; Robbie Gould , 2010 -- 2013 , Justin Tucker 2015 -- 2017 , Matt Prater 2015 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive field goals made from 50 + yards , including postseason : 14 , Matt Prater 2015 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Longest field goal : 64 yards , Matt Prater ( vs. Tennessee ) , December 8 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Longest field goal , rookie : 61 yards , Jake Elliott ( vs. NY Giants ) on September 24 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Longest field goal in 1st quarter : 58 yards , Nick Lowery on September 18 , 1983 and Greg Zuerlein on September 30 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Longest field goal in 3rd quarter : 60 yards , Greg Zuerlein on September 30 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Longest field goal in 4th quarter : 63 yards , Tom Dempsey on November 8 , 1970 </Li> <Li> Longest field goal in overtime : 57 yards , Sebastian Janikowski on October 19 , 2008 </Li> <Li> Highest field goal percentage , career ( minimum 100 FG made ) : 90.1 % ( 202 / 224 ) , Justin Tucker , 2011 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Highest field goal percentage , 50 + yards , career ( minimum 30 FG made ) : 80.0 % ( 36 / 45 ) , Matt Prater , 2007 -- 2016 </Li> <Li> Highest field goal percentage , 40 + yards , career ( minimum 30 FG made ) : 81.7 % ( 76 / 93 ) , Justin Tucker , 2007 -- 2016 </Li> <Li> Highest field goal percentage , under 50 yards , career ( minimum 50 FG made ) : 95.2 % ( 140 / 147 ) , Justin Tucker , 2012 -- 2016 </Li> <Li> Highest field goal percentage , under 40 yards , career ( minimum 50 FG made ) : 97.9 % ( 92 / 94 ) , Justin Tucker , 2012 -- 2016 </Li> <Li> Highest field goal percentage , season ( minimum 20 attempts ) : 100.0 ; Gary Anderson , 1998 ( 35 / 35 ) ; Mike Vanderjagt , 2003 ( 37 / 37 ) in 2003 </Li> <Li> Highest field goal percentage season rookie ( minimum 10 attempts ) : 100.0 , Garrett Hartley ( 13 / 13 ) , 2008 </Li> <Li> Highest field goal percentage , season rookie ( minimum 20 attempts ) : 92.1 , Blair Walsh , Minnesota Vikings ( 35 / 38 ) , 2012 </Li> <Li> Lowest field goal percentage , season ( most attempts , none made ) : 0.0 , Boris Shlapak ( 0 / 8 ) , 1972 </Li> <Li> Lowest field goal percentage , season ( minimum 10 attempts ) : 6.67 , Bob Timberlake ( 1 / 15 ) , 1965 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , 40 + yards , career : 188 , Jason Hanson , 1992 -- 2012 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , 50 + yards , career : 55 , Sebastian Janikowski , 2000 -- 2016 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , 60 + yards , career : 2 , Sebastian Janikowski , December 27 , 2009 , September 12 , 2011 ; Greg Zuerlein , September 30 , 2012 , November 8 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Most field goals attempted 50 + yards , career : 98 , Sebastian Janikowski , 2000 -- 2016 </Li> <Li> Most field goals attempted 60 + yards , career : 9 , Sebastian Janikowski , 2005 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most field goals attempted 50 + yards , season : 13 , Greg Zuerlein , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most field goals attempted 50 + more , rookie season : 13 , Greg Zuerlein , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , 50 + yards , season : 10 , Blair Walsh , 2012 ; Justin Tucker , 2016 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , 50 + yards , rookie season : 10 , Blair Walsh , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , 50 + yards , season no misses : 10 , Blair Walsh , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , 50 + yards , game : 3 , by 9 players , most recently Justin Tucker on November 27 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , 58 + yards , game : 2 , Greg Zuerlein ; September 30 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , 54 + yards , game : 3 , Kris Brown , October 7 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , 46 + yards , game : 4 , John Kasay , September 24 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , 40 + yards , game : 5 , Mason Crosby , November 22 , 2015 ; Chris Boswell , December 18 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , 35 + yards , game : 6 , Chris Boniol , November 18 , 1996 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , 50 + yards , half : 3 , Phil Dawson September 27 , 2012 , Justin Tucker November 27 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Most field goals made , 55 + yards , quarter : 2 , Neil Rackers , October 24 , 2004 , Brandon McManus , on September 13 , 2015 , Steven Hauschka , on October 1 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Most games , 1 + field goals made , career : 299 , Morten Andersen , 1983 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 </Li> <Li> Most games , 2 + field goals made , career : 178 , Morten Andersen , 1983 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 </Li> <Li> Most games , 3 + field goals made , career : 84 , Adam Vinatieri , 1996 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most games , 4 + field goals made , career : 29 , John Carney , 1990 -- 2008 </Li> <Li> Most games , 5 + field goals made , career : 11 , John Carney , 1992 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most games , 6 + field goals made , career : 2 , John Carney , 1993 ; Gary Anderson 1988 -- 1998 ; Jeff Wilkins , 1996 -- 2006 ; Jim Bakken , 1967 -- 1973 </Li> <Li> Most games , 7 + field goals made , career : 1 ; Jim Bakken on September 24 , 1967 ; Rich Karlis on November 5 , 1989 ; Chris Boniol on November 18 , 1996 ; Billy Cundiff on September 15 , 2003 ; Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 ; Shayne Graham on November 11 , 2007 ; Cairo Santos on October 4 , 2015 Greg Zuerlein on October 1 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Most games , 2 + field goals made , season : 16 , Stephen Gostkowski , New England Patriots , 2013 </Li> <Li> Most games , 3 + field goals made , season : 9 , Al Del Greco , Tennessee Oilers , 1998 </Li> <Li> Most games , 4 + field goals made , season : 6 , David Akers , San Francisco 49ers 2011 </Li> <Li> Most games , 5 + field goals made , season : 3 , Rich Karlis , Minnesota Vikings , 1989 ; Robbie Gould , San Francisco 49ers 2017 </Li> <Li> Most games , 6 + field goals made , season : 2 , John Carney , San Diego Chargers , 1993 </Li> <Li> Most overtime field goals made , career : 11 , Adam Vinatieri 1996 -- 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Safeties ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most safeties , career : 4 , Ted Hendricks 1969 -- 1983 , Doug English 1975 -- 1985 , Jared Allen 2004 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most safeties , season : 2 ; by 18 players , most recently Junior Galette 2014 </Li> <Li> Most safeties , rookie season : 2 , Jameel McClain 2008 , Jim Young 1977 </Li> <Li> Most safeties , game : 2 , Fred Dryer October 21 , 1973 </Li> <Li> Most safeties , one quarter : 2 , Fred Dryer October 21 , 1973 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , safety : 2 , Doug English September 4 , 1983 -- September 11 , 1983 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , safety : 3 , Charlie Krueger 1959 -- 1961 , Ted Hendricks 1974 -- 1976 , Eric Swann 1992 -- 1994 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Rushing ( edit ) </H2> For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League rushing yards leaders . <H3> Rushing attempts ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons leading league , rushing attempts : 6 , Jim Brown ; 1958 -- 1959 , 1963 , 1963 -- 1965 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons leading league , rushing attempts : 4 ; Steve Van Buren , 1947 -- 1950 and Walter Payton 1976 -- 1979 </Li> <Li> Most rushing attempts per game average , career : 21.2 , Terrell Davis , 1995 -- 2001 </Li> <Li> Most rushing attempts , career : 4,409 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most rushing attempts , season : 416 , Larry Johnson , 2006 </Li> <Li> Most rushing attempts , rookie , season : 390 , Eric Dickerson , 1983 </Li> <Li> Most rushing attempts , game : 45 , Jamie Morris ; Dec 17 , 1988 ( OT ) </Li> <Li> Most rushing attempts , game , rookie : 45 , Jamie Morris ; Dec 17 , 1988 ( OT ) </Li> <Li> Most rushing attempts , first game : 36 , LaDainian Tomlinson ; Sep 9 , 2001 </Li> <Li> Most rushing attempts , no fumbles , season : 397 , Gerald Riggs , 1985 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive rushing attempts , no fumbles , to start a career : 559 , BenJarvus Green - Ellis , 2008 -- 2012 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive rushing attempts , no fumbles : 1,001 , LaDainian Tomlinson , Oct 22 , 2006 - Nov 29 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Most rushing attempts , no rushing touchdowns , season : 240 , Joe Washington , 1978 </Li> <Li> Most rushing attempts , no rushing touchdowns , career : 247 , Emmett Mortell , 1937 -- 1939 </Li> <Li> Most rushing attempts , no rushing touchdowns , career ( since AFL -- NFL merger ) : 221 , Brian Leonard , 2007 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive rushing attempts , no rushing touchdowns : 507 - 524 , Archie Griffin , Dec 6 , 1976 - Sep 6 , 1981 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 200 rushing attempts : 14 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 250 rushing attempts : 13 , Emmitt Smith 1991 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 300 rushing attempts : 10 , Walter Payton 1976 -- 1986 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 200 rushing attempts : 13 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 250 rushing attempts : 12 , Emmitt Smith 1991 -- 2002 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 300 rushing attempts : 8 , Eddie George 1996 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most games , 20 rushing attempts , career : 121 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most games , 25 rushing attempts , career : 56 , Emmitt Smith 1991 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most games , 30 rushing attempts , career : 21 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1991 </Li> <Li> Most games , 35 rushing attempts , career : 7 , Walter Payton 1976 -- 1984 </Li> <Li> Most games , 40 rushing attempts , career : 2 , James Wilder 1983 -- 1984 , Ricky Williams 1999 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most games , 20 rushing attempts , season : 14 , by 8 players , most recently Shaun Alexander 2005 </Li> <Li> Most games , 25 rushing attempts , season : 10 , Larry Johnson 2006 , Jamal Anderson 1998 , Emmitt Smith 1994 </Li> <Li> Most games , 30 rushing attempts , season : 7 , Earl Campbell 1979 </Li> <Li> Most games , 35 rushing attempts , season : 3 , Earl Campbell 1980 , Eddie George 2000 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Rushing yards ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons leading league : 8 , Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1961 1963 -- 1965 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons leading league : 5 , Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1961 </Li> <Li> Most rushing yards per game average , career : 104.3 , Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1965 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , career : 18,355 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 500 + yards rushing : 14 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 1,000 + yards rushing : 11 , Emmitt Smith , 1991 -- 2001 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 1,500 + yards rushing : 5 , Barry Sanders , 1991 -- 1997 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 500 + yards rushing : 13 , Walter Payton , 1975 -- 1987 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 , Frank Gore 2005 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 1,000 + yards rushing : 11 , Emmitt Smith , 1991 -- 2001 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 1,500 + yards rushing : 4 , Barry Sanders , 1994 -- 1997 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , season : 2,105 , Eric Dickerson 1984 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , no fumbles , season : 1,883 , Barry Sanders , 1994 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , rookie , season : 1,808 Eric Dickerson , 1983 </Li> <Li> Most yards , no touchdowns , season : 956 , Joe Washington , 1978 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , no rushing touchdowns , game : 237 , Barry Sanders , November 13 , 1994 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , season , at Home : 1,125 Walter Payton , 1977 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , season , Away : 1,087 Eric Dickerson , 1984 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , back - to - back games : 476 , O.J. Simpson Nov 25 , 1976 - Dec 5 , 1976 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , game : 296 , Adrian Peterson Nov 4 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , outdoor game : 295 , Jamal Lewis Sep 14 , 2003 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , away game : 286 , Jerome Harrison Dec 20 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , one half : 253 , Adrian Peterson Nov 4 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , first game : 194 , Alan Ameche Sep 25 , 1955 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , game , rookie : 296 , Adrian Peterson Nov 4 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , one quarter : 165 , Jamaal Charles Dec 23 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Longest run from scrimmage : 99 yard ( touchdown ) , Tony Dorsett , January 3 , 1983 </Li> <Li> Highest yards gained per game average , career : 104.3 , Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1965 </Li> <Li> Highest yards gained per game average , season : 143.1 , O.J. Simpson , 1973 </Li> <Li> Highest average gain , game ( minimum 100 yards ) : 52.50 ( 2 carries , 105 yards ) , Brian Mitchell Oct 1 , 2000 </Li> <Li> Most games , 50 + yards rushing , career : 173 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most games , 100 + yards rushing , career : 78 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most games , 150 + yards rushing , career : 25 , Barry Sanders , 1989 -- 1998 </Li> <Li> Most games , 200 + yards rushing , career : 6 , O.J. Simpson , 1969 -- 1979 ; Adrian Peterson , 2007 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most games , 250 + yards rushing , career : 2 , O.J. Simpson , 1973 -- 1976 </Li> <Li> Most games , 100 + yards rushing , season : 14 , Barry Sanders , 1997 </Li> <Li> Most games , 150 + yards rushing , season : 7 , Earl Campbell , 1980 , Adrian Peterson 2012 </Li> <Li> Most games , 200 + yards rushing , season : 4 , Earl Campbell , 1980 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 50 + yards rushing : 38 , Priest Holmes , 2001 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 100 + yards rushing : 14 , Barry Sanders , 1997 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 150 + yards rushing : 4 , Earl Campbell , 1980 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 200 + yards rushing : 2 , O.J. Simpson , 1973 , 1976 ; Earl Campbell 1980 ; Ricky Williams 2002 ; Jay Ajayi 2016 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games to start a season , 100 + yards rushing : 8 , DeMarco Murray 2014 </Li> <Li> Most rushing yards by a quarterback , career : 6,109 , Michael Vick , 2001 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most rushing yards by a quarterback , season : 1,039 , Michael Vick , 2006 </Li> <Li> Most rushing yards by a quarterback , game : 181 , Colin Kaepernick , Jan 12 , 2013 ( playoffs ) </Li> <Li> Highest average gain per attempt , career ( minimum 750 attempts ) : 7.0 yards ( 6,109 yards / 873 attempts ) , Michael Vick , 2001 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Highest average gain per attempt , career ( minimum 1,000 attempts ) : 5.45 yards ( 7,260 yards / 1,332 attempts ) , Jamaal Charles , 2008 -- present </Li> <Li> Highest average gain per attempt , season ( qualifiers ) : 8.45 yards ( 1,039 yards / 123 attempts ) , Michael Vick , 2006 </Li> <Li> Highest average gain per attempt , game ( minimum 10 attempts ) : 17.3 yards , Michael Vick December 1 , 2002 vs. Minnesota Vikings </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 1,000 career rushing yards : 8 , Adrian Peterson 2007 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 2,000 career rushing yards : 18 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1984 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 3,000 career rushing yards : 27 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1984 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 4,000 career rushing yards : 33 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1985 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 5,000 career rushing yards : 45 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1985 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 6,000 career rushing yards : 53 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1986 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 7,000 career rushing yards : 63 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1986 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 8,000 career rushing yards : 73 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1987 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 9,000 career rushing yards : 82 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1988 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 10,000 career rushing yards : 91 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1989 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 11,000 career rushing yards : 103 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1989 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 12,000 career rushing yards : 118 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1991 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 13,000 career rushing yards : 133 , Barry Sanders 1989 -- 1997 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Rushing touchdowns ( edit ) </H3> For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League rushing touchdowns leaders . <Ul> <Li> Most seasons leading league , touchdowns : 5 , Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1959 , 1963 , 1965 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons leading league , touchdowns : 3 , Steve Van Buren , 1947 -- 1949 ; Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1959 ; Abner Haynes ( American Football League ) , 1960 -- 1962 ; Cookie Gilchrist ( American Football League ) , 1962 -- 1964 ; Jim Brown , 1966 -- 1968 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns , career : 164 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most rushing touchdowns , season : 28 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 </Li> <Li> Most rushing touchdowns , rookie , season : 18 Eric Dickerson , 1983 </Li> <Li> Most rushing touchdowns , season , at Home : 16 , Terry Allen , 1996 ; Priest Holmes , 2003 ; Shaun Alexander , 2005 </Li> <Li> Most rushing touchdowns , season , Away : 16 , John Riggins , 1983 </Li> <Li> Most rushing touchdowns , game : 6 , Ernie Nevers ; Nov 28 , 1929 </Li> <Li> Most rushing touchdowns , one half : 4 , Jim Brown , Nov 18 , 1962 ; Roland Hooks , Sep 9 , 1979 ; Chuck Muncie , Nov 29 , 1981 ; Eric Dickerson , Oct 31 , 1988 ; Shaun Alexander , Sep 29 , 2002 ; Priest Holmes , Oct 24 , 2004 ; Doug Martin , Nov 4 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 1 + rushing touchdowns : 16 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 2 + rushing touchdowns : 16 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 3 + rushing touchdowns : 14 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 4 + rushing touchdowns : 13 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 5 + rushing touchdowns : 13 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 6 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Walter Payton 1975 -- 1986 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 7 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 8 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 9 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 10 + rushing touchdowns : 9 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 11 + rushing touchdowns : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2009 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 1999 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 12 + rushing touchdowns : 7 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 13 + rushing touchdowns : 6 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2007 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 14 + rushing touchdowns : 5 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2007 , Shaun Alexander 2001 -- 2005 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 15 + rushing touchdowns : 4 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2004 -- 2007 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 16 + rushing touchdowns : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2004 -- 2006 , Shaun Alexander 2002 -- 2005 , Emmitt Smith 1992 -- 1995 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 17 + rushing touchdowns : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2004 -- 2006 , Emmitt Smith 1992 -- 1995 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 18 + rushing touchdowns : 3 , Emmitt Smith 1992 -- 1995 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 19 + rushing touchdowns : 2 , Priest Holmes 2002 -- 2003 , Emmitt Smith 1994 -- 1995 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 20 + rushing touchdowns : 2 , Priest Holmes 2002 -- 2003 , Emmitt Smith 1994 -- 1995 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 1 + rushing touchdowns : 16 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 2 + rushing touchdowns : 16 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 3 + rushing touchdowns : 13 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 , Jerome Bettis 1993 -- 2005 , Frank Gore 2005 - 2017 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 4 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2000 , Steven Jackson 2004 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 5 + rushing touchdowns : 10 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2010 , Marshall Faulk 1994 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 6 + rushing touchdowns : 10 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2010 , Marshall Faulk 1994 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 7 + rushing touchdowns : 9 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2009 , Jim Brown 1957 -- 1965 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 8 + rushing touchdowns : 9 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 9 + rushing touchdowns : 9 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 1 + rushing touchdown : 14 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2004 -- 2005 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 2 + rushing touchdowns : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 3 + rushing touchdowns : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 4 + rushing touchdowns : 2 , Jim Taylor , 1962 </Li> <Li> Most games , 1 + rushing touchdowns , career : 117 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most games , 2 + rushing touchdowns , career : 38 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most games , 3 + rushing touchdowns , career : 12 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2008 </Li> <Li> Most games , 4 + rushing touchdowns , career : 5 , Jim Brown 1957 -- 1962 </Li> <Li> Most games , 5 + rushing touchdowns , career : 1 , Jimmy Conzelman 10 - 15 - 1922 , Ernie Nevers 11 - 28 - 1929 , Jim Brown 11 - 1 - 1959 , Cookie Gilchrist 12 - 8 - 1963 , Ricky Watters 1 - 15 - 1994 , James Stewart ( American football ) 10 - 12 - 1997 , Clinton Portis 12 - 7 - 2003 </Li> <Li> Most games , rushing 6 + touchdowns , career : 1 , Ernie Nevers 11 - 28 - 1929 </Li> <Li> Most games , 1 + rushing touchdowns , season : 15 , Emmitt Smith 1995 </Li> <Li> Most games , 2 + rushing touchdowns , season : 10 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2006 , Priest Holmes 2003 </Li> <Li> Most games , 3 + rushing touchdowns , season : 5 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2006 </Li> <Li> Most games , 4 + rushing touchdowns , season : 2 , Jim Taylor 1962 , Shaun Alexander 2005 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2006 , DeAngelo Williams 2008 </Li> <Li> Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , career : 54 , Cam Newton , 2011 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , season : 14 , Cam Newton 2011 </Li> <Li> Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , game : 4 , many players </Li> </Ul> <H2> Passing ( edit ) </H2> For passing records that include other professional football leagues , see List of gridiron football quarterbacks passing statistics . <H3> Passer Rating ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons led league : 6 , Sammy Baugh , 1937 , 1940 , 1943 , 1945 , 1948 1949 ; Steve Young , 1991 -- 1994 , 1996 -- 1997 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons led league : 4 , Steve Young , 1991 -- 1994 </Li> <Li> Highest passer rating , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 103.8 , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Highest passer rating , season ( minimum 100 attempts ) : 122.5 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 </Li> <Li> Highest passer rating , rookie , season : 104.9 , Dak Prescott 2016 </Li> <Li> Youngest player , 158.3 perfect passer rating , game : Marcus Mariota ( 21 years , 318 days ) Sep 13 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Most games , 100 + passer rating , career : 118 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games , 105 + passer rating , career : 98 , Drew Brees , 2002 - 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games , 110 + passer rating , career : 84 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most games , 115 + passer rating , career : 68 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most games , 120 + passer rating , career : 57 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most games , 125 + passer rating , career : 50 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most games , 130 + passer rating , career : 37 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most games , 135 + passer rating , career : 27 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most games , 140 + passer rating , career : 21 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most games , 145 + passer rating , career : 14 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games , 150 + passer rating , career : 8 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2004 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games , 155 + passer rating , career : 5 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2014 ; </Li> <Li> Most games , 158.3 perfect passer rating , career ( including playoffs ) : 4 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Highest minimum passer rating , season ( minimum 16 games ) : 84.5 , Philip Rivers , 2009 </Li> <Li> Most games , 90 + passer rating , season : 15 , Peyton Manning , 2004 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Most games , 95 + passer rating , season : 14 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 </Li> <Li> Most games , 100 + passer rating , season : 13 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 </Li> <Li> Most games , 105 + passer rating , season : 13 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 </Li> <Li> Most games , 110 + passer rating , season : 12 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 </Li> <Li> Most games , 115 + passer rating , season : 10 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 ; Tom Brady , 2007 ; Steve Young , 1994 . </Li> <Li> Most games , 120 + passer rating , season : 8 , Tom Brady , 2007 , Philip Rivers , 2008 , Matt Ryan , 2016 </Li> <Li> Most games , 125 + passer rating , season : 7 , Tony Romo , 2014 ; Tom Brady , 2007 ; Matt Ryan , 2016 </Li> <Li> Most games , 130 + passer rating , season : 6 , Tony Romo , 2014 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 </Li> <Li> Most games , 135 + passer rating , season : 6 , Tony Romo , 2014 </Li> <Li> Most games , 140 + passer rating , season : 4 , Jacky Lee , 1961 ; Roger Staubach , 1973 ; Tom Brady , 2007 & 2010 ; Aaron Rodgers 2011 . </Li> <Li> Most games , 145 + passer rating , season : 4 , Tom Brady , 2007 ; Roger Staubach , 1973 </Li> <Li> Most games , 150 + passer rating , season : 2 , Steve Young 1993 , Kurt Warner 1999 , Tom Brady 2007 , Ben Roethlisberger 2007 , Drew Brees 2009 , Aaron Rodgers 2014 </Li> <Li> Most games , 158.3 passer rating , season : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger 2007 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 95 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 10 , Peyton Manning 2003 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 100 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 7 , Drew Brees 2004 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 , 2015 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 105 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 4 , Tom Brady 2007 , 2010 , 2011 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 110 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 3 , Tom Brady 2007 , 2010 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 115 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 2 , Peyton Manning 2004 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 120 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 1 , Aaron Rodgers 2011 , Peyton Manning 2004 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Passing attempts ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons led league : 5 , Dan Marino , 1984 , 1986 , 1988 , 1992 , 1997 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons led league : 3 , Johnny Unitas 1959 -- 1961 , George Blanda 1963 -- 1965 , Drew Bledsoe 1994 -- 1996 </Li> <Li> Most pass attempts , career : 10,169 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most pass attempts , season : 727 , Matthew Stafford , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most pass attempts , rookie , season : 627 , Andrew Luck 2012 </Li> <Li> Most pass attempts per game , career : 38.8 , Matthew Stafford , ( 4,850 Attempts / 125 Games ) , 2009 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most pass attempts per game , season : 45.44 , Matthew Stafford , ( 727 Attempts / 16 Games ) , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive pass attempts , no touchdown passes to start a career : 228 , Ryan Lindley , 2012 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive pass attempts , no touchdown passes : 231 , Bobby Hoying , 1998 -- 2000 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive pass attempts , no touchdown passes , season : 224 , Bobby Hoying , 1998 </Li> <Li> Most pass attempts , game : 70 , Drew Bledsoe ; Nov 13 , 1994 ( OT ) </Li> <Li> Most pass attempts , non-overtime game : 69 , Vinny Testaverde Dec 24 , 2000 </Li> <Li> Most pass attempts , game , perfect passer rating ( 158.3 ) : 32 , Ken O'Brien Nov 2 , 1986 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 500 + pass attempts : 16 , Brett Favre , 1993 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 550 + pass attempts : 11 , Peyton Manning , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 -- 2003 , 2006 , 2008 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Pass completions ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons led league : 6 , Dan Marino 1984 -- 1986 , 1988 , 1992 , 1997 Drew Brees 2007 - 2008 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 - 2017 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons led league : 3 , George Blanda 1963 -- 1965 , Dan Marino 1984 -- 1986 </Li> <Li> Most pass completions , career : 6,300 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most pass completions , season : 471 , Drew Brees , 2016 </Li> <Li> Most pass completions per game , career : 24.99 , Drew Brees , ( 6,222 Completions / 249 Games ) , 2001 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most pass completions per game , season : 29.44 , Drew Brees , 2016 </Li> <Li> Most pass completions , rookie , season : 379 , Carson Wentz , 2016 </Li> <Li> Most seasons 300 + completions : 18 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Most seasons 350 + completions : 12 , Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most seasons 400 + completions : 9 , Drew Brees , 2007 -- 2008 , 2010 -- 2016 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 300 + completions : 18 , Brett Favre 1992 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 350 + completions : 12 , Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 400 + completions : 7 , Drew Brees , 2010 -- 2016 </Li> <Li> Most pass completions , game : 45 , Drew Bledsoe on November 13 , 1994 ( OT ) </Li> <Li> Most pass completions , regulation game : 44 , Ben Roethlisberger on 12 - 10 - 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most pass completions , game , perfect passer rating ( 158.3 ) : 26 , Ken O'Brien on November 2 , 1986 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive pass completions : 25 , Ryan Tannehill , October 18 -- 25 , 2015 ( last 7 completions on October 18 , 2015 ; first 18 completions on October 25 , 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Most games , pass completions : 299 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , pass completions : 298 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games 20 pass completions : 57 , Drew Brees , 2009 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Most games 20 pass completions , career : 203 , Drew Brees , 2001 - 2017 </Li> <Li> Most games 25 pass completions , career : 140 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most games 30 pass completions , career : 57 , Drew Brees , 2005 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most games 35 pass completions , career : 19 , Drew Brees , 2005 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most games 40 pass completions , career : 3 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2014 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most games 20 pass completions , season : 16 , Drew Brees , 2010 -- 2012 </Li> <Li> Most games 25 pass completions , season : 14 , Drew Brees 2011 </Li> <Li> Most games 30 pass completions , season : 9 , Drew Brees 2011 </Li> <Li> Most games 35 pass completions , season : 4 , Drew Brees 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Pass completion percentage ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons led league : 8 , Len Dawson , 1962 , 1964 -- 1969 , 1975 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons led league : 6 , Len Dawson , 1964 -- 1969 </Li> <Li> Highest completion percentage , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 66.95 , Drew Brees ( 6,222 Passing completions / 9,294 Attempts ) , 2001 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Highest completion percentage , season ( among qualified players ) : 72.01 Drew Brees , 2017 ( 386 / 536 ) </Li> <Li> Highest completion percentage , rookie , season : 67.76 , Dak Prescott , 2016 ( 311 / 459 ) </Li> <Li> Highest completion percentage , regular season game ( minimum 20 attempts ) : 92.3 , Kurt Warner ; Sep 20 , 2009 ( 24 / 26 ) </Li> <Li> Highest completion percentage , post season game ( minimum 20 attempts ) : 92.9 , Tom Brady ; Jan 12 , 2008 ( 26 / 28 ) </Li> <Li> Most games with at least 80 % pass completion rate , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 20 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games with at least 80 % pass completion rate , season ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 3 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2007 ; Brett Favre , 2009 ; Drew Brees , 2011 , 2014 ; Philip Rivers , 2013 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 -- 2014 ; Kirk Cousins , 2015 </Li> <Li> Most games with at least 80 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , career ( minimum 20 passes per game ) : 18 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games with at least 80 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , season ( minimum 20 passes per game ) : 3 , Brett Favre , 2009 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 -- 2015 ; Drew Brees , 2014 ; Kirk Cousins , 2015 </Li> <Li> Most games with at least 75 % pass completion rate , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 54 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games with at least 75 % pass completion rate , season ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 8 , Tom Brady , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most games with at least 75 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 41 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games with at least 75 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , season ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 6 , Tom Brady , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most games with at least 70 % pass completion rate , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 97 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games with at least 70 % pass completion rate , season ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 10 , Drew Brees , 2011 ; Peyton Manning , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most games with at least 70 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 62 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most seasons with at least 70 % pass completion rate ( minimum 100 attempts per season ) : 4 , Drew Brees , 2009 , 2011 , 2016 - 2017 </Li> <Li> Most seasons with at least 60 % pass completion rate ( minimum 100 attempts per season ) : 15 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 500 passing yards ) : 81.63 , Ben Roethlisberger ; Oct. 26 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Highest completion percentage , postseason game ( minimum 450 passing yards ) : 81.82 , Peyton Manning ; Jan 9 , 2005 </Li> <Li> Highest completion percentage , regular season game ( minimum 450 passing yards ) : 81.63 , Ben Roethlisberger ; 10 - 26 - 2014 . </Li> <Li> Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 400 passing yards ) : 83.3 , Philip Rivers ; Sep 29 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 350 passing yards ) : 89.5 , Rich Gannon ; Nov 11 , 2002 </Li> <Li> Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 300 passing yards ) : 94.4 , Craig Morton ; Sep 27 , 1981 </Li> <Li> Highest completion percentage , game ( 7 TD passes ) : 78.57 , Nick Foles on Nov. 3 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 6 TD passes ) : 85.3 , Tom Brady on Oct 18 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 5 TD passes ) : 92.3 , Frank Ryan on Dec 12 , 1964 </Li> <Li> Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 4 TD passes ) : 94.7 , Ryan Tannehill on Oct 25 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 3 TD passes ) : 94.7 , Alex Smith on Oct 29 , 2012 ; Ryan Tannehill on Oct 25 , 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Passing yards ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons leading league : 7 , Drew Brees 2006 , 2008 , 2011 -- 2012 , 2014 -- 2016 . </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons leading league : 4 , Dan Fouts 1979 -- 1982 </Li> <Li> Most passing yards , career : 71,940 , Peyton Manning 1998 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Highest yards per game , career : 282.91 , Drew Brees , ( 70,445 yards / 249 Games ) , 2001 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Highest yards per game , season : 342.31 , Peyton Manning , ( 5,477 yards / 16 Games ) 2013 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 2,000 + yards : 19 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 2,500 + yards : 19 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 3,000 + yards : 18 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Most seasons 3,500 + yards : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most seasons 4,000 + yards : 14 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most seasons 4,500 + yards : 8 , Drew Brees , 2008 , 2010 -- 2016 . </Li> <Li> Most seasons 5,000 + yards : 5 , Drew Brees , 2008 , 2011 -- 2013 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 2,000 + yards : 19 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 2,500 + yards : 19 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 3,000 + yards : 18 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 3,500 + yards : 13 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2010 ; Drew Brees , 2005 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 4,000 + yards : 12 , Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 4,500 + yards : 7 , Drew Brees 2010 -- 2016 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 5,000 + yards : 3 , Drew Brees 2011 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Most passing yards , season : 5,477 , Peyton Manning 2013 </Li> <Li> Most passing yards , rookie , season : 4,374 , Andrew Luck 2012 </Li> <Li> Most passing yards , combined , game : 1,000 , Matthew Stafford , ( 520 ) and Matt Flynn , ( 480 ) on January 1 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most passing yards , season , home : 2,853 , Drew Brees 2015 </Li> <Li> Most passing yards , season , away : 2,852 , Drew Brees 2011 </Li> <Li> Most passing yards , game : 554 , Norm Van Brocklin on September 28 , 1951 </Li> <Li> Most passing yards , 1st half : 361 , Peyton Manning on January 9 , 2005 </Li> <Li> Most passing yards , 2nd half : 373 , Kurt Warner on September 28 , 2008 </Li> <Li> Most passing yards , 1st quarter : 247 , Peyton Manning on September 26 , 2004 </Li> <Li> Most passing yards , 2nd quarter , NFL : 267 , Matthew Stafford on November 17 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Most passing yards , 2nd quarter , AFL : 277 , Tom Flores on December 22 , 1963 </Li> <Li> Most passing yards , 3rd quarter : 256 , Kurt Warner on October 31 , 1999 </Li> <Li> Most passing yards , 4th quarter : 264 , Ben Roethlisberger on November 14 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Most passing yards , Overtime : 219 , Derek Carr on October 30 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Most passing yards , game , perfect passer rating ( 158.3 ) : 431 , Ken O'Brien on November 11 , 1986 </Li> <Li> Most passing yards , game , rookie : 433 , Andrew Luck on November 4 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most passing yards , game , first NFL game : 422 , Cam Newton , Sep 11 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Most games , 150 + yards passing , career : 269 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most games , 200 + yards passing , career : 222 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most games , 250 + yards passing , career : 168 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most games , 300 + yards passing , career : 109 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games , 350 + yards passing , career : 57 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games , 400 + yards passing , career : 15 , Drew Brees , 2001 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games , 450 + yards passing , career : 4 , Dan Marino , 1984 -- 1995 ; Ben Roethlisberger , 2009 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games , 500 + yards passing , career : 3 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2009 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games , 250 + yards passing , season : 16 , Drew Brees , 2011 </Li> <Li> Most games , 300 + yards passing , season : 13 , Drew Brees , 2011 </Li> <Li> Most games , 350 + yards passing , season : 8 , Drew Brees , 2011 ; Peyton Manning 2013 </Li> <Li> Most games , 400 + yards passing , season : 4 , Dan Marino , 1984 ; Peyton Manning 2013 </Li> <Li> Most straight 200 + yards passing games : 64 , Matt Ryan , 2013 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most straight 250 + yards passing games : 18 , Drew Brees , 2010 -- 2012 </Li> <Li> Most straight 300 + yards passing games : 9 , Drew Brees 2011 -- 2012 , 2012 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Most straight 350 + yards passing games : 4 , Drew Brees 2011 ; Matthew Stafford , 2011 -- 2012 </Li> <Li> Most straight 400 + yards passing games : 2 ; Dan Fouts , 1982 ; Dan Marino , 1984 ; Phil Simms , 1985 ; Billy Volek , 2004 ; Matt Cassel , 2008 ; Cam Newton , 2011 , Tom Brady , 2011 ; Philip Rivers , 2013 </Li> <Li> Longest pass completion : 99 yards , by 13 players , most recently Eli Manning on December 24 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Youngest player , 3,000 yards passing : Jameis Winston ( 21 years , 342 days ) Dec 13 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Youngest player , 4,000 yards passing : Jameis Winston ( 21 years , 363 days ) Jan 3 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 10,000 career passing yards : 36 , Kurt Warner , 1998 -- 2001 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 20,000 career passing yards : 71 , Matthew Stafford , 2009 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Fewest attempts to reach 30,000 career passing yards : 3,652 , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 30,000 career passing yards : 109 , Matthew Stafford , 2009 -- 2016 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 40,000 career passing yards : 151 , Matt Ryan , 2008 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 50,000 career passing yards : 183 , Drew Brees , 2001 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 60,000 career passing yards : 215 , Drew Brees , 2001 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 70,000 career passing yards : 248 , Drew Brees , 2001 - 2017 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Average passing yards ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons led league : 7 , Sid Luckman , 1939 -- 43 , 1946 -- 47 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons led league : 5 , Sid Luckman , 1939 -- 43 </Li> <Li> Highest yards per attempt , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 8.63 ( 13,499 yards on 1,565 attempts ) , Otto Graham , 1950 -- 1955 </Li> <Li> Highest yards per attempt , season ( among qualified players ) : 11.17 ( 1,229 on 110 attempts ) , Tommy O'Connell , 1957 </Li> <Li> Highest yards per attempt , rookie , season : 9.41 ( 1,854 yards on 197 attempts ) , Greg Cook , 1969 </Li> <Li> Highest yards per attempt , game : 18.58 ( 446 yards on 24 attempts ) Sammy Baugh on October 31 , 1948 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Passing touchdowns ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dt> Career </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Most passing touchdowns , career : 539 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most games 1 + TD passes , career : 249 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most games 2 + TD passes , career : 165 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most games 3 + TD passes , career : 93 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most games 4 + TD passes , career : 35 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most games 5 + TD passes , career : 10 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games 6 + TD passes , career : 3 , Peyton Manning , 2003 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most games 7 + TD passes , career : 1 ; Sid Luckman , 1943 ; Adrian Burk , 1954 ; George Blanda , 1961 ; Y.A. Tittle , 1962 ; Joe Kapp , 1969 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 ; Nick Foles , 2013 ; Drew Brees , 2015 </Li> <Li> Highest percentage of touchdown passes out of pass attempts , career ( 120 touchdown passes minimum ) : 7.856 , Sid Luckman , ( 137 TD Passes / 1,744 Attempts ) 1939 -- 1950 </Li> <Li> Most 95 + yard touchdown passes : 2 , Joe Montana , Ben Roethlisberger </Li> <Li> Most 90 + yard touchdown passes : 3 , Bill Wade , Joe Montana , & Ben Roethlisberger < </Li> <Li> Most 85 + yard touchdown passes : 4 , Norm Snead , Ed Brown , Craig Morton , & Jim Plunkett </Li> <Li> Most 80 + yard touchdown passes : 9 , Brett Favre </Li> <Li> Most 75 + yard touchdown passes : 14 , Brett Favre </Li> <Li> Most 70 + yard touchdown passes : 16 , Peyton Manning & Aaron Rodgers </Li> <Li> Most 65 + yard touchdown passes : 24 , Brett Favre </Li> <Li> Most 60 + yard touchdown passes : 29 , Johnny Unitas </Li> <Li> Most 55 + yard touchdown passes : 37 , Johnny Unitas </Li> <Li> Most 50 + yard touchdown passes : 51 , Johnny Unitas </Li> <Li> Most 45 + yard touchdown passes : 56 , Johnny Unitas </Li> <Li> Most 40 + yard touchdown passes : 70 , Johnny Unitas </Li> <Li> Most 35 + yard touchdown passes : 91 , Peyton Manning </Li> <Li> Most 30 + yard touchdown passes : 120 , Peyton Manning </Li> <Li> Most 25 + yard touchdown passes : 156 , Peyton Manning </Li> <Li> Most 20 + yard touchdown passes : 193 , Peyton Manning </Li> <Li> Most 15 + yard touchdown passes : 246 , Peyton Manning </Li> <Li> Most 10 + yard touchdown passes : 323 , Peyton Manning </Li> <Li> Most 5 + yard touchdown passes : 420 , Peyton Manning </Li> <Li> Most 1 -- 4 yard touchdown passes : 118 , Peyton Manning </Li> <Li> Most red zone touchdown passes : 348 , Peyton Manning </Li> <Li> Most 1 yard touchdown passes : 37 , Brett Favre </Li> <Li> Largest touchdown pass differential , twenty - year period : 136 , Brett Favre ( 414 -- 278 , 2nd : Dan Marino ; 1987 -- 2006 ) , ( 442 -- 306 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1988 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Largest touchdown pass differential , nineteen - year period : 139 , Brett Favre ( 414 -- 275 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1988 -- 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Largest touchdown pass differential , eighteen - year period : 139 , Brett Favre ( 414 -- 275 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1989 -- 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Largest touchdown pass differential , seventeen - year period : 145 , Brett Favre ( 396 -- 251 , 2nd : Vinny Testeverde ; 1989 -- 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Largest touchdown pass differential , sixteen - year period : 152 , Brett Favre ( 396 -- 244 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe / Peyton Manning ; 1990 -- 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Largest touchdown pass differential , fifteen - year period : 152 , Brett Favre ( 396 -- 244 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe / Peyton Manning ; 1991 -- 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Largest touchdown pass differential , fourteen - year period : 155 , Brett Favre ( 376 -- 221 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1991 -- 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Largest touchdown pass differential , thirteen - year period : 155 , Brett Favre ( 376 -- 221 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1992 -- 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Largest touchdown pass differential , twelve - year period : 145 , Brett Favre ( 346 -- 201 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1992 -- 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Largest touchdown pass differential , eleven - year period : 127 , Brett Favre ( 328 -- 201 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1993 -- 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Largest touchdown pass differential , ten - year period : 123 , Brett Favre ( 309 -- 186 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1994 -- 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Largest touchdown pass differential , ten - year period from first start as a quarterback : 106 , Brett Favre ( 287 -- 181 , 2nd : Steve Young ; 1992 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Largest touchdown pass differential , nine - year period : 109 , Brett Favre ( 276 -- 167 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1995 -- 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Largest touchdown pass differential , eight - year period : 99 , Brett Favre ( 250 -- 151 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1994 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Largest touchdown pass differential , seven - year period : 83 , Brett Favre ( 217 -- 134 , 2nd : Vinny Testeverde ; 1995 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Largest touchdown pass differential , six - year period : 66 , Brett Favre ( 198 -- 132 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1994 -- 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Largest touchdown pass differential , five - year period : 58 , Brett Favre ( 168 -- 107 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1995 -- 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Largest touchdown pass differential , four - year period : 50 , Brett Favre ( 145 -- 95 , 2nd : John Elway ; 1994 -- 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Largest touchdown pass differential , three - year period : 42 , Dan Marino ( 122 -- 80 , 2nd : Dave Krieg ; 1984 -- 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Largest touchdown pass differential , two - year period : 26 , Dan Marino ( 70 -- 44 , 2nd : Dave Krieg ; 1986 -- 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Largest touchdown pass differential , one - year period : 19 , Dan Marino ( 44 -- 25 , 2nd : Ken O'Brien ; 1986 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Regular season </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons led league : 4 , Johnny Unitas , 1957 -- 1960 ; Steve Young , 1992 -- 1994 , 1998 ; Brett Favre , 1995 -- 1997 , 2003 ; Drew Brees , 2008 -- 2009 , 2011 -- 2012 ; Peyton Manning , 2000 , 2004 , 2006 , 2013 ; Tom Brady , 2002 , 2007 , 2010 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons led league : 4 , Johnny Unitas , 1957 -- 60 </Li> <Li> Most passing touchdowns , Season : 55 , Peyton Manning , 2013 </Li> <Li> Most passing touchdowns , Rookie , Season : 26 , Peyton Manning , 1998 and Russell Wilson , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most passing touchdowns , season , home : 29 , Drew Brees , 2011 </Li> <Li> Most passing touchdowns , season , road : 29 , Tom Brady , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most games 1 + passing touchdowns , season : 16 , Dan Marino , 1984 , 1986 ; Dave Krieg , 1984 ; Kurt Warner , 1999 ; Brett Favre , 2003 ; Daunte Culpepper , 2004 ; Tom Brady , 2010 -- 2012 ; Drew Brees , 2010 -- 2011 , 2013 -- 2014 ; Matthew Stafford , 2011 ; Peyton Manning , 2012 -- 2013 ; Philip Rivers , 2013 ; Ben Roethlisberger , 2013 ; Kirk Cousins , 2015 ; Russell Wilson , 2015 ; Matt Ryan , 2016 </Li> <Li> Most games 2 + passing touchdowns , season : 15 , Dan Marino , 1984 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 </Li> <Li> Most games 3 + passing touchdowns , season : 12 , Tom Brady , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most games 4 + passing touchdowns , season : 9 , Peyton Manning , 2013 </Li> <Li> Most games 5 + passing touchdowns , season : 4 , Peyton Manning , 2004 </Li> <Li> Most games 6 + passing touchdowns , season : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2014 ; Daryle Lamonica , 1969 ; Y.A. Tittle , 1962 </Li> <Li> Highest percentage of passing touchdowns out of pass attempts , season : 13.9 , Sid Luckman , 1943 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , passing touchdowns : 21 , Vinny Testaverde , 1987 -- 2007 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 20 + passing touchdowns : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 25 + passing touchdowns : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 30 + passing touchdowns : 9 , Drew Brees , 2008 -- 2016 . </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 35 + passing touchdowns : 3 , Brett Favre , 1995 -- 1997 ; Drew Brees , 2011 -- 2013 ; Peyton Manning , 2012 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 40 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Drew Brees , 2011 -- 2012 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 20 + passing touchdowns : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 25 + passing touchdowns : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 30 + passing touchdowns : 9 , Drew Brees , 2008 -- 2016 ; Brett Favre , 1994 -- 1998 , 2001 , 2003 -- 2004 , 2009 ; Peyton Manning , 2000 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 . </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 35 + passing touchdowns : 4 , Peyton Manning , 2004 , 2012 -- 2014 ; Tom Brady , 2007 , 2010 -- 2011 , 2015 ; Aaron Rodgers , 2011 -- 2012 , 2014 , 2016 ; Drew Brees , 2011 -- 2013 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 40 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Dan Marino , 1984 , 1986 ; Drew Brees , 2011 , 2012 ; Peyton Manning , 2004 , 2013 ; Aaron Rodgers , 2011 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 45 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Peyton Manning , 2004 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 50 + passing touchdowns : 1 , Tom Brady , 2007 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive road games with 1 + passing touchdowns : 41 , Tony Romo , 2009 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive home games with 1 + passing touchdowns : 60 , Drew Brees , 2009 -- 2016 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 1 + passing touchdowns : 54 , Drew Brees , 2009 -- 2012 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive uninterrupted games , 1 + passing touchdowns : 52 , Tom Brady , 2010 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 2 + passing touchdowns : 15 , Peyton Manning , 2013 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 3 + passing touchdowns : 10 , Tom Brady 2007 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 4 + passing touchdowns : 5 , Peyton Manning 2004 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 5 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger 2014 , Tom Brady 2007 , Daunte Culpepper 2004 , Tom Flores ( AFL ) 1963 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 6 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger 2014 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive passing touchdowns , no interceptions , home : 49 , Aaron Rodgers </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Game </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Most passing touchdowns , game : 7 , Sid Luckman on 11 - 14 - 1943 , Adrian Burk on 10 - 17 - 1954 , George Blanda on 11 - 19 - 1961 , Y.A. Tittle on 10 - 28 - 1962 , Joe Kapp on 9 - 28 - 1969 , Peyton Manning on 9 - 5 - 2013 , Nick Foles on 11 - 3 - 2013 ; Drew Brees on 11 - 1 - 2015 </Li> <Li> Most passing touchdowns , rookie , game : 5 , DeShaun Watson on October 8 , 2017 , Jameis Winston on November 22 , 2015 , Matthew Stafford on November 22 , 2009 , Ray Buivid on December 5 , 1937 </Li> <Li> Most passing touchdowns , one half : 6 , Daryle Lamonica on October 19 , 1969 , Aaron Rodgers on November 9 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Most passing touchdowns , rookie , one half : 4 , Jameis Winston on November 22 , 2015 , Marcus Mariota on September 13 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Most passing touchdowns , one quarter : 5 , Tom Brady on 10 - 18 - 2009 </Li> <Li> Most passing touchdowns , no interceptions , game : 7 , Y.A. Tittle on 10 - 28 - 1962 , Peyton Manning on 9 - 5 - 2013 , Nick Foles on 11 - 03 - 2013 </Li> <Li> Most passing touchdowns , perfect passer rating ( 158.3 ) , game : 7 Nick Foles on 11 - 03 - 2013 </Li> <Li> Most touchdown passes per games started average , regular season : 2.2 , Aaron Rodgers , ( 313 TD passes / 142 games started ) , 2008 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most touchdown passes per game average , regular season : 2.1 , Aaron Rodgers , ( 313 TD passes / 149 games ) , 2008 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Highest percentage of touchdown passes out of pass attempts , game : 35.3 , Daryle Lamonica , ( 6 TD Passes / 17 Attempts ) 12 - 21 - 1969 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 100 touchdown passes : 44 , Dan Marino , 1983 -- 1986 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 200 touchdown passes : 89 , Dan Marino , 1983 -- 1989 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 250 touchdown passes : 121 , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 300 touchdown passes : 144 , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 400 touchdown passes : 205 , Drew Brees , 2001 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 500 touchdown passes : 244 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Interceptions thrown ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons led league : 4 , Vinny Testaverde , 1988 -- 1989 , 2000 , 2004 </Li> <Li> Most passes intercepted , career : 336 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most passes intercepted , season : 42 , George Blanda , 1962 </Li> <Li> Most passes intercepted , rookie season : 28 , Peyton Manning , 1998 </Li> <Li> Most passes intercepted , game : 8 , Jim Hardy on 9 - 24 - 1950 </Li> <Li> Most passes intercepted , half : 5 , Nathan Peterman on November 20 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted : 358 , Tom Brady 2010 -- 2011 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive passes attempted , no pick 6 : 3,908 , Aaron Rodgers , 11 - 08 - 2009 to 9 - 24 - 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most pick 6s , quarter : 3 , Ed Baker , Dec 17 , 1972 ; Paul Christman Nov 5 , 1950 </Li> <Li> Most pick 6s , game : 3 , many times , most recently : Eli Manning , Nov 25 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most pick 6s , season : 6 , Peyton Manning , 2001 ; Rudy Bukich , 1966 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games with pick 6 : 4 , Matt Schaub , 2013 </Li> <Li> Most pick 6s , career : 31 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted , home : 587 , Aaron Rodgers , 2012 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted , away : 336 , Tom Brady , 12 - 27 - 2015 to 10 - 05 - 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted , single season : 335 , Tom Brady , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted , rookie season : 176 , Dak Prescott , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted to start a career : 176 , Dak Prescott , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted to start a season : 287 , Alex Smith , 2017 </Li> <Li> Most attempts with no interceptions , game : 70 Drew Bledsoe on November 13 , 1994 </Li> <Li> Most completions with no interceptions , game : 45 Drew Bledsoe on November 13 , 1994 </Li> <Li> Most passing yards with no interceptions , game : 527 , Warren Moon on December 16 , 1990 </Li> <Li> Most touchdown passes with no interceptions , game : 7 , Y.A. Tittle , October 28 , 1962 ; Peyton Manning , September 5 , 2013 ; Nick Foles , November 3 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Most games 1 + interceptions , career : 196 , Brett Favre 1991 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most games 2 + interceptions , career : 94 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most games 3 + interceptions , career : 39 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most games 4 + interceptions , career : 18 , George Blanda , 1960 -- 1966 </Li> <Li> Most games 5 + interceptions , career : 8 , George Blanda 1962 -- 1966 , Joe Namath 1966 -- 1976 </Li> <Li> Most games 1 + interceptions , season : 15 , Richard Todd , 1980 </Li> <Li> Most games 2 + interceptions , season : 12 , Frank Tripucka , 1960 </Li> <Li> Most games 3 + interceptions , season : 8 , George Blanda , 1962 ; Al Dorow , 1961 </Li> <Li> Most games 4 + interceptions , season : 6 , George Blanda , 1962 </Li> <Li> Most games 5 + interceptions , season : 3 , George Blanda 1962 </Li> <Li> Most games with 200 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 110 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games with 250 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 82 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games with 300 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 46 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games with 350 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 23 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games with 400 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 9 , Drew Brees , 2007 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games with 450 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 3 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2009 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games with 500 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 3 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2009 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games with 200 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 11 , Tom Brady , 2012 ; Aaron Rodgers 2014 </Li> <Li> Most games with 250 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 10 , Tom Brady , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most games with 300 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 8 , Tom Brady , 2007 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 </Li> <Li> Most games with 350 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 6 , Tom Brady , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most games with 400 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 2 , Drew Brees , 2011 , 2012 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 </Li> <Li> Most games with 500 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 1 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2009 , 2014 , 2017 ; Derek Carr , 2016 ; Philip Rivers , 2015 ; Warren Moon , 1990 ; Y.A. Tittle , 1962 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games with 1 + touchdown passes and no interceptions : 11 , Tom Brady , 2010 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games with 2 + touchdown passes and no interceptions : 9 , Tom Brady , 2010 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games with 3 + touchdown passes and no interceptions ; 5 , Russell Wilson , 2015 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games with 4 + touchdown passes and no interceptions ; 2 , many players , most recent , Ben Roethlisberger , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games with 5 + touchdown passes and no interceptions ; 2 , Tom Brady , 2007 ; Ben Roethlisberger , 2014 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games with 6 touchdown passes and no interceptions : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2014 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive touchdowns , none intercepted , home : 49 , Aaron Rodgers </Li> <Li> Most games with 1 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 124 Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games with 2 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 97 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games with 3 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 55 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games with 4 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 22 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games with 5 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 7 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games with 6 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 3 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 . </Li> <Li> Most games with 7 touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 1 , Y.A. Tittle , 10 - 28 - 1962 ; Peyton Manning , 9 - 5 - 2013 ; Nick Foles , 11 - 3 - 2013 </Li> <Li> Most games with 1 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 14 , Tom Brady 2010 </Li> <Li> Most games with 2 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 11 , Tom Brady 2010 , Aaron Rodgers 2014 </Li> <Li> Most games with 3 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 8 , Tom Brady 2007 , Aaron Rodgers 2014 </Li> <Li> Most games with 4 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 6 , Peyton Manning , 2013 </Li> <Li> Most games with 5 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 3 , Tom Brady 2007 </Li> <Li> Most games with 6 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger 2014 </Li> <Li> Most games with 7 touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 1 , Y.A. Tittle , 10 - 28 - 1962 ; Peyton Manning , 9 - 5 - 2013 ; Nick Foles , 11 - 3 - 2013 </Li> <Li> Most games with 20 + completions and no interceptions , career : 92 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games with 30 + completions and no interceptions , career : 26 , Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games with 20 + completions and no interceptions , season : 10 , Tom Brady , 2007 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Most games with 30 + completions and no interceptions , season : 5 , Tom Brady 2007 ; Drew Brees , 2011 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Most games with 30 + pass attempts and no interceptions , career : 95 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games with 40 + pass attempts and no interceptions , career : 29 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 ; Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games with 50 + pass attempts and no interceptions , career : 8 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most games with 30 + pass attempts and no interceptions , season : 10 , Tom Brady , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most games with 40 + pass attempts and no interceptions , season : 5 , Peyton Manning , 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Passing interception differential / ratio ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , game : + 7 ( 7 TDs , 0 INTs ) , Y.A. Tittle , 10 - 28 - 1962 ; Peyton Manning , 9 - 5 - 2013 ; Nick Foles , 11 - 3 - 2013 </Li> <Li> Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , season : + 45 ( 55 TDs , 10 INTs ) , Peyton Manning , 2013 </Li> <Li> Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , rookie season : + 19 ( 23 TDs , 4 INTs ) , Dak Prescott , 2016 </Li> <Li> Best touchdown pass -- interception ratio , rookie season : 5.75 : 1 ( 23 TDs , 4 INTs ) , Dak Prescott , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , career : + 328 ( 488 TDs , 160 INTs ) , Tom Brady , 2001 - 2017 . </Li> <Li> Best touchdown pass - interception differential , playoffs , career : + 37 ( 68 TDs , 31 INTs ) , Tom Brady , 2002 -- 2018 . </Li> <Li> Best touchdown pass -- interception ratio , career : 4.01 : 1 ( 313 TDs , 78 INTs ) , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Best touchdown pass - interception ratio , playoffs , career : 3.6 : 1 ( 36 TDs , 10 INTs ) , Aaron Rodgers , 2008 - 2017 . </Li> <Li> Best touchdown pass -- interception ratio , season : 14 : 1 ( 28 TDs , 2 INTs ) , Tom Brady , 2016 ( minimum 14 TD passes ) . </Li> <Li> Best passing yards -- interception ratio , career : 493.62 : 1 ( 38,502 yards , 78 INTs ) , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Best passing yards - interception ratio , playoffs , career : 467.67 : 1 ( 4,209 yards , 9 INTs ) , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2018 . </Li> <Li> Best passing yards -- interception ratio , season : 1,777 : 1 ( 3,554 yards , 2 INTs ) , Tom Brady , 2016 ( minimum 2,000 passing yards ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Lowest percentage passes had intercepted ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons led league , lowest percentage intercepted : 5 , Sammy Baugh , 1940 , 1942 , 1944 -- 45 , 1947 </Li> <Li> Lowest percentage passes had intercepted , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 1.59 ( 78 INTs , 4,895 attempts ) , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Lowest percentage pick 6s , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 0.000409 ( 2 pick 6s , 4,895 attempts ) , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Lowest percentage passes had intercepted season ( minimum 200 attempts ) : 0.0 ( 0 INTs , 200 attempts ) , Brian Hoyer , 2016 </Li> <Li> Lowest percentage passes had intercepted rookie season : 0.87 ( 4 INTs , 459 attempts ) , Dak Prescott , 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Sacked ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most times sacked , career : 525 , Brett Favre 1991 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most times sacked , season : 76 , David Carr 2002 </Li> <Li> Most times sacked , game : 12 , Bert Jones on October 26 , 1980 ; Warren Moon on September 29 , 1985 ; Donovan McNabb on September 30 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most sack yards lost , career : 3,794 , Dave Krieg </Li> <Li> Lowest sacked percentage ( times sacked per passing play attempted ) , season : 1.2 % ( 3 times sacked , 255 passing plays ) , Steve Walsh , 1991 </Li> <Li> Lowest sacked percentage ( times sacked per passing play attempted ) , career : 2.95 % , Steve Walsh </Li> </Ul> <H2> Receiving ( edit ) </H2> For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League season receiving touchdown leaders . <H3> Receptions ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons leading league : 8 , Don Hutson , 1936 -- 37 , 1939 , 1941 -- 45 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons leading league : 5 , Don Hutson , 1941 -- 45 </Li> <Li> Most pass receptions , career : 1,549 Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive pass receptions , no fumbles , career : 609 , Tony Gonzalez , December 23 , 2006 -- December 28 , 2013 ( end of career ) </Li> <Li> Most consecutive pass receptions , no touchdown receptions : 242 , Thomas Jones , 2000 -- 2007 </Li> <Li> Most pass receptions , no touchdown receptions , career : 201 , Gerald Riggs , 1983 -- 1991 </Li> <Li> Most pass receptions , no touchdown receptions , season : 85 , James Wilder , 1984 </Li> <Li> Most pass receptions , no touchdown receptions , game : 18 , Jason Witten , Oct. 28 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most pass receptions , game , rookie : 14 , Roy Helu , Nov 6 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Most pass receptions , first game : 13 , Sid Blanks , Sep 12 , 1964 </Li> <Li> Highest reception average per game , career : 6.4 , Antonio Brown , ( 733 Receptions / 115 Games ) , 2011 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Highest reception average per game , season : 8.94 , Marvin Harrison , ( 143 Receptions / 16 Games ) , 2002 </Li> <Li> Most pass receptions , season : 143 , Marvin Harrison , 2002 </Li> <Li> Most pass receptions , season , away : 74 , Julio Jones , 2015 </Li> <Li> Most pass receptions , season , home : 82 , Marvin Harrison , 2002 </Li> <Li> Most pass receptions , season , tight end : 110 , Jason Witten , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most pass receptions , season , running back : 102 , Matt Forte , 2014 </Li> <Li> Most pass receptions , rookie , season : 101 , Anquan Boldin , 2003 </Li> <Li> Most pass receptions , game : 21 , Brandon Marshall on December 13 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Most pass receptions , one half : 13 , Jason Witten on October 28 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 1 + pass receptions : 274 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 1 + pass receptions to start a career : 190 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2008 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 2 + pass receptions : 147 , Tim Brown 1993 -- 2002 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 3 + pass receptions : 82 , Reggie Wayne 2009 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 4 + pass receptions : 39 , Julio Jones , 2013 -- 2016 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 5 + pass receptions : 36 , Antonio Brown 2013 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 6 + pass receptions : 16 , Marvin Harrison 2002 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 7 + pass receptions : 14 , Antonio Brown 2014 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 8 + pass receptions : 8 , Antonio Brown 2014 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 9 + pass receptions : 6 , Marvin Harrison 2002 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 10 + pass receptions : 4 , Calvin Johnson 2012 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 11 + pass receptions : 2 , by 18 players , most recently by Julio Jones 2015 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 12 + pass receptions : 2 , by 8 players , most recently by Julio Jones 2015 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 50 + pass receptions : 16 , Tony Gonzalez 1999 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 60 + pass receptions : 15 , Tony Gonzalez 1999 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 70 + pass receptions : 11 , Tony Gonzalez 2003 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 90 + pass receptions : 6 , Torry Holt 2002 -- 2007 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 100 + pass receptions : 5 , Antonio Brown 2013 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 5 + pass receptions : 20 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 10 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 15 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 20 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 25 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 30 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 35 + pass receptions : 18 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 40 + pass receptions : 18 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 45 + pass receptions : 18 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 50 + pass receptions : 17 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 55 + pass receptions : 17 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 60 + pass receptions : 17 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 65 + pass receptions : 15 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2002 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 70 + pass receptions : 14 , Tony Gonzalez 1999 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 75 + pass receptions : 13 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2002 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 80 + pass receptions : 12 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2002 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 85 + pass receptions : 8 , Larry Fitzgerald 2005 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 90 + pass receptions : 8 , Larry Fitzgerald 2005 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 95 + pass receptions : 7 , Larry Fitzgerald 2005 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 100 + pass receptions : 6 , Brandon Marshall 2007 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 105 + pass receptions : 5 , Wes Welker 2007 -- 2012 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 110 + pass receptions : 5 , Wes Welker 2007 -- 2012 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 115 + pass receptions : 3 , Wes Welker 2009 -- 2012 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 120 + pass receptions : 2 , Cris Carter 1994 -- 1995 , Wes Welker 2009 -- 2011 , Antonio Brown 2014 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 125 + pass receptions : 2 , Antonio Brown 2014 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most games , 5 + pass receptions , season : 16 , Jimmy Smith 2001 , Pierre Garçon 2013 , and Antonio Brown 2013 -- 14 , Jarvis Landry 2017 </Li> <Li> Most games , 6 + pass receptions , season : 15 , Marvin Harrison 2002 </Li> <Li> Most games , 7 + pass receptions , season : 14 , Antonio Brown 2014 </Li> <Li> Most games , 8 + pass receptions , season : 12 , Marvin Harrison 2002 </Li> <Li> Most games , 9 + pass receptions , season : 10 , Marvin Harrison 2002 , Julio Jones 2015 </Li> <Li> Most games , 10 + pass receptions , season : 7 , Wes Welker 2009 , Andre Johnson 2008 </Li> <Li> Most games , 11 + pass receptions , season : 5 , Marvin Harrison 2002 </Li> <Li> Most games , 12 + pass receptions , season : 4 , Cris Carter 1995 </Li> <Li> Most games , 13 + pass receptions , season : 3 , Antonio Brown 2015 </Li> <Li> Most games , 14 + pass receptions , season : 2 , Antonio Brown 2015 , Keenan Allen 2015 , Reggie Wayne 2010 </Li> <Li> Most games , 15 + pass receptions , season : 2 , Antonio Brown 2015 </Li> <Li> Most games , 16 + pass receptions , season : 2 , Antonio Brown 2015 </Li> <Li> Most games , 1 + reception , career : 296 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most games , 2 + receptions , career : 284 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most games , 3 + receptions , career : 256 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most games , 4 + receptions , career : 213 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most games , 5 + receptions , career : 166 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most games , 6 + receptions , career : 128 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most games , 7 + receptions , career : 86 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most games , 8 + receptions , career : 51 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2008 </Li> <Li> Most games , 9 + receptions , career : 39 , Andre Johnson 2004 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most games , 10 + receptions , career : 22 , Andre Johnson 2004 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most games , 11 + receptions , career : 13 , Andre Johnson 2004 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Most games , 12 + receptions , career : 9 , Wes Welker 2007 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most games , 13 + receptions , career : 5 , Wes Welker 2007 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most games , 14 + receptions , career : 3 , Jason Witten 2007 -- present , Antonio Brown 2015 - 2016 </Li> <Li> Most games , 15 + receptions , career : 2 , Brandon Marshall 2008 -- present , Wes Welker 2009 -- 2014 , Jason Witten 2007 -- present , Antonio Brown 2010 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most games , 16 + receptions , career : 2 , Brandon Marshall 2008 -- present , Antonio Brown 2010 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most games , 17 + receptions , career : 2 , Brandon Marshall 2008 -- present </Li> <Li> Most games , 18 + receptions , career : 2 , Brandon Marshall 2008 -- present </Li> <Li> Most games , 19 + receptions , career : 1 , Brandon Marshall 2009 , Terrell Owens 2000 </Li> <Li> Most games , 20 + receptions , career : 1 , Brandon Marshall 2009 , Terrell Owens 2000 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to record 100 career receptions : 14 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to record 200 career receptions : 30 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 -- 2016 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to record 300 career receptions : 45 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to record 400 career receptions : 67 , Anquan Boldin 2003 -- 2007 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to record 500 career receptions : 80 , Anquan Boldin 2003 -- 2008 , Julio Jones 2011 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to record 600 career receptions : 96 , Antonio Brown 2010 -- 2016 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to record 700 career receptions : 114 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to record 800 career receptions : 131 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to record 900 career receptions : 149 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2005 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to record 1,000 career receptions : 167 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2006 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to record 1,100 career receptions : 190 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2008 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to record 1,200 career receptions : 214 , Larry Fitzgerald 2004 -- 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Yards receiving ( edit ) </H3> For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League receiving yards leaders . <Ul> <Li> Most seasons leading league : 7 , Don Hutson , 1936 , 1938 -- 39 , 1941 -- 44 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons leading league : 4 , Don Hutson , 1941 -- 44 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , career : 22,895 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards per game average , career : 96.3 , Julio Jones , ( 7,610 yards / 79 Games ) , 2011 -- present </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards per game average , season : 129.0 , Wes Chandler , ( 1,032 yards / 8 Games ) , 1982 </Li> <Li> Most seasons 500 or more yards receiving : 18 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most seasons 1,000 or more yards receiving : 14 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 2002 </Li> <Li> Most seasons 1,500 or more yards receiving : 4 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 1995 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 500 or more yards receiving : 16 , Tony Gonzalez 1998 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 1,000 or more yards receiving : 11 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 1996 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons 1,500 or more yards receiving : 2 , Marvin Harrison 2001 -- 2002 , Andre Johnson 2008 -- 2009 , Calvin Johnson 2011 -- 2012 , Antonio Brown 2014 -- 2015 , Julio Jones 2014 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , season : 1,964 , Calvin Johnson , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , two seasons , to start a career : 2,755 , Odell Beckham Jr. , 2014 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , rookie , season : 1,473 , Bill Groman ( AFL ) , 1960 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , no fumbles , season : 1,746 , Charley Hennigan ( AFL ) , 1961 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , no touchdown receptions , career : 1,516 , Gerald Riggs , 1982 -- 1991 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , no touchdown receptions , season : 963 , Al Toon , 1991 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , no touchdown receptions , game : 284 , Antonio Brown , November 8 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , season , at home : 1,089 , Andre Johnson , 2008 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , season , away : 1,025 , Calvin Johnson , 2011 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , season , TE : 1,327 , Rob Gronkowski , 2011 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , season , RB : 1,048 , Marshall Faulk , 1999 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , game : 336 , Flipper Anderson , Nov. 26 , 1989 ( OT ) </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , non-overtime game : 329 , Calvin Johnson , October 27 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , outdoor game : 309 , Stephone Paige , Dec 22 , 1985 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , outdoor away game : 303 , Jim Benton , Nov 22 , 1945 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , non-overtime away game : 303 , Jim Benton , Nov 22 , 1945 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , game , rookie : 255 , Jerry Butler , September 23 , 1979 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , first game : 217 , Anquan Boldin , September 7 , 2003 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , game , TE : 214 , Shannon Sharpe , Oct 20 , 2002 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , one half : 258 , Stephone Paige , Dec 22 , 1985 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , one quarter : 210 , Qadry Ismail , Dec 12 , 1999 </Li> <Li> Most games , 50 + receiving yards , career : 198 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most games , 100 + receiving yards , career : 76 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most games , 150 + receiving yards , career : 30 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most games , 200 + receiving yards , career : 5 ; Lance Alworth , 1963 -- 67 ; Calvin Johnson , 2007 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most games , 250 + receiving yards , career : 3 ; Julio Jones , 2014 -- 17 </Li> <Li> Most games , 50 + receiving yards , season : 16 , Antonio Brown 2013 -- 14 </Li> <Li> Most games , 90 + receiving yards , season : 13 , Michael Irvin 1995 , Antonio Brown 2014 </Li> <Li> Most games , 90 + receiving yards , rookie , season : 9 , Odell Beckham 2014 </Li> <Li> Most games , 100 + receiving yards , season : 11 , Michael Irvin 1995 , Calvin Johnson 2012 </Li> <Li> Most games , 150 + receiving yards , season : 5 ; Tim Brown , 1997 ; Jerry Rice , 1995 ; Roy Green , 1984 ; Antonio Brown , 2017 ; </Li> <Li> Most games , 200 + receiving yards , season : 3 , Charley Hennigan ( AFL ) , 1961 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 50 + receiving yards : 35 , Antonio Brown 2013 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 90 + receiving yards , season : 9 , Michael Irvin 1995 , Odell Beckham 2014 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 90 + receiving yards , rookie , season : 9 , Odell Beckham 2014 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 100 + receiving yards : 8 , Calvin Johnson 2012 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 125 + receiving yards : 5 , Calvin Johnson 2012 , Pat Studstill 1966 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 150 + receiving yards : 3 , Josh Gordon 2013 , Isaac Bruce 1995 , Andre Rison 1990 , Roy Green 1984 , James Lofton 1984 , Don Maynard 1968 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 200 + receiving yards : 2 , Josh Gordon 2013 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , 2 consecutive games : 498 , Josh Gordon 2013 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , 3 consecutive games : 649 , Josh Gordon 2013 </Li> <Li> Most receiving yards , 4 consecutive games : 774 , Josh Gordon 2013 </Li> <Li> Longest pass reception ( see also 99 -- yard pass play ) : 99 , by 12 players , most recently Victor Cruz on December 24 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 1,000 career receiving yards : 10 , Lionel Taylor 1960 , Bill Groman 1960 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 2,000 career receiving yards : 20 , Bill Groman 1960 -- 1961 , Charley Hennigan 1960 -- 1961 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 3,000 career receiving yards : 29 , Charley Hennigan 1960 -- 1962 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 4,000 career receiving yards : 42 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1965 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 -- 2016 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 5,000 career receiving yards : 52 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1966 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 6,000 career receiving yards : 62 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1967 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 7,000 career receiving yards : 72 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1968 , Julio Jones 2011 -- 2016 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 8,000 career receiving yards : 83 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1969 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 9,000 career receiving yards : 93 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1969 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 10,000 career receiving yards : 115 , Calvin Johnson 2007 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 11,000 career receiving yards : 127 , Calvin Johnson 2007 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 12,000 career receiving yards : 142 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 1994 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 13,000 career receiving yards : 160 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 1995 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Average yards / reception ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Highest average gain , career ( minimum 200 receptions ) : 22.26 ( 4,996 yards / 224 receptions ) , Homer Jones , 1964 -- 70 </Li> <Li> Highest average gain , season ( minimum 24 receptions ) : 32.58 ( 782 yards / 24 receptions ) , Don Currivan , 1947 </Li> <Li> Highest average gain , game ( minimum 3 receptions ) : 63.00 ( 189 yards / 3 receptions ) , Torry Holt on September 24 , 2000 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Receiving touchdowns ( edit ) </H3> For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League receiving touchdowns leaders . <Ul> <Li> Most seasons led league : 9 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 38 , 1940 -- 1944 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons led league : 5 , Don Hutson , 1940 -- 1944 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns , career : 197 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns , season : 23 , Randy Moss , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns for a TE , season ; 17 , Rob Gronkowski , 2011 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns for a RB , season ; 9 , Billy Cannon , 1961 ; Bill Brown , 1964 ; Chuck Foreman , 1975 ; Leroy Hoard , 1991 ; Marshall Faulk , 2001 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns , rookie season : 17 , Randy Moss , 1998 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns , season , home : 13 , Jerry Rice , 1987 ; Marvin Harrison , 2001 ; Jordy Nelson , 2011 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns , season , away : 14 , Randy Moss , 2007 </Li> <Li> Highest average touchdown receptions per game , season : 1.83 , Jerry Rice , ( 22 TDs / 12 Games ) , 1987 </Li> <Li> Highest average touchdown receptions per game , career : 0.853 , Don Hutson , ( 99 TDs / 116 Games ) , 1935 -- 1945 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns , back - to - back games : 7 , Cloyce Box , Nov 23 , 1950 - Dec 3 , 1950 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns , game : 5 , Bob Shaw on October 2 , 1950 , Jerry Rice on October 14 , 1990 ; Kellen Winslow on November 22 , 1981 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns , one half : 4 , Don Hutson , Oct 7 , 1945 ; Dante Lavelli , Oct 14 , 1949 ; Bob Shaw , Oct 2 , 1950 ; Harold Jackson , Oct 14 , 1973 ; Paul Warfield Dec 15 , 1973 ; Ahmad Rashād , Sep 2 , 1979 ; Roy Green , Nov 13 , 1983 ; Mark Ingram , Nov 27 , 1994 ; Marcus Robinson , Nov 23 , 2003 ; Randy Moss , Nov 18 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns , one quarter : 4 , Don Hutson , Oct 7 , 1945 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 1 + TD receptions : 13 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1987 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 2 + TD receptions : 4 , Cris Carter , 1995 ; Calvin Johnson , 2011 ; Doug Baldwin , 2015 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 3 + TD receptions : 3 , Cloyce Box , 1952 </Li> <Li> Most games 1 + TD receptions , career : 139 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most games 2 + TD receptions , career : 44 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 2002 </Li> <Li> Most games 3 + TD receptions , career : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 2001 </Li> <Li> Most games 4 + TD receptions , career : 2 , Bob Shaw , 1949 -- 1950 ; Jerry Rice , 1990 -- 1993 ; Sterling Sharpe , 1993 -- 1994 </Li> <Li> Most games 1 + TD receptions , season : 13 , Mark Clayton , 1984 ; Jerry Rice , 1989 ; Carl Pickens , 1995 ; Randy Moss , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most games 2 + TD receptions , season : 8 , Randy Moss , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most games 3 + TD receptions , season : 4 , Sonny Randle , 1960 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 1 + TD receptions : 20 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 2 + TD receptions : 17 , Tony Gonzalez , 1997 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 3 + TD receptions : 15 , Terrell Owens , 1996 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 4 + TD receptions : 15 , Terrell Owens , 1996 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 5 + TD receptions : 11 , Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2010 ; Marvin Harrison , 1996 -- 2006 ; Cris Carter , 1991 -- 2001 ; Tim Brown , 1991 -- 2001 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 ; Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1945 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 6 + TD receptions : 11 , Marvin Harrison , 1996 -- 2006 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 ; Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1945 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 7 + TD receptions : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 8 + TD receptions : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 9 + TD receptions : 10 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1995 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 10 + TD receptions : 8 , Marvin Harrison , 1999 -- 2006 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 11 + TD receptions : 4 , Marvin Harrison , 1999 -- 2002 ; Lance Alworth , 1963 -- 1966 ; Art Powell , 1963 -- 1966 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 12 + TD receptions : 3 , Jerry Rice , 1989 -- 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 ; Marvin Harrison , 1999 -- 2001 , 2004 -- 2006 ; Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2002 ; Lance Alworth , 1964 -- 1966 ; Cris Carter , 1997 -- 1999 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 13 + TD receptions : 3 , Jerry Rice , 1989 -- 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 ; Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2002 ; Lance Alworth , 1964 -- 1966 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 14 + TD receptions : 2 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1987 ; Marvin Harrison , 2000 -- 2001 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 15 + TD receptions : 2 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1987 </Li> <Li> Most seasons with at least 1 touchdown reception : 20 , Jerry Rice </Li> <Li> Most seasons with at least 2 touchdown receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice </Li> <Li> Most seasons with at least 3 touchdown receptions : 18 , Jerry Rice </Li> <Li> Most seasons with at least 4 touchdown receptions : 16 , Jerry Rice </Li> <Li> Most seasons with at least 5 touchdown receptions : 16 , Jerry Rice </Li> <Li> Most seasons with at least 6 touchdown receptions : 15 , Jerry Rice </Li> <Li> Most seasons with at least 7 touchdown receptions : 15 , Jerry Rice </Li> <Li> Most seasons with at least 8 touchdown receptions : 13 , Jerry Rice </Li> <Li> Most seasons with at least 9 touchdown receptions : 12 , Jerry Rice </Li> <Li> Most seasons with at least 10 touchdown receptions : 9 , Jerry Rice ; Randy Moss </Li> <Li> Most seasons with at least 11 touchdown receptions : 8 , Jerry Rice ; Randy Moss </Li> <Li> Most seasons with at least 12 touchdown receptions : 8 , Jerry Rice </Li> <Li> Most seasons with at least 13 touchdown receptions : 8 , Jerry Rice </Li> <Li> Most seasons with at least 14 touchdown receptions : 6 , Jerry Rice </Li> <Li> Most seasons with at least 15 touchdown receptions : 5 , Jerry Rice </Li> <Li> Most seasons with at least 16 touchdown receptions : 3 , Randy Moss </Li> <Li> Most seasons with at least 17 touchdown receptions : 3 , Randy Moss </Li> <Li> Most seasons with at least 18 touchdown receptions : 1 , Randy Moss , Jerry Rice , Sterling Sharpe , Mark Clayton </Li> <Li> Most seasons with at least 19 touchdown receptions : 1 , Randy Moss , Jerry Rice </Li> <Li> Most seasons with at least 20 touchdown receptions : 1 , Randy Moss , Jerry Rice </Li> <Li> Most touchdown receptions , 20 + yards , game 4 , Cloyce Box , 12 - 03 - 1950 ; Art Powell , 12 - 22 - 1963 ; Wesley Walker , 9 - 21 - 1986 </Li> <Li> Most touchdown receptions , 70 + yards , career : 12 , Lance Alworth , 1963 -- 1970 </Li> <Li> Most touchdown receptions , 70 + yards , season : 6 , Elroy Hirsch , 1951 </Li> <Li> Most touchdown receptions , 90 + yards , career : 3 , John Taylor , 1989 -- 1991 </Li> <Li> Most touchdown receptions , 90 + yards , game : 2 , John Taylor , Dec 11 , 1989 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 50 career touchdown receptions : 54 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1966 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Yards from scrimmage ( edit ) </H2> For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League all - purpose yards leaders . <Ul> <Li> Most seasons leading the league in yards from scrimmage , 6 Jim Brown , 1958 -- 1959 , 1961 , 1963 -- 1965 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons leading the league in yards from scrimmage , 4 Thurman Thomas , 1989 -- 1992 </Li> <Li> Most yards from scrimmage , career : 23,540 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most yards from scrimmage , season : 2,509 , Chris Johnson , 2009 </Li> <Li> Most yards from scrimmage , no fumbles , season : 2,189 , Marshall Faulk , 2000 </Li> <Li> Most yards from scrimmage , no touchdowns , season : 1,124 , Clark Gaines , 1979 </Li> <Li> Most yards from scrimmage , rookie , season : 2,212 , Eric Dickerson , 1983 </Li> <Li> Most yards from scrimmage , season , away : 1,289 , O.J. Simpson , 1976 </Li> <Li> Highest average yards from scrimmage per game , career ( 100 games ) : 125.52 , Jim Brown ( 14,811 yards / 118 games ) , 1957 -- 1965 </Li> <Li> Highest average yards from scrimmage per game , career ( 40 games ) : 128.97 , Le'veon Bell ( 7,996 yards / 62 games ) , 2014 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Highest average yards from scrimmage per game , season : 163.36 , Priest Holmes ( 2,237 yards / 14 games ) , 2002 </Li> <Li> Most attempts , season : 492 , ( 407 rushes , 85 receptions ) , James Wilder , 1984 </Li> <Li> Most attempts , no fumbles , season : 430 ( 397 rushes , 33 receptions ) , Gerald Riggs , 1985 </Li> <Li> Most combined attempts , no touchdowns , season : 258 ( 228 rushes , 30 receptions ) , Marcel Shipp , 2003 </Li> <Li> Most attempts , rookie , season : 441 , ( 390 rushes , 51 receptions ) , Eric Dickerson , 1983 </Li> <Li> Most yards from scrimmage , game : 336 , ( all receiving yards ) , Flipper Anderson , Nov. 26 , 1989 ( OT ) </Li> <Li> Most yards from scrimmage , non-overtime game : 330 , Billy Cannon , Dec. 10 , 1961 </Li> <Li> Most yards from scrimmage , no touchdowns , game : 307 , Antonio Brown , November 8 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Most yards from scrimmage , first game : 246 , Kareem Hunt , September 7 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Most yards from scrimmage , back - to - back games : 525 , Walter Payton , Nov 20 , 1977 - Nov 24 , 1977 </Li> <Li> Most games , 50 yards from scrimmage , career : 202 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most games , 100 yards from scrimmage , career : 108 , Walter Payton , 1975 -- 1987 </Li> <Li> Most games , 150 yards from scrimmage , career : 46 , Barry Sanders , 1989 -- 1998 </Li> <Li> Most games , 200 yards from scrimmage , career : 14 , Marshall Faulk , 1994 -- 2005 </Li> <Li> Most games , 250 yards from scrimmage , career : 5 , Marshall Faulk , 1994 -- 2005 </Li> <Li> Most games , 100 yards from scrimmage , season : 15 , Marcus Allen , 1985 ; Barry Sanders , 1997 ; Edgerrin James , 2000 ; David Johnson 2016 </Li> <Li> Most games , 150 yards from scrimmage , season : 10 , Chris Johnson , 2009 </Li> <Li> Most games , 200 yards from scrimmage , season : 5 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2003 </Li> <Li> Most games , 250 yards from scrimmage , season : 2 , Marshall Faulk , 2000 </Li> <Li> Most games , 90 yards from scrimmage , season : 16 , William Andrews , 1981 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 100 yards from scrimmage : 17 , Marcus Allen , 1985 -- 1986 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 200 yards from scrimmage : 3 , Le'Veon Bell , Nov 17 , 2014 , Nov 30 , 2014 , Dec 7 , 2014 . Walter Payton , Nov 13 , 1977 , Nov 20 , 1977 , Nov 24 , 1977 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 500 or more yards from scrimmage : 16 , Tony Gonzalez , 1998 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 500 or more yards from scrimmage : 18 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 1996 , 1998 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 1000 or more yards from scrimmage : 13 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2002 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 1000 or more yards from scrimmage : 14 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 , 2004 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 1996 , 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 1500 or more yards from scrimmage : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2001 -- 2008 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 1500 or more yards from scrimmage : 10 , Walter Payton 1976 -- 1981 , 1983 -- 1986 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 2000 or more yards from scrimmage : 4 , Marshall Faulk 1998 -- 2001 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 2000 or more yards from scrimmage : 4 , Marshall Faulk 1998 -- 2001 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 84 , 1986 , 1988 , Walter Payton 1977 , 1983 -- 85 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 1,000 yards from scrimmage : 7 , Eric Dickerson 1983 , Kareem Hunt 2017 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 2,000 yards from scrimmage : 14 , Eric Dickerson 1983 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 3,000 yards from scrimmage : 22 , Edgerrin James 1983 -- 1984 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 4,000 yards from scrimmage : 30 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1984 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2000 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 5,000 yards from scrimmage : 36 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2001 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 6,000 yards from scrimmage : 44 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2002 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 7,000 yards from scrimmage : 55 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1986 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 8,000 yards from scrimmage : 64 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1987 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 9,000 yards from scrimmage : 72 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2005 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 10,000 yards from scrimmage : 78 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 11,000 yards from scrimmage : 87 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2005 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 12,000 yards from scrimmage : 95 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2006 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2005 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 13,000 yards from scrimmage : 104 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2007 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 14,000 yards from scrimmage : 111 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2007 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 15,000 yards from scrimmage : 121 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2008 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 16,000 yards from scrimmage : 129 , Marshall Faulk 1994 -- 2002 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 17,000 yards from scrimmage : 142 , Marshall Faulk 1994 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 18,000 yards from scrimmage : 149 , Barry Sanders 1989 -- 1998 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 19,000 yards from scrimmage : 164 , Walter Payton 1975 -- 1986 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 20,000 yards from scrimmage : 174 , Walter Payton 1975 -- 1986 </Li> </Ul> <H2> All - purpose ( edit ) </H2> For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League all - purpose yards leaders . <P> All - purpose yardage ( or combined net yards gained ) encompasses rushing , receiving , interception returns , punt returns , kickoff returns and fumble returns . </P> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons leading league , combined net yards : 5 , Jim Brown , 1958 -- 61 , 1964 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons leading league , combined net yards : 4 , Jim Brown , 1958 -- 1961 </Li> </Ul> <H3> All - purpose attempts ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most combined attempts , career : 4,939 , Emmitt Smith ( 4,409 rushes , 515 receptions , 15 fumble returns ) , 1990 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most combined attempts , season : 492 , James Wilder ( 407 rushes , 85 receptions , 0 returns ) , 1984 </Li> <Li> Most combined attempts , no fumbles , season : 430 , Gerald Riggs ( 397 rushes , 33 receptions ) , 1985 </Li> <Li> Most combined attempts , no touchdowns , season : 258 , Marcel Shipp ( 228 rushes , 30 receptions ) , 2003 </Li> <Li> Most combined attempts , no touchdowns , career : 300 , Larry Marshall ( 162 punt returns , 138 kickoff returns ) , 1972 -- 1978 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive combined attempts , no touchdowns , career : 512 , Marcel Shipp ( 438 rushes , 74 receptions ) , December 15 , 2002 -- December 3 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Most combined attempts , rookie , season : 441 , Eric Dickerson ( 390 rushes , 51 receptions , 0 returns ) , 1983 </Li> <Li> Most combined attempts per fumble , career , minimum 2,000 attempts : 138.0 , Curtis Martin , 1995 -- 2005 </Li> <Li> Most combined attempts per fumble , career , minimum 1,000 attempts : 199.88 , Ray Rice , 2008 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive combined attempts , no fumbles : 870 , Steven Jackson ( 755 rushes , 115 receptions ) , Nov 3 , 2011 - January 3 , 2016 ( end of career ) </Li> <Li> Most combined attempts , no fumbles , career : 446 , Darnay Scott ( 408 receptions , 22 rushes , 15 kickoff returns , 1 fumble return ) , 1994 -- 2002 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive combined attempts , no fumbles to start a career : 589 , BenJarvus Green - Ellis ( 559 rushes , 30 receptions ) , 2008 -- 2012 </Li> <Li> Most combined attempts , game : 48 , James Wilder ( 42 rushes , 6 receptions ) , on October 30 , 1983 and LaDainian Tomlinson ( 37 rushes , 11 receptions ) , on December 1 , 2002 ( OT ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> All - purpose yards ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most yards gained , career : 23,546 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , total , season : 2,696 , Darren Sproles , 2011 </Li> <Li> Highest average yards per game , season : 175.9 , Terry Metcalf ( 2,462 yards / 13 games ) , 1975 </Li> <Li> Highest average yards per game , career : 138.8 , Gale Sayers ( 9,435 yards / 68 games ) , 1965 -- 1971 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , total , season , home : 1,508 , Chris Johnson , 2009 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , total , season , away : 1,455 , Timmy Brown , 1962 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , total , rookie , season : 2,317 , Tim Brown , 1988 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , no touchdowns , season : 2,208 , Wes Welker , 2005 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , no fumbles , season : 2,215 , Le'veon Bell , 2014 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , total , game : 404 , Glyn Milburn ; Dec 10 , 1995 </Li> <Li> Most games , 50 yards gained , career : 202 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Most games , 100 yards gained , career : 118 , Brian Mitchell 1990 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most games , 150 yards gained , career : 46 , Walter Payton 1975 -- 1986 , Barry Sanders 1989 -- 1998 </Li> <Li> Most games , 200 yards gained , career : 17 , Darren Sproles 2007 -- present </Li> <Li> Most games , 250 yards gained , career : 7 , Terry Metcalf 1974 -- 1977 </Li> <Li> Most games , 300 yards gained , career : 2 , Jacoby Ford 2010 , Josh Cribbs 2007 -- 2009 , Adrian Peterson 2007 , Lionel James 1985 , Gale Sayers 1965 -- 1966 </Li> <Li> Most games , 1 yard gained , season : 17 , Dexter Carter 1995 </Li> <Li> Most games , 93 yard gained , season : 16 , Brian Mitchell 1994 </Li> <Li> Most games , 100 yards gained , season : 15 , David Johnson 2016 , Michael Lewis 2002 , Edgerrin James 2000 , MarTay Jenkins 2000 , Derrick Mason 2000 , Barry Sanders 1997 , Marcus Allen 1985 </Li> <Li> Most games , 150 yards gained , season : 11 , Michael Lewis 2002 , Terry Metcalf 1975 , Darren Sproles 2011 </Li> <Li> Most games , 200 yards gained , season : 5 , Fred Jackson 2009 , Josh Cribbs 2009 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2003 , Walter Payton 1977 , Timmy Brown 1962 , Terry Metcalf 1975 </Li> <Li> Most games , 250 yards gained , season : 3 , Timmy Brown 1962 , Lionel James 1985 , Terry Metcalf 1977 </Li> <Li> Most games , 300 yards gained , season : 2 , Jacoby Ford 2010 , Adrian Peterson 2007 , Lionel James 1985 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 100 or more yards : 23 , Gale Sayers , 1965 -- 1967 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , 200 or more yards : 4 , Darren Sproles , 2008 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 1000 or more yards : 13 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2002 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 1000 or more yards : 14 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 , 2004 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 1996 , 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 1500 or more yards : 9 , Brian Mitchell , 1994 -- 2002 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 1500 or more yards : 10 , Walter Payton 1976 -- 1981 , 1983 -- 1986 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 2000 or more yards : 4 , Marshall Faulk 1998 -- 2001 ; Dante Hall 2002 -- 2005 ; Darren Sproles 2008 -- 2011 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 2000 or more yards : 4 , Walter Payton 1977 , 1983 -- 1985 ; Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1984 , 1986 , 1988 ; Brian Mitchell 1994 -- 1995 , 1997 -- 1998 ; Marshall Faulk 1998 -- 2001 ; Dante Hall 2002 -- 2005 ; Tiki Barber 2000 , 2004 -- 2006 ; Darren Sproles 2008 -- 2011 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 1,000 all purpose yards : 5 , Adrian Peterson 2007 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 2,000 all purpose yards : 13 , Gale Sayers 1965 , James Brooks 1981 , Danny Amendola 2009 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 3,000 all purpose yards : 20 , Gale Sayers 1965 -- 1966 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 4,000 all purpose yards : 25 , Gale Sayers 1965 -- 1966 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 5,000 all purpose yards : 31 , Gale Sayers 1965 -- 1967 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 6,000 all purpose yards : 39 , Gale Sayers 1965 -- 1967 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 7,000 all purpose yards : 44 , Gale Sayers 1965 -- 1968 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 8,000 all purpose yards : 53 , Gale Sayers 1965 -- 1969 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 9,000 all purpose yards : 61 , Gale Sayers 1965 -- 1969 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 10,000 all purpose yards : 76 , Timmy Brown 1960 -- 1966 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 11,000 all purpose yards : 83 , Timmy Brown 1960 -- 1966 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 12,000 all purpose yards : 91 , Darren Sproles 2005 -- 2011 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 13,000 all purpose yards : 96 , Darren Sproles 2005 -- 2012 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 14,000 all purpose yards : 106 , Darren Sproles 2005 -- 2012 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 15,000 all purpose yards : 114 , Darren Sproles 2005 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 16,000 all purpose yards : 126 , Darren Sproles 2005 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 17,000 all purpose yards : 140 , Darren Sproles 2005 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 18,000 all purpose yards : 149 , Barry Sanders 1989 -- 1998 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 19,000 all purpose yards : 160 , Walter Payton 1977 -- 1985 </Li> <Li> Fewest games to reach 20,000 all purpose yards : 168 , Walter Payton 1977 -- 1986 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Interceptions ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons leading league : 3 ; Everson Walls , 1981 -- 82 , 1985 ; Ed Reed , 2004 , 2008 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Most interceptions , career : 81 , Paul Krause , 1964 -- 79 </Li> <Li> Most interceptions , season : 14 , Dick `` Night Train '' Lane , 1952 </Li> <Li> Most interceptions , rookie , season : 14 , Dick `` Night Train '' Lane , 1952 </Li> <Li> Most interceptions by , game : 4 , by 19 players , most recently DeAngelo Hall on October 24 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Most interceptions , one half : 4 , DeAngelo Hall on October 24 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games with an interception : 8 , Tom Morrow , 1962 -- 63 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons with an interception : 19 , Darrell Green , Washington Redskins , 1983 -- 2001 </Li> <Li> Most interceptions without scoring a touchdown , career : 50 , Don Burroughs , 1955 -- 1964 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Interception return yards ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons leading league : 3 , Darren Sharper , 2002 , 2005 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Most interception return yards , career : 1,590 , Ed Reed , 2002 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Most yards per interception return , career ( minimum 30 interceptions ) : 25.1 ( 1,331 yards / 53 INTS ) , Deion Sanders , 1989 -- 2000 , 2004 -- 2005 </Li> <Li> Most yards per interception return , career ( minimum 20 interceptions ) : 27.6 ( 608 yards / 22 INTS ) , Erik McMillan , 1989 -- 1993 </Li> <Li> Most yards per interception return , career ( minimum 10 interceptions ) : 33.8 ( 473 yards / 14 INTS ) , Malcolm Jenkins , 2009 -- present </Li> <Li> Most interception return yards without scoring a touchdown , career : 736 , Jack Tatum , 1971 -- 1980 </Li> <Li> Most interception return yards , season : 376 , Darren Sharper , New Orleans Saints , 2009 </Li> <Li> Most interception return yards , rookie , season : 301 , Don Doll , Detroit Lions , 1949 </Li> <Li> Most interception return yards , game : 177 , Charlie McNeil on September 24 , 1961 </Li> <Li> Longest interception return : 108 , Ed Reed on November 23 , 2008 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Interception return touchdowns ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most interceptions returned for touchdowns , career : 12 , Rod Woodson , 1987 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most interceptions returned for touchdowns , season : 4 ; Ken Houston , 1971 ; Jim Kearney , 1972 ; Eric Allen 1993 </Li> <Li> Most interceptions returned for touchdowns , rookie , season : 3 ; Lem Barney , 1967 ; Ronnie Lott , 1981 ; Janoris Jenkins 2012 </Li> <Li> Most interceptions returned for touchdowns , game : 2 , by 30 players , most recently Zach Brown on December 30 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons with an interception returned for a touchdown : 6 , Charles Woodson , Green Bay Packers , 2006 -- 2011 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Punting ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons leading league : 4 , Sammy Baugh , 1940 -- 43 ; Jerrel Wilson , 1965 , 1968 , 1972 -- 73 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons leading league : 4 , Sammy Baugh , 1940 -- 43 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Punts ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most punts , career : 1,713 , Jeff Feagles 1988 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Most punts , season : 114 , Bob Parsons , 1981 and Chad Stanley , 2002 </Li> <Li> Most punts , rookie , season : 111 , Brad Maynard 1997 </Li> <Li> Most punts , game : 16 , Leo Araguz on October 11 , 1998 </Li> <Li> Longest punt : 98 yards , Steve O'Neal on September 21 , 1969 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Punting yards ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most punting yardage , career : 71,211 , Jeff Feagles , 1988 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Most punting yardage , season : 5,209 , Dave Zastudil , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most punting yardage , rookie , season : 4,531 , Brad Maynard , 1997 </Li> <Li> Most punting yardage , game : 709 , Leo Araguz on October 11 , 1998 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Average punting yards ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Highest average , punting , career ( minimum 250 punts ) : 47.47 ( 1,192 punts for 56,580 yards ) , Shane Lechler , 2000 -- present </Li> <Li> Highest average , punting , season ( among qualified players ) : 51.40 ( 35 punts for 1,799 yards ) , Sammy Baugh , 1940 </Li> <Li> Highest average , punting , rookie , season ( among qualified players ) : 47.84 ( 91 punts for 4,353 yards ) , Bryan Anger , 2012 </Li> <Li> Highest average , punting , game ( minimum 4 punts ) : 61.75 ( 4 punts for 247 yards ) , Bob Cifers on November 24 , 1946 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Average net punting yards ( edit ) </H3> <P> Net average has been compiled since 1976 . </P> <Ul> <Li> Highest net average , career ( minimum 250 punts ) : 41.1 ( 488 punts for 22,497 net yards ) , Pat McAfee , 2009 -- present </Li> <Li> Highest net average , season ( among qualified players ) : 44.23 ( 78 punts for 3,450 net yards ) , John Hekker , 2013 </Li> <Li> Highest net average , rookie , season ( among qualified players ) : 40.85 ( 92 punts for 3,758 net yards ) , Bryan Anger , 2012 </Li> <Li> Highest net average game ( minimum 4 punts ) : 59.50 ( 4 punts for 238 net yards ) , Rohn Stark on September 13 , 1992 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Punts had blocked ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most consecutive punts , none blocked : 1,177 , Chris Gardocki , 1992 -- 2006 </Li> <Li> Most punts had blocked , career : 14 ; Herman Weaver , 1970 -- 80 ; Harry Newsome , 1985 -- 93 </Li> <Li> Most punts had blocked , season : 6 , Harry Newsome , 1988 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Punts inside the 20 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Punts inside the 20 have been compiled since 1976 . </P> <Ul> <Li> Most punts inside the 20 , career : 554 , Jeff Feagles , 1988 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Most punts inside the 20 , season : 46 , Dave Zastudil , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most punts inside the 20 , game : 8 ; Mark Royals on November 6 , 1994 ; Bryan Barker on November 14 , 1999 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Punt returns ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Punt return attempts ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons leading league in number of punt returns : 3 , Les `` Speedy '' Duncan , 1965 -- 66 , 1971 ; Rick Upchurch , 1976 , 1978 , 1982 </Li> <Li> Most punt returns , career : 463 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most punt returns without a touchdown , career : 264 , Wes Welker , 2004 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most punt returns without a touchdown , regular season and post season , career : 273 , Wes Welker , 2004 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most punt returns , season : 70 , Danny Reece , 1979 </Li> <Li> Most punt returns , rookie , season : 57 , Lew Barnes , 1986 </Li> <Li> Most punt returns , game : 11 , Eddie Brown on October 9 , 1977 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Fair catches ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most fair catches , career : 231 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most fair catches , season : 36 , Jeremy Kerley , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most fair catches , game : 7 ; Bake Turner on November 20 , 1966 , Lem Barney on November 21 , 1976 , Bobby Morse on December 27 , 1967 and Chris Carr on November 16 , 2008 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Punt return yards ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons leading league : 3 , Alvin Haymond , 1965 -- 66 , 1969 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , career : 4,999 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , season : 875 , Desmond Howard , 1996 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained with zero fumbles , season : 578 , Jermaine Lewis , 2000 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , rookie , season : 699 , Patrick Peterson , Arizona Cardinals , 2011 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , game : 207 , LeRoy Irvin on October 11 , 1981 </Li> <Li> Longest Punt return : 103 , Robert Bailey on October 23 , 1994 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Average punt return yards ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Highest average yardage , career ( minimum 75 returns ) : 12.78 ( 112 returns for 1,431 yards ) , George McAfee , 1940 -- 1950 </Li> <Li> Highest average yardage , season ( among qualified players ) : 23.00 , Herb Rich , 1950 </Li> <Li> Highest average yardage , highest average , season , rookie ( among qualified players ) : 23.00 , Herb Rich , 1950 </Li> <Li> Highest average yardage , game ( minimum 3 returns ) : 53.33 , Darius Reynaud on December 30 , 2012 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Punt return touchdowns ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most punts returned for touchdown , career : 14 Devin Hester , Chicago Bears , 2006 -- 2013 , Atlanta Falcons , 2014 -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Most punts returned for touchdown , season : 4 ; Jack Christiansen , 1951 ; Rick Upchurch , 1976 ; Devin Hester , 2007 ; Patrick Peterson , 2011 </Li> <Li> Most punts returned for touchdown , rookie , season : 4 , Jack Christiansen , 1951 ; Patrick Peterson , 2011 </Li> <Li> Most punts returned for touchdown , game : 2 , 16 times by 13 players , most recently Darius Reynaud on December 30 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most games with two or more punts returned for touchdowns : 2 ; Jack Christiansen October 14 , 1951 and November 22 , 1951 ; Eric Metcalf October 24 , 1993 and November 2 , 1997 ; Jermaine Lewis December 7 , 1997 and December 24 , 2000 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Kickoff returns ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Kickoff return attempts ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons leading league : 3 , Abe Woodson , 1959 , 1962 -- 63 </Li> <Li> Most kickoff returns , career : 607 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most kickoff returns without a touchdown , regular season , career : 359 , Desmond Howard , 1992 -- 2002 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive kickoff returns without a touchdown , regular season and post season , career : 285 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 1997 </Li> <Li> Most kickoff returns , season : 82 , MarTay Jenkins , 2000 </Li> <Li> Most kickoff returns , rookie , season : 73 ; Josh Scobey 2003 ; Chris Carr , 2005 </Li> <Li> Most kickoff returns , game : 10 , Desmond Howard on October 26 , 1997 and Richard Alston on November 28 , 2004 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Kickoff return yards ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons leading league : 3 ; Bruce Harper , 1977 -- 79 ; Tyrone Hughes , 1994 -- 96 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , career : 14,014 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , season : 2,186 , MarTay Jenkins , 2000 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , no fumbles , season : 1,684 , Josh Scobey , 2003 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , rookie , season : 1,752 , Chris Carr , 2005 </Li> <Li> Most yards gained , game : 304 , Tyrone Hughes on October 23 , 1994 </Li> <Li> Longest kickoff return : 109 yards , Cordarrelle Patterson on October 27 , 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Average kickoff return yards ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Highest average , career ( minimum 75 returns ) : 30.56 ( 91 returns for 2,781 yards ) , Gale Sayers , 1965 -- 71 </Li> <Li> Highest average , season ( among qualified players ) : 41.06 ( 18 returns for 739 yards ) , Travis Williams , 1967 </Li> <Li> Highest average , rookie , season ( among qualified players ) : 41.06 ( 18 returns for 739 yards ) , Travis Williams , 1967 </Li> <Li> Highest average , game ( minimum 3 returns ) : 73.50 ( 4 returns for 294 yards ) , Wally Triplett on October 29 , 1950 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Kickoff return touchdowns ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most touchdowns , career : 8 , Josh Cribbs , 2005 -- 2014 , Leon Washington , 2006 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns , season : 4 ; Travis Williams , 1967 ; Cecil Turner , 1970 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns , rookie season : 4 , Travis Williams , 1967 </Li> <Li> Kickoff returns , most touchdowns , game : 2 ; by 10 players , most recently Leon Washington on September 26 , 2010 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Combined kick / punt returns ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons leading the league in combined returns : 3 , Vai Sikahema , 1987 , 1989 , 1992 </Li> <Li> Most combined kick returns , career : 1,070 ( 463 punt , 607 kickoff ) , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most combined kick returns without a touchdown , career : 404 ( 148 punt , 256 kickoff ) , Chris Carr , 2005 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Most combined kick returns without a touchdown , season : 107 ( 34 punt , 73 kickoff ) , Chris Carr , 2005 </Li> <Li> Most combined kick returns without a touchdown , career , including postseason : 412 ( 153 punt , 259 kickoff ) , Chris Carr , 2005 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Most combined kick returns , season : 114 ; Michael Lewis , 2002 ( 44 punt , 70 kickoff ) ; B.J. Sams , 2004 ( 55 punt , 59 kickoff ) </Li> <Li> Most combined kick returns , rookie , season : 114 ( 55 punt , 59 kickoff ) , B.J. Sams , 2004 </Li> <Li> Most combined kick returns , game : 13 ; Stump Mitchell on October 18 , 1981 ( 6 punt , 7 kickoff ) and Ronnie Harris on December 5 , 1993 ( 10 punt , 3 kickoff ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Kick / punt return yards ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons leading the league in combined return yards : 3 , Tyrone Hughes 1993 , 1995 , 1996 ; Mel Gray 1990 -- 1992 , Vai Sikahema , 1986 -- 1987 , 1989 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons leading the league in combined return yards : 3 , Mel Gray 1990 -- 1992 </Li> <Li> Most yards returned , career : 19,013 ( 4,999 punt , 14,014 kickoff ) , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most yards returned , season : 2,432 ( 625 punt , 1,807 kickoff ) , Michael Lewis , 2002 </Li> <Li> Most yards returned , no fumbles , season : 1,911 , Glyn Milburn , 1996 </Li> <Li> Most yards returned , no kickoffs or punt returns for a touchdown , season : 1,978 , Danny Amendola , 2009 ; Chris Carr , 2006 </Li> <Li> Most yards returned , no kickoffs or punt returns for a touchdowns , career : 7,349 , Chris Carr , 2005 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Most yards returned , no kickoffs or punt returns for a touchdowns , career , including postseason : 7,470 , Chris Carr , 2005 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Most yards returned , rookie , season : 1,938 , Chris Carr , 2005 </Li> <Li> Most yards returned , game : 347 ( 43 punt , 304 kickoff ) , Tyrone Hughes on October 23 , 1994 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Kick / punt return touchdowns ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most touchdowns , career : 19 ( 14 punt , 5 kickoff ) , Devin Hester , 2006 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns , season : 6 ( 4 punt , 2 kickoff ) , Devin Hester , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns , rookie , season : 5 ( 3 punt , 2 kickoff ) , Devin Hester , 2006 </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns , game ( any combination of kickoff and punt returns ) : 2 ; 39 times by 33 players , most recently Jeremy Ross on December 8 , 2013 ( 1 punt , 1 kickoff ) </Li> <Li> Most touchdowns , game ( with both a kickoff and a punt for a TD ) : 2 ; by 13 players , most recently Jeremy Ross on December 8 , 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Fumbles ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Most fumbles , career : 166 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most fumbles , season : 23 ; Kerry Collins , 2001 ; Daunte Culpepper , 2002 </Li> <Li> Most fumbles , game : 7 , Len Dawson , November 15 , 1964 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Fumbles recovered ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most fumbles recovered , career , own and opponents ' : 56 ( all own ) , Warren Moon , 1984 -- 2000 </Li> <Li> Most fumbles recovered , season , own and opponents ' : 12 ( all own ) , David Carr , 2002 </Li> <Li> Most fumbles recovered , game , own and opponents ' : 4 , </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Otto Graham on October 25 , 1953 ( all own ) </Dd> <Dd> Sam Etcheverry on September 17 , 1961 ( all own ) </Dd> <Dd> Roman Gabriel on October 12 , 1969 ( all own ) </Dd> <Dd> Joe Ferguson on September 18 , 1977 ( all own ) </Dd> <Dd> Randall Cunningham on November 30 , 1986 ( all own ) </Dd> <Dd> Tony Romo on September 26 , 2011 ( all own ) </Dd> <Dd> Patrick Peterson on September 30 , 2012 ( 3 own , 1 opponent 's ) </Dd> <Dd> Matthew Stafford on 2013 ( all own ) </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Opponent fumbles recovered ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most opponents ' fumbles recovered , career : 30 ; Jim Marshall , 1960 -- 1979 </Li> <Li> Most opponents ' fumbles recovered , season : 9 , Don Hultz , 1963 </Li> <Li> Most opponents ' fumbles recovered , game : 3 , by 15 players , most recently Brian Young on November 9 , 2003 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Fumble return yards ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Longest fumble return : 104 ; Jack Tatum on September 24 , 1972 ; Aeneas Williams on November 5 , 2000 </Li> <Li> Fumble return yards , career : 328 , DeAngelo Hall 2004 -- present </Li> <Li> Fumble return yards , season : 157 , Dwayne Rudd , 1998 </Li> <Li> Fumble return yards , rookie season : 98 , Toby Wright , 1994 </Li> <Li> Fumble return yards , game : 104 ; Jack Tatum on September 24 , 1972 ; Aeneas Williams on November 5 , 2000 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Fumble return touchdowns ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most fumble return touchdowns , career ( total ) : 6 , Jason Taylor ; 1997 -- 2011 </Li> <Li> Most fumble return touchdowns , season ( total ) : 2 ; by 41 players , most recently Bobby Wagner 2015 </Li> <Li> Most fumble return touchdowns , game ( total ) : 2 , Fred `` Dippy '' Evans , November 28 , 1948 ; Al Nesser , Oct 3 , 1920 </Li> <Li> Most fumble return touchdowns , career ( own recovered ) : 2 ; by 9 players , most recently Kevin Curtis 2003 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most fumble return touchdowns , season ( own recovered ) : 2 ; Ahmad Rashād , 1974 ; Del Rodgers , 1982 , Kevin Curtis 2007 </Li> <Li> Most fumble return touchdowns , career ( Opponents ' recovered ) : 6 , Jason Taylor ; 1997 -- 2011 </Li> <Li> Most fumble return touchdowns , season ( Opponents ' recovered ) : 2 ; by 38 Players , most recently Bobby Wagner 2015 </Li> <Li> Most fumble return touchdowns , game ( Opponents ' recovered ) : 2 , Fred `` Dippy '' Evans , November 28 , 1948 ; Al Nesser , Oct 3 , 1920 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Fumbles forced ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dd> Note : Forced fumbles are not an official NFL statistic and even unofficial numbers prior to 1991 are not available . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Most fumbles forced , career : 54 ; Robert Mathis , 2003 -- 2016 </Li> <Li> Most fumbles forced , season : 10 ; Osi Umenyiora , 2010 ; Charles Tillman , 2012 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Tackles ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Most solo tackles , career : 1,640 , Jessie Tuggle , 1987 -- 2000 </Li> <Li> Most solo tackles , game : 16 , most recently Chris Borland , 2014 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Sacks ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dd> Quarterback sack statistics have been compiled only since 1982 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Most seasons leading league : 2 ; </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Mark Gastineau , 1983 -- 84 </Dd> <Dd> Reggie White , 1987 -- 88 </Dd> <Dd> Kevin Greene , 1994 , 96 </Dd> <Dd> Michael Strahan , 2001 , 2003 </Dd> <Dd> DeMarcus Ware , 2008 , 2010 </Dd> <Dd> Jared Allen , 2007 , 2011 </Dd> <Dd> J.J. Watt , 2012 , 2015 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Most consecutive seasons leading league : 2 ; </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Mark Gastineau , 1983 -- 84 </Dd> <Dd> Reggie White , 1987 -- 88 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Most sacks , career : 200 , Bruce Smith , 1985 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most sacks , season : 22.5 , Michael Strahan , 2001 </Li> <Li> Most sacks , rookie , season : 14.5 , Jevon Kearse , 1999 </Li> <Li> Most sacks , game : 7.0 , Derrick Thomas on November 11 , 1990 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 1 + sacks : 19 , Bruce Smith , 1985 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 10 + sacks : 13 , Bruce Smith , 1986 -- 90 , 1992 -- 98 , 2000 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 10 + sacks : 9 , Reggie White , 1985 -- 93 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games , sack : 11 , Jared Allen , 2011 -- 2012 </Li> <Li> Most seasons , 20 + sacks : 2 , J.J. Watt , 2012 , 2014 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Records in a single decade ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> All - purpose yards : 16,900 , Brian Mitchell 1990 -- 1999 </Li> <Li> Yards from scrimmage : 16,691 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 1999 </Li> <Li> Rushing yards : 13,963 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 1999 </Li> <Li> Rushing touchdowns : 138 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2000 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Rushing attempts : 3,243 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 1999 </Li> <Li> Receptions : 868 , Torry Holt 2000 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Receiving yards : 12,594 , Torry Holt 2000 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Touchdown receptions : 120 , Randy Moss 2000 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Touchdown passes : 314 , Peyton Manning 2000 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Pass interceptions : 176 , Brett Favre 2000 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Points : 1,169 , David Akers 2000 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Interceptions : 59 , Emlen Tunnell 1950 -- 1959 </Li> <Li> Interception yards : 1,330 , Darren Sharper 2000 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Fumble return yards : 242 , Jason Taylor 2000 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Interception returns for touchdowns : 9 , Darren Sharper 2000 -- 2009 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Records in a single month ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Rushing yards : 861 , Adrian Peterson December 2012 </Li> <Li> Rushing attempts : 141 , Ernest Byner December 1990 </Li> <Li> Rushing touchdowns : 12 , LaDainian Tomlinson November 2006 </Li> <Li> Receiving yards : 822 , Charley Hennigan October 1961 </Li> <Li> Games with 90 + Receiving yards , rookie : 5 , Odell Beckham November 2014 </Li> <Li> Receptions : 49 , Calvin Johnson December 2012 </Li> <Li> Receiving touchdowns : 10 , Jerry Rice November 1987 , Don Hutson November 1942 </Li> <Li> All - purpose yards : 970 , Terry Metcalf November 1975 </Li> <Li> Yards from scrimmage : 968 , Chris Johnson November 2009 </Li> <Li> Combined Touches : 161 , Edgerrin James ( 130 rushes , 31 receptions ) November 2003 </Li> <Li> Passing yards : 1,755 , Peyton Manning December 2013 </Li> <Li> Passing touchdowns : 20 , Tom Brady , October 2007 </Li> <Li> Completion percentage ( minimum 75 attempts ) : 81.8 , Peyton Manning December 2008 </Li> <Li> Passer rating ( minimum 75 attempts ) : 150.3 , Steve Young November 1993 </Li> <Li> Touchdowns : 13 , LaDainian Tomlinson November 2006 </Li> <Li> Field Goals : 20 , Olindo Mare October 1999 </Li> <Li> PATs : 28 , Stephen Gostkowski October 2007 </Li> <Li> Points : 78 , LaDainian Tomlinson November 2006 </Li> <Li> Points by a kicker : 77 , Paul Hornung October 1961 </Li> <Li> Sacks : 9.5 , Chris Doleman November 1987 , Michael Strahan December 2001 </Li> <Li> Fumble return yards : 128 , Tyrone Hughes November 1994 </Li> <Li> Interceptions : 8 , Tom Morrow September 1963 </Li> <Li> Interception return yards : 197 , Charles McNeil September 1961 , Marcus Peters December 2015 </Li> <Li> Interceptions returned for touchdowns : 3 , Ken Houston December 1971 , Eric Allen December 2000 </Li> <Li> Punt return yards : 350 , Desmond Howard December 1996 </Li> <Li> Punt returns for touchdowns : 3 , Eric Metcalf November 1997 </Li> <Li> Kickoff return yards : 759 , Jerome Mathis October 2005 </Li> <Li> Kickoffs returned for touchdowns : 3 , André Davis December 2007 </Li> <Li> Combined punt and kickoff return yards : 786 , Michael Lewis October 2002 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Overtime records ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Most overtime field goals , career : 11 , Adam Vinatieri 1996 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Longest overtime field goal : 57 yards , Sebastian Janikowski , Oakland Raiders vs. New York Jets Oct 19 , 2008 </Li> <Li> Most overtime touchdowns , career : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2011 </Li> <Li> Most overtime rushing touchdowns , career : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2011 </Li> <Li> Most overtime touchdown passes , career : 4 , Drew Bledsoe 1993 -- 2006 </Li> <Li> Longest overtime touchdown pass / reception : 99 yards , Ron Jaworski to Mike Quick , Philadelphia Eagles vs. Atlanta Falcons Nov 10 , 1985 </Li> <Li> Longest overtime rushing touchdown : 96 yards , Garrison Hearst , San Francisco 49ers vs. New York Jets Sep 6 , 1998 </Li> <Li> Longest overtime interception returned for a touchdown : 72 yards , Lorenzo Lynch , Arizona Cardinals vs. Seattle Seahawks Oct 29 , 1995 </Li> <Li> Longest overtime kickoff returned for a touchdown : 96 yards , Chad Morton , New York Jets vs. Buffalo Bills Sep 8 , 2002 </Li> <Li> Longest overtime fumble returned for a touchdown : 52 yards , Johnie Cooks , Baltimore Colts vs. New England Patriots Sep 4 , 1983 </Li> <Li> Longest overtime punt returned for a touchdown : 99 yards , Patrick Peterson , Arizona Cardinals vs. St. Louis Rams Nov 6 , 2011 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Miscellaneous ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Most return ( of a punt , kickoff , interception , fumble , missed field goal , blocked punt / field goal ) touchdowns : 20 , Devin Hester 2006 -- present </Li> <Li> Most return ( of a punt , kick , interception or fumble ) touchdowns , including postseason : 21 , Devin Hester 2006 -- present </Li> <Li> Longest play : 109 yards , Antonio Cromartie on November 4 , 2007 ( return of a missed field goal ) , Cordarrelle Patterson on October 27 , 2013 ( kickoff return ) </Li> <Li> Most blocked kicks ( field goals / PATs / punts ) : 25 , Ted Hendricks , 1969 -- 1983 </Li> <Li> Longest return of a missed field goal : 109 yards , Antonio Cromartie on November 4 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most missed field goal returns for touchdowns : 2 , Al Nelson 1965 -- 1973 , Carl Taseff 1951 -- 1962 </Li> <Li> Longest return of a blocked field goal : 94 yards , Bobby Smith Oct 25 , 1964 </Li> <Li> Most blocked field goal returns for touchdowns : 2 , Kyle Arrington 2010 -- 2014 , Nate Clements 2008 -- 2009 , Kevin Ross 1987 -- 1995 </Li> <Li> Longest return of a blocked punt : 67 yards , Frank Filchock Sep 28 , 1941 </Li> <Li> Most blocked punt returns for touchdowns : 3 , Ed Reed 2002 -- 2013 , Tom Flynn 1984 -- 1988 </Li> <Li> Oldest player : 48 , George Blanda , 1975 </Li> <Li> Only players to throw and catch a pass for a touchdown in the same play : 3 yards , Brad Johnson Oct 12 , 1997 ; 37 yards , Frank Ryan October 30 , 1960 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Other ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Only player with 200 yards receiving and 50 yards rushing in the same game : Marshall Faulk , Dec. 26 , 1999 </Li> <Li> Only players with 150 yards receiving and 100 yards rushing in the same game : Ollie Matson Nov. 28 , 1954 ; Herschel Walker , Dec. 14 , 1986 </Li> <Li> Only players with 120 yards receiving and 120 yards rushing in the same game : Keith Lincoln Jan. 5 , 1964 ; Herschel Walker , Dec. 14 , 1986 </Li> <Li> Only player with 200 yards receiving and 10 rushing attempts in the same game : Marshall Faulk , Dec. 26 , 1999 </Li> <Li> Only player with 100 yards receiving and 30 rushing attempts in the same game : Steven Jackson , Dec. 24 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Only player with 200 yards receiving and 1 rushing touchdown in the same game : Curtis McClinton , Dec. 19 , 1965 </Li> <Li> Only players with 150 yards receiving and 2 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Herschel Walker , Oct. 12 , 1986 ; Jahvid Best , Sep. 19 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Only player with 130 yards receiving and 3 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Reggie Bush , Dec. 3 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Only player with 90 yards receiving and 4 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Shaun Alexander , Sep. 29 , 2002 </Li> <Li> Only player with 150 yards receiving and 1 kick off return for touchdown in the same game : Gary Ballman , Nov. 17 , 1963 </Li> <Li> Only players with 150 yards receiving and 1 punt return for touchdown in the same game : Tim Dwight , Jan. 3 , 2000 ; Desean Jackson , Dec. 13 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Only player with 100 yards receiving and 2 punt returns for a touchdown in the same game : Steve Smith , Dec. 8 , 2002 </Li> <Li> Only player with 170 yards receiving and 1 touchdown pass in the same game : Louis Lipps , Nov. 13 , 1988 </Li> <Li> Only player with 230 yards rushing and 1 touchdown reception in the same game : Fred Taylor , Nov. 19 , 2000 </Li> <Li> Only player with 200 yards rushing and 2 touchdown receptions in the same game : Billy Cannon , Dec. 10 , 1961 </Li> <Li> Only player with 150 yards rushing and 3 touchdown receptions in the same game : Larry Brown , Dec. 16 , 1973 </Li> <Li> Only player with 200 yards rushing and 10 receptions in the same game : LaDainian Tomlinson , Dec. 1 , 2002 </Li> <Li> Only players with 200 yards rushing and 100 yards receiving in the same game : Keith Lincoln Jan. 5 , 1964 ; Billy Cannon , Dec. 10 , 1961 </Li> <Li> Only player with 190 yards rushing and 1 touchdown pass in the same game : LaDainian Tomlinson , Sep. 25 , 2005 </Li> <Li> Only player with 150 yards rushing and 2 touchdown passes in the same game : Walter Payton , Sep. 18 , 1983 ; Colin Kaepernick , Jan. 12 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Only player with 120 yards rushing and 4 touchdown passes in the same game : Randall Cunningham , Nov 4 , 1990 </Li> <Li> Only player with 100 yards rushing and 5 touchdown passes in the same game : Cam Newton , Dec. 20 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Only player with 190 yards rushing and 1 kick off return for a touchdown in the same game : Gale Sayers , Dec. 18 , 1968 </Li> <Li> Only player with 100 yards rushing and 1 punt return for a touchdown in the same game : Gale Sayers , Dec. 12 , 1965 </Li> <Li> Only player with 200 yards from scrimmage and 1 punt return for a touchdown in the same game : Gale Sayers , Dec. 12 , 1965 </Li> <Li> Only player with 200 yards from scrimmage and 1 kick off return for a touchdown in the same game : Gale Sayers , Dec. 18 , 1968 </Li> <Li> Only players with 200 yards from scrimmage and 1 touchdown pass in the same game : LaDainian Tomlinson , Sep. 25 , 2005 , Sep. 25 , 2003 ; Greg Pruitt , Sep. 26 , 1977 </Li> <Li> Only player with 100 yards from scrimmage and 2 punt returns for a touchdown in the same game : Steve Smith , Dec. 8 , 2002 </Li> <Li> Only player with 80 yards from scrimmage and 2 kick off returns for a touchdown in the same game : Ron Brown , Nov. 24 , 1985 </Li> <Li> Only players with 250 all purpose yards and 1 touchdown pass in the same game : Terry Metcalf , Oct. 23 , 1977 ; Fred Jackson , Nov. 15 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Only player with 4 touchdown receptions and 1 rushing touchdown in the same game : Jamaal Charles , Dec. 15 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Only player with 3 touchdown receptions and 1 punt return for a touchdown in the same game : Az - Zahir Hakim , Oct. 3 , 1999 </Li> <Li> Only player with 4 rushing touchdowns and 1 passing touchdown in the same game : Ronnie Brown , Sep. 21 , 2008 </Li> <Li> Only player with 6 touchdown passes and 1 rushing touchdown in the same game : Mark Rypien , Nov 10 , 1991 </Li> <Li> Only players with 3 touchdown passes and 1 touchdown reception in the same game : Frank Ryan , Oct. 30 , 1960 ; Jim McMahon , Sep. 29 , 1985 </Li> <Li> Only player with 2 touchdown passes and 20 rushing attempts in the same game : Walter Payton , Sep. 18 , 1983 </Li> <Li> Only player with 15 receptions and 15 rushing attempts in the same game : Rickey Young , Dec. 16 , 1979 </Li> <Li> Only players with 500 yards passing and 1 rushing touchdown in the same game : Norm Van Brocklin , Sep. 29 , 1951 ; Elvis Grbac , Nov. 5 , 2000 </Li> <Li> Only player with 400 yards passing and 2 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Aaron Rodgers , Oct 2 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Only player with 300 yards passing and 3 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Jack Kemp , Oct 26 , 1963 </Li> <Li> Only player with 100 yards passing and 4 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Bobby Douglass , Nov. 4 , 1973 </Li> <Li> Only player with 400 yards passing and 75 yards rushing in the same game : Michael Vick , Oct 2 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Only players with 300 yards passing and 100 yards rushing in the same game : Russell Wilson Oct , 19 , 2014 ; Cam Newton , Dec. 20 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Only player with 250 yards passing and 150 rushing yards in the same game ; Colin Kaepernick , Jan. 12 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Only player with 300 yards passing and 1 touchdown reception in the same game : Blake Bortles , Dec. 24 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Only player with 50 yards receiving and 50 interception return yards in the same game : Deion Sanders , Sep. 21 , 1998 </Li> <Li> Only player with 1 punt return for a touchdown and 1 passing touchdown in the same game : Tom Watkins , Oct. 4 , 1964 </Li> <Li> Only players with 1 punt return for a touchdown and 1 interception return for a touchdown in the same game : Butch Byrd , Sep. 18 , 1966 ; Deion Sanders , Sep. 21 , 1998 </Li> <Li> Only players with 1 kick off return for a touchdown and 1 passing touchdown in the same game : Keith Lincoln , Sep. 16 , 1962 ; Joe Washington , Sep. 18 , 1978 </Li> <Li> Only players with 1 kick off return for a touchdown and 2 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Maurice Jones - Drew , Dec. 10 , 2006 ; David Wilson , Dec. 9 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Only players with 1 kick off return for a touchdown and 2 touchdown receptions in the same game : Bobby Mitchell , Sep. 16 , 1962 ; Gale Sayers , Dec. 12 , 1965 </Li> <Li> Only players with 1 kick off return for a touchdown and 1 interception return for a touchdown in the same game : Terrence McGee , Dec. 24 , 2005 </Li> <Li> Only player with 2 kick off returns for a touchdown and 1 interception in the same game : Tyrone Hughes , Oct. 23 , 1994 </Li> <Li> Only player with 1 rushing touchdown and 2 interceptions in the same game : Terry Hoage , Sep. 4 , 1988 </Li> <Li> Only player with 1 touchdown 1 safety in the same game : Jermaine Kearse , Oct. 6 , 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Age ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Oldest player to score a touchdown : 42 years , 71 days , Doug Flutie Jan 2 , 2005 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to score 2 + touchdowns in a game : 41 years , 17 days , Doug Flutie Nov 9 , 2003 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to score 3 + touchdowns in a game : 39 years , 36 days , Jerry Rice Nov 18 , 2001 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to score 4 + touchdowns in a game : 34 years , 22 days , Irving Fryar , 10 - 20 - 1996 . </Li> <Li> Oldest player to score 5 + touchdowns in a game : 29 years , 354 days , Paul Hornung Dec 12 , 1965 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to return a punt for a touchdown : 35 years , 140 days , Tim Brown Dec 9 , 2001 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to return 2 punts for a touchdown in a game : 29 years , 283 days , Eric Metcalf Nov 2 , 1997 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to return a kickoff for a touchdown : 33 years , 276 days , Mel Gray Dec 17 , 1994 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to return 2 kickoffs for a touchdown in a game : 29 years , 166 days , Timmy Brown Nov 6 , 1966 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to return a punt and a kickoff for a touchdown in a game : 30 years , 333 days , Michael Lewis Oct 13 , 2002 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to return an interception for a touchdown : 38 years , 26 days , Albert Lewis Nov 1 , 1998 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to return 2 interceptions for a touchdown in a game : 33 years , 113 days , David Bowens Oct 24 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to return fumble for a touchdown : 37 years , 174 days , Sam Mills Nov 24 , 1996 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to return a blocked punt for a touchdown : 35 years , 124 days , Fritz Loven Oct 13 , 1929 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to return a blocked field goal for a touchdown : 33 years , 323 days , Todd Lyght Dec 29 , 2002 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have a 200 yard receiving game : 36 years , 300 days , Terrell Owens Oct 3 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have a 250 yard receiving game : 33 years , 66 days , Jerry Rice Dec 18 , 1995 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have a 200 yard rushing game : 34 years , 321 days , John Henry Johnson Oct 10 , 1964 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have a 250 yard rushing game : 29 years , 271 days , Spec Sanders Oct 24 1947 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have a 250 yard rushing game since 1950 : 29 years , 139 days , O.J. Simpson Nov 25 , 1976 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have a 300 yards from scrimmage game : 29 years , 58 days , Jim Benton Nov 22 , 1945 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have a rushing touchdown : 42 years , 71 days , Doug Flutie Jan 2 , 2005 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have 2 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 41 years , 17 days , Doug Flutie Nov 9 , 2003 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have 3 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 36 years , 70 days , John Riggins Oct 13 , 1985 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have 4 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 31 years , 17 days , Priest Holmes Oct 24 , 2004 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have 1 + touchdown reception : 42 years , 67 days , Jerry Rice Dec 19 , 2004 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have 2 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 40 years , 29 days , Jerry Rice Nov 11 , 2002 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have 3 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 39 years , 36 days , Jerry Rice Nov 18 , 2001 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have 4 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 34 years , 22 days , Irving Fryar Oct 20 , 1996 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have a sack : 40 years , 282 days , Clay Matthews , Jr . Dec 22 , 1996 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have 2 + sacks in a game : 40 years , 233 days , Clay Matthews , Jr . Nov 3 , 1996 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have 3 + sacks in a game : 40 years , 233 days , Clay Matthews , Jr . Nov 3 , 1996 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have 4 + sacks in a game : 36 years , 360 days , Chris Doleman Oct 11 , 1998 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have 5 + sacks in a game : 33 years , 238 days , Gary Jeter Sep 18 , 1988 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have 6 + sacks in a game : 31 years , 262 days , Fred Dean Nov 13 , 1983 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have an interception : 41 years , 304 days , Darrell Green Dec 16 , 2001 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have 2 + interceptions in a game : 39 years , 25 days , Charles Woodson Oct 11 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have 3 + interceptions in a game : 37 years , 203 days , Rod Woodson Sep 29 , 2002 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have 4 + interceptions in a game : 30 years , 193 days , Jerry Norton Nov 26 , 1961 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have a safety : 36 years , 199 days , Ronde Barber Oct 23 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to throw a touchdown pass : 47 years , 88 days , George Blanda Dec 14 , 1974 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to throw 2 + touchdown passes in a game : 44 years , 72 days , George Blanda Nov 28 , 1971 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to throw 3 + touchdown passes in a game : 43 years , 38 days , George Blanda Oct 25 , 1970 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to throw 4 + touchdown passes in a game : 41 years , 54 days , George Blanda Nov 10 , 1968 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to throw 5 + touchdown passes in a game : 40 years , 342 days , Warren Moon Oct 26 , 1997 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to throw 6 + touchdown passes in a game : 38 years , 354 days , Brett Favre Sep 28 , 2008 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to throw 7 + touchdown passes in a game : 37 years , 165 days , Peyton Manning Sep 5 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have a 400 + yard passing game : 41 years , 28 days , Brett Favre Nov 7 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to have a 500 + yard passing game : 36 years , 290 days , Drew Brees Nov 1 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Oldest player to start in a Super Bowl : 40 years , 105 days , Jerry Rice Jan 26 , 2003 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to score a touchdown : 20 years , 53 days , Andy Livingston Dec 13 , 1964 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to score 2 + touchdowns in a game : 20 years , 338 days , Rashaan Salaam Sep 11 , 1995 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to score 3 + touchdowns in a game : 21 years , 70 days , Rashaan Salaam Dec 17 , 1998 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to score 4 + touchdowns in a game : 21 years , 105 days , Clinton Portis Dec 15 , 2002 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to score 5 + touchdowns in a game : 22 years , 97 days , Clinton Portis Dec 7 , 2003 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to return a punt for a touchdown : 21 years , 19 days , Dexter McCluster Sep 13 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to return 2 punts for a touchdown in a game : 23 years , 52 days , Jermaine Lewis Dec 7 , 1997 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to return a kickoff for a touchdown : 20 years , 53 days , Andy Livingston Dec 13 , 1964 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to return 2 kickoffs for a touchdown in a game : 21 years , 302 days , Travis Williams Nov 12 , 1967 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to return a punt and a kickoff for a touchdown in a game : 23 years , 151 days , Eddie Royal Oct 19 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to return an interception for a touchdown : 21 years , 44 days , DeAngelo Hall Jan 2 , 2005 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to return 2 interceptions for a touchdown in game : 21 years , 235 days , Dan Sandifer Oct 31 1948 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to return fumble for a touchdown : 21 years , 117 days , Ahmad Carroll Nov 29 , 2004 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to return a blocked punt for a touchdown : 21 years , 63 days , Geno Hayes Oct 12 , 2008 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to return a blocked field goal for a touchdown : 22 years , 43 days , Willie Buchanon Dec 17 , 1972 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have a 200 yard receiving game : 21 years , 87 days , Mike Evans Nov 16 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have a 250 yard receiving game : 21 years , 346 days , Jerry Butler Sep 23 , 1979 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have a 200 yard rushing game : 21 years , 119 days , Clinton Portis Dec 29 , 2002 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have a 300 yards from scrimmage game : 22 years , 228 days , Adrian Peterson Nov 4 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have a rushing touchdown : 20 years , 225 days , Bill Gompers Oct 31 , 1948 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have 2 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 20 years , 338 days , Rashaan Salaam Sep 11 , 1995 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have 3 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 21 years , 70 days , Rashaan Salaam Dec 17 , 1998 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have 4 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 21 years , 215 days , Emmitt Smith Dec 16 , 1990 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have 5 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 22 years , 97 days , Clinton Portis Dec 7 , 2003 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have a touchdown reception : 20 years , 239 days , Arnie Herber Nov 27 , 1930 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have a touchdown reception since 1930 : 20 years , 334 days , Juju Smith - Schuster Oct 22 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have 2 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 21 years , 1 day , Aaron Hernandez Nov 7 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have 3 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 21 years , 184 days , Rob Gronkowski Nov 14 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have 4 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 21 years , 346 days , Jerry Butler Sep 23 , 1979 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have a sack : 20 years , 98 days , Amobi Okoye Sep 16 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have 2 + sacks in a game : 20 years , 98 days , Amobi Okoye Sep 16 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have 3 + sacks in a game : 21 years , 321 days , Vernon Maxwell Sep 11 , 1983 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have 4 + sacks in a game : 22 years , 124 days , Cornelius Bennett Dec 27 , 1987 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have 5 + sacks in a game : 22 years , 193 days , Leslie O'Neal Nov 16 , 1986 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have 6 + sacks in a game : 23 years , 314 days , Derrick Thomas Nov 11 , 1990 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have an interception : 20 years , 345 days , Terrell Suggs Sep 21 , 2003 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have 2 + interceptions in a game : 21 years , 117 days , Champ Bailey Oct 17 , 1999 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have 3 + interceptions in a game : 21 years , 117 days , Champ Bailey Oct 17 , 1999 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have 4 + interceptions in a game : 22 years , 103 days , Goose Gonsoulin Sep 18 , 1960 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have a safety : 21 years , 328 days , Corey Lemonier Oct 13 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to throw a touchdown pass : 20 years , 172 days , Arnie Herber Sep 21 , 1930 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to throw a touchdown pass since 1950 : 21 years , 89 days , Tommy Maddox Nov 30 , 1992 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to throw 2 + touchdown passes in a game : 20 years , 292 days , George Ratterman Aug 31 , 1947 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to throw 2 + touchdown passes in a game since 1950 : 21 years , 95 days , Tommy Maddox Dec 6 , 1992 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to throw 3 + touchdown passes in a game : 20 years , 311 days , George Ratterman Sep 19 , 1947 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to throw 3 + touchdown passes in a game since 1950 : 21 years , 95 days , Tommy Maddox Dec 6 , 1992 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to throw 4 + touchdown passes in a game : 20 years , 311 days , George Ratterman Sep 19 , 1947 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to throw 4 + touchdown passes in a game since 1950 : 21 years , 226 days , Fran Tarkenton Sep 17 , 1961 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to throw 5 + touchdown passes in a game : 21 years , 288 days , Matthew Stafford Nov 22 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to throw 6 + touchdown passes in a game : 24 years , 287 days , Nick Foles Nov 3 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to throw 7 + touchdown passes in a game : 24 years , 287 days , Nick Foles Nov 3 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have a 400 + yard passing game : 21 years , 288 days , Matthew Stafford Nov 22 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to have a 500 + yard passing game : 23 years , 328 days , Matthew Stafford Jan 1 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Youngest player to start in a Super Bowl : 21 years , 322 days , Bryan Bulaga Feb 6 , 2011 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Starts / games played ( edit ) </H2> <P> Note : These records are not listed in the NFL Record and Fact Book . </P> For a more detailed list of consecutive starts and games played , see List of most consecutive starts and games played by National Football League players . <Ul> <Li> Most games played , career : 382 , Morten Andersen , 1982 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 </Li> <Li> Most games played , one team : 327 , Jason Hanson , Detroit Lions , 1992 -- 2012 </Li> <Li> Most starts , career : 298 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most starts , career , one team : 292 , Bruce Matthews , 1983 -- 2001 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games played : 352 ( 363 including playoffs ) , Jeff Feagles , 1988 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive starts : 297 ( 321 including playoffs ) , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive starts to begin a career : 208 ( 227 including playoffs ) Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2011 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive starts to begin a career , including playoffs : 231 ( 207 regular season ; 24 playoffs ) Gene Upshaw , 1967 -- 1981 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive starts by a quarterback : 297 ( 321 including playoffs ) , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive starts by a receiver : 176 ( 185 including playoffs ) , Tim Brown , 1992 -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive starts by a running back : 170 ( 178 including playoffs ) , Walter Payton , 1975 -- 1987 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive starts by an offensive lineman : 240 ( 259 including playoffs ) , Mick Tingelhoff , 1962 -- 1979 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive starts by a defensive lineman : 270 ( 289 including playoffs ) , Jim Marshall , 1961 -- 1978 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive starts by a linebacker : 215 ( 221 including playoffs ) , London Fletcher , 2000 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive starts by a defensive back : 215 ( 224 including playoffs ) , Ronde Barber , 1999 -- 2012 </Li> </Ul> <H2> QB wins ( edit ) </H2> <P> Note : These records are not listed in NFL Record and Fact Book </P> <Ul> <Li> Most career wins , regular season plus post season , by a starting quarterback : 223 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2018 . </Li> <Li> Most career wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 196 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most career wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback , single team : 196 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2000 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most career wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 27 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2018 . </Li> <Li> Most consecutive wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 23 , Peyton Manning , Indianapolis Colts , 2008 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 , 2003 -- 2005 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive wins , regular season , to start a career for an NFL quarterback : 15 , Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh Steelers , 2004 -- 2005 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive wins to start a career , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 , 2003 -- 2005 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive wins , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 25 , Jim McMahon , Chicago Bears , 1984 -- 1987 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive home wins , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 29 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers , 1995 -- 1998 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive home wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 31 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2006 -- 2011 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive home wins , regular season , to start a career for an NFL quarterback : 15 , Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams , 1999 -- 2001 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive home wins , regular season and post-season to start a career for an NFL quarterback : 17 , Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams , 1999 -- 2001 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive road wins , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 19 , Joe Montana , San Francisco 49ers , 1988 -- 1990 ; Kansas City Chiefs , 1993 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive road wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 18 , Joe Montana , San Francisco 49ers , 1988 -- 1990 , Kansas City Chiefs , 1993 </Li> <Li> Most road wins in a season , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 8 , Joe Montana , San Francisco 49ers , 1990 ; Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams , 2001 ; Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2007 ; Tony Romo , Dallas Cowboys , 2014 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive road wins in a season , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 , Eli Manning , New York Giants , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most road wins in a season , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 , Eli Manning , New York Giants , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most road wins in a season , regular season , for a starting rookie NFL quarterback : 6 , Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh Steelers , 2004 ; Dak Prescott , Dallas Cowboys , 2016 </Li> <Li> Most home wins in a season , regular season , for a starting rookie NFL quarterback : 8 , Russell Wilson , Seattle Seahawks , 2012 </Li> <Li> Most road wins in a season , regular season and postseason , for a starting rookie NFL quarterback : 7 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 </Li> <Li> Most wins in a season , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 18 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most wins in a season , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 16 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2007 </Li> <Li> Most wins , regular season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 13 , Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh Steelers , 2004 ; Dak Prescott , Dallas Cowboys , 2016 </Li> <Li> Most wins in a season , regular season and post-season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 14 , Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh Steelers , 2004 </Li> <Li> Most wins in a season , post-season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 2 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 ; Mark Sanchez , New York Jets , 2009 </Li> <Li> Most career home victories , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 19 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2018 . </Li> <Li> Most career home wins with no losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 7 , Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams / Arizona Cardinals 1999 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive home wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 8 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2007 ; Jim Kelly , Buffalo Bills 1988 , 1990 -- 1991 , 1993 , 1995 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 1 + postseason win , by a starting quarterback : 8 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2011 -- 2018 . </Li> <Li> Most career road wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 7 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 -- 2010 , 2012 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive career road wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 5 , Eli Manning , New York Giants 2007 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 1 + postseason win on the road , by a starting quarterback : 3 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons , 2 + postseason wins on the road , by a starting quarterback : 2 , Mark Sanchez , New York Jets , 2009 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most regular season and postseason overall victories by a starting quarterback in one stadium : 119 , Tom Brady , Gillette Stadium , 2002 -- 2018 . </Li> <Li> Most regular season and post season home overall victories with one team by a starting quarterback : 125 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2018 . </Li> <Li> Most regular season home wins with one team by a starting quarterback : 107 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most road wins by a starting quarterback : 89 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most wins in different NFL stadiums : 37 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . </Li> <Li> Most NFL teams defeated at least once , career : 32 , Brett Favre and Peyton Manning </Li> <Li> Most wins against a single opponent , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 28 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2017 vs. Buffalo Bills </Li> <Li> Most wins against a single opponent , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 28 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers , 1992 -- 2007 Minnesota Vikings , 2009 -- 2010 vs. Detroit Lions ; Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2017 vs. Buffalo Bills </Li> <Li> Most home wins against a single opponent , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 19 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers , 1992 -- 2007 Minnesota Vikings , 2009 -- 2010 vs. Detroit Lions </Li> <Li> Most consecutive wins against a single opponent , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 13 , Steve Young , San Francisco 49ers , vs. Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams , 1987 , 1991 -- 1998 ; Tom Brady , New England Patriots vs. Buffalo Bills , 2003 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive wins to start a career against a single opponent , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 11 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 -- 2013 vs. Cleveland Browns </Li> <Li> Most consecutive wins against a single opponent , regular season and post season , at home , by a starting quarterback : 19 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers / Minnesota Vikings vs. Detroit Lions , 1992 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Most wins against a single opponent , regular season ( and post season ) , on the road , by a starting quarterback : 14 , Tom Brady , vs. Buffalo Bills , 2001 -- 2017 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive wins against a single opponent , regular season ( and post season ) , on the road , by a starting quarterback : 11 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers vs. Chicago Bears , 1994 -- Jan. 2 , 2005 </Li> <Li> Fewest wins in a regular season by a starting quarterback who won the Super Bowl : 0 , Doug Williams , Washington Redskins 1987 </Li> <Li> Oldest starting quarterback to win a playoff game : Tom Brady ( Jacksonville in the 2017 AFC Finals ; 40 years 171 days ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> QB losses ( edit ) </H2> <P> Note : These records are not listed in NFL Record and Fact Book </P> <Ul> <Li> Most career losses , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 123 , Vinny Testaverde , 1987 -- 2007 </Li> <Li> Most career losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 13 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2016 . </Li> <Li> Most career road losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 7 , Brett Favre , 1993 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Most career home losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 6 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2016 . </Li> <Li> Most consecutive losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 4 , Y.A. Tittle , 1957 , 1961 -- 1963 ; Warren Moon 1991 -- 1994 ; Andy Dalton 2011 -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive road losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 6 , Dave Krieg , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1992 -- 1994 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive road losses by a starting quarterback : 14 , Steve DeBerg , 1978 -- 1979 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive home losses by a starting quarterback : 10 , Archie Manning , 1979 -- 1980 ; Chris Weinke , 2001 -- 2002 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Most road losses in a season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 8 , Peyton Manning , Indianapolis Colts 1998 ; Derek Carr , Oakland Raiders , 2014 </Li> <Li> Most losses in a season , by a starting quarterback : 15 , Archie Manning , New Orleans Saints , 1980 ; Jeff George , Indianapolis Colts , 1991 ; Deshone Kizer , Cleveland Browns , 2017 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive losses , by a rookie starting quarterback : 15 , Deshone Kizer , Cleveland Browns , 2017 </Li> <Li> Most losses in a season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 15 , Deshone Kizer , Cleveland Browns , 2017 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive losses in a season , by a starting quarterback : 15 , Deshone Kizer , Cleveland Browns , 2017 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive losses to start a season , by a starting quarterback : 15 , Deshone Kizer , Cleveland Browns , 2017 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive losses by a starting quarterback : 21 , Dan Pastorini , Houston Oilers , 1972 -- 1974 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive losses by a starting quarterback , regular season , to start a career : 15 , Deshone Kizer , Cleveland Browns , 2017 </Li> <Li> Most consecutive road losses by a starting quarterback , regular season , to start a career : 13 , Joey Harrington , Detroit Lions , 2002 -- 2003 ; David Klingler , Cincinnati Bengals , 1992 -- 1994 </Li> <Li> Most losses during the regular season by a starting quarterback who won the Super Bowl : 7 , Eli Manning , New York Giants , 2012 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Professional football firsts ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Rushing ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> First 1,000 yard rushing season : Beattie Feathers , 1,004 rushing yards , Chicago Bears , 1934 </Li> <Li> First 1,500 yard rushing season : Jim Brown , 1,527 rushing yards , Cleveland Browns , 1958 </Li> <Li> First 2,000 yard rushing season : O.J. Simpson , 2,003 rushing yards , Buffalo Bills , 1973 </Li> <Li> First 15 rushing touchdown season : Steve Van Buren , 15 rushing touchdowns , Philadelphia , 1945 </Li> <Li> First 20 rushing touchdown season : John Riggins , 24 rushing touchdowns , Washington Redskins , 1983 </Li> <Li> First 25 rushing touchdown season : Emmitt Smith , 25 rushing touchdowns , Dallas Cowboys , 1995 </Li> <Li> First 200 rush attempt season : Tuffy Leemans , 206 rush attempts , New York Giants , 1936 </Li> <Li> First 300 rush attempt season : Jim Brown , 305 rush attempts , Cleveland Browns , 1961 </Li> <Li> First 400 rush attempt season : James Wilder , 407 rush attempts , Tampa Bay Buccaneers , 1984 </Li> <Li> First 200 yard rushing game : Cliff Battles , 215 rushing yards , Boston Braves vs. New York Giants ; Oct 8 , 1933 </Li> <Li> First 250 yard rushing game : Spec Sanders , 250 rushing yards , New York Yankees vs. Chicago Rockets ; Oct 24 , 1947 </Li> <Li> First 5 rushing touchdown game : Jimmy Conzelman , 5 rushing touchdowns , Rock Island vs. Evansville ; Oct 15 , 1922 </Li> <Li> First 6 rushing touchdown game : Ernie Nevers , 6 rushing touchdowns , Chicago Cardinals vs. Chicago Bears ; Nov 28 , 1929 </Li> <Li> First 40 rushing attempt game : Lydell Mitchell , 40 rushing attempts , Baltimore Colts vs. New York Jets ; October 20 , 1974 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Passing ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> First 1,000 yard passing season : Curly Lambeau , 1,094 passing yards , Green Bay Packers , 1924 </Li> <Li> First 1,500 yard passing season : Cecil Isbell , 2,021 passing yards , Green Bay Packers , 1942 </Li> <Li> First 2,000 yard passing season : Cecil Isbell , 2,021 passing yards , Green Bay Packers , 1942 </Li> <Li> First 2,500 yard passing season : Sammy Baugh , 2,938 passing yards , Washington Redskins , 1947 </Li> <Li> First 3,000 yard passing season : Johnny Unitas , 3,099 passing yards , Baltimore Colts , 1960 </Li> <Li> First 3,500 yard passing season : Sonny Jurgensen , 3,723 passing yards , Washington Redskins , 1961 </Li> <Li> First 4,000 yard passing season : Joe Namath , 4,007 passing yards , New York Jets , 1967 </Li> <Li> First 4,500 yard passing season : Dan Fouts , 4,715 passing yards , San Diego Chargers , 1981 </Li> <Li> First 5,000 yard passing season : Dan Marino , 5,084 passing yards , Miami Dolphins , 1984 </Li> <Li> First 300 completion season : Fran Tarkenton , 345 completions , Minnesota Vikings , 1978 </Li> <Li> First 350 completion season : Dan Fouts , 360 completions , San Diego Chargers , 1981 </Li> <Li> First 400 completion season : Warren Moon , 404 completions , Houston Oilers , 1991 </Li> <Li> First 450 completion season : Peyton Manning , 450 completions , Indianapolis Colts , 2010 </Li> <Li> First 20 touchdown pass season : Benny Friedman , 20 touchdown passes , New York Giants , 1929 </Li> <Li> First 30 touchdown pass season : Johnny Unitas , 32 touchdown passes , Baltimore Colts , 1959 </Li> <Li> First 40 touchdown pass season : Dan Marino , 48 touchdown passes , Miami Dolphins , 1984 </Li> <Li> First 50 touchdown pass season : Tom Brady , 50 touchdown passes , New England Patriots , 2007 </Li> <Li> First 400 yard passing game : Sid Luckman , 433 passing yards , Chicago Bears vs. New York Giants ; Nov 14 , 1943 </Li> <Li> First 500 yard passing game : Norm Van Brocklin , 554 passing yards , Los Angeles Rams vs. New York Yanks ; Sep 28 , 1951 </Li> <Li> First 40 completion game : Richard Todd , 42 completions , New York Jets vs. San Francisco 49ers ; Sep 21 , 1980 </Li> <Li> First 4 touchdown pass game : Benny Friedman </Li> <Li> First 5 touchdown pass game : Ray Buivid , Chicago Bears vs. Chicago Cardinals ; December 5 , 1937 </Li> <Li> First 6 touchdown pass game : Sammy Baugh , Washington Redskins vs. Brooklyn Dodgers ; Oct 31 , 1943 </Li> <Li> First 7 touchdown pass game : Sid Luckman , Chicago Bears vs. New York Giants ; Nov 14 , 1943 </Li> <Li> First player with 100 career touchdown passes : Sammy Baugh </Li> <Li> First player with 200 career touchdown passes : Y.A. Tittle </Li> <Li> First player with 300 career touchdown passes : Fran Tarkenton </Li> <Li> First player with 400 career touchdown passes : Dan Marino </Li> <Li> First player with 500 career touchdown passes : Brett Favre </Li> <Li> First player with 10,000 career passing yards : Sammy Baugh </Li> <Li> First player with 20,000 career passing yards : Sammy Baugh </Li> <Li> First player with 30,000 career passing yards : Johnny Unitas </Li> <Li> First player with 40,000 career passing yards : Johnny Unitas </Li> <Li> First player with 50,000 career passing yards : Dan Marino </Li> <Li> First player with 60,000 career passing yards : Dan Marino </Li> <Li> First player with 70,000 career passing yards : Brett Favre </Li> <Li> First player with 1,000 career pass completions : Bobby Layne </Li> <Li> First player with 2,000 career pass completions : Y.A. Tittle </Li> <Li> First player with 3,000 career pass completions : Fran Tarkenton </Li> <Li> First player with 4,000 career pass completions : Dan Marino </Li> <Li> First player with 5,000 career pass completions : Brett Favre </Li> <Li> First player with 6,000 career pass completions : Brett Favre </Li> <Li> First player with 1,000 career pass attempts : Arnie Herber </Li> <Li> First player with 2,000 career pass attempts : Sammy Baugh </Li> <Li> First player with 3,000 career pass attempts : Bobby Layne </Li> <Li> First player with 4,000 career pass attempts : Johnny Unitas </Li> <Li> First player with 5,000 career pass attempts : Johnny Unitas </Li> <Li> First player with 6,000 career pass attempts : Fran Tarkenton </Li> <Li> First player with 7,000 career pass attempts : Dan Marino </Li> <Li> First player with 8,000 career pass attempts : Dan Marino </Li> <Li> First player with 9,000 career pass attempts : Brett Favre </Li> <Li> First player with 10,000 career pass attempts : Brett Favre </Li> <Li> First player with 100 career passing interceptions : Sammy Baugh </Li> <Li> First player with 200 career passing interceptions : Sammy Baugh </Li> <Li> First player with 300 career passing interceptions : Brett Favre </Li> </Ul> <H3> Receiving ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> First 50 reception season : Don Looney , 58 receptions , Philadelphia Eagles , 1940 </Li> <Li> First 100 reception season : Lionel Taylor , 100 receptions , Denver Broncos ( American Football League ) , 1961 </Li> <Li> First 100 reception , season by an NFL Player : 106 , Art Monk , 1984 </Li> <Li> First 14 reception game : Don Looney , 14 receptions , Philadelphia Eagles vs. Washington Redskins , December 1 , 1940 </Li> <Li> First 15 reception game : Tom Fears , 18 receptions , Los Angeles Rams vs. Green Bay Packers ; Dec 3 , 1950 </Li> <Li> First 20 reception game : Terrell Owens , 20 receptions , San Francisco 49ers vs. Chicago Bears ; Dec 17 , 2000 </Li> <Li> First 10 touchdown reception season : Johnny McNally , 11 touchdown receptions , Green Bay Packers , 1931 </Li> <Li> First 15 touchdown reception season : Don Hutson , 17 touchdown receptions , Green Bay Packers , 1942 </Li> <Li> First 20 touchdown reception season : Jerry Rice , 22 touchdown receptions , San Francisco , 1987 </Li> <Li> First 1,000 yard receiving season : Don Hutson , 1,211 receiving yards , Green Bay Packers , 1942 </Li> <Li> First 1,500 yard receiving season : Charley Hennigan , 1,746 receiving yards , Houston Oilers ( American Football League ) , 1961 </Li> <Li> First 200 yard receiving game : Don Hutson , 209 receiving yards , Green Bay Packers ; Oct 18 , 1942 </Li> <Li> First 250 yard receiving game : Jim Benton , 303 receiving yards , Cleveland Browns vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 22 , 1945 </Li> <Li> First 300 yard receiving game : Jim Benton , 303 receiving yards , Cleveland Browns vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 22 , 1945 </Li> <Li> First 4 touchdown reception game : Don Hutson , 4 touchdown receptions , Green Bay Packers vs. Detroit Lions ; Oct 7 , 1945 </Li> <Li> First 5 touchdown reception game : Bob Shaw , 5 touchdown receptions , Chicago Cardinals vs. Baltimore Colts ; Oct 2 , 1950 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Scrimmage ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> First 1,000 yards from Scrimmage season : Beattie Feathers , 1,178 yards from scrimmage , Chicago Bears , 1934 </Li> <Li> First 1,500 yards from Scrimmage season : Chet Mutryn , 1,617 yards from scrimmage , Buffalo Bills ( AAFC ) , 1948 ( not recognized as an NFL record ) </Li> <Li> First 2,000 yards from Scrimmage season : Jim Brown , 2,131 yards from scrimmage yards , Cleveland Browns , 1963 </Li> <Li> First 2,500 yards from Scrimmage season : Chris Johnson , 2,509 from scrimmage yards , Tennessee Titans , 2009 -- only 2,500 yard season </Li> <Li> First 300 yards from Scrimmage game : Jim Benton , 303 yards from scrimmage ( all receiving ) , Cleveland Browns vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 22 , 1945 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Combined yards ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> First 1,000 combined yards season : Beattie Feathers , 1,178 combined yards , Chicago Bears , 1934 </Li> <Li> First 1,500 combined yards season : Harry Clarke , 1,575 combined yards , Chicago Bears , 1943 </Li> <Li> First 2,000 combined yards season : Spec Sanders , 2,202 combined yards , New York Yanks , 1960 </Li> <Li> First 2,500 combined yards season : Lionel James , 2,535 combined yards , San Diego Chargers , 1985 </Li> <Li> First 300 combined yards game : Jim Benton , 303 combined yards , Cleveland Browns vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 22 , 1945 </Li> <Li> First 350 combined yards game : Billy Cannon , 373 combined yards , Houston Oilers vs. New York Titans ( American Football League ) ; Dec 10 , 1961 </Li> <Li> First 400 combined yards game : Glyn Milburn , 404 combined yards , Denver Broncos vs. Seattle Seahawks ; Dec 10 , 1995 -- only 400 combined yard game </Li> </Ul> <H3> Touchdowns ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> First 15 touchdown season : Don Hutson , 17 touchdowns , Green Bay Packers , 1942 </Li> <Li> First 20 touchdown season : Lenny Moore , 20 touchdowns , Baltimore Colts , 1964 </Li> <Li> First 25 touchdown season : Emmitt Smith , 25 touchdowns , Dallas Cowboys , 1995 </Li> <Li> First 30 touchdown season : LaDainian Tomlinson , 31 touchdowns , San Diego Chargers , 2006 </Li> <Li> First 5 touchdown game : Jimmy Conzelman , 5 touchdowns , Rock Island vs. Evansville ; Oct 15 , 1922 </Li> <Li> First 6 touchdown game : Ernie Nevers , 6 touchdowns Chicago Cardinals vs. Chicago Bears ; Nov 28 , 1929 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Scoring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> First 100 point season : Don Hutson , 138 points , Green Bay Packers , 1942 </Li> <Li> First 150 point season : Paul Hornung , 176 points , Green Bay Packers , 1960 </Li> <Li> First 50 yard field goal , estimated : Paddy Driscoll , 50 to 55 yards , Chicago Cardinals vs. Milwaukee Badgers ; Sep 28 , 1924 ( drop kick ) </Li> <Li> First 50 yard field goal , confirmed : Glenn Presnell , 54 yards , Detroit Lions vs. Green Bay Packers ; Oct 7 , 1934 </Li> <Li> First 55 yard field goal , confirmed : Bert Rechichar , 56 yards , Baltimore Colts vs. Chicago Bears ; Sep 27 , 1953 </Li> <Li> First 60 yard field goal : Tom Dempsey , 63 yards , New Orleans Saints vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 8 , 1970 </Li> <Li> First 5 field goal game : Bob Waterfield , 5 field goals , Los Angeles Rams vs Detroit Lions ; Dec 9 , 1951 </Li> <Li> First 6 field goal game : Gino Cappelletti , 6 field goals , Boston Patriots vs. Denver Broncos ; October 4 , 1964 </Li> <Li> First 7 field goal game : Jim Bakken , 7 field goals , St. Louis Cardinals vs. Pittsburgh Steelers ; September 24 , 1967 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Starts ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> First quarterback with 200 consecutive starts : Brett Favre Nov 29 , 2004 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Wins ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> First NFL quarterback to defeat 32 franchises : Brett Favre vs. Green Bay Packers ; Oct 5 , 2009 </Li> <Li> First NFL quarterback to defeat 31 franchises : Peyton Manning @ Carolina Panthers ; Oct 28 , 2007 </Li> <Li> First NFL quarterback to defeat 30 franchises ( Browns and Ravens counted separately ) : John Elway vs. Miami Dolphins ; Jan 9 , 1999 </Li> <Li> First NFL quarterback to defeat 28 franchises : Fran Tarkenton vs. Cincinnati Bengals ; Nov 13 , 1977 </Li> <Li> First NFL quarterback to reach 200 career wins ( regular season and postseason combined ) : Peyton Manning vs. Carolina Panthers ; February 7 , 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Longest play ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Longest non-scoring play : 104 yards , Percy Harvin , Minnesota Vikings vs. Atlanta Falcons ; Nov 27 , 2011 and Ameer Abdullah , Detroit Lions vs. Green Bay Packers ; Nov 15 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Longest run by a quarterback : 93 yards , Terrelle Pryor , Oakland Raiders vs. Pittsburgh Steelers ; October 27 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Longest field goal return : 109 yards Antonio Cromartie , San Diego Chargers vs. Minnesota Vikings ; November 4 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Longest run from scrimmage : 99 yards Tony Dorsett , Dallas Cowboys vs. Minnesota Vikings ; January 3 , 1983 </Li> <Li> Longest pass : 99 yards , by 13 players , most recently Eli Manning , New York Giants vs. New York Jets ; December 24 , 2011 ( Victor Cruz ) </Li> <Li> Longest kickoff return : 109 yards Cordarrelle Patterson , Minnesota Vikings vs. Green Bay Packers ; October 27 , 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Milestones ( edit ) </H2> <P> NOTE : following records are compiled from Pro Football Reference 's Game Finder . Game - by - game info is available only since 1950 . </P> <H3> Passing Yards ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Yards </Th> <Th> # of Players </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Youngest </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Fewest Games </Th> <Th colspan="2"> First </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peyton Manning </Td> <Td> 39y 177d </Td> <Td> Drew Brees </Td> <Td> 248 </Td> <Td> Brett Favre </Td> <Td> 2010 - 10 - 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Drew Brees </Td> <Td> 37y 331d </Td> <Td> Drew Brees </Td> <Td> 231 </Td> <Td> Brett Favre </Td> <Td> 2008 - 12 - 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60,000 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Drew Brees </Td> <Td> 36y 340d </Td> <Td> Drew Brees </Td> <Td> 216 </Td> <Td> Dan Marino </Td> <Td> 1999 - 10 - 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55,000 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Drew Brees </Td> <Td> 35y 326d </Td> <Td> Drew Brees </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> Dan Marino </Td> <Td> 1997 - 12 - 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50,000 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Peyton Manning </Td> <Td> 33y 278d </Td> <Td> Drew Brees </Td> <Td> 184 </Td> <Td> Dan Marino </Td> <Td> 1996 - 11 - 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45,000 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Peyton Manning </Td> <Td> 32y 265d </Td> <Td> Drew Brees </Td> <Td> 169 </Td> <Td> Fran Tarkenton </Td> <Td> 1978 - 10 - 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40,000 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Peyton Manning </Td> <Td> 31y 239d </Td> <Td> Matt Ryan </Td> <Td> 151 </Td> <Td> Johnny Unitas </Td> <Td> 1973 - 09 - 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35,000 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Dan Marino </Td> <Td> 30y 91d </Td> <Td> Matt Ryan </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> Johnny Unitas </Td> <Td> 1969 - 11 - 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30,000 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Matthew Stafford </Td> <Td> 28y 329d </Td> <Td> Matthew Stafford </Td> <Td> 109 </Td> <Td> Y.A. Tittle </Td> <Td> 1963 - 11 - 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25,000 </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> Drew Bledsoe </Td> <Td> 27y 294d </Td> <Td> Matthew Stafford </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> Bobby Layne </Td> <Td> 1961 - 12 - 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20,000 </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> Drew Bledsoe </Td> <Td> 26y 253d </Td> <Td> Matthew Stafford </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> Sammy Baugh </Td> <Td> 1950 - 11 - 05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15,000 </Td> <Td> 143 </Td> <Td> Dan Marino </Td> <Td> 25y 76d </Td> <Td> Matthew Stafford </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Sammy Baugh </Td> <Td> 1948 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10,000 </Td> <Td> 187 </Td> <Td> Drew Bledsoe </Td> <Td> 23y 299d </Td> <Td> Kurt Warner </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Sammy Baugh </Td> <Td> 1945 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9,000 </Td> <Td> 196 </Td> <Td> Drew Bledsoe </Td> <Td> 23y 264d </Td> <Td> Kurt Warner </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Sammy Baugh </Td> <Td> 1944 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8,000 </Td> <Td> 210 </Td> <Td> Jameis Winston </Td> <Td> 22y 361d </Td> <Td> Kurt Warner </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Sammy Baugh </Td> <Td> 1943 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7,000 </Td> <Td> 226 </Td> <Td> Drew Bledsoe </Td> <Td> 22y 313d </Td> <Td> Kurt Warner </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Sammy Baugh </Td> <Td> 1943 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6,000 </Td> <Td> > 250 </Td> <Td> Drew Bledsoe </Td> <Td> 22y 286d </Td> <Td> Kurt Warner </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Arnie Herber </Td> <Td> 1939 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5,000 </Td> <Td> > 250 </Td> <Td> Drew Bledsoe </Td> <Td> 22y 265d </Td> <Td> Andrew Luck Marc Bulger Kurt Warner </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Arnie Herber </Td> <Td> 1938 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4,000 </Td> <Td> > 250 </Td> <Td> Jameis Winston </Td> <Td> 21y 362d </Td> <Td> Andrew Luck Marc Bulger </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Arnie Herber </Td> <Td> 1936 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3,000 </Td> <Td> > 250 </Td> <Td> Jameis Winston </Td> <Td> 21y 341d </Td> <Td> Cam Newton Andrew Luck </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Arnie Herber </Td> <Td> 1936 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2,000 </Td> <Td> > 250 </Td> <Td> Matthew Stafford </Td> <Td> 21y 292d </Td> <Td> Cam Newton </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Arnie Herber </Td> <Td> 1934 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1,000 </Td> <Td> > 250 </Td> <Td> Drew Bledsoe </Td> <Td> 21y 266d </Td> <Td> Cam Newton </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Rushing Yards ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Yards </Th> <Th> # of Players </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Youngest </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Fewest Games </Th> <Th colspan="2"> First </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Emmitt Smith </Td> <Td> 35y 183d </Td> <Td> Emmitt Smith </Td> <Td> 220 </Td> <Td> Emmitt Smith </Td> <Td> 2004 - 11 - 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Emmitt Smith </Td> <Td> 33y 197d </Td> <Td> Emmitt Smith </Td> <Td> 197 </Td> <Td> Emmitt Smith </Td> <Td> 2002 - 11 - 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Walter Payton </Td> <Td> 32y 135d </Td> <Td> Walter Payton </Td> <Td> 176 </Td> <Td> Walter Payton </Td> <Td> 1986 - 12 - 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Barry Sanders </Td> <Td> 30y 133d </Td> <Td> Barry Sanders </Td> <Td> 149 </Td> <Td> Walter Payton </Td> <Td> 1986 - 09 - 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Barry Sanders </Td> <Td> 30y 59d </Td> <Td> Barry Sanders </Td> <Td> 139 </Td> <Td> Walter Payton </Td> <Td> 1985 - 11 - 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13,000 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Barry Sanders </Td> <Td> 29y 130d </Td> <Td> Barry Sanders </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> Walter Payton </Td> <Td> 1984 - 12 - 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12,000 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Barry Sanders </Td> <Td> 29y 67d </Td> <Td> Jim Brown </Td> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td> Jim Brown </Td> <Td> 1965 - 11 - 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11,000 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Barry Sanders </Td> <Td> 28y 118d </Td> <Td> Eric Dickerson </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> Jim Brown </Td> <Td> 1965 - 10 - 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10,000 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Barry Sanders </Td> <Td> 27y 147d </Td> <Td> Eric Dickerson </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> Jim Brown </Td> <Td> 1964 - 11 - 01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9,000 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Barry Sanders </Td> <Td> 27y 84d </Td> <Td> Eric Dickerson </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> Joe Perry </Td> <Td> 1961 - 11 - 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8,000 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Barry Sanders </Td> <Td> 26y 120d </Td> <Td> Eric Dickerson </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> Joe Perry </Td> <Td> 1960 - 10 - 04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7,000 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> Emmitt Smith </Td> <Td> 25y 209d </Td> <Td> Eric Dickerson </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> Joe Perry </Td> <Td> 1957 - 12 - 08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6,000 </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> Clinton Portis </Td> <Td> 25y 23d </Td> <Td> Eric Dickerson </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Joe Perry </Td> <Td> 1955 - 11 - 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5,000 </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> Clinton Portis </Td> <Td> 24y 66d </Td> <Td> Eric Dickerson </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Steve Van Buren </Td> <Td> 1950 - 10 - 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4,000 </Td> <Td> 203 </Td> <Td> Clinton Portis </Td> <Td> 23y 81d </Td> <Td> Eric Dickerson </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Steve Van Buren </Td> <Td> 1949 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3,000 </Td> <Td> > 250 </Td> <Td> Clinton Portis </Td> <Td> 22y 104d </Td> <Td> Eric Dickerson </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Cliff Battles </Td> <Td> 1937 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2,000 </Td> <Td> > 250 </Td> <Td> Clinton Portis </Td> <Td> 22y 48d </Td> <Td> Eric Dickerson </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Cliff Battles </Td> <Td> 1935 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1,000 </Td> <Td> > 250 </Td> <Td> Rashaan Salaam </Td> <Td> 21y 77d </Td> <Td> Adrian Peterson </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Cliff Battles Bronko Nagurski Jim Musick </Td> <Td> 1933 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Receiving Yards ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Yards </Th> <Th> # of Players </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Youngest </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Fewest Games </Th> <Th colspan="2"> First </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 41y 7d </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 277 </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 2003 - 10 - 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 40y 21d </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 262 </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 2002 - 11 - 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 39y 57d </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 250 </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 2001 - 12 - 09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 38y 37d </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 234 </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 2000 - 11 - 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 37y 47d </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 217 </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 1999 - 11 - 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 36y 12d </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 197 </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 1998 - 10 - 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 34y 42d </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 184 </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 1996 - 11 - 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15,000 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 33y 72d </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 172 </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 1995 - 12 - 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14,000 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Randy Moss </Td> <Td> 32y 275d </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 164 </Td> <Td> James Lofton </Td> <Td> 1994 - 01 - 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13,000 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Randy Moss </Td> <Td> 31y 298d </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 154 </Td> <Td> Steve Largent </Td> <Td> 1989 - 12 - 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12,000 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Randy Moss </Td> <Td> 30y 306d </Td> <Td> Jerry Rice </Td> <Td> 142 </Td> <Td> Charlie Joiner </Td> <Td> 1986 - 11 - 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11,000 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Calvin Johnson </Td> <Td> 30y 37d </Td> <Td> Calvin Johnson </Td> <Td> 127 </Td> <Td> Don Maynard </Td> <Td> 1971 - 10 - 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10,000 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Randy Moss </Td> <Td> 28y 314d </Td> <Td> Calvin Johnson </Td> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td> Don Maynard </Td> <Td> 1969 - 11 - 02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9,000 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> Randy Moss </Td> <Td> 27y 310d </Td> <Td> Lance Alworth </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> Raymond Berry </Td> <Td> 1966 - 12 - 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8,000 </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> Randy Moss </Td> <Td> 26y 297d </Td> <Td> Lance Alworth </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> Billy Howton </Td> <Td> 1963 - 09 - 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7,000 </Td> <Td> 132 </Td> <Td> Larry Fitzgerald </Td> <Td> 26y 111d </Td> <Td> Lance Alworth </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> Don Hutson </Td> <Td> 1944 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6,000 </Td> <Td> 190 </Td> <Td> Randy Moss </Td> <Td> 25y 270d </Td> <Td> Lance Alworth </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> Don Hutson </Td> <Td> 1943 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5,000 </Td> <Td> > 250 </Td> <Td> Randy Moss </Td> <Td> 24y 292d </Td> <Td> Lance Alworth </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> Don Hutson </Td> <Td> 1942 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4,000 </Td> <Td> > 250 </Td> <Td> Randy Moss </Td> <Td> 23y 308d </Td> <Td> Odell Beckham Lance Alworth </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Don Hutson </Td> <Td> 1941 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3,000 </Td> <Td> > 250 </Td> <Td> Mike Evans </Td> <Td> 23y 74d </Td> <Td> Charley Hennigan </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Don Hutson </Td> <Td> 1940 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2,000 </Td> <Td> > 250 </Td> <Td> Larry Fitzgerald </Td> <Td> 22y 109d </Td> <Td> Charley Hennigan Bill Groman </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Don Hutson </Td> <Td> 1938 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1,000 </Td> <Td> > 250 </Td> <Td> Mike Evans </Td> <Td> 21y 129d </Td> <Td> Harlon Hill Lionel Taylor Bill Groman </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> ( Five players confirmed ) </Td> <Td> by 1937 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dd> ^ α Official statistics were first kept in 1932 ; records prior to 1932 are unofficial . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of National Football League records ( team ) </Li> <Li> List of Super Bowl records </Li> <Li> List of gridiron football quarterbacks passing statistics </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lee , Brenden ; Gellerman , Jacob ; King , Robert , eds. ( 2015 ) . Official 2015 National Football League Record & Fact Book ( PDF ) . New York : National Football League . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Games Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hanson sets NFL Record for Most Games Played with One Team '' . Detroit Lions . September 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings -- Ring of Honor '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Points Scored Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Points Scored Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single - Season Points Scored Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Titans narrowly hold off Texans ' rally with Bironas ' record 8th FG '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . October 21 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most season 100 + points '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most points , season rookie '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Extra Point Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Extra Point Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Extra Point Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Extra Points Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Extra Points Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most kicking made , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Extra Points Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most kicking made no misses season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most kicking made no misses , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brady throws three touchdown passes as Patriots beat Bengals '' . reuters.com . October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AFC Championship Live Blog : Jackson Rushes In 1 - Yard Score , But Gostkowski Misses Extra Point '' . boston.cbslocal.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Extra Point % Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most two point conversions , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most two point conversions , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most two point conversions , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Field Goal Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Field Goal Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most field goals attempted , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Field Goal Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most field goals made , no misses , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most FG made by a rookie '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The San Diego Union - Tribune -- San Diego , California & National News '' . www.sandiegouniontribune.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meyer , Max ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` Adam Vinatieri misses FG , ends historic streak '' . NFL.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consistent Crosby '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mason Crosby Stats -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stats and Facts : Browns vs. Ravens '' . clevelandbrowns.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` John Kasay Stats -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Breech , John ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Bears kicker Robbie Gould : Loss to Viking falls on me '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Field Goal % Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % 50 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % 40 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % under 50 yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % under 40 yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Highest field goal percentage , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Highest field goal percentage , rookie season ( 10 + att . ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Highest field goal percentage , rookie season ( 20 + att . ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lowest field goal percentage , season ( most attempts , none made ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lowest field goal percentage , season ( minimum 10 attempts ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most field goals made , 40 + yards , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Most field goals made , 50 + yards , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Greg Zuerlein makes 61 - yard field goal '' . espn.go.com . November 8 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Most field goals made , 60 + yards , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 7 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Safeties Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Safeties Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most safeties , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most safeties , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single Game Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons , 200 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons , 250 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons , 300 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons , 200 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons , 250 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons , 300 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 25 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 35 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 40 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 25 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 35 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Peterson 's yardage total and salary grow with each carry '' . nfl.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Player Game Finder Query Results -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games , 50 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games , 100 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games , 150 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adrian Peterson explodes for sixth - career 200 - yard game in Vikings ' win '' . FoxSports.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games , 200 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games , 250 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games , 100 + yards rushing , season '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games , 150 + yards rushing , season '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games , 200 + yards rushing , season '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 50 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 100 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 150 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cowboys ' Murray again tops 100 to set mark '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most rushing yards by a quarterback , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Yards per Rushing Attempt Leaders ( minimum 750 attempts ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Yards per Rushing Attempt Leaders ( minimum 1,000 attempts ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FL Single - Season Yards per Rushing Attempt Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Rushing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Rushing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Rushing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most rushing touchdowns , rookie , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 1 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 2 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 3 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 4 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 5 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 6 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 7 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 8 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 9 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 10 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 11 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 12 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 13 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 14 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 15 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 16 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 17 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 18 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 19 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 20 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 1 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 2 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 3 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 4 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 5 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 6 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 7 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 8 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 9 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most Games 1 + Rushing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most Games 2 + Rushing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most Games 3 + Rushing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most rushing touchdowns by QB , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Young Hall of Fame bio '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passer Rating Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passer Rating Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 25 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chase , Chris ( September 13 , 2015 ) . `` 11 titanic facts about Marcus Mariota 's magical NFL debut '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 100 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 105 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 110 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 115 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 120 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 125 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 130 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 135 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 140 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 145 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 150 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 155 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 158.3 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 90 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 95 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 100 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 105 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 110 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 115 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 120 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 125 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 130 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 135 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 140 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 145 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 150 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 95 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 100 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 105 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 110 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 115 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 120 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Pass Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Pass Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Pass Attempts per Game Leaders '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Pass Attempts per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Pass Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passes Completed per Game Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passes Completed per Game Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 300 + completions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 350 + completions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 400 + completions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single Game Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dolphins ' Ryan Tannehill sets NFL record with 25 straight completions '' . cbssports.com . October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most Games 20 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most Games 25 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most Games 30 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most Games 35 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most Games 40 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most Games 20 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most Games 25 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most Games 30 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most Games 35 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Pass Completion % Leaders '' . www.pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sam Bradford sets record for highest completion percentage in a season '' . SBNation.com. 2018 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Pass Completion % Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Pass Completion % Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate , season '' . Pfref.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate and no INT , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate and no INT , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 70 % + pass completion rate , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 70 % + pass completion rate , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 70 % + pass completion rate and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 70 % + pass completion '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 60 % + pass completion '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passing Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passing Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passing Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 2,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 2,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 3,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 3,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 4,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 4,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 5,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 2,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 2,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 3,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 3,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 4,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 4,500 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 5,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yowell , Keith ( 22 December 2011 ) . `` Today in Pro Football History : 1963 : Records Fall as Raiders Beat Oilers in High - Scoring Thriller '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seven from Sunday - Week 9 ( 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . NFL . November 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 450 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cash , Rana L. ( October 26 , 2014 ) . `` Ben Roethlisberger becomes first NFL player with two 500 - yard passing games '' . SportingNews.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kacsmar , Scott ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Brees , Marino and the Passing Onslaught of 2011 '' . ColdHardFootballFacts.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 200 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 250 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 300 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 350 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 400 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Which NFL Records Can Never Be Broken ? '' . lifeslittlemysteries.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jameis Winston Youngest Ever to 3,000 Yards '' . buccaneers.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Highest yards per attempt , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Highest yards per attempt , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Highest yards per attempt , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Games 1 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Games 2 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Games 3 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Games 4 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Games 5 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Games 6 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Games 7 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most 95 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most 90 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most 85 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most 80 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most 75 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most 70 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most 65 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most 60 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most 55 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most 50 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most 45 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most 40 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most 35 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most 30 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most 25 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most 20 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most 15 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most 10 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most 5 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most 1 -- 4 yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most 1 -- 20 yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most 1 yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 20 Years BF - DM '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 20 Years BF - PM '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 19 Years '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 18 Years '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 17 Years '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 16 Years '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 15 Years '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 14 Years '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 13 Years '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 12 Years '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 11 Years '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 10 Years '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seven stats that put Brett Favre in a class of his own '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 1st Start 10 Years '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 9 Years '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 8 Years '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 7 Years '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 6 Years '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 5 Years '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 4 Years '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 3 Years '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 2 Years '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 1 Year '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most Passing TDs , Rookie , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 1 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 20 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 25 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 30 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 35 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 40 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 20 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 25 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 30 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 35 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 40 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 45 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 50 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Streak 's end shows Aaron Rodgers is ' human ' '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Peyton : First with 7 TDs since 69 '' . ESPN.com . September 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most passing touchdowns , rookie , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aaron Rodgers tosses 6 TDs in half '' . ESPN.com . November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Year - by - Year Passes Intercepted Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passes Intercepted Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passes Intercepted Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Texans ' Matt Schaub sets record for consecutive games with a pick - six '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dak Prescott breaks Tom Brady 's record for most passes without a pick to start a career '' . cbssports.com . October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 450 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 500 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 500 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 1 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 2 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 3 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 4 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 5 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 6 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 7 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 7 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 + completions no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + completions no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 + completions no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + completions no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + pass attempts no INT , career '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 40 + pass attempts no INT , career '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 50 + pass attempts no INT , career '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + pass attempts no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 40 + pass attempts no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aaron Rodgers 2014 game logs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aaron Rodgers 2014 game logs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Individual Records : passing '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2010 - 11 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. , NFL quarterbacks by times sacked in a single season </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 2010 - 11 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. , NFL quarterbacks by times sacked in a single game </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lowest Sack Percentage NFL Quarterbacks '' . SportingCharts.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Receptions Seasons Leader '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most pass receptions , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://www.pro-football-reference.com/play-index/pgl_finder.cgi?request=1&match=game&year_min=1950&year_max=2016&season_start=1&season_end=1&age_min=0&age_max=0&pos=0&game_type=R&career_game_num_min=0&career_game_num_max=499&game_num_min=0&game_num_max=99&week_num_min=0&week_num_max=99&c1stat=choose&c1comp=gt&c2stat=choose&c2comp=gt&c3stat=choose&c3comp=gt&c4stat=choose&c4comp=gt&c5comp=choose&c5gtlt=lt&c6mult=1.0&c6comp=choose&order_by=rec </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most pass receptions , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most pass receptions , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 1 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 2 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 3 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 4 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 5 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 6 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 7 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 8 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 9 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 10 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 11 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 12 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 50 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 60 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 70 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 90 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 100 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 5 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 10 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 15 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 20 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 25 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 30 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 35 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 40 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 45 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 50 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 55 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 60 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 65 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 70 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 75 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 80 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 85 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 90 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 90 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 100 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 105 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 110 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 115 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 120 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seasons 125 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Receiving Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Receiving Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Receiving Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Receiving Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Receiving Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Odell Beckham Jr. breaks Randy Moss ' receiving record '' . Foxsports.com . January 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single Game Receiving Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Not the San Diego secondary , nor bruised ribs , nor ... '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Late TD Lifts Bills Over Texans 24 - 21 '' . 19 November 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games , 50 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games , 100 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games , 150 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Seven from Sunday -- Week 8 ( 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . October 27 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games , 200 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 50 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 90 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 90 + receiving yards , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 100 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 150 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 200 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 50 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 100 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 125 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 150 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Long Reception Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Receiving Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Receiving Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Forte , Bradshaw flirting with running back receiving records '' . Pro Football Talk . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Receiving Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Most yards from scrimmage , season leader '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most yards from scrimmage , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most yards from scrimmage , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most yards from scrimmage , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DeShazier , John ( May 29 , 2010 ) . `` New Orleans Saints situation too attractive for Darren Sharper to leave '' . The Times - Picayune . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Punting Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Punting Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pat McAfee '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Johnny Hekker '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bears ' Hester ties Deion Sanders ' NFL mark with 19 return TDs by taking back punt vs. Skins '' . WashingtonPost.com . October 20 , 2013 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : burke , chris ( October 27 , 2013 ) . `` Cordarrelle Patterson ties NFL record with 109 - yard kickoff return '' . Sports Illustrated . Audibles blog . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` B.J. Sams career stats '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Devin Hester career stats '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Leaderboard : Fumbles '' . profootballreference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Fumble Return Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Fumble Return Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Burke , Chris ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Which NFL records will fall in 2012 '' . Sports Illustrated . Audibles blog . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chamberlain , Gene ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Charles Tillman best - kept secret on loaded Bears ' defense '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Fumbles Forced Career Leaders '' . Pro-Football - Reference . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berman , Zach ( January 3 , 2010 ) . `` In setting forced fumble record , Giants defensive lineman Osi Umenyiora completes revitalized season '' . The Star - Ledger . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . After a 10 - 6 season in which Umenyiora finished with 111⁄2 sacks and an NFL - record 10 forced fumbles , the questions posed to Umenyiora related to his brilliance -- not his discontent . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most Tackles , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most Tackles , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WK9 Ca n't - Miss Play : Peterson 's walk - off winner '' . NFL Videos. 2011 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seven from Sunday -- Week 7 ( 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . NFL . October 20 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Chargers cornerback 's return longest play in NFL history '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . November 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History : Players Who 've Played In NFL At Age 40 Or Older '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions at Los Angeles Rams - October 30th , 1960 - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Career Games Leaders '' . 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ESPN.com. 22 December 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Favre gets completion No. 6,000 , touchdown pass No. 492 '' . 13 December 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` News -- Around the NFL '' . NFL.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AOL . `` News , Sports , Weather , Entertainment , Local & Lifestyle -- AOL '' . AOL.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 17 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Cleveland Rams at Detroit Lions - November 22nd , 1945 - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The other Mr. Durability : Peyton Manning has 200 straight starts -- USATODAY.com '' . www.usatoday.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NFL 2001 Record and Fact Book , Edited by Randall Liu , pp. 436 -- 443 , Workman Publishing , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 7611 - 2480 - 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL History : 1932 '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2015 . 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who has scored the most touchdowns this year

List of Dragon Ball Z episodes - wikipedia <H1> List of Dragon Ball Z episodes </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> The first volume of the individual DVD compilations of Dragon Ball Z released in Japan . <P> Dragon Ball Z ( ドラゴンボール ゼット , Doragon Bōru Zetto , commonly abbreviated as DBZ ) is the long - running anime sequel to the Dragon Ball TV series , adapted from the final twenty - six volumes of the Dragon Ball manga written by Akira Toriyama . The manga portion of the series debuted in Weekly Shōnen Jump in October 4 , 1988 and lasted until 1995 ; the anime adaptation premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on April 26 , 1989 , taking over its predecessor 's time slot , and ran until its end on January 31 , 1996 , lasting 291 episodes in Japan , and 276 episodes in the United States originally , although all 291 episodes were later broadcast when content from the first 67 episodes was restored . </P> <P> Dragon Ball Z uses four pieces of theme music in the Japanese version . From episodes 1 - 199 , the opening theme is `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' by Hironobu Kageyama , and the closing theme is `` Detekoi Tobikiri Zenkai Pawā ! '' by MANNA . From episodes 200 - 291 , the opening and closing themes are `` We Gotta Power '' and `` Boku - Tachi wa Tenshi Datta , '' both by Hironobu Kagayama . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Seasons overview </Li> <Li> 2 Episode list <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Season 1 : Saiyan Saga ( 1989 -- 1990 ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Season 2 : Namek and Captain Ginyu Sagas ( 1990 -- 1991 ) </Li> <Li> 2.3 Season 3 : Frieza Saga ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> 2.4 Season 4 : Garlic Jr. , Trunks and Androids Sagas ( 1991 -- 1992 ) </Li> <Li> 2.5 Season 5 : Imperfect Cell and Perfect Cell Sagas ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> 2.6 Season 6 : Cell Games Saga ( 1992 -- 1993 ) </Li> <Li> 2.7 Season 7 : Great Saiyaman and World Tournament Sagas ( 1993 -- 1994 ) </Li> <Li> 2.8 Season 8 : Babidi and Majin Buu Sagas ( 1994 -- 1995 ) </Li> <Li> 2.9 Season 9 : Fusion and Kid Buu Sagas ( 1995 - 1996 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 OVAs / Movie Specials </Li> <Li> 4 TV Specials </Li> <Li> 5 Films </Li> <Li> 6 Home media releases <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Region 1 ( North America ) <Ul> <Li> 6.1. 1 VHS Saga Box Set </Li> <Li> 6.1. 2 Individual DVD List </Li> <Li> 6.1. 3 Ultimate Uncut Edition Box Sets </Li> <Li> 6.1. 4 Season Box Sets </Li> <Li> 6.1. 5 Funimation Dragon Box Z Sets </Li> <Li> 6.1. 6 Blu - ray Level releases </Li> <Li> 6.1. 7 Season Blu - ray releases </Li> <Li> 6.1. 8 Original English dub Collector 's DVD Box Set </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.2 Region 2 <Ul> <Li> 6.2. 1 Dragon Box Z Sets ( Japan ) </Li> <Li> 6.2. 2 Season Box Sets ( United Kingdom ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Seasons overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> A note on the `` Season '' nomenclature : </P> <P> The `` seasons '' that comprise the following list correspond to the remastered box sets released by Funimation from 2007 to 2009 . However , these `` seasons '' only correspond to story arcs ( which are themselves split at debatable points ) , and not to the pattern in which the show actually aired in either Japan or the United States . </P> <P> In Japan , Dragon Ball Z ( like both of the other Dragon Ball series ) was aired year - round continuously , with regular off - days for sporting events and television specials taking place about once every six weeks on average . </P> <P> Only when the series was broadcast in the United States was the series split into the standard seasonal cycle of new episodes followed by repeats followed by new episodes . The series was broadcast in eight separate near - continuous blocks ( 1 - 35 , 36 - 67 , 68 - 107 , 108 - 116 , 117 - 194 , 195 - 237 , 238 - 276 , and 277 - 291 ) , with breaks varying between four months to over a year between each block . In only one instance ( between episodes 194 and 195 ) was there actually parity between the DVD release and the actual broadcast sequence in terms of the end of one `` season '' and the beginning of the next . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Season </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Japanese airdates </Th> <Th> English airdates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Saiyan Saga </Td> <Td> 39 ( 1 -- 39 ) </Td> <Td> April 26 , 1989 -- March 7 , 1990 </Td> <Td> September 13 , 1996 -- September 20 , 1997 ( edited ) June 14 , 2005 -- August 18 , 2005 ( uncut ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Namek and Captain Ginyu Sagas </Td> <Td> 35 ( 40 -- 74 ) </Td> <Td> March 14 , 1990 -- January 16 , 1991 </Td> <Td> September 20 , 1997 -- April 4 , 1998 ( edited ) September 13 , 1999 -- September 20 , 1999 ( uncut ep. 68 -- 74 ) August 22 , 2005 -- October 10 , 2005 ( uncut ep. 40 -- 67 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frieza Saga </Td> <Td> 33 ( 75 -- 107 ) </Td> <Td> January 23 , 1991 -- September 11 , 1991 </Td> <Td> September 21 , 1999 -- November 3 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Garlic Jr. , Trunks and Androids Sagas </Td> <Td> 32 ( 108 -- 139 ) </Td> <Td> September 18 , 1991 -- May 13 , 1992 </Td> <Td> April 8 , 2000 -- October 3 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Imperfect Cell and Perfect Cell Sagas </Td> <Td> 26 ( 140 -- 165 ) </Td> <Td> May 20 -- November 18 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 4 , 2000 -- November 8 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Cell Games Saga </Td> <Td> 29 ( 166 -- 194 ) </Td> <Td> November 25 , 1992 -- July 21 , 1993 </Td> <Td> November 9 , 2000 -- December 29 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Great Saiyaman and World Tournament Sagas </Td> <Td> 25 ( 195 -- 219 ) </Td> <Td> July 28 , 1993 -- March 2 , 1994 </Td> <Td> September 10 , 2001 -- October 12 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Babidi and Majin Buu Sagas </Td> <Td> 34 ( 220 -- 253 ) </Td> <Td> March 9 , 1994 -- January 25 , 1995 </Td> <Td> October 15 , 2001 -- October 10 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Fusion and Kid Buu Sagas </Td> <Td> 38 ( 254 -- 291 ) </Td> <Td> February 1 , 1995 -- January 31 , 1996 </Td> <Td> October 14 , 2002 -- April 7 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Episode list ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season 1 : Saiyan saga ( 1989 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 1 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Initial dub No . </Th> <Th> Translated title / Original FUNimation dub title ( Funimation 's redub title ) Japanese title </Th> <Th> Japanese airdate </Th> <Th> English airdate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Mini-Goku is an Overprotected Boy ! I Am Gohan . '' / `` The Arrival of Raditz '' ( The New Threat ) `` Mini Gokū wa Obotchama ! Boku Gohan Desu . '' ( ミニ 悟空 はお ぼっ ちゃ ま ! ボク 悟 飯 です . ) </Td> <Td> April 26 , 1989 </Td> <Td> September 13 , 1996 June 14 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Mightiest Warrior in All of History is Goku 's Older Brother ! '' / `` The Arrival of Raditz '' ( Reunions ) `` Shijō Saikyō no Senshi wa Gokū no Ani Datta ! '' ( 史上 最強 の 戦士 は 悟空 の 兄 だっ た ! ) </Td> <Td> May 3 , 1989 </Td> <Td> September 13 , 1996 June 15 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` All Right ! This is the Strongest Combo in the World ! '' / `` The World 's Strongest Team '' ( Unlikely Alliance ) `` Yatta ! Kore ga Chijō Saikyō no Konbi Da ! '' ( やっ た ! これが 地上 最強 の コンビ だ ! ) </Td> <Td> May 10 , 1989 </Td> <Td> September 20 , 1996 June 16 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Piccolo 's Trump Card ! Gohan , the Crybaby - kun '' / `` Gohan 's Hidden Powers '' ( Piccolo 's Plan ) `` Pikkoro no Kirifuda ! Gohan wa Nakimushikun '' ( ピッコロ の 切り札 ! 悟 飯 は 泣き むし クン ) </Td> <Td> May 17 , 1989 </Td> <Td> September 27 , 1996 June 20 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Goku Dies ! There 's Only One Last Chance '' / `` Goku 's Unusual Journey '' ( Gohan 's Rage ) `` Gokū Shisu ! Rasuto Chansu wa Ichido dake '' ( 悟空 死す ! ラスト チャンス は 一度 だけ ) </Td> <Td> May 24 , 1989 </Td> <Td> October 4 , 1996 June 21 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Even Yama - sama is Surprised -- The Fight Continues in the Next World '' / `` Goku 's Unusual Journey '' ( No Time Like the Present ) `` Enmasama mo Bikkuri -- Ano Yo de Faito '' ( エンマ 様 も ビックリ あの世 で ファイト ) </Td> <Td> June 7 , 1989 </Td> <Td> October 4 , 1996 June 22 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Survival with Dinosaurs ! Gohan 's Harsh Training '' / `` Gohan 's Metamorphosis '' ( Day 1 ) `` Kyōryū to Sabaibaru ! Gohan no Tsurai Shugyō '' ( 恐竜 と サバイバル ! 悟 飯 の ツライ 修行 ) </Td> <Td> June 14 , 1989 </Td> <Td> October 11 , 1996 June 23 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` A Great Transformation on a Moonlit Night ! The Secret of Gohan 's Power '' / `` Gohan 's Metamorphosis '' ( Gohan Goes Bananas ! ) `` Tsuki no Kagayaku Yoru ni Daihenshin ! Gohan Pawā no Himitsu '' ( 月 の 輝く 夜 に 大 変身 ! 悟 飯 パワー の 秘密 ) </Td> <Td> June 21 , 1989 </Td> <Td> October 11 , 1996 June 27 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Sorry , Robot - san -- The Desert of Vanishing Tears '' / `` Gohan Makes a Friend '' ( The Strangest Robot ) `` Gomen ne Robottosan Sabaku ni Kieta Namida . '' ( ゴメン ね ロボット さん 砂漠 に 消え た 涙 . ) </Td> <Td> June 28 , 1989 </Td> <Td> October 18 , 1996 June 28 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Cry , Gohan ! His First Fight '' / `` Gohan Makes a Friend '' ( A New Friend ) `` Naku na Gohan ! Hajimete no Tatakai . '' ( 泣く な 悟 飯 ! はじめて の 闘い ) </Td> <Td> July 5 , 1989 </Td> <Td> October 18 , 1996 June 29 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` The Saiyans , Mightiest Warriors in the Universe , Awaken ! '' / `` Trouble on Arlia '' ( Terror on Arlia ) `` Uchūichi no Kyōsenshi Saiyajin Mezameru ! '' ( 宇宙 一 の 強 戦士 サイヤ 人 めざめる ! ) </Td> <Td> July 12 , 1989 </Td> <Td> October 25 , 1996 June 30 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Catnap on the Serpentine Road Goku Takes a Tumble '' / `` Home For Infinite Losers '' ( Global Training ) `` Hebi no Michi de Inemuri Gokū ga Okkochiru '' ( 蛇 の 道 で い ねむり 悟空 が 落っこちる ) </Td> <Td> July 19 , 1989 </Td> <Td> November 1 , 1996 July 4 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Hands Off ! Yama - sama 's Secret Fruit '' / `` Home For Infinite Losers '' ( Goz and Mez ) `` Te o Dasu na ! Enmasama no Himitsu no Kudamono '' ( 手 を 出す な ! エンマ 様 の 秘密 の 果実 ) </Td> <Td> July 26 , 1989 </Td> <Td> November 1 , 1996 July 5 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Such Sweet Temptation ! The Snake Princess - sama 's Hospitality '' / `` Princess Snake 's Hospitality '' ( Princess Snake ) '' `` Ama 〜 i Yūwaku ! Hebihimesama no Omotenashi '' ( あま ~ い 誘惑 ! 蛇 姫 さま の おもてなし ) </Td> <Td> August 2 , 1989 </Td> <Td> November 8 , 1996 July 6 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Escape from Piccolo ! Gohan Summons a Storm '' / `` Escape from Piccolo '' ( Dueling Piccolos ) `` Pikkoro kara no Dasshutsu ! Arashi o Yobu Gohan '' ( ピッコロ から の 脱出 ! 嵐 を 呼ぶ 悟 飯 ) </Td> <Td> August 9 , 1989 </Td> <Td> September 14 , 1998 July 7 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Run , Gohan ! Longing for Mount Paozu , Where Chichi is Waiting '' / `` Escape from Piccolo '' ( Plight of the Children ) `` Hashire Gohan ! Chichi no Matsu Natsukashi no Paozu Yama '' ( 走れ 悟 飯 ! チチ の 待つ なつかし の パオズ 山 ) </Td> <Td> August 16 , 1989 </Td> <Td> September 14 , 1998 July 11 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` City of No Tomorrow ! The Long Road to Victory '' / `` Showdown in the Past '' ( Pendulum Room Peril ) `` Asu Naki Machi ! Shōri e no Tōi Michinori '' ( 明日 なき 街 ! 勝利 へ の 遠い 道のり ) </Td> <Td> August 30 , 1989 </Td> <Td> November 15 , 1996 July 12 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Last Stop on the Serpentine Road ! Are You Kaio - sama ? '' / `` The End of Snake Way '' ( The End of Snake Way ) `` Shūte 〜 n Hebi no Michi ! Omē Kaiōsama ka ? '' ( 終点 ~ ん 蛇 の 道 ! お め え 界 王様 か ? ) </Td> <Td> September 6 , 1989 </Td> <Td> January 3 , 1997 July 13 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` The Battle with Gravity ! Catch Bubbles - kun '' / `` A Fight Against Gravity ... Catch Bubbles ! '' ( Defying Gravity ) `` Jūryoku to no Tatakai ! Baburusukun o Tsukamaero '' ( 重力 と の 戦い ! バブルス 君 を つかまえろ ) </Td> <Td> September 13 , 1989 </Td> <Td> January 10 , 1997 July 14 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` The Saiyan Legend Reborn ! Goku 's Roots '' / `` The Legend of the Saiyans '' ( Goku 's Ancestors ) `` Yomigaeru Saiyajin Densetsu ! Gokū no Rūtsu '' ( よみがえる サイヤ 人 伝説 ! 悟空 の ルーツ ) </Td> <Td> September 20 , 1989 </Td> <Td> January 17 , 1997 July 18 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Come Forth , Shen Long ! The Saiyans Finally Arrive on Earth '' / `` A Black Day for Planet Earth '' ( Counting Down ) `` Ide yo Shenron ! Saiyajin Tsui ni Chikyū Tōchaku '' ( いでよ 神龍 ! サイヤ 人 ついに 地球 到着 ) </Td> <Td> September 27 , 1989 </Td> <Td> January 24 , 1997 July 19 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Unbelievable ! Saibaimen , Born of the Soil '' / `` The Battle Begins ... Goku Where Are You ? '' ( The Darkest Day ) ( ん な バカ な ! 土 から 生まれ た サイバイマン ) </Td> <Td> October 11 , 1989 </Td> <Td> February 1 , 1997 July 20 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Yamucha Dies ! The Terror of the Saibaimen '' / `` The Saibamen Strike '' ( Saibamen Attack ! ) `` Yamucha Shisu ! Osoru Beshi Saibaiman '' ( ヤムチャ 死す ! お そる べし サイバイマン ) </Td> <Td> October 18 , 1989 </Td> <Td> February 8 , 1997 July 21 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Farewell Ten - san ! Chaozu 's Suicide Strategy '' / `` Nappa ... The Invincible ? '' ( The Power of Nappa ) `` Sayonara Tensan ! Chaozu no Sutemi no Senpō '' ( さよなら 天 さん ! 餃子 の 捨て身 の 戦法 ) </Td> <Td> October 25 , 1989 </Td> <Td> February 15 , 1997 July 25 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Tenshinhan Cries Out ! ! This is My Final Kikoho '' / `` Tien Goes All Out ! ! '' ( Sacrifice ) `` Tenshinhan Zekkyō ! ! Kore ga Saigo no Kikōhō Da '' ( 天津飯 絶叫 ! ! これが 最後 の 気功 砲 だ ) </Td> <Td> November 1 , 1989 </Td> <Td> February 22 , 1997 July 26 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` An Intense Three - Hour Delay ! The Kinto Un Bullet - Express '' / `` Tien Goes All Out ! ! '' ( Nappa 's Rampage ) `` Hitasura Matte Sanjikan ! Dangan Hikō no Kintoun '' ( ひたすら 待っ て 3 時間 ! 弾丸 飛行 の 筋斗 雲 ) </Td> <Td> November 8 , 1989 </Td> <Td> February 22 , 1997 July 27 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` Leave it to Me ! Gohan 's Great Burst of Anger '' / `` Time 's Up ! '' ( Nimbus Speed ) `` Boku ni Makasete ! Gohan - Ikari no Daibakuhatsu '' ( ぼく に まかせ て ! 悟 飯 ・ 怒り の 大 爆発 ) </Td> <Td> November 22 , 1989 </Td> <Td> April 12 , 1997 July 28 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` Ferocity of the Saiyans ! Kami - sama and Piccolo Both Die '' / `` The Return of Goku '' ( Goku 's Arrival ) `` Saiyajin no Mōi ! Kamisama mo Pikkoro mo Shinda '' ( サイヤ 人 の 猛威 ! 神様 も ピッコロ も 死ん だ ) </Td> <Td> November 29 , 1989 </Td> <Td> April 19 , 1997 August 1 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` Father is Awesome ! Kaio - ken , the Ultimate Finishing Technique '' / `` Goku Strikes Back '' ( Lesson Number One ) `` Tōsan Sugē ya ! Kyūkyoku no Hissatsuwaza - Kaiōken '' ( 父さん すげ ぇ や ! 究極 の 必殺 技 ・ 界 王 拳 ) </Td> <Td> December 6 , 1989 </Td> <Td> April 26 , 1997 August 2 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 30 </Th> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> `` A Hot , Unbounded Battle ! Goku vs. Vegeta '' / `` Goku vs. Vegeta ... A Saiyan Duel ! '' ( Goku vs. Vegeta ) `` Genkai o Koeta Atsui Tatakai ! Gokū Tai Bejīta '' ( 限界 を 超え た 熱い 戦い ! 悟空 対 ベジータ ) </Td> <Td> December 13 , 1989 </Td> <Td> May 3 , 1997 August 3 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 31 </Th> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> `` Now , Goku ! A Final Technique with Everything on the Line '' / `` Goku vs. Vegeta ... A Saiyan Duel ! '' ( Saiyan Sized Secret ) `` Ima da Gokū ! Subete o Kaketa Saigo no Ōwaza '' ( いまだ 悟空 ! すべて を 賭け た 最後 の 大 技 ) </Td> <Td> December 20 , 1989 </Td> <Td> May 3 , 1997 August 4 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 32 </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> `` Battle Power Times Ten ! ! Vegeta 's Great Metamorphosis '' / `` Vegeta ... Saiyan Style ! '' ( Spirit Bomb Away ! ) `` Sentōryoku Jūbai ! ! Bejīta Daihenshin '' ( 戦闘 力 10 倍 ! ! ベジータ 大 変身 ) </Td> <Td> January 17 , 1990 </Td> <Td> May 10 , 1997 August 8 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 33 </Th> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Die , Father ! ! This is the Depth of Gohan 's Power '' / `` Stop Vegeta Now ! '' ( Hero in the Shadows ) `` Shinanaide Tōsan ! ! Kore ga Gohan no Sokojikara '' ( 死な ない で 父さん ! ! これが 悟 飯 の 底力 ) </Td> <Td> January 24 , 1990 </Td> <Td> May 17 , 1997 August 9 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 34 </Th> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> `` Shoot , Kuririn ! The Genki Dama , Packed with Hope '' / `` Stop Vegeta Now ! '' ( Krillin 's Offensive ) `` Ute Kuririn ! Negai o Kometa Genkidama '' ( 撃て クリリン ! 願い を こめ た 元気 玉 ) </Td> <Td> January 31 , 1990 </Td> <Td> May 17 , 1997 August 10 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 35 </Th> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> `` Cause a Miracle ! Son Gohan , the Super Saiyan '' / `` The Battle Ends '' ( Mercy ) `` Kiseki o Okose ! Sūpā Saiyajin Son Gohan '' ( 奇跡 を 起こせ ! スーパー サイヤ 人 孫 悟 飯 ) </Td> <Td> February 7 , 1990 </Td> <Td> May 24 , 1997 August 11 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 36 </Th> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> `` We 're Off Into Space ! The Star of Hope is Piccolo 's Homeland '' / `` A New Goal ... Namek '' ( Picking Up the Pieces ) `` Tobidase Uchū e ! Kibō no Hoshi wa Pikkoro no Furusato '' ( 飛び出せ 宇宙 へ ! 希望 の 星 は ピッコロ の 故郷 ) </Td> <Td> February 14 , 1990 </Td> <Td> September 13 , 1997 August 15 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 37 </Th> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> `` Mysterious Yunzabit ! The Search for Kami - sama 's Spaceship '' / `` A New Goal ... Namek '' ( Plans for Departure ) `` Nazo no Yunzabitto ! Kamisama no Uchūsen o Sagase '' ( 謎 の ユンザビット ! 神様 の 宇宙 船 を 探せ ) </Td> <Td> February 21 , 1990 </Td> <Td> September 13 , 1997 August 16 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 38 </Th> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> `` Blast - off for Planet Namek ! The Terror Awaiting Gohan & Co . '' / `` Journey to Namek '' ( Nursing Wounds ) `` Namekkusei Iki Hasshin ! Gohantachi o Matsu Kyōfu '' ( ナメック 星 行き 発進 ! 悟 飯 たち を 待つ 恐怖 ) </Td> <Td> February 28 , 1990 </Td> <Td> September 20 , 1997 August 17 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 39 </Th> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> `` Friends or Foes ? Children of the Mysterious Giant Spaceship '' / `` Journey to Namek '' ( Friends or Foes ? ) `` Teki ka Mikata ka ? Nazo no Kyodai Uchūsen no Kodomotachi '' ( 敵 か 味方 か ? 謎 の 巨大 宇宙 船 の 子供 たち ) </Td> <Td> March 7 , 1990 </Td> <Td> September 20 , 1997 August 18 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Notes </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The term Oozaru has been changed to Great Ape as it was used in the live - action movie Dragonball Evolution which Akira Toriyama was not involved in and was not mentioned at all in the series , therefore it is non-canon . </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H3> Season 2 : Namek and Captain Ginyu sagas ( 1990 -- 1991 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 2 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ep # </Th> <Th> Initial dub ep # </Th> <Th> Translated title / Original dub title ( Funimation 's dub title ) Japanese title </Th> <Th> Japanese airdate </Th> <Th> English airdate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 40 </Th> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> `` Honest to Goodness ? There Lies Namek , Planet of Hope '' / `` Friends or Foes ? '' ( Held Captive ) `` Honto ni Honto ? Are ga Kibō no Namekkusei '' ( ホント に ホント ? あれ が 希望 の ナメック 星 ) </Td> <Td> March 14 , 1990 </Td> <Td> September 20 , 1997 August 22 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 41 </Th> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> `` Kind - hearted Aliens -- There 's the Wu Xing Qiu Already '' / `` Look Out Below '' ( Look Out Below ) `` Shinsetsu na Uchūjin -- Ikinari Atta yo Ūshinchū '' ( 親切 な 宇宙 人 いきなり あっ たよ 五 星球 ) </Td> <Td> March 21 , 1990 </Td> <Td> September 20 , 1997 August 23 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 42 </Th> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> `` Planet Freeza No. 79 -- Vegeta Recovers ! ! '' / `` Hunt for a Dragon Ball '' ( The Search Continues ) `` Wakusei Furīza Nanbā Nanajūkyū -- Fukkatsu no Bejīta ! ! '' ( 惑星 フリーザ NO. 79 復活 の ベジータ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> April 4 , 1990 </Td> <Td> September 20 , 1997 August 24 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 43 </Th> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> `` The Dragon Balls are All Found ! Piccolo - san Will Also Come Back to Life '' / `` Who 's Who ? ! '' ( A Friendly Surprise ) `` Sorotta zo Doragon Bōru ! Pikkorosan mo Ikikaeru '' ( そろっ た ぞ 神龍 球 ! ピッコロ さん も 生き返る ) </Td> <Td> April 11 , 1990 </Td> <Td> September 27 , 1997 August 25 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 44 </Th> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> `` A Tough New Enemy ! Freeza , Emperor of the Universe '' / `` Touchdown on Namek '' ( Brood of Evil ) `` Arata na Kyōteki ! Uchū no Teiō Furīza '' ( あらた な 強敵 ! 宇宙 の 帝王 フリーザ ) </Td> <Td> April 18 , 1990 </Td> <Td> September 27 , 1997 August 29 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 45 </Th> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> `` Vegeta 's Ambition ! I am the Greatest Warrior in the Universe ! ! '' / `` Face - off on Namek '' ( Frieza Strikes ! ) `` Yabō no Bejīta ! Uchūichi no Senshi wa Ore Da ! ! '' ( 野望 の ベジータ ! 宇宙 一 の 戦士 は オレ だ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> April 25 , 1990 </Td> <Td> October 4 , 1997 August 30 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 46 </Th> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> `` Goku 's Power Unleashed ! ! Six Days to the Far End of the Galaxy '' / `` The Ruthless Frieza '' ( Defying Orders ) `` Gokū Pawā Zenkai ! ! Ginga no Hate made Muikakan '' ( 悟空 パワー 全開 ! ! 銀河 の 果て まで 6 日間 ) </Td> <Td> May 2 , 1990 </Td> <Td> October 4 , 1997 August 31 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 47 </Th> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> `` Surprise Attack ! ! The Elder 's Target was the Scouters '' / `` The Nameks versus Frieza '' ( Namek 's Defense ) `` Ihyō o Tsuita Kōgeki ! ! Chōrō no Nerai wa Sukautā '' ( 意表 を つい た 攻撃 ! ! 長老 の 狙い は スカウター ) </Td> <Td> May 9 , 1990 </Td> <Td> October 11 , 1997 September 1 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 48 </Th> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> `` Gohan in Peril ! A Pursuing Dodoria Summons Death '' / `` Escape from Dodoria '' ( The Hunted ) `` Gohan Ayaushi ! Shi o Yobu Tsuisekisha Dodoria '' ( 悟 飯 危うし ! 死 を 呼ぶ 追跡 者 ドドリア ) </Td> <Td> May 16 , 1990 </Td> <Td> October 11 , 1997 September 5 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 49 </Th> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> `` Dodoria Dies by Explosion ! Vegeta 's Fearsome Shockwave '' / `` Secrets Revealed '' ( The Prince Fights Back ) `` Bakushi Dodoria ! Bejīta no Osoru Beki Shōgekiha '' ( 爆死 ドドリア ! ベジータ の 恐る べき 衝撃波 ) </Td> <Td> May 23 , 1990 </Td> <Td> October 18 , 1997 September 6 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 50 </Th> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> `` Escape From a Burning Planet ! ! A Life - or - Death Kamehame - Ha '' / `` A Collision Course '' ( Unexpected Problem ) `` Moeru Wakusei kara no Dasshutsu ! ! Inochigake no Kamehameha '' ( 燃える 惑星 から の 脱出 ! ! 命がけ の カメハメ 波 ) </Td> <Td> May 30 , 1990 </Td> <Td> October 18 , 1997 September 7 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 51 </Th> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> `` Courage Times One Hundred ! The Warriors Gathered Under Kaio '' / `` Stay Away From Frieza '' ( Vegeta has a Ball ) `` Yūki Hyakubai ! Kaiō no Moto ni Shūketsu Suru Senshitachi '' ( 勇気 百倍 ! 界 王 の 下 に 集結 する 戦士 たち ) </Td> <Td> June 6 , 1990 </Td> <Td> October 25 , 1997 September 12 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 52 </Th> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> `` Listen to Me , Goku ! Hands Off Freeza '' / `` Stay Away From Frieza '' ( The Past and Future ) `` Kike Gokū yo ! Furīza ni wa Te o Dasu na '' ( 聞け 悟空 よ ! フリーザ に は 手 を 出す な ) </Td> <Td> June 20 , 1990 </Td> <Td> October 25 , 1997 September 13 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 53 </Th> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> `` Nothing but Goosebumps ! The Handsome Warrior Zarbon 's Devilish Transformation '' / `` Zarbon Transformed '' ( Zarbon 's Surprise ) `` Hotondo Torihada ! Bisenshi Zābon no Akuma no Henshin '' ( ほとんど 鳥肌 ! 美 戦士 ザーボン の 悪魔 の 変身 ) </Td> <Td> June 27 , 1990 </Td> <Td> October 25 , 1997 September 14 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 54 </Th> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> `` Defend the Star of Hope ! ! Kuririn 's Astonishing Power - Up '' / `` The Eldest Namek '' ( Guru 's Gift ) `` Kibō no Hoshi o Mamore ! ! Kuririn Kyōi no Pawā Appu '' ( 希望 の 星 を 守れ ! ! クリリン 驚異 の パワー UP ) </Td> <Td> July 4 , 1990 </Td> <Td> November 1 , 1997 September 15 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 55 </Th> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> `` Back from the Brink of Death -- The Miracle Man , Vegeta '' / `` Get Vegeta ! '' ( Piccolo vs. Everyone ) `` Shi no Fuchi kara Yomigaetta -- Kiseki no Otoko - Bejīta '' ( 死 の 淵 から よみがえっ た 奇跡 の 男 ・ ベジータ ) </Td> <Td> July 18 , 1990 </Td> <Td> November 1 , 1997 September 19 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 56 </Th> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> `` An Enormous Battle Power ! ! Freeza 's Scheme is Shattered '' / `` Vegeta Revived '' ( Zarbon 's Mission ) `` Dodekai Sentōryoku ! ! Kudakechiru Furīza no Inbō '' ( ど でかい 戦闘 力 ! ! 砕け 散る フリーザ の 陰謀 ) </Td> <Td> August 1 , 1990 </Td> <Td> November 8 , 1997 September 20 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 57 </Th> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> `` I 'm Back to My Old Self Again ! ! Goku Under 100 - Times Super-Gravity '' / `` A Heavy Burden '' ( Gohan , the Hunted ) `` Genki ga Modotta zo ! ! Hyakubai Chōjūryoku no Naka no Gokū '' ( 元気 が 戻っ た ぞ ! ! 100 倍 超 重力 の 中 の 悟空 ) </Td> <Td> August 8 , 1990 </Td> <Td> November 8 , 1997 September 21 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 58 </Th> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> `` Freeza 's Secret Weapon ! The Devilish Ginyu Special Corps '' / `` Immortality Denied '' ( Unknown Enemies ) `` Furīza no Himitsu Heiki ! Akuma no Ginyū Tokusentai '' ( フリーザ の 秘密 兵器 ! 悪魔 の ギニュー 特 戦隊 ) </Td> <Td> August 22 , 1990 </Td> <Td> November 15 , 1997 September 22 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NA </Th> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> `` The Decisive Battle for the Entire Earth '' / `` The Tree of Might : Part 1 '' `` Chikyū Marugoto Chōkessen '' ( 地球 まるごと 超 決戦 ) </Td> <Td> NA </Td> <Td> November 15 , 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NA </Th> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> `` The Decisive Battle for the Entire Earth '' / `` The Tree of Might : Part 2 '' `` Chikyū Marugoto Chōkessen '' ( 地球 まるごと 超 決戦 ) </Td> <Td> NA </Td> <Td> November 22 , 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NA </Th> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> `` The Decisive Battle for the Entire Earth '' / `` The Tree of Might : Part 3 '' `` Chikyū Marugoto Chōkessen '' ( 地球 まるごと 超 決戦 ) </Td> <Td> NA </Td> <Td> November 22 , 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 59 </Th> <Td> 46 / 49 </Td> <Td> `` Watch Out , Bulma ! ! The Si Xing Qiu Falls into Freeza 's Clutches '' / `` Big Trouble for Bulma '' ( Destination : Guru ) `` Buruma ga Abunai ! ! Sūshinchū wa Furīza no Te ni '' ( ブルマ が 危ない ! ! 四 星球 は フリーザ の 手 に ) </Td> <Td> August 29 , 1990 </Td> <Td> January 31 , 1998 September 26 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 60 </Th> <Td> 47 / 50 </Td> <Td> `` Charge ! ! The Kaio - ken and Kamehame - Ha of an Indomitable Spirit '' / `` Scramble for the Dragon Balls ! '' ( Bulma 's Big Day ) `` Gekitotsu da ! ! Fukutsu no Tōshi no Kaiōken to Kamehameha '' ( 激突 だ ! ! 不屈 の 闘志 の 界 王 拳 と カメハメ 波 ) </Td> <Td> September 5 , 1990 </Td> <Td> February 7 , 1998 September 27 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 61 </Th> <Td> 48 / 51 </Td> <Td> `` The Great Battle Approaches ! Ginyu 's Special Corps Takes the Stage ! ! '' / `` Arrival of the Ginyu Force '' ( Hidden Power ) `` Semaru Chō - Kessen ! Ginyū Tokusentai Tadaima Sanjō ! ! '' ( 激突 だ ! ! 不屈 の 闘志 の 界 王 拳 と カメハメ 波 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> September 12 , 1990 </Td> <Td> February 7 , 1998 September 28 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 62 </Th> <Td> 49 / 52 </Td> <Td> `` Goku on Final Approach ! Smash Through Freeza 's Dragnet '' / `` Elite Fighters of the Universe ... The Ginyu Force '' ( New Ally , New Problem ) `` Gokū ga Daisekkin ! Furīza no Hōimō o Buchiyabure '' ( 悟空 が 大 接近 ! フリーザ の 包囲 網 を ぶち 破れ ) </Td> <Td> September 19 , 1990 </Td> <Td> February 14 , 1998 September 29 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 63 </Th> <Td> 50 / 53 </Td> <Td> `` Super-Magic or Just a Trick ! ? Mr. Ghurd is Angry ! '' / `` Time Tricks and Body Binds '' ( Guldo 's Mind Binds ) `` Chōmajutsu ka Torikku ka ! ? Misutā Gurudo ga Okotta zo ! '' ( 超 魔術 か トリック か ! ? MR. グルド が 怒っ た ぞ ! ) </Td> <Td> September 26 , 1990 </Td> <Td> February 14 , 1998 October 3 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 64 </Th> <Td> 51 / 54 </Td> <Td> `` The Savage ReaCoom ! ! He 's Bad , He 's Strong , He 's Outrageous '' / `` No Refuge From Recoome '' ( Recoome Unleashed ) `` Mōi Rikūmu ! ! Warukute Tsuyokute Tondemonai Yatsu '' ( 猛攻 リクーム ! ! 悪く て 強く て とんでも ない 奴 ) </Td> <Td> October 24 , 1990 </Td> <Td> May 16 , 1998 October 4 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 65 </Th> <Td> 52 / 55 </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Die , Gohan ! Goku Finally Touches Down on the Battlefield '' / `` Enter Goku '' ( Let the Battle Begin ) `` Shinu na Gohan ! Gokū , Tsui ni Kessenjō ni Tōchaku Da '' ( 死ぬ な 悟 飯 ! 悟空 、 ついに 決戦 場 に 到着 だ ) </Td> <Td> October 31 , 1990 </Td> <Td> May 23 , 1998 October 5 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 66 </Th> <Td> 53 / 56 </Td> <Td> `` Uncommon Strength ! ! Son Goku , the Legendary Super Saiyan '' / `` Goku ... Super Saiyan ? '' ( Goku 's New Power ) `` Ketahazure no Tsuyosa ! ! Densetsu no Sūpā Saiyajin Son Gokū '' ( ケタ 外れ の 強 さ ! ! 伝説 の 超 サイヤ 人 孫悟空 ) </Td> <Td> November 7 , 1990 </Td> <Td> May 23 , 1998 October 6 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 67 </Th> <Td> 53 / 56 </Td> <Td> `` Lightning Balls of Red and Blue ! Jheese and Butta Attack Goku '' / `` Goku ... Super Saiyan ? '' ( A Legend Revealed ) `` Aka to Ao no Raitoningu Bōru ! Jīsu to Bāta ga Gokū o Osō '' ( 赤 と 青 の 光 球 ! ジース と バータ が 悟空 を 襲う ) </Td> <Td> November 14 , 1990 </Td> <Td> May 23 , 1998 October 10 , 2005 ( re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 68 </Th> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> `` At Last , a Direct Confrontation ! ! Captain Ginyu Takes the Field '' / `` Ginyu Assault '' `` Tsui ni Chokusetsu Taiketsu ! ! Ginyū Taichō no Odemashi Da '' ( ついに 直接 対決 ! ! ギニュー 隊長 の お で まし だ ) </Td> <Td> November 21 , 1990 </Td> <Td> September 13 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 69 </Th> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> `` Incredible Force ! ! Did You See Goku 's Full Power ? '' / `` Incredible Force ! '' `` Susamajii Hakuryoku ! ! Mita ka , Gokū no Furu Pawā '' ( 凄まじい 迫力 ! ! 見 たか 、 悟空 の フル パワー ) </Td> <Td> November 28 , 1990 </Td> <Td> September 13 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 70 </Th> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> `` What of the Battle 's Outcome ! ? Freeza 's Evil Hand Closes Around the Grand Elder '' / `` Frieza Approaches '' `` Tatakai no Yukue ! ? Saichōrō ni Semaru Furīza no Ma no Te '' ( 闘い の 行方 ! ? 最 長老 に 迫る フリーザ の 魔 の 手 ) </Td> <Td> December 5 , 1990 </Td> <Td> September 14 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 71 </Th> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> `` Surprise ! ! Goku is Ginyu and Ginyu is Goku '' / `` Goku is Ginyu and Ginyu is Goku '' `` Bikkuri ! ! Gokū ga Ginyū de Ginyū ga Gokū '' ( ビックリ ! ! 悟空 が ギニュー で ギニュー が 悟空 ) </Td> <Td> December 12 , 1990 </Td> <Td> September 15 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 72 </Th> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> `` Come Forth , Super Shen Long ! ! Grant Me My Wish '' / `` Calling the Eternal Dragon '' `` Ide yo Sūpā Shenron ! ! Boku no Negai o Kanaetamae '' ( 出 で よ 超 神龍 ! ! ボク の 願い を かなえ たまえ ) </Td> <Td> December 19 , 1990 </Td> <Td> September 16 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 73 </Th> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> `` That Ai n't Me ! Gohan , Do n't Lose Your Nerve , Hit Your Father ! ! '' / `` Gohan - Defeat Your Dad ! '' `` Yatsu wa Ora ja Nē ! Gohan Bibiru na Chichi o Ute ! ! '' ( 奴 は オラ じゃ ネェ ! 悟 飯 びびる な 父 を 撃て ! ! ) </Td> <Td> January 9 , 1991 </Td> <Td> September 17 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 74 </Th> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> `` Whoops ! ! Ginyu Has Turned Into a Frog '' / `` Captain Ginyu ... The Frog '' `` Daigosan ! ! Ginyū ga Kaeru ni Natchatta '' ( 大 誤算 ! ! ギニュー が カエル に なっ ちゃっ た ) </Td> <Td> January 16 , 1991 </Td> <Td> September 20 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H3> Season 3 : Frieza saga ( 1991 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 3 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ep # </Th> <Th> Initial dub ep # </Th> <Th> Translated title / Funimation 's dub title Japanese title </Th> <Th> Japanese airdate </Th> <Th> English airdate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 75 </Th> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> `` Thou Who Hast Gathered the Seven Balls ... Now Speak Forth the Password ! '' / `` Password is Porunga '' `` Nanatsu no Tama o Soroeshi Mono yo ... Sā Aikotoba o Ie ! '' ( 七 ッ の 玉 を 揃え し 者 よ ... さあ 合言葉 を 言え ! ) </Td> <Td> January 23 , 1991 </Td> <Td> September 21 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 76 </Th> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> `` Kami - sama Also Returns to Life ! Piccolo is Resurrected by Super Shen Long '' / `` Piccolo 's Return '' `` Kamisama mo Ikikaetta ! Sūpā Shen Long de Pikkoro ga Fukkatsu '' ( 神様 も 生き返っ た ! 超 神龍 で ピッコロ が 復活 ) </Td> <Td> January 30 , 1991 </Td> <Td> September 22 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 77 </Th> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> `` Birth of the Mightiest Warrior ! ? Nail and Piccolo Merge '' / `` The Fusion '' `` Saikyō Senshi no Tanjō ka ! ? Neiru to Pikkoro ga Gattai '' ( 最強 戦士 の 誕生 か ! ? ネイル と ピッコロ が 合体 ) </Td> <Td> February 6 , 1991 </Td> <Td> September 23 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 78 </Th> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> `` A Nightmare Super-Transformation ! ! Frieza 's Battle Power of One Million '' / `` Fighting Power : One Million ? '' `` Akumu no Chōhenshin ! ! Sentōryoku Hyakuman no Furīza '' ( 悪夢 の 超 変身 ! ! 戦闘 力 100 万 の フリーザ ) </Td> <Td> February 13 , 1991 </Td> <Td> September 24 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 79 </Th> <Td> 65a </Td> <Td> `` Is This the End ! ? A Brutally Transcendent Power Attacks Gohan '' / `` Gohan Attacks '' `` Koko made ka ! ? Kyōaku Chōzetsu Pawā ga Gohan o Osō '' ( ここ まで か ! ? 凶悪 超絶 パワー が 悟 飯 を 襲う ) </Td> <Td> February 20 , 1991 </Td> <Td> September 27 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 80 </Th> <Td> 65b </Td> <Td> `` The Tide Suddenly Turned ! ! Piccolo , the Warrior Who Came Late '' / `` Piccolo the Super-Namek '' `` Ikki ni Keisei Gyakuten ! ! Okurete Kita Senshi - Pikkoro '' ( 一気に 形勢 逆転 ! ! 遅れ てき た 戦士 ・ ピッコロ ) </Td> <Td> February 27 , 1991 </Td> <Td> September 27 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 81 </Th> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> `` Piccolo 's Self - Confidence ! I Will Be the One to Defeat Freeza '' / `` Deja Vu '' `` Pikkoro no Jishin ! Furīza o Taosu no wa Ore da '' ( ピッコロ の 自信 ! フリーザ を 倒す の は オレ だ ) </Td> <Td> March 6 , 1991 </Td> <Td> September 28 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 82 </Th> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> `` Attack , Goku ! ! An Enraged Freeza 's Second Transformation '' / `` Frieza 's Second Transformation '' `` Shutsugeki da Gokū ! ! Gekido no Furīza ga Daini no Henshin '' ( 出撃 だ 悟空 ! ! 激怒 の フリーザ が 第 2 の 変身 ) </Td> <Td> March 13 , 1991 </Td> <Td> September 29 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 83 </Th> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> `` Fear Me ! ! Freeza Does Battle with a Third Transformation '' / `` Another Transformation ? '' `` Kyōfu Shiro ! ! Furīza wa Sando no Henshin de Shōbu Suru '' ( 恐怖 しろ ! ! フリーザ は 3 度 の 変身 で 勝負 する ) </Td> <Td> March 20 , 1991 </Td> <Td> September 30 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 84 </Th> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> `` The Death of Dende ... Come Forth ! Intense , Wide - Open Power '' / `` Dende 's Demise '' `` Dende no Shi ... Dete Koi ! Tobikiri Zenkai Pawā '' ( デンデ の 死 ... で て こい ! とびきり 全開 パワー ) </Td> <Td> March 27 , 1991 </Td> <Td> October 1 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 85 </Th> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> `` How I 've Waited for this Moment ! ! ! Son Goku Revived '' / `` The Renewed Goku '' `` Machi ni Matta ze , Kono Shunkan ! ! ! Son Gokū ga Fukkatsu da '' ( 待ち に 待った ぜ 、 この 瞬間 ! ! ! 孫悟空 が 復活 だ ) </Td> <Td> April 3 , 1991 </Td> <Td> October 4 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 86 </Th> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> `` Such Regret ... ! ! Vegeta , Pride of the Saiyans , Dies '' / `` The End of Vegeta '' `` Munen ... ! ! Hokori Takaki Saiyajin Bejīta Shisu '' ( 無念 ... ! ! 誇り 高き サイヤ 人 ・ ベジータ 死す ) </Td> <Td> April 10 , 1991 </Td> <Td> October 5 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 87 </Th> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> `` The Curtain Rises over the Ultimate Battle ! ! I Am Going to Defeat You ! '' / `` The Ultimate Battle '' `` Chō Kessen no Makuake da ! ! Omēdake wa Ora ga Taosu '' ( 超 決戦 の 幕開け だ ! ! お め え だけ は オラ が 倒す ) </Td> <Td> April 17 , 1991 </Td> <Td> October 6 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 88 </Th> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> `` The Two Superpowers Collide ! A Fistfight Where Both Turn Serious ! ! ! '' / `` Clash of the Super Powers '' `` Gekitotsu no Ni Dai Chō Pawā ! Honki Dōshi no Nikudan Sen ! ! ! '' ( 激突 の 2 大 超 パワー ! 本気 同士 の 肉弾 戦 ! ! ! ) </Td> <Td> April 24 , 1991 </Td> <Td> October 7 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 89 </Th> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> `` Freeza 's Terrible Declaration ! I Will Defeat You Without Using My Hands '' / `` Frieza 's Boast '' `` Furīza Kyōfu no Sengen ! Te o Tsukawazu Omae o Taosu '' ( フリーザ 恐怖 の 宣言 ! 手 を 使わ ず お前 を 倒す ) </Td> <Td> May 1 , 1991 </Td> <Td> October 8 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 90 </Th> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> `` That Was No Idle Boast ! ! Son Goku , an Audacious , Wonderful Guy '' / `` Bold and Fearless '' `` Hattari ja nē zo ! ! Daitan Suteki na Yatsu - Son Gokū '' ( ハッタリ じゃ ねえ ぞ ! ! 大胆 素敵 な 奴 ・ 孫悟空 ) </Td> <Td> May 8 , 1991 </Td> <Td> October 11 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 91 </Th> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> `` Showdown ! ! The Embodiment of Flame in a 20 - Times Kaio - ken Kamehame - Ha '' / `` Embodiment of Fire '' `` Ketchaku da ! ! Honō no Keshin Nijūbai Kaiōken no Kamehameha '' ( 決着 だ ! ! 炎 の 化身 20 倍 界 王 拳 の カメハメ 波 ) </Td> <Td> May 15 , 1991 </Td> <Td> October 12 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 92 </Th> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> `` A Super-Huge Genki Dama -- I 'm Playing My Last Card ! ! '' / `` Trump Card '' `` Chō Tokudai no Genki Dama Kore ga Saikyō no Kirifuda da ! ! '' ( 超 特大 の 元気 玉 これが 最後 の 切り札 だ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> May 22 , 1991 </Td> <Td> October 13 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 93 </Th> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> `` Keep the Chance Alive ! ! Piccolo 's Suicide Support Strike '' / `` Keep the Chance Alive ! ! '' `` Chansu o Ikase ! ! Pikkoro Sutemi no Engo Shageki '' ( チャンス を 生かせ ! ! ピッコロ 捨身 の 援護 射撃 ) </Td> <Td> May 29 , 1991 </Td> <Td> October 14 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 94 </Th> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> `` The Incredible Destructive Force of the Genki Dama ! ! Who Will Survive ? ! '' / `` Power of the Spirit '' `` Genki Dama no Chō Hakairyoku ! ! Ikinokotta no wa Dare da ! ? '' ( 元気 玉 の 超 破壊 力 ! ! 生き残っ た の は 誰 だ ! ? ) </Td> <Td> June 5 , 1991 </Td> <Td> October 15 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 95 </Th> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> `` Transformed At Last ! ! Son Goku , the Legendary Super Saiyan '' / `` Transformed at Last '' `` Tsui ni Henshin ! ! Densetsu no Sūpā Saiyajin Son Gokū '' ( ついに 変身 ! ! 伝説 の 超 サイヤ 人 ・ 孫悟空 ) </Td> <Td> June 12 , 1991 </Td> <Td> October 18 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 96 </Th> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> `` An Explosion of Anger ! ! Goku , Avenge Everyone 's Deaths '' / `` Explosion of Anger '' `` Ikari Bakuhatsu ! ! Gokū yo , Minna no Kataki o Uttekure '' ( 怒り 爆発 ! ! 悟空 よ 、 みんなの 仇 を 討っ て くれ ) </Td> <Td> June 19 , 1991 </Td> <Td> October 19 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 97 </Th> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> `` The Destruction of Planet Namek ! ? A Demonic Flash Pierces the Ground '' / `` Namek 's Destruction ? '' `` Namekkusei Shōmetsu ka ! ? Daichi o Tsuranuku Ma no Senkō '' ( ナメック 星 消滅 か ! ? 大地 を 貫く 魔 の 閃光 ) </Td> <Td> June 26 , 1991 </Td> <Td> October 20 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 98 </Th> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> `` I Will Be the One Who Wins ... Risking Survival , a Final Attack '' / `` A Final Attack '' `` Katsu no wa Ore Da ... Ikinokori o Kaketa Saishū Kōgeki '' ( 勝つ の は オレ だ ... 生き残り を かけ た 最終 攻撃 ) </Td> <Td> July 10 , 1991 </Td> <Td> October 21 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 99 </Th> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> `` Shen Long , Run Yourself Through Space ! ! The Time of Namek 's Destruction Draws Near '' / `` Approaching Destruction '' `` Shen Long yo Uchū o Hashire ! ! Semaru Namekkusei Shōmetsu no Toki '' ( 神龍 よ 宇宙 を 走れ ! ! 迫る ナメック 星 消滅 の 時 ) </Td> <Td> July 17 , 1991 </Td> <Td> October 22 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 100 </Th> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> `` I Am Son Goku 's Son ! ! Gohan Returns to the Battlefield '' / `` Gohan Returns '' `` Boku wa Son Gokū no Musuko da ! ! Gohan , Futatabi Kessenjō e '' ( ボク は 孫悟空 の 息子 だ ! ! 悟 飯 、 再び 決戦 場 へ ) </Td> <Td> July 24 , 1991 </Td> <Td> October 25 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 101 </Th> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> `` I 'm Staying on This Planet ! ! A Final Wish Towards Victory '' / `` The Last Wish '' `` Ore wa Kono Hoshi ni Nokoru ! ! Shōri e no Saigo no Negai '' ( オレ は この 星 に 残る ! ! 勝利 へ の 最後 の 願い ) </Td> <Td> July 31 , 1991 </Td> <Td> October 26 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 102 </Th> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> `` Let 's Get It On ! ! Two Remain on a Vanishing Planet '' / `` Duel on a Vanishing Planet '' `` Tokoton Yarōze ! ! Kieyuku Hoshi ni Nokotta Futari '' ( と とことん や ろう ぜ ! ! 消え ゆく 星 に 残っ た 二 人 ) </Td> <Td> August 7 , 1991 </Td> <Td> October 27 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 103 </Th> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> `` Pathos of Freeza ! Once He Starts Shaking , He 's Unstoppable ! ! '' / `` Pathos of Frieza '' `` Aware Furīza ! Furue Dashitara Tomaranai ! ! '' ( 哀れ フリーザ ! 震え だ したら 止まら ない ! ! ) </Td> <Td> August 14 , 1991 </Td> <Td> October 28 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 104 </Th> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> `` Goku 's Declaration of Victory ! ! As Freeza Destroys Himself ... '' / `` Frieza Defeated ! ! '' `` Gokū no Shōri Sengen da ! ! Furīza ga Jimetsu suru Toki ... '' ( 悟空 の 勝利 宣言 だ ! ! フリーザ が 自滅 する 時 ... ) </Td> <Td> August 21 , 1991 </Td> <Td> October 29 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 105 </Th> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> `` Freeza Defeated ! ! A Single Blast Packed with a Totality of Rage '' / `` Mighty Blast of Rage '' `` Furīza Yabureru ! ! Subete no Ikari o Kometa Ichigeki '' ( フリーザ 敗れる ! ! すべて の 怒り を こめ た 一撃 ) </Td> <Td> August 28 , 1991 </Td> <Td> November 1 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 106 </Th> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> `` Planet Namek 's Great Explosion ! ! Goku Disappears into Space '' / `` Namek 's Explosion ... Goku 's End ? '' `` Namekkusei Dai Bakuhatsu ! ! Uchū ni Kieta Gokū '' ( ナメック 星 大 爆発 ! ! 宇宙 に 消え た 悟空 ) </Td> <Td> September 4 , 1991 </Td> <Td> November 2 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 107 </Th> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> `` Son Goku Survived -- The Z Warriors All Resurrected ! ! '' / `` Goku 's Alive ! ! '' `` Ikiteita Son Gokū Zetto Senshi ga Zen'in Fukkatsu da ! ! '' ( 生き てい た 孫悟空 Z 戦士 が 全員 復活 だ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> September 11 , 1991 </Td> <Td> November 3 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H3> Season 4 : Garlic Jr , Trunks and Androids sagas ( 1991 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 4 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Orig . ep # </Th> <Th> Initial dub ep # </Th> <Th> Translated title / Funimation 's dub title Original Japanese title </Th> <Th> Original airdate </Th> <Th> English airdate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 108 </Th> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> `` Terrible Happenings in Heaven ! ! Garlic Jr. to Become Kami ! ? '' / `` The Heavens Tremble '' `` Tenkai ga Taihen da ! ! Gārikku Junia ga Kami ni Naru ! ? '' ( 天界 が 大変 だ ! ! ガーリック Jr が 神 に なる ! ? ) </Td> <Td> September 18 , 1991 </Td> <Td> April 8 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 109 </Th> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> `` Black Mist of Terror ... ! ! Everyone Turns Demonic '' / `` Black Fog of Terror '' `` Kyōfu no Kuroi Kiri ... ! ! Minna Mazoku ni Natchatta '' ( 恐怖 の 黒い 霧 ... ! ! みんな 魔 族 に なっ ちゃっ た ) </Td> <Td> September 25 , 1991 </Td> <Td> April 15 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110 </Th> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> `` The Heavenly Realm is the Battlefield ! ! Piccolo Becomes Devilish Again ... '' / `` Battle in Kami 's Lookout '' `` Tenkai ga Senjō da ! ! Pikkoro ga Mazoku ni Gyaku Modori ... '' ( 天界 が 戦場 だ ! ! ピッコロ が 魔 族 に 逆戻り ... ) </Td> <Td> October 2 , 1991 </Td> <Td> April 22 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 111 </Th> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> `` Direct Confrontation with Piccolo ! ! An Angry Masenko in the Heavenly Realm '' / `` Fight with Piccolo '' `` Pikkoro to Kyokusetsu Taiketsu ! ! Tenkai ni Ikari no Masenkō '' ( ピッコロ と 直接 対決 ! ! 天界 に 怒り の 魔 せん 光 ) </Td> <Td> October 9 , 1991 </Td> <Td> April 29 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 112 </Th> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> `` Retrieve Everyone 's Minds ! ! The Ultra Holy Water Resting in the Temple '' / `` Call for Restoration '' `` Minna no Kokoro o Torimodose ! ! Shinden ni Nemuru Chō Shinsui '' ( みんなの 心 を 取り戻せ ! ! 神殿 に 眠る 超 神 水 ) </Td> <Td> October 16 , 1991 </Td> <Td> May 6 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 113 </Th> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> `` Ca n't Wait Until Morning ! ! Kami - sama Determines a Suicidal Course of Action '' / `` Suicidal Course '' `` Asa made Matenai ! ! Kamisama no Kakugo o Kimeta Kesshikō '' ( 朝 まで 待て ない ! ! 神様 の 覚悟 を きめ た 決死 行 ) </Td> <Td> October 23 , 1991 </Td> <Td> May 13 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 114 </Th> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> `` A Battle of Extreme Measures ! ! Kami - sama Breaks the Covenant '' / `` Extreme Measures '' `` Chō Kageki ni Shōbu da ! ! Okite Yaburi no Kamisama '' ( 超 過激 に 勝負 だ ! ! 掟 やぶり の 神様 ) </Td> <Td> October 30 , 1991 </Td> <Td> May 20 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 115 </Th> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> `` The Ultra Holy Water Worked ! ! The World Awakens from Its Nightmare '' / `` The World Awakens '' `` Kiita ze Chō Shinsui ! ! Sekai ga Akumu kara Sameta '' ( 効い た ぜ 超 神 水 ! ! 世界 が 悪夢 から さめ た ) </Td> <Td> November 6 , 1991 </Td> <Td> May 27 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 116 </Th> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> `` Gohan 's Brief Chance for Victory ! ! Blast the Makyo World ... '' / `` Brief Chance for Victory '' `` Gohan ni Isshun no Shōki ! ! Ano Makyōsei o Ute ... '' ( 悟 飯 に 一瞬 の 勝機 ! ! あの 魔 凶 星 を 撃て ... ) </Td> <Td> November 13 , 1991 </Td> <Td> May 27 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 117 </Th> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> `` You 're My Guy ... Kuririn -- A 101st Proposal '' / `` Krillin 's Proposal '' `` Otoko da nē ... Kuririn Hyakuikkaime no Puropōzu '' ( 男 だ ねェ ... クリリン 101 回目 の プロポーズ ) </Td> <Td> November 20 , 1991 </Td> <Td> September 1 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 118 </Th> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> `` That There is Earth , Papa ... The Counter-Attack of Freeza , Father and Son '' / `` Frieza 's Counterattack '' `` Are ga Chikyū dayo Papa ... Furīza Oyako no Gyakushū '' ( あれ が 地球 だ よ パパ ... フリーザ 親子 の 逆襲 ) </Td> <Td> November 27 , 1991 </Td> <Td> September 4 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 119 </Th> <Td> 104 </Td> <Td> `` I Will Defeat Freeza ... The Mysterious Youth Awaiting Goku '' / `` The Mysterious Youth '' `` Furīza wa Boku ga Taosu ... Gokū o Matsu Nazo no Shōnen '' ( フリーザ は ボク が 倒す ... 悟空 を 待つ 謎 の 少年 ) </Td> <Td> December 4 , 1991 </Td> <Td> September 5 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 120 </Th> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> `` Freeza Halved by a Single Stroke ! ! Another Super Saiyan '' / `` Another Super Saiyan ? '' `` Furīza o Ittō Ryōdan ! ! Mō Hitori no Sūpā Saiyajin '' ( フリーザ を 一 刃 両断 ! ! もう 一人 の 超 サイヤ 人 ) </Td> <Td> December 11 , 1991 </Td> <Td> September 6 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 121 </Th> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> `` Heya ! ! It 's Been a While ... Son Goku Returns '' / `` Welcome Back Goku '' `` Ossu ! ! Hisashiburi ... Kaettekita Son Gokū '' ( オッス ! ! ひさし ぶり ... 帰っ て 来 た 孫悟空 ) </Td> <Td> December 18 , 1991 </Td> <Td> September 7 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 122 </Th> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> `` My Dad is Vegeta ... Admissions of the Mysterious Youth '' / `` Mystery Revealed '' `` Boku no Chichi wa Bejīta desu ... Nazo no Shōnen no Kokuhaku '' ( ボク の 父 は ベジータ です ... 謎 の 少年 の 告白 ) </Td> <Td> January 8 , 1992 </Td> <Td> September 8 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 123 </Th> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> `` Goku 's New Finishing Technique ! ? Watch My Instantaneous Movement '' / `` Goku 's Special Technique '' `` Gokū no Shin Hissatsu Waza ! ? Mitekure , Ora no Shunkan Idō '' ( 悟空 の 新 必殺 技 ! ? 見てくれ 、 オラ の 瞬間 移動 ) </Td> <Td> January 15 , 1992 </Td> <Td> September 11 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 124 </Th> <Td> 109 </Td> <Td> `` I Will Overcome Goku ! ! The King of the Saiyan Warrior Race '' / `` Z Warriors Prepare '' `` Koeteyaru ... Gokū o ! ! Sentō Minzoku Saiyajin no Ō '' ( こえ て やる ... 悟空 を ! ! 戦闘 民族 サイヤ 人 の 王 ) </Td> <Td> January 22 , 1992 </Td> <Td> September 12 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 125 </Th> <Td> 110 </Td> <Td> `` License Mastery ? Goku 's Newest Trial '' / `` Goku 's Ordeal '' `` Menkyo Kaiden ? Gokū no Aratanaru Shiren '' ( 免許 皆伝 ? 悟空 の 新た なる 試練 ) </Td> <Td> January 29 , 1992 </Td> <Td> September 13 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 126 </Th> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> `` Murderers Who Leave No Trace -- Which Ones Are the Artificial Humans ! ? '' / `` The Androids Appear '' `` Kehai o Motanu Satsujinki Doitsu ga Jinzō Ningen da ! ? '' ( 気配 を 持た ぬ 殺人 鬼 ど いつ が 人造 人間 だ ! ? ) </Td> <Td> February 5 , 1992 </Td> <Td> September 14 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 127 </Th> <Td> 112 </Td> <Td> `` The Cold - Blooded No. 20 's Hideous Atrocities ! ! Goku 's Super Transformation of Anger '' / `` A Handy Trick '' `` Reiketsu Nijūgō no Akugyaku Hidō ! ! Gokū - Ikari no Chōhenshin '' ( 冷血 20 号 の 悪逆 非道 ! ! 悟空 ・ 怒り の 超 変身 ) </Td> <Td> February 12 , 1992 </Td> <Td> September 15 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 128 </Th> <Td> 113 </Td> <Td> `` Goku 's Double - Shock ! ! Caught Between Illness and Adversary '' / `` Double Trouble for Goku '' `` Gokū , Daburu Shokku ! ! Yamai to Teki no Hasamiuchi '' ( 悟空 、 ダブル ショック ! ! 病 と 敵 の はさみ撃ち ) </Td> <Td> February 19 , 1992 </Td> <Td> September 18 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 129 </Th> <Td> 114 </Td> <Td> `` The Might of Vegeta ! ! The Blood of a Super Saiyan Awakens '' / `` Upgrade to Super Saiyan '' `` Bejīta Tsuyoshi ! ! Mezameru Sūpā Saiyajin no Chi '' ( ベジータ 強し ! ! 目覚める 超 サイヤ 人 の 血 ) </Td> <Td> February 26 , 1992 </Td> <Td> September 19 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 130 </Th> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td> `` No. 20 's Defiant Smile ... The Secret of Doctor Gero '' / `` The Secret of Dr. Gero '' `` Nijūgō no Futeki na Warai ... Dokutā Gero no Himitsu '' ( 20 号 の 不 敵 な 笑い ... ドクター ゲロ の 秘密 ) </Td> <Td> March 4 , 1992 </Td> <Td> September 20 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 131 </Th> <Td> 116 </Td> <Td> `` A Reality More Terrifying than the Future ! ? Trunks ' Suspicions '' / `` More Androids ? ! '' `` Jijitsu wa Mirai yori Osoroshii ! ? Torankusu no Giwaku '' ( 事実 は 未来 より 恐ろしい ! ? トランクス の 疑惑 ) </Td> <Td> March 11 , 1992 </Td> <Td> September 21 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 132 </Th> <Td> 117 </Td> <Td> `` Give Chase ! ! The Search for Doctor Gero 's Mysterious Laboratory '' / `` Follow Dr. Gero '' `` Tsuigeki ! ! Dokutā Gero Nazo no Kenkyūjo o Sagashidase '' ( 追撃 ! ! ドクター ゲロ 謎 の 研究 所 を 探し出せ ) </Td> <Td> March 18 , 1992 </Td> <Td> September 22 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 133 </Th> <Td> 118 </Td> <Td> `` And the Terror Becomes Reality ... No. 17 and No. 18 Awaken ! ! '' / `` Nightmare Comes True '' `` Soshite Kyōfu ga Genjitsu ni ... Mezameru Jūnanagō to Jūhachigō ! ! '' ( そして 恐怖 が 現実 に ... 目覚める 17 号 と 18 号 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> March 25 , 1992 </Td> <Td> September 25 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 134 </Th> <Td> 119 </Td> <Td> `` Too Late to Do Anything ! ? The Ultimate Weapons to Kill Goku '' / `` Goku 's Assassin '' `` Subete ga Teokure ka ! ? Gokū o Korosu Saishū Heiki '' ( すべて が 手遅れ か ! ? 悟空 を 殺す 最終 兵器 ) </Td> <Td> April 1 , 1992 </Td> <Td> September 26 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 135 </Th> <Td> 120 </Td> <Td> `` Good Looks and Super Power ! ? No Blind Spot on No. 18 '' / `` Deadly Beauty '' `` Kawaii Kao de Chōpawā ! ? Jūhachigō ni Shikaku Nashi '' ( カワイイ 顔 で 超 パワー ! ? 18 号 に 死角 なし ) </Td> <Td> April 15 , 1992 </Td> <Td> September 27 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 136 </Th> <Td> 121 </Td> <Td> `` Nobody Is Able to Stop Them ... Is This the End of the Z Warriors ! ? '' / `` No Match for the Androids '' `` Dare nimo Yatsura o Tomerarenai ... Zetto Senshi Zenmetsu ka ! ? '' ( 誰 に も 奴ら を 止め られ ない ... Z 戦士 全滅 か ! ? ) </Td> <Td> April 22 , 1992 </Td> <Td> September 28 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 137 </Th> <Td> 122 </Td> <Td> `` Piccolo 's Resolution ! ! The Last Measure in His Reserve '' / `` Last Ditch Effort '' `` Pikkoro no Ketsui ! ! Totteoki no Saigo no Shudan '' ( ピッコロ の 決意 ! ! とっておき の 最後 の 手段 ) </Td> <Td> April 29 , 1992 </Td> <Td> September 29 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 138 </Th> <Td> 123 </Td> <Td> `` Walking Weapons of Mass Destruction ! ! The Artificial Humans Draw Near Goku '' / `` Closing In '' `` Aruku Chōhakai Heiki ! ! Jinzō Ningen ga Gokū ni Semaru '' ( 歩く 超 破壊 兵器 ! ! 人造 人間 が 悟空 に 迫る ) </Td> <Td> May 6 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 2 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 139 </Th> <Td> 124 </Td> <Td> `` An Ominous Foreboding ! Bulma Unveils a Mystery '' / `` Unwelcome Discovery '' `` Fukitsu na Yokan ! Buruma ga Shiraseta Misuterī '' ( 不吉 な 予感 ! ブルマ が 知らせ た ミステリー ) </Td> <Td> May 13 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 3 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H3> Season 5 : Imperfect Cell and Perfect Cell sagas ( 1992 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 5 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Orig . ep # </Th> <Th> Initial dub ep # </Th> <Th> Translated title / Funimation 's dub title Original Japanese title </Th> <Th> Original airdate </Th> <Th> English airdate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 140 </Th> <Td> 125 </Td> <Td> `` Discovery of an Evil Egg ! ! A Terrified Trunks '' / `` Seized with Fear '' `` Jaaku no Tamago o Hakken ! ! Kyōfu suru Torankusu '' ( 邪悪 の 卵 を 発見 ! ! 恐怖 する トランクス ) </Td> <Td> May 20 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 4 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 141 </Th> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> `` To Face an Unprecedented Foe ... Birth of a Super Namekian ! ! '' / `` The Reunion '' `` Katsutenai Teki ni Mukete ... Sūpā Namekkuseijin Tanjō ! ! '' ( かつて ない 敵 に 向け て ... 超 ナメック 星人 誕生 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> May 27 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 5 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 142 </Th> <Td> 127 </Td> <Td> `` Kamehame - Ha ! ? The Monster Who Possesses Goku 's Ki '' / `` Borrowed Powers '' `` Kamehameha ! ? Gokū no Ki o Motsu Monsutā '' ( カメハメ 波 ! ? 悟空 の 気 を 持つ モンスター ) </Td> <Td> June 3 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 6 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 143 </Th> <Td> 128 </Td> <Td> `` A Life Form of Evil and Destruction ! ! His Name Is Artificial Human Cell '' / `` His Name is Cell '' `` Zōo to Hakai no Seimeitai ! ! Yatsu no Na wa Jinzō Ningen Seru '' ( 憎悪 と 破壊 の 生命 体 ! ! 奴 の 名 は 人造 人間 セル ) </Td> <Td> June 10 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 9 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 144 </Th> <Td> 129 </Td> <Td> `` Piccolo 's Grievous Mistake ! Cell Turned Loose on the City ! '' / `` Piccolo 's Folly '' `` Pikkoro Tsūkon no Daishippai ! Seru ga Machi ni Hanatareta ! '' ( ピッコロ 痛恨 の 大 失敗 ! セル が 街 に 放 たれ た ! ) </Td> <Td> June 17 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 10 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 145 </Th> <Td> 130 </Td> <Td> `` The Secret of Cell 's Birth ! What Lies Below the Laboratory ! ? '' / `` Laboratory Basement '' `` Seru Tanjō no Himitsu ! Kenkyūjo no Chika ni Nani ga Aru ! ? '' ( セル 誕生 の 秘密 ! 研究 所 の 地下 に 何 が ある ! ? ) </Td> <Td> June 24 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 11 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 146 </Th> <Td> 131 </Td> <Td> `` Goku Awakens to Battle ! Go Beyond Super Saiyan ! ! '' / `` Our Hero Awakes '' `` Gokū Tatakai e no Mezame ! Sūpā Saiyajin o Koero ! ! '' ( 悟空 闘い へ の 目覚め ! 超 サイヤ 人 を 超えろ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> July 1 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 11 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 147 </Th> <Td> 132 </Td> <Td> `` Hasten Your Training , Saiyans ! In the Room of Spirit and Time ... '' / `` Time Chamber '' `` Shugyō o Isoge Saiyajin ! Seishin to Toki no Heya de ... '' ( 修行 を 急げ サイヤ 人 ! 精神 と 時 の 部屋 で ... ) </Td> <Td> July 8 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 13 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 148 </Th> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> `` The Gekiretsu Kodan That Split the Heavens ! ! Piccolo vs. Artificial Human No. 17 '' / `` The Monster is Coming '' `` Ten o Saku Gekiretsu Kōdan ! ! Pikkoro Tai Jinzō Ningen Jūnanagō '' ( 天 を 裂く 激烈 光 弾 ! ! ピッコロ VS 人造 人間 17 号 ) </Td> <Td> July 15 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 16 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 149 </Th> <Td> 134 </Td> <Td> `` How I Have Waited for This Day ! ! Cell 's Prologue to Perfection '' / `` He 's Here '' `` Kono Hi o Matte Ita ! ! Seru - Kanzentai eno Jokyoku '' ( この 日 を 待っ てい た ! ! セル ・ 完全 体 へ の 序曲 ) </Td> <Td> July 22 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 17 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 150 </Th> <Td> 135 </Td> <Td> `` The Suicide Counterattack Proves Ineffective ! Piccolo 's Flame Burns Out ! ! '' / `` Up to Piccolo '' `` Sutemi no Hangeki Oyobazu ! Pikkoro Moetsukiru ! ! '' ( 捨て身 の 反撃 及ば ず ! ピッコロ 燃え尽きる ! ! ) </Td> <Td> July 29 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 18 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 151 </Th> <Td> 136 </Td> <Td> `` One Final Remaining Hope ... No. 16 , the Wordless Warrior , Takes Action ! ! '' / `` Silent Warrior '' `` Nokosareta Yuiitsu no Nozomi ... Mugon no Senshi Jūrokugō Tatsu ! ! '' ( 残 され た 唯一 の 望み ... 無言 の 戦士 16 号 立つ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> August 5 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 19 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 152 </Th> <Td> 137 </Td> <Td> `` No. 17 Swallowed ... The Transforming Cell is a Super Gourmet '' / `` Say Goodbye , 17 '' `` Jūnanagō o Nomikonda ... Henshin Seru wa Chōgurume '' ( 17 号 を 飲み込ん だ ... 変身 セル は 超 グルメ ) </Td> <Td> August 12 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 20 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 153 </Th> <Td> 138 </Td> <Td> `` Tomorrow , I Am Going to Pulverize You ! ! Goku 's Challenge '' / `` Sacrifice '' `` Ashita wa Omee o Tatakinomesu ! ! Gokū no Chōsenjō '' ( 明日 は オメエ を 叩き の めす ! ! 悟空 の 挑戦 状 ) </Td> <Td> August 19 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 23 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 154 </Th> <Td> 139 </Td> <Td> `` I Will Dispose of Everything ! ! A Reborn Vegeta , Father and Son , Sally Forth '' / `` Saiyans Emerge '' `` Subete Ore ga Katazukeru ! ! Shinsei Bejīta Oyako Shutsugeki '' ( 全て オレ が 片付ける ! ! 新生 ベジータ 親子 出撃 ) </Td> <Td> August 26 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 24 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 155 </Th> <Td> 140 </Td> <Td> `` Suddenly Full - Throttle ! ! The Super Power of a Radiant Vegeta '' / `` Super Vegeta '' `` Ikinari Zenkai ! ! Hikarikagayaku Bejīta no Chōpawā '' ( いきなり 全開 ! ! 光り輝く ベジータ の 超 パワー ) </Td> <Td> September 2 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 25 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 156 </Th> <Td> 141 </Td> <Td> `` On Your Knees , Cell ! I Am Super Vegeta ! ! '' / `` Bow to the Prince '' `` Seru yo Hizamazuke ! Ore wa Sūpā Bejīta da ! ! '' ( セル よ ひざまずけ ! オレ は 超 ベジータ だ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> September 9 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 26 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 157 </Th> <Td> 142 </Td> <Td> `` Dangerous Pride ! ! A Challenge to Cell 's Perfect Form '' / `` Hour of Temptation '' `` Kiken na Puraido ! ! Kanzentai Seru eno Chōsen '' ( 危険 な プライド ! ! 完全 体 セル へ の 挑戦 ) </Td> <Td> September 16 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 27 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 158 </Th> <Td> 143 </Td> <Td> `` I 'm So Distraught ! ! Kururin 's Handiwork in Destroying No. 18 '' / `` Krillin 's Decision '' `` Ore Nayanjau ! ! Kuririn no Jūhachigō Hakai Kōsaku '' ( オレ 悩ん じゃう ! ! クリリン の 18 号 破壊 工作 ) </Td> <Td> September 23 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 30 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 159 </Th> <Td> 144 </Td> <Td> `` A Shock to the Entire Universe ! ! Cell 's Spectacular Evolution Toward His Perfect Form '' / `` The Last Defense '' `` Zen'uchū ni Shōgeki ! ! Seru , Kanzentai e Kyōi no Shinka '' ( 全 宇宙 に 衝撃 ! ! セル 、 完全 体 へ 驚異 の 進化 ) </Td> <Td> September 30 , 1992 </Td> <Td> October 31 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 160 </Th> <Td> 145 </Td> <Td> `` Battle Power Infinity ! ! Birth of the God of Destruction Named Cell '' / `` Cell is Complete '' `` Sentōryoku Mugendai ! ! Seru to Iu Na no Hakaishin Tanjō '' ( 戦闘 力 無限 大 ! ! セル という 名 の 破壊 神 誕生 ) </Td> <Td> October 14 , 1992 </Td> <Td> November 1 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 161 </Th> <Td> 146 </Td> <Td> `` Super Vegeta in Peril ! ! An Absolutely Perfect Terror Closes In ! ! '' / `` Vegeta Must Pay '' `` Sūpā Bejīta Ayaushi ! ! Kanzen Muketsu no Kyōfu ga Semaru ! ! '' ( 超 ベジータ 危うし ! ! 完全 無欠 の 恐怖 が 迫る ! ! ) </Td> <Td> October 21 , 1992 </Td> <Td> November 2 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 162 </Th> <Td> 147 </Td> <Td> `` Breaking Through the Boundaries of the Super Saiyan ! ! Trunks Summons a Storm '' / `` Trunks Ascends '' `` Sūpā Saiyajin no Genkai Toppa ! ! Arashi o Yobu Torankusu '' ( 超 サイヤ 人 の 限界 突破 ! ! 嵐 を 呼ぶ トランクス ) </Td> <Td> October 28 , 1992 </Td> <Td> November 3 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 163 </Th> <Td> 148 </Td> <Td> `` Save Your Father ! ! Trunks ' Fury , Which Scorches Even the Heavens '' / `` Saving Throw '' `` Chichi o Sukue ! ! Ten o mo Kogasu Torankusu no Ikari '' ( 父 を 救え ! ! 天 を も 焦がす トランクス の 怒り ) </Td> <Td> November 4 , 1992 </Td> <Td> November 6 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 164 </Th> <Td> 149 </Td> <Td> `` A Future of Despair ! ! Trunks , the Man Who Lived Through Hell '' / `` Ghosts from Tomorrow '' `` Zetsubō no Mirai ! ! Jigoku o Ikinuita Otoko Torankusu '' ( 絶望 の 未来 ! ! 地獄 を 生き抜い た 男 トランクス ) </Td> <Td> November 11 , 1992 </Td> <Td> November 7 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 165 </Th> <Td> 150 </Td> <Td> `` Super Trunks Has a Weakness ! ! Cell 's Shocking Bombshell Declaration '' / `` The Cell Games '' `` Sūpā Torankusu ni Jakuten ! ! Seru , Shōgeki no Bakudan Hatsugen '' ( 超 トランクス に 弱点 ! ! セル 、 衝撃 の 爆弾 発言 ) </Td> <Td> November 18 , 1992 </Td> <Td> November 8 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H3> Season 6 : Cell Games saga ( 1992 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 6 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Orig . ep # </Th> <Th> Initial dub ep # </Th> <Th> Translated title / Funimation 's dub title Original Japanese title </Th> <Th> Original airdate </Th> <Th> English airdate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 166 </Th> <Td> 151 </Td> <Td> `` A Final Battle Closes In on Goku ! ! The Mystery of the New Tenkaichi Tournament '' / `` What is the Tournament ? '' `` Gokū ni Semaru Daikessen ! ! Shin - Tenkaichi Budōkai no Nazo '' ( 悟空 に 迫る 大 決戦 ! ! 新 天下 一 武道 会 の 謎 ) </Td> <Td> November 25 , 1992 </Td> <Td> November 9 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 167 </Th> <Td> 152 </Td> <Td> `` 100 % Ratings ! ! The Cell Games Call Forth Death with an Exclusive Live Broadcast '' / `` The Doomsday Broadcast '' `` Shichōritsu Hyaku Pāsento ! ! Shi o Yobu Seru Gēmu Dokusen Namahōsō '' ( 視聴 率 100 % ! ! 死 を 呼ぶ セル ゲーム 独占 生放送 ) </Td> <Td> December 2 , 1992 </Td> <Td> November 13 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 168 </Th> <Td> 153 </Td> <Td> `` Goku and Gohan ... The Hero Father and Son 's Ultimate Level - Up '' / `` Meet Me in the Ring '' `` Gokū to Gohan ... Hīrō Oyako Kyūkyoku Reberu Appu '' ( 悟空 と 悟 飯 ... ヒーロー 親子 究極 レベル アップ ) </Td> <Td> December 9 , 1992 </Td> <Td> November 14 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 169 </Th> <Td> 154 </Td> <Td> `` Goku 's Composure ! ? Let 's Rest and Wait for the Cell Games '' / `` No Worries Here '' `` Gokū no Yoyū ! ? Yasunde Matō Seru Gēmu '' ( 悟空 の 余裕 ! ? 休ん で 待 とう セル ゲーム ) </Td> <Td> December 16 , 1992 </Td> <Td> November 15 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 170 </Th> <Td> 155 </Td> <Td> `` A Warrior 's Rest ... The Girl , the Lies , and Gohan 's Resolution '' / `` A Girl Named Lime '' `` Senshi no Kyūsoku ... Shōjo to Uso to Gohan no Ketsui '' ( 戦士 の 休息 ... 少女 と 嘘 と 悟 飯 の 決意 ) </Td> <Td> January 13 , 1993 </Td> <Td> November 16 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 171 </Th> <Td> 156 </Td> <Td> `` Hidden Power ! ! When Gohan Was a Baby '' / `` Memories of Gohan '' `` Himerareta Chikara ! ! Gohan ga Akanbō datta Koro '' ( 秘め られ た 力 ! ! 悟 飯 が 赤 ン 坊 だっ た 頃 ) </Td> <Td> January 20 , 1993 </Td> <Td> November 20 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 172 </Th> <Td> 157 </Td> <Td> `` Seek Out Kami - sama ! ! Goku 's Great Instantaneous Movement '' / `` A New Guardian '' `` Kamisama o Sagashidase ! ! Goku , Dai Shunkan Idō '' ( 神様 を 探し出せ ! ! 悟空 、 大 瞬間 移動 ) </Td> <Td> January 27 , 1993 </Td> <Td> November 21 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 173 </Th> <Td> 158 </Td> <Td> `` Dende 's First Task ! ! The Dragon Balls Restored '' / `` Dende 's Dragon '' `` Dende no Hatsu Shigoto ! ! Doragon Bōru Fukkatsu da '' ( デンデ の 初 仕事 ! ! ドラゴンボール 復活 だ ) </Td> <Td> February 3 , 1993 </Td> <Td> November 22 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 174 </Th> <Td> 159 </Td> <Td> `` A Hard Problem for Goku ! ? Take Back the Dragon Balls '' / `` The Puzzle of General Tao '' `` Gokū ni Nanmon ! ? Doragon Bōru o Torimodose '' ( 悟空 に 難問 ! ? 神龍 球 を とり 戻せ ) </Td> <Td> February 10 , 1993 </Td> <Td> November 23 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 175 </Th> <Td> 160 </Td> <Td> `` Those Who Would Challenge Cell ! ! The Curtain Rises on the Battle '' / `` The Games Begin '' `` Seru ni Idomu Mono Tachi ! ! Kessen no Makuake '' ( セル に 挑む 者 たち ! ! 決戦 の 幕開け ) </Td> <Td> February 17 , 1993 </Td> <Td> November 27 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 176 </Th> <Td> 161 </Td> <Td> `` Just a Moment ! ! The Satan Squad Goes On the Rampage '' / `` Losers Fight First '' `` Chotto Matta ! ! Satangundan Daiabare '' ( ちょっと 待った ! ! サタン 軍団 大 暴れ ) </Td> <Td> March 3 , 1993 </Td> <Td> November 28 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 177 </Th> <Td> 162 </Td> <Td> `` Fight Time , Goku ! ! The Ultra-Tense Cell Games '' / `` Goku vs. Cell '' `` Shōbu da Gokū ! ! Chō Kinpaku Seru Gēmu '' ( 勝負 だ 悟空 ! ! 超 緊迫 セル ゲーム ) </Td> <Td> March 10 , 1993 </Td> <Td> November 29 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 178 </Th> <Td> 163 </Td> <Td> `` Direct Hit to Earth ! ! Cell 's Extra-Large Kamehame - Ha '' / `` Cell 's Bag of Tricks '' `` Chikyū Chokugeki ! ! Seru no Tokudai Kamehameha '' ( 地球 直撃 ! ! セル の 特大 カメハメ 波 ) </Td> <Td> March 17 , 1993 </Td> <Td> November 30 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 179 </Th> <Td> 164 </Td> <Td> `` Defeat or Death ! ? Goku 's Turnabout Ploy '' / `` No More Rules '' `` Haiboku ka Shi ka ! ? Gokū , Gyakuten no Hisaku '' ( 敗北 か 死 か ! ? 悟空 、 逆転 の 秘策 ) </Td> <Td> March 31 , 1993 </Td> <Td> December 4 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 180 </Th> <Td> 165 </Td> <Td> `` A Conclusion to the Deathmatch ! ! Goku 's Declaration of Surrender ! ? '' / `` The Fight is Over '' `` Shitō ni Ketchaku ! ! Gokū no Kōsan Sengen ! ? '' ( 死闘 に 決着 ! ! 悟空 の 降参 宣言 ! ? ) </Td> <Td> April 7 , 1993 </Td> <Td> December 5 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 181 </Th> <Td> 166 </Td> <Td> `` He Who Takes Over as Strongest ... His Name is Gohan '' / `` Faith in a Boy '' `` Saikyō o Tsugu Mono ... Sono Na wa Gohan '' ( 最強 を 継ぐ 者 ... その 名 は 悟 飯 ) </Td> <Td> April 14 , 1993 </Td> <Td> December 6 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 182 </Th> <Td> 167 </Td> <Td> `` Become Enraged , Gohan -- Call Forth Your Dormant Power '' / `` Gohan 's Desperate Plea '' `` Okore Gohan Nemureru Chikara o Yobiokose '' ( 怒れ 悟 飯 眠れる 力 を 呼び 起 せ ) </Td> <Td> April 21 , 1993 </Td> <Td> December 7 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 183 </Th> <Td> 168 </Td> <Td> `` Teeny Menaces ! ! Attack of the Cell Juniors '' / `` Android Explosion '' `` Chitchana Kyōi ! ! Seru Junia Raishū '' ( ちっちゃな 脅威 ! ! セル ジュニア 来襲 ) </Td> <Td> April 28 , 1993 </Td> <Td> December 11 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 184 </Th> <Td> 169 </Td> <Td> `` The Tragic No. 16 ! ! An Enraged Super Gohan Begins Taking Action '' / `` Cell Juniors Attack ! '' `` Jūrokugō Muzan ! ! Ugokidasu Ikari no Sūpā Gohan '' ( 16 号 無惨 ! ! 動き出す 怒り の 超 悟 飯 ) </Td> <Td> May 5 , 1993 </Td> <Td> December 12 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 185 </Th> <Td> 170 </Td> <Td> `` Devastating True Power ! ! The Cell Juniors Pulverized '' / `` The Unleashing '' and `` Awakening '' `` Fukiareru Shin no Pawā ! ! Seru Junia Funsai '' ( 吹き荒れる 真 の 力 ! ! セル ジュニア 粉砕 ) </Td> <Td> May 12 , 1993 </Td> <Td> December 13 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 186 </Th> <Td> 171 </Td> <Td> `` Cell Gets KO'ed ! ! Just Two Super Ironfisted Blows '' / `` The Unstoppable Gohan '' `` Seru o Nokkuauto ! ! Tatta Nihatsu no Chō Tekken '' ( セル を KO ( ノックアウト ) ! ! たった 2 発 の 超 鉄拳 ) </Td> <Td> May 19 , 1993 </Td> <Td> December 14 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 187 </Th> <Td> 172 </Td> <Td> `` Something Amiss With Cell ! ! His Perfect Form Crumbles '' / `` Cell 's Mighty Breakdown '' `` Seru ni Ihen ! ! Kuzusareta Kanzentai '' ( セル に 異変 ! ! 崩 され た 完全 体 ) </Td> <Td> May 26 , 1993 </Td> <Td> December 18 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 188 </Th> <Td> 173 </Td> <Td> `` Bye - Bye , Everyone ! ! Goku 's Last Instantaneous Movement '' / `` A Hero 's Farewell '' `` Bai Bai Minna ! ! Gokū Saigo no Shunkan Idō '' ( バイバイ みんな ! ! 悟空 最後 の 瞬間 移動 ) </Td> <Td> June 2 , 1993 </Td> <Td> December 19 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 189 </Th> <Td> 174 </Td> <Td> `` A Nightmare in Broad Daylight ! ! The Terror Becomes Even More Perfect '' / `` Cell Returns ! '' `` Hakuchū no Akuma ! ! Kyōfu wa yori Kanpeki ni '' ( 白昼 の 悪夢 ! ! 恐怖 は より 完璧 に ) </Td> <Td> June 16 , 1993 </Td> <Td> December 20 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 190 </Th> <Td> 175 </Td> <Td> `` From Goku to Gohan ... The Spirit of the Father is Handed Down '' / `` The Horror Wo n't End '' `` Gokū kara Gohan e ... Chichi no Tamashii wa Tsutawatta '' ( 悟空 から 悟 飯 へ ... 父 の 魂 は 伝わっ た ) </Td> <Td> June 23 , 1993 </Td> <Td> December 21 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 191 </Th> <Td> 176 </Td> <Td> `` The Battle is Over ... Thank You , Son Goku '' / `` Save the World '' `` Tatakai wa Owatta ... Arigatō Son Gokū '' ( 戦い は 終っ た ... ありがとう 孫悟空 ) </Td> <Td> June 30 , 1993 </Td> <Td> December 26 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 192 </Th> <Td> 177 </Td> <Td> `` I 'm Going to Train In the Next World ! ! A Smile at Parting '' / `` Goku 's Decision '' `` Ora Ano Yo de Shugyō suru ! ! Egao no Wakare '' ( オラ あの世 で 修業 する ! ! 笑顔 の 別れ ) </Td> <Td> July 7 , 1993 </Td> <Td> December 27 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 193 </Th> <Td> 178 </Td> <Td> `` New Days ... Father ! I 'm Hanging In There '' / `` One More Wish '' `` Atarashii Hibi ... Tōsan ! Boku Ganbaru '' ( 新しい 日々 ... 父さん ! ボク がんばる ) </Td> <Td> July 14 , 1993 </Td> <Td> December 28 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 194 </Th> <Td> 179 </Td> <Td> `` One More Conclusion ! ! I Will Defend the Future '' / `` Free the Future '' `` Mō Hitotsu no Ketsumatsu ! ! Mirai wa Ore ga Mamoru '' ( もう 一 つの 結末 ! ! 未来 は オレ が 守る ) </Td> <Td> July 21 , 1993 </Td> <Td> December 29 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H3> Season 7 : Great Saiyaman and World Tournament sagas ( 1993 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 7 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Orig . ep # </Th> <Th> Initial dub ep # </Th> <Th> Translated title / Funimation 's dub title Original Japanese title </Th> <Th> Original airdate </Th> <Th> English airdate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 195 </Th> <Td> 180 </Td> <Td> `` A Deep Impression ! ! There They Are ! The Next World 's Awesome Dudes '' / `` Warriors of the Dead '' `` Daikangeki ! ! Ita zo ! Ano Yo no Sugee Yatsu '' ( 大 感激 ! ! いた ぞ ! あの世 の スゲエ 奴 ) </Td> <Td> July 28 , 1993 </Td> <Td> September 10 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 196 </Th> <Td> 181 </Td> <Td> `` I 'm the Best in the Next World ! ! Heroes of the Ages Assembled '' / `` Tournament Begins '' `` Ano Yo Ichi wa Ora da ! Rekishi no Yūsha Daishūgō '' ( あの世 一 は オラ だ ! ! 歴代 の 勇者 大 集合 ) </Td> <Td> August 11 , 1993 </Td> <Td> September 11 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 197 </Th> <Td> 182 </Td> <Td> `` Grand Kaio 's World Gone Wild ! ! Goku Kicks Up a Whirlwind '' / `` Water Fight '' `` Daikaiōsei Nekkyō ! ! Makiokose Gokū Senpū '' ( 大 界 王 星 熱狂 ! ! まき おこせ 悟空 旋風 ) </Td> <Td> August 18 , 1993 </Td> <Td> September 12 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 198 </Th> <Td> 183 </Td> <Td> `` Final Round of Flame ! ! Goku or Paikuhan ! ? '' / `` Final Round '' `` Honoo no Kesshō ! ! Gokū ka Paikūhan ka ! ? '' ( 炎 の 決勝 ! ! 悟空 か パイクーハン か ! ? ) </Td> <Td> August 25 , 1993 </Td> <Td> September 13 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 199 </Th> <Td> 184 </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Let Victory Get Away ! ! Finish With an Ultra-Fast Kamehame - Ha '' / `` Goku vs. Pikkon '' `` Nigasu na Shōri ! ! Kimero Chōhaya Kamehameha '' ( 逃す な 勝利 ! ! 決めろ 超速 かめ はめ 波 ) </Td> <Td> September 1 , 1993 </Td> <Td> September 14 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 200 </Th> <Td> 185 </Td> <Td> `` Seven Years Since Then ! Starting Today , I 'm a High School Student '' / `` Gohan Goes to High School '' `` Are kara Shichinen ! Kyō kara Boku wa Kōkōsei '' ( あれ から 7 年 ! 今日 から 僕 は 高校生 ) </Td> <Td> September 8 , 1993 </Td> <Td> September 17 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 201 </Th> <Td> 186 </Td> <Td> `` For Love and Justice -- Enter the Great Saiyaman '' / `` I am Saiyaman '' `` Ai to Seigi no Gurēto Saiyaman Sanjō '' ( 愛 と 正義 の グレート サイヤマン 参上 ) </Td> <Td> September 15 , 1993 </Td> <Td> September 18 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 202 </Th> <Td> 187 </Td> <Td> `` Gohan 's Frantic First Date ! ? '' / `` Gohan 's First Date '' `` Gohan no Hachamecha Hatsu Dēto ! ? '' ( 悟 飯 の ハチャメチャ 初 デート ! ? ) </Td> <Td> September 29 , 1993 </Td> <Td> November 27 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 203 </Th> <Td> 188 </Td> <Td> `` Gohan , Scramble ! Save Videl ! ! '' / `` Rescue Videl '' `` Gohan , Kinkyū Shutsudō ! Bīderu o Sukue ! '' ( 悟 飯 、 緊急 出動 ! ビーデル を 救え ! ! ) </Td> <Td> October 20 , 1993 </Td> <Td> September 19 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 204 </Th> <Td> 189 </Td> <Td> `` A Case of Robbery ! ! The Culprit is Saiyaman ! ? '' / `` Blackmail '' `` Tōnan Jiken Hassei ! ! Hannin wa Saiyaman ! ? '' ( 盗難 事件 発生 ! ! 犯人 は サイヤマン ! ? ) </Td> <Td> October 27 , 1993 </Td> <Td> September 20 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 205 </Th> <Td> 190 </Td> <Td> `` Goku Returning to Life ! ? Entry into the Tenkaichi Tournament ! ! '' / `` I 'll Fight Too ! '' `` Gokū mo Fukkatsu ! ? Tenkaichi Budōkai Shutsujō da ! ! '' ( 悟空 も 復活 ! ? 天下 一 武道 会 出場 だ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> November 3 , 1993 </Td> <Td> September 21 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 206 </Th> <Td> 191 </Td> <Td> `` Even Gohan is Surprised ! Goten 's Explosion of Power '' / `` The Newest Super Saiyan '' `` Gohan mo Bikkuri ! Goten no Bakuhatsu Pawā '' ( 悟 飯 も ビックリ ! 悟 天 の 爆発 パワー ) </Td> <Td> November 10 , 1993 </Td> <Td> September 24 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 207 </Th> <Td> 192 </Td> <Td> `` Ah , You 're Flying ! ! Videl 's Introduction to Bukujutsu '' / `` Take Flight Videl '' `` Attobeta ! ! Bīderu no Bukūjutsu Nyūmon '' ( あっ 飛べ た ! ! ビーデル の 舞 空 術 入門 ) </Td> <Td> November 17 , 1993 </Td> <Td> September 25 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 208 </Th> <Td> 193 </Td> <Td> `` Welcome Back , Goku ! The Entire Z Team Assembles ! ! '' / `` Gather For the Tournament '' `` Okaeri Gokū ! Zetto Chīmu Zen'in Shūgō ! ! '' ( おかえり 悟空 ! Z チーム 全員 集合 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> November 24 , 1993 </Td> <Td> September 26 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 209 </Th> <Td> 194 </Td> <Td> `` Watch Out , Saiyaman ! Beware of Sharpshooters ! ? '' / `` Camera Shy '' `` Ayaushi Saiyaman ! Gekisha ni Goyōjin ! ? '' ( 危うし サイヤマン ! 激写 に 御 用心 ! ? ) </Td> <Td> December 8 , 1993 </Td> <Td> September 27 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 210 </Th> <Td> 195 </Td> <Td> `` No Small Matter ! ! Little Trunks '' / `` The World Tournament '' `` Hanpa ja nai ze ! ! Chibi Torankusu '' ( ハンパ じゃ ない ぜ ! ! チビ トランクス ) </Td> <Td> December 15 , 1993 </Td> <Td> September 28 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 211 </Th> <Td> 196 </Td> <Td> `` It 's My Turn ! Goten 's Anxious First Fight '' / `` Trunks vs. Goten '' `` Boku no Deban da ! Goten , Kinchō no Daiissen '' ( ボク の 出番 だ ! 悟 天 、 緊張 の 第 一 戦 ) </Td> <Td> December 22 , 1993 </Td> <Td> October 2 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 212 </Th> <Td> 197 </Td> <Td> `` Happiness Times a Million ! The Junior Champion Is Decided ! ! '' / `` Best of the Boys '' `` Ureshisa Hyakumanbai ! Shōnen Chanpion Kettei ! ! '' ( うれし さ 百 万 倍 ! 少年 王者 ( チャンピオン ) 決定 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> January 12 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 3 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 213 </Th> <Td> 198 </Td> <Td> `` Now What , Satan ! ? The Greatest Pinch in History '' / `` Big Trouble , Little Trunks '' `` Dō suru Satan ! ? Shijō Saidai no Pinchi '' ( どうする サタン ! ? 史上 最大 の ピンチ ) </Td> <Td> January 19 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 4 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 214 </Th> <Td> 199 </Td> <Td> `` Event Match - ups Decided ! ! Let 's Hurry and Hold the First Round '' / `` Who Will Fight Who ? '' `` Taisen Aite Kettei ! ! Hayaku Yarō ze Ikkaisen '' ( 対戦 相手 決定 ! ! 早く や ろう ぜ 一 回戦 ) </Td> <Td> January 26 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 5 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 215 </Th> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> `` What 's the Matter , Piccolo ! ? An Unheard - of No - Fight - Forfeit '' / `` Forfeit of Piccolo ! '' `` Dōshita Pikkoro ! ! Masaka no Fusenbai '' ( どう した ピッコロ ! ! まさかの 不戦敗 ) </Td> <Td> February 2 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 8 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 216 </Th> <Td> 201 </Td> <Td> `` Undyingly Unpleasant ! ? The Mystery of Spopovitch '' / `` A Dark and Secret Power '' `` Fujimi de Bukimi ! ? Supopobitchi no Nazo '' ( 不死身 で 不気味 ! ? スポポビッチ の 謎 ) </Td> <Td> February 9 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 9 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 217 </Th> <Td> 202 </Td> <Td> `` A Tragic Videl ! ! Are You Coming Out , Angry Super Gohan ? '' / `` Videl is Crushed '' `` Bīderu Muzan ! ! Deru ka Ikari no Sūpā Gohan '' ( ビーデル 無残 ! ! 出る か 怒り の 超 悟 飯 ) </Td> <Td> February 16 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 10 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 218 </Th> <Td> 203 </Td> <Td> `` Exposed ! ! The Saiyaman is Son Gohan ! '' / `` Identities Revealed '' `` Barechatta ! ! Saiyaman wa Son Gohan '' ( バレ ちゃっ た ! ! サイヤマン は 孫 悟 飯 ) </Td> <Td> February 23 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 11 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 219 </Th> <Td> 204 </Td> <Td> `` A Slithering Conspiracy ! ! Gohan 's Power is Stolen '' / `` Energy Drain '' `` Ugomeku Inbō ! ! Gohan no Pawā ga Ubawareta '' ( うごめく 陰謀 ! ! 悟 飯 の 力 ( パワー ) が 奪 われ た ) </Td> <Td> March 2 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 12 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H3> Season 8 : Babidi and Majin Buu sagas ( 1994 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 8 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Orig . ep # </Th> <Th> Initial dub ep # </Th> <Th> Translated title / Funimation 's dub title Original Japanese title </Th> <Th> Original airdate </Th> <Th> English airdate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 220 </Th> <Td> 205 </Td> <Td> `` The Man Behind the Curtains Appears ! ! The Evil Madoshi Babidi '' / `` The Wizard 's Curse '' `` Kuromaku Tōjō ! ! Aku no Madōshi Babidi '' ( 黒幕 登場 ! ! 悪 の 魔 導師 バビディ ) </Td> <Td> March 9 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 15 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 221 </Th> <Td> 206 </Td> <Td> `` The Awaiting Trap ! ! A Challenge from the Demon Realm '' / `` King of the Demons '' `` Machiukeru Wana ! ! Makai kara no Chōsenjō '' ( 待ち受ける ワナ ! ! 魔界 から の 挑戦 状 ) </Td> <Td> March 16 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 16 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 222 </Th> <Td> 207 </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Toy With Me ! ! Vegeta 's Breakthrough First Strike of Fury '' / `` Vegeta Attacks '' `` Nameru na ! ! Bejīta Ikari no Shosen Toppa '' ( なめる な ! ! ベジータ 怒り の 初戦 突破 ) </Td> <Td> March 23 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 17 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 223 </Th> <Td> 208 </Td> <Td> `` Goku 's Power Wide Open ! ! Blow Away Yakon '' / `` Next Up , Goku '' `` Gokū Pawā Zenkai ! ! Buttobe Yakon '' ( 悟空 パワー 全開 ! ! ブッ 飛べ ヤコン ) </Td> <Td> April 13 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 18 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 224 </Th> <Td> 209 </Td> <Td> `` A Great Miscalculation ! ! Satan vs. Three Super-Warriors ! ? '' / `` Battle Supreme '' `` Daigosan ! ! Satan tai Sannin no Chōsenshi ! ? '' ( 大 誤算 ! ! サタン VS3 人 の 超 戦士 ! ? ) </Td> <Td> April 20 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 22 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 225 </Th> <Td> 210 </Td> <Td> `` Such Strong Kids ! ! No. 18 's Close Fight ! ? '' / `` Eighteen Unmasks '' `` Tsuyoi ze Chibikko ! ! Jūhachigō Daikusen ! ? '' ( 強い ぜ チビッコ ! ! 18 号 大 苦戦 ! ? ) </Td> <Td> April 27 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 23 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 226 </Th> <Td> 211 </Td> <Td> `` Confrontation with the Demon King ! It 's Your Turn , Gohan ! ! '' / `` Pay to Win '' `` Tachihadakaru Maō ! Deban da Gohan ! ! '' ( たち はだか る 魔王 ! 出番 だ 悟 飯 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> May 4 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 24 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 227 </Th> <Td> 212 </Td> <Td> `` A Wicked Heart Discovered ! ! Dabura 's Great Idea '' / `` Heart of a Villain '' `` Mitsukerareta Jashin ! ! Dābura no Meian '' ( 見つけ られ た 邪心 ! ! ダーブラ の 名 案 ) </Td> <Td> May 18 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 25 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 228 </Th> <Td> 213 </Td> <Td> `` Vegeta , Prince of Destruction , Revived ! ! Intrusion at the Tournament '' / `` The Dark Prince Returns '' `` Hakai Ōji Bejīta Fukkatsu ! ! Butōkai Rannyū '' ( 破壊 王子 ベジータ 復活 ! ! 武闘 会 乱入 ) </Td> <Td> May 25 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 29 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 229 </Th> <Td> 214 </Td> <Td> `` The Super-confrontation of Destiny ! ! The Clash of Goku vs. Vegeta '' / `` Vegeta 's Pride '' `` Shukumei no Chōtaiketsu ! ! Gekitotsu Gokū tai Bejīta '' ( 宿命 の 超 対決 ! ! 激突 悟空 VS ベジータ ) </Td> <Td> June 15 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 30 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 230 </Th> <Td> 215 </Td> <Td> `` Just You Wait , Babidi ! ! Your Aspirations Will Not Be Allowed '' / `` The Long Awaited Fight '' `` Mattero Babidi ! ! Yabō wa Yurusanai '' ( 待っ てろ バビディ ! ! 野望 は 許さ ない ) </Td> <Td> June 22 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 31 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 231 </Th> <Td> 216 </Td> <Td> `` The Seal is Broken ! Out Comes the Vicious Majin Boo ! ! '' / `` Magic Ball of Buu '' `` Toketa Fūin ! Deruzo Kyōaku Majin Bū ! ! '' ( 解け た 封印 ! 出る ぞ 凶悪 魔 人 ブウ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> June 29 , 1994 </Td> <Td> November 1 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 232 </Th> <Td> 217 </Td> <Td> `` I Wo n't Allow the Revival ! ! A Kamehame - Ha of Resistance '' / `` Buu is Hatched ! '' `` Fukkatsu Sasenai ! ! Teikō no Kamehameha '' ( 復活 させない ! ! 抵抗 の かめ はめ 波 ) </Td> <Td> July 6 , 1994 </Td> <Td> November 5 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 233 </Th> <Td> 218 </Td> <Td> `` A Straight Line to Despair ! ? The Grief of Kaioshin '' / `` The Losses Begin '' `` Zetsubō e Itchokusen ! ? Nageki no Kaiōshin '' ( 絶望 へ 一直線 ! ? 嘆き の 界 王 神 ) </Td> <Td> July 13 , 1994 </Td> <Td> November 6 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 234 </Th> <Td> 219 </Td> <Td> `` The Terrifying Majin ! ! Death 's Dread Draws Near Gohan '' / `` The Terror of Majin Buu '' `` Majin Osorubeshi ! ! Gohan ni Semaru Shi no Kyōfu '' ( 魔 人 恐る べし ! ! 悟 飯 に 迫る 死 の 恐怖 ) </Td> <Td> July 27 , 1994 </Td> <Td> November 7 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 235 </Th> <Td> 220 </Td> <Td> `` ' Gonna Eat'cha ! ! ' The Hungry Majin 's Supernatural Powers '' / `` Meal Time '' `` Tabechau zo ! ! Harapeko Majin no Chōnōryoku '' ( 食べ ちゃう ぞ ! ! 腹 ペコ 魔 人 の 超 能力 ) </Td> <Td> August 3 , 1994 </Td> <Td> November 8 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 236 </Th> <Td> 221 </Td> <Td> `` A Warrior 's Resolution ! ! I Will Dispose of the Majin '' / `` The Warrior 's Decision '' `` Senshi no Ketsui ! ! Majin wa Ore ga Shimatsu - suru '' ( 戦士 の 決意 ! ! 魔 人 は オレ が 始末 する ) </Td> <Td> August 17 , 1994 </Td> <Td> November 12 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 237 </Th> <Td> 222 </Td> <Td> `` For Those Whom He Loves ... Vegeta Perishes ! ! '' / `` Final Atonement '' `` Ai suru Mono no Tame ni ... Bejīta Chiru ! ! '' ( 愛する 者 の ため に ... ベジータ 散る ! ! ) </Td> <Td> August 24 , 1994 </Td> <Td> November 13 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 238 </Th> <Td> 223 </Td> <Td> `` The Nightmare Revisited ! ! Majin Boo Has Survived '' / `` Evil Lives On '' `` Akumu Futatabi ! Ikiteita Majin Bū '' ( 悪夢 ふたたび ! ! 生き てい た 魔 人 ブウ ) </Td> <Td> August 31 , 1994 </Td> <Td> September 16 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 239 </Th> <Td> 224 </Td> <Td> `` The Struggle of Videl and the Others ! Find the Dragon Balls '' / `` Find the Dragon Balls '' `` Bīderutachi no Funtō ! Sagase Doragon Bōru '' ( ビーデル たち の 奮闘 ! 探せ 神龍 球 ( ドラゴンボール ) ) </Td> <Td> September 7 , 1994 </Td> <Td> September 17 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 240 </Th> <Td> 225 </Td> <Td> `` Enormous Hope ! ! A New Finishing Technique for the Little Squirts '' / `` Revival '' `` Dekkai Kibō ! ! Chibitachi no Shin Hissatsu Waza '' ( でっかい 希望 ! ! チビ たち の 新 必殺 技 ) </Td> <Td> September 21 , 1994 </Td> <Td> September 18 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 241 </Th> <Td> 226 </Td> <Td> `` Goten and Trunks -- The World 's Most Wanted '' / `` Global Announcement '' `` Goten Torankusu Zensekai ni Shimei Tehai '' ( 悟 天 トランクス 全 世界 に 指名 手配 ) </Td> <Td> September 28 , 1994 </Td> <Td> September 19 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 242 </Th> <Td> 227 </Td> <Td> `` Gohan Revived -- Kaioshin 's Secret Weapon ! ? '' / `` Learn to Fuse '' `` Gohan Fukkatsu ! ! Kaiōshin no Himitsu Heiki ! ? '' ( 悟 飯 復活 界 王 神 の 秘密 兵器 ! ? ) </Td> <Td> October 12 , 1994 </Td> <Td> September 23 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 243 </Th> <Td> 228 </Td> <Td> `` It Came Ou ~ t ! ! The Legendary Z - Sword '' / `` The Z Sword '' `` Nuketā 〜 ! ! Densetsu no Zetto Sōdo '' ( 抜け た ァ ~ ! ! 伝説 の ゼット ソード ) </Td> <Td> October 19 , 1994 </Td> <Td> September 24 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 244 </Th> <Td> 229 </Td> <Td> `` Metro West is Targeted ! Stop , Majin Boo ! ! '' / `` Race to Capsule Corp . '' `` Nerawareta Nishi no Miyako ! Tomare Majin Bū ! ! '' ( 狙 われ た 西 の 都 ! 止まれ 魔 人 ブウ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> November 2 , 1994 </Td> <Td> September 25 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 245 </Th> <Td> 230 </Td> <Td> `` An Astounding Great Transformation ! ! Super Saiyan 3 '' / `` Super Saiyan 3 ? ! '' `` Atto Odoroku Daihenshin ! ! Sūpā Saiyajin Surī '' ( アッ と 驚く 大 変身 ! ! 超 サイヤ 人 3 ) </Td> <Td> November 9 , 1994 </Td> <Td> September 26 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 246 </Th> <Td> 231 </Td> <Td> `` Bye Bye Babidi ! ! Majin Boo Rebels '' / `` Buu 's Mutiny '' `` Bai Bai Babidi ! ! Majin Bū Hangyaku '' ( バイバイ ・ バビディ ! ! 魔 人 ブウ 反逆 ) </Td> <Td> November 16 , 1994 </Td> <Td> September 30 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 247 </Th> <Td> 232 </Td> <Td> `` Absurdly Aweful - Looking ! ? The Special Training Transformation Pose '' / `` The Fusion Dance '' `` Mecha Kakko Warui ! ? Tokkun Henshin Pōzu '' ( メチャ カッコ 悪い ! ? 特訓 変身 ポーズ ) </Td> <Td> November 23 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 1 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 248 </Th> <Td> 233 </Td> <Td> `` See You Later , Everybody ! ! Goku Returns to the Other World '' / `` Goku 's Time is Up '' `` Jā na Minna ! ! Gokū Ano Yo ni Kaeru '' ( じゃあ な みんな ! ! 悟空 あの世 に 帰る ) </Td> <Td> November 30 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 2 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 249 </Th> <Td> 234 </Td> <Td> `` Where is Gohan ! ? Ferocious Training in the Kaioshin Realm '' / `` Return to Other World '' `` Gohan wa Doko da ! ? Kaiōshinkai no Mōtokkun '' ( 悟 飯 は どこ だ ! ? 界 王 神 界 の 猛 特訓 ) </Td> <Td> December 7 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 3 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 250 </Th> <Td> 235 </Td> <Td> `` You 're Kidding , Right ! ? The Z - Sword is Broken '' / `` Out From the Broken Sword '' `` Uso daro ! ? Zetto Sōdo ga Orechatta '' ( ウソ だろ ! ? ゼット ソード が 折れ ちゃっ た ) </Td> <Td> December 14 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 7 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 251 </Th> <Td> 236 </Td> <Td> `` Birth of a Superhuman Warrior ! ! His Name is Gotenks '' / `` Gotenks is Born '' `` Gattai Chōjin Tanjō ! ! Sono Na wa Gotenkusu '' ( 合体 超人 誕生 ! ! その 名 は ゴテンクス ) </Td> <Td> December 21 , 1994 </Td> <Td> October 8 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 252 </Th> <Td> 237 </Td> <Td> `` The Final Weapon is Engaged ! ? Satan Will Save the Earth '' / `` Unlikely Friendship '' `` Saishū Heiki Shidō ! ? Satan wa Chikyū o Sukuu '' ( 最終 兵器 始動 ! ? サタン は 地球 を 救う ) </Td> <Td> January 11 , 1995 </Td> <Td> October 9 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 253 </Th> <Td> 238 </Td> <Td> `` I 've Stopped Killing ! ! Majin Boo 's Good Boy Declaration '' / `` I Kill No More '' `` Korosu no Yameta ! ! Majin Bū Yoi Ko Sengen '' ( 殺す の やめた ! ! 魔 人 ブウ よい 子 宣言 ) </Td> <Td> January 25 , 1995 </Td> <Td> October 10 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H3> Season 9 : Fusion and Kid Buu sagas ( 1995 - 1996 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 9 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Orig . ep # </Th> <Th> Initial dub ep # </Th> <Th> Translated title / Funimation 's dub title Original Japanese title </Th> <Th> Original airdate </Th> <Th> English airdate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 254 </Th> <Td> 239 </Td> <Td> `` Run Away , Satan ! ! An Angry Majin Boo Emerges '' / `` The Evil of Men '' `` Nigero Satan ! ! Ikari no Majin Bū Shutsugen '' ( 逃げろ サタン ! ! 怒り の 魔 人 ブウ 出現 ) </Td> <Td> February 1 , 1995 </Td> <Td> October 14 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 255 </Th> <Td> 240 </Td> <Td> `` Which One Will Win ! ? A Good - and - Evil Boo - Boo Confrontation '' / `` Buu Against Buu '' `` Dotchi ga Katsu no ! ? Zen'aku Bū Bū Taiketsu '' ( どっち が 勝つ の ! ? 善悪 ブウブウ 対決 ) </Td> <Td> February 8 , 1995 </Td> <Td> October 15 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 256 </Th> <Td> 241 </Td> <Td> `` A No - Timeout Catastrophe ! ! Earth 's Humanity Exterminated '' / `` Empty Planet '' `` Matta nashi no Hakyoku ! ! Chikyū Jinrui Zetsumetsu '' ( 待った なし の 破局 ! ! 地球 人類 絶滅 ) </Td> <Td> February 15 , 1995 </Td> <Td> October 16 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 257 </Th> <Td> 242 </Td> <Td> `` The Special Training Is a Success ! ! You 're Finished Now , Majin Boo '' / `` Time Struggle '' `` Tokkun Seikō ! ! Kore de Owari da Majin Bū '' ( 特訓 成功 ! ! これ で 終り だ 魔 人 ブウ ) </Td> <Td> February 22 , 1995 </Td> <Td> October 17 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 258 </Th> <Td> 243 </Td> <Td> `` I 'm Going Like I Mean It ! ! A Wide - Open Super Gotenks '' / `` Super Moves of Gotenks '' `` Honki de Iku ze ! ! Sūpā Gotenkusu Zenkai '' ( 本気 で 行く ぜ ! ! 超 ゴテンクス 全開 ) </Td> <Td> March 1 , 1995 </Td> <Td> October 21 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 259 </Th> <Td> 244 </Td> <Td> `` I 've Done It ! ! Boo Successfully Eliminated With Ghosts ! ? '' / `` Trapped in Forever '' `` Yatta ze ! ! Obake de Seikō Bū Taiji ! ? '' ( やっ た ぜ ! ! オバケ で 成功 ブウ 退治 ! ? ) </Td> <Td> March 8 , 1995 </Td> <Td> October 22 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 260 </Th> <Td> 245 </Td> <Td> `` Escape From Another Dimension ! ! Super Gotenks 3 '' / `` Feeding Frenzy '' `` Ijigen kara no Dasshutsu ! ! Sūpā Gotenkusu Surī '' ( 異 次元 から の 脱出 ! ! 超 ゴテンクス 3 ) </Td> <Td> March 15 , 1995 </Td> <Td> October 23 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 261 </Th> <Td> 246 </Td> <Td> `` Going Too Far ! ? Boo - Boo Volleyball '' / `` Gotenks is Awesome '' `` Norisugi ! ? Bū Bū Barēbōru '' ( ノリ すぎ ! ? ブウブウ バレーボール ) </Td> <Td> March 22 , 1995 </Td> <Td> October 24 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 262 </Th> <Td> 247 </Td> <Td> `` Truly ' Great ' ! ! A Reborn Gohan Returns to Earth '' / `` Unlucky Break '' `` Masa ni Gurēto ! ! Shinsei Gohan Chikyū e '' ( まさに グレート ! ! 新生 悟 飯 地球 へ ) </Td> <Td> April 26 , 1995 </Td> <Td> October 28 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 263 </Th> <Td> 248 </Td> <Td> `` Boo Overwhelmed ! ! Gohan 's Miracle Power '' / `` A Whole New Gohan '' `` Bū o Attō ! ! Gohan no Mirakuru Pawā '' ( ブウ を 圧倒 ! ! 悟 飯 の ミラクル パワー ) </Td> <Td> May 3 , 1995 </Td> <Td> October 29 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 264 </Th> <Td> 249 </Td> <Td> `` Has He Done It ! ? Majin Boo 's Great Explosion '' / `` Search for Survivors '' `` Yatta ka ! ? Majin Bū Daibakuhatsu '' ( やっ たか ! ? 魔 人 ブウ 大 爆発 ) </Td> <Td> May 17 , 1995 </Td> <Td> October 30 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 265 </Th> <Td> 250 </Td> <Td> `` Boo 's Worst Foul ! Gotenks is Absorbed ! ? '' / `` Majin Buu Transforms '' `` Bū Saiaku no Hansoku ! ! Gotenkusu Kyūshū ! ? '' ( ブウ 最悪 の 反則 ! ! ゴテンクス 吸収 ! ? ) </Td> <Td> May 24 , 1995 </Td> <Td> November 4 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 266 </Th> <Td> 251 </Td> <Td> `` For the Sake of the Entire Universe ... Return to Life , Son Goku '' / `` The Old Kai 's Weapon '' `` Zen'uchū no Tame ni ... Yomigaere Son Gokū '' ( 全 宇宙 の ため に ... よみがえれ 孫悟空 ) </Td> <Td> May 31 , 1995 </Td> <Td> November 5 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 267 </Th> <Td> 252 </Td> <Td> `` The Miracle Happens Once ... Will the Super Combination With Gohan Come About ? '' / `` Ready to Fuse ? '' `` Kiseki wa Ichido ... Naru ka Gohan to no Chōgattai '' ( 奇跡 は 一度 ... なる か 悟 飯 と の 超 合体 ) </Td> <Td> June 7 , 1995 </Td> <Td> November 6 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 268 </Th> <Td> 253 </Td> <Td> `` Merged ! ! Vegeta 's Pride and Goku 's Rage '' / `` Union of Rivals '' `` Gattai ! ! Bejīta no Hokori to Gokū no Ikari '' ( 合体 ! ! ベジータ の 誇り と 悟空 の 怒り ) </Td> <Td> June 28 , 1995 </Td> <Td> November 7 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 269 </Th> <Td> 254 </Td> <Td> `` Magnificent Power ! ! Vegetto Surpasses the Ultimate '' / `` Meet Vegito '' `` Sōzetsu Pawā ! ! Kyūkyoku o Koeru Bejitto '' ( 壮絶 パワー ! ! 究極 を 越える ベジット ) </Td> <Td> July 5 , 1995 </Td> <Td> November 8 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 270 </Th> <Td> 255 </Td> <Td> `` A Fissure Between Dimensions ! ! Has Boo Snapped ! ? '' / `` Rip in the Universe '' `` Jigen ni Kiretsu ! ! Bū ga Kirechatta ! ? '' ( 次元 に 亀裂 ! ! ブウ が キレ ちゃっ た ! ? ) </Td> <Td> July 12 , 1995 </Td> <Td> November 11 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 271 </Th> <Td> 256 </Td> <Td> `` The Ace Up Boo 's Sleeve ! ! You Become a Hard Candy ! '' / `` Vegito ... Downsized '' `` Bū no Oku no Te ! ! Amedama ni Natchae '' ( ブウ の 奥の手 ! ! アメ 玉 に なっ ちゃえ ) </Td> <Td> July 19 , 1995 </Td> <Td> November 12 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 272 </Th> <Td> 257 </Td> <Td> `` A Hero Lost ! ? Vegito is Absorbed '' / `` The Incredible Fighting Candy '' `` Hīrō Sōshitsu ! ? Kyūshūsareta Bejitto '' ( ヒーロー 喪失 ! ? 吸収 され た ベジット ) </Td> <Td> July 26 , 1995 </Td> <Td> November 13 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 273 </Th> <Td> 258 </Td> <Td> `` A Demonic Maze ! ! What Is There Inside Boo 's Belly ! ? '' / `` The Innards of Buu '' `` Ma no Meikyū ! ! Bū no Onaka ni Nani ga Aru ! ? '' ( 魔 の 迷宮 ! ! ブウ の 腹 ( おなか ) に 何 が ある ! ? ) </Td> <Td> August 2 , 1995 </Td> <Td> November 14 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 274 </Th> <Td> 259 </Td> <Td> `` Nightmares or Illusions ! ? Goku and Gohan 's Father - Son Confrontation '' / `` Mind Trap '' `` Akumu ka Maboroshi ka ! ? Gokū to Gohan no Oyako Taiketsu '' ( 悪夢 か 幻 か ! ? 悟空 と 悟 飯 の 親子 対決 ) </Td> <Td> August 9 , 1995 </Td> <Td> November 15 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 275 </Th> <Td> 260 </Td> <Td> `` A Majin 's Secret ! ! Two More Boos Inside of Boo '' / `` Deadly Vision '' `` Majin no Himitsu ! ! Bū no Naka ni Futari no Bū '' ( 魔 人 の 秘密 ! ! ブウ の 中 に 2 人 の ブウ ) </Td> <Td> August 16 , 1995 </Td> <Td> November 18 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 276 </Th> <Td> 261 </Td> <Td> `` Where Is the Exit ! ? Escape from a Collapsing Boo '' / `` Evil Kid Buu ! '' `` Deguchi wa Doko Da ! ? Kuzureru Bū kara Dasshutsu '' ( 出口 は どこ だ ! ? 崩れる ブウ から 脱出 ) </Td> <Td> August 23 , 1995 </Td> <Td> November 19 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 277 </Th> <Td> 262 </Td> <Td> `` Earth Disappears ! ! Boo 's Reverse - Transformation of Evil '' / `` End of Earth '' `` Chikyū Shōmetsu ! ! Bū Jaaku e no Gyakuhenshin '' ( 地球 消滅 ! ! ブウ 邪悪 へ の 逆 変身 ) </Td> <Td> September 6 , 1995 </Td> <Td> March 17 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 278 </Th> <Td> 263 </Td> <Td> `` Buu 's Assault ! ! A Conclusion in the Kaioshin Realm '' / `` True Saiyans Fight Alone '' `` Bū Raishū ! ! Kaiōshinkai de Ketchaku da '' ( ブウ 来襲 ! ! 界 王 神 界 で 決着 だ ) </Td> <Td> September 13 , 1995 </Td> <Td> March 18 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 279 </Th> <Td> 264 </Td> <Td> `` Seize the Future ! ! A Decisive Battle with the Universe at Stake '' / `` Battle for the Universe Begins '' `` Mirai o Tsukame ! ! Uchū o Kaketa Daikessen '' ( 未来 を つかめ ! ! 宇宙 を かけ た 大 決戦 ) </Td> <Td> September 20 , 1995 </Td> <Td> March 19 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 280 </Th> <Td> 265 </Td> <Td> `` Vegeta Takes Off His Hat ! ! Goku , You Are No. 1 '' / `` Vegeta 's Respect '' `` Bejīta Datsubō ! ! Gokū Omae ga Nanbā Wan da '' ( ベジータ 脱帽 ! ! 悟空 おまえ が No. 1 だ ) </Td> <Td> October 18 , 1995 </Td> <Td> March 20 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 281 </Th> <Td> 266 </Td> <Td> `` Pull Through , Vegeta ! ! One Life - Threatening Minute '' / `` Minute of Desperation '' `` Taenuke Bejīta ! ! Inochigake no Ippunkan '' ( 耐え 抜け ベジータ ! ! 命がけ の 1 分間 ) </Td> <Td> November 1 , 1995 </Td> <Td> March 21 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 282 </Th> <Td> 267 </Td> <Td> `` Do n't You Pick on Satan ! ! The Original Boo is Revived '' / `` Old Buu Emerges '' `` Satan o Ijimeru na ! ! Ganso Bū Fukkatsu '' ( サタン を いじめる な ! ! 元祖 ブウ 復活 ) </Td> <Td> November 8 , 1995 </Td> <Td> March 24 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 283 </Th> <Td> 268 </Td> <Td> `` Vegeta 's Secret Plan ! ! Polunga and the Two Wishes '' / `` Earth Reborn '' `` Bejīta no Hisaku ! ! Porunga to Futatsu no Negai '' ( ベジータ の 秘策 ! ! 神龍 ( ポルンガ ) と 2 つの 願い ) </Td> <Td> November 15 , 1995 </Td> <Td> March 25 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 284 </Th> <Td> 269 </Td> <Td> `` A Last Hope ! ! We 'll Make a Huge Genki Dama '' / `` Call to Action '' `` Saigo no Kibō ! ! Tsukuru ze Dekkai Genkidama '' ( 最後 の 希望 ! ! 作る ぜ でっかい 元気 玉 ) </Td> <Td> November 22 , 1995 </Td> <Td> March 26 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 285 </Th> <Td> 270 </Td> <Td> `` Ultra-Impressive ! ! The Genki Dama From Everyone is Finished '' / `` People of Earth Unite '' `` Chōkangeki ! ! Dekita ze Minna no Genkidama '' ( 超 感激 ! ! でき た ぜ みんなの 元気 玉 ) </Td> <Td> November 29 , 1995 </Td> <Td> March 27 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 286 </Th> <Td> 271 </Td> <Td> `` Son Goku is Strongest After All ! ! Majin Boo is Eliminated '' / `` Spirit Bomb Triumphant '' `` Yappari Saikyō Son Gokū ! ! Majin Bū Shōmetsu '' ( やっぱり 最強 孫悟空 ! ! 魔 人 ブウ 消滅 ) </Td> <Td> December 13 , 1995 </Td> <Td> March 28 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 287 </Th> <Td> 272 </Td> <Td> `` Peace Returns ! ! Majin Boo , Champion of Justice ! ? '' / `` Celebrations with Majin Buu '' `` Modotta Heiwa ! ! Seigi no Mikata Majin Bū ! ? '' ( 戻っ た 平和 ! ! 正義 の 味方 魔 人 ブウ ! ? ) </Td> <Td> December 20 , 1995 </Td> <Td> March 31 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 288 </Th> <Td> 273 </Td> <Td> `` You 're Late , Goku ! Everyone Party ! ! '' / `` He 's Always Late '' `` Osoi ze Gokū ! Minna de Pāti ! ! '' ( 遅い ぜ 悟空 ! みんな で パーティ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> January 10 , 1996 </Td> <Td> April 2 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 289 </Th> <Td> 274 </Td> <Td> `` Grandpa Goku ! I Am Pan ! ! '' / `` Granddaughter Pan '' `` Gokū Ojiichan ! Watashi ga Pan yo ! ! '' ( 悟空 おじいちゃん ! 私 が パン よ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> January 17 , 1996 </Td> <Td> April 3 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 290 </Th> <Td> 275 </Td> <Td> `` I Am Oob ! Now Ten Years Old , the Former Majin ! ? '' / `` Buu 's Reincarnation '' `` Oira wa Ūbu ! Ima Jussai de Moto Majin ! ? '' ( オイラ は ウーブ ! 今 10 歳 で 元 魔 人 ! ? ) </Td> <Td> January 24 , 1996 </Td> <Td> April 4 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 291 </Th> <Td> 276 </Td> <Td> `` Even Stronger ! ! Goku 's Dream is Super-Huge '' / `` Goku 's Next Journey '' `` Motto Tsuyoku ! ! Gokū no Yume wa Chō Dekkee '' ( もっと 強く ! ! 悟空 の 夢 は 超 で っ け え ) </Td> <Td> January 31 , 1996 </Td> <Td> April 7 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> Ovas / movie specials ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original release </Th> <Th> US release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Dragon Ball Z Side Story : Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans '' `` Doragon Bōru Zetto Gaiden : Saiyajin Zetsumetsu Keikaku '' ( ドラゴンボール Z 外伝 サイヤ 人 絶滅 計画 ) </Td> <Td> September 6 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> This feature was released in two parts as an `` Official Visual Guide '' to the Famicom video game of the same title . It is notable for never having seen an official release outside Japan , unlike its 2010 remake . It was re-released with new scenes entitled `` Dragon Ball Z Side Story : True Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans '' for the Bandai Playdia system . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Dragon Ball : Yo ! Son Goku and His Friends Return ! ! '' `` Doragon Bōru Ossu ! Kaette Kita Son Gokū to Nakama - tachi ! ! '' ( ドラゴンボール オッス ! 帰っ てき た 孫悟空 と 仲間 たち ! ) </Td> <Td> September 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> This feature is the first Dragon Ball animation in twelve years , following a short story arc in the remade Dr. Slump anime series featuring Kid Goku and the Red Ribbon Army in 1999 . The film premiered in Japan at the Jump Super Anime Tour in honor of Weekly Shōnen Jump 's fortieth anniversary . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Dragon Ball : Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans '' `` Doragon Bōru : Suupaa Saiyajin Zetsumetsu Keikaku '' ( ドラゴンボール 超 サイヤ 人 絶滅 計画 ) </Td> <Td> November 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> November 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 02 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> This is a remake of the 1993 OVA Dragon Ball Z Side Story : Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans . It was released as a bonus feature with the video game Dragon Ball : Raging Blast 2 . The feature was included worldwide , but was not dubbed in the appropriate language . Instead , the feature could only be viewed in Japanese with subtitles . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Dragon Ball : Episode of Bardock '' `` Doragon Bōru : Episōdo obu Bādakku '' ( ドラゴンボール エピソード オブ バーダック ) </Td> <Td> December 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> October 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> This 20 - minute animated feature was adapted from the eponymous three - chapter manga by Naho Ōishi . It features a scenario taking place after the events of the TV special Dragon Ball Z : Bardock - The Father of Goku , in which Bardock survives the destruction of Planet Vegeta and is sent into the past , combating Frieza 's ancestor Chilled , and turning into a Super Saiyan . It was screened at Jump Festa 2012 ( December 17 and 18 , 2011 ) in Japan and internationally released in October 2012 as a subtitled extra to the Xbox 360 video game Dragon Ball Z : For Kinect . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> TV specials ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> # </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original airdate </Th> <Th> English release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Dragon Ball Z : Bardock -- The Father of Goku '' `` Doragon Bōru Zetto : Tatta Hitori no Saishū Kessen ~ Furīza ni Idonda Zetto Senshi Kakarotto no Chichi ~ '' ( ドラゴンボール Z たった ひとり の 最終 決戦 ~ フリーザ に 挑ん だ Z 戦士 孫悟空 ( カカロット ) の 父 ~ ) </Td> <Td> October 17 , 1990 </Td> <Td> January 10 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Dragon Ball Z : Summer Vacation Special '' `` Kyokugen Batoru ! ! San Dai Sūpā Saiya - jin Supesharu '' ( 極限 バトル ! ! 三 大 超 サイヤ 人 スペシャル ) </Td> <Td> August 3 , 1992 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> This rare special aired on Tokai TV a month after the release of Dragon Ball Z : Super Android 13 ! , between episodes 148 and 155 , and is set after the events thereof . Goku and Gohan meet in West city , dressed up in Tuxedos , and discuss the events of the nine previously - released movies ( the first three Dragon Ball Films , and the first six Dragon Ball Z films ) . This special has never been released in English , nor on any form of home media . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Dragon Ball Z : The History of Trunks '' `` Doragon Bōru Zetto : Zetsubō e no Hankō ! ! Nokosareta Chō - Senshi Gohan to Torankusu '' ( ドラゴンボール Z 絶望 へ の 反抗 ! ! 残 され た 超 戦士 ・ 悟 飯 と トランクス ) </Td> <Td> February 24 , 1993 </Td> <Td> October 24 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Looking Back at it All : The Dragon Ball Z Year - End Show ! '' `` Zenbu Misemasu Toshi Wasure Doragon Boru Zetto ! '' ( 全部 見せ ます 年 忘れ ドラゴンボール Z ! ) </Td> <Td> December 31 , 1993 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> This rare special aired on Fuji Television between episodes 211 and 212 , and looks back at what had happened in Dragon Ball Z in 1993 . It takes placed before the adult division of the 25th World Martial Arts Tournament into the Dragon Ball Timeline , as noted by Gohan at the end of the special . This special has not been released on DVD and it has not been translated to English either . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> `` Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special '' `` Dori - mu 9 Toriko & Wan Pi - su & Doragonbo - ru Z chō Korabo Supesharu ! ! '' ( ドリーム 9 トリコ & ワンピース & ドラゴンボール Z 超 コラボ スペシャル ! ! ) </Td> <Td> April 7 , 2013 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> This is a two - part crossover special which aired on April 7 , 2013 , on Fuji TV . It commemorated the start of the third year of the anime Toriko , and features characters from Dragon Ball Z , Toriko , and One Piece . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Films ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> # </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original release </Th> <Th> English releases </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Dragon Ball Z : Dead Zone '' `` Doragon Bōru Zetto : Ora no Gohan o Kaese ! ! '' ( ドラゴンボール Z オラ の 悟 飯 を かえせ ッ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> July 15 , 1989 </Td> <Td> December 9 , 1997 May 31 , 2005 ( Funimation re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Dragon Ball Z : The World 's Strongest '' `` Doragon Bōru Zetto : Kono Yo de Ichiban Tsuyoi Yatsu '' ( ドラゴンボール Z この世 で 一 番 強い ヤツ ) </Td> <Td> March 10 , 1990 </Td> <Td> March 17 , 1998 November 14 , 2006 ( Funimation re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Dragon Ball Z : The Tree of Might '' `` Doragon Bōru Zetto : Chikyū Marugoto Chōkessen '' ( ドラゴンボール Z 地球 まるごと 超 決戦 ) </Td> <Td> July 7 , 1990 </Td> <Td> November 15 -- 22 , 1997 ( Edited TV airing ) May 26 , 1998 ( Pioneer re-dub ) November 14 , 2006 ( Funimation re-dub ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Dragon Ball Z : Lord Slug '' `` Doragon Bōru Zetto : Sūpā Saiyajin da Son Gokū '' ( ドラゴンボール Z 超 サイヤ 人 だ 孫悟空 ) </Td> <Td> March 9 , 1991 </Td> <Td> August 7 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> `` Dragon Ball Z : Cooler 's Revenge '' `` Doragon Bōru Zetto : Tobikkiri no Saikyō tai Saikyō '' ( ドラゴンボール Z と びっき り の 最強 対 最強 ) </Td> <Td> July 20 , 1991 </Td> <Td> January 22 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> `` Dragon Ball Z : The Return of Cooler '' `` Doragon Bōru Zetto : Gekitotsu ! ! Hyaku - Oku Pawā no Senshi - tachi '' ( ドラゴンボール Z 激突 ! ! 100 億 パワー の 戦士 たち ) </Td> <Td> March 7 , 1992 </Td> <Td> August 13 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> `` Dragon Ball Z : Super Android 13 ! '' `` Doragon Bōru Zetto : Kyokugen Batoru ! ! San Dai Sūpā Saiyajin '' ( ドラゴンボール Z 極限 バトル ! ! 三 大 超 サイヤ 人 , ) </Td> <Td> July 11 , 1992 </Td> <Td> February 4 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> `` Dragon Ball Z : Broly -- The Legendary Super Saiyan '' `` Doragon Bōru Zetto : Moetsukiro ! ! Nessen Ressen Chō - Gekisen '' ( ドラゴンボール Z 燃えつきろ ! ! 熱戦 ・ 烈 戦 ・ 超 激戦 ) </Td> <Td> March 6 , 1993 </Td> <Td> August 26 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> `` Dragon Ball Z : Bojack Unbound '' `` Doragon Bōru Zetto : Ginga Giri - Giri ! ! Butchigiri no Sugoi Yatsu '' ( ドラゴンボール Z 銀河 ギリギリ ! ! ぶっ ちぎり の 凄い 奴 ) </Td> <Td> July 10 , 1993 </Td> <Td> August 17 , 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> `` Dragon Ball Z : Broly -- Second Coming '' `` Doragon Bōru Zetto : Kiken na Futari ! Sūpā Senshi wa Nemurenai '' ( ドラゴンボール Z 危険 な ふたり ! 超 戦士 は ねむれ ない ) </Td> <Td> March 12 , 1994 </Td> <Td> April 5 , 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> `` Dragon Ball Z : Bio-Broly '' `` Doragon Bōru Zetto : Sūpā Senshi Gekiha ! ! Katsu No wa Ore da '' ( ドラゴンボール Z 超 戦士 撃破 ! ! 勝つ の は オレ だ ) </Td> <Td> July 9 , 1994 </Td> <Td> September 13 , 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> `` Dragon Ball Z : Fusion Reborn '' `` Doragon Bōru Zetto : Fukkatsu no Fyūjon ! ! Gokū to Vejīta '' ( ドラゴンボール Z 復活 の フュージョン ! ! 悟空 と ベジータ ) </Td> <Td> March 4 , 1995 </Td> <Td> March 28 , 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> `` Dragon Ball Z : Wrath of the Dragon '' `` Doragon Bōru Zetto : Ryū - Ken Bakuhatsu ! ! Gokū ga Yaraneba Dare ga Yaru '' ( ドラゴンボール Z 龍 拳 爆発 ! ! 悟空 が やら ねば 誰が やる ) </Td> <Td> July 15 , 1995 </Td> <Td> September 12 , 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods '' `` Doragon Bōru Zetto : Kami to Kami '' ( ドラゴンボール Z 神 と 神 ) </Td> <Td> March 30 , 2013 </Td> <Td> August 5 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> `` Dragon Ball Z : Resurrection ' F ' '' `` Doragon Bōru Zetto : Fukkatsu no Efu '' ( ドラゴンボール Z 復活 の 「 F 」 ) </Td> <Td> April 18 , 2015 </Td> <Td> August 4 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Home media releases ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Region 1 ( north america ) ( edit ) </H3> VHS Saga Box Set ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> # </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Saiyan Conflict </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 34 ( 1 -- 25 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Namekian Saga </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 35 -- 67 ( 26 -- 53 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ginyu Force </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 2000 </Td> <Td> 68 -- 74 ( 54 -- 60 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frieza </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 75 -- 107 ( 61 -- 92 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Garlic Jr . </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2003 </Td> <Td> 108 -- 117 ( 93 -- 102 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trunks </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 2000 </Td> <Td> 118 -- 125 ( 103 -- 110 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Androids </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2003 </Td> <Td> 126 -- 139 ( 111 -- 124 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Imperfect Cell </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 2003 </Td> <Td> 140 -- 152 ( 125 -- 137 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Perfect Cell </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2003 </Td> <Td> 153 -- 165 ( 138 -- 150 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cell Games </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 166 -- 194 ( 151 -- 179 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Great Saiyaman </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2005 </Td> <Td> 195 -- 209 ( 180 -- 194 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> World Tournament </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 2003 </Td> <Td> 210 -- 219 ( 195 -- 204 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Babidi </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 , 2003 </Td> <Td> 220 -- 231 ( 205 -- 216 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Majin Buu </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2003 </Td> <Td> 232 -- 253 ( 217 -- 238 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fusion </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 2003 </Td> <Td> 254 -- 275 ( 239 -- 260 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kid Buu </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2003 </Td> <Td> 276 -- 291 ( 261 -- 276 edited ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Individual DVD list ( edit ) <P> Note : The VHS version of `` Z Warriors Prepare '' ( Episodes 109 - 110 ) was released in the US as part of a Burger King Kid 's Meal promotion and never released as a Region 1 DVD . Funimation re-released `` Prelude to Terror '' with the missing episodes , resulting in 3 - episode and 5 - episode versions of the disc being available . Madman Entertainment in Australia released `` Z Warriors Prepare '' as a Region 4 DVD on December 12 , 2000 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Disc # </Th> <Th> Release Date </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Saga </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arrival </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 1999 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 6 ( 1 -- 4 edited ) </Td> <Td> The Saiyan Conflict </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Saiyans </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 1999 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 11 ( 5 -- 7 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Snake Way </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 1999 </Td> <Td> 12 -- 16 ( 8 -- 10 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pendulum Room </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1999 </Td> <Td> 17 -- 19 ( 11 -- 13 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doom </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1999 </Td> <Td> 20 -- 22 ( 14 -- 16 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Immortals </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 1999 </Td> <Td> 23 -- 26 ( 17 -- 19 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Destruction </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 1999 </Td> <Td> 27 -- 29 ( 20 -- 22 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Showdown </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1999 </Td> <Td> 30 -- 34 ( 23 -- 25 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Departure </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1999 </Td> <Td> 35 -- 39 ( 26 -- 28 edited ) </Td> <Td> The Namek Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rebirth </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 1999 </Td> <Td> 40 -- 43 ( 29 -- 31 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Namek </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 1999 </Td> <Td> 44 -- 46 ( 32 -- 34 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Betrayal </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1999 </Td> <Td> 47 -- 49 ( 35 -- 37 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Collision </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1999 </Td> <Td> 50 -- 53 ( 38 -- 40 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quest </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 1999 </Td> <Td> 54 -- 56 ( 41 -- 43 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trouble ! </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 1999 </Td> <Td> 57 -- 59 ( 44 -- 46 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Ginyu Force </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 1999 </Td> <Td> 60 -- 62 ( 47 -- 49 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Super Saiyan ? ! </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 1999 </Td> <Td> 63 -- 67 ( 50 -- 53 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Assault </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 2000 </Td> <Td> 68 -- 70 ( 54 -- 56 edited ) </Td> <Td> Captain Ginyu Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Double Cross </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2000 </Td> <Td> 71 -- 74 ( 57 -- 60 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Summoning </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 75 -- 77 ( 61 -- 63 edited ) </Td> <Td> Frieza Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Transformation </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 78 -- 81 ( 64 -- 66 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Revealed </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 82 -- 84 ( 67 -- 69 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Death of a Prince </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 85 -- 87 ( 70 -- 72 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clash </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 88 -- 90 ( 73 -- 75 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Desperation </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 91 -- 93 ( 76 -- 78 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Super Saiyan Goku </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 94 -- 96 ( 79 -- 81 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eleventh Hour </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 97 -- 100 ( 82 -- 85 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fall of a Tyrant </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 101 -- 104 ( 86 -- 89 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Namek 's End </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 105 -- 107 ( 90 -- 92 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Black Water Mist </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 108 -- 110 ( 93 -- 95 edited ) </Td> <Td> Garlic Jr . Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sacred Water </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 111 -- 113 ( 96 -- 98 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vanquished </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 114 -- 117 ( 99 -- 102 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mysterious Youth </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2000 </Td> <Td> 118 -- 120 ( 103 -- 105 edited ) </Td> <Td> Trunks Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prelude to Terror </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2000 </Td> <Td> 121 -- 123 ( 106 -- 108 edited ) 121 -- 125 ( 106 -- 110 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Invasion </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 126 -- 129 ( 111 -- 114 edited ) </Td> <Td> Androids Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Gero </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 130 -- 132 ( 115 -- 117 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Assassins </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 133 -- 135 ( 118 -- 120 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Invincible </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 136 -- 139 ( 121 -- 124 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Encounter </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 140 -- 142 ( 125 -- 127 edited ) </Td> <Td> Imperfect Cell Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Discovery </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 143 -- 145 ( 128 -- 130 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Race Against Time </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 146 -- 148 ( 131 -- 133 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 's End </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 149 -- 152 ( 134 -- 137 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hunt for 18 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 153 -- 155 ( 138 -- 140 edited ) </Td> <Td> Perfect Cell Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Temptation </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 156 -- 158 ( 141 -- 143 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Perfection </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 159 -- 161 ( 144 -- 146 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Unstoppable </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 162 -- 165 ( 147 -- 150 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ultimatum </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 166 -- 168 ( 151 -- 153 edited ) </Td> <Td> Cell Games Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A Moment 's Peace </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 169 -- 171 ( 154 -- 156 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guardian 's Return </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 172 -- 174 ( 157 -- 159 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Games Begin </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 175 -- 177 ( 160 -- 162 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Surrender </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 178 -- 180 ( 163 -- 165 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Earth 's Last Hope </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 181 -- 183 ( 166 -- 168 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Awakening </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 184 -- 186 ( 169 -- 171 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sacrifice </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 187 -- 190 ( 172 -- 175 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nightmare 's End </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2005 </Td> <Td> 191 -- 194 ( 176 -- 179 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Opening Ceremony </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2005 </Td> <Td> 195 -- 197 ( 180 -- 182 edited ) </Td> <Td> Great Saiyaman Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Final Round </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2005 </Td> <Td> 198 -- 200 ( 183 -- 185 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gohan 's Secret </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2005 </Td> <Td> 201 -- 203 ( 186 -- 188 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Declaration </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2005 </Td> <Td> 204 -- 206 ( 189 -- 191 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Crash Course </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2005 </Td> <Td> 207 -- 209 ( 192 -- 194 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Junior Division </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 210 -- 212 ( 195 -- 197 edited ) </Td> <Td> World Tournament Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Draw </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 213 -- 215 ( 198 -- 200 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blackout </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 216 -- 219 ( 201 -- 204 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Descent </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 220 -- 222 ( 205 -- 207 edited ) </Td> <Td> Babidi Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle Royale </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 223 -- 225 ( 208 -- 210 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Dark Prince Returns </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 226 -- 228 ( 211 -- 213 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rivals </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 229 -- 231 ( 214 -- 216 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Hatching </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 232 -- 234 ( 217 -- 219 edited ) </Td> <Td> Majin Buu Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atonement </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 235 -- 237 ( 220 -- 222 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Revival </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 238 -- 240 ( 223 -- 225 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tactics </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 241 -- 243 ( 226 -- 228 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Defiance </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 244 -- 246 ( 229 -- 231 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A Hero 's Farewell </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 247 -- 249 ( 232 -- 234 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emergence </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 06 - 11 - 0000 June 11 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 250 -- 253 ( 235 -- 238 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Evil Buu </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 06 - 11 - 0000 June 11 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 254 -- 256 ( 239 -- 241 edited ) </Td> <Td> Fusion Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Play for Time </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 07 - 16 - 0000 July 16 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 257 -- 259 ( 242 -- 244 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Losing Battle </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 07 - 16 - 0000 July 16 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 260 -- 262 ( 245 - 247 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hope Returns </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 263 -- 265 ( 248 -- 250 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ambush </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 266 -- 268 ( 251 -- 253 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Last Saiyan </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 269 -- 272 ( 254 -- 257 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Internal Struggle </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 273 -- 275 ( 258 -- 260 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Regression </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 276 -- 278 ( 261 -- 263 edited ) </Td> <Td> Kid Buu Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saiyan Pride </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 279 -- 281 ( 264 -- 266 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vegeta 's Plea </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 2003 </Td> <Td> 282 -- 284 ( 267 -- 269 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Price of Victory </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 2003 </Td> <Td> 285 -- 287 ( 270 -- 272 edited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A New Beginning </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 2003 </Td> <Td> 288 -- 291 ( 273 -- 276 edited ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Ultimate Uncut Edition Box Sets ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vegeta Saga I </Td> <Td> April 12 , 2005 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vegeta Saga II </Td> <Td> March 21 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 22 -- 27 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Season Box Sets ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Saga ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season One </Td> <Td> February 6 , 2007 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 39 </Td> <Td> Vegeta Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Two </Td> <Td> May 22 , 2007 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 40 -- 74 </Td> <Td> Namek / Captain Ginyu Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Three </Td> <Td> September 18 , 2007 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 75 -- 107 </Td> <Td> Frieza Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Four </Td> <Td> February 19 , 2008 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 108 -- 139 </Td> <Td> Garlic Jr. / Trunks / Androids Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Five </Td> <Td> May 27 , 2008 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 140 -- 165 </Td> <Td> Imperfect Cell / Perfect Cell Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Six </Td> <Td> September 16 , 2008 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 166 -- 194 </Td> <Td> Cell Games Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Seven </Td> <Td> November 11 , 2008 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 195 -- 219 </Td> <Td> Great Saiyaman / World Tournament Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Eight </Td> <Td> February 10 , 2009 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 220 -- 253 </Td> <Td> Babidi / Majin Buu Saga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Nine </Td> <Td> May 19 , 2009 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 254 -- 291 </Td> <Td> Fusion / Kid Buu Saga </Td> </Tr> </Table> Funimation Dragon Box Z Sets ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Box Z , Vol. 1 </Td> <Td> November 17 , 2009 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Box Z , Vol. 2 </Td> <Td> February 16 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 43 -- 84 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Box Z , Vol. 3 </Td> <Td> May 4 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 85 -- 126 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Box Z , Vol. 4 </Td> <Td> September 21 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 127 -- 168 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Box Z , Vol. 5 </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2011 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 169 -- 209 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Box Z , Vol. 6 </Td> <Td> July 5 , 2011 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 210 -- 250 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Box Z , Vol. 7 </Td> <Td> October 11 , 2011 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 251 -- 291 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Blu - ray Level releases ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z , Level 1.1 </Td> <Td> November 8 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z , Level 1.2 </Td> <Td> December 13 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 -- 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z , Level 2.1 </Td> <Td> Cancelled </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 35 -- 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z , Level 2.2 </Td> <Td> Cancelled </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 52 -- 67 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Season Blu - ray releases ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z Season One </Td> <Td> December 31 , 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z Season Two </Td> <Td> March 4 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 40 -- 74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z Season Three </Td> <Td> April 1 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 75 -- 107 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z Season Four </Td> <Td> May 13 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 108 -- 139 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z Season Five </Td> <Td> June 24 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 140 -- 165 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z Season Six </Td> <Td> August 5 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 166 -- 194 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z Season Seven </Td> <Td> September 16 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 195 -- 219 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z Season Eight </Td> <Td> October 28 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 220 -- 253 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z Season Nine </Td> <Td> December 9 , 2014 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 254 -- 291 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Original English dub Collector 's DVD Box Set ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z : Rock the Dragon Edition </Td> <Td> August 13 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 67 ( 1 -- 53 edited ) + Movies 1 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Region 2 ( edit ) </H3> Dragon Box Z Sets ( Japan ) ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Box Z , Vol. 1 </Td> <Td> March 19 , 2003 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 147 + TV Special 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Box Z , Vol. 2 </Td> <Td> September 18 , 2003 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 148 -- 291 + TV Special 2 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Season Box Sets ( United Kingdom ) ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z Season 1 </Td> <Td> July 2 , 2012 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z Season 2 </Td> <Td> August 27 , 2012 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 40 -- 74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z Season 3 </Td> <Td> October 1 , 2012 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 75 -- 107 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z Season 4 </Td> <Td> November 5 , 2012 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 108 -- 139 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z Season 5 </Td> <Td> January 7 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 140 -- 165 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z Season 6 </Td> <Td> March 4 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 166 -- 194 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z Season 7 </Td> <Td> May 13 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 195 -- 219 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z Season 8 </Td> <Td> July 15 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 220 -- 253 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Ball Z Season 9 </Td> <Td> October 21 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 254 -- 291 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Dragon Ball portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of Dragon Ball episodes </Li> <Li> List of Dragon Ball GT episodes </Li> <Li> List of Dragon Ball films </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Escape From Piccolo '' Unaired English Dub Episode Played on Cartoon Network `` . Kanzenshuu . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z 2015 Movie : Frieza 's Resurrection '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z - Series 3.3 : Z - Warriors Prepare DVD '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 1 - Arrival '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z , Vol. 2 - Saiyan - The Saiyans '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 3 - Snake Way '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 4 - Pendulum Room '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z , Vol. 5 - Saiyan - Doom '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 6 - Immortals '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 7 - Destruction '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z , Vol. 8 - Saiyan - Showdown '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 9 - Departure '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 10 - Rebirth '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 11 - Namek '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 12 - Betrayal '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 13 - Collision '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 14 - Quest '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 15 - Trouble '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : DragonBall Z , Vol 16 . - The Ginyu Force '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 17 - Super Saiyan '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 18 - Captain Ginyu : Assault '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mania.com : Anime / Manga Review - Dragonball Z TV # 19 : Captain Gunyu - Double Cross '' . Mania.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Frieza - The Summoning '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Frieza - Transformation '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Frieza - Revealed '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Frieza - Death of a Prince '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Frieza - Clash '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Frieza - Desperation '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Frieza - Super Saiyan Goku '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Frieza - Eleventh Hour '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Frieza - Fall of a Tyrant '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Frieza Namek 's End '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Garlic Jr . - Black Water Mist '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Garlic Jr . - Sacred Water '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Garlic Jr . - Vanquished '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Trunks - Mysterious Youth '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Trunks : Prelude to Terror '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Androids - Invasion '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Androids - Dr. Gero '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Androids - Assassins '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Androids - Invincible '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Imperfect Cell - Encounter '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Imperfect Cell - Discovery '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Imperfect Cell - Race Against Time '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Imperfect Cell - 17 's End '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z : Perfect Cell - Hunt for 18 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Perfect Cell - Temptation '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : DragonBall Z : Perfect Cell - Perfection '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z : Perfect Cell - Unstoppable '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Cell Games - Ultimatum '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Cell Games - A Moment 's Peace '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Cell Games - Guardian 's Return '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Cell Games - The Games Begin '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Cell Games - Surrender '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Cell Games - Earth 's Last Hope '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Cell Games - Awakening '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Cell Games - Sacrifice '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Cell Games - Nightmare 's End '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Great Saiyaman - Opening Ceremony '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Great Saiyaman - Final Round '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Great Saiyaman - Gohan 's Secret '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : DragonBall Z : Great Saiyaman - Declaration '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : DragonBall Z : Great Saiyaman - Crash Course '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - World Tournament - Junior Division '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - World Tournament - Draw '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - World Tournament - Blackout '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Babidi - Descent '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Babidi - Battle Royal '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Babidi - Dark Prince Returns '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Babidi - Rivals '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Majin Buu - Hatching '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Majin Buu - Atonement '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Majin Buu - Revival '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Majin Buu - Tactics '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Majin Buu - Defiance '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Majin Buu - A Hero 's Farewell '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Majin Buu - Emergence '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Fusion - Evil Buu '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Fusion - Play for Time '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Fusion - Losing Battle '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : DragonBall Z : Fusion - Hope Returns '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z : Fusion - Ambush '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Fusion : The Last Saiyan '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Fusion : Internal Struggle '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Kid Buu - Regression '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Kid Buu - Saiyan Pride '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Kid Buu - Vegeta 's Plea '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Kid Buu - The Price of Victory '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Kid Buu - A New Beginning '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 4 ( DVD ) '' . amazon.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 5 ( DVD ) '' . amazon.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 6 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 7 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 8 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 9 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Box One ( DVD ) '' . amazon.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Box Two ( DVD ) '' . amazon.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Box Three ( DVD ) '' . amazon.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Box Four ( DVD ) '' . amazon.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Box Five ( DVD ) '' . amazon.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Box Six ( DVD ) '' . amazon.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Box Seven ( DVD ) '' . amazon.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FUNIMATION ENTERTAINMENT ANNOUNCES DRAGON BALL Z SERIES ON BLU - RAY - Funimation -- Blog ! '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FUNimation Cancels Remastered `` Dragon Ball Z '' Blu - Ray Release `` . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.funimation.com/dragon-ball-universe/forum/funimation-shows/fan-favorites/dragon-ball-universe/dragon-ball-z-series?page=11 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 1 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 2 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 3 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 4 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 5 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 6 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 7 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 8 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 9 '' . Amazon.co.uk . 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how many episodes are there in dragon ball z

Radio Romance ( TV series ) - Wikipedia <H1> Radio Romance ( TV series ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Radio Romance </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Promotional poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original title </Th> <Td> 라디오 로맨스 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Romance </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> KBS Drama Production </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Jeon Yu - ri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Kim Shin - il </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yoon Doo - joon </Li> <Li> Kim So - hyun </Li> <Li> Yoon Park </Li> <Li> Yura </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> South Korea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> Korean </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Heo Gun </Li> <Li> Kim Chu - seok </Li> <Li> Kim Kwan - min </Li> <Li> Lee Gun - joon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kim Dong - hwi </Li> <Li> Seo Byung - chul </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Camera setup </Th> <Td> Single - camera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 60 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Urban Works Media </Li> <Li> Plusis Media </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Korean Broadcasting System </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> KBS2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 1080i ( HDTV ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Audio format </Th> <Td> Dolby Digital </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> January 29 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) -- March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Radio Romance ( Hangul : 라디오 로맨스 ; RR : Radio Romaenseu ) is a 2018 South Korean television series starring Yoon Doo - joon and Kim So - hyun , with Yoon Park and Yura . It airs on KBS2 's Mondays and Tuesdays at 22 : 00 ( KST ) time slot , premiered on January 29 , 2018 . </P> <P> The series was a commercial failure only averaging 4.1 % in audience share , and was criticized for its simplistic story . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Synopsis </Li> <Li> 2 Cast <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main </Li> <Li> 2.2 Supporting <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 People around Soo - ho and Geu - rim </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 Radio station staff </Li> <Li> 2.2. 3 Radio station sub-writer members </Li> <Li> 2.2. 4 Others </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 Special appearance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Soundtrack <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Part 1 </Li> <Li> 4.2 Part 2 </Li> <Li> 4.3 Part 3 </Li> <Li> 4.4 Part 4 </Li> <Li> 4.5 Part 5 </Li> <Li> 4.6 Part 6 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Ratings </Li> <Li> 6 Notes </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Synopsis ( edit ) </H2> <P> Geu Rim ( Kim So - hyun ) has always wanted to become a radio writer . However , because she lacks the writing skills , she was always forced to be an assistant writer . When her only show faces cancellation , she must secure her place as writer . So she decides to try casting Ji Soo - ho ( Yoon Doo - joon ) , a top star actor who 's known to have a `` perfect life . '' </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Yoon Doo - joon as Ji Soo - ho <Ul> <Li> Nam Da - reum as young Ji Soo - ho </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> A top actor who is accustomed to act based on scripts . He ends up becoming the DJ for a live radio show where nothing ever goes according to plan . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Kim So - hyun as Song Geu - rim <Ul> <Li> Lee Re as young Song Geu - rim </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The writer of Soo - ho 's radio show with five - year experience as an assistant writer . She lacks of writing skills but possesses excellent planning skills . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Yoon Park as Lee Kang </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The radio station 's competent producing director . Because of his perfectionism , every program he handles achieved No. 1 in listener ratings . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Yura as Jin Tae - ri </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> An over-the - hill actress who fell from grace due to a DUI accident that happened three years ago . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Supporting ( edit ) </H3> People around Soo - ho and Geu - Rim ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Ha Joon as Kim Jun - woo ( 33 years old ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Soo - ho 's long - time manager who oversees the actor 's every move . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Kwak Dong - yeon as Jason ( 28 years old ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> A psychiatrist who is Soo - ho 's high school classmate and personal doctor . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Oh Hyun - kyung as Nam Joo - ha ( 51 years old ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Soo - ho 's legal mother who is the CEO of JH Entertainment . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Kim Byung - se as Ji Yoon - seok ( 55 years old ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Soo - ho 's father who is a veteran actor . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Seo Ye - seul as Jung Da - seul ( 23 years old ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> An actress who is very popular . She is having an affair with Soo - ho 's father . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Kim Ye - ryeong as Jo Ae - ran ( 53 years old ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Geu - rim 's mother . She became blind during a surgery she had when she was 39 . </Dd> </Dl> Radio station staff ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Kim Hye - eun as Ra Ra - hee ( 41 years old ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Radio program writer . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Im Ji - kyu as Lee Seung - soo ( 44 years old ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Radio program director . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Jo Byung - gyu as Go Hoon - jung ( 30 years old ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Radio assistant director . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Lee Won - jong as Kang Hee - seok ( 55 years old ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Radio station director . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Yoon Joo - sang as Moon Seong - woo ( 57 years old ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> DJ of a Thirty - year old radio program . </Dd> </Dl> Radio station sub-writer members ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Ryu Hye - rin as `` Tornado '' </Li> <Li> Shim Eun - woo as `` Gamoom '' </Li> <Li> Jung Yoo - rim as `` Jangma '' </Li> </Ul> Others ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Jung Hee - tae as Ahn Bong - seob ( 37 years old ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> A reporter . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Choi Min - yeong as Woo Ji - Woo </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Soo - Ho 's friend in 12 years ago , liked Geu - Rim . Died in a car accident . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Special appearance ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> U-Kwon as Kang Minu ( Ep. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Ji Il - joo as Oh Jin - soo ( Ep. 2 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Jung Gyu - soo as amnesia old man ( Ep. 4 ) </Li> <Li> Bona as DJ Jay ( Ep. 5 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lead actors Yoon Doo - joon and Kim So - hyun first worked together in a 2014 advertisement . Yoon also made a cameo appearance in the 2016 TV series Hey Ghost , Let 's Fight that starred Kim . </Li> <Li> The series is a joint production of Urban Works Media ( producer of the Bad Guys series ) and Plusis Media ( a subsidiary of the Sports Seoul - Seoul Shinmun group launched in 2017 ) for KBS . </Li> <Li> The first script reading of the cast was held on December 19 , 2017 at KBS Annex Broadcasting Station in Yeouido , Seoul . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Radio Romance OST </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Various artists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soundtrack </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> Korean </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> CREAHUB , LOEN Entertainment </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Part 1 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Lyrics </Th> <Th> Music </Th> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Radio Romance '' </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Park Geun - chul </Li> <Li> Runy </Li> <Li> Jung Soo - min </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Park Geun - chul </Li> <Li> Runy </Li> <Li> Jung Soo - min </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> NCT U </Td> <Td> 3 : 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Radio Romance ( Inst . ) '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Park Geun - chul </Li> <Li> Runy </Li> <Li> Jung Soo - min </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Total length : </Td> <Td> 7 : 18 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Part 2 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Lyrics </Th> <Th> Music </Th> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` The Covered Up Road ( Sound Track Ver . ) '' ( 가리 워진 길 ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yoo Jae - ha </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yoo Jae - ha </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Nakjoon </Td> <Td> 3 : 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` The Covered Up Road ( Special Live Ver . ) '' </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yoo Jae - ha </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yoo Jae - ha </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Nakjoon </Td> <Td> 3 : 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` The Covered Up Road ( Sound Track Ver . ) ( Inst . ) '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yoo Jae - ha </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` The Covered Up Road ( Special Live Ver . ) ( Inst . ) '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yoo Jae - ha </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Total length : </Td> <Td> 13 : 28 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Part 3 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Lyrics </Th> <Th> Music </Th> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Bygone Days '' ( 지난 날 ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yoo Jae - ha </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yoo Jae - ha </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Migyo </Td> <Td> 5 : 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Bygone Days ( Inst . ) '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yoo Jae - ha </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Total length : </Td> <Td> 10 : 38 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Part 4 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Lyrics </Th> <Th> Music </Th> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Another Sadness '' ( 또 하나 의 슬픔 ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lee Hyun - do </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lee Hyun - do </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> J_ust </Td> <Td> 4 : 01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Another Sadness ( Inst . ) '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lee Hyun - do </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 : 01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Total length : </Td> <Td> 8 : 02 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Part 5 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Lyrics </Th> <Th> Music </Th> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Story '' </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> KamDongis </Li> <Li> Seo Jae - ha </Li> <Li> Kim Young - sung </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> KamDongis </Li> <Li> Seo Jae - ha </Li> <Li> Kim Young - sung </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Lee Seok - hoon </Td> <Td> 3 : 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Story ( Inst . ) '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> KamDongis </Li> <Li> Seo Jae - ha </Li> <Li> Kim Young - sung </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Total length : </Td> <Td> 7 : 28 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Part 6 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Lyrics </Th> <Th> Music </Th> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` On The Road '' ( 길 에서 ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> RUNY </Li> <Li> Park Geun - cheol </Li> <Li> Jung Soo - min </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Park Geun - cheol </Li> <Li> Jung Soo - min </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Haebin ( Gugudan ) </Td> <Td> 3 : 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` On The Road ( Inst . ) '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Park Geun - cheol </Li> <Li> Jung Soo - min </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Total length : </Td> <Td> 7 : 58 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Ratings ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> In the table below , the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings . </Li> <Li> NR denotes that the drama did not rank in the top 20 daily programs on that date . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ep . </Th> <Th> Original broadcast date </Th> <Th colspan="4"> Average audience share </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> TNmS </Th> <Th colspan="2"> AGB Nielsen </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationwide </Th> <Th> Seoul </Th> <Th> Nationwide </Th> <Th> Seoul </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> January 29 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 6.2 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 6.3 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 5.5 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 5.6 % ( NR ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> January 30 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 5.2 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 5.4 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 5.8 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 6.0 % ( NR ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> February 5 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 6.2 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 6.4 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 5.2 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 5.3 % ( NR ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> February 6 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 5.5 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 5.8 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 5.6 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 5.9 % ( NR ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> February 13 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 6.5 % ( 17th ) </Td> <Td> 6.6 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 5.1 % ( 20th ) </Td> <Td> 5.0 % ( 20th ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 5.5 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 6.2 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 4.2 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 4.9 % ( NR ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> February 20 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 4.8 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 5.3 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 3.9 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 4.4 % ( NR ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 4.6 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 5.2 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 3.4 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 4.1 % ( NR ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> February 26 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 5.1 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 6.0 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 3.7 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 4.6 % ( NR ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> February 27 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 4.7 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 5.6 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 3.4 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 4.3 % ( NR ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> March 5 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 4.4 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 5.2 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 4.0 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 4.8 % ( NR ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> March 6 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 4.6 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 5.0 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 3.5 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 3.9 % ( NR ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> March 12 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 4.1 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 4.5 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 2.9 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 3.3 % ( NR ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> March 13 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 4.4 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 3.2 % ( NR ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> March 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 4.2 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 2.6 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 2.7 % ( NR ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> March 20 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 4.2 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 4.6 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 3.1 % ( NR ) </Td> <Td> 3.4 % ( NR ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Average </Th> <Th> 5.0 % </Th> <Th> 5.4 % </Th> <Th> 4.1 % </Th> <Th> 4.5 % </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Relaunched and renamed as kakao M on March 23 , 2018 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Credited as a song by NCT U , sung by members Taeil and Doyoung </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Two episodes are aired on the same day due to the 2018 Winter Olympics . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Park , Jin - young . `` 윤두준 김소현 , KBS ' 라디오 로맨스 ' 남녀 주연 확정 ... 감성 멜로 ( 종합 ) '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . Osen . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kim , So - yeon . `` Yoon Doo - joon confirms lead role in ' Radio Romance ' '' . Kpop Herald . Herald Corporation . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jang , Ah - reum . `` ( 공식 ) 김소현 , ' 라디오 로맨스'로 6 개월 만 에 드라마 복귀 '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . News1 Korea . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeong , Yoo - na . `` ( 공식 ) ' 라디오 로맨스 ' 윤박 걸스 데이 유라 곽동연 , 캐스팅 확정 '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . Sports Chosun . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yoon Bak , Hajun , Kwak Dong Yeon , Yura confirmed as cast of ' Radio Romance ' '' . KBS World . KBS World . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( 초점 IS ) 5 % → 2 % ... ' 라디오 로맨스 ' 이유 있는 참패 '' . JTBC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( ME : TV ) ' 라디오 로맨스 ' 연속 방송 효과 無 ... 시청률 뚝 ↓ '' . Metro . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( Oh ! 쎈 초점 ) `` 예고 된 3.1 % '' ... ' 라디오 로맨스 ' , 뻔해 도 너무 뻔한 스토리 `` . The Korea Daily . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yoon Doo - joon to star in KBS 's `` Radio Romance '' `` . Hancinema . Joy News 24 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kim So - hyun to Star in KBS Drama `` Radio Romance '' `` . Hancinema . Star Today . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kim So Hyun confirmed to co-star with Yoon Doo Joon in ' Radio Romance ' '' . KBS World . KBS World . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Girl 's Day Yura to star in ' Radio Romance ' with Kim So Hyun & Yoon Doo Joon '' . KBS World . KBS World . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Choi , Jeong - min . 하준 , ' 라디오 로맨스 ' 출연 확정 ... 윤두준 매니저 役 ( Ha Joon , ' Radio Romance ' Confirmed Appearance ... Yoon Doo - joon manager ) . Tenasia ( in Korean ) . Ten Asia . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee , Eun - hye . `` ( 초점 Q ) 윤두준 X 김소현 , CF 드라마 카메오 넘어 ' 라디오 로맨스 ' 주연 으로 재회 ? '' . Sports Q ( in Korean ) . Sports Q. Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee , Ji - hyun . `` ' 라디오 로맨스 ' 김소현 `` 성인 이 되고 첫 작품 , 열심히 하겠다 '' `` . Naver ( in Korean ) . Sports Chosun . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TNMS Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . TNMS Ratings ( in Korean ) . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AGB Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . AGB Nielsen Media Research ( in Korean ) . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website ( in Korean ) </Li> <Li> Radio Romance at KBS World </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Radio Romance at Daum ( in Korean ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Radio Romance on IMDb </Li> <Li> Radio Romance at HanCinema </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> KBS : Monday - Tuesday dramas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Previous program </Th> <Td> Radio Romance ( January 29 , 2018 -- March 20 , 2018 ) </Td> <Th> Next program </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jugglers ( December 4 , 2017 -- January 23 , 2018 ) </Td> <Td> The Miracle We Met ( April 2 , 2018 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> KBS 's Monday -- Tuesday dramas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Salut D'Amour </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000 -- 2004 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Look Back in Anger </Li> <Li> Autumn in My Heart </Li> <Li> Mina </Li> <Li> Winter Sonata </Li> <Li> Summer Scent </Li> <Li> Sang Doo ! 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Miss </Li> <Li> Conspiracy in the Court </Li> <Li> I Am Sam </Li> <Li> Cruel Love </Li> <Li> Single Dad in Love </Li> <Li> Strongest Chil Woo </Li> <Li> Worlds Within </Li> <Li> Boys Over Flowers </Li> <Li> The Slingshot </Li> <Li> He Who Ca n't Marry </Li> <Li> Invincible Lee Pyung Kang </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010 -- 2014 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Master of Study </Li> <Li> Becoming a Billionaire </Li> <Li> Grudge : The Revolt of Gumiho </Li> <Li> Sungkyunkwan Scandal </Li> <Li> Marry Me , Mary ! </Li> <Li> Dream High </Li> <Li> Detectives in Trouble </Li> <Li> Baby Faced Beauty </Li> <Li> Spy Myung - wol </Li> <Li> Poseidon </Li> <Li> Brain </Li> <Li> Dream High 2 </Li> <Li> Love Rain </Li> <Li> Big </Li> <Li> Lovers of Haeundae </Li> <Li> Ohlala Couple </Li> <Li> School 2013 </Li> <Li> Ad Genius Lee Tae - baek </Li> <Li> The Queen of Office </Li> <Li> Do n't Look Back : The Legend of Orpheus </Li> <Li> Good Doctor </Li> <Li> Marry Him If You Dare </Li> <Li> Prime Minister and I </Li> <Li> Beyond the Clouds </Li> <Li> Big Man </Li> <Li> Lovers of Music </Li> <Li> Discovery of Love </Li> <Li> Naeil 's Cantabile </Li> <Li> Healer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2015 -- 2018 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blood </Li> <Li> Who Are You : School 2015 </Li> <Li> Hello Monster </Li> <Li> The Virtual Bride </Li> <Li> Cheer Up ! </Li> <Li> Oh My Venus </Li> <Li> Moorim School : Saga of the Brave </Li> <Li> Babysitter </Li> <Li> My Lawyer , Mr. Jo </Li> <Li> Becky 's Back </Li> <Li> A Beautiful Mind </Li> <Li> Love in the Moonlight </Li> <Li> Sweet Stranger and Me </Li> <Li> Hwarang : The Poet Warrior Youth </Li> <Li> Ms. Perfect </Li> <Li> The Happy Loner </Li> <Li> Fight for My Way </Li> <Li> School 2017 </Li> <Li> Girls ' Generation 1979 </Li> <Li> Witch at Court </Li> <Li> Jugglers </Li> <Li> Radio Romance </Li> <Li> The Miracle We Met </Li> <Li> Are You Human Too ? </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_Romance_(TV_series)&oldid=838537746 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Korean Broadcasting System television dramas </Li> <Li> Korean - language television programs </Li> <Li> 2010s South Korean television series </Li> <Li> 2018 South Korean television series debuts </Li> <Li> 2018 South Korean television series endings </Li> <Li> South Korean romance television series </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) </Li> <Li> Articles containing Korean - language text </Li> <Li> Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Album infoboxes lacking a cover </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Track listings with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> <Li> Articles with Korean - language external links </Li> <Li> Daum TV series ID same as Wikidata </Li> <Li> HanCinema drama ID not in Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 17 : 02 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Qaumi Taranah - wikipedia <H1> Qaumi Taranah </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Qaumi Taranah قومی ترانہ <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> English : National Anthem of Pakistan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> National Anthem </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> National anthem of Pakistan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lyrics </Th> <Td> Hafeez Jullundhri , June 1952 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> Ahmad G. Chagla , 21 August 1949 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adopted </Th> <Td> 13 August 1954 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Relinquished </Th> <Td> Present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Audio sample </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Qaumi Taranah ( Instrumental ) <Ul> <Li> file </Li> <Li> help </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Ahmad G. Chagla composed the music of the National Anthem of Pakistan in 1949 Ahmed Rushdi recorded the National Anthem of Pakistan in 1954 <P> The Qaumi Taranah ( Urdu : قومی ترانہ ‬ ‎ , Qaumī Tarānah pronounced ( ˈqɔː. mi ˈt̪ə. rɑː. nɑ ) , lit . `` National Anthem '' ) , also known as Pāk Sarzamīn ( Urdu : پاک سرزمین ‬ ‎ , pronounced ( ˈpɑːk ˈsər. zə. miːn ) , lit . `` The Sacred Land '' ) , is the national anthem of Pakistan . Its music was composed by Ahmad G. Chagla in 1949 , preceding the lyrics , which were written by Hafeez Jullundhri in 1952 . It was officially adopted as Pakistan 's national anthem in August 1954 and was recorded in the same year by eleven major singers of Pakistan including Ahmad Rushdi , Kaukab Jahan , Rasheeda Begum , Najam Ara , Naseema Shaheen , Zawar Hussain , Akhtar Abbas , Ghulam Dastagir , Anwar Zaheer and Akhtar Wasi Ali . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Music </Li> <Li> 3 Lyrics </Li> <Li> 4 Milestones </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> In early 1948 , A.R. Ghani , a Muslim from Transvaal , South Africa , offered two prizes of five thousand rupees each for the poet and composer of a new national anthem for the newly independent state of Pakistan . The prizes were announced through a government press advertisement published in June 1948 . In December 1948 , the Government of Pakistan established the National Anthem Committee ( NAC ) with the task of coming up with the composition and lyrics for the official national anthem of Pakistan . The NAC was initially chaired by the Information Secretary , Sheikh Muhammad Ikram , and its members included several politicians , poets and musicians , including Abdur Rab Nishtar , Ahmad G. Chagla and Hafeez Jullundhri . The NAC encountered early difficulties in finding suitable music and lyrics . </P> <P> When President Sukarno of Indonesia became the first foreign head of state to visit Pakistan on 30 January 1950 , there was no Pakistani national anthem to be played . In 1950 , the impending state visit of the Shah of Iran added urgency to the matter and resulted in the Government of Pakistan asking the NAC to submit an anthem without further delay . The NAC Chairman , then Federal Minister for Education , Fazlur Rahman , asked several poets and composers to write lyrics but none of the submitted works were deemed suitable . The NAC also examined several different tunes and eventually selected the one presented by Ahmed G. Chagla and submitted it for formal approval . On 21 August 1949 , the Government of Pakistan adopted Chagla 's tune for the national anthem . </P> <P> The anthem , without lyrics , was performed for the first time for a foreign head of state on the state visit of the Shah of Iran to Pakistan in Karachi on 1 March 1950 by a Pakistan Navy band . </P> <P> It was later played for Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan during his official visit to the United States on 3 May 1950 . It was played before the NAC on 10 August 1950 . Official recognition to the national anthem , however , was not given until August 1954 . The NAC distributed records of the composed tune amongst prominent poets , who responded by writing and submitting several hundred songs for evaluation by the NAC . Eventually , the lyrics written by Hafeez Jullundhri were approved and the new national anthem was broadcast publicly for the first time on Radio Pakistan on 13 August 1954 , sung by Hafeez Jullundhri himself . Official approval was announced by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting on 16 August 1954 . The composer , Ahmed G. Chagla , died in 1953 , before the new national anthem was officially adopted . In 1955 , there was a performance of the national anthem involving 11 major singers of Pakistan , including Ahmad Rushdi , Kaukab Jahan , Rasheeda Begum , Najam Ara , Naseema Shaheen , Zawar Hussain , Akhtar Abbas , Ghulam Dastagir , Anwar Zaheer and Akhtar Wasi Ali . </P> <H2> Music ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Qaumi Taranah is a melodious and harmonious rendering of a three - stanza composition with a tune based on eastern music but arranged in such a manner that it can be easily played by foreign bands . </P> <P> The music , composed by the Pakistani musician and composer , Ahmad G. Chagla in 1949 , reflects his background in both eastern and western music . Twenty - one musical instruments and thirty - eight different tones are used to play the Qaumi Taranah , the duration of which is 80 seconds . </P> <H2> Lyrics ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Urdu lyrics , written by the Pakistani Urdu - language poet , Hafeez Jullundhri in 1952 , have commonality with Persian , making them understandable in both languages . No verse in the three stanza lyrics is repeated . The anthem has heavy Persian poetic vocabulary and only uses one exclusively Urdu word ' kā ' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Urdu lyrics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> كشورِ حسين شاد باد ‬ </Td> <Td> پاک سرزمین شاد باد ‬ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ارضِ پاکستان ! ‏ ‬ </Td> <Td> تُو نشانِ عزمِ عالی شان ‬ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> مرکزِ یقین شاد باد ‬ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> قوّتِ اُخوّتِ عوام ‬ </Td> <Td> پاک سرزمین کا نظام ‬ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> پائنده تابنده باد ! ‏ ‬ </Td> <Td> قوم ، ملک ، سلطنت ‬ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> شاد باد منزلِ مراد ‬ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> رہبرِ ترقّی و کمال ‬ </Td> <Td> پرچمِ ستاره و ہلال ‬ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> جانِ استقبال ! ‏ ‬ </Td> <Td> ترجمانِ ماضی ، شانِ حال ‬ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> سایۂ خدائے ذوالجلال ‬ </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Transliteration ( ALA - LC ) </Th> <Th> Translation ( poetical ) </Th> <Th> Translation ( literal ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pāk sarzamīn shād bād Kishwar - i ḥasīn shād bād Tū nishān - i ʿazm - i ʿālī shān Arẓ - i Pākistān ! Markaz - i yaqīn shād bād </Td> <Td> <P> May the holy land , stay glad ; Beautious realm , stay glad . Thou , the sign of high resolve -- O Land of Pakistan ! Citadel of faith , stay glad . </P> </Td> <Td> Blessed be the sacred land , <P> Happy be the bounteous realm . Thou symbol of high resolve , O Land of Pakistan ! Blessed be the citadel of faith . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pāk sarzamīn kā niz̤ām Quwwat - i Ukhuwwat - i ʿawām Qaum , mulk , salt̤anat Pāyindah tābindah bād ! Shād bād manzil - i murād </Td> <Td> Order of the holy land , Power of fraternity of the populace ; The nation , country , and domain ; Ever luminous remain ! The cherished goal , stay glad . </Td> <Td> The order of this sacred land , <P> The might of the brotherhood of the people , May the nation , the country , and the state , Shine in glory everlasting ! Blessed be the goal of our ambition . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Parcam - i sitārah o - hilāl Rahbar - i taraqqī o - kamāl Tarjumān - i māẓī , shān - i ḥāl Jān - i istiqbāl ! Sāyah - yi Khudā - yi Ẕū l - jalāl </Td> <Td> Flag with the star and crescent , The leader of progress and ascent , <P> Dragoman of past , the pride of present ; Soul of the future ! Shadow of the God of grandeur . </P> </Td> <Td> The flag of the crescent and star , <P> Leads the way to progress and perfection , Interpreter of our past , glory of our present , inspiration for our future ! Shade of God , the Glorious and Mighty . </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Milestones ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1947 -- The new state of Pakistan came into being on 14 August . </Li> <Li> 1949 -- Music for the Qaumi Taranah is composed by the Pakistani musical composer , Ahmad G. Chagla ( running time : 80 seconds ) . </Li> <Li> 1952 -- Verses written by the Pakistani poet , Hafeez Jullundhri , are selected from amongst 723 entries . </Li> <Li> 1954 -- Officially adopted as the national anthem and broadcast for the first time on Radio Pakistan on 13 August </Li> <Li> 1955 -- Sung by 11 famous Pakistani singers including Ahmad Rushdi , Shamim Bano , Kokab Jehan , Rasheeda Begum , Najam Ara , Naseema Shaheen , Zwar Hussain , Akhtar Abbas , Ghulam Dastgir , Anwar Zaheer and Akhtar Wassi </Li> <Li> 1996 -- Rendered in electric guitar for the first time by Pakistani rock band Junoon in their album Inquilaab </Li> <Li> 2009 -- Rendered as an acoustic instrumental for the first time by Pakistani musician Jehangir Aziz Hayat </Li> <Li> 2011 -- On 14 August , 5,857 people gathered in a stadium in Karachi to sing the Qaumi Taranah and set a new world record for most people gathered to sing a national anthem simultaneously . </Li> <Li> 2012 -- On 20 October , 42,813 people gathered in a stadium in Lahore to sing the Qaumi Taranah and set a new world record for most people gathered to sing a national anthem simultaneously , which was certified by Guinness World Records . The record was subsequently broken on 26 March 2014 in Bangladesh . </Li> <Li> 2017 -- The Coke Studio released a collaborative rendition of Qaumi Taranah on 4 August by the featured artistes , to celebrate the 70 years of Pakistan in the tenth season . </Li> <Li> 2017 -- An Indian A capella band Voxchord sent an independence gift to the people of Pakistan by singing Pakistan 's national anthem . It was indeed a surprise for the people of Pakistan . The video was shared by ' Voice of Ram ' -- An Indo - Pak peace initiative page on Facebook . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Pakistan portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Tarana - e-Pakistan </Li> <Li> Dil Dil Pakistan </Li> <Li> Flag of Pakistan </Li> <Li> Radio Pakistan </Li> <Li> State emblem of Pakistan </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Information of Pakistan '' . Infopak.gov.pk . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Death Anniversary of Ahmed Rushdi '' . Duniya News . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Anthem. http://anisshakur.tripod.com/id129.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Jamieson Bristow , National-Anthems.org . `` Forty National Anthems '' . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 12 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Aqeel Abbas Jafari ( 2010 ) . Pakistan Chronicle ( in Urdu ) ( 1st ed . ) . 94 / 1 , 26th St. , Ph. 6 , D.H.A. , Karachi , Pakistan : Wirsa Publishers . p. 42 . ISBN 9789699454004 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` National Anthem '' . Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mazhar Iqbal , Mazhar.dk . `` Ahmad Rushdi '' . http://mazhar.dk/film/singers/ahmadrushdi/ . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mazhar Iqbal , Mazhar.dk . `` National Anthem of Pakistan '' . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Information Ministry , Government of Pakistan . `` Basic Facts '' . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , National Anthem of Pakistan </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , The National Anthem of Pakistan </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 3 ) , Switch to Urdu from English as official language a hurdle for Pakistan </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 4 ) , History can not be falsely written and manufactured </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 5 ) , Pakistan Basic Facts </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pasha , Muhammad A. English Composition ( Part II ) . Lahore : Command Publications . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pakistan creates new anthem record '' . The Express Tribune . 2011 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pakistan reclaims anthem singing record '' . The News . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Record Broken '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rafay Mahmood ( 4 July 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Coke Studio 10 's line - up will leave you starstruck '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coke Studio ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` The National Anthem of Pakistan '' . Retrieved 4 August 2017 -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Indian group sings a stirring version of Pakistan 's national anthem as Independence Day gift . Watch video '' . http://www.hindustantimes.com/. 2017 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15 . External link in work = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mash - up combines Pakistan and India 's anthems to make a viral hit '' . BBC News . 2017 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Indian A capella group sings Pakistan 's national anthem on 71st Independence Day '' . Firstpost. 2017 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff , Images ( 2017 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Indians sing the Pakistani national anthem as a gift for our Independence Day '' . Images . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article contains Urdu text . Without proper rendering support , you may see unjoined letters running left to right or other symbols instead of Urdu script . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Qaumi Taranah ( category ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Pak Sar Zameen Shad Bad Lyrics </Li> <Li> Pakistan : Qaumī Tarānah -- Audio of the national anthem of Pakistan , with information and lyrics </Li> <Li> Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of Pakistan . `` National Anthem '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . </Li> <Li> National Anthem of Pakistan </Li> <Li> Pakistan National Songs </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> National symbols of Pakistan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Main symbols </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Qaumi Taranah ( national anthem ) </Li> <Li> State emblem of Pakistan </Li> <Li> Flag of Pakistan </Li> <Li> Iman , Ittihad , Nazm ( motto ) </Li> <Li> Lahore Resolution ( national document ) </Li> <Li> Urdu ( national language ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( Father of the Nation ) </Li> <Li> Muhammad Iqbal ( National poet ) </Li> <Li> Fatima Jinnah ( Mother of the Nation ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other symbols </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cedrus deodara ( national tree ) </Li> <Li> Chukar partridge ( national bird ) </Li> <Li> Jasminum officinale ( national flower ) </Li> <Li> Markhor ( national animal ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Structures </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bab - 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73 ) ( 1978 -- 92 ) </Li> <Li> Kuwait ( 1951 -- 78 ) </Li> <Li> Palestine ( de facto until 1996 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Italics indicates partially - recognized states . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qaumi_Taranah&oldid=818770978 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Asian anthems </Li> <Li> National anthems </Li> <Li> National symbols of Pakistan </Li> <Li> Pakistani music </Li> <Li> Pakistan national anthems </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Urdu - language sources ( ur ) </Li> <Li> CS1 errors : external links </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Articles containing Urdu - language text </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> ދިވެހިބަސް </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Fiji Hindi </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Basa Jawa </Li> <Li> ಕನ್ನಡ </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> कॉशुर / کٲشُر </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Kiswahili </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> پنجابی </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> سنڌي </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 14 : 00 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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how many words are in national anthem of pakistan

Last of a Dyin ' Breed - wikipedia <H1> Last of a Dyin ' Breed </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the Scarface album , see The Last of a Dying Breed . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Last of a Dyin ' Breed </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Studio album by Lynyrd Skynyrd </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> August 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 21 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Southern rock , hard rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 45 : 01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Roadrunner Records / Loud and Proud Records </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> Bob Marlette </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Lynyrd Skynyrd chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> God & Guns ( 2009 ) God & Guns 2009 </Td> <Td> Last of a Dyin ' Breed ( 2012 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Professional ratings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Aggregate scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Source </Th> <Th> Rating </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Metacritic </Td> <Td> 44 / 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Review scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Source </Th> <Th> Rating </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AllMusic </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boston Phoenix </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ultimate Classical Rock </Td> <Td> 7 / 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sputnik Music </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Last of a Dyin ' Breed is the fourteenth studio album by American southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd . The album was announced on May 2 , 2012 for release on August 21 , 2012 , and September 17 in the UK . It is the first Lynyrd Skynyrd album to feature Peter Keys on keyboards and Johnny Colt on bass ( even though credited , the latter is not on the tracks ) and also features guest guitarist John 5 . </P> <P> The first single , `` Last of a Dyin ' Breed '' , was made available to purchase via iTunes on July 9 , 2012 . </P> <H2> Track listing ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Last of a Dyin ' Breed '' </Td> <Td> Gary Rossington , Johnny Van Zant , Rickey Medlocke , Mark Matejka , Dan Serafini , Bob Marlette </Td> <Td> 3 : 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` One Day at a Time '' </Td> <Td> Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke , Marlon Young </Td> <Td> 3 : 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Homegrown '' </Td> <Td> Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke , Blair Daly </Td> <Td> 3 : 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Ready to Fly '' </Td> <Td> Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke , Audley Freed </Td> <Td> 5 : 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Mississippi Blood '' </Td> <Td> Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke , Jaren Johnston </Td> <Td> 2 : 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` Good Teacher '' </Td> <Td> J. Van Zant , Donnie Van Zant , Tom Hambridge , Daly </Td> <Td> 3 : 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Something to Live For '' </Td> <Td> Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke , John Lowery , Marlette </Td> <Td> 4 : 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` Life 's Twisted '' </Td> <Td> Daly , Jon Lawhon , Chris Robertson </Td> <Td> 4 : 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` Nothing Comes Easy '' </Td> <Td> Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke , Hambridge </Td> <Td> 4 : 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` Honey Hole '' </Td> <Td> Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke , Hambridge </Td> <Td> 4 : 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` Start Livin ' Life Again '' </Td> <Td> J. Van Zant , D. Van Zant , Marlette , Lowery </Td> <Td> 4 : 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Total length : </Td> <Td> 45 : 01 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="4"> ( show ) Special Edition Bonus Tracks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` Poor Man 's Dream '' </Td> <Td> Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke , Lowery , Marlette </Td> <Td> 4 : 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` Do It Up Right '' </Td> <Td> Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke , Hambridge </Td> <Td> 3 : 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> `` Sad Song '' </Td> <Td> Rossington , J. Van Zant </Td> <Td> 4 : 01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> `` Low Down Dirty '' </Td> <Td> Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke </Td> <Td> 3 : 14 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="4"> ( show ) Classic Rock fanpack bonus tracks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` Poor Man 's Dream '' </Td> <Td> Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke , Lowery , Marlette </Td> <Td> 4.07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` Do It Up Right '' </Td> <Td> Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke , Hambridge </Td> <Td> 3.56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> `` Skynyrd Nation '' ( live , fanpack Exclusive bonus track ) </Td> <Td> J. Van Zant , Medlocke , Lowery , Marlette </Td> <Td> 3 : 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> `` Gimme Three Steps '' ( live , fanpack Exclusive bonus track ) </Td> <Td> Allen Collins , Ronnie Van Zant </Td> <Td> 4 : 58 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <P> The main band performing on Last of a Dyin ' Breed is composed of the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> Johnny Van Zant -- lead vocals </Li> <Li> Gary Rossington -- guitars </Li> <Li> Rickey Medlocke -- guitars </Li> <Li> Mark Matejka -- guitars </Li> <Li> Peter Keys -- keyboards </Li> <Li> Greg Morrow -- drums </Li> <Li> Mike Brignardello -- bass </Li> <Li> John Lowery aka `` John 5 '' -- additional guitar </Li> <Li> Jerry Douglas -- dobro </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Last of a Dyin ' Breed -- Lynyrd Skynyrd '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 21 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Last of a Dyin ' Breed review '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` Last of a Dyin ' Breed - review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( 12 August 2012 ) . `` Lynyrd Skynyrd album review '' . Boston Phoenix . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilkening , Matthew ( 23 August 2012 ) . `` Lynyrd Skynyrd , ' Last of a Dyin ' Breed ' -- Album Review '' . ultimateclassicrock.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beebe , Alex ( 2 September 2012 ) . `` Album review '' . Sputnik Music . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` LYNYRD SKYNYRD To Release ' Last of a Dyin ' Breed ' In August '' . Blabbermouth.net. 2 May 2012 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2012 . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lynyrd Skynyrd </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Gary Rossington </Li> <Li> Rickey Medlocke </Li> <Li> Johnny Van Zant </Li> <Li> Michael Cartellone </Li> <Li> Mark Matejka </Li> <Li> Peter Keys </Li> <Li> Keith Christopher </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Ronnie Van Zant </Li> <Li> Allen Collins </Li> <Li> Bob Burns </Li> <Li> Larry Junstrom </Li> <Li> Greg T. Walker </Li> <Li> Leon Wilkeson </Li> <Li> Billy Powell </Li> <Li> Ed King </Li> <Li> Artimus Pyle </Li> <Li> Steve Gaines </Li> <Li> Owen Hale </Li> <Li> Hughie Thomasson </Li> <Li> Kenny Aronoff </Li> <Li> Ean Evans </Li> <Li> Robert Kearns </Li> <Li> Johnny Colt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ( Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd ) </Li> <Li> Second Helping </Li> <Li> Nuthin ' Fancy </Li> <Li> Gimme Back My Bullets </Li> <Li> Street Survivors </Li> <Li> Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991 </Li> <Li> The Last Rebel </Li> <Li> Endangered Species </Li> <Li> Twenty </Li> <Li> Edge of Forever </Li> <Li> Christmas Time Again </Li> <Li> Vicious Cycle </Li> <Li> God & Guns </Li> <Li> Last of a Dyin ' Breed </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> One More from the Road </Li> <Li> Southern by the Grace of God </Li> <Li> Lyve from Steel Town </Li> <Li> Lynyrd Skynyrd Lyve : The Vicious Cycle Tour </Li> <Li> Live from Freedom Hall </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Skynyrd 's First and ... Last </Li> <Li> Gold & Platinum </Li> <Li> Best of the Rest </Li> <Li> Legend </Li> <Li> Skynyrd 's Innyrds </Li> <Li> Lynyrd Skynyrd ( Box Set ) </Li> <Li> A Retrospective </Li> <Li> What 's Your Name </Li> <Li> Old Time Greats </Li> <Li> The Essential Lynyrd Skynyrd </Li> <Li> Skynyrd 's First : The Complete Muscle Shoals Album </Li> <Li> 20th Century Masters : The Best of Lynyrd Skynyrd </Li> <Li> Solo Flytes </Li> <Li> All Time Greatest Hits </Li> <Li> Collectybles </Li> <Li> Then and Now </Li> <Li> Thyrty </Li> <Li> Then and Now Volume Two </Li> <Li> Greatest Hits </Li> <Li> Icon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Freebird ... The Movie </Li> <Li> Lyve From Steel Town </Li> <Li> Lynyrd Skynyrd Lyve : The Vicious Cycle Tour </Li> <Li> Live from Freedom Hall </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Need All My Friends '' </Li> <Li> `` Gimme Three Steps '' / `` Mr. Banker '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Ask Me No Questions '' / `` Take Your Time '' </Li> <Li> `` Sweet Home Alabama '' </Li> <Li> `` Free Bird '' </Li> <Li> `` Saturday Night Special '' / `` Made in the Shade '' </Li> <Li> `` Double Trouble '' </Li> <Li> `` Gimme Back My Bullets '' / `` All I Can Do Is Write About It '' </Li> <Li> `` Gimme Three Steps ( Live ) '' </Li> <Li> `` What 's Your Name '' / `` I Know A Little '' </Li> <Li> `` You Got That Right '' </Li> <Li> `` Truck Drivin ' Man '' </Li> <Li> `` Swamp Music '' </Li> <Li> `` Smokestack Lightning '' </Li> <Li> `` Preacher Man '' </Li> <Li> `` Red White & Blue ( Love it or Leave ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Still Unbroken '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Tuesday 's Gone '' </Li> <Li> `` Simple Man '' </Li> <Li> `` Things Goin ' On '' </Li> <Li> `` Saturday Night Special '' </Li> <Li> `` That Smell '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tours </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pronounced ' Lĕh - ' nérd ' Skin - ' nérd Tour </Li> <Li> Second Helping Tour </Li> <Li> Nuthin ' Fancy Tour </Li> <Li> Gimme Back My Bullets Tour </Li> <Li> One More From The Road Tour </Li> <Li> Street Survivors Tour </Li> <Li> Lynyrd Skynyrd Tribute Tour </Li> <Li> Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991 Tour </Li> <Li> The Last Rebel Tour </Li> <Li> Lynyrd Skynyrd Twenty Tour </Li> <Li> Edge of Forever Tour </Li> <Li> Vicious Cycle Tour </Li> <Li> Rebels and Bandoleros Tour </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spin - off bands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rossington Collins Band </Li> <Li> The Rossington Band </Li> <Li> Allen Collins Band </Li> <Li> Artimus Pyle Band </Li> <Li> Van Zant </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Band Members </Li> <Li> Skynyrd Frynds </Li> <Li> 1977 Mississippi CV - 240 crash </Li> <Li> Ronnie Van Zant Memorial Park </Li> <Li> Leonard Skinner </Li> <Li> `` All Summer Long '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_of_a_Dyin%27_Breed&oldid=827347358 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lynyrd Skynyrd albums </Li> <Li> 2012 albums </Li> <Li> Roadrunner Records albums </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from February 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Track listings with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Track listings with input errors </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> 3 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 05 : 24 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

lynyrd skynyrd last of a dying breed album

Truman Doctrine - wikipedia <H1> Truman Doctrine </H1> Jump to : navigation , search US President Harry Truman <P> The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War . It was first announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12 , 1947 and further developed on July 12 , 1948 when he pledged to contain threats to Greece and Turkey . Direct American military force was usually not involved , but Congress appropriated financial aid to support the economies and militaries of Greece and Turkey . More generally , the Truman Doctrine implied American support for other nations allegedly threatened by Soviet communism . The Truman Doctrine became the foundation of American foreign policy , and led , in 1949 , to the formation of NATO , a military alliance that is still in effect . Historians often use Truman 's speech to date the start of the Cold War . </P> <P> Truman told Congress that `` it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures . '' Truman claims that because totalitarian regimes coerced free peoples , they automatically represented a threat to international peace and the national security of the United States . Truman made the plea in the midst of the Greek Civil War ( 1946 -- 49 ) . He argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive the aid , they would inevitably fall to communism with grave consequences throughout the region . Because Turkey and Greece were historic rivals , it was considered necessary to help both equally even though the crisis in Greece was far more intense . </P> <P> Critics of the policy have observed that the governments of Greece and Turkey were themselves far from democratic at this time , and neither were facing Soviet subversion in the spring of 1949 . Historian Eric Foner writes that the Doctrine `` set a precedent for American assistance to anticommunist regimes throughout the world , no matter how undemocratic , and for the creation of a set of global military alliances directed against the Soviet Union . '' </P> <P> For years , Britain had supported Greece , but was now near bankruptcy and was forced to radically reduce its involvement . In February 1947 , Britain formally requested for the United States to take over its role in supporting the royalist Greek government . The policy won the support of Republicans who controlled Congress and involved sending $400 million in American money but no military forces to the region . The effect was to end the Greek revolt , and in 1952 , both Greece and Turkey joined NATO , a military alliance , to guarantee their stability . </P> <P> The Truman Doctrine was informally extended to become the basis of American Cold War policy throughout Europe and around the world . It shifted American foreign policy toward the Soviet Union from détente ( a relaxation of tension ) to a policy of containment of Soviet expansion as advocated by diplomat George Kennan . It was distinguished from rollback by implicitly tolerating the previous Soviet takeovers in Eastern Europe . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Turkish Straits crisis </Li> <Li> 2 Greek crisis </Li> <Li> 3 Truman 's address </Li> <Li> 4 Long - term policy and metaphor </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Turkish Straits crisis ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Turkish Straits crisis The Turkish Straits <P> At the conclusion of World War II , Turkey was pressured by the Soviet government to allow Russian shipping to flow freely through the Turkish Straits , which connected the Black Sea to the Mediterranean . As the Turkish government would not submit to the Soviet Union 's requests , tensions arose in the region , leading to a show of naval force on the side of the Soviets . Since British assistance to Turkey had ended in 1947 , the U.S. dispatched military aid to ensure that Turkey would retain chief control of the passage . Turkey received $100 million in economic and military aid and the U.S sent the aircraft carrier Franklin D. Roosevelt . The postwar period from 1946 started with a `` multi-party period '' and the Democratic Party government of Adnan Menderes . </P> <H2> Greek crisis ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : White Terror ( Greece ) and Greek Civil War King George II of Greece ( r . 1922 - 4 , 1935 - 47 ) , whose rule was opposed by a communist insurgency in the Greek Civil War <P> Six weeks after the Axis powers abandoned Greece in October 1944 , the British helped retake Athens from the victorious National Liberation Front ( EAM ) , controlled effectively by the Greek Communist Party ( KKE ) . This began with a mass killing of largely unarmed EAM supporters known as the Dekemvriana on December 3 . The leftists attempted to retaliate , but were outgunned by the British - backed government and subjected to the White Terror . With the full outbreak of civil war ( 1946 -- 49 ) , guerrilla forces controlled by the Greek Communist Party sustained a revolt against the internationally recognized Greek government which was formed after 1946 elections boycotted by the KKE . The British realized that the KKE were being directly funded by Josip Broz Tito in neighboring Yugoslavia . In line with the Churchill - Stalin `` percentages agreement '' , the Greek communists received no help from the Soviet Union , and Yugoslavia provided them support and sanctuary against Stalin 's wishes . By late 1946 , Britain informed the United States that due to its own weakening economy , it could no longer continue to provide military and economic support to royalist Greece . </P> <P> In 1946 -- 47 , the United States and the Soviet Union moved from being wartime allies to Cold War adversaries . The breakdown of Allied cooperation in Germany provided a backdrop of escalating tensions for the Truman Doctrine . To Truman , the growing unrest in Greece began to look like a pincer movement against the oil - rich areas of the Middle East and the warm - water ports of the Mediterranean . </P> George F. Kennan ( 1904 - 2005 ) proposed the doctrine of containment in 1946 . <P> In February 1946 , Kennan , an American diplomat in Moscow , sent his famed `` Long Telegram '' , which predicted the Soviets would only respond to force and that the best way to handle them would be through a long - term strategy of containment , that is stopping their geographical expansion . After the British warned that they could no longer help Greece , and following Prime Minister Konstantinos Tsaldaris 's visit to Washington in December 1946 to ask for American assistance , the U.S. State Department formulated a plan . Aid would be given to both Greece and Turkey , to help cool the long - standing rivalry between them . </P> <P> American policy makers recognized the instability of the region , fearing that if Greece was lost to communism , Turkey would not last long . Similarly , if Turkey yielded to Soviet demands , the position of Greece would be endangered . A regional domino effect threat therefore guided the American decision . Greece and Turkey were strategic allies important for geographical reasons as well , for the fall of Greece would put the Soviets on a particularly dangerous flank for the Turks , and strengthen the Soviet Union 's ability to cut off allied supply lines in the event of war . </P> <H2> Truman 's address ( edit ) </H2> Dean Acheson ( 1893 -- 1971 ) , who helped craft Truman 's doctrine , was named his secretary of state the following year . <P> To pass any legislation Truman needed the support of the Republicans , who controlled both houses of Congress . The chief Republican spokesman Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg strongly supported Truman and overcame the doubts of isolationists such as Senator Robert A. Taft . Truman laid the groundwork for his request by having key congressional leaders meet with himself , Secretary of State George Marshall , and Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson . Acheson laid out the `` domino theory '' in the starkest terms , comparing a communist state to a rotten apple that could spread its infection to an entire barrel . Vandenberg was impressed , and advised Truman to appear before Congress and `` scare the hell out of the American people . '' On March 7 , Acheson warned Truman that Greece could fall to the communists within weeks without outside aid . </P> <P> When a draft for Truman 's address was circulated to policymakers , Marshall , Kennan , and others criticized it for containing excess `` rhetoric . '' Truman responded that , as Vandenberg had suggested , his request would only be approved if he played up the threat . </P> <P> On March 12 , 1947 , Truman appeared before a joint session of Congress . In his eighteen - minute speech , he stated : </P> <P> I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures . </P> <P> I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way . </P> <P> I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes . </P> <P> The reaction to Truman 's speech was broadly positive , though there were dissenters . Anti-communists in both parties supported both Truman 's proposed aid package and the doctrine behind it , and Collier 's described it as a `` popularity jackpot '' for the President . Influential columnist Walter Lippmann was more skeptical , noting the open - ended nature of Truman 's pledge ; he felt so strongly that he almost came to blows while arguing with Acheson over the doctrine . Others argued that the Greek monarchy Truman proposed to defend was itself a repressive government , rather than a democracy . </P> <P> Despite these objections , the fear of the growing communist threat almost guaranteed the bill 's passage . In May 1947 , two months after Truman 's request , a large majority of Congress approved $400 million in military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey . Increased American aid helped defeat the KKE , after interim defeats for government forces from 1946 to 1948 . The Truman Doctrine was the first in a series of containment moves by the United States , followed by economic restoration of Western Europe through the Marshall Plan and military containment by the creation of NATO in 1949 . </P> <H2> Long - term policy and metaphor ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Truman Doctrine underpinned American Cold War policy in Europe and around the world . In the words of historian James T. Patterson , `` The Truman Doctrine was a highly publicized commitment of a sort the administration had not previously undertaken . Its sweeping rhetoric , promising that the United States should aid all ' free people ' being subjugated , set the stage for innumerable later ventures that led to globalistic commitments . It was in these ways a major step . '' </P> <P> The doctrine endured , historian Dennis Merill argues , because it addressed a broader cultural insecurity regarding modern life in a globalized world . It dealt with Washington 's concern over communism 's domino effect , it enabled a media - sensitive presentation of the doctrine that won bipartisan support , and it mobilized American economic power to modernize and stabilize unstable regions without direct military intervention . It brought nation - building activities and modernization programs to the forefront of foreign policy . </P> <P> The Truman Doctrine became a metaphor for emergency aid to keep a nation from communist influence . Truman used disease imagery not only to communicate a sense of impending disaster in the spread of communism but also to create a `` rhetorical vision '' of containing it by extending a protective shield around non-communist countries throughout the world . It echoed the `` quarantine the aggressor '' policy Truman 's predecessor , Franklin D. Roosevelt , had sought to impose to contain German and Japanese expansion in 1937 ( `` quarantine '' suggested the role of public health officials handling an infectious disease ) . The medical metaphor extended beyond the immediate aims of the Truman Doctrine in that the imagery combined with fire and flood imagery evocative of disaster provided the United States with an easy transition to direct military confrontation in later years with communist forces in Korea and Vietnam . By framing ideological differences in life or death terms , Truman was able to garner support for this communism - containing policy . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Liberal internationalism </Li> <Li> Anti-communism </Li> <Li> Reverse course </Li> <Li> Turkey -- United States relations </Li> <Li> Greece - United States relations </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McCullough , David ( 1992 ) . Truman . New York : Simon & Schuster . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Beschloss ( 2006 ) . Our Documents : 100 Milestone Documents From The National Archives . Oxford University Press . pp. 194 -- 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530959 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eric Foner , Give Me Liberty ! An American History ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) p 892 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alan Bullock , Ernest Bevin : Foreign Secretary pp 368 -- 9 ; Arnold Offner , Another Such Victory : President Truman and the Cold War , 1945 -- 2002 ( 2002 ) p 197 ; Denise M. Bostdorff , Proclaiming the Truman Doctrine ( 2008 ) p 51 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George McGhee , The U.S. - Turkish - NATO Middle East Connection : How the Truman Doctrine and Turkey 's NATO Entry Contained the Soviets in the Middle East , ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Merrill 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barın Kayaoğlu , `` Strategic imperatives , Democratic rhetoric : The United States and Turkey , 1945 -- 52 . '' Cold War History , Aug 2009 , Vol. 9 ( 3 ) pp. 321 -- 345 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gerolymatos , André ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) . An International Civil War : Greece , 1943 - 1949 . Yale University Press . pp. 100 -- 111 . ISBN 9780300180602 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gerolymatos , André ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) . An International Civil War : Greece , 1943 - 1949 . Yale University Press . pp. 194 -- 203 . ISBN 9780300180602 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bærentzen , Lars , John O. Iatrides , and Ole Langwitz. Smith . Studies in the History of the Greek Civil War , 1945 -- 1949 . Copenhagen : Museum Tusculanum , 1987 . 273 - 280 . Google Books . Web . 28 Apr. 2010 . online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bullock , Ernest Bevin : Foreign Secretary ( 1983 ) ch 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Painter 2012 , p. 29 : `` Although circumstances differed greatly in Greece , Turkey , and Iran , U.S. officials interpreted events in all three places as part of a Soviet plan to dominate the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East . Mention of oil was deliberately deleted from Truman 's March 12 , 1947 , address before Congress pledging resistance to communist expansion anywhere in the world ; but guarding access to oil was an important part of the Truman Doctrine . The Truman Doctrine was named after Harry S. Truman . This doctrine stated that that the United States would provide political , military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces . '' <P> One draft , for example , of Truman 's speech spoke of the `` great natural resources '' of the Middle East at stake ( Kolko & Kolko 1972 , p. 341 ) . </P> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Freeland , Richard M. ( 1970 ) . The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism . Alfred A. Knopf , Inc . pp. g. 90 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spalding , Elizabeth Edwards ( 2006 ) . The First Cold Warrior : Harry Truman , Containment , and the Remaking of Liberal Internationalism . The University Press of Kentucky . p. 64 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGhee , George ( 1990 ) . The US - Turkish - NATO Middle East Connection : How the Truman Doctrine Contained the Soviets in the Middle East . St. Harry 's Press . pp. g. 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Patterson , James T. ( 1996 ) . Grand Expectations . New York : Oxford University Press . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Herring , George C. ( 2008 ) . From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195078220 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ivie 1999 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Beisner , Robert L. Dean Acheson : A Life in the Cold War ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Bostdorff , Denise M. Proclaiming the Truman Doctrine : The Cold War Call to Arms ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search </Li> <Li> Bullock , Alan . Ernest Bevin : Foreign Secretary , 1945 -- 1951 ( 1983 ) on British roles </Li> <Li> Edwards , Lee . `` Congress and the Origins of the Cold War : The Truman Doctrine , '' World Affairs , Vol. 151 , 1989 online edition </Li> <Li> Frazier , Robert . `` Acheson and the Formulation of the Truman Doctrine '' Journal of Modern Greek Studies 1999 17 ( 2 ) : 229 -- 251 . ISSN 0738 - 1727 </Li> <Li> Frazier , Robert . `` Kennan , ' Universalism , ' and the Truman Doctrine , '' Journal of Cold War Studies , Spring 2009 , Vol. 11 Issue 2 , pp 3 -- 34 </Li> <Li> Gaddis , John Lewis . `` Reconsiderations : Was the Truman Doctrine a Real Turning Point ? '' Foreign Affairs 1974 52 ( 2 ) : 386 -- 402 . ISSN 0015 - 7120 </Li> <Li> Hinds , Lynn Boyd , and Theodore Otto Windt Jr . The Cold War as Rhetoric : The Beginnings , 1945 -- 1950 ( 1991 ) online edition </Li> <Li> Iatrides , John O. and Nicholas X . Rizopoulos . `` The International Dimension of the Greek Civil War . '' World Policy Journal 2000 17 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 103 . ISSN 0740 - 2775 Fulltext : in Ebsco </Li> <Li> Ivie , Robert L. ( 1999 ) . `` Fire , Flood , and Red Fever : Motivating Metaphors of Global Emergency in the Truman Doctrine Speech '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 29 ( 3 ) : 570 -- 591 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0268 - 2141.2003. 00050. x . </Li> <Li> Jeffrey , Judith S. Ambiguous Commitments and Uncertain Policies : The Truman Doctrine in Greece , 1947 -- 1952 ( 2000 ) . 257 pp . </Li> <Li> Jones , Howard . `` A New Kind of War '' : America 's Global Strategy and the Truman Doctrine in Greece ( 1989 ) . 327 pp </Li> <Li> Kayaoğlu , Barın . `` Strategic imperatives , Democratic rhetoric : The United States and Turkey , 1945 -- 52. , '' Cold War History , Aug 2009 , Vol. 9 ( 3 ) . pp. 321 -- 345 </Li> <Li> Kolko , Joyce ; Kolko , Gabriel ( 1972 ) . The Limits of Power : The World and United States Foreign Policy , 1945 -- 1954 . New York , NY : Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 012447 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Leffler , Melvyn P. `` Strategy , Diplomacy , and the Cold War : the United States , Turkey , and NATO , 1945 -- 1952 '' Journal of American History 1985 71 ( 4 ) : 807 -- 825 . ISSN 0021 - 8723 in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Lykogiannis , Athanasios . Britain and the Greek Economic Crisis , 1944 -- 1947 : From Liberation to the Truman Doctrine . U. of Missouri Press , 2002 . 287 pp. online edition </Li> <Li> McGhee , George . The U.S. - Turkish - NATO Middle East Connection : How the Truman Doctrine and Turkey 's NATO Entry Contained the Soviets in the Middle East . ( 1990 ) . 224 pp . </Li> <Li> Merrill , Dennis ( 2006 ) . `` The Truman Doctrine : Containing Communism and Modernity '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 36 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 37 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2006. 00284. x . </Li> <Li> Meiertöns , Heiko : The Doctrines of US Security Policy -- An Evaluation under International Law ( 2010 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76648 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Offner , Arnold A. `` ' Another Such Victory ' : President Truman , American Foreign Policy , and the Cold War . '' Diplomatic History 1999 23 ( 2 ) : 127 -- 155. ISSN 0145 - 2096 </Li> <Li> Pach Jr. , Chester J. Arming the Free World : The Origins of the United States Military Assistance Program , 1945 -- 1950 , ( 1991 ) online edition </Li> <Li> Painter , David S. ( 2012 ) . `` Oil and the American Century '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of American History . 99 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 39 . doi : 10.1093 / jahist / jas073 . </Li> <Li> Pieper , Moritz A. ( 2012 ) . `` Containment and the Cold War : Reexaming the Doctrine of Containment as a Grand Strategy Driving US Cold War Interventions '' . StudentPulse.com . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Spalding , Elizabeth Edwards . 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<Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) Doctrines , policies , concepts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Presidential doctrines </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Proclamation of Neutrality </Li> <Li> Monroe </Li> <Li> Roosevelt Corollary </Li> <Li> Good Neighbor policy </Li> <Li> Truman </Li> <Li> Eisenhower </Li> <Li> Kennedy </Li> <Li> Johnson </Li> <Li> Nixon </Li> <Li> Carter </Li> <Li> Reagan </Li> <Li> Clinton </Li> <Li> Bush </Li> <Li> Obama </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other doctrines </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lodge Corollary </Li> <Li> Stimson </Li> <Li> Kirkpatrick </Li> <Li> Weinberger </Li> <Li> Powell </Li> <Li> Rumsfeld </Li> <Li> Wolfowitz </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Policies and concepts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blowback </Li> <Li> Containment </Li> <Li> Domino theory </Li> <Li> Non-interventionism </Li> <Li> Progressive realism </Li> <Li> Rollback </Li> <Li> Special Relationship </Li> <Li> Taiwan Relations Act ( Taiwan Travel Act ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Greek Civil War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Background </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 4th of August Regime </Li> <Li> Axis occupation of Greece </Li> <Li> Greek Resistance <Ul> <Li> National Liberation Front </Li> <Li> Greek People 's Liberation Army </Li> <Li> National Republican Greek League </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Collaborationist governments <Ul> <Li> Security Battalions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Greek government - in - exile </Li> <Li> Red Terror </Li> <Li> Lebanon Conference </Li> <Li> Caserta Agreement </Li> <Li> Dekemvriana </Li> <Li> Treaty of Varkiza </Li> <Li> White Terror </Li> <Li> 1946 general elections </Li> <Li> 1946 monarchy referendum </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Litochoro attack </Li> <Li> Truman Doctrine </Li> <Li> Battle of Konitsa </Li> <Li> Thessaloniki bombing </Li> <Li> Operation Charavgi </Li> <Li> Operation Koronis </Li> <Li> Operation Peristera </Li> <Li> Operation Pyravlos </Li> <Li> Tito -- Stalin split </Li> <Li> Operation Pyrsos </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Communists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Communist Party of Greece </Li> <Li> National Liberation Front </Li> <Li> Provisional Democratic Government <Ul> <Li> Democratic Army of Greece </Li> <Li> Popular Civil Guard </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nikos Zachariadis </Li> <Li> Markos Vafiadis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Government </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> George II of Greece </Li> <Li> Paul of Greece </Li> <Li> Archbishop Damaskinos of Athens </Li> <Li> Themistoklis Sofoulis </Li> <Li> Konstantinos Tsaldaris </Li> <Li> Alexandros Papagos </Li> <Li> Konstantinos Ventiris </Li> <Li> Dimitrios Giatzis </Li> <Li> Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos </Li> <Li> James Van Fleet </Li> <Li> Hellenic Army </Li> <Li> Royal Hellenic Air Force </Li> <Li> Greek Gendarmerie </Li> <Li> Rural Security Units </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Impact and aftermath </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Refugees of the Greek Civil War </Li> <Li> Makronisos </Li> <Li> Sacred Bond of Greek Officers </Li> <Li> Centrist Interlude </Li> <Li> Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 </Li> <Li> Metapolitefsi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truman_Doctrine&oldid=834014381 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1947 in American politics </Li> <Li> Presidency of Harry S. 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what was the soviets response to the truman doctrine

Law & Order : Special Victims Unit - Wikipedia <H1> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the current season , see Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 19 ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also known as </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Law & Order : SVU </Li> <Li> SVU </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Police procedural </Li> <Li> Legal drama </Li> <Li> Thriller </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Dick Wolf </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Christopher Meloni </Li> <Li> Mariska Hargitay </Li> <Li> Richard Belzer </Li> <Li> Dann Florek </Li> <Li> Michelle Hurd </Li> <Li> Stephanie March </Li> <Li> Ice - T </Li> <Li> B.D. Wong </Li> <Li> Diane Neal </Li> <Li> Tamara Tunie </Li> <Li> Adam Beach </Li> <Li> Michaela McManus </Li> <Li> Danny Pino </Li> <Li> Kelli Giddish </Li> <Li> Raúl Esparza </Li> <Li> Peter Scanavino </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> Theme of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Mike Post </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 421 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dick Wolf </Li> <Li> Robert Palm ( season 1 ) </Li> <Li> David J. Burke ( season 2 ) </Li> <Li> Neal Baer ( seasons 2 -- 12 ) </Li> <Li> Ted Kotcheff ( seasons 2 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> Peter Jankowski ( season 2 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Warren Leight ( seasons 13 -- 17 ) </Li> <Li> Michael Smith ( season 14 ) </Li> <Li> Julie Martin ( seasons 14 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Jonathan Starch ( season 15 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Arthur W. Forney ( season 17 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Rick Eid ( season 18 ) </Li> <Li> Mariska Hargitay ( season 18 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Michael Chernuchin ( season 19 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 40 -- 44 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wolf Films </Li> <Li> Studios USA ( 1999 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Universal Television ( 2002 -- 04 , 2011 -- present ) </Li> <Li> NBC Universal Television Studio ( 2004 -- 07 ) </Li> <Li> Universal Media Studios ( 2007 -- 11 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> NBCUniversal Television Distribution </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> NBC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NTSC ( 480i ) </Li> <Li> HDTV 1080i </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> September 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 20 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related shows </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Law & Order franchise </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( often abbreviated to Law & Order : SVU or just SVU ) is an American police procedural , legal , crime drama television series set in New York City , where it is also primarily produced . In the style of the original Law & Order , episodes are often `` ripped from the headlines '' or loosely based on real crimes that have received media attention . Created by Dick Wolf , the series premiered on NBC on September 20 , 1999 , as the second series in Wolf 's successful Law & Order franchise . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit has been nominated for and won numerous awards , including the 2006 Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for Mariska Hargitay , the first , and to date only , Emmy to be received by a regular on any Law & Order series . It is the current longest running scripted non-animated U.S. primetime TV series since the cancellation of the original Law & Order on May 24 , 2010 and is the fourth - longest running scripted U.S. primetime TV series on a major broadcast network . </P> <P> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit originally centered almost exclusively on the detectives of the Special Victims Unit in a fictional version of the 16th Precinct of the New York City Police Department . As the series progressed , additional supporting characters were added as allies of the detectives in the New York County Manhattan District Attorney 's office ( known as advisers from the Sex Crimes Bureau ) and the Medical Examiner 's office . Certain episodes will go into detail about detectives ' personal lives and how they may or may not tie into the crimes dealt with during the show . Typical episodes follow the detectives and their colleagues as they investigate and prosecute sexually based offenses , child abuse , and crimes against the elderly . The show starred Christopher Meloni as Detective Elliot Stabler and Mariska Hargitay as Detective Olivia Benson for its first twelve seasons until the former left the cast , unable to come to an agreement on his contract . </P> <P> On May 12 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a nineteenth season , which premiered on September 27 , 2017 . As of January 17 , 2018 , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit has aired 421 original episodes . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Production <Ul> <Li> 1.1 History and development <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Executive producers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Filming </Li> <Li> 1.3 Broadcast history </Li> <Li> 1.4 Russian adaptation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Casting <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Salaries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Cast and characters </Li> <Li> 4 Series overview </Li> <Li> 5 Episodes </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 U.S. television ratings </Li> <Li> 6.2 Awards and honors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Broadcast and streaming <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Syndication </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 International broadcast </Li> <Li> 9 References <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Notes </Li> <Li> 9.2 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> History and development ( edit ) </H3> <P> The idea for Law & Order : Special . Victims Unit originated with the 1986 `` preppie murder '' case of Robert Chambers , who strangled Jennifer Levin , a woman he dated whom he later killed during what he claimed was consensual `` rough sex '' in Manhattan 's Central Park . The crime inspired Dick Wolf to write the story for the season one episode of Law & Order titled `` Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die '' . Even after writing the episode , however , the case continued to haunt Wolf , who wanted to go deeper into the psychology of crimes to examine the role of human sexuality . </P> <P> The original title of the show was Sex Crimes , reflecting the sexual nature of the crimes depicted on the show . Initially there was concern among the producers that , should Sex Crimes fail , identifying the new show with the Law & Order franchise could hurt the original show . Additionally , Ted Kotcheff wanted to create a new series that was not dependent upon the original series for success . Wolf felt , however , that it was important and commercially desirable to have `` Law & Order '' in the title , and he initially proposed the title of the show be Law & Order : Sex Crimes . Barry Diller , then head of Studios USA , was concerned about the title , however , and it was changed to Law & Order : Special Victims Unit to reflect the actual unit of the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) that handles sexually based offenses that are especially heinous . The first episode , `` Payback '' , premiered on NBC on September 20 , 1999 . </P> Executive producers ( edit ) <P> Executive producer Neal Baer left Law & Order : SVU as showrunner at the end of season twelve , after eleven years ( seasons 2 -- 12 ) on the show , in order to sign a three - year deal with CBS Studios . Baer was replaced by former Law & Order : Criminal Intent showrunner Warren Leight . In March 2015 , it was announced that Warren Leight signed a three - year deal with Sony Pictures Television , that will allow him to work on SVU one more season , its seventeenth . Leight joined the show in season thirteen . It was announced on March 10 , 2016 that original Law & Order veteran producer Rick Eid would take Leight 's place as showrunner starting in season 18 . Creator Dick Wolf commented to The Hollywood Reporter , `` I 'm extremely pleased that Rick had decided to rejoin the family and hope that he will be here for years to come . '' During post-production of season 18 , following the announcement that SVU was renewed for a nineteenth season , it was revealed that Rick Eid departed the series . He will be taking over another Dick Wolf / NBC series . Chicago P.D. </P> <P> It was announced on May 25 , 2017 that original Law & Order and Law & Order : Criminal Intent showrunner Michael S. Chernuchin would be reprising his role starting on season nineteen . Chernuchin was also co-creator and executive producing showrunner of Chicago Justice , another Wolf - related show that was canceled by NBC at the end of the 2016 -- 17 TV season . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> SVU shooting on location in Central Park at night <P> Many exterior scenes of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit are filmed on location in New York City , Wolf 's hometown , throughout all five of New York City 's boroughs . As the NYPD encounters varied law enforcement challenges on a daily basis , the backdrop provides the writers a supply of ideal locations from which to choose . Fort Lee , New Jersey served as the filming location for Detective Elliot Stabler 's residence in Queens , New York . </P> <P> When searching for a place to film the interiors of the show , the producers found that there were no suitable studio spaces available in New York City . As a result , a space was chosen at NBC 's Central Archives building in nearby North Bergen , New Jersey , which had sat empty for some time , and featured air - conditioning , adequate parking , and 53,000 square feet ( 4,900 m ) of stage area . The Archives building was used for police station and courtroom scenes , with various other locations in Hudson County used for other scenes , such as a scene shot at the Meadowlands Parkway in Secaucus in 2010 . The production left New Jersey for New York in 2010 , however , when New Jersey Governor Chris Christie suspended the tax credits for film and television production for the Fiscal Year 2011 to close budget gaps . The show moved into the studio space at Chelsea Piers that had been occupied by the original Law & Order series until its cancellation in May 2010 . </P> <H3> Broadcast history ( edit ) </H3> <P> The show originally aired on Monday nights at 9 : 00 p.m. ET for the first nine episodes , from September 20 through November 29 , 1999 . It was then shifted to Friday nights at 10 p.m. ET on January 7 , 2000 , and remained in that time slot through the end of season four on May 16 , 2003 . Beginning with the season five premiere on September 23 , 2003 , SVU moved to Tuesday nights at 10 : 00 p.m. ET . NBC airs repeats on Saturday nights at varying times and previous episodes are shown on the USA Network on varying days in marathon blocks </P> <P> With the season eleven premiere on September 23 , 2009 , the series vacated its Tuesday 10 p.m. ET slot because NBC began a prime - time weeknight Jay Leno series . The new time slot became Wednesday nights at 9 : 00 p.m. ET on NBC , with CTV still airing SVU on Tuesdays at 10 : 00 in Canada . After the 2010 Winter Olympics on March 3 , 2010 , the time slot for SVU changed again to Wednesdays at 10 p.m. ET , where it stayed until the twelfth season . In the 12th season , SVU moved back to 9 : 00 p.m. to lead in the newest Law & Order spinoff , Law & Order : LA , until it was pulled from the network in January 2011 to be retooled . SVU moved back to 10 : 00 p.m. on January 12 , 2011 , until the end of the 13th season . With season 14 , SVU moved back to 9 : 00 p.m. after a two - hour season premiere event on September 26 , 2012 , a position the show has held since . </P> <H3> Russian adaptation ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2007 , the Russian production company Studio 2B purchased the rights to create an adaptation of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit for Russian television . Titled Закон и порядок : отдел оперативных расследований ( Law & Order : Division of Field Investigation ) , the series stars Alisa Bogart as Major Olga Bobrova . The series follows a unit of investigators in Moscow whose job is to investigate crimes of a sexual nature . The series airs on NTV and is produced by Pavel Korchagin , Felix Kleiman , and Edward Verzbovski and directed by Dmitry Brusnikin . The screenplays are written by Sergei Kuznvetsov , Elena Karavaeshnikova , and Maya Shapovalova . </P> <H2> Casting ( edit ) </H2> Cast of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Cast of seasons 4 -- 5 ( 2002 -- 04 ) , from left : Ice - T , Richard Belzer , Mariska Hargitay , Dann Florek , Christopher Meloni , B.D. Wong , Stephanie March Cast of season 9 ( 2007 -- 08 ) , from left : Diane Neal , Wong , Tamara Tunie , Meloni , Florek , Hargitay , Ice - T , Belzer , Adam Beach Cast of season 10 ( 2008 -- 09 ) from left : Michaela McManus , Wong , Tunie , Meloni , Hargitay , Florek , Belzer , Ice - T The cast of season 15 ( 2013 -- 2014 ) from left : Raúl Esparza , Florek , Danny Pino , Hargitay , Kelli Giddish , Belzer , Ice - T The cast of seasons 17 -- 18 ( 2015 -- 2017 ) . from left : Esparza , Giddish , Hargitay , Ice - T , Peter Scanavino <P> Casting for the lead characters of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit occurred in the spring of 1999 . Dick Wolf , along with officials from NBC and Studios USA were at the final auditions for the two leads at Rockefeller Center . The last round had been narrowed down to seven finalists . For the female lead , Detective Olivia Benson , actresses Samantha Mathis , Reiko Aylesworth , and Mariska Hargitay were being considered . For the male role , Detective Elliot Stabler , the finalists were Tim Matheson , John Slattery , Nick Chinlund , and Christopher Meloni . Hargitay and Meloni had auditioned in the final round together and , after the actors left , there was a moment of dead silence , after which Wolf blurted out , `` Oh well . There 's no doubt who we should choose -- Hargitay and Meloni . '' Wolf believed the duo had the perfect chemistry together from the first time he saw them together , and they ended up being his first choice . Garth Ancier , then head of NBC Entertainment , agreed , and the rest of the panel assembled began voicing their assent . </P> <P> The first actor to be cast for the show was Dann Florek . Florek had originated the character of Captain Don Cragen in the 1988 pilot for Law & Order and played the character for the first three seasons of the show until he was fired on the orders of network executives , who wanted to add female characters to the all male primary cast . He maintained a friendly relationship with Wolf , however , and went on to direct three episodes of the original series as well as to occasionally guest star on the show . Shortly after Florek reprised his role for Exiled : A Law & Order Movie , he received a call to be on Sex Crimes . Initially reluctant , he eventually agreed to star on the show as Cragen on the assurance that he would not be asked to audition for the role . </P> <P> Shortly after the cancellation of Homicide : Life on the Street , Richard Belzer heard that Benjamin Bratt had left Law & Order . Belzer requested his manager to call Wolf and pitch the idea for Belzer 's character from Homicide , Detective John Munch , to become the new partner of Jerry Orbach 's character , Detective Lennie Briscoe , since they had previously teamed in three Homicide crossovers . Wolf loved the idea , but had already cast Jesse L. Martin as Briscoe 's new partner , Detective Ed Green . The idea was reconfigured , however , to have Munch on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit instead . Since the character of Munch was inspired by David Simon 's depiction of Detective Sergeant Jay Landsman and developed for Homicide by Tom Fontana and Barry Levinson , the addition of Munch to the cast required the consent of all three . The appropriate agreements were reached and , while Fontana and Levinson agreed to waive their royalty rights , contracts with Simon required that he be paid royalties for any new show in which Munch is a main character ; as a result , Simon receives royalties every time Munch appears in an episode of the show . </P> <P> Dean Winters was cast as Munch 's partner , Brian Cassidy , at the insistence of Belzer . Belzer looked at Winters as a sort of little brother , and told Wolf , `` Well , I 'll do this new show of yours , SVU , only if you make Dean Winters my partner . '' Wolf did make Winters Belzer 's partner , but he was contractually obligated to his other show at the time , the HBO drama Oz . Since the role on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit was only initially meant to be a few episodes , Winters was forced to leave when it was time to film Oz again . Winters returned for the Season 13 finale , `` Rhodium Nights , '' reprising his role as Cassidy . He also appeared ( as Cassidy ) on the two - part Season 14 premiere `` Lost Reputation '' / `` Above Suspicion '' . He subsequently became a recurring character into season 15 . The void left by Winters 's departure was filled for the remainder of the season by Michelle Hurd as Detective Monique Jeffries , a character who Wolf promised that , despite starting out as a minor character with one scene in the pilot , would eventually develop . Hurd left the show at the beginning of season two to join the cast of Leap Years . Munch 's permanent partner came in the form of rapper - turned - actor Ice - T , who had previously worked with Wolf on New York Undercover and Exiled . Ice - T originally agreed to do only four episodes of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , but he quickly gained affection for the ensemble nature of the cast . He relocated to New York City before his four - episode contract was up and remained with the show as Munch 's permanent partner , Detective Odafin `` Fin '' Tutuola . </P> <P> Initially , the show focused exclusively on the policework of the detectives in the Special Victims Unit of the 16th precinct , with members of the District Attorney 's office occasionally appearing as guest roles crossing over from the original Law & Order . From season two onwards , the format was changed to be more faithful to the original Law & Order concept by including court cases . Stephanie March had little television experience before being cast on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , nor did she watch much TV . Nevertheless , March was cast as Assistant District Attorney Alexandra Cabot at the beginning of season two but still believed that , due to the grim nature of the series , it would be short - lived . She stayed with the series for three seasons , however , and left when she believed she had reached the natural conclusion of the character 's development . She would later reprise the character as a guest appearance in season six and as a regular character on the short - lived Wolf series , Conviction , where she was promised more to do . Diane Neal had previously guest starred on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit in season three before being cast as Cabot 's replacement , Casey Novak , in season five . Neal remained with the show through the end of season nine , after which she was replaced by Michaela McManus . March returned to the show in the tenth season ( after McManus ' departure from the cast ) when Neal Baer proposed Cabot receive a character arc to revitalize the second part of the season , which would continue through season eleven . </P> <P> Tamara Tunie was cast as medical examiner Melinda Warner in season two after working with Wolf previously on New York Undercover , Feds , and Law & Order . Warner was initially a recurring character but became a regular character in season seven , and Tunie was added to the opening credits at that time . When initially cast as Warner , Tunie was appearing as attorney Jessica Griffin on the CBS daytime soap opera As the World Turns . From 2000 to 2007 ( and again briefly in 2009 ) , she appeared on both series simultaneously . In 2002 , she also appeared on the Fox espionage - themed drama series 24 , in the recurring role of CTU Acting Director Alberta Green . B.D. Wong was asked to film four episodes as Dr. George Huang , a Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) forensic psychiatrist and criminal profiler on loan to the Special Victims Unit . After his four episodes , he was asked to stay on with the show . </P> <P> After he starred in Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee and guest starred as Detective Chester Lake in the eighth season , Wolf felt that Adam Beach would be a good addition to the cast and asked him to be a permanent member beginning with the ninth season . Although Beach felt the role was a `` dream role '' , the character proved unpopular with fans who felt that he was designed to gradually write out either Richard Belzer or Ice - T. Feeling there were too many police characters on the show , Beach left the show after only one season . Michaela McManus was originally felt to be too young for the role of an Assistant District Attorney ( ADA ) before being cast as ADA Kim Greylek in the tenth season . McManus , months removed from a recurring role on One Tree Hill , remained with the series only half a season , however , before departing for unspecified reasons . </P> <P> Paula Patton joined the cast as ADA Mikka Von . She replaced Stephanie March . However , Patton dropped out after one episode to film Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol , and was replaced by Melissa Sagemiller in the recurring role of ADA Gillian Hardwicke . </P> <P> Before the end of season twelve , Mariska Hargitay asked for a lighter workload . As a way of writing her out of certain episodes , a plan to have her character promoted to a supervisory role was discussed . At the end of season twelve , Christopher Meloni departed the cast , unable to come to terms with his contract . Warren Leight became the new showrunner during this same year and signed on before he knew that Meloni would be leaving the cast . The second major departure to be announced in 2011 was that of B. D. Wong . On July 17 , Wong announced on Twitter that , `` I actually do not return for season 13 , I am jumping to Awake ! It 's awesome ! '' Wong added , `` I do n't know if or when I 'll be back on SVU ! It was amazing to have such a cool job for 11 years and to be a real NY Actor . '' Wong reprised his role as Dr. Huang in season 13 's episode `` Father Dearest '' . In response to these departures , two new main actors were hired , and several changes were made to the recurring cast . </P> <P> In June 2011 , it was announced that Kelli Giddish and Danny Pino would join the cast as new series regulars . Weeks later , it was announced that Stephanie March and Diane Neal would be reprising their roles as ADA Alexandra Cabot and ADA Casey Novak , respectively . The launch of season 13 was marked with a retooling of the show that Warren Leight referred to as `` SVU 2.0 '' . Changes that accompanied this included Tamara Tunie 's being bumped from the main cast to a guest starring role and recurring actor Joel de la Fuente 's not appearing for the first time since 2002 . Of the latter change , Warren Leight said , `` those scenes ( which featured Fuente ) can be dry '' and hired Gilbert Gottfried as a more comedic replacement . In addition to these changes , Linus Roache became a recurring cast member in his role of Michael Cutter , whom he played on Law & Order ; on SVU former Executive ADA Cutter serves as the Bureau Chief for ADAs attached to the Special Victims Unit . </P> <P> In season 14 , Raúl Esparza joined the cast in a recurring capacity as ADA Rafael Barba and prior to the season 15 premiere , Esparza was promoted to a series regular . Also in season 15 , Belzer departed the cast in the fifth episode , `` Wonderland Story '' , in which Sgt . Munch retired from the NYPD and took a job in the DA 's office as an investigator . Later in the season , Captain Cragen announced his departure from the NYPD , which made newly promoted Sgt . Benson the temporary squad commander . In leaving the cast , Florek ended a 400 - episode run as Captain Cragen . In season 16 , Peter Scanavino joined the series , first in a recurring role for episodes 1 -- 3 and then was promoted to the main cast in episode 5 , with Kelli Giddish , Danny Pino , Ice - T and Raúl Esparza no longer appearing in every episode . On May 20 , 2015 , it was revealed that Danny Pino would be leaving the cast after the season 16 finale `` Surrendering Noah '' . </P> <P> In August 2017 , it was announced that Philip Winchester will recur in season 19 as ADA Peter Stone , his character from Chicago P.D. and Chicago Justice , who is the son of Benjamin Stone , the ADA on the original Law & Order show . It was later also announced that Brooke Shields was enlisted to assume a major recurring role starting in Season 19 of the long - running dramatic series . </P> <H3> Salaries ( edit ) </H3> <P> By season twelve , both Mariska Hargitay and Christopher Meloni had become among the highest - paid lead actors on a drama , with each earning nearly $400,000 per episode , a salary that TV Guide said was exceeded only by House 's Hugh Laurie . During season sixteen , Hargitay was reported to be earning $450,000 per episode , or $10,350,000 per season , In season seventeen , her salary increased to $500,000 per episode . </P> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit characters <Table> <Tr> <Th> Cast </Th> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Rank / Position </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Seasons </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regular </Th> <Th> Recurring </Th> <Th> Guest </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christopher Meloni </Td> <Td> Elliot Stabler </Td> <Td> Detective </Td> <Td> 1 -- 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mariska Hargitay </Td> <Td> Olivia Benson </Td> <Td> Lieutenant </Td> <Td> 1 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richard Belzer </Td> <Td> John Munch </Td> <Td> DA Investigator </Td> <Td> 1 -- 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15 , 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dann Florek </Td> <Td> Donald Cragen </Td> <Td> Captain </Td> <Td> 1 -- 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michelle Hurd </Td> <Td> Monique Jeffries </Td> <Td> Detective </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stephanie March </Td> <Td> Alexandra Cabot </Td> <Td> Assistant District Attorney </Td> <Td> 2 -- 5 , 11 </Td> <Td> 2 , 10 , 13 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ice - T </Td> <Td> Odafin `` Fin '' Tutuola </Td> <Td> Detective </Td> <Td> 2 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tamara Tunie </Td> <Td> Melinda Warner </Td> <Td> Medical Examiner </Td> <Td> 7 -- 12 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 6 , 13 -- 17 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> B.D. Wong </Td> <Td> George Huang </Td> <Td> FBI Special Agent </Td> <Td> 4 -- 12 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 13 -- 15 , 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Diane Neal </Td> <Td> Casey Novak </Td> <Td> Senior Assistant District Attorney </Td> <Td> 5 -- 9 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adam Beach </Td> <Td> Chester Lake </Td> <Td> Detective </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michaela McManus </Td> <Td> Kim Greylek </Td> <Td> Assistant District Attorney </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Danny Pino </Td> <Td> Nick Amaro </Td> <Td> Detective </Td> <Td> 13 -- 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kelli Giddish </Td> <Td> Amanda Rollins </Td> <Td> Detective </Td> <Td> 13 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Raúl Esparza </Td> <Td> Rafael Barba </Td> <Td> Assistant District Attorney </Td> <Td> 15 -- </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peter Scanavino </Td> <Td> Dominick Carisi Jr . </Td> <Td> Detective </Td> <Td> 16 -- </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Positions </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Olivia Benson was previously a Detective ( seasons 1 -- 15 ) and a Sergeant ( seasons 15 -- 17 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Munch was previously a Detective ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) and a Sergeant ( seasons 9 -- 15 ) ; the character , played by Belzer , first appeared on Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1993 - 99 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Captain Donald Cragen was the commanding officer of the unit until his retirement ( seasons 1 -- 15 ) ; the character , played by Florek , first appeared in the first three seasons of Law & Order ( 1990 - 93 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George Huang was the unit 's forensic psychiatrist and criminal profiler until his retirement ( seasons 1 -- 15 ) </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Appearances </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Christopher Meloni was first billed as `` starring '' during seasons 1 -- 12 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mariska Hargitay has been first billed as `` starring '' since season 13 ; she was previously second billed after Meloni . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Series overview ( edit ) </H2> In the criminal justice system , sexually based offenses are considered especially heinous . In New York City , the dedicated detectives who investigate these vicious felonies are members of an elite squad known as the Special Victims Unit . These are their stories . -- Opening narration spoken by Steven Zirnkilton <P> Based out of the New York City Police Department 's 16th precinct in Manhattan , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit delves into the dark side of the New York underworld as the detectives of a new elite force , the Special Victims Unit ( SVU for short ) , investigate and prosecute various sexually - oriented crimes including rape , pedophilia , and domestic violence . They also investigate the abuses of children , the disabled and elderly victims of non-sexual crimes who require specialist handling . All the while trying to balance the effects of the investigation on their own lives . Its stories also touch on the political and societal issues associated with gender identity , sexual preferences , and equality rights . While the victim is often murdered , this is not always the case , and victims frequently play prominent roles in episodes . The unit also works with the Manhattan District Attorney 's office as they prosecute cases and seek justice for SVU 's victims and survivors with precision and a passion to win and bring closure to the intense investigations . The series often uses stories that are `` ripped from the headlines '' or based on real crimes . Such episodes take a real crime and fictionalize it by changing some details . </P> <P> Originally the show focused around the detective pairings of Elliot Stabler & Olivia Benson and John Munch & Brian Cassidy . Stabler is a seasoned veteran of the unit who has seen it all and tries his best to protect his family from the horrors he sees every day . His partner Benson 's difficult past as the child of a rape victim is the reason she joined the unit . Backing them up is John Munch , and his first partner Brian Cassidy . Munch is a transfer from Baltimore 's homicide unit , who brings his acerbic wit , conspiracy theories , and street - honed investigative skills . Whilst Cassidy is young and eager to learn from his fellow detectives . These two detective teams received support from Detectives Monique Jeffries and Ken Briscoe . When Cassidy transferred to Narcotics after thirteen episodes , Jeffries was partnered with Munch for the remaining of Season One and Briscoe was phased out . In the beginning of season two , Munch was then permanently partnered with Detective Odafin `` Fin '' Tutuola , whose unique yet sometimes vulgar sense of humor and investigative experience make him a formidable match for Munch . These detectives were supervised by veteran Captain Donald Cragen who oversaw the team from seasons 1 -- 15 . Cragen 's tough - but - supportive approach to the team 's complex cases guides the squad through the challenges they face every day . Also on the team 's payroll is FBI Special Agent Dr. George Huang and Medical Examiner Dr. Melinda Warner . As the resident psychiatrist for the Special Victims Unit , Huang helps keep the officers sane in a field that could drive ordinary people mad . He has also served as the squad 's resident criminal profiler , and his insights into the criminal mind have often helped the officers to crack the toughest perps , whilst Warner has become an integral part of the Manhattan Special Victims Unit , and her personal skills have contributed to the unit 's high success rate in closing cases . </P> <P> The Unit did not receive a full - time assistant district attorney until season two , when Alexandra Cabot was assigned to work with the detectives . After Cabot 's departure in season five , she was replaced by Casey Novak , who remained as the ADA until the end of season nine . Kim Greylek became the permanent ADA in the season ten premiere , until Cabot made a return midway through that season when Greylek departed . Cabot remained the ADA through the second half of season eleven . After Cabot 's departure , the ADA void was filled by Sonya Paxton ( Christine Lahti ) and Jo Marlowe ( Sharon Stone ) until the conclusion of season eleven . Gillian Hardwicke served as the SVU ADA during season twelve . In season thirteen , both Cabot and Novak returned as ADAs and since the beginning of season fourteen , ADA Rafael Barba has been SVU 's prosecutor . </P> <P> In season 13 other big changes happened when Stabler left in the season twelve finale . Detectives Nick Amaro and Amanda Rollins joined the team filling the void left by Stabler . Amaro brings empathy to his cases while dealing with a stressful home life , whilst Rollins ' dogged persistence and instincts help her close cases , but her secrets could derail her career . In the current seasons the Manhattan SVU is now run by Lieutenant Olivia Benson . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes <P> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit has concluded its eighteenth season and has started its nineteenth season . Each season has aired on NBC and consists of 19 to 25 episodes , each lasting approximately forty minutes ( sixty minutes including commercials ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Nielsen ratings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Rating </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 22 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> May 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 8.8 ( Tied with The CBS Wednesday Movie ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 21 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> October 20 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> May 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 9.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 23 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 28 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 10.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 25 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> May 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 10.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 5 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 25 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 23 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> May 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 8.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 6 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 23 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> May 24 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 9.2 ( Tied with 60 Minutes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 7 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 22 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> May 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 9.2 ( Tied with Lost and CSI : NY ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 8 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 22 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> May 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 9 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 19 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> May 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 7.6 ( Tied with Brothers & Sisters , CSI : NY and Heroes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 10 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 22 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> June 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 6.7 ( Tied with ER and Bones ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 11 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 24 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> May 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 12 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 24 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 13 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 23 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> May 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 14 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 24 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 15 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 24 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 16 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 23 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> May 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 17 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 23 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 18 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 21 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 19 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 24 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> U.S. television Ratings ( edit ) </H3> <P> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit premiered on Monday , September 20 , 1999 . After nine episodes , the show was moved to Friday nights , where it found its audience and following its first and second seasons became a Top 20 - overall show , overcoming the `` Friday night death slot '' phenomenon . Beginning with the season five , the show aired on Tuesdays to compete with CBS ' Judging Amy and ABC 's NYPD Blue . In its later years , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit consistently outperformed Law & Order in the Nielsen ratings for first run episodes until the latter 's cancellation in 2010 . </P> <P> In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that SVU 's popularity was `` atypical : generally slightly more popular in rural areas and the Black Belt , but largely restricted to the eastern half of the country . It 's most popular in Albany , N.Y. ; least in Colorado and Utah '' . </P> <P> Note : Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May ( with the exception of the second and tenth season ) , which coincides with the completion of May sweeps . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Time slot ( ET ) </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th colspan="2"> First aired </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Last aired </Th> <Th> TV season </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Viewers ( in millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Viewers ( in millions ) </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Viewers ( in millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Monday 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 -- 9 ) Friday 10 : 00 pm ( Episodes 10 -- 22 ) </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> September 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 18.43 </Td> <Td> May 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 15.11 </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> No. 33 </Td> <Td> 12.18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Friday 10 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> October 20 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 13.20 </Td> <Td> May 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 15.06 </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 01 </Td> <Td> No. 29 </Td> <Td> 13.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> September 28 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 15.80 </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 14.27 </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 02 </Td> <Td> No. 14 </Td> <Td> 15.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> September 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 15.60 </Td> <Td> May 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 13.70 </Td> <Td> 2002 -- 03 </Td> <Td> No. 16 </Td> <Td> 14.83 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 10 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> September 23 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 13.23 </Td> <Td> May 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 18.36 </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 04 </Td> <Td> No. 21 </Td> <Td> 12.72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> September 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 14.20 </Td> <Td> May 21 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 16.38 </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 05 </Td> <Td> No. 23 </Td> <Td> 13.46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> September 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 15.32 </Td> <Td> May 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 12.97 </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 06 </Td> <Td> No. 24 </Td> <Td> 13.78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> September 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 14.55 </Td> <Td> May 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 10.28 </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 07 </Td> <Td> No. 38 </Td> <Td> 11.94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> September 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 12.10 </Td> <Td> May 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 10.83 </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 08 </Td> <Td> No. 30 </Td> <Td> 11.33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> September 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 9.52 </Td> <Td> June 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 11.34 </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 09 </Td> <Td> No. 39 </Td> <Td> 10.11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 9 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 8.36 </Td> <Td> May 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 8.61 </Td> <Td> 2009 -- 10 </Td> <Td> No. 44 </Td> <Td> 8.81 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 9.68 </Td> <Td> May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 8.98 </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 11 </Td> <Td> No. 47 </Td> <Td> 8.84 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 10 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 7.63 </Td> <Td> May 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 7.16 </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 12 </Td> <Td> No. 67 </Td> <Td> 7.59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 9 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 7.19 </Td> <Td> May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 6.66 </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 13 </Td> <Td> No. 56 </Td> <Td> 7.30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 9.58 </Td> <Td> May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 6.39 </Td> <Td> 2013 -- 14 </Td> <Td> No. 46 </Td> <Td> 8.18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 10.07 </Td> <Td> May 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 6.96 </Td> <Td> 2014 -- 15 </Td> <Td> No. 52 </Td> <Td> 8.71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 8.27 </Td> <Td> May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 7.19 </Td> <Td> 2015 -- 16 </Td> <Td> No. 52 </Td> <Td> 8.31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 7.83 </Td> <Td> May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 6.22 </Td> <Td> 2016 -- 17 </Td> <Td> No. 48 </Td> <Td> 7.39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 5.67 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 2017 - 18 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Awards and honors ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Law & Order : Special Victims Unit <P> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit has received many awards and award nominations . Mariska Hargitay has twice been nominated for a Golden Globe Award and won once in 2005 . </P> <P> The show has been nominated numerous times for the Emmy Award . Mariska Hargitay has been nominated for the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series category 8 years in a row beginning in 2004 and won the Emmy in 2006 . Christopher Meloni was nominated for the Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series category in 2006 . Robin Williams was nominated in the Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series in 2008 . The series was nominated in the category Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for Jane Alexander and Tracy Pollan in 2000 , Martha Plimpton in 2002 , Barbara Barrie in 2003 , Mare Winningham and Marlee Matlin in 2004 , Amanda Plummer and Angela Lansbury in 2005 , Marcia Gay Harden and Leslie Caron in 2007 , Cynthia Nixon in 2008 , Ellen Burstyn , Brenda Blethyn , and Carol Burnett in 2009 , and Ann - Margret in 2010 . The series won the award for Plummer in 2005 , Caron in 2007 , Nixon in 2008 , Burstyn in 2009 , and Margret in 2010 . </P> <H2> Broadcast and streaming ( edit ) </H2> <P> Law and Order SVU airs on NBC in the United States . All seasons , including the season that is currently on the air , are available to stream on Hulu ( with a subscription ) . The latest 5 episodes can be watched for free on NBC.com and the NBC app . Outside of SVOD and NBC platforms , all episodes can be found on electronic sell - through platforms such as iTunes and Amazon Video . The show airs every Thursday night , on Network Ten in Australia , with a new episode usually followed by a repeat and occasionally shows repeats on other nights . Ten 's digital channel One sometimes shows Seasons One - Three on Friday or Saturday nights , but is not currently airing these seasons at the moment . From the 29th of August 2017 , Channel Nine started airing the first season at a late night slot , which it has also done with the original Law & Order but stopped after the first episode . It is unknown if it will continue to air on Channel Nine . Season 19 premiered on Network Ten on October 5th , 2017 at 9 : 40pm . </P> <H3> Syndication ( edit ) </H3> <P> As of September 2017 , the show is currently reran on fellow NBCUniversal network USA Network , as well as Ion Television and local stations . The show also briefly ran on Syfy in 2006 . </P> <H2> International broadcast ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Australia , Law & Order : SVU airs on Network Ten and Australia 's cable channel Universal Channel ( formerly aired on TV1 which ceased to broadcast in December 2013 ) . In the UK `` Law & Order : SVU '' originally aired on the Hallmark Channel ( which in 2012 became the Universal Channel ) with a terrestrial TV airing on Channel 5 in 2016 which then switched to Five USA . The UK is two and half weeks behind the US . In Brazil , Law & Order : SVU also airs on Universal Channel , with weekdays episodes from past seasons and simultaneously , two episodes after the original airing in the US . Law & Order : SVU is broadcast at 9.30 pm on Tuesdays on TV3 in New Zealand . Series 18 premiered on 11 April 2017 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Notes ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ SVU Writers Room ( @ SVUWritersRoom ) ( 7 July 2016 ) . `` First cast read - through of # SVUSeason18 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Special Victims Unit : The Beginning . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit : The First Year . Universal Studios . 2004 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Chris Meloni Exits Law & Order : SVU '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` NBC on Chris Meloni 's Law & Order : SVU Exit : We 're Not Killing Him Off '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert . `` NBC Signs Kelli Giddish ( Chase ) and Danny Pino ( Cold Case ) as New Detectives for Law & Order : Special Victims Unit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Renewed for Season 19 , Showrunner Rick Eid Exits for ' Chicago PD ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBC Announces Fall Premiere Dates for New 2017 - 18 Season '' . The Futon Critic . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 10 -- 11 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 187 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Show - runner Neal Baer Signs Big Overall Deal With CBS TV Studios '' . Deadline.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Scoop : NBC Taps New Law & Order : SVU Boss '' . TVLine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Showrunner Warren Leight Sets Overall Deal with Sony TV ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Taps Flagship Series Vet as New Showrunner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Showrunner Rick Eid to Run ' Chicago P.D. ' Next Season '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law and Order : SVU ' Taps ' Chicago Justice ' EP Michael Chernuchin as New Showrunner '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 2 -- 3 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kimpton , Roger . `` Hollywood on the Palisades '' ; Palisade magazine ; Summer 2010 ; Pages 12 -- 15 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 14 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright , E. Assata . `` Getting the film crews back to NJ '' , The Union City Reporter , February 13 , 2011 , pages 5 and 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` It 's official : NBC cancels ' Law & Order ' '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Leaves New Jersey Over Nixed Tax Credit & May Move Into ' L&O ' Set '' . Deadline . Mail.com Media . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt . `` Fall TV : NBC Announces Premiere Dates '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 10 , 2010 ) . `` NBC firms up post - ' Leno ' schedule '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- NBC Announces Updated Fall Schedule Premieres '' . The Futon Critic . July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( January 18 , 2011 ) . `` NBC Benches Law & Order : Los Angeles Following Cast Shake - Up '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` NBC Renews ' 30 Rock ' , Announces Parks & Rec Return & Major Midseason Schedule Changes '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Announces Fall 2012 Premiere Dates for ' Grimm ' , ' Revolution ' , ' The Voice , ' ' Animal Practice ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Главная страница ( in Russian ) . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 11 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 145 -- 146 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 13 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 150 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 157 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 154 -- 156 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 152 -- 154 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 167 -- 169 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 165 -- 166 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Connor , Mickey ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` SVU News : Mariska and Meloni Are In For Season 11 , and So Is Christine Lahti '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 172 -- 173 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 175 -- 176 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 160 -- 162 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 170 -- 171 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Connor , Mickey ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Precious Star Paula Patton Is Law & Order : SVU 's New ADA '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' scoop : ' Bar ' girl Melissa Sagemiller is new ADA '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rudolph , Ileane ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` SVU Producer Neal Baer Explains ADA Shakeup '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2011 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU Scoop : Hargitay Inks New Deal , Jennifer Love Hewitt May Succeed Her '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' cliffhanger : EP Warren Leight on what 's next for Cragen and the squad '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( July 17 , 2011 ) . `` Fall TV Scoop : B.D. Wong Reveals His SVU Fate '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 5 , 2011 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU Scoop : Stephanie March , Diane Neal Heading Back to Court '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam ( September 1 , 2011 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU 's New Boss on Meloni 's Exit , the New Detectives and Rejuvenating the Show '' . TV Guide . 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Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : Special Victims Unit -- Series -- Episode List -- Season 4 '' . TV Tango . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nielsen 's TOP 156 Shows for 2002 -- 03 Options '' . rec.arts.tv . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SpotVault -- Law & Order : SVU ( NBC ) -- 2003 -- 04 '' . Spot Vault . December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 05 / 17 / 04 Through 05 / 23 / 04 '' . ABC Medianet . May 25 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` I.T.R.S. Ranking Report '' . ABC Television Network . June 2 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : From 09 / 20 / 04 Through 09 / 26 / 04 '' . ABC Medianet . September 29 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 05 / 23 / 05 Through 05 / 29 / 05 '' . ABC Medianet . June 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2004 -- 2005 Primetime Ranking Report '' . ( June 1 , 2005 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved November 6 , 2007 . Archived April 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : From 09 / 26 / 05 Through 10 / 02 / 05 '' . ABC Medianet . October 4 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2012 . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : From 05 / 15 / 06 Through 05 / 21 / 06 '' . ABC Medianet . May 23 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2005 -- 2006 Primetime Ranking Report '' . ( May 31 , 2006 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved November 6 , 2007 . Archived July 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 30 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2006 -- 2007 Primetime Ranking Report '' . ( May 30 , 2007 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Archived March 23 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` With Break - Out Performances from New and Returning Series , NBC Ties for Premiere Week 's Top Spot in 18 -- 49 '' . The Futon Critic / NBC . The Futon Critic / NBC . October 2 , 2007 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 14 , 2008 ) . `` Nielsen Ratings May 13 , 2008 : American Idol Still Crushes Field '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . 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Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Revenge ' And Others Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' SVU ' Adjusted Up , ' Apt 23 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . 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Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Modern Family ' and ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Deadline Team , The ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2013 -- 14 Series Rankings '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law and Order : SVU ' , & ' Red Band Society ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Survivor : Reunion ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law and Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' SVU ' finale adjusts up , ' Supernatural ' finale adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ @ https://twitter.com/RobertBCohen/status/950776144315539462?s=17 . ( Tweet ) https://twitter.com/ -- via Twitter . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ; Missing or empty number = ( help ) ; Missing or empty date = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Wins : Law & Order : Special Victims Unit '' . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2012 . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SVU Emmy Nominations '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Watch Law & Order : SVU Videos , Highlights & Clips - NBC.com '' . NBC . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Download the NBC App for Phones , Tablets and Connected Devices ! '' . NBC . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : SVU ( Special Victims Unit ) , Season 16 on iTunes '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Watch Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Season 1 Episode -- Amazon Video '' . www.amazon.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Bibliography ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Green , Susan ; Dawn , Randee ( 2009 ) . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit : The Unofficial Companion . Dallas : BenBella Books . ISBN 1 - 933771 - 88 - 7 . OCLC 429604907 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Law & Order : Special Victims Unit </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website on NBC </Li> <Li> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit on IMDb </Li> <Li> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit at TV.com </Li> <Li> `` List of Law & Order : SVU Episodes '' . TV Guide . </Li> <Li> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit on MyNetworkTV </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Law & Order franchise </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Law & Order ( 1990 -- 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 1999 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Law & Order : Criminal Intent ( 2001 -- 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Law & Order : Trial by Jury ( 2005 -- 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Law & Order : LA ( 2010 -- 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Law & Order True Crime ( 2017 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adaptations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Paris enquêtes criminelles ( 2007 -- 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Law & Order : UK ( 2009 -- 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Law & Order : Dead on the Money </Li> <Li> Law & Order : Double or Nothing </Li> <Li> Law & Order : Justice Is Served </Li> <Li> Law & Order : Criminal Intent </Li> <Li> Law & Order : Legacies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1993 -- 1999 ) </Li> <Li> New York Undercover ( 1994 -- 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Arrest & Trial ( 2000 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Deadline ( 2000 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Crime & Punishment ( 2002 -- 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Conviction ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> In Plain Sight ( 2008 -- 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Chicago franchise <Ul> <Li> Chicago Fire ( 2012 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Chicago P.D. 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Total Eclipse of the Heart - wikipedia <H1> Total Eclipse of the Heart </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the episode of `` The Vampire Diaries '' , see Total Eclipse of the Heart ( The Vampire Diaries ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Artwork for UK and some European releases </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Bonnie Tyler </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Faster Than the Speed of Night </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Take Me Back '' ( UK ) </Li> <Li> `` Straight from the Heart '' ( US ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7 '' </Li> <Li> 12 '' </Li> <Li> CD </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 6 : 59 ( album version ) </Li> <Li> 5 : 53 ( 2013 re-recording for the album Rocks and Honey ) </Li> <Li> 5 : 32 ( music video version ) </Li> <Li> 4 : 35 ( 2011 single version ) </Li> <Li> 4 : 30 ( single version ) </Li> <Li> 3 : 49 ( 2005 re-recording for the album Wings ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Columbia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jim Steinman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jim Steinman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Bonnie Tyler singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Sayonara Tokyo '' ( 1981 ) </Td> <Td> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' ( 1983 ) </Td> <Td> `` Take Me Back '' ( 1983 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Sayonara Tokyo '' ( 1981 ) </Td> <Td> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' ( 1983 ) </Td> <Td> `` Take Me Back '' ( 1983 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> `` Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' is a song recorded by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler . It was written and produced by Jim Steinman , and released on Tyler 's fifth studio album , Faster Than the Speed of Night ( 1983 ) . The song was released as a single by Columbia Records on 11 February 1983 in the United Kingdom and on 31 May 1983 in the United States . </P> <P> The song became Tyler 's biggest career hit , topping the UK Singles Chart , and becoming the fifth - best - selling single in 1983 in the United Kingdom . In the United States , the single spent four weeks at the top of the charts , and was Billboard 's number - six song of the year for 1983 . </P> <P> Worldwide , the single has sales in excess of 6 million copies and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for sales of over 1 million copies after its release , updated to Platinum in 2001 when the certification threshold changed . In 2015 , the song was voted by the British public as the nation 's third favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background and composition </Li> <Li> 2 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 3 Music video </Li> <Li> 4 Live performances </Li> <Li> 5 Credits and personnel </Li> <Li> 6 Other versions by Bonnie Tyler </Li> <Li> 7 Charts and certifications <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 7.2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 7.3 Sales and certifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Formats and track listings <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Track listing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Cover versions and impact in mainstream media <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Nicki French version <Ul> <Li> 9.1. 1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 9.1. 2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 9.1. 3 Sales and certifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9.2 Westlife version </Li> <Li> 9.3 Yuridia version </Li> <Li> 9.4 Parody versions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background and composition ( edit ) </H2> <P> After her contract with RCA Records ended in 1981 , Tyler found a new manager in David Aspden and after seeing Meat Loaf perform `` Bat Out of Hell '' live on The Old Grey Whistle Test , approached Meat Loaf 's producer Jim Steinman and asked him to be her producer . Tyler visited Steinman in his apartment in New York in April 1982 with her manager , where she was presented with two tracks : `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' and `` Goin ' Through the Motions '' . She stated that had she not liked the songs Steinman played for her , he would have rejected Tyler 's invitation to collaborate . She returned to his studio apartment weeks later , where Steinman and Rory Dodd performed `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' for her . He also hand - picked the recording band for the song . </P> <P> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' had to be shortened for radio play . Tyler did not believe that the song was radio - friendly at its full length ; the song was reduced from seven minutes and two seconds to four minutes and thirty seconds . </P> <P> The power ballad remains Tyler 's most successful song , peaking at No. 1 in the United States , South Africa , Australia , New Zealand , Canada and the United Kingdom . At its peak , it sold 60,000 copies per day , and approximately 6 million copies in total . It won the Variety Club award in the UK for best single of 1983 . The song also made number 82 of VH1 's top 100 love songs . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' A sample of `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' , performed by Bonnie Tyler . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Tyler told Record Mirror that she thought the song was about `` someone who wants to love so badly she 's lying there in complete darkness . '' </P> <P> Steinman said in an interview with Playbill : </P> <P> with ' Total Eclipse of the Heart ' , I was trying to come up with a love song and I remembered I actually wrote that to be a vampire love song . Its original title was ' Vampires in Love ' because I was working on a musical of Nosferatu , the other great vampire story . If anyone listens to the lyrics , they 're really like vampire lines . It 's all about the darkness , the power of darkness and love 's place in the dark ... </P> <P> He also told People magazine that he thought Tyler sounded like John Fogerty , and wrote the song `` to be a showpiece for her voice . '' Tyler described the song as `` a challenge ( to sing ) , '' stating that she `` ( does n't ) like songs that anybody can sing . I like songs that need a lot of energy . '' After Steinman presented her with the song she told The Times , `` I just had shivers right up my spine ... I could n't wait to actually get in and record it . '' </P> <P> According to Meat Loaf , Steinman had written the song , along with `` Making Love Out of Nothing at All '' , for Meat Loaf 's album Midnight at the Lost and Found ; however , Meat Loaf 's record company refused to pay Steinman and he wrote separate songs himself . `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' was then given to Bonnie Tyler and `` Making Love Out of Nothing at All '' to Air Supply . Tyler has denied this claim . `` Meat Loaf was apparently very annoyed that Jim gave that to me , '' Tyler stated . `` But Jim said he did n't write it for Meat Loaf , that he only finished it after meeting me . '' </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Mike DeGagne from AllMusic retrospectively described `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' as `` one of the finest ballads ever to hit radio . '' He noted the `` lush instrumentation '' and said that Tyler 's voice `` produced the perfect type of ' desperate lovelorn ' effect to suit the romantic lyrics . '' He described Roy Bittan 's piano playing as `` dreamy '' and described Tyler 's voice as `` wonderfully gritty . '' Donald A. Guarisco , also from AllMusic , retrospectively reviewed Faster Than the Speed of Night , and noted the song as an `` epic ballad , '' describing the whole album as `` rock at its most melodramatic . '' Jim Beviglia from American Songwriter said that Tyler 's raspy vocals helped to legitimize the `` melodrama inherent in the lyrics , '' and described the song as a `` garment - rending , chest - beating ( and ) emotionally exhausting ballad '' that suits the throes of a turbulent relationship . </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> Holloway Sanatorium steps , which feature in the video <P> The music video for `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' was directed by Russell Mulcahy and was filmed on location at the Holloway Sanatorium , a large Victorian Gothic hospital near Virginia Water , Surrey , England . The video features Bonnie Tyler clad in white , dreaming or fantasizing about her students in a boys ' boarding school . Young men are seen dancing and participating in various school activities and singing in a choir . </P> <P> A long - running urban legend is that the boy who appears throughout the video and who shakes Tyler 's hand at the end is former Italian footballer Gianfranco Zola . In a 2012 interview , Zola confirmed that he did not appear in the video . </P> <H2> Live performances ( edit ) </H2> <P> Since the song 's release , Tyler performs `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' in every concert she performs . `` I sing it much better now than I used to , '' she told The Huffington Post . `` I think my voice is probably not as husky as it was , I think it 's mellowed a bit . '' The song was performed at the 26th Annual Grammy Awards , held at the Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles , on 28 February 1984 . Tyler performed a brief , live performance of this song on a Royal Caribbean cruise during the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017 . </P> <P> Live recordings of Tyler performing the song have been released on her live albums Bonnie Tyler Live ( 2006 ) and Live in Germany 1993 ( 2011 ) . Video performances have also been released on Tyler 's DVDs , Bonnie on Tour ( 2006 ) and the DVD edition of Live in Germany 1993 . </P> <H2> Credits and personnel ( edit ) </H2> <P> Credits adapted from AllMusic ( from the album , Faster Than the Speed of Night ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> Bonnie Tyler -- lead vocals </Li> <Li> Rick Derringer -- guitar </Li> <Li> Steve Buslowe -- bass guitar </Li> <Li> Roy Bittan -- piano </Li> <Li> Larry Fast -- synthesizers </Li> <Li> Steve Margoshes -- additional synths </Li> <Li> Max Weinberg -- drums </Li> <Li> Jimmy Maelen -- percussion </Li> <Li> Holly Sherwood -- lead backing vocals </Li> <Li> Rory Dodd -- `` Turn around '' and backing vocals </Li> <Li> Eric Troyer -- backing vocals </Li> </Ul> <H2> Other versions by Bonnie Tyler ( edit ) </H2> <P> Since the original release in 1983 , Tyler has re-recorded the song several times for albums and subsequent single releases . Her first and most successful re-recording of the song was released in 2003 . Tyler recorded a French / English duet version called `` Si demain ... ( Turn Around ) '' with Kareen Antonn . It peaked at number one in France and Belgium . Tyler released another version of the song in 2004 as a duet with Peter Brocklehurst on his album For You . A solo version of the recording was released on her studio album Wings in the following year . </P> <P> BabyPinkStar recorded the song with Tyler in a punk / electronic remix version that was released as a single in the UK in January 2007 . In 2009 , Tyler released another version of the song with Welsh choral group Only Men Aloud ! In 2011 , Tyler re-recorded the song on an EP named after the song , released by Cleopatra Records . Her most recent recording of the song appears as a bonus track on her album Rocks and Honey ( 2013 ) . </P> <H2> Charts and certifications ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1983 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( Kent Music Report ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( RPM 50 Singles ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( RPM Adult Contemporary ) </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France ( IFOP ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy ( FIMI ) </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain ( AFYVE ) </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Adult Contemporary </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Top Tracks </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Chart </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Belgium ( Back Catalogue Singles Flanders ) </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark ( Tracklisten ) </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> France ( SNEP ) </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> France ( SNEP ) </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> France ( SNEP ) </Td> <Td> 114 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> US Billboard Digital Songs </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1983 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( Kent Music Report ) </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( RPM Top 100 Singles ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France ( IFOP ) </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy ( FIMI ) </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Sales and certifications ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Music Canada ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France ( SNEP ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 632,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( FIMI ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 30,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom ( BPI ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <P> shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> ( show ) Order of precedence </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Electric Avenue '' by Eddy Grant </Td> <Td> Canadian CHUM number - one single 20 August 1983 -- 27 August 1983 ( 2 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Maniac '' by Michael Sembello </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` White Wedding '' by Billy Idol </Td> <Td> Canadian RPM number - one single 13 August 1983 -- 20 August 1983 ( 2 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Our House '' by Madness </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` I Was Only Nineteen '' by Redgum </Td> <Td> Australian number - one single 30 May 1983 -- 4 July 1983 ( 6 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' by Irene Cara </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> New Zealand number - one single 3 July 1983 -- 24 July 1983 ( 4 weeks ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Billie Jean '' by Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Irish Singles Chart number - one single 13 March 1983 -- 27 March 1983 ( 3 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Let 's Dance '' by David Bowie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles Chart number - one single 12 March 1983 -- 19 March 1983 ( 2 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Is There Something I Should Know ? '' by Duran Duran </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Tell Her About It '' by Billy Joel </Td> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single 1 October 1983 -- 22 October 1983 ( 4 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Islands in the Stream '' by Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` The Safety Dance '' by Men Without Hats </Td> <Td> US Cash Box number - one single 8 October 1983 -- 29 October 1983 ( 4 weeks ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Främling '' by Carola Häggkvist </Td> <Td> Norwegian number - one single 22 / 1983 -- 26 / 1983 ( 5 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` The Heat Is On '' by Agnetha Fältskog </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Up Where We Belong '' by Joe Cocker and Jennifer Warnes </Td> <Td> South African number - one single 3 June 1983 -- 15 July 1983 ( 7 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Drop the Pilot '' by Joan Armatrading </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Formats and track listings ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> UK 7 '' single </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' -- 4 : 29 </Li> <Li> `` Take Me Back '' -- 5 : 05 </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> US 7 '' single </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' -- 4 : 29 </Li> <Li> `` Straight from the Heart '' -- 3 : 38 </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> UK 12 '' single </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' -- 6 : 59 </Li> <Li> `` Take Me Back '' -- 5 : 22 </Li> </Ol> <H3> Track listing ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> <Dl> <Dt> Promotional CD single </Dt> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' ( Sunset Strippers Verse Club Mix ) </Li> <Li> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' ( Sunset Strippers Dub Mix ) </Li> <Li> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' ( Sunset Strippers Radio Edit ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> Cover versions and impact in Mainstream Media ( edit ) </H2> <P> In a 2013 UK survey , the song came first in a list of most popular songs to sing in the shower , above songs by Justin Bieber , Robbie Williams , One Direction and Elton John . In 2015 the song was voted by the British public as the nation 's third favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV . </P> <P> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' received substantial media attention during the solar eclipse of March 20 , 2015 . Tyler 's version received a 214 % increase of Spotify streams throughout the day . A similar impact was experienced during the solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 , when Nielsen Music reported a 503 % increase in record sales . Around that time , the song hit number one on the iTunes chart . On 16 August 2017 , it was announced that Tyler would perform the song aboard the MS Oasis of the Seas during the total solar eclipse , backed by American dance - rock band DNCE . </P> <P> In 2014 , the Electric Picnic festival announced Bonnie Tyler as part of the lineup . Tickets were already sold out , though Irish rugby player Cian Healy won the Irish Women 's rugby team extra tickets for a comic miming video published on Instagram . </P> <H3> Nicki French version ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Nicki French </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Secrets </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 27 February 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CD single </Li> <Li> cassette single </Li> <Li> 7 '' </Li> <Li> 12 '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Hi - NRG </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bags of Fun </Li> <Li> Love This </Li> <Li> Mega </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jim Steinman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mike Stock </Li> <Li> Matt Aitken </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Nicki French singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' ( 1995 ) </Td> <Td> `` For All We Know '' ( 1995 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' ( 1995 ) </Td> <Td> `` For All We Know '' ( 1995 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Nicki French released a Hi - NRG remake of `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' in 1995 , which was also a worldwide hit . In the United States , French 's version peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 , behind `` Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman ? '' by Bryan Adams and it garnered frequent airplay on AC radio . It also reached No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart after being re-issued in 1995 . </P> <P> French had made her first dance version recording of `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' in 1994 : she had purchased the Bonnie Tyler original as a teenager in 1983 and reacted negatively to the original suggestion that she ( i.e. French ) remake the song as dance track -- `` I thought , no , it 's too strong a song to go down the dance route . You know , it demeans it almost . But then I thought well , I 'll give it a go . And as soon as I heard the track , I thought it actually does work . '' French 's first recording of `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' , made with John Springate of the Glitter Band producing , came to the attention of Mike Stock and Matt Aitken who produced their own recording of the song by French and it was this version which appeared on the UK chart dated 15 October 1994 at No. 54 . French would recall : `` I just thought oh well that was great ... I 've ( worked with ) Mike Stock and Matt Aitken and it was a dream come true ... we tried and I had a great time ... And then about two months later I had a call out of the blue from Mike saying the buzz will not die down on this track so we 're going to re-record the beginning ... and we 're going to re-release it at the beginning of 1995 . '' </P> <P> According to French , her remake of `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' became popular in the UK and the US in distinct remixes : `` the slower version was the one that actually took a hold in the UK where originally they started with the fast one and then decided to go with the ( remix which began ) in the same vein as the Bonnie Tyler version ( and then ) sped up when the chorus came in ... In the US it was the ( remix ) which was fast all the way through . '' </P> Weekly charts ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1994 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1995 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( ARIA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( RPM 100 Hit Tracks ) </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( RPM Adult Contemporary ) </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( RPM Dance ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Adult Contemporary </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Adult Top 40 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Year - end charts ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1995 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( ARIA ) </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( RPM Top 50 Dance Tracks ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> Sales and certifications ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 70,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom ( BPI ) </Th> <Td> Silver </Td> <Td> 200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 600,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Boom Boom Boom '' by The Outhere Brothers </Td> <Td> Canadian RPM Dance number - one single 7 August 1995 -- 14 August 1995 ( 2 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Be My Lover '' by La Bouche </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` I Know '' by Dionne Farris </Td> <Td> US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream number - one single 10 June 1995 ( 1 week ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` I 'll Be There for You '' by The Rembrandts </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Westlife version ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Promotional single by Westlife </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album The Love Album </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> CD Single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Sony BMG </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jim Steinman </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Irish boy band Westlife recorded a cover of the song on their 2006 album The Love Album . The song would have been released as the album 's second single but was cancelled due to their The Love Tour conflicts , though a promo release still reached No. 5 on the radio charts in the Philippines . Three official remixes have been made for their version as well as a remix done by Jim Steinman , which was ultimately rejected by the record label but has surfaced on the Internet . The song was released as promotional single on 2007 . </P> <H3> Yuridia version ( edit ) </H3> <P> Mexican singer Yuridia covered the song in Spanish as `` Eclipse Total del Amor '' from her second studio album Habla El Corazón in 2006 . The single peaked at number 36 on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart . </P> <H3> Parody versions ( edit ) </H3> <P> A parody of the song and music video were published in 2009 , in what the fans and makers call a `` literal video version '' , which is a type of video that replaces the original song lyrics with humorous lyrics describing the images in the video . Time magazine listed it as the 6th best viral video of 2009 . This was also the 6th literal video produced by professional video editor David A. Scott Jr. ; the singer who performed for this re-dub was Scott 's friend Felisha Noble using the pseudonym Persephone Maewyn . The video is still viewable on Funny or Die 's website , where it has received over 100,000 views , qualifying it for `` Immortal '' status since April 2012 . </P> <P> In 2010 , Tyler appeared in an advertisement for MasterCard , performing a short parody of the song with its noted new lyric `` Turn around , Neville . '' She performed the original song in a similar advertisement for Westpac in 2012 . </P> <P> Warby Parker produced a parody video in anticipation of the solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1983 in British music </Li> <Li> List of best - selling singles </Li> <Li> List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1983 </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles of 1983 ( Australia ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles of 1983 ( Canada ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles of 1983 ( Ireland ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles in 1983 ( New Zealand ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Tyler releases new Total Eclipse '' . BBC News Online . 2 September 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 14 May 1989 ) . `` New Golden Rule : 500,000 Sales Mark for All Singles '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Westbrook , Caroline ( 25 July 2015 ) . `` The Nation 's Favourite 80s Number One : 12 more classic 80s chart - toppers which did n't make the cut '' . Metro . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wolmuth , Roger ( 21 November 1983 ) . `` ' One - Hit Wonder ' Bonnie Tyler Resumes Her Singing Career with a ' Total Eclipse ' of the Chart '' . People Magazine . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Humphries , Patrick ( 2009 ) . Ravishing - The Best Of ( CD booklet ) . London : Sony Music Entertainment . p. 1 . In `` Ravishing - The Best Of '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heatley , Michael ( 2013 ) . The Collection ( CD booklet ) . London : Demon Music Group . p. 3 . In `` The Collection '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( 7 May 2017 ) . `` The 21 best power ballads '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler Variety Club Award Best Single of 1983 '' . Google Inc . YouTube . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shearlaw , John ( 12 March 1983 ) . `` Bonnie voyage '' . Record Mirror . p. 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hernandez , Ernio ( 18 September 2002 ) . `` Rando , Steinman Talk About Dance of the Vampires at Press Preview , Sept. 18 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 13 March 2014 . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Beviglia , Jim ( 24 February 2014 ) . `` Bonnie Tyler , `` Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' `` . American Songwriter . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clark , Dick ( 20 September 1983 ) . `` Bonnie Tyler aims for ' total eclipse ' of charts '' . Times - News . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adams , Cameron ( 26 October 2006 ) . `` Meat Loaf 's a Hell raiser '' . Herald Sun . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Champion , Edward ( 12 September 2008 ) . `` The Bat Segundo Show : Bonnie Tyler '' . The Bat Segundo Show . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Freyne , Patrick ( 20 August 2014 ) . `` Bonnie Tyler : ' There 's nothing I wo n't talk about ' '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DeGagne , Mike . `` Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse of the Heart -- Song Review '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guarisco , Donald A. `` Bonnie Tyler -- Faster Than the Speed of Night -- Album Review '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( 8 March 2013 ) . `` Britain Counts On Bonnie Tyler to Play Eurovision Hero '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frame , Pete ( 1999 ) . Pete Frame 's rockin ' around Britain : rock'n'roll landmarks of the UK and Ireland . London : Omnibus Press . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 71196 - 973 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chelsea great Gianfranco Zola : ' I do n't star in Bonnie Tyler 's Total Eclipse of the Heart video ' '' . Off the Post . 16 May 2012 . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler : ' Forget being a star - do it for the love of it ' '' . The Guardian . 10 May 2009 . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frost , Caroline ( 7 May 2013 ) . `` Bonnie Tyler Interview : ' I Wo n't Mind If Believe In Me Gets Nil Points At Eurovision Song Contest ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jackson , Police top Grammy Awards list '' . The Michigan Daily . 29 February 1984 . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mahtani , Melissa ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` Bonnie Tyler sings ' Total Eclipse ' live on CNN '' ( Press release ) . CNN . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Bonnie Tyler Will Sing ' Total Eclipse of the Heart ' During Solar Eclipse '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Faster Than the Speed of Night -- Credits '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` lescharts.com -- Kareen Antonn / Bonnie Tyler -- Si demain ... ( Turn Around ) '' . Lescharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be -- Kareen Antonn / Bonnie Tyler -- Si demain ... ( Turn Around ) '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` For You by Peter Brocklehurst '' . iTunes Store . Apple , Inc . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler biography '' . BBC Wales . 17 November 2008 . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Heart by Bonnie Tyler '' . iTunes Store . Apple , Inc . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 ( illustrated ed . ) . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 316 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 38 , No. 24 , August 13 , 1983 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary -- Volume 39 , No. 13 , November 26 , 1983 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Tous les Titres par Artiste '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select `` Bonnie Tyler '' from the artist drop - down menu . Archived from the original on 20 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Total Eclipse of the Heart '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli più venduti del 1984 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bonnie Tyler - Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' . VG - lista . 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Archived from the original on 13 September 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 50 Back Catalogue Singles -- 05 / 02 / 2011 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Digital Song Sales -- September 9 , 2017 '' . Billboard . 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Cash Box magazine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse of the Heart '' . Music Canada . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse of the Heart '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select BONNIE TYLER and click OK </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Les Singles en Or '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Archived from the original on 5 June 2014 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse of the Heart '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse of the Heart '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Total Eclipse of the Heart in the search field and then press Enter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse of the Heart '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Total Eclipse of the Heart ( 7 '' single ) . Bonnie Tyler . CBS Records . 1983 . LC0149 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Westlife Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' . Eil.com . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Heart ( Sunset Strippers Remixes ) -- EP '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler power ballad takes top spot in shower singing survey '' . Western Mail . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Westbrook , Caroline ( 25 July 2015 ) . `` The Nation 's Favourite 80s Number One : 12 more classic 80s chart - toppers which did n't make the cut '' . Metro . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilson , Jess ( 20 March 2015 ) . `` Solar Eclipse : Spotify reveals streaming of Bonnie Tyler 's Total Eclipse of the Heart is up 214 per cent '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` ' Total Eclipse of the Heart ' Sales Rise More Than 500 % '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pelletiere , Nicole ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` ' Total Eclipse of the Heart ' hits no . 1 on iTunes for solar eclipse '' . ABC News . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bruner , Raisa ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Bonnie Tyler Will Sing ' Total Eclipse of the Heart ' During the Actual Eclipse '' . Time . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Balfe , John ( 12 August 2014 ) . `` 80s Power Ballad queen Bonnie Tyler announced for Electric Picnic '' . entertainment.ie . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Video : Cian Healy 's hilarious rendition of ' Total Eclipse of the Heart ' wins Irish Women 's rugby team ticket to Electric Picnic '' . Irish Independent . 21 August 2014 . 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Enter Total Eclipse of the Heart in the search field and then press Enter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Nicki French -- Total Eclipse of the Heart '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1995 '' . Billboard. 108 ( 3 ) : 56 . 20 January 1996 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mawer , Sharon . `` Westlife -- The Love Album '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yuridia -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Top 10 Viral Videos of 2009 '' . Time . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Laderman , David ; Westrup , Laurel ( 2014 ) . Sampling Media . Oxford University Press . p. 230 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott , David ( 16 April 2011 ) . `` Total Eclipse of the Heart : Literal Video Version '' . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benedictus , Leo ( 21 April 2010 ) . `` A word on our sponsors : Total eclipse of the card '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Westpac brings in Bonnie Tyler to sing at couple 's fantasy wedding '' . mUmBRELLA. 21 November 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matthewson , Samantha ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` This ' Total Eclipse of the Heart ' Parody Video for the 2017 Solar Eclipse Is Just Awesome '' . Space.com . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bonnie Tyler songs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The World Starts Tonight </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Lost in France '' </Li> <Li> `` More Than a Lover '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Natural Force </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` It 's a Heartache '' </Li> <Li> `` Living for the City '' </Li> <Li> `` Heaven '' </Li> <Li> `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' </Li> <Li> `` Here Am I '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Diamond Cut </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Too Good to Last '' </Li> <Li> `` My Guns Are Loaded '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Goodbye to the Island </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I 'm Just a Woman '' </Li> <Li> `` Sometimes When We Touch '' </Li> <Li> `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' </Li> <Li> `` Sitting on the Edge of the Ocean '' </Li> <Li> `` I Believe in Your Sweet Love '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Faster Than the Speed of Night </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Faster Than the Speed of Night '' </Li> <Li> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` Straight from the Heart '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` If You Were a Woman ( And I Was a Man ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Loving You 's a Dirty Job but Somebody 's Gotta Do It '' </Li> <Li> `` Band of Gold '' </Li> <Li> `` Lovers Again '' </Li> <Li> `` Holding Out for a Hero '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hide Your Heart </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Hide Your Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Turn Around '' </Li> <Li> `` Save Up All Your Tears '' </Li> <Li> `` To Love Somebody '' </Li> <Li> `` The Best '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bitterblue </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Against the Wind '' </Li> <Li> `` Bitterblue '' </Li> <Li> `` Where Were You '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Angel Heart </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Fools Lullaby '' </Li> <Li> `` I Cry Myself to Sleep at Night '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Silhouette in Red </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` You Are So Beautiful '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Free Spirit </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` You 're the One '' </Li> <Li> `` Making Love Out of Nothing at All '' </Li> <Li> `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' </Li> <Li> `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All in One Voice </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Angel of the Morning '' </Li> <Li> `` I Put a Spell on You '' </Li> <Li> `` The Rose '' </Li> <Li> `` He 's the King '' </Li> <Li> `` Silent Night '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heart Strings </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Human Touch '' </Li> <Li> `` Everybody Hurts '' </Li> <Li> `` Amazed '' </Li> <Li> `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' </Li> <Li> `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' </Li> <Li> `` Lean on Me '' </Li> <Li> `` In My Life '' </Li> <Li> `` Learning to Fly '' </Li> <Li> `` Right Here Waiting '' </Li> <Li> `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' </Li> <Li> `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Need Your Love So Bad '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's Over '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Simply Believe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Si demain ... ( Turn Around ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Si tout s'arrête ( It 's a Heartache ) </Li> <Li> `` Darlin ' '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wings </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Louise '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rocks and Honey </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` This Is Gonna Hurt '' </Li> <Li> `` Believe in Me '' </Li> <Li> `` What You Need from Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Love Is the Knife '' </Li> <Li> `` Mom '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Collaborations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` A Rockin ' Good Way ( to Mess Around and Fall in Love ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Islands '' </Li> <Li> `` Vergiß Es ( Forget It ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Amour Éternel ( Eternal Flame ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Love 's Holding On '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Sayonara Tokyo '' </Li> <Li> `` Here She Comes '' </Li> <Li> `` The Desert Is in Your Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Westlife </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Nicky Byrne </Li> <Li> Kian Egan </Li> <Li> Mark Feehily </Li> <Li> Shane Filan </Li> <Li> Brian McFadden </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Albums </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Westlife </Li> <Li> Coast to Coast </Li> <Li> World of Our Own </Li> <Li> Turnaround </Li> <Li> Allow Us to Be Frank </Li> <Li> Face to Face </Li> <Li> The Love Album </Li> <Li> Back Home </Li> <Li> Where We Are </Li> <Li> Gravity </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Unbreakable : The Greatest Hits Volume 1 </Li> <Li> Greatest Hits </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Videos </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Video albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Karaoke Collection </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concert DVD </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Where We Are Tour : Live from the O2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concert tours </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Where Dreams Come True Tour </Li> <Li> World of Our Own Tour </Li> <Li> Unbreakable Tour </Li> <Li> Turnaround Tour </Li> <Li> No. 1 's Tour </Li> <Li> Face to Face Tour </Li> <Li> The Love Tour </Li> <Li> Back Home Tour </Li> <Li> Where We Are Tour </Li> <Li> Gravity Tour </Li> <Li> Greatest Hits Tour </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Book </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Westlife : Our Story </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Songs <Ul> <Li> Originals </Li> <Li> Covers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tours </Li> <Li> Awards </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Westlife singles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Discography </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Westlife </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Swear It Again '' </Li> <Li> `` If I Let You Go '' </Li> <Li> `` Flying Without Wings '' </Li> <Li> `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' </Li> <Li> `` Fool Again '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coast to Coast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Against All Odds '' </Li> <Li> `` My Love '' </Li> <Li> `` What Makes a Man '' </Li> <Li> `` I Lay My Love on You '' </Li> <Li> `` Uptown Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` When You 're Looking Like That '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World of Our Own </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Queen of My Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` Evergreen '' </Li> <Li> `` World of Our Own '' </Li> <Li> `` Bop Bop Baby '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unbreakable </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Unbreakable '' </Li> <Li> `` Tonight / Miss You Nights '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Turnaround </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Hey Whatever '' </Li> <Li> `` Mandy '' </Li> <Li> `` Obvious '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Allow Us to Be Frank </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head '' </Li> <Li> `` Fly Me To The Moon '' </Li> <Li> `` Smile '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Face to Face </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` You Raise Me Up '' </Li> <Li> `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Amazing '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Love Album </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Rose '' </Li> <Li> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Back Home </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Home '' </Li> <Li> `` Us Against the World '' </Li> <Li> `` Something Right '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Where We Are </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` What About Now '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gravity </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Safe '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Greatest Hits </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Lighthouse '' </Li> <Li> `` Beautiful World '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Only Men Aloud ! </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Only Men Aloud ! ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Band of Brothers ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> In Festive Mood ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` All by Myself '' </Li> <Li> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Featured singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Caliban 's Dream '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> Last Choir Standing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Only Boys Aloud </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Yuridia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Solo albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> La Voz de un Ángel ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Habla El Corazón ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Entre Mariposas ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Nada es color de rosa ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Para Mí ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yuridia Remixes ( 2008 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Ángel '' </Li> <Li> `` Maldita Primavera '' </Li> <Li> `` Como Yo Nadie Te Ha Amado '' </Li> <Li> `` Habla el Corazón '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Collaborations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Eclipse Total del Amor '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Total_Eclipse_of_the_Heart&oldid=822305104 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1980s ballads </Li> <Li> 1983 singles </Li> <Li> 1983 songs </Li> <Li> 1995 singles </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles </Li> <Li> Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles </Li> <Li> Bonnie Tyler songs </Li> <Li> Irish Singles Chart number - one singles </Li> <Li> Music videos directed by Russell Mulcahy </Li> <Li> Nek songs </Li> <Li> Number - one dance singles in Canada </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in Australia </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in New Zealand </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in Norway </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in South Africa </Li> <Li> RPM Top Singles number - one singles </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Jim Steinman </Li> <Li> Songs written by Jim Steinman </Li> <Li> UK Singles Chart number - one singles </Li> <Li> Westlife songs </Li> <Li> Yuridia songs </Li> <Li> Mega Records singles </Li> <Li> Columbia Records singles </Li> <Li> Sony BMG singles </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) </Li> <Li> Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL </Li> <Li> CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from January 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Flanders </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Germany2 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Ireland2 </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without artist </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Dutch40 </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without song </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Dutch100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for New Zealand </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Norway </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Sweden </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Switzerland </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for UK </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for UKchartarchive </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Denmark </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for France </Li> <Li> Singlechart making named ref </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Canada </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for France </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Italy </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for United States </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Australia </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Australia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 16 : 37 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what is the total eclipse of the heart video about

List of justices of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka - wikipedia <H1> List of justices of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Shirani Bandaranayake was the 43rd Chief Justice of Sri Lanka and the first and only woman to hold the position . <P> List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka </P> <P> In this list , justices are placed in the order in which they took the judicial oath of office and thereby started their term of office . While many of the justices ' positions prior to appointment are simply listed as `` lawyer '' , many had part - time positions , such as teaching , or acted as counsel to various levels of government . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Justices </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> <Li> 3 Notes </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Justices ( edit ) </H2> † Denotes current justices <Ul> <Li> Began as Provisional or Acting Puisne Justice </Li> <Li> ♠ Tenure demoted to de facto </Li> <Li> † Died in office </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Province </Th> <Th> Birth / death </Th> <Th> Term of active service </Th> <Th> Term of service as Chief </Th> <Th> Length in days of active service </Th> <Th> Length in days as Chief </Th> <Th> Appointed by </Th> <Th> Law school </Th> <Th> Position prior to appointment </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Codrington Edmund Carrington </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 1769 - 1849 </Td> <Td> March 1801 -- 2 April 1806 </Td> <Td> March 1801 -- 2 April 1806 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> North </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Counsel to the East India Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Edmund Henry Lushington </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 1766 - 1839 </Td> <Td> 5 September 1801 -- 1809 </Td> <Td> 15 April 1807 - 1809 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> North </Td> <Td> University of Cambridge </Td> <Td> Barrister </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alexander Johnston </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> 1775 - 1849 </Td> <Td> 15 April 1807 -- 14 February 1809 6 November 1811 - 1819 </Td> <Td> 6 November 1811 - 1819 </Td> <Td> 671 + ? </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Maitland </Td> <Td> University of Göttingen </Td> <Td> Advocate Fiscal of Ceylon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Coke </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 1776 - 1818 </Td> <Td> 6 March 1809 -- 1 September 1818 † </Td> <Td> 6 March 1809 -- 1811 </Td> <Td> 3,466 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Maitland </Td> <Td> University of Oxford </Td> <Td> Advocate Fiscal of Ceylon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Henry Byrne </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 November 1818 -- 1819 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Brownrigg </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Barrister </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Ambrose Hardinge Giffard </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> 1771 -- 1827 </Td> <Td> 8 April 1819 -- 2 March 1827 </Td> <Td> 8 April 1819 -- 2 March 1827 </Td> <Td> 2,885 </Td> <Td> 2,885 </Td> <Td> Brownrigg </Td> <Td> Trinity College , Dublin </Td> <Td> Advocate Fiscal of Ceylon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Richard Ottley </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1782 -- 1845 </Td> <Td> 8 May 1820 -- 1833 </Td> <Td> 1 November 1827 -- 1833 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Barnes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chief Justice of Grenada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Henry Matthews </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 1789 -- 1828 </Td> <Td> 10 October 1827 -- 1828 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Barnes </Td> <Td> King 's College , Cambridge </Td> <Td> Advocate Fiscal of Ceylon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Charles Marshall </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 1788 - 1873 </Td> <Td> 14 June 1828 -- 3 March 1836 </Td> <Td> 18 February 1833 -- 3 March 1836 </Td> <Td> 2,850 </Td> <Td> 1,109 </Td> <Td> Barnes </Td> <Td> Jesus College , Cambridge </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> William Rough </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 1772 - 1838 </Td> <Td> 18 February 1833 - 1838 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Trinity College , Cambridge </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> William Norris </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1834 -- 1837 </Td> <Td> 27 April 1836 -- 1837 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wilmot - Horton </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advocate Fiscal of Ceylon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> John Jeremie </Td> <Td> Guernsey </Td> <Td> 1795 - 1841 </Td> <Td> 10 March 1836 -- 1840 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Wilmot - Horton </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Public prosecutor of Mauritius </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> John Fredrick Stoddart </Td> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> 1805 - 1839 </Td> <Td> 2 June 1838 -- 19 August 1839 † </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 443 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> University of Glasgow </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Anthony Oliphant </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> 1793 -- 1859 </Td> <Td> 22 October 1838 - 1854 </Td> <Td> 22 October 1838 - 1854 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Attorney General of the Cape Colony </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> J.G. Hildebrand </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23 November 1839 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> William Ogle Carr </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 1802 - 1856 </Td> <Td> 19 December 1939 - 1856 </Td> <Td> 17 April 1854 -- 1856 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stewart - Mackenzie </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> King 's Advocate of Ceylon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> John Stark </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 October 1840 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Queen 's Advocate of Ceylon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Christopher Temple </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 28 January 1854 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Judge of the District Court of Colombo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Paul Ivy Sterling </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 20 November 1855 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Attorney General of Hong Kong </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> William Carpenter Rowe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - 1860 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1857 -- 1859 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Edward Shepherd Creasy </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 1812 - 1878 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 27 March 1860 - 1875 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> University of Cambridge </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Richard Morgan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Queen 's Advocate of Ceylon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> George Lawson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Henry Byerley Thompson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - 1867 </Td> <Td> 1 January 1863 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Queen 's Advocate of Ceylon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Charles Henry Stewart </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 January 1867 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Richard Cayley </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 26 July 1874 -- 1882 </Td> <Td> 1 October 1879 -- 1882 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Queen 's Advocate of Ceylon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Lovell Burchett Clarence </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 July 1879 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Harry Dias Bandaranaike </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 July 1879 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> William Hackett </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 February 1877 - 1877 </Td> <Td> 3 February 1877 - 1877 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> John Budd Phear </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 October 1877 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Archibald Campbell Lawrie </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1837 - 1914 </Td> <Td> 6 July 1892 -- 1901 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Judge of the District Court of Kandy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Jacobus de Wet </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 31 May 1882 -- 29 May 1883 </Td> <Td> 31 May 1882 -- 29 May 1883 </Td> <Td> 363 </Td> <Td> 363 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Bruce Burnside </Td> <Td> Bahamas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 May 1883 -- 1893 </Td> <Td> 21 May 1883 -- 1893 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Queen 's Advocate of Ceylon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> John Winfield Bonser </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 November 1893 -- 1902 </Td> <Td> 13 November 1893 -- 1902 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chief Justice of the Straits Settlements </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> George Henry Withers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Dodwell Browne </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Fredrick Charles Moncrieff </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 April 1900 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Henry Lorentz Wendt </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15 October 1901 -- 28 November 1910 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> John Page Middleton </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 28 January 1902 -- 1912 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Puisine Judge of the Supreme Court of Cyprus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Charles Layard </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 26 April 1902 -- 18 June 1906 </Td> <Td> 26 April 1902 -- 18 June 1906 </Td> <Td> 1,514 </Td> <Td> 1,514 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Joseph Richard Grenier </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 28 November 1910 -- 1912 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Alexander Wood Renton </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 September 1905 -- 1918 </Td> <Td> 22 August 1914 - 1918 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Alfred George Lascelles </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 May 1911 -- 1914 </Td> <Td> 1 May 1911 -- 1914 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Joseph Turner Hutchinson </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23 October 1906 -- 1 May 1911 </Td> <Td> 23 October 1906 -- 1 May 1911 </Td> <Td> 1,651 </Td> <Td> 1,651 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> James Cecil Walter Pereira </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 July 1912 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> James Arthur Van Langenburg </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Thomas De Sampayo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1915 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> University of Cambridge </Td> <Td> Commissioner of Assize </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> George Francis Macdaniel Ennis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 August 1912 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Walter Shaw </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 December 1914 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chief Justice of British Honduras </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Gualterus Stewart Schneider </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Anton Bertram </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1869 - 1937 </Td> <Td> 26 July 1918 -- 1925 </Td> <Td> 26 July 1918 -- 1925 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> University of Cambridge </Td> <Td> Attorney General of Ceylon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> Hermann Albert Loos </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> William Thomas Porter </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 January 1922 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Thomas Garvin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1881 - 1940 </Td> <Td> 21 June 1921 -- 1935 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Manning </Td> <Td> Colombo Law College </Td> <Td> Solicitor General of Ceylon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> John Adrian St. Valentine Jayewardene </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1877 -- 1927 </Td> <Td> 1923 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Manning </Td> <Td> Judge of the District Court of Colombo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> Llwellyn Chisholm Dalton </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 March 1925 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> Lewis Matthew Maartensz </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 February 1935 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> Maas Thajoon Akbar </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1880 - 1944 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> University of Cambridge </Td> <Td> Solicitor General of Ceylon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> Charles Ernest St. John Branch </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1865 - 1939 </Td> <Td> 3 July 1925 -- 25 May 1926 </Td> <Td> 3 July 1925 -- 25 May 1926 </Td> <Td> 326 </Td> <Td> 326 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Durham University </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Stanley Fisher </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1867 - </Td> <Td> 11 December 1926 -- 1930 </Td> <Td> 11 December 1926 -- 1930 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> Robert William Lyall Grant </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17 February 1926 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> Allen Drieberg </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19 September 1927 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> Eugene Wilfred Jayewardene </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 1874 - 1932 </Td> <Td> May 1928 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Fletcher </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Member of the Colombo Municipal Council </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> Philip James Macdonell </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1873 - 1940 </Td> <Td> 3 October 1930 - 1936 </Td> <Td> 3 October 1930 - 1936 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> Lucian Macull Dominic de Silva </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> William Edward Barber </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> Francis Harold Bertram </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19 February 1935 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> Kenneth Poyser </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> Francis Soertsz </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - 1951 </Td> <Td> 12 November 1936 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> Sidney Abrahams </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 1885 - 1957 </Td> <Td> 3 July 1936 -- 1939 </Td> <Td> 3 July 1936 -- 1939 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> University of Cambridge </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> Francis Moseley </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 August 1936 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> Vincent Fernando </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 November 1937 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> Hector Hearne </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 May 1937 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> Arthur Eric Keuneman </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 March 1938 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> University of Cambridge </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> Oswald Leslie De Kretser II </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 1882 - 1959 </Td> <Td> 8 April 1938 -- 1945 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Caldecott </Td> <Td> University College , Colombo </Td> <Td> Commissioner of Assize </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> Arthur Wijewardena </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1887 - 1964 </Td> <Td> 22 August 1938 -- 1950 </Td> <Td> 15 January 1949 -- 1950 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> University of Cambridge </Td> <Td> Solicitor General of Ceylon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> J.H.B. Nihill </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 November 1938 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> John Curtois Howard </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 December 1939 -- 1945 </Td> <Td> 1 December 1939 -- 1945 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Attorney General of Cyprus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> G.H.F. Cannon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> Edward Jayetileke </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 May 1942 -- 11 October 1951 </Td> <Td> 1950 -- 11 October 1951 </Td> <Td> 3,437 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Caldecott </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Solicitor General of Ceylon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> Alan Rose </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 January 1945 -- 1956 </Td> <Td> 11 October 1951 -- 1956 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> A.R.H. Canakeratne </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1886 - 1960 </Td> <Td> 28 March 1945 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ceylon Law College University of London </Td> <Td> Commissioner of Assize </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> Manikku Wadumestri Hendrick de Silva </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Attorney General of Ceylon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> Felix Reginald Dias Bandaranaike I </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1861 - 1947 </Td> <Td> 3 September 1946 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> University of Cambridge </Td> <Td> Judge of the District Court of Colombo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> Chellappah Nagalingam </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1893 - 1958 </Td> <Td> 22 July 1947 -- 1958 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ceylon Law College </Td> <Td> Attorney General of Ceylon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> Ralph Windham </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23 July 1947 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> Hema Henry Basnayake </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1902 - </Td> <Td> 23 October 1947 -- 3 August 1964 </Td> <Td> 1 January 1956 -- 3 August 1964 </Td> <Td> 6,129 </Td> <Td> 3,137 </Td> <Td> Senanayake </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Attorney General of Ceylon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> Edward Frederick Noel Gratiaen </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 March 1948 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Senanayake </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Attorney General of Ceylon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> E.H.T. Gunasekera </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 March 1949 -- 25 January 1962 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 4,713 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Senanayake </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> M.F.S. Pulle </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 28 September 1949 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Senanayake </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> V.L. St. C. Swan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 May 1950 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Senanayake </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> H.A. de Silva </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 30 November 1950 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Senanayake </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> Kairshasp Choksy </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> Henry Weerasooriya </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 July 1953 -- 24 February 1964 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3,881 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Senanayake </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> K.D. de Silva </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 July 1953 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Senanayake </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> Miliani Sansoni </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 May 1954 -- 17 November 1966 </Td> <Td> 3 August 1964 -- 17 November 1966 </Td> <Td> 4,574 </Td> <Td> 836 </Td> <Td> Kotelawala </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> Hugh Fernando </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1910 - 1976 </Td> <Td> 16 May 1955 -- 17 November 1973 </Td> <Td> 20 November 1966 - 17 November 1973 </Td> <Td> 6,760 </Td> <Td> 2,554 </Td> <Td> Kotelawala </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> Thusew Samuel Fernando </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 May 1956 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bandaranaike </Td> <Td> Colombo Law College </Td> <Td> Solicitor General of Sri Lanka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> Nadaraja Sinnetamby </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 May 1956 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bandaranaike </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> Lionel de Silva </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 November 1959 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Dahanayake </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> Leonard de Silva </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 August 1966 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Senanayake </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> Henry Thambiah </Td> <Td> Northern </Td> <Td> 1906 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> 1 December 1961 -- 27 May 1968 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2,369 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bandaranaike </Td> <Td> University College , Colombo Ceylon Law College University of London </Td> <Td> Commissioner of Assize </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> Kingsley Herath </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 January 1962 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bandaranaike </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 104 </Td> <Td> Asoka Abeyesundere </Td> <Td> Southern </Td> <Td> 1906 - 1988 </Td> <Td> 20 April 1962 -- 3 May 1968 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2,205 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bandaranaike </Td> <Td> Ceylon Law College </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> Ponnuduraiswamy Sriskandarajah </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1905 - 1968 </Td> <Td> 22 June 1962 -- 8 February 1967 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1,692 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bandaranaike </Td> <Td> Ceylon University College Ceylon Law College </Td> <Td> Commissioner of Assize </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> Gardiye Punchihewage Amaraseela Silva </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 June 1962 -- 1974 </Td> <Td> 1973 -- 1974 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bandaranaike </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> Lionel Sirimanne </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bandaranaike </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> Vaithalingam Manicavasagar </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 1906 - 1993 </Td> <Td> 17 December 1964 -- 14 December 1967 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1,092 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bandaranaike </Td> <Td> Colombo Law College </Td> <Td> Commissioner of Assize </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 109 </Td> <Td> Anthony Alles </Td> <Td> Central </Td> <Td> 1911 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> 1964 -- 1974 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bandaranaike </Td> <Td> University of Ceylon Ceylon Law College University of London </Td> <Td> Solicitor General of Sri Lanka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 110 </Td> <Td> Veeravagu Sivasubramaniam </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1908 - 1985 </Td> <Td> 1966 -- 1970 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Senanayake </Td> <Td> University of London </Td> <Td> Commissioner of Assize </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> George Samerawickrame </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 November 1966 -- 9 April 1981 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5,256 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Senanayake </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 112 </Td> <Td> Victor Tennekoon </Td> <Td> Central </Td> <Td> 1914 - </Td> <Td> 8 February 1967 -- 1 July 1970 1 January 1974 - 8 September 1977 </Td> <Td> 1 January 1974 - 8 September 1977 </Td> <Td> 1,239 + 1,346 </Td> <Td> 1,346 </Td> <Td> Senanayake </Td> <Td> University of London Ceylon Law College </Td> <Td> Judge of the Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 113 </Td> <Td> Christopher Weeramantry </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 1926 - </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 30 April 1972 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Senanayake </Td> <Td> University of Ceylon University of London </Td> <Td> Commissioner of Assize </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 114 </Td> <Td> Oswald Leslie De Kretser III </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 1910 - </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 21 January 1972 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Senanayake </Td> <Td> University College , Colombo University of London </Td> <Td> Judge of the District Court of Panadura </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td> Samarapilimudalige Wijayatilake </Td> <Td> Central </Td> <Td> 1912 - 1990 </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 16 May 1975 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Senanayake </Td> <Td> University College , Colombo Ceylon Law College </Td> <Td> Commissioner of Assize </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 116 </Td> <Td> Pandita Gunawadena </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 10 February 1971 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Senanayake </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 117 </Td> <Td> Vincent Thamotheram </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1915 - </Td> <Td> 23 March 1970 -- 1980 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Senanayake </Td> <Td> Ceylon University College Ceylon Law College </Td> <Td> Commissioner of Assize </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 118 </Td> <Td> Hector Deheragoda </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 February 1972 -- 27 December 1976 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1,770 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bandaranaike </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 119 </Td> <Td> Cuda Banda Walgampaya </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 February 1972 -- 3 January 1976 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1,411 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bandaranaike </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 120 </Td> <Td> Jaya Pathirana </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - 2000 </Td> <Td> 22 February 1972 -- 1978 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bandaranaike </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 121 </Td> <Td> Dharmadasa Wimalaratne </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 April 1972 - ? 20 October 1980 -- 15 September 1985 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1,791 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bandaranaike </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 122 </Td> <Td> Tellipalai Rajaratnam </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1920 - 1994 </Td> <Td> 10 April 1972 -- 1978 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bandaranaike </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Commissioner of Assize </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 123 </Td> <Td> Donald Sirimanne </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1973 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Gopallawa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 124 </Td> <Td> Cyril Udalagama </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 January 1974 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Gopallawa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 125 </Td> <Td> T.A. de S. Wijesundera </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 January 1974 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Gopallawa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> Malcolm Perera </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 January 1974 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Gopallawa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 127 </Td> <Td> Izadean Mohamed Ismail </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 January 1974 -- 18 December 1981 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2,908 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Gopallawa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 128 </Td> <Td> Joe Weereratne </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 January 1974 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Gopallawa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 129 </Td> <Td> Arulampalam Vythialingam </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 January 1974 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Gopallawa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 130 </Td> <Td> Noel Tittawela </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 January 1974 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Gopallawa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 131 </Td> <Td> Suppiah Sharvananda </Td> <Td> Northern </Td> <Td> 1923 - 2007 </Td> <Td> 1 January 1974 -- 1988 </Td> <Td> 29 October 1984 -- 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gopallawa </Td> <Td> Colombo Law College University of London </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 132 </Td> <Td> Somaratne Walpita </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 January 1974 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Gopallawa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> Wilmot Gunasekera </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 May 1974 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Gopallawa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 134 </Td> <Td> Barnes Ratwatte II </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1918 - 2004 </Td> <Td> 2 December 1974 -- ? 11 April 1981 -- 22 November 1983 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 955 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Gopallawa Jayewardene </Td> <Td> Ceylon Law College </Td> <Td> President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 135 </Td> <Td> Raja Wanasundera </Td> <Td> Sabaragamuwa </Td> <Td> 1924 - 2012 </Td> <Td> 5 June 1975 -- ? </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Gopallawa </Td> <Td> University College , Colombo Ceylon Law College University of London Stanford University </Td> <Td> Solicitor General of Sri Lanka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 136 </Td> <Td> Percy Colin - Thomé </Td> <Td> Southern </Td> <Td> 1922 - </Td> <Td> 12 January 1976 -- 1977 29 December 1981 -- ? </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Gopallawa Jayewardene </Td> <Td> University of Ceylon University of Cambridge </Td> <Td> Judge of the High Court of Colombo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 137 </Td> <Td> Neville Samarakoon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1919 - 1990 </Td> <Td> -- 21 October 1984 </Td> <Td> 1977 -- 21 October 1984 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jayewardene </Td> <Td> University College , Colombo Colombo Law College </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 138 </Td> <Td> Victor Perera </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 July 1981 -- 18 August 1983 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 755 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Jayewardene </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 139 </Td> <Td> Anton Soza </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 1919 - 2013 </Td> <Td> 26 January 1982 -- 3 February 1984 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 738 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Jayewardene </Td> <Td> University of London </Td> <Td> Judge of the Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 140 </Td> <Td> Parinda Ranasinghe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15 November 1982 -- 1991 </Td> <Td> 1988 -- 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jayewardene </Td> <Td> Colombo Law College </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 141 </Td> <Td> Abdul Cader </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 December 1982 -- 28 May 1985 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 902 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Jayewardene </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 142 </Td> <Td> Heevi Rodrigo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 December 1982 -- 4 December 1984 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 727 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Jayewardene </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 143 </Td> <Td> E.A.D. Atukorale </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 November 1984 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Jayewardene </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 144 </Td> <Td> Herbert Thambiah </Td> <Td> Northern </Td> <Td> 1926 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> 27 November 1984 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jayewardene </Td> <Td> University of Ceylon Ceylon Law College </Td> <Td> Judge of the Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 145 </Td> <Td> Lucian Hector de Alwis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 November 1984 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Jayewardene </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 146 </Td> <Td> O.S.M. Seneviratne </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 February 1986 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Jayewardene </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 147 </Td> <Td> H.A.G. de Silva </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 February 1986 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Jayewardene </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mark Fernando </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1941 - 2009 </Td> <Td> 4 March 1988 -- 2005 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Jayewardene </Td> <Td> University of Ceylon , Peradeniya </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> A.R.B. Amerasinghe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1937 - 2013 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> A.R.N. Fernando </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ameer Ismail </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 1994 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Premadasa </Td> <Td> University of Ceylon Ceylon Law College </Td> <Td> President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Andrew Ranjan Perera </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pathmanathan Ramanathan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1932 - 2006 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> University of Wales </Td> <Td> President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> K.M.M.B. Kulatunge </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> G.P.S. de Silva </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sarath N. Silva </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 16 September 1999 </Td> <Td> 16 September 1999 -- 7 June 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3,552 </Td> <Td> Kumaratunga </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka Law College University of Brussels </Td> <Td> President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shirani Bandaranayake </Td> <Td> North Western </Td> <Td> 1958 - </Td> <Td> 30 October 1996 -- 13 January 2013 28 January 2015 -- 29 January 2015 </Td> <Td> 18 May 2011 -- 13 January 2013 28 January 2015 -- 29 January 2015 </Td> <Td> 5,919 + 1 </Td> <Td> 606 + 1 </Td> <Td> Kumaratunga </Td> <Td> University of Colombo University of London </Td> <Td> Lawyer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> C.V. Vigneswaran </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> 1939 - </Td> <Td> March 2001 -- October 2004 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Kumaratunga </Td> <Td> University of Ceylon Ceylon Law College </Td> <Td> Judge of the Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Asoka de Silva </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1946 - </Td> <Td> 1 August 2001 -- 17 May 2011 </Td> <Td> 8 June 2009 -- 17 May 2011 </Td> <Td> 3,576 </Td> <Td> 708 </Td> <Td> Kumaratunga </Td> <Td> University of Peradeniya University of Colombo University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign </Td> <Td> President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nihal Jayasinghe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19 February 2003 -- 29 February 2008 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1,836 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Kumaratunga </Td> <Td> University of Colombo </Td> <Td> Judge of the Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nimal Dissanayake </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- 23 April 2008 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Kumaratunga </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shiranee Tilakawardane </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19 February 2003 - 5 April 2014 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1,901 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Kumaratunga </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka Law College </Td> <Td> President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nimal Gamini Amaratunga </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> January 2005 -- March 2014 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Kumaratunga </Td> <Td> University of Colombo International Maritime Law Institute </Td> <Td> Judge of the Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Saleem Marsoof </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> February 2005 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Kumaratunga </Td> <Td> University of Colombo , University of San Diego School of Law </Td> <Td> President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Andrew Somawansa </Td> <Td> North Western </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 28 May 2006 -- October 2008 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Rajapaksa </Td> <Td> University of Ceylon University of Nevada </Td> <Td> President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jagath Balapatabendi </Td> <Td> Southern </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Rajapaksa </Td> <Td> Ceylon Law College </Td> <Td> Judge of the Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kanagasabapathy Sripavan † </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1952 -- </Td> <Td> 27 March 2008 -- present </Td> <Td> 30 January 2015 -- 28 February 2017 </Td> <Td> 7003368200000000000 ♠ 3,682 </Td> <Td> 7003118200000000000 ♠ 1,182 </Td> <Td> Rajapaksa </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka Law College </Td> <Td> Judge of the Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> P.A. Ratnayake </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 May 2008 -- 15 February 2013 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7003175100000000000 ♠ 1,751 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Rajapaksa </Td> <Td> University of Brussels </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chandra Ekanayake </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> November 2008 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Rajapaksa </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka Law College </Td> <Td> President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> S.I. Imam </Td> <Td> Central </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 January 2009 -- 20 February 2013 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1,503 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Rajapaksa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Judge of the Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> R.K.S. Suresh Chandra </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17 June 2010 -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Rajapaksa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sathya Hettige </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 July 2011 -- 18 April 2014 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1,013 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Rajapaksa </Td> <Td> University of Colombo </Td> <Td> President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Priyasath Dep † </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 July 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> 02 March 2017 - present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7003248200000000000 ♠ 2,482 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Rajapaksa </Td> <Td> University of Colombo International Institute of Social Studies </Td> <Td> Solicitor General of Sri Lanka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eva Wansundera † </Td> <Td> North Western </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 July 2012 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7003211900000000000 ♠ 2,119 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Rajapaksa </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka Law College University of Leicester </Td> <Td> Attorney General of Sri Lanka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mohan Peiris ♠ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15 January 2013 -- 28 January 2015 </Td> <Td> 15 January 2013 -- 28 January 2015 </Td> <Td> 743 </Td> <Td> 743 </Td> <Td> Rajapaksa </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka Law College </Td> <Td> Attorney General of Sri Lanka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rohini Marasinghe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 26 April 2013 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Rajapaksa </Td> <Td> University of Hartford </Td> <Td> Judge of the Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Buwaneka Aluwihare † </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 December 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7003160400000000000 ♠ 1,604 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Rajapaksa </Td> <Td> University of London </Td> <Td> Additional Solicitor General of Sri Lanka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sisira de Abrew † </Td> <Td> Western </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 May 2014 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7003145000000000000 ♠ 1,450 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Rajapaksa </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka Law College </Td> <Td> President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sarath de Abrew </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1953 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> 7 May 2014 -- January 2016 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Rajapaksa </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka Law College </Td> <Td> Judge of the Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Priyantha Jayawardena † </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 May 2014 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7003145000000000000 ♠ 1,450 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Rajapaksa </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka Law College University of Aberdeen </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Upali Abeyratne † </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17 December 2014 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7003122600000000000 ♠ 1,226 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Rajapaksa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Judge of the Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Anil Goonaratne † </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 30 January 2015 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7003118200000000000 ♠ 1,182 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Sirisena </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka Law College University of Exeter </Td> <Td> Judge of the Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kankanithanthri Chitrasiri † </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 December 2015 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7002875000000000000 ♠ 875 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Sirisena </Td> <Td> University of Sri Lanka Queen Mary University of London </Td> <Td> Judge of the Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nalin Perera † </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 March 2016 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7002784000000000000 ♠ 784 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Sirisena </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Judge of the Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Prasanna Sujeewa Jayawardena † </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 June 2016 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7002679000000000000 ♠ 679 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Sirisena </Td> <Td> University of Colombo </Td> <Td> Judge of the Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Chief Justices of Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka by court composition </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Provisional Chief Justice </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ On leave ( 1 January - 28 April 1871 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Acting Chief Justice ( 1 - 10 October 1879 , 9 January - 5 June 1888 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ On leave ( 25 November 1890 - February 1891 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Acting Justice ( 12 May 1903 -- 28 November 1910 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Amerasinghe , A. Ranjit B ( 1986 ) , The Supreme Court of Sri Lanka : the first 185 years , Sarvodaya Book Pub . Services , ISBN 978 - 955 - 599 - 000 - 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Amerasinghe , A.R.B. ( 1986 ) . The Supreme Court of Sri Lanka : the first 185 years . Ratmalana , Sri Lanka : Sarvodaya Book Pub . Services . ISBN 955599000X . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Supreme Court of Sri Lanka </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Court </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Decisions </Li> <Li> Procedure </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Court Building </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current membership </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chief Justice </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kanagasabapathy Sripavan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Puisne Justices </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Priyasath Dep </Li> <Li> Eva Wansundera </Li> <Li> Buwaneka Aluwihare </Li> <Li> Sisira De Abrew </Li> <Li> Priyantha Jayawardena </Li> <Li> Upaly Abeyratne </Li> <Li> Anil Goonaratne </Li> <Li> K.T. Chitrasiri </Li> <Li> Nalin Perera </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of all members <Ul> <Li> by court </Li> <Li> by seat </Li> <Li> by time in office </Li> <Li> by education </Li> <Li> succession </Li> <Li> timeline </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of Chief Justices <Ul> <Li> acting </Li> <Li> by time in office </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Other countries </Li> <Li> Law Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Sri_Lanka&oldid=806670013 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Supreme Court of Sri Lanka justices </Li> <Li> Lists of Sri Lankan judges </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 13 : 22 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

names of supreme court judges in sri lanka

Federalism - wikipedia <H1> Federalism </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the form of government . For other uses , see Federalism ( disambiguation ) . Federations Unitary states <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Primary topics ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Index of politics articles </Li> <Li> Politics by country </Li> <Li> Politics by subdivision </Li> <Li> Political economy </Li> <Li> Political history </Li> <Li> Political history of the world </Li> <Li> Political philosophy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Political systems ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Anarchy </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> City - state </Li> <Li> Democracy </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Federacy </Li> <Li> Feudalism </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Dictatorship </Li> <Li> Directory </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Meritocracy </Li> <Li> Monarchy </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Parliamentary </Li> <Li> Presidential </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Republic </Li> <Li> Semi-parliamentary </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Semi-presidential </Li> <Li> Theocracy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Academic disciplines ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Political science ( political scientists ) </Li> <Li> International relations ( theory ) </Li> <Li> Comparative politics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Public administration ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Bureaucracy ( street - level ) </Li> <Li> Adhocracy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Policy ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Public policy ( doctrine ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Domestic and foreign policy </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Civil society </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Public interest </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Organs of government ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Separation of powers </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Legislature </Li> <Li> Executive </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Judiciary </Li> <Li> Election commission </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related topics ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Sovereignty </Li> <Li> Theories of political behavior </Li> <Li> Political psychology </Li> <Li> Biology and political orientation </Li> <Li> Political organisations </Li> <Li> Foreign electoral intervention </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Subseries ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> Electoral systems </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Elections ( voting ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Federalism </Li> <Li> Form of government </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Ideology </Li> <Li> Political campaigning </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Political parties </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Federalism is the mixed or compound mode of government , combining a general government ( the central or ' federal ' government ) with regional governments ( provincial , state , cantonal , territorial or other sub-unit governments ) in a single political system . Its distinctive feature , exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism by the United States of America under the Constitution of 1787 , is a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established . It can thus be defined as a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status . </P> <P> Federalism differs from confederalism , in which the general level of government is subordinate to the regional level , and from devolution within a unitary state , in which the regional level of government is subordinate to the general level . It represents the central form in the pathway of regional integration or separation , bounded on the less integrated side by confederalism and on the more integrated side by devolution within a unitary state . </P> <P> Leading examples of the federation or federal state include the United States , Canada , Brazil , Germany , Switzerland , Argentina , Australia and India . Some also today characterize the European Union as the pioneering example of federalism in a multi-state setting , in a concept termed the federal union of states . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Explanations for adoption of federalist systems </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 European vs. American federalism </Li> <Li> 3 Examples of federalism <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Australia </Li> <Li> 3.2 Brazil </Li> <Li> 3.3 Canada </Li> <Li> 3.4 India <Ul> <Li> 3.4. 1 Asymmetric federalism </Li> <Li> 3.4. 2 Coalition politics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.5 Nigeria </Li> <Li> 3.6 Malaysia </Li> <Li> 3.7 South Africa </Li> <Li> 3.8 Federalism in Europe <Ul> <Li> 3.8. 1 French Revolution </Li> <Li> 3.8. 2 European Union </Li> <Li> 3.8. 3 Germany </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.9 Russian Federation </Li> <Li> 3.10 United Arab Emirates </Li> <Li> 3.11 United States </Li> <Li> 3.12 Venezuela </Li> <Li> 3.13 Federalism with two components <Ul> <Li> 3.13. 1 Belgium </Li> <Li> 3.13. 2 Other examples </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.14 Proposed federalism <Ul> <Li> 3.14. 1 China </Li> <Li> 3.14. 2 Libya </Li> <Li> 3.14. 3 Philippines </Li> <Li> 3.14. 4 Spain </Li> <Li> 3.14. 5 Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> 3.14. 6 Syria </Li> <Li> 3.14. 7 United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Federalism as the anarchist and libertarian socialist mode of political organization </Li> <Li> 5 Christian Church </Li> <Li> 6 Constitutional structure <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Division of powers </Li> <Li> 6.2 Bicameralism </Li> <Li> 6.3 Intergovernmental relations </Li> <Li> 6.4 Constitutional change </Li> <Li> 6.5 Other technical terms </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Federalism as a political philosophy </Li> <Li> 8 Federalism as a conflict reducing device </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Notes and references </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> The pathway of regional integration or separation <P> The terms ' federalism ' and ' confederalism ' both have a root in the Latin word foedus , meaning `` treaty , pact or covenant . '' Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty . They were therefore initially synonyms . It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as ' neither a national nor a federal Constitution , but a composition of both ' ( i.e. neither a single large unitary state nor a league / confederation among several small states , but a hybrid of the two ) . In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift , strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form , while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states . Thus , this article relates to the modern usage of the word ' federalism ' . </P> <P> Modern federalism is a system based upon democratic rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial / state governments . The term federalist describes several political beliefs around the world depending on context . </P> <P> Federalism is sometimes viewed as in the context of international negotiation as `` the best system for integrating diverse nations , ethnic groups , or combatant parties , all of whom may have cause to fear control by an overly powerful center . '' However , in some countries , those skeptical of federal prescriptions believe that increased regional autonomy is likely to lead to secession or dissolution of the nation . In Syria , federalization proposals have failed in part because `` Syrians fear that these borders could turn out to be the same as the ones that the fighting parties have currently carved out . '' </P> <P> Federations such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia collapsed as soon as it was possible to put the model to the test . </P> <H3> Explanations for adoption of Federalist systems ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to Daniel Ziblatt 's Structuring the State , there are four competing theoretical explanations in the academic literature for the adoption of federal systems : </P> <Ol> <Li> Ideational theories , which hold that a greater degree of ideological commitment to decentralist ideas in society makes federalism more likely to be adopted . </Li> <Li> Cultural - historical theories , which hold that federal institutions are more likely to be adopted in societies with culturally or ethnically fragmented populations . </Li> <Li> `` Social contract '' theories , which hold that federalism emerges as a bargain between a center and a periphery where the center is not powerful enough to dominate the periphery and the periphery is not powerful enough to secede from the center . </Li> <Li> `` Infrastructural power '' theories , which hold that federalism is likely to emerge when the subunits of a potential federation already have highly developed infrastructures ( e.g. they are already constitutional , parliamentary , and administratively modernized states ) . </Li> </Ol> <H2> European vs. American federalism ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Federal Europe and Federalism in the United States <P> In Europe , `` Federalist '' is sometimes used to describe those who favor a common federal government , with distributed power at regional , national and supranational levels . Most European federalists want this development to continue within the European Union . European federalism originated in post-war Europe ; one of the more important initiatives was Winston Churchill 's speech in Zürich in 1946 . </P> <P> In the United States , federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government . When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted , the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government , while `` Anti-Federalists '' wanted a weaker central government . This is very different from the modern usage of `` federalism '' in Europe and the United States . The distinction stems from the fact that `` federalism '' is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state . The U.S. Constitution was written as a reaction to the Articles of Confederation , under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government . </P> <P> In contrast , Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America , thus European `` federalism '' argues for a weaker central government , relative to a unitary state . The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense . As the power of the Federal government has increased , some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended . Most people politically advocating `` federalism '' in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government , especially the judiciary ( see Federalist Society , New Federalism ) . </P> <P> In Canada , federalism typically implies opposition to sovereigntist movements ( most commonly Quebec separatism ) . </P> <P> The governments of Argentina , Australia , Brazil , India , and Mexico , among others , are also organized along federalist principles . </P> <P> Federalism may encompass as few as two or three internal divisions , as is the case in Belgium or Bosnia and Herzegovina . In general , two extremes of federalism can be distinguished : at one extreme , the strong federal state is almost completely unitary , with few powers reserved for local governments ; while at the other extreme , the national government may be a federal state in name only , being a confederation in actuality . </P> <P> In 1999 , the Government of Canada established the Forum of Federations as an international network for exchange of best practices among federal and federalizing countries . Headquartered in Ottawa , the Forum of Federations partner governments include Australia , Brazil , Canada , Ethiopia , Germany , India , Mexico , Nigeria , and Switzerland . </P> <H2> Examples of federalism ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Australia ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Federalism in Australia and Federation of Australia Commonwealth of Australia , consisting of its federal district , Australian Capital Territory ( red ) , the states of New South Wales ( pink ) , Queensland ( blue ) , South Australia ( purple ) , Tasmania ( yellow , bottom ) , Victoria ( green ) , Western Australia ( orange ) and the territories of Northern Territory ( yellow , top ) and Jervis Bay Territory ( not shown ) . <P> On the 1st of January 1901 the nation - state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation . The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788 , which subsequently established six , eventually self - governing , colonies there . In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendums on becoming a unified , self - governing `` Commonwealth '' within the British Empire . When all the colonies voted in favour of federation , the Federation of Australia commenced , resulting in the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901 . The model of Australian federalism adheres closely to the original model of the United States of America , although it does so through a parliamentary Westminster system rather than a presidential system . </P> <H3> Brazil ( edit ) </H3> Brazil is a union of 26 states and its federal district , which is the site of the federal capital , Brasília . See also : States of Brazil <P> In Brazil , the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system , headed by Deodoro da Fonseca . Aided by well - known jurist Ruy Barbosa , Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree , but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution since 1891 , although some of them would distort some of the federalist principles . The 1937 federal government had the authority to appoint State Governors ( called intervenors ) at will , thus centralizing power in the hands of President Getúlio Vargas . Brazil also uses the Fonseca system to regulate interstate trade . Brazil is one of the biggest federal governments . </P> <P> The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 introduced a new component to the ideas of federalism , including municipalities as federal entities . Brazilian municipalities are now invested with some of the traditional powers usually granted to states in federalism , and they are allowed to have a Constitution like the Constitution of Rio Grande do Sul State </P> <H3> Canada ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Canadian federalism In Canada , the provincial governments derive all their powers directly from the constitution . In contrast , the territories are subordinate to the federal government and are delegated powers by it . <P> In Canada the system of federalism is described by the division of powers between the federal parliament and the country 's provincial governments . Under the Constitution Act ( previously known as the British North America Act ) of 1867 , specific powers of legislation are allotted . Section 91 of the constitution gives rise to federal authority for legislation , whereas section 92 gives rise to provincial powers . </P> <P> For matters not directly dealt with in the constitution , the federal government retains residual powers ; however , conflict between the two levels of government , relating to which level has legislative jurisdiction over various matters , has been a longstanding and evolving issue . Areas of contest include legislation with respect to regulation of the economy , taxation , and natural resources . </P> <H3> India ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Federalism in India Indian state governments led by various political parties <P> The Government of India ( referred to as the Union Government ) was established by the Constitution of India , and is the governing authority of a federal union of 29 states and 7 union territories . </P> <P> The government of India is based on a 3 tiered system , in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers . The Constitution originally provided for a two - tier system of government , the Union Government ( also known as the Central Government ) , representing the Union of India , and the State governments . Later , a third tier was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities . In the current arrangement , The Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution delimits the subjects of each level of governmental jurisdiction , dividing them into three lists : </P> <Ul> <Li> Union List includes subjects of national importance such as defence of the country , foreign affairs , banking , communications and currency . The Union Government alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the Union List . </Li> <Li> State List contains subjects of State and local importance such as police , trade , commerce , agriculture and irrigation . The State Governments alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the State List . </Li> <Li> Concurrent List includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Government as well as the State Governments , such as education , forest , trade unions , marriage , adoption and succession . Both the Union as well as the State Governments can make laws on the subjects mentioned in this list . If their laws conflict with each other , the law made by the Union Government will prevail . </Li> </Ul> Asymmetric federalism ( edit ) <P> A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism , it is asymmetric . Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession . Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh , Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , Goa , Mizoram , Manipur , Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state - hood deals . Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President 's Rule in which the central government ( through its appointed Governor ) takes control of state 's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state . </P> Coalition politics ( edit ) <P> Although the Constitution does not say so , India is now a multilingual federation . India has a multi-party system , with political allegiances frequently based on linguistic , regional and caste identities , necessitating coalition politics , especially at the Union level . </P> <H3> Nigeria ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Federalism in Nigeria <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Malaysia ( edit ) </H3> <P> Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy . </P> <H3> South Africa ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Federalism in South Africa <P> Although South Africa bears some elements of a federal system , such as the allocation of certain powers to provinces , it is nevertheless constitutionally and functionally a unitary state . </P> <H3> Federalism in Europe ( edit ) </H3> <P> Several federal systems exist in Europe , such as in Switzerland , Austria , Germany , Belgium , Bosnia and Herzegovina and the European Union . </P> <P> In Britain , an Imperial Federation was once seen as ( inter alia ) a method of solving the Home Rule problem in Ireland ; federalism has long been proposed as a solution to the `` Irish Problem '' , and more lately , to the `` West Lothian question '' . </P> French Revolution ( edit ) <P> During the French Revolution , especially in 1793 , `` federalism '' had an entirely different meaning . It was a political movement to weaken the central government in Paris by devolving power to the provinces . </P> European Union ( edit ) <P> Following the end of World War II , several movements began advocating a European federation , such as the Union of European Federalists and the European Movement , founded in 1948 . Those organizations exercised influence in the European unification process , but never in a decisive way . </P> <P> Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism , the reference never made it to the text of the treaties adopted by consensus . The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany , Italy , Belgium and Luxembourg while those historically most strongly opposed have been the United Kingdom , Denmark and France ( with conservative heads of state and governments ) . Since the presidency of François Mitterrand ( 1981 - 1995 ) , the French authorities have adopted a much more pro-European Unification position , as they consider that a strong EU is presenting the best `` insurance '' against a unified Germany which might become too strong and thus a threat for its neighbours . </P> <P> Those uncomfortable using the `` F '' word in the EU context should feel free to refer to it as a quasi-federal or federal - like system . Nevertheless , for the purposes of the analysis here , the EU has the necessary attributes of a federal system . It is striking that while many scholars of the EU continue to resist analyzing it as a federation , most contemporary students of federalism view the EU as a federal system ( See for instance , Bednar , Filippov et al. , McKay , Kelemen , Defigueido and Weingast ) . ( R. Daniel Kelemen ) </P> Germany ( edit ) Federal states of Germany Main article : States of Germany Main article : Federalism in Germany <P> Germany and the EU present the only examples of federalism in the world where members of the federal `` upper houses '' ( the German Bundesrat ( Federal Council ) and the European Council ) are neither elected nor appointed but comprise members or delegates of the governments of their constituents . The United States had a similar system until 1913 , where prior to the 17th Amendment , Senators were delegates of the state elected by the state legislatures rather than the citizens . </P> <P> Already the Holy Roman Empire , the Confederation of the Rhine , the German Confederation , the North German Confederation , the German Empire and the Weimar Republic were federal complexes of territories of different political structures . Modern Germany abandoned federalism only during Nazism ( 1933 -- 1945 ) and in the DDR ( German Democratic Republic a.k.a. East Germany ) from 1952 to 1990 . Adolf Hitler viewed federalism as an obstacle to his goals . As he wrote in Mein Kampf , `` National Socialism must claim the right to impose its principles on the whole German nation , without regard to what were hitherto the confines of federal states . '' </P> <P> Accordingly , the idea of a strong , centralized government has very negative connotations in German politics , although the progressive political movements in Germany ( Liberals , Social Democrats ) were advocating at the time of the Second German Empire ( 1871 - 1918 ) to abolish ( or to reshape ) the majority of German federated states of that era , as they were considered to be mostly monarchist remnances of the feudal structures of the Middle Ages . </P> <H3> Russian federation ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Russian federalism Federal subjects of Russia <P> The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR ( of which Russia was governed as part ) . It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union , with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects ( while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War ) . Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin . </P> <P> All of Russia 's subdivisional entities are known as subjects , with some smaller entities , such as the republics enjoying more autonomy than other subjects on account of having an extant presence of a culturally non-Russian ethnic minority or , in some cases , majority . </P> <P> Currently , there are 85 federal subjects of Russia . </P> <H3> United Arab Emirates ( edit ) </H3> <P> The UAE is a federal absolute monarchy of the six ruling families of the United Arab Emirates with Emir of each Emirate being an absolute monarch and the Emir of Abu Dhabi being also the President of the UAE . </P> <H3> United states ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Federalism in the United States <P> Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States . American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism . In `` Federalist No. 46 , '' James Madison asserted that the states and national government `` are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people , constituted with different powers . '' Alexander Hamilton , writing in `` Federalist No. 28 , '' suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens ' benefit : `` If their ( the peoples ' ) rights are invaded by either , they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress . '' ( 1 ) </P> The United States is composed of fifty self - governing states and several territories . <P> Because the states were preexisting political entities , the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government . The federal government has certain express powers ( also called enumerated powers ) which are powers spelled out in the Constitution , including the right to levy taxes , declare war , and regulate interstate and foreign commerce . In addition , the Necessary and Proper Clause gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law `` necessary and proper '' for the execution of its express powers . Other powers -- the reserved powers -- are reserved to the people or the states . The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) , amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War , and by some later amendments -- as well as the overall claim of the Civil War , that the states were legally subject to the final dictates of the federal government . </P> <P> The Federalist Party of the United States was opposed by the Democratic - Republicans , including powerful figures such as Thomas Jefferson . The Democratic - Republicans mainly believed that : the Legislature had too much power ( mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause ) and that they were unchecked ; the Executive had too much power , and that there was no check on the executive ; a dictator would arise ; and that a bill of rights should be coupled with the constitution to prevent a dictator ( then believed to eventually be the president ) from exploiting or tyrannizing citizens . The federalists , on the other hand , argued that it was impossible to list all the rights , and those that were not listed could be easily overlooked because they were not in the official bill of rights . Rather , rights in specific cases were to be decided by the judicial system of courts . </P> <P> After the American Civil War , the federal government increased greatly in influence on everyday life and in size relative to the state governments . Reasons included the need to regulate businesses and industries that span state borders , attempts to secure civil rights , and the provision of social services . The federal government acquired no substantial new powers until the acceptance by the Supreme Court of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act . </P> <P> From 1938 until 1995 , the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress ' power under the Commerce Clause . Most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers , such as the Commerce Clause , whose applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court in recent years . In 1995 the Supreme Court rejected the Gun - Free School Zones Act in the Lopez decision , and also rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 in the United States v. Morrison decision . Recently , the Commerce Clause was interpreted to include marijuana laws in the Gonzales v. Raich decision . </P> <P> Dual federalism holds that the federal government and the state governments are co-equals , each sovereign . </P> <P> However , since the Civil War Era , the national courts often interpret the federal government as the final judge of its own powers under dual federalism . The establishment of Native American governments ( which are separate and distinct from state and federal government ) exercising limited powers of sovereignty , has given rise to the concept of `` bi-federalism . '' </P> <H3> Venezuela ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces . The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a `` Federation of Sovereign States '' upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America . In this Federation , each State had a `` President '' of its own that controlled almost every issue , even the creation of `` State Armies , '' while the Federal Army was required to obtain presidential permission to enter any given state . </P> <P> However , more than 140 years later , the original system has gradually evolved into a quasi-centralist form of government . While the 1999 Constitution still defines Venezuela as a Federal Republic , it abolished the Senate , transferred competences of the States to the Federal Government and granted the President of the Republic vast powers to intervene in the States and Municipalities . </P> <H3> Federalism with two components ( edit ) </H3> Belgium ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` Federalism '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Main articles : Belgian federal government ; Belgian federal parliament ; and Communities , regions and language areas of Belgium <P> Federalism in the Kingdom of Belgium is an evolving system . </P> <P> Belgian federalism is a twin system which reflects both the </P> <Ul> <Li> linguistic communities of the country , French ( ca . 40 % of the total population ) , Dutch ( ca . 59 % ) , and to a much lesser extent German ( ca . 1 % ) and the </Li> <Li> geographically defined Regions ( federated States : Brussels - Capital ( de facto Greater Brussels ) , Flanders and Wallonia ) . The last two correspond to the language areas in Belgium , Wallonia hosting both the bulk of the French - speaking population and the German - speaking minority . In Brussels , ca . 80 % of the population speaks French and ca . 20 % Dutch with the city being an enclave of the Flemish region and officially a bilingual area . </Li> <Li> Flanders is the region associated with Belgium 's Dutch - speaking majority , i.e. the Flemish Community . </Li> <Li> Due to its relatively small size ( approximately one percent ) the German - speaking Community of Belgium does not have much influence on national politics . </Li> <Li> Wallonia is a French - speaking area , except for the German - speaking so - called East Cantons ( Cantons de l'est ) . French is the second most spoken mother tongue of Belgium , after Dutch . Within the French - speaking Community of Belgium , there is a geographical and political distinction between Wallonia and Brussels for historical and sociological reasons . Historically , the Walloons were for a federalism with three components and the Flemings for two . This difference is one of the elements which makes the Belgian issue so complicated . The Flemings wanted to defend their culture while the Walloons wanted to defend their political and economical supremacy they had in the 19th century : It is true that the Walloon movement , which has never stopped affirming that Wallonia is part of the French cultural area , has never made this cultural struggle a priority , being more concerned to struggle against its status as a political minority and the economic decline which was only a corollary to it . </Li> </Ul> <P> On one hand , this means that the Belgian political landscape , generally speaking , consists of only two components : the Dutch - speaking population represented by Dutch - language political parties , and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels , represented by their French - speaking parties . The Brussels region emerges as a third component . This specific dual form of federalism , with the special position of Brussels , consequently has a number of political issues -- even minor ones -- that are being fought out over the Dutch / French - language political division . With such issues , a final decision is possible only in the form of a compromise . This tendency gives this dual federalism model a number of traits that generally are ascribed to confederalism , and makes the future of Belgian federalism contentious . </P> <P> On the other hand , Belgian federalism is federated with three components . An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels ' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels . These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch - speaking parties , who are generally in favour of a federal system with two components ( i.e. the Dutch and French Communities of Belgium ) . However , the Flemish representatives in the Parliament of the Brussels Capital - Region voted in favour of the Brussels resolution , with the exception of one party . The chairman of the Walloon Parliament stated on July 17 , 2008 that , `` Brussels would take an attitude '' . Brussels ' parliament passed the resolution on July 18 , 2008 : </P> <Dl> <Dd> The Parliament of the Brussels - Capital Region approves with great majority a resolution claiming the presence of Brussels itself at the negotiations of the reformation of the Belgian State . </Dd> </Dl> <P> This aspect of Belgian federalism helps to explain the difficulties of partition ; Brussels , with its importance , is linked to both Wallonia and Flanders and vice versa . This situation , however , does not erase the traits of a confederation in the Belgian system . </P> Other examples ( edit ) Official flag of Iraqi Kurdistan Ratio : 2 : 3 <P> Current examples of two - sided federalism : </P> <Ul> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina is a federation of two entities : Republika Srpska and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( the latter itself a federation ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> Historical examples of two - sided federalism include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Czechoslovakia , until the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic separated in 1993 . </Li> <Li> The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , from 1992 to 2003 when it became a confederation titled the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro . This confederation expired 2006 as Montenegro declared its independence . </Li> <Li> The 1960 Constitution of Cyprus was based on the same ideas , but the union of Greeks and Turks failed . </Li> <Li> United Republic of Tanzania ( formerly United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar ) , which was the union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar . </Li> <Li> Iraq adapted a federal system on 15 October 2005 , and formally recognized the Kurdistan Region as the country 's first and currently only federal region . See Constitution of Iraq for more information regarding Iraq 's method of creating federal entities . </Li> <Li> The Federal Republic of Cameroun operated between 1961 and 1972 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Proposed federalism ( edit ) </H3> <P> It has been proposed in several unitary states to establish a federal system , for various reasons . </P> China ( edit ) Main article : Federalism in China <P> China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area . Although China has had long periods of central rule for centuries , it is often argued that the unitary structure of the Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country 's affairs . On the other hand , Chinese nationalists are suspicious of decentralization as a form of secessionism and a backdoor for national disunity ; still others argue that the degree of autonomy given to provincial - level officials in the People 's Republic of China amounts to a de facto federalism . </P> Libya ( edit ) <P> Shortly after the 2011 civil war , some people in Cyrenaica ( in the eastern region of the country ) began to call for the new regime to be federal , with the traditional three regions of Libya ( Cyrenaica , Tripolitania , and Fezzan ) being the constituent units . A group calling itself the `` Cyrenaican Transitional Council '' issued a declaration of autonomy on 6 March 2012 ; this move was rejected by the National Transitional Council in Tripoli . </P> Philippines ( edit ) 11 Proposed `` States '' for the proposed Federal Republic of the Philippines See also : Federalism in the Philippines <P> The Philippines is a unitary state with some powers devolved to Local Government Units ( LGUs ) under the terms of the Local Government Code . There is also one autonomous region , the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao . Over the years various modifications have been proposed to the Constitution of the Philippines , including possible transition to a federal system as part of a shift to a semi-presidential system . In 2004 , Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo established the Consultative Commission which suggested such a Charter Change but no action was taken by the Philippine Congress to amend the 1987 Constitution . </P> Spain ( edit ) <P> Spain is a unitary state with a high level of decentralisation , often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a `` federation without federalism '' . The country has been quoted as being `` an extraordinarily decentralized country '' , with the central government accounting for just 18 % of public spending , 38 % for the regional governments , 13 % for the local councils , and the remaining 31 % for the social security system . The current Spanish constitution has been implemented in such a way that , in many respects , Spain can be compared to countries which are undeniably federal . </P> <P> However , in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy , the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as ' federal ' to the territorial arrangements . Besides , unlike in the federal system , the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid ( except for the Basque Country and Navarre , which were recognized in the Spanish democratic constitution as charter territories drawing from historical reasons ) and then distributed to the Autonomous Communities . </P> <P> An explicit and legal recognition of federalism as such is promoted by parties such as Podemos , United Left and , more recently , the Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party . The Spanish Socialist party has recently considered the idea of enshrining a federal Spain , in part , due to the increase of the Spanish peripheral nationalisms and the Catalan proposal of self - determination referenda for creating a Catalan state in Catalonia , either independent or within Spain . </P> Sri Lanka ( edit ) Main article : Federalism in Sri Lanka <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Syria ( edit ) Main article : Federalization of Syria <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> United Kingdom ( edit ) Map of the Countries of the United Kingdom and Regions of England <P> The United Kingdom has traditionally been governed as a unitary state by the Westminster Parliament in London . Instead of adopting a federal model , the UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power . Devolution in the UK began with the Government of Ireland Act 1914 which granted home rule to Ireland as a constituent country of the former United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Following the partition of Ireland in 1921 which saw the creation of the sovereign Irish Free State ( which eventually evolved into the modern day Republic of Ireland ) , Northern Ireland retained its devolved government through the Parliament of Northern Ireland , the only part of the UK to have such a body at this time . This body was suspended in 1972 and Northern Ireland was governed by direct rule during the period of conflict known as The Troubles . </P> <P> In modern times , a process of devolution in the United Kingdom has decentralised power once again . Since the 1997 referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland , three of the four constituent countries of the UK now have some level of autonomy . Government has been devolved to the Scottish Parliament , the National Assembly for Wales and the Northern Ireland Assembly . England does not have its own parliament and English affairs continue to be decided by the Westminster Parliament . In 1998 a set of eight unelected Regional assemblies , or chambers , was created to support the English Regional Development Agencies , but these were abolished between 2008 and 2010 . The Regions of England continue to be used in certain governmental administrative functions . </P> <P> Critics of devolution often cite the West Lothian question , which refers to the voting power of non-English MPs on matters affecting only England in the UK Parliament . Scottish and Welsh nationalism have been increasing in popularity , and since the Scottish independence referendum , 2014 there has been a wider debate about the UK adopting a federal system with each of the four home nations having its own , equal devolved legislatures and law - making powers . </P> <P> UK federal government was proposed as early as 1912 by the Member of Parliament for Dundee , Winston Churchill , in the context of the legislation for Irish Home Rule . In a speech in Dundee on 12 September , he proposed that England should also be governed by regional parliaments , with power devolved to areas such as Lancashire , Yorkshire , the Midlands and London as part of a federal system of government . </P> <H2> Federalism as the anarchist and libertarian Socialist mode of political organization ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Decentralization § Libertarian socialist decentralization <P> Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or `` governance '' -- so long as it is self - governance utilizing direct democracy . The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists , in general , is federalism or confederalism . However , the anarchist definition of federalism tends to differ from the definition of federalism assumed by pro-state political scientists . The following is a brief description of federalism from section I. 5 of An Anarchist FAQ : </P> <Dl> <Dd> `` The social and political structure of anarchy is similar to that of the economic structure , i.e. , it is based on a voluntary federation of decentralized , directly democratic policy - making bodies . These are the neighborhood and community assemblies and their confederations . In these grassroots political units , the concept of `` self - management '' becomes that of `` self - government '' , a form of municipal organisation in which people take back control of their living places from the bureaucratic state and the capitalist class whose interests it serves . </Dd> <Dd> ( ... ) </Dd> <Dd> The key to that change , from the anarchist standpoint , is the creation of a network of participatory communities based on self - government through direct , face - to - face democracy in grassroots neighborhood and community assemblies ( meetings for discussion , debate , and decision making ) . </Dd> <Dd> ( ... ) </Dd> <Dd> Since not all issues are local , the neighborhood and community assemblies will also elect mandated and re-callable delegates to the larger - scale units of self - government in order to address issues affecting larger areas , such as urban districts , the city or town as a whole , the county , the bio-region , and ultimately the entire planet . Thus the assemblies will confederate at several levels in order to develop and co-ordinate common policies to deal with common problems . </Dd> <Dd> ( ... ) </Dd> <Dd> This need for co-operation does not imply a centralized body . To exercise your autonomy by joining self - managing organisations and , therefore , agreeing to abide by the decisions you help make is not a denial of that autonomy ( unlike joining a hierarchical structure , where you forsake autonomy within the organisation ) . In a centralized system , we must stress , power rests at the top and the role of those below is simply to obey ( it matters not if those with the power are elected or not , the principle is the same ) . In a federal system , power is not delegated into the hands of a few ( obviously a `` federal '' government or state is a centralized system ) . Decisions in a federal system are made at the base of the organisation and flow upwards so ensuring that power remains decentralized in the hands of all . Working together to solve common problems and organize common efforts to reach common goals is not centralization and those who confuse the two make a serious error -- they fail to understand the different relations of authority each generates and confuse obedience with co-operation . '' </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Christian church ( edit ) </H2> See also : Subsidiarity <P> Federalism also finds expression in ecclesiology ( the doctrine of the church ) . For example , presbyterian church governance resembles parliamentary republicanism ( a form of political federalism ) to a large extent . In Presbyterian denominations , the local church is ruled by elected elders , some of which are ministerial . Each church then sends representatives or commissioners to presbyteries and further to a general assembly . Each greater level of assembly has ruling authority over its constituent members . In this governmental structure , each component has some level of sovereignty over itself . As in political federalism , in presbyterian ecclesiology there is shared sovereignty . </P> <P> Other ecclesiologies also have significant representational and federalistic components , including the more anarchic congregational ecclesiology , and even in more hierarchical episcopal ecclesiology . </P> <P> Some Christians argue that the earliest source of political federalism ( or federalism in human institutions ; in contrast to theological federalism ) is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible . They point to the structure of the early Christian Church as described ( and prescribed , as believed by many ) in the New Testament . In their arguments , this is particularly demonstrated in the Council of Jerusalem , described in Acts chapter 15 , where the Apostles and elders gathered together to govern the Church ; the Apostles being representatives of the universal Church , and elders being such for the local church . To this day , elements of federalism can be found in almost every Christian denomination , some more than others . </P> <H2> Constitutional structure ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Division of powers ( edit ) </H3> Not to be confused with separation of powers . <P> In a federation , the division of power between federal and regional governments is usually outlined in the constitution . Almost every country allows some degree of regional self - government , in federations the right to self - government of the component states is constitutionally entrenched . Component states often also possess their own constitutions which they may amend as they see fit , although in the event of conflict the federal constitution usually takes precedence . </P> <P> In almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers . Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state , per the UN definition . Notably , the states of Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level , a condition originally granted in exchange for the Kingdom of Bavaria 's agreement to join the German Empire in 1871 . Beyond this the precise division of power varies from one nation to another . The constitutions of Germany and the United States provide that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government are retained by the states . The Constitution of some countries like Canada and India , on the other hand , state that powers not explicitly granted to the provincial governments are retained by the federal government . Much like the US system , the Australian Constitution allocates to the Federal government ( the Commonwealth of Australia ) the power to make laws about certain specified matters which were considered too difficult for the States to manage , so that the States retain all other areas of responsibility . Under the division of powers of the European Union in the Lisbon Treaty , powers which are not either exclusively of European competence or shared between EU and state as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent states . </P> Satiric depiction of late 19th century political tensions in Spain <P> Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers , we are said to find ' symmetric federalism ' . Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers , or some possess greater autonomy than others do . This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions . In Spain , the Basques and Catalans , as well as the Galicians , spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized , crystallizing in the `` historical communities '' such as Navarre , Galicia , Catalonia , and the Basque Country . They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions , or the Spain of the autonomous communities ( called also the `` coffee for everyone '' arrangement ) , partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings , partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history . However , strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism , but a decentralized administrative organization of the state . </P> <P> It is common that during the historical evolution of a federation there is a gradual movement of power from the component states to the centre , as the federal government acquires additional powers , sometimes to deal with unforeseen circumstances . The acquisition of new powers by a federal government may occur through formal constitutional amendment or simply through a broadening of the interpretation of a government 's existing constitutional powers given by the courts . </P> <P> Usually , a federation is formed at two levels : the central government and the regions ( states , provinces , territories ) , and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities . Brazil is an exception , because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite , encompassing the Union , the States , and the municipalities . Each state is divided into municipalities ( municípios ) with their own legislative council ( câmara de vereadores ) and a mayor ( prefeito ) , which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government . Each municipality has a `` little constitution '' , called `` organic law '' ( lei orgânica ) . Mexico is an intermediate case , in that municipalities are granted full - autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities ( municipio libre , `` free municipality '' ) is established by the federal government and can not be revoked by the states ' constitutions . Moreover , the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states . However , municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly . </P> <P> Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states , while still being states ( or having aspects of statehood ) in themselves . For example , James Madison ( author of the US Constitution ) wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution `` is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution ; but a composition of both . In its foundation , it is federal , not national ; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn , it is partly federal , and partly national ... '' This stems from the fact that states in the US maintain all sovereignty that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent . This was reaffirmed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people . </P> <H3> Bicameralism ( edit ) </H3> <P> The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states . One method , known as ' intrastate federalism ' , is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions . Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole . A federal upper house may be based on a special scheme of apportionment , as is the case in the senates of the United States and Australia , where each state is represented by an equal number of senators irrespective of the size of its population . </P> <P> Alternatively , or in addition to this practice , the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states , as occurred in the United States prior to 1913 , or be actual members or delegates of the state governments , as , for example , is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union . The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected , with apportionment in proportion to population , although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats . </P> <H3> Intergovernmental relations ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Canada , the provincial governments represent regional interests and negotiate directly with the central government . A First Ministers conference of the prime minister and the provincial premiers is the de facto highest political forum in the land , although it is not mentioned in the constitution . </P> <H3> Constitutional change ( edit ) </H3> <P> Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution . As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self - governing status of the component states can not be abolished without their consent . An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be ratified by three - quarters of either the state legislatures , or of constitutional conventions specially elected in each of the states , before it can come into effect . In referendums to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole , but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons . In Australia , this latter requirement is known as a double majority . </P> <P> Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments can not occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state . The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent . In Australia , if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states , then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states . Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces . The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system . </P> <H3> Other technical terms ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Fiscal federalism -- the relative financial positions and the financial relations between the levels of government in a federal system . </Li> <Li> Formal federalism ( or ' constitutional federalism ' ) -- the delineation of powers is specified in a written constitution , which may or may not correspond to the actual operation of the system in practice . </Li> <Li> Executive federalism refers in the English - speaking tradition to the intergovernmental relationships between the executive branches of the levels of government in a federal system and in the continental European tradition to the way constituent units ' execute ' or administer laws made centrally . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Federalism as a political philosophy ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Federalist <P> The meaning of federalism , as a political movement , and of what constitutes a ' federalist ' , varies with country and historical context . Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends . For example , at the time those nations were being established , factions known as `` federalists '' in the United States and Australia advocated the formation of strong central government . Similarly , in European Union politics , federalists mostly seek greater EU integration . In contrast , in Spain and in post-war Germany , federal movements have sought decentralisation : the transfer of power from central authorities to local units . In Canada , where Quebec separatism has been a political force for several decades , the `` federalist '' impulse aims to keep Quebec inside Canada . </P> <H2> Federalism as a conflict reducing device ( edit ) </H2> <P> Federalism , and other forms of territorial autonomy , is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order to prevent violence among different groups within countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level . Some scholars have suggested , however , that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto - states . Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms that encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Consociationalism </Li> <Li> Cooperative federalism </Li> <Li> Democratic World Federalists </Li> <Li> Federal Union </Li> <Li> Layer cake federalism </Li> <Li> Pillarisation </Li> <Li> States ' rights </Li> <Li> Union of Utrecht </Li> <Li> World Federalist Movement </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes and references ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ In 1946 , scholar Kenneth Wheare observed that the two levels of government in the US were ' co-equally supreme ' . In this he echoed the perspective of the founding fathers , James Madison in Federalist 39 having seen the several states as forming ' distinct and independent portions of the supremacy ' in relation to the general government . Wheare , Kenneth ( 1946 ) Federal Government , Oxford University Press , London , pp. 10 - 15 . Madison , James , Hamilton , Alexander and Jay , John ( 1987 ) The Federalist Papers , Penguin , Harmondsworth , p. 258 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Law , John ( 2013 ) ' How Can We Define Federalism ? ' , in Perspectives on Federalism , Vol. 5 , No. 3 , pp. E105 - 6 . http://www.on-federalism.eu/attachments/169_download.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wheare , Kenneth ( 1946 ) , pp. 31 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See diagram below . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Diamond , Martin ( 1961 ) `` The Federalist 's View of Federalism '' , in Benson , George ( ed . ) Essays in Federalism , Institute for Studies in Federalism , Claremont , p. 22 . Downs , William ( 2011 ) ' Comparative Federalism , Confederalism , Unitary Systems ' , in Ishiyama , John and Breuning , Marijke ( eds ) Twenty - first Century Political Science : A Reference Handbook , Sage , Los Angeles , Vol . I , pp. 168 - 9 . Hueglin , Thomas and Fenna , Alan ( 2006 ) Comparative Federalism : A Systematic Inquiry , Broadview , Peterborough , p. 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Law , John ( 2013 ) , p. 104 . http://www.on-federalism.eu/attachments/169_download.pdf This author identifies two distinct federal forms , where before only one was known , based upon whether sovereignty ( conceived in its core meaning of ultimate authority ) resides in the whole ( in one people ) or in the parts ( in many peoples ) . This is determined by the absence or presence of a right of secession for the parts . The structures are termed , respectively , the federal state ( or federation ) and the federal union of states ( or federal union ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Madison , James , Hamilton , Alexander and Jay , John ( 1987 ) The Federalist Papers , Penguin , Harmondsworth , p. 259 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Law , John ( 2012 ) ' Sense on Federalism ' , in Political Quarterly , Vol. 83 , No. 3 , p. 544 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Michael Meyer - Resende , ( https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/18/why-talk-of-federalism-wont-help-peace-in-syria-assad/ Why Talk of Federalism Wo n't Help Peace in Syria , Foreign Policy ( March 18 , 2017 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' The Federal Experience in Yugoslavia ' , Mihailo Markovic , page 75 ; included in ' Rethinking Federalism : Citizens , Markets , and Governments in a changing world ' , edited by Karen Knop , Sylvia Ostry , Richard Simeon , Katherine Swinton Google books </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daniel Ziblatt ( 2008 ) . Structuring the State : The Formation of Italy and Germany and the Puzzle of Federalism . Princeton University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Churchill Society London . Churchill 's Speeches '' . www.churchill-society-london.org.uk . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Indian Constitution at Work . NCERT . pp. 232 , 233 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson , A `` Federalism : The Indian Experience `` , HSRC Press , 1996 , Pg 3 , ISBN </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright , Jonathan Haydn Faure ( Mar 31 , 2014 ) . `` The type of government in the Republic of South Africa - Examining the presence of federal and unitary state elements in the republic '' . www.researchgate.net . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . After careful research and analysis of various sources and the constitution , it can be confirmed that the government system in the Republic of South Africa is a unitary system . Observance of the government in action as well as analysis of the constitution has contributed to this confirmation . Despite the delocalisation enjoyed within the republic , the federal principle is not evident enough and it failed Wheare 's very simple federal test right in the beginning </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UK Politics : Talking Politics The West Lothian Question '' . BBC News . 1 June 1998 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bill Edmonds , `` ' Federalism ' and Urban Revolt in France in 1793 , '' Journal of Modern History ( 1983 ) 55 # 1 pp 22 - 53 in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ François Furet and Mona Ozouf , eds . A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) , pp. 54 - 64 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kelemen , R. Daniel ( September 2005 ) . `` Built to Last ? The durability of EU federalism '' ( PDF ) . Princeton University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bernt Engelmann , Einig gegen Recht und Freiheit , p7ff , publ . Goldmann , Munich 1975 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA With Explanatory Notes '' . U.S. Department of State 's Bureau of International Information Programs . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) '' Taalgebruik in Brussel en de plaats van het Nederlands . Enkele recente bevindingen '' , Rudi Janssens , Brussels Studies , Nummer 13 , 7 January 2008 ( see page 4 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See : Witte , Els & Craeybeckx , Jan . Politieke geschiedenis van België . Antwerpen , SWU , pp. 455 , 459 - 460 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ligne.net/Wallonie_Politique/1995_Destatte_Philippe_Wallonia-Identity.htm Wallonia today - The search for an identity without nationalist mania - ( 1995 ) '' Check url = value ( help ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Picqué , Minister - President of the Brussels - Capital Region said in a September , 2008 declaration in Namur at the National Walloon Feast : It is , besides , impossible to have a debate about the institutions of Belgium in which Brussels would be excluded . ( French Il n'est d'ailleurs , pas question d'imaginer un débat institutionnel dont Bruxelles serait exclu. ( 1 ) ) The Brussels - Capital Region has claimed and obtained a special place in the current negotiations about the reformation of the Belgian state . ( French Pendant 18 ans , Bruxelles est demeurée sans statut ( ... ) L'absence de statut pour Bruxelles s'expliquait par la différence de vision que partis flamands et partis francophones en avaient : ( les partis flamands étaient ) allergiques à la notion de Région ( ... ) les francophones ( ... ) considéraient que Bruxelles devait devenir une Région à part entière ( ... ) Les partis flamands ont accepté ( en 1988 ) la création d'une troisième Région et l'exercice par celle - ci des mêmes compétences que celles des deux autres ... C.E. Lagasse , Les nouvelles institutions politiques de la Belgique et de l'Europe , Erasme , Namur , 2003 , pp. 177 - 178 ISBN ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brussels '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bruxelles dans l'oeil du cyclone '' ( in French ) . France 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Libre.be , La . `` Les Wallons pour un fédéralisme à trois '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Libre.be , La . `` La Région bruxelloise veut négocier '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Le Vif '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eastern Libya declares autonomy '' . Russia Today . 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eastern Libya declares semiautonomous region '' . Google News . The Associated Press . 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Thousands rally in Libya against autonomy for east '' . Reuters. 9 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomson Reuters Foundation News , Information and Connections for Action Archived June 11 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Trust.org ( 2012 - 03 - 06 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Federal Option and Constitutional Management of Diversity in Spain Xavier Arbós Marín , page 375 ; included in ' The Ways of Federalism in Western Countries and the Horizons of Territorial Autonomy in Spain ' ( volume 2 ) , edited by Alberto López - Eguren and Leire Escajedo San Epifanio ; edited by Springer ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 27716 - 0 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 27717 - 7 ( eBook ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mallet , Victor ( 18 August 2010 ) . `` Flimsier footings '' . Financial Times . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2009 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . ( registration required ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A survey of Spain : How much is enough ? '' . The Economist. 6 November 2008 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2009 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . ( subscription required ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Federal Option and Constitutional Management of Diversity in Spain Xavier Arbós Marín , page 381 ; included in ' The Ways of Federalism in Western Countries and the Horizons of Territorial Autonomy in Spain ' ( volume 2 ) , edited by Alberto López - Eguren and Leire Escajedo San Epifanio ; edited by Springer ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 27716 - 0 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 27717 - 7 ( eBook ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why Talk of Federalism Wo n't Help Peace in Syria '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Federalism . El País . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ El PSOE plantea una reforma de la Constitución para una España federal . El País . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mas encarga el diseño de un Estado catalán . El País . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Devolution : A beginner 's guide '' . BBC News . 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitchell , James ( 2011 ) . Devolution in the UK . Manchester University Press . ISBN 9780719053597 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , Shirley ( 16 September 2014 ) . `` How Scotland could lead the way towards a federal UK '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Local Parliaments For England . Mr. Churchill 's Outline Of A Federal System , Ten Or Twelve Legislatures '' . The Times . 13 September 1912 . p. 4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mr. Winston Churchill 's speech at Dundee '' . The Spectator : 2 . 14 September 1912 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anarchist Writers . `` I. 5 What could the social structure of anarchy look like ? '' An Anarchist FAQ . http://www.infoshop.org/page/AnarchistFAQSectionI5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arend Lijphart. 1977 . Democracy in Plural Societies : A Comparative Exploration . New Haven CT : Yale University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henry E. Hale . Divided We Stand : Institutional Sources of Ethnofederal State Survival and Collapse . World Politics 56 ( 2 ) : 165 - 193 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dawn Brancati. 2009 . Peace by Design : Managing Intrastate Conflict through Decentralization . Oxford : Oxford UP . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up federalism in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federalism . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> P. - J. Proudhon , The Principle of Federation , 1863 . </Li> <Li> A Comparative Bibliography : Regulatory Competition on Corporate Law </Li> <Li> A Rhetoric for Ratification : The Argument of the Federalist and its Impact on Constitutional Interpretation </Li> <Li> Brainstorming National ( in French ) </Li> <Li> Teaching about Federalism in the United States - From the Education Resources Information Center Clearinghouse for Social Studies / Social Science Education Bloomington , Indiana . </Li> <Li> An Ottawa , Ontario , Canada - based international organization for federal countries that share best practices among countries with that system of government </Li> <Li> Tenth Amendment Center Federalism and States Rights in the U.S. </Li> <Li> BackStory Radio episode on the origins and current status of Federalism </Li> <Li> Constitutional law scholar Hester Lessard discusses Vancouver 's Downtown Eastside and jurisdictional justice McGill University , 2011 </Li> <Li> General Federalism </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Autonomous types of first - 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where in the constitution is the concept of federalism established

Honey bee - wikipedia <H1> Honey bee </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Honey bee ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Honey bees Temporal range : Oligocene -- Recent PreЄ Є Pg </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Western honey bee carrying pollen back to the hive </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Scientific classification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom : </Td> <Td> Animalia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clade : </Td> <Td> Euarthropoda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Class : </Td> <Td> Insecta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Order : </Td> <Td> Hymenoptera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Family : </Td> <Td> Apidae </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Subfamily : </Td> <Td> Apinae </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tribe : </Td> <Td> Apini Latreille , 1802 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Genus : </Td> <Td> Apis Linnaeus , 1758 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Species </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> † Apis lithohermaea </Li> <Li> † Apis nearctica </Li> <Li> Subgenus Micrapis : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Apis andreniformis </Li> <Li> Apis florea </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Subgenus Megapis : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Apis dorsata </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Subgenus Apis : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Apis cerana </Li> <Li> Apis koschevnikovi </Li> <Li> Apis mellifera </Li> <Li> Apis nigrocincta </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A honey bee ( or honeybee ) is any member of the genus Apis , primarily distinguished by the production and storage of honey and the construction of perennial , colonial nests from wax . In the early 21st century , only seven species of honey bee are recognized , with a total of 44 subspecies , though historically six to eleven species are recognized . The best known honey bee is the Western honey bee which has been domesticated for honey production and crop pollination . Honey bees represent only a small fraction of the roughly 20,000 known species of bees . Some other types of related bees produce and store honey , including the stingless honey bees , but only members of the genus Apis are true honey bees . The study of bees , which includes the study of honey bees , is known as melittology . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology and name </Li> <Li> 2 Origin , systematics and distribution <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Genetics </Li> <Li> 2.2 Micrapis </Li> <Li> 2.3 Megapis </Li> <Li> 2.4 Apis </Li> <Li> 2.5 Borneo honey bee </Li> <Li> 2.6 Eastern honey bee </Li> <Li> 2.7 Western honey bee </Li> <Li> 2.8 Africanized bee </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Living and fossil honey bees ( Apini : Apis ) </Li> <Li> 4 Life cycle <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Life cycle </Li> <Li> 4.2 Winter survival </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Pollination </Li> <Li> 6 Nutrition </Li> <Li> 7 Parasites <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Galleria mellonella <Ul> <Li> 7.1. 1 Management </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Beekeeping <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Colony collapse disorder </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Bee products <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Honey </Li> <Li> 9.2 Beeswax </Li> <Li> 9.3 Pollen </Li> <Li> 9.4 Bee bread </Li> <Li> 9.5 Propolis </Li> <Li> 9.6 Royal jelly </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Sexes and castes <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Drones </Li> <Li> 10.2 Workers </Li> <Li> 10.3 Queens </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Defense </Li> <Li> 12 Competition </Li> <Li> 13 Communication </Li> <Li> 14 Symbolism </Li> <Li> 15 Gallery </Li> <Li> 16 See also </Li> <Li> 17 Notes </Li> <Li> 18 References </Li> <Li> 19 Further reading </Li> <Li> 20 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology and name ( edit ) </H2> <P> The genus name Apis is Latin for `` bee '' . </P> <P> Although modern dictionaries may refer to Apis as either honey bee or honeybee , entomologist Robert Snodgrass asserts that correct usage requires two words , i.e. honey bee , as it is a kind or type of bee , whereas it is incorrect to run the two words together as in dragonfly or butterfly , because the latter are not flies . Honey bee , not honeybee , is the listed common name in the Integrated Taxonomic Information System , the Entomological Society of America Common Names of Insects Database , and the Tree of Life Web Project . Nonetheless , compounds gradually solidify in the orthography of natural languages in ways that do not always comply with prescription . </P> <H2> Origin , systematics and distribution ( edit ) </H2> Distribution of honey bees around the world Morphology of a female honey bee <P> Honey bees appear to have their center of origin in South and Southeast Asia ( including the Philippines ) , as all the extant species except Apis mellifera are native to that region . Notably , living representatives of the earliest lineages to diverge ( Apis florea and Apis andreniformis ) have their center of origin there . </P> <P> The first Apis bees appear in the fossil record at the Eocene - Oligocene boundary ( 34 mya ) , in European deposits . The origin of these prehistoric honey bees does not necessarily indicate Europe as the place of origin of the genus , only that the bees were present in Europe by that time . Few fossil deposits are known from South Asia , the suspected region of honey bee origin , and fewer still have been thoroughly studied . </P> <P> No Apis species existed in the New World during human times before the introduction of A. mellifera by Europeans . Only one fossil species is documented from the New World , Apis nearctica , known from a single 14 million - year - old specimen from Nevada . </P> <P> The close relatives of modern honey bees -- e.g. bumblebees and stingless bees -- are also social to some degree , and social behavior seems a plesiomorphic trait that predates the origin of the genus . Among the extant members of Apis , the more basal species make single , exposed combs , while the more recently evolved species nest in cavities and have multiple combs , which has greatly facilitated their domestication . </P> <P> Most species have historically been cultured or at least exploited for honey and beeswax by humans indigenous to their native ranges . Only two species have been truly domesticated : Apis mellifera and Apis cerana indica . A. mellifera has been cultivated at least since the time of the building of the Egyptian pyramids , and only that species has been moved extensively beyond its native range . </P> <P> Honey bees are the only extant members of the tribe Apini . Today 's honey bees constitute three clades : Micrapis ( dwarf honey bees ) , Megapis ( giant honey bee ) , and Apis ( domestic honey bees and close relatives ) . </P> <H3> Genetics ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Apis mellifera <P> The genome of Apis has been mapped . </P> <P> The chromosome counts of female bees for the three clades are : </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Clade </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Micrapis </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Megapis </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Apis </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <P> Drones ( males ) are produced from unfertilized eggs , so they represent only the DNA of the queen that laid the eggs , i.e. have only a mother . Drones of all bee genera have 1 N chromosome counts -- half of those shown above . </P> <P> Workers and queens ( both female ) result from fertilized eggs , so have both a mother and a father . Arrhenotokous parthenogenesis , a modified form of parthenogenesis , controls sex differentiation . The sex allele is polymorphic , and so long as two different variants are present , a female bee results . If both sex alleles are identical , diploid drones are produced . Honey bees detect and destroy diploid drones after the eggs hatch . </P> <P> Queens typically mate with multiple drones on more than one mating flight . Once mated , they lay eggs and fertilize them as needed from sperm stored in the spermatheca . Since the number of sex alleles is limited at a regional level , a queen will most likely mate with one or more drones having sex alleles identical with one of the sex alleles in the queen . The queen , then , typically produces a percentage of diploid drone eggs . </P> <H3> Micrapis ( edit ) </H3> <P> Apis florea and Apis andreniformis are small honey bees of southern and southeastern Asia . They make very small , exposed nests in trees and shrubs . Their stings are often incapable of penetrating human skin , so the hive and swarms can be handled with minimal protection . They occur largely sympatrically , though they are very distinct evolutionarily and are probably the result of allopatric speciation , their distribution later converging . </P> <P> Given that A. florea is more widely distributed and A. andreniformis is considerably more aggressive , honey is , if at all , usually harvested from the former only . They are the most ancient extant lineage of honey bees , maybe diverging in the Bartonian ( some 40 million years ago or slightly later ) from the other lineages , but do not seem to have diverged from each other a long time before the Neogene . Apis florea have smaller wing spans than its sister species . Apis florea are also completely yellow with the exception of the scutellum of workers , which is black . </P> <H3> Megapis ( edit ) </H3> <P> One species is recognized in the subgenus Megapis . It usually builds single or a few exposed combs on high tree limbs , on cliffs , and sometimes on buildings . They can be very fierce . Periodically robbed of their honey by human `` honey hunters '' , colonies are easily capable of stinging a human being to death if provoked . </P> <Ul> <Li> Apis dorsata , the giant honey bee , is native and widespread across most of South and Southeast Asia . <Ul> <Li> A. d. binghami , the Indonesian giant honey bee , is classified as the Indonesian subspecies of the giant honey bee or a distinct species ; in the latter case , A. d. breviligula and / or other lineages would probably also have to be considered species . </Li> <Li> A. d. laboriosa , the Himalayan giant honey bee , was initially described as a distinct species . Later , it was included in A. dorsata as a subspecies based on the biological species concept , though authors applying a genetic species concept have suggested it should be considered a separate species . Essentially restricted to the Himalayas , it differs little from the giant honey bee in appearance , but has extensive behavioral adaptations that enable it to nest in the open at high altitudes despite low ambient temperatures . It is the largest living honey bee . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Apis ( edit ) </H3> <P> Eastern Apis species include three or four species , including A. koschevnikovi and A. cerana . The genetics of the western honey bee A. mellifera are unclear . The domesticated species are A. cerana indica and A. mellifera </P> <H3> Borneo honey bee ( edit ) </H3> <P> The reddish Koschevnikov 's bee ( Apis koschevnikovi ) from Borneo is clearly a distinct species ; it probably derives from the first colonization of the island by cave - nesting honey bees . </P> <H3> Eastern honey bee ( edit ) </H3> <P> Apis cerana , the eastern honey bee proper , is the traditional honey bee of southern and eastern Asia . It was domesticated as subspecies A. c. indica and kept in hives in a fashion similar to A. mellifera , though on a more limited , regional scale . </P> <P> It has not been possible yet to resolve its relationship to the Bornean A. c. nuluensis and Apis nigrocincta from the Philippines to satisfaction ; the most recent hypothesis is that these are indeed distinct species , but that A. cerana is still paraphyletic , consisting of several separate species . </P> <H3> Western honey bee ( edit ) </H3> The European honey bee may have originated from eastern Africa . This bee is pictured in Tanzania . <P> A. mellifera , the most common domesticated species , was the third insect to have its genome mapped . It seems to have originated in eastern tropical Africa and spread from there to Northern Europe and eastwards into Asia to the Tien Shan range . It is variously called the European , western , or common honey bee in different parts of the world . Many subspecies have adapted to the local geographic and climatic environments ; in addition , hybrid strains , such as the Buckfast bee , have been bred . Behavior , color , and anatomy can be quite different from one subspecies or even strain to another . </P> <P> A. mellifera phylogeny is the most enigmatic of all honey bee species . It seems to have diverged from its eastern relatives only during the Late Miocene . This would fit the hypothesis that the ancestral stock of cave - nesting honey bees was separated into the western group of East Africa and the eastern group of tropical Asia by desertification in the Middle East and adjacent regions , which caused declines of food plants and trees that provided nest sites , eventually causing gene flow to cease . </P> <P> The diversity of A. mellifera subspecies is probably the product of a largely Early Pleistocene radiation aided by climate and habitat changes during the last ice age . That the western honey bee has been intensively managed by humans for many millennia -- including hybridization and introductions -- has apparently increased the speed of its evolution and confounded the DNA sequence data to a point where little of substance can be said about the exact relationships of many A. mellifera subspecies . </P> <P> Apis mellifera is not native to the Americas , so was not present upon the arrival of the European explorers and colonists . However , other native bee species were kept and traded by indigenous peoples . In 1622 , European colonists brought the dark bee ( A. m. mellifera ) to the Americas , followed later by Italian bees ( A. m. ligustica ) and others . Many of the crops that depend on honey bees for pollination have also been imported since colonial times . Escaped swarms ( known as `` wild '' bees , but actually feral ) spread rapidly as far as the Great Plains , usually preceding the colonists . Honey bees did not naturally cross the Rocky Mountains ; they were transported by the Mormon pioneers to Utah in the late 1840s , and by ship to California in the early 1850s . </P> An African bee in Tanzania <H3> Africanized bee ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Africanized bee <P> Africanized bees ( known colloquially as `` killer bees '' ) are hybrids between European stock and one of the African subspecies A. m. scutellata ; they are often more aggressive than European bees and do not create as much of a honey surplus , but are more resistant to disease and are better foragers . Originating by accident in Brazil , they have spread to North America and constitute a pest in some regions . However , these strains do not overwinter well , so are not often found in the colder , more northern parts of North America . The original breeding experiment for which the African bees were brought to Brazil in the first place has continued ( though not as intended ) . Novel hybrid strains of domestic and redomesticated Africanized bees combine high resilience to tropical conditions and good yields . They are popular among beekeepers in Brazil . </P> <H2> Living and fossil honey bees ( Apini : Apis ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> Tribe Apini Latreille </P> <P> Genus Apis Linnaeus ( s . lato ) </P> <Ul> <Li> henshawi species group ( † Priorapis Engel , † Synapis Cockerell ) <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> † A. vetusta Engel </Li> <Li> † A. henshawi Cockerell </Li> <Li> † A. petrefacta ( Říha ) </Li> <Li> † A. miocenica Hong </Li> <Li> † A. `` longtibia '' Zhang </Li> <Li> † A. `` Miocene 1 '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> armbrusteri species group ( † Cascapis Engel ) <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> † A. armbrusteri Zeuner </Li> <Li> † A. nearctica , sp . Nov . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> florea species group ( Micrapis Ashmead ) <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> A. florea Fabricius </Li> <Li> A. andreniformis Smith </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> dorsata species group ( Megapis Ashmead ) <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> † A. lithohermaea Engel </Li> <Li> A. dorsata Fabricius </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> mellifera species group ( Apis Linnaeus s . stricto ) <Ul> <Li> mellifera subgroup <Ul> <Li> A. mellifera Linnaeus ( Apis Linnaeus s . strictissimo ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> cerana subgroup ( Sigmatapis Maa ) <Ul> <Li> A. cerana Fabricius </Li> <Li> A. nigrocincta Smith </Li> <Li> A. koschevnikovi Enderlein </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Life cycle ( edit ) </H2> <P> As in a few other types of eusocial bees , a colony generally contains one queen bee , a fertile female ; seasonally up to a few thousand drone bees , or fertile males ; and tens of thousands of sterile female worker bees . Details vary among the different species of honey bees , but common features include : </P> <Ol> <Li> Eggs are laid singly in a cell in a wax honeycomb , produced and shaped by the worker bees . Using her spermatheca , the queen can choose to fertilize the egg she is laying , usually depending on into which cell she is laying . Drones develop from unfertilised eggs and are haploid , while females ( queens and worker bees ) develop from fertilised eggs and are diploid . Larvae are initially fed with royal jelly produced by worker bees , later switching to honey and pollen . The exception is a larva fed solely on royal jelly , which will develop into a queen bee . The larva undergoes several moultings before spinning a cocoon within the cell , and pupating . </Li> <Li> Young worker bees , sometimes called `` nurse bees '' , clean the hive and feed the larvae . When their royal jelly - producing glands begin to atrophy , they begin building comb cells . They progress to other within - colony tasks as they become older , such as receiving nectar and pollen from foragers , and guarding the hive . Later still , a worker takes her first orientation flights and finally leaves the hive and typically spends the remainder of her life as a forager . </Li> <Li> Worker bees cooperate to find food and use a pattern of `` dancing '' ( known as the bee dance or waggle dance ) to communicate information regarding resources with each other ; this dance varies from species to species , but all living species of Apis exhibit some form of the behavior . If the resources are very close to the hive , they may also exhibit a less specific dance commonly known as the `` round dance '' . </Li> <Li> Honey bees also perform tremble dances , which recruit receiver bees to collect nectar from returning foragers . </Li> <Li> Virgin queens go on mating flights away from their home colony to a drone congregation area , and mate with multiple drones before returning . The drones die in the act of mating . Queen honey bees do not mate with drones from their home colony . </Li> <Li> Colonies are established not by solitary queens , as in most bees , but by groups known as `` swarms '' , which consist of a mated queen and a large contingent of worker bees . This group moves en masse to a nest site which was scouted by worker bees beforehand and whose location is communicated with a special type of dance . Once the swarm arrives , they immediately construct a new wax comb and begin to raise new worker brood . This type of nest founding is not seen in any other living bee genus , though several groups of vespid wasps also found new nests by swarming ( sometimes including multiple queens ) . Also , stingless bees will start new nests with large numbers of worker bees , but the nest is constructed before a queen is escorted to the site , and this worker force is not a true `` swarm '' . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Life cycle ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> <P> A coloured dot applied by a beekeeper identifies the queen </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Honey bee eggs shown in opened wax cells </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Eggs and larvae </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Drone pupae </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Emergence of a black bee ( A. m. mellifera ) </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Winter survival ( edit ) </H3> <P> In cold climates , honey bees stop flying when the temperature drops below about 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) and crowd into the central area of the hive to form a `` winter cluster '' . The worker bees huddle around the queen bee at the center of the cluster , shivering to keep the center between 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) at the start of winter ( during the broodless period ) and 34 ° C ( 93 ° F ) once the queen resumes laying . The worker bees rotate through the cluster from the outside to the inside so that no bee gets too cold . The outside edges of the cluster stay at about 8 -- 9 ° C ( 46 -- 48 ° F ) . The colder the weather is outside , the more compact the cluster becomes . During winter , they consume their stored honey to produce body heat . The amount of honey consumed during the winter is a function of winter length and severity , but ranges in temperate climates from 15 to 50 kilograms ( 33 to 110 lb ) . In addition , certain bees , including the Western honey bee as well as Apis cerana , are known to engage in effective methods of nest thermoregulation during periods of varying temperature in both summer and winter . During the summer , however , this is achieved through fanning and water evaporation from water collected in various fields . </P> <H2> Pollination ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Pollination management and List of crop plants pollinated by bees <P> Species of Apis are generalist floral visitors , and pollinate a large variety of plants , but by no means all plants . Of all the honey bee species , only A. mellifera has been used extensively for commercial pollination of crops and other plants . The value of these pollination services is commonly measured in the billions of dollars . Bees collect 66 pounds ( 30 kg ) of pollen per year per hive . </P> <H2> Nutrition ( edit ) </H2> <P> Honey bees obtain all of their nutritional requirements from a diverse combination of pollen and nectar . Pollen is the only natural protein source for honey bees . Adult worker honey bees consume 3.4 - 4.3 mg of pollen per day to meet a dry matter requirement of 66 - 74 % protein . The rearing of one larva requires 125 - 187.5 mg pollen or 25 - 37.5 mg protein for proper development . Dietary proteins are broken down into amino acids , ten of which are considered essential to honey bees : methionine , tryptophan , arginine , lysine , histidine , phenylalanine , isoleucine , threonine , leucine , and valine . Of these amino acids , honey bees require highest concentrations of leucine , isoleucine , and valine , however elevated concentrations of arginine and lysine are required for brood rearing . In addition to these amino acids , some B vitamins including biotin , folic acid , nicotinamide , riboflavin , thiamine , pantothenate , and most importantly , pyridoxine are required to rear larvae . Pyridoxine is the most prevalent B vitamin found in royal jelly and concentrations vary throughout the foraging season with lowest concentrations found in May and highest concentrations found in July and August . Honey bees lacking dietary pyridoxine were unable to rear brood . </P> A forager collecting pollen <P> Pollen is also a lipid source for honey bees ranging from 0.8 % to 18.9 % . Lipids are metabolized during the brood stage for precursors required for future biosynthesis . Fat - soluble vitamins A , D , E , and K are not considered essential but have shown to significantly improve the number of brood reared . Honey bees ingest phytosterols from pollen to produce 24 - methylenecholesterol and other sterols as they can not directly synthesize cholesterol from phytosterols . Nurse bees have the ability to selectively transfer sterols to larvae through brood food . </P> <P> Nectar is collected by foraging worker bees as a source of water and carbohydrates in the form of sucrose . The dominant monosaccharides in honey bee diets are fructose and glucose but the most common circulating sugar in hemolymph is trehalose which is a disaccharide consisting of two glucose molecules . Adult worker honey bees require 4 mg of utilizable sugars per day and larvae require about 59.4 mg of carbohydrates for proper development . </P> <P> Honey bees require water to maintain osmotic homeostasis , prepare liquid brood food , and to cool the hive through evaporation . A colony 's water needs can generally be met by nectar foraging as it has high water content . Occasionally on hot days or when nectar is limited , foragers will collect water from streams or ponds to meet the needs of the hive . </P> <H2> Parasites ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Galleria mellonella ( edit ) </H3> <P> Larval stages of G. mellonella parasitize both wild and cultivated honeybees . Eggs are laid within the hive , and the larva that hatch tunnel through and destroy the honeycombs that contain honeybee larva and their honey stores . The tunnels they create are lined with silk , which entangles and starves emerging bees . Destruction of honeycombs also result in honey leaking and being wasted . Finally , both G. mellonella adults and larvae can be vectors for pathogens that can infect honeybees , including the Israeli acute paralysis virus ( IAPV ) and the black queen cell virus ( BQCV ) . </P> Management ( edit ) <P> Temperature treatments are possible , but also distorts wax of the honeycombs . Chemical fumigants , particularly CO , are also used . </P> <H2> Beekeeping ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Beekeeping <P> Two species of honey bee , A. mellifera and A. cerana indica , are often maintained , fed , and transported by beekeepers . Modern hives also enable beekeepers to transport bees , moving from field to field as the crop needs pollinating and allowing the beekeeper to charge for the pollination services they provide , revising the historical role of the self - employed beekeeper , and favoring large - scale commercial operations . </P> <H3> Colony collapse disorder ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Colony collapse disorder <P> Since 2007 , abnormally high die - offs ( 30 -- 70 % of hives ) of European honey bee colonies have occurred in North America . This has been dubbed `` colony collapse disorder '' ( CCD ) and was at first unexplained . It seems to be caused by a combination of factors rather than a single pathogen or poison , possibly including neonicotinoid pesticides or Israeli acute paralysis virus . </P> <H2> Bee products ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Honey ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Honey <P> Honey is the complex substance made when bees ingest nectar , process it , and store the substance into honey combs . All living species of Apis have had their honey gathered by indigenous peoples for consumption . A. mellifera and A. cerana are the only species that have had their honey harvested for commercial purposes . </P> <H3> Beeswax ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Beeswax <P> Worker bees of a certain age secrete beeswax from a series of glands on their abdomens . They use the wax to form the walls and caps of the comb . As with honey , beeswax is gathered by humans for various purposes . </P> <H3> Pollen ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Bee pollen <P> Bees collect pollen in their pollen baskets and carry it back to the hive . In the hive , pollen is used as a protein source necessary during brood - rearing . In certain environments , excess pollen can be collected from the hives of A. mellifera and A. cerana . It is often eaten as a health supplement . It also has been used with moderate success as a source of pollen for hand pollination . </P> <H3> Bee bread ( edit ) </H3> <P> Worker bees combine pollen , honey and glandular secretions and allow it to ferment in the comb to make bee bread . The fermentation process releases additional nutrients from the pollen and can produce antibiotics and fatty acids which inhibit spoilage . Bee bread is eaten by nurse bees ( younger workers ) who then produce the protein - rich royal jelly needed by the queen and developing larvae in their hypopharyngeal glands . </P> <H3> Propolis ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Propolis <P> Propolis is a resinous mixture collected by honey bees from tree buds , sap flows or other botanical sources , which is used as a sealant for unwanted open spaces in the hive . Although propolis is alleged to have health benefits ( tincture of Propolis is marketed as a cold and flu remedy ) , it may cause severe allergic reactions in some individuals . Propolis is also used in wood finishes , and gives a Stradivarius violin its unique red color . </P> <H3> Royal jelly ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Royal jelly <P> Royal jelly is a honey - bee secretion used to nourish the larvae . It is marketed for its alleged but unsupported claims of health benefits . On the other hand , it may cause severe allergic reactions in some individuals . </P> <H2> Sexes and castes ( edit ) </H2> Sexes and roles in a colony of honey bees <P> Honey bees have three castes : drones , workers , and queens . Drones are male , while workers and queens are female . </P> <H3> Drones ( edit ) </H3> Honey bees have a haplodiploid system of sex determination . Main article : Drone ( bee ) <P> Males , or drones , are typically haploid , having only one set of chromosomes , and primarily exist for the purpose of reproduction . They are produced by the queen if she chooses not to fertilize an egg or by an unfertilized laying worker . Diploid drones may be produced if an egg is fertilized but is homozygous for the sex - determination allele . Drones take 24 days to develop , and may be produced from summer through to autumn , numbering as many as 500 per hive . They are expelled from the hive during the winter months when the hive 's primary focus is warmth and food conservation . Drones have large eyes used to locate queens during mating flights . They do not defend the hive or kill intruders , and do not have a stinger . </P> <H3> Workers ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Worker bee <P> Workers have two sets of chromosomes . They are produced from an egg that the queen has selectively fertilized from stored sperm . Workers typically develop in 21 days . A typical colony may contain as many as 60,000 worker bees . Workers exhibit a wider range of behaviors than either queens or drones . Their duties change upon the age of the bee in the following order ( beginning with cleaning out their own cell after eating through their capped brood cell ) : feed brood , receive nectar , clean hive , guard duty , and foraging . Some workers engage in other specialized behaviors , such as `` undertaking '' ( removing corpses of their nestmates from inside the hive ) . </P> <P> Workers have morphological specializations , including the pollen basket ( corbicula ) , abdominal glands that produce beeswax , brood - feeding glands , and barbs on the sting . Under certain conditions ( for example , if the colony becomes queenless ) , a worker may develop ovaries . </P> <H3> Queens ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Queen bee <P> Queen honey bees are created when worker bees feed a single female larvae an exclusive diet of a food called `` royal jelly '' . Queens are produced in oversized cells and develop in only 16 days ; they differ in physiology , morphology , and behavior from worker bees . In addition to the greater size of the queen , she has a functional set of ovaries , and a spermatheca , which stores and maintains sperm after she has mated . Apis queens practice polyandry , with one female mating with multiple males . The highest documented mating frequency for an Apis queen is in Apis nigrocincta , where queens mate with an extremely high number of males with observed numbers of different matings ranging from 42 to 69 drones per queen . The sting of queens is not barbed like a worker 's sting , and queens lack the glands that produce beeswax . Once mated , queens may lay up to 2,000 eggs per day . They produce a variety of pheromones that regulate behavior of workers , and helps swarms track the queen 's location during the swarming . </P> <H2> Defense ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Bee sting Apis cerana japonica forming a ball around two hornets : The body heat trapped by the ball will overheat and kill the hornets . <P> All honey bees live in colonies where the workers sting intruders as a form of defense , and alarmed bees release a pheromone that stimulates the attack response in other bees . The different species of honey bees are distinguished from all other bee species ( and virtually all other Hymenoptera ) by the possession of small barbs on the sting , but these barbs are found only in the worker bees . The sting and associated venom sac of honey bees are also modified so as to pull free of the body once lodged ( autotomy ) , and the sting apparatus has its own musculature and ganglion , which allows it to keep delivering venom once detached . The gland which produces the alarm pheromone is also associated with the sting apparatus . The embedded stinger continues to emit additional alarm pheromone after it has torn loose ; other defensive workers are thereby attracted to the sting site . The worker dies after the sting becomes lodged and is subsequently torn loose from the bee 's abdomen . The honey bee 's venom , known as apitoxin , carries several active components , the most abundant of which is melittin , and the most destructive is phospholipase A2 . </P> <P> This complex apparatus , including the barbs on the sting , is thought to have evolved specifically in response to predation by vertebrates , as the barbs do not usually function ( and the sting apparatus does not detach ) unless the sting is embedded in fleshy tissue . While the sting can also penetrate the membranes between joints in the exoskeleton of other insects ( and is used in fights between queens ) , in the case of Apis cerana japonica , defense against larger insects such as predatory wasps ( e.g. Asian giant hornet ) is usually performed by surrounding the intruder with a mass of defending worker bees , which vibrate their muscles vigorously to raise the temperature of the intruder to a lethal level ( `` balling '' ) . Previously , heat alone was thought to be responsible for killing intruding wasps , but recent experiments have demonstrated the increased temperature in combination with increased carbon dioxide levels within the ball produce the lethal effect . This phenomenon is also used to kill a queen perceived as intruding or defective , an action known to beekeepers as ' balling the queen ' , named for the ball of bees formed . </P> <P> Defense can vary based on the habitat of the bee . In the case of those honey bee species with open combs ( e.g. , A. dorsata ) , would - be predators are given a warning signal that takes the form of a `` Mexican wave '' that spreads as a ripple across a layer of bees densely packed on the surface of the comb when a threat is perceived , and consists of bees momentarily arching their bodies and flicking their wings . In cavity dwelling species such as Apis cerana , Apis mellifera , and Apis nigrocincta , entrances to these cavities are guarded and checked for intruders in incoming traffic . Another act of defense against nest invaders , particularly wasps , is `` body shaking , '' a violent and pendulum like swaying of the abdomen , performed by worker bees . </P> <H2> Competition ( edit ) </H2> <P> With an increased number of honey bees in a specific area due to beekeeping , domesticated bees and native wild bees often have to compete for the limited habitat and food sources available . European bees may become defensive in response to the seasonal arrival of competition from other colonies , particularly Africanized bees which may be on the offence and defense year round due to their tropical origin . In the United Kingdom , honey bees are known to compete with Bombus hortorum , a bumblebee species , because they forage at the same sites . To resolve the issue and maximize both their total consumption during foraging , bumblebees forage early in the morning , while honey bees forage during the afternoon . </P> <H2> Communication ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Bee learning and communication <P> Honey bees are known to communicate through many different chemicals and odors , as is common in insects . They also rely on a sophisticated dance language that conveys information about the distance and direction to a specific location ( typically a nutritional source , e.g. , flowers or water ) . The dance language is also used during the process of reproductive fission , or swarming , when scouts communicate the location and quality of nesting sites . </P> <P> The details of the signalling being used vary from species to species ; for example , the two smallest species , Apis andreniformis and A. florea , dance on the upper surface of the comb , which is horizontal ( not vertical , as in other species ) , and worker bees orient the dance in the actual compass direction of the resource to which they are recruiting . </P> <P> Apis mellifera carnica honey bees use their antennae asymmetrically for social interactions with a strong lateral preference to use their right antennae . </P> <P> There has been speculation as to honeybee consciousness . </P> <H2> Symbolism ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Bee ( mythology ) <P> The bee was revived as a symbol of government by Emperor Napoleon I of France . Both the Hindu Atharva Veda and the ancient Greeks associated lips anointed with honey with the gift of eloquence and even of prescience . The priestess at Delphi was the `` Delphic Bee '' . The Quran has a chapter titled `` The Bee '' . A community of honey bees has often been employed by political theorists as a model of human society , from Aristotle and Plato to Virgil and Seneca ; in Erasmus and Shakespeare ; in Marx and Tolstoy . Honey bees , signifying immortality and resurrection , were royal emblems of the Merovingians . The bee also is the heraldic emblem of the Barberini . The state of Utah is called the `` Beehive State '' , the state emblem is the beehive , the state insect is the honey bee , and a beehive and the word `` industry '' appear on both the state flag and seal . </P> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> Foragers loaded with pollen on the hive landing board </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Eastern honey bee ( A. cerana ) in Hong Kong </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Giant honey bee ( A. dorsata ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Honey bee visiting flowers </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A colony of giant honey bees on their comb </P> </Li> <Li> Play media <P> Pollinating flowers </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Genus Apis </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bees and toxic chemicals </Li> <Li> Honey bee life cycle </Li> <Li> More Than Honey -- a 2012 Swiss documentary film about honey bees </Li> <Li> Honeybee Starvation </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Work by Lechner in 2013 showed approximately 50 sex alleles in a population of Apis mellifera and estimated worldwide total number of sex alleles in A. mellifera between 116 and 145 . There are likely more sex alleles in Apis cerana given wider distribution and larger number of geographical races . Honeybees are highly sensitive to inbreeding in part because duplication of the sex allele causes significant numbers of diploid drone eggs to be laid and subsequently destroyed as they hatch . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Michael S. Engel ( 1999 ) . `` The taxonomy of recent and fossil honey bees ( Hymenoptera : Apidae : Apis ) '' . Journal of Hymenoptera Research . 8 : 165 -- 196 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bees - Facts About Bees - Types of Bees - PestWorldforKids.org '' . pestworldforkids.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Douglas Harper ( 2006 ) . `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert E. Snodgrass ( 1984 ) . Anatomy of the Honey Bee . Cornell University Press . p. vii . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9302 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ITIS '' . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Entomological Society of America Common Names of Insects Database '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tree of Life Web Project '' . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Deborah R. Smith ; Lynn Villafuerte ; Gard Otisc ; Michael R. Palmer ( 2000 ) . `` Biogeography of Apis cerana F. and A. nigrocincta Smith : insights from mtDNA studies '' ( PDF ) . Apidologie. 31 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 279 . doi : 10.1051 / apido : 2000121 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael S. Engel ; I.A. Hinojosa - Diaz ; A.P. Rasnitsyn ( 2009 ) . `` A honey bee from the Miocene of Nevada and the biogeography of Apis ( Hymenoptera : Apidae : Apini ) '' . Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences . 60 ( 3 ) : 23 -- 38 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Maria C. Arias ; Walter S. Sheppard ( 2005 ) . `` Phylogenetic relationships of honey bees ( Hymenoptera : Apinae : Apini ) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data '' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 35 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.02. 017 . PMID 16182149 . Maria C. Arias ; Walter S. Sheppard ( 2005 ) . `` Corrigendum to `` Phylogenetic relationships of honey bees ( Hymenoptera : Apinae : Apini ) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data '' `` . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 ( 1 ) : 315 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2006.02. 002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lechner , Sarah ; Ferretti , Luca ; Schöning , Caspar ; Kinuthia , Wanja ; Willemsen , David ; Hasselmann , Martin ( 2014 ) . `` Nucleotide Variability at Its Limit ? Insights into the Number and Evolutionary Dynamics of the Sex - Determining Specificities of the Honey Bee Apis mellifera '' . Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 ( 2 ) : 272 -- 287 . doi : 10.1093 / molbev / mst207 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wongsiri , S. , et al. `` Comparative biology of Apis andreniformis and Apis florea in Thailand . '' Bee World 78.1 ( 1997 ) : 23 - 35 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nathan Lo ; Rosalyn S. Gloag ; Denis L. Anderson ; Benjamin P. Oldroyd ( 2009 ) . `` A molecular phylogeny of the genus Apis suggests that the Giant Honey Bee of the Philippines , A. breviligula Maa , and the Plains Honey Bee of southern India , A. indica Fabricius , are valid species '' . Systematic Entomology. 35 ( 2 ) : 226 -- 233 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2009. 00504. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ mostly domesticated or more accurately , `` managed '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Head RJ ( 2008 ) . `` A Brief Survey of Ancient Near Eastern Beekeeping ; A Final Note '' . The FARMS Review . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael S. Engel , Ismael A. Hinojosa - Díaz & Alexandr P. Rasnitsyn ( 2009 ) . `` A honey bee from the Miocene of Nevada and the biogeography of Apis ( Hymenoptera : Apidae : Apini ) '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences . 4 . 60 ( 3 ) : 23 -- 38 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James L. Gould ; Carol Grant Gould ( 1995 ) . The Honey Bee . Scientific American Library . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 6010 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What do bees do in the winter ? '' . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oldroyd , Benjamin P. ; Wongsiri , Siriwat ( 2006 ) . Asian Honey Bees ( Biology , Conservation , and Human Interactions ) . Cambridge , Massachusetts and London , England : Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674021940 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Facts about Honeybees '' . Back Yard Beekeepers Association . 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brodschneider , Robert ; Crailsheim , Karl ( 2010 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Nutrition and health in honey bees '' . Apidologie. 41 ( 3 ) : 278 -- 294 . doi : 10.1051 / apido / 2010012 . ISSN 0044 - 8435 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Leroy M ; Dietz , A. ( 1976 ) . `` Pyridoxine Requirement of the Honey Bee ( Apis mellifera ) For Brood Rearing '' . Apidologie . doi : 10.1051 / apido : 19760105 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Karasov , William H. ; Martinez del Rio , Carlos ( 2008 ) . Physiological Ecology : How Animals Process Energy , Nutrients , and Toxins . Princeton . pp. 63 -- 66 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuhnholz , Susanne ( 1997 ) . `` The Control of Water Collection in Honey Bee Colonies '' . Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology . doi : 10.1007 / s002650050402 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kwadha , Charles A. ; Ong'amo , George O. ; Ndegwa , Paul N. ; Raina , Suresh K. ; Fombong , Ayuka T. ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) . `` The Biology and Control of the Greater Wax Moth , Galleria mellonella '' . Insects. 8 ( 2 ) : 61 . doi : 10.3390 / insects8020061 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bryony , Bonning ( 11 November 2009 ) . `` Honey Bee Disease Overview '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 103 : s2 - s4 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jip. 2009.07. 015 . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McDonald - Gibson , Charlotte . `` ' Victory for bees ' as European Union bans neonicotinoid pesticides blamed for destroying bee population '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Colony Collapse Disorder '' . Beeologics . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crane E ( 1990 ) . `` Honey from honeybees and other insects '' . Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 3 ( sup1 ) : 100 -- 105 . doi : 10.1080 / 03949370.1991. 10721919 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sanford , M.T. ; Dietz , A. ( 1976 ) . `` The fine structure of the wax gland of the honey bee ( Apis mellifera L . ) '' . Apidologie. 7 : 197 -- 207 . doi : 10.1051 / apido : 19760301 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gillott , Cedric ( 1995 ) . Entomology . Springer . p. 79 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simone - Finstrom , Michael ; Spivak , Marla ( May -- June 2010 ) . `` Propolis and bee health : The natural history and significance of resin use by honey bees '' . Apidologie. 41 ( 3 ) : 295 -- 311 . doi : 10.1051 / apido / 2010016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Propolis : MedlinePlus Supplements '' . U.S. National Library of Medicine . January 19 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gambichler T ; Boms S ; Freitag M ( April 2004 ) . `` Contact dermatitis and other skin conditions in instrumental musicians '' . BMC Dermatol. 4 : 3 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 5945 - 4 - 3 . PMC 416484 . PMID 15090069 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jung - Hoffmann , L ( 1966 ) . `` Die Determination von Königin und Arbeiterin der Honigbiene '' . Z Bienenforsch. 8 : 296 -- 322 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scientific Opinion '' ( PDF ) . EFSA Journal . 9 ( 4 ) : 2083 . 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Federal Government Seizes Dozens of Misbranded Drug Products : FDA warned company about making medical claims for bee - derived products '' . Food and Drug Administration . Apr 5 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leung , R ; Ho , A ; Chan , J ; Choy , D ; Lai , CK ( March 1997 ) . `` Royal jelly consumption and hypersensitivity in the community '' . Clin. Exp . Allergy. 27 ( 3 ) : 333 -- 6 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2222.1997. tb00712. x . PMID 9088660 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bee castes '' . Visual Dictionary , QA International . 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Getting Started : Honey Bee Biology '' . University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences . 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Worker , drone and queen bees '' . PerfectBee LLC. 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harbo JR , Rinderer TE ( 1980 ) . `` Breeding and Genetics of Honey Bees '' . Beesource Beekeeping . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Morphology of a honeybee : worker '' . Visual Dictionary , QA International . 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hadisoesilo , Soesilawati . `` The Comparative Study of Two Species of Cavity - Nesting Honey Bees of Sulawesi , Indonesia '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ C.H. Thawley . `` Heat tolerance as a weapon '' . Davidson College . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michio Sugahara ; Fumio Sakamoto ( 2009 ) . `` Heat and carbon dioxide generated by honeybees jointly act to kill hornets '' . Naturwissenschaften. 96 ( 9 ) : 1133 -- 6 . doi : 10.1007 / s00114 - 009 - 0575 - 0 . PMID 19551367 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Victoria Gill ( July 3 , 2009 ) . `` Honeybee mobs overpower hornets '' . BBC News . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Giant Honeybees Use Shimmering ' Mexican Waves ' To Repel Predatory Wasps - ScienceDaily </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Radloff , Sara E. ; Hepburn , H. Randall ; Engel , Michael S. ( 2011 ) . Honeybees of Asia . Berlin : Springer Science & Business Media . ISBN 978 - 3642164217 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hudewenz , Anika ; Klein , Alexandra - Maria ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Competition between honey bees and wild bees and the role of nesting resources in a nature reserve '' . Journal of Insect Conservation. 17 ( 6 ) : 1275 -- 1283 . doi : 10.1007 / s10841 - 013 - 9609 - 1 . ISSN 1366 - 638X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson , Brian R. ; Nieh , James C. ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Modeling the Adaptive Role of Negative Signaling in Honey Bee Intraspecific Competition '' . Journal of Insect Behavior . 23 ( 6 ) : 459 -- 471 . doi : 10.1007 / s10905 - 010 - 9229 - 5 . ISSN 0892 - 7553 . PMC 2955239 . PMID 21037953 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson , Helen ; Hunt , Lynn ( 1999 ) . `` Extrapolating from Honeybees to Bumblebees in Pesticide Risk Assessment '' . Ecotoxicology : 147 -- 166 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tarpy , David ( 2016 ) . `` The Honey Bee Dance Language '' . NC State Extension . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rogers , Lesley J. ; Elisa Rigosi ; Elisa Frasnelli ; Giorgio Vallortigara ( 27 June 2013 ) . `` A right antenna for social behaviour in honeybees '' . Scientific Reports . Macmillan Publishers . 3 . doi : 10.1038 / srep02045 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jessica Shugart . `` Honeybees use right antennae to tell friend from foe '' . Science News . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , James ( 18 April 2016 ) . `` Do Honeybees Feel ? Scientists Are Entertaining the Idea '' -- via NYTimes.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The symbols of empire '' . Napoleon.org . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` O Asvins , lords of brightness , anoint me with the honey of the bee , that I may speak forceful speech among men ! Atharva Veda 91 - 258 , quoted in Maguelonne Toussaint - Samat ( Anthea Bell , tr . ) The History of Food , 2nd ed. 2009 : 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Virgil , Georgics , book IV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bee Wilson ( 2004 ) . The Hive : The Story of the Honeybee . London : John Murray . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 6598 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Utah State Motto and Emblem '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Section 1 - 601 '' . Utah Code 63G General Government . 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Section 1 - 501 '' . Utah Code 63G General Government . 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Section 1a - 8 '' . Utah Code 67 State Officers and Employees . 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Adam , Brother . In Search of the Best Strains of Bees . Hebden Bridge , W. Yorks : Northern Bee Books , 1983 . </Li> <Li> Adam , Brother . Bee - keeping at Buckfast Abbey . Geddington , Northants : British Bee Publications , 1975 . </Li> <Li> Aldersey - Williams , H. Zoomorphic : New Animal Architecture . London : Laurence King Publishing , 2003 . </Li> <Li> Alexander , P. Rough Magic : A Biography of Sylvia Plath . New York : Da Capo Press , 2003 . </Li> <Li> Allan , M. Darwin and his flowers . London : Faber & Faber , 1977 . </Li> <Li> Alston , F. Skeps , their History , Making and Use . Hebden Bridge , W. Yorks : Northern Bee Books , 1987 . </Li> <Li> Barrett , P . The Immigrant Bees 1788 to 1898 , 1995 . </Li> <Li> Barrett , P. William Cotton . </Li> <Li> Beuys , J. Honey is Flowing in All Directions . Heidelberg : Edition Staeck , 1997 . </Li> <Li> Bevan , E. The Honey - bee : Its Natural History , Physiology and Management . London : Baldwin , Cradock & Joy , 1827 . </Li> <Li> Bill , L. For the Love of Bees . Newton Abbot , Devon : David & Charles , 1989 . </Li> <Li> Bodenheimer , F.S. Insects as Human Food The Hague : Dr. W. Junk , 1951 . </Li> <Li> Brothwell , D. , Brothwell , P. Food in Antiquity . London : Thames & Hudson , 1969 . </Li> <Li> Engel , Michael S. & Grimaldi , David ( 2005 ) : Evolution of the Insects . Cambridge University Press . </Li> <Li> Kak , Subhash C. ( 1991 ) : The Honey Bee Dance Language Controversy . The Mankind Quarterly Summer 1991 : 357 -- 365 . HTML fulltext </Li> <Li> Lanman , Connor H. The Plight of the Bee : The Ballad of Man and Bee . San Francisco , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Lindauer , Martin ( 1971 ) : Communication among social bees . Harvard University Press . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apis ( insect ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up honey bee in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Beediseases Dr. Guido Cordoni 's Honey bee Diseases Website </Li> <Li> The history of beekeeping </Li> <Li> Local Honey for Allergies </Li> <Li> Could a Mushroom Save a Honeybee Documentary produced by Oregon Field Guide </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Honey bee types and characteristics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bee castes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Queen bee </Li> <Li> Worker bee </Li> <Li> Laying worker bee </Li> <Li> Drone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lifecycle </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beehive </Li> <Li> Honey bee life cycle </Li> <Li> Brood </Li> <Li> Bee learning and communication </Li> <Li> Swarming </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Western honey bee subspecies and breeds </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buckfast bee </Li> <Li> Carniolan honey bee </Li> <Li> European dark bee </Li> <Li> Italian bee </Li> <Li> Maltese honey bee </Li> <Li> Africanized bee </Li> <Li> Apis mellifera scutellata </Li> <Li> Honey bee race </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cultivation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beekeeping </Li> <Li> Apiology </Li> <Li> Apiary </Li> <Li> Beehive </Li> <Li> Langstroth hive </Li> <Li> Horizontal top - 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Wilson <Ul> <Li> The Ants 1990 </Li> <Li> Sociobiology : The New Synthesis 1975 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Taxon identifiers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wd : Q102857 </Li> <Li> ADW : Apis </Li> <Li> BugGuide : 3079 </Li> <Li> EoL : 104135 </Li> <Li> Fauna Europaea : 164774 </Li> <Li> GBIF : 1334757 </Li> <Li> ITIS : 154395 </Li> <Li> NCBI : 7459 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> LCCN : sh85061857 </Li> <Li> GND : 4025825 - 7 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&oldid=819272778 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Apis ( genus ) </Li> <Li> Beekeeping </Li> <Li> Symbols of Mississippi </Li> <Li> Matriarchism among animals </Li> <Li> Extant Oligocene first appearances </Li> <Li> Magnetoreceptive animals </Li> <Li> Animal dance </Li> <Li> Insects in culture </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL </Li> <Li> Use British English from June 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles with ' species ' microformats </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Articles containing video clips </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikispecies </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ænglisc </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> অসমীয়া </Li> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Cebuano </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Corsu </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Diné bizaad </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Interlingua </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Basa Jawa </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Kinyarwanda </Li> <Li> Kiswahili </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lingála </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> مازِرونی </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ </Li> <Li> नेपाली </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Nouormand </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> پنجابی </Li> <Li> پښتو </Li> <Li> Piemontèis </Li> <Li> Plattdüütsch </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Runa Simi </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Sardu </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Sicilianu </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> کوردی </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Vèneto </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> Winaray </Li> <Li> ייִדיש </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 12 : 50 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Firestone tire and Rubber company - wikipedia <H1> Firestone tire and Rubber company </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Firestone Tire and Rubber Company <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Subsidiary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> Manufacturing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> Akron , Ohio , United States ( August 3 , 1900 ; 117 years ago ( 1900 - 08 - 03 ) ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founder </Th> <Td> Harvey Firestone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> 200 4th Ave S , Nashville , Tennessee , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area served </Th> <Td> Worldwide </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key people </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gordon Knapp ( CEO and President ) </Li> <Li> Bill Thompson ( COO ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Products </Th> <Td> Tires </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Revenue </Th> <Td> US $ 2.09 billion ( 2004 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number of employees </Th> <Td> 40,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parent </Th> <Td> Bridgestone ( 1988 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> firestone.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company is an American tire company founded by Harvey Samuel Firestone in 1900 to supply pneumatic tires for wagons , buggies , and other forms of wheeled transportation common in the era . Firestone soon saw the huge potential for marketing tires for automobiles . The company was a pioneer in the mass production of tires . Harvey Firestone had a friendship with Henry Ford . Firestone used this relationship to become the original equipment supplier of Ford Motor Company automobiles , and was also active in the replacement market . </P> <P> In 1988 , the company was sold to the Japanese Bridgestone Corporation . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early - to - mid-20th century </Li> <Li> 1.2 Restructuring and sale to Bridgestone </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 In motorsport </Li> <Li> 3 Corporate troubles <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Great American streetcar scandal </Li> <Li> 3.2 Firestone 500 tread separation problem </Li> <Li> 3.3 Liberian rubber plantation </Li> <Li> 3.4 Ford Explorer rollover problem </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Television advertisement jingle </Li> <Li> 5 Other brands </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early - to - mid-20th century ( edit ) </H3> The First Firestone store Firestone newspaper ad from 1919 , explaining the benefits of their cord tire . <P> Firestone was originally based in Akron , Ohio , also the hometown of its archrival , Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company , and another two mid-sized competitors , General Tire and Rubber and BF Goodrich . Founded on August 3 , 1900 , the company initiated operations with 12 employees . Together , Firestone and Goodyear were the largest suppliers of automotive tires in North America for over 75 years . In 1906 Henry Ford chose Firestone for Model T original equipment tires . </P> <P> In 1918 , Firestone Tire and Rubber Company of Canada was incorporated in Hamilton , Ontario and in 1922 , the first Canadian - made tire rolled off the line on September 15 . During the 1920s , Firestone produced the Oldfield tire , named for racing driver Barney Oldfield . </P> <P> In 1926 , the company opened one of the world 's biggest rubber plantations in Liberia , West Africa , spanning more than 1 million acres . 1926 was also the year that the company opened its first Firestone Complete Auto Care store ( Firestone Complete Auto Care is a division of Firestone that offers automotive maintenance and repair ) . </P> <P> In 1927 , Henry Ford and tire maven Harvey Firestone took a trip to Los Angeles to select locations for their new factories . Friends say Ford wanted to be near the ocean and picked Long Beach and suggested Firestone go to South Gate , California . The tiny community southeast of Downtown was mostly agriculture at the time and Firestone found 40 acres of beanfield to house his new manufacturing plant . Architects Curlett and Beelman created a spectacular four - storey Italianate complex , with its own power plant and gorgeous polychrome murals by Gladding McBean depicting the tire and rubber - making process . A year after the plant opened in 1928 it doubled in size . By 1954 , when they added the Corporal guided missile to their offerings , the plant was nearly a million square feet . The town grew around Firestone , they named the main boulevard through town after Harvey , and Los Angeles became the number one tire market in the country . By the mid-1970s Ford and GM had massive layoffs as Firestone and other manufacturers opened new plants in non-union locales like Wilson , North Carolina . After much downsizing the end came in 1980 when 1,300 workers were laid off and the plant closed . East Los Angeles College has proposed a new satellite campus at the site . </P> <P> In 1928 the company built a factory in Brentford , England , a longtime Art Deco landmark on a major route into the city . This closed in 1979 . </P> <P> In 1936 the company opened a plant in Memphis , Tennessee . With a work force exceeding 3,000 employees , the Memphis plant was the largest tire manufacturer in the company 's worldwide operation . On July 1 , 1963 , the company celebrated the production of 100 million tires in Memphis . The plant was closed in 1982 . </P> <P> During World War II the company was called on by the U.S. Government to make artillery shells , aluminum kegs for food transport and rubberized military products . Firestone ranked 55th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts . In the 1940s , Firestone was given a defense contract to produce plastic helmet liners . While outproduced by Westinghouse Electric they still made a fair amount for the M1 Helmet . </P> Corporal Missile <P> In 1951 , Firestone was given the defense contract for the MGM - 5 Corporal missile . Firestone was given a total of US $ 6,888,796 for the first 200 Missiles . This missile was known as the `` Embryo of the Army '' and was a surface - to - surface guided missile which could deliver a high - explosive warhead up to 75 nautical miles ( 139 km ) . It was later modified to be able to carry a nuclear payload for use in the event of Cold War hostilities in Eastern Europe . This missile was replaced in 1962 by the MGM - 29 Sergeant system . </P> <P> In 1961 , Firestone acquired the Dayton Tire division from the Dayco Corporation . </P> <H3> Restructuring and sale to Bridgestone ( edit ) </H3> Firestone Firehawk 700 195 / 55 R 15 ( 2017 ) Firestone operates a chain of repair shops which perform maintenance on cars . A service representative in Berkeley Heights , New Jersey . <P> In late 1979 , Firestone brought in John Nevin , the ex-head of Zenith Electronics , as president to save the hemorrhaging company from total collapse . It was more than a billion dollars in debt at the time , and losing 250 million dollars a year . Nevin closed nine of the company 's seventeen manufacturing plants , including six in one day . He relocated the company from its ancestral home in Akron to Chicago . He spun off non-tire related businesses , including the Firestone Country Club . It was considered a deliberate plan to boost the stock price , and it paid off . In 1988 , after discussions with Pirelli , Nevin negotiated the sale of the company to the Japanese company Bridgestone . Bridgestone Corporation Japan was able to buy the company for much less than it had been worth a decade and a half earlier . The combined Bridgestone / Firestone North American operations are now based in Nashville , Tennessee . In 2008 , the companies celebrated a 20 - year anniversary of the merger , and changed the tire division name to Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations , LLC . In 2012 , Bridgestone Americas opened a $100 million technical center in Akron . </P> Firestone tires used for the Indianapolis 500 race . <P> Apart from tires , several companies and divisions operate with the Firestone brand in its name . These companies include Firestone Building Products , LLC , Firestone Industrial Products , LLC , Firestone Complete Auto Care , Firestone Natural Rubber Company and Firestone Specialty Products . Firestone Building Products and Firestone Industrial Products are headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana and operate in 23 U.S. states and ten countries , with 11,000 employees worldwide . The company reports annual sales of more than $2.5 billion . </P> <P> In 1972 , Firestone received a ten - year import `` concession '' by the Kenyan government to secure Firestone 's investment in a domestic tire plant , which gave it a virtual monopoly . This included both general price and foreign exchange controls . When the 10 - year period came to an end in 1979 , Firestone retaliated by increasing production , making entry less attractive . Headquarters eventually canceled expansion and failed negotiations lead to no further investments . </P> <H2> In motorsport ( edit ) </H2> <P> The 1911 Indianapolis 500 auto race was won by a car running Firestone tires . Firestone - shod cars won all editions of the race from 1920 to 1966 . The company also provided tires to Formula One from 1950 to 1974 . Citing rising costs as the cause , Firestone announced its withdrawal from professional motorsport in August 1974 with the exception of Formula 5000 and Formula One . The change was forecast to reduce Firestone 's annual race testing budget from between $6 and $8 million dollars to around $500,000 . Shortly afterwards , Firestone extended this to a complete withdrawal by the end of the 1974 season . The manufacturer returned in 1995 to the CART series with technical assistance from Bridgestone . Goodyear retired after 1999 , thereby leaving Firestone as the single supplier of the IndyCar Series as of 2017 . </P> <H2> Corporate troubles ( edit ) </H2> A service manager explains periodic recommended engine part replacements . <H3> Great American streetcar scandal ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1950 , Firestone along with General Motors and Standard Oil were charged and convicted of criminal conspiracy for their part in the Great American streetcar scandal . The scandal included purchasing streetcar systems throughout the United States and dismantling and replacing them with buses . </P> <H3> Firestone 500 tread separation problem ( edit ) </H3> <P> Radial tires were introduced to the U.S. market by rivals Goodrich and Michelin in the late 1960s , and Firestone lacked their own radial tire . The first radial tire developed and produced by Firestone was the ill - fated Firestone 500 Radial . Manufacturing of the new tire was performed on equipment designed to manufacture bias - ply tires . </P> <P> During the 1970s , Firestone experienced major problems with the Firestone 500 radial . The Firestone 500 steel - belted radials began to show signs of separation of the tread at high speeds . While the cause was never proved , it is believed that the failure of bonding cements , used by Firestone to hold the tread to the tire carcass , may have allowed water to penetrate the tire which in turn may have caused the internal steel wire to corrode . In March 1978 , the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) announced publicly a formal investigation into defects of the Firestone 500 . The NHTSA investigation found that the tread separation problem was most probably a design defect affecting all Firestone 500 's . </P> <P> In 1973 , only two years after the 500 's debut , Thomas A. Robertson , Firestone 's director of development wrote an internal memo stating `` We are making an inferior quality radial tire which will subject us to belt - edge separation at high mileage '' . Firestone introduced strict quality control measures in an attempt to fix the inherent problems , however they were not successful in totally eliminating the basic faults . In 1977 a recall of 400,000 tires produced at the problematic Decatur plant was initiated . Firestone was considered to be less than cooperative with the NHTSA during the agency 's investigation into the Firestone 500 . Firestone blamed the problems on the consumer , stating underinflation and poor maintenance . </P> <P> On October 20 , 1978 , Firestone recalled over 7 million Firestone 500 tires , the largest tire recall to date . Congressional hearings into the 500 also took place in 1978 . The tire was found to be defective and the cause of 250 deaths . In May 1980 after finding that they knew the tires were defective , the NHTSA fined Firestone $500,000 USD , which at that time was the largest fine imposed on any U.S. corporation and the largest civil penalty imposed since passage of the 1966 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Act . Multiple lawsuits were settled out of court and the constant negative publicity crippled the company 's sales and share price . </P> <P> Harvard Business School and Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania taught classes and wrote papers on the issues of misjudgments and poor decision - making by the management of Firestone . After years of bad publicity and millions paid out in compensation to victims , Firestone was losing vast amounts of money , and its name was severely damaged . </P> <H3> Liberian Rubber plantation ( edit ) </H3> Latex collection Main article : Firestone Natural Rubber Company <P> Firestone established the Firestone Natural Rubber plantation in Harbel , Liberia in 1926 . From 1926 until the outbreak of the First Liberian Civil War in 1990 , the Firestone Natural Rubber Company was the largest plantation of its kind in the world . In September 1990 , rebel NPFL forces ( led by Charles Taylor , who would later be convicted of war crimes ) executed sitting Liberian president Samuel Doe and seized the Harbel plantation . Firestone had to evacuate its American workers as a result . In June 1991 , Firestone sent a delegation to Monrovia in an attempt to restart operations in Harbel . After a month of waiting , the delegation was brought to meet Taylor , and after a further six months of negotiations the company signed a Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU ) with the National Patriotic Reconstruction Assembly Government 's Ministry of Finance in January 1991 . This MOU provided for taxes to be paid by Firestone to the Taylor government , and for the Taylor government to provide protection to Firestone 's employees and assets in Liberia . Firestone resumed operations in March 1992 , but once again had to halt in October that same year as hostilites escalated . Over this period , the company had paid $2.3 million in taxes to the Taylor government , which some say helped legitimize Taylor 's Greater Liberia government and finance and enable its attack on ECOMOG controlled Monrovia . Operations did not fully restart until 2003 at the conclusion of the Second Liberian Civil War . Since the end of the war , Firestone has invested over $100 million in restoring and rebuilding its facilities in Liberia . </P> <P> The company 's ventures in Liberia have been the subject of considerable scrutiny and criticism , including a 2005 Alien Tort Claims Act case brought in California by the International Labor Rights Fund and a 2014 investigative report by ProPublica entitled `` Firestone and the Warlord '' , and a PBS Frontline documentary by the same name . </P> <H3> Ford Explorer rollover problem ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Firestone and Ford tire controversy <P> In 1996 , several state agencies in Arizona began experiencing major issues with Firestone tires on Explorers . According to news reports , various agencies demanded new tires , and Firestone conducted an investigation of the complaints , tested the tires and tried to assert that the tires had been abused or under - inflated . </P> <P> On September 6 , 2000 , in a statement before the U.S. Senate Appropriations Transportation subcommittee the president of the consumer advocacy group Public Citizen , Joan Claybrook , stated : </P> <P> ... There are a number of parallels between this recall in 2000 and the 1978 recall of the Firestone 500 ... there was a documented coverup by Firestone of the 500 defect , spurred by the lack of a Firestone replacement tire . When the coverup was disclosed , the top management of the company was replaced as Firestone was severely damaged in reputation and economically . But a key difference is that the Firestone 500 was used on passenger cars , which rarely rolled over with tire failure . NHTSA documented 41 deaths with the 500 , a recall , involving seven million tires . </P> <P> The report went on to indicate that Ford also had been complicit , stating that The Ford Motor Company had instructed Firestone to add a nylon ply to the tires it manufactured in Venezuela for additional strength and that Ford had made suspension changes to the Explorer model available in Venezuela . Ford did not specify adding the nylon ply for U.S. - made Firestone tires nor did it change the Explorer suspension on U.S. models at this time . </P> Ford Explorer <P> An abnormally high failure rate in Firestone 's Wilderness AT , Firestone ATX , and ATX II tires resulted in multiple lawsuits , as well as an eventual mandatory recall . In 2001 Bridgestone / Firestone severed its ties to Ford citing a lack of trust . The lack of trust stemmed from concerns that Ford had not heeded warnings by Bridgestone / Firestone relating to the design of the Ford Explorer . In 2006 , Firestone announced renewed efforts to recall tires of the same model recalled in 2000 after the tires were linked to recent deaths and injuries . According to Firestone 's last filing with the National Highway Transportation Administration , only 90,259 of more than 2.5 million recalled tires were confirmed as removed from service . In November 2013 , two recalled Wilderness AT tires were found in Atlanta , Georgia . One of the tires was offered for sale as new at a used tire retail shop . </P> <P> Some outside observers have speculated about the blame worthiness of both parties . Firestone 's tires being prone to tread separation and failure , and the SUVs being especially prone to rolling over if a tire fails at speed compared to other vehicles . A subsequent NHTSA investigation of real world accident data showed that the Ford Explorer SUVs in question were no more likely to roll over than any other SUV , after a tread separation . </P> <H2> Television advertisement jingle ( edit ) </H2> Early Firestone Advertisement <P> Where the Rubber Meets the Road is an advertisement jingle that was frequently used in the 1960s and 1970s , especially on televised sporting events . The jingle was sung by Don Rondo . </P> <Dl> <Dd> Wherever wheels are rolling , </Dd> <Dd> No matter what the load , </Dd> <Dd> The name that 's known is Firestone </Dd> <Dd> Where the rubber meets the road </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Other brands ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bridgestone / Firestone also produces tires under the Fuzion brand name . Fuzion is a tire manufactured in China for Bridgestone / Firestone as a budget replacement tire . </P> <P> Makes include the Fuzion UHP Sport A / S , SUV , and Touring . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bridgestone </Li> <Li> Firestone - Apsley Rubber Company </Li> <Li> Formula One tires </Li> <Li> Tom Gegax </Li> <Li> IndyCar Series </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Newton , James ( June 1989 ) . Uncommon Friends : Life with Thomas Edison , Henry Ford , Harvey Firestone , Alexis Carrel , and Charles Lindbergh . Mariner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 692620 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Global Dream '' . Bridgestone Americas . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of Bridgestone / Firestone '' . Bridgestone / Firestone Canada . 2009 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Firestone 8000 Tire Order by Ford Ford Chooses Firestone for Model T </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Canada manufactures first Firestone tire Archived 2010 - 05 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Firestone Canada Incorporated </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chris Nichols ( 2013 - 03 - 01 ) . `` DispL. A. Case # 52 : L.A. 's First Firestone Tire - Los Angeles Magazine '' . Lamag.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lost Memphis Firestone Tire & Rubber Company </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Firestone Closings </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peck , Merton J. & Scherer , Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process : An Economic Analysis ( 1962 ) Harvard Business School p. 619 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Corporal '' . Redstone Arsenal . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Old & Dangerous ? '' . Tire Review Online . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tire industry loses two giants '' . Tire Business . 2006 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephen Koepp ( 1997 - 02 - 16 ) . `` The Companies '' . Time . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Firestone Diversified Products </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Robert Bates . Markets and States in Tropical Africa : University of California Press , 1981 . p. 68 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stopford , Strange and Henley . Rival States , Rival Firms : Competition for world market shares , Press syndicate of the University of Cambridge , 1991 , p. 148 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Firestone Cutback Likely '' . The Kingsport Times . Ancestry.com # Newspapers.com. 14 August 1974 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Andretti Dream Threatened '' . The Los Angeles Times . Ancestry.com # Newspapers.com. 30 August 1974 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . development , production and service of U.S Auto Club championship and Formula racing cars will be phased out by the end of the 1974 season . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chomsky , Noam ( 1999 ) . Year 501 : the Conquest Continues . South End Press . ISBN 0 - 89608 - 444 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History '' . Jags.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Forewarnings of Fatal Flaws '' . Time . 1979 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Timeline of key events in the history of Ford and Firestone '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Firestone 's Second Big Tire Blowout '' . Wharton School of University of Pennsylvania . 2000 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Donald N. Sull ( 2000 - 11 - 27 ) . `` The Dynamics of Standing Still : Firestone Tire & Rubber and the Radial Revolution '' . Harvard Business School . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joint Committees Deliver Opening Statements at Congressional Hearing on Firestone Recall '' . CNN . 2000 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keith Bradsher ( 2000 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Stricter Rules for Tire Safety Were Scrapped by Reagan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A bumpy road for the radial - ply tire '' . USA Today . 2000 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Miller , T. Christian . `` Firestone and the Warlord - Intro '' . www.propublica.org . Pro Publica . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Liberia Profile - Timeline '' . BBC - British Broadcasting Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , T. Christian . `` Firestone and the Warlord - Chapter 3 '' . www.propublica.org . Pro Publica . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , T. Christian . `` Firestone and the Warlord - Chapter 4 '' . www.propublica.org . Pro Publica . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . firestonenaturalrubber.com . Firestone Natural Rubber . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fienstein A ( 2011 ) The shadow world : Inside the global arms trade . New York , USA : Farrar , Straus and Giroux </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Investing in Liberia '' . firestonenaturalrubber.com . Firestone Natural Rubber . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Firestone Claim '' . socialfunds.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , T. Christian . `` Firestone and the Warlord '' . www.propublica.org . ProPublica . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Firestone and the Warlord '' . www.pbs.org . PBS Frontline . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Statement of Joan Claybrook On Firestone Tire Defect and Ford Explorer Rollovers Before the Transportation Subcommittee United States Senate Committee on Appropriations '' . Public Citizen. 2000 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris ( May 21 , 2001 ) . `` Firestone severs ties to Ford '' . CNN . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NHTSA Recall Campaign 01T - 016 Q4 Vehicle Safety Recall Quarterly Report Information , January 25 , 2008 ( Amended March 26 , 2009 ) ( from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Channel 2 Investigation Finds Recalled Tires for Sale , November 4 , 2013 Archived November 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Firestone Jingle '' ( QuickTime ) . Firestone . 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Address Resolution protocol - wikipedia <H1> Address Resolution protocol </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th> Internet protocol suite </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Application layer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> BGP </Li> <Li> DHCP </Li> <Li> DNS </Li> <Li> FTP </Li> <Li> HTTP </Li> <Li> IMAP </Li> <Li> LDAP </Li> <Li> MGCP </Li> <Li> MQTT </Li> <Li> NNTP </Li> <Li> NTP </Li> <Li> POP </Li> <Li> ONC / RPC </Li> <Li> RTP </Li> <Li> RTSP </Li> <Li> RIP </Li> <Li> SIP </Li> <Li> SMTP </Li> <Li> SNMP </Li> <Li> SSH </Li> <Li> Telnet </Li> <Li> TLS / SSL </Li> <Li> XMPP </Li> <Li> more ... </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Transport layer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> TCP </Li> <Li> UDP </Li> <Li> DCCP </Li> <Li> SCTP </Li> <Li> RSVP </Li> <Li> more ... </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Internet layer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> IP <Ul> <Li> IPv4 </Li> <Li> IPv6 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ICMP </Li> <Li> ICMPv6 </Li> <Li> ECN </Li> <Li> IGMP </Li> <Li> IPsec </Li> <Li> more ... </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Link layer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ARP </Li> <Li> NDP </Li> <Li> OSPF </Li> <Li> Tunnels <Ul> <Li> L2TP </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> PPP </Li> <Li> MAC <Ul> <Li> Ethernet </Li> <Li> DSL </Li> <Li> ISDN </Li> <Li> FDDI </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> more ... </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Address Resolution Protocol ( ARP ) is a communication protocol used for discovering the link layer address , such as a MAC address , associated with a given network layer address , typically an IPv4 address . This mapping is a critical function in the Internet protocol suite . ARP was defined in 1982 by RFC 826 , which is Internet Standard STD 37 . </P> <P> ARP has been implemented with many combinations of network and data link layer technologies , such as IPv4 , Chaosnet , DECnet and Xerox PARC Universal Packet ( PUP ) using IEEE 802 standards , FDDI , X. 25 , Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM ) . IPv4 over IEEE 802.3 and IEEE 802.11 is the most common usage . </P> <P> In Internet Protocol Version 6 ( IPv6 ) networks , the functionality of ARP is provided by the Neighbor Discovery Protocol ( NDP ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Operating scope </Li> <Li> 2 Packet structure </Li> <Li> 3 Example </Li> <Li> 4 ARP probe </Li> <Li> 5 ARP announcements </Li> <Li> 6 ARP mediation </Li> <Li> 7 Inverse ARP and Reverse ARP </Li> <Li> 8 ARP spoofing and Proxy ARP </Li> <Li> 9 Alternatives to ARP </Li> <Li> 10 ARP stuffing </Li> <Li> 11 Standards documents </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Operating scope ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Address Resolution Protocol is a request - response protocol whose messages are encapsulated by a link layer protocol . It is communicated within the boundaries of a single network , never routed across internetworking nodes . This property places ARP into the link layer of the Internet protocol suite . </P> <H2> Packet structure ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Address Resolution Protocol uses a simple message format containing one address resolution request or response . The size of the ARP message depends on the upper layer and lower layer address sizes , which are given by the type of networking protocol ( usually IPv4 ) in use and the type of hardware or virtual link layer that the upper layer protocol is running on . The message header specifies these types , as well as the size of addresses of each . The message header is completed with the operation code for request ( 1 ) and reply ( 2 ) . The payload of the packet consists of four addresses , the hardware and protocol address of the sender and receiver hosts . </P> <P> The principal packet structure of ARP packets is shown in the following table which illustrates the case of IPv4 networks running on Ethernet . In this scenario , the packet has 48 - bit fields for the sender hardware address ( SHA ) and target hardware address ( THA ) , and 32 - bit fields for the corresponding sender and target protocol addresses ( SPA and TPA ) . Thus , the ARP packet size in this case is 28 bytes . The EtherType for ARP is 0x0806 . ( This appears in the Ethernet frame header when the payload is an ARP packet . Not to be confused with PTYPE below , which appears within this encapsulated ARP packet . ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="17"> Internet Protocol ( IPv4 ) over Ethernet ARP packet </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="1"> octet offset </Th> <Th colspan="8"> 0 </Th> <Th colspan="8"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 0 </Th> <Td colspan="16"> Hardware type ( HTYPE ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td colspan="16"> Protocol type ( PTYPE ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td colspan="8"> Hardware address length ( HLEN ) </Td> <Td colspan="8"> Protocol address length ( PLEN ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td colspan="16"> Operation ( OPER ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td colspan="16"> Sender hardware address ( SHA ) ( first 2 bytes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td colspan="16"> ( next 2 bytes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td colspan="16"> ( last 2 bytes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td colspan="16"> Sender protocol address ( SPA ) ( first 2 bytes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td colspan="16"> ( last 2 bytes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td colspan="16"> Target hardware address ( THA ) ( first 2 bytes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td colspan="16"> ( next 2 bytes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td colspan="16"> ( last 2 bytes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td colspan="16"> Target protocol address ( TPA ) ( first 2 bytes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td colspan="16"> ( last 2 bytes ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Hardware type ( HTYPE ) </Dt> <Dd> This field specifies the network protocol type . Example : Ethernet is 1 . </Dd> <Dt> Protocol type ( PTYPE ) </Dt> <Dd> This field specifies the internetwork protocol for which the ARP request is intended . For IPv4 , this has the value 0x0800 . The permitted PTYPE values share a numbering space with those for EtherType . </Dd> <Dt> Hardware length ( HLEN ) </Dt> <Dd> Length ( in octets ) of a hardware address . Ethernet addresses size is 6 . </Dd> <Dt> Protocol length ( PLEN ) </Dt> <Dd> Length ( in octets ) of addresses used in the upper layer protocol . ( The upper layer protocol specified in PTYPE . ) IPv4 address size is 4 . </Dd> <Dt> Operation </Dt> <Dd> Specifies the operation that the sender is performing : 1 for request , 2 for reply . </Dd> <Dt> Sender hardware address ( SHA ) </Dt> <Dd> Media address of the sender . In an ARP request this field is used to indicate the address of the host sending the request . In an ARP reply this field is used to indicate the address of the host that the request was looking for . ( Not necessarily address of the host replying as in the case of virtual media . ) Switches do not pay attention to this field , particularly in learning MAC addresses . The ARP PDU is encapsulated in Ethernet frame , and that is what Layer 2 devices examine . </Dd> <Dt> Sender protocol address ( SPA ) </Dt> <Dd> Internetwork address of the sender . </Dd> <Dt> Target hardware address ( THA ) </Dt> <Dd> Media address of the intended receiver . In an ARP request this field is ignored . In an ARP reply this field is used to indicate the address of the host that originated the ARP request . </Dd> <Dt> Target protocol address ( TPA ) </Dt> <Dd> Internetwork address of the intended receiver . </Dd> </Dl> <P> ARP protocol parameter values have been standardized and are maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) . </P> <H2> Example ( edit ) </H2> <P> Two computers in an office ( computer 1 and computer 2 ) are connected to each other in a local area network by Ethernet cables and network switches , with no intervening gateways or routers . Computer 1 has a packet to send to Computer 2 . Through DNS , it determines that Computer 2 has the IP address 192.168. 0.55 . To send the message , it also requires Computer 2 's MAC address . First , Computer 1 uses a cached ARP table to look up 192.168. 0.55 for any existing records of Computer 2 's MAC address ( 00 : eb : 24 : b2 : 05 : ac ) . If the MAC address is found , it sends an Ethernet frame with destination address 00 : eb : 24 : b2 : 05 : ac , containing the IP packet onto the link . If the cache did not produce a result for 192.168. 0.55 , Computer 1 has to send a broadcast ARP message ( destination FF : FF : FF : FF : FF : FF MAC address ) , which is accepted by all computers , requesting an answer for 192.168. 0.55 . Computer 2 responds with its MAC and IP addresses . Computer 2 may insert an entry for Computer 1 into its ARP table for future use . Computer 1 caches the response information in its ARP table and can now send the packet . </P> <H2> ARP probe ( edit ) </H2> <P> An ARP probe is an ARP request constructed with an all - zero sender IP address ( SPA ) . The term is used in the IPv4 Address Conflict Detection specification ( RFC 5227 ) . Before beginning to use an IPv4 address ( whether received from manual configuration , DHCP , or some other means ) , a host implementing this specification must test to see if the address is already in use , by broadcasting ARP probe packets . </P> <H2> ARP announcements ( edit ) </H2> <P> ARP may also be used as a simple announcement protocol . This is useful for updating other hosts ' mappings of a hardware address when the sender 's IP address or MAC address has changed . Such an announcement , also called a gratuitous ARP message , is usually broadcast as an ARP request containing the sender 's protocol address ( SPA ) in the target field ( TPA = SPA ) , with the target hardware address ( THA ) set to zero . An alternative way is to broadcast an ARP reply with the sender 's hardware and protocol addresses ( SHA and SPA ) duplicated in the target fields ( TPA = SPA , THA = SHA ) . </P> <P> The gratuitous ARP request message and the gratuitous ARP reply messages are standards - based methods , but the `` ARP Request '' is preferred . Some devices may be configured for the use of either of these two types of GARP . </P> <P> An ARP announcement is not intended to solicit a reply ; instead it updates any cached entries in the ARP tables of other hosts that receive the packet . The operation code may indicate a request or a reply because the ARP standard specifies that the opcode is only processed after the ARP table has been updated from the address fields . </P> <P> Many operating systems perform gratuitous ARP during startup . That helps to resolve problems which would otherwise occur if , for example , a network card was recently changed ( changing the IP - address - to - MAC - address mapping ) and other hosts still have the old mapping in their ARP caches . </P> <P> Gratuitous ARP is also used by some interface drivers to provide load balancing for incoming traffic . In a team of network cards , it is used to announce a different MAC address within the team that should receive incoming packets . </P> <P> ARP announcements can be used to defend link - local IP addresses in the Zeroconf protocol ( RFC 3927 ) , and for IP address takeover within high - availability clusters . </P> <H2> ARP mediation ( edit ) </H2> <P> ARP mediation refers to the process of resolving Layer 2 addresses through a Virtual Private Wire Service ( VPWS ) when different resolution protocols are used on the connected circuits , e.g. , Ethernet on one end and Frame Relay on the other . In IPv4 , each Provider Edge ( PE ) device discovers the IP address of the locally attached Customer Edge ( CE ) device and distributes that IP address to the corresponding remote PE device . Then each PE device responds to local ARP requests using the IP address of the remote CE device and the hardware address of the local PE device . In IPv6 , each PE device discovers the IP address of both local and remote CE devices and then intercepts local Neighbor Discovery ( ND ) and Inverse Neighbor Discovery ( IND ) packets and forwards them to the remote PE device . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Inverse ARP and Reverse ARP ( edit ) </H2> <P> Inverse Address Resolution Protocol ( Inverse ARP or InARP ) is used to obtain Network Layer addresses ( for example , IP addresses ) of other nodes from Data Link Layer ( Layer 2 ) addresses . It is primarily used in Frame Relay ( DLCI ) and ATM networks , in which Layer 2 addresses of virtual circuits are sometimes obtained from Layer 2 signaling , and the corresponding Layer 3 addresses must be available before those virtual circuits can be used . </P> <P> Since ARP translates Layer 3 addresses to Layer 2 addresses , InARP may be described as its inverse . In addition , InARP is implemented as a protocol extension to ARP : it uses the same packet format as ARP , but different operation codes . </P> <P> The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol ( Reverse ARP or RARP ) , like InARP , translates Layer 2 addresses to Layer 3 addresses . However , in ARP the requesting station queries the Layer 3 address of another node , whereas RARP is used to obtain the Layer 3 address of the requesting station itself for address configuration purposes . RARP is obsolete ; it was replaced by BOOTP , which was later superseded by the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ( DHCP ) . </P> <H2> ARP spoofing and proxy ARP ( edit ) </H2> A successful ARP spoofing attack allows an attacker to perform a man - in - the - middle attack . Main article : ARP spoofing Main article : Proxy ARP <P> Because ARP does not provide methods for authenticating ARP replies on a network , ARP replies can come from systems other than the one with the required Layer 2 address . An ARP proxy is a system which answers the ARP request on behalf of another system for which it will forward traffic , normally as a part of the network 's design , such as for a dialup internet service . By contrast , in ARP spoofing the answering system , or spoofer , replies to a request for another system 's address with the aim of intercepting data bound for that system . A malicious user may use ARP spoofing to perform a man - in - the - middle or denial - of - service attack on other users on the network . Various software exists to both detect and perform ARP spoofing attacks , though ARP itself does not provide any methods of protection from such attacks . </P> <H2> Alternatives to ARP ( edit ) </H2> <P> Each computer maintains a database of the mapping of Layer 3 addresses ( e.g. , IP addresses ) to Layer 2 addresses ( e.g. , Ethernet MAC addresses ) , which is maintained primarily by the reception of ARP packets form the local network link . Thus , it is often called the ARP cache . Traditionally , other methods were also used to maintain this table , such as static configuration files , or centrally maintained lists . </P> <P> Since at least the 1980s , networked computers have a utility called ' arp ' for interrogating or manipulating this table . </P> <H2> ARP stuffing ( edit ) </H2> <P> Embedded systems such as networked cameras and networked power distribution devices , which lack a user interface , can use so - called ARP stuffing to make an initial network connection , although this is a misnomer , as ARP is not involved . </P> <P> This is a solution to an issue in network management of consumer devices , specifically the allocation of IP addresses of ethernet devices where : </P> <Ol> <Li> the user does n't have the ability to control DHCP or similar address allocation protocols </Li> <Li> the device does n't have a user interface to configure it with </Li> <Li> the user 's computer ca n't communicate with it because it has no suitable IP address . </Li> </Ol> <P> The solution adopted is as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> The user 's computer has an IP address stuffed manually into its address table ( normally with the arp command with the MAC address taken from a label on the device ) </Li> <Li> The computer sends special packets to the device , typically a ping packet with a non-default size . </Li> <Li> The device then adopts this IP address </Li> <Li> The user then communicates with it by telnet or web protocols to complete the configuration . </Li> </Ul> <P> Such devices typically have a method to disable this process once the device is operating normally , as it is vulnerable to attack . </P> <H2> Standards documents ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> RFC 826 - Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol , Internet Standard STD 37 . </Li> <Li> RFC 903 - Reverse Address Resolution Protocol , Internet Standard STD 38 . </Li> <Li> RFC 2390 - Inverse Address Resolution Protocol , draft standard </Li> <Li> RFC 5227 - IPv4 Address Conflict Detection , proposed standard </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> ARP spoofing </Li> <Li> Arping </Li> <Li> Arptables </Li> <Li> Arpwatch </Li> <Li> Bonjour Sleep Proxy </Li> <Li> Cisco HDLC </Li> <Li> Neighbor Discovery Protocol </Li> <Li> Proxy ARP </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ David C. Plummer ( November 1982 ) . `` RFC 826 , An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol -- or -- Converting Network Protocol Addresses to 48. bit Ethernet Address for Transmission on Ethernet Hardware '' . Internet Engineering Task Force , Network Working Group . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Braden , R. ( October 1989 ) . `` RFC 1122 - Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication Layers '' . Internet Engineering Task Force . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ IANA ARP - `` Protocol Type '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ IANA - Ethertype values </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ RFC 5342 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IANA ARP parameter assignments '' . IANA. 2009 - 04 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chappell , Laura A. and Tittel , Ed . Guide to TCP / IP , Third Edition . Thomson Course Technology , 2007 , pp. 115 - 116 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cheshire , S. ( July 2008 ) . `` RFC 5227 - IPv4 Address Conflict Detection '' . Internet Engineering Task Force . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perkins , C. ( November 2010 ) . `` RFC 5944 - IP Mobility Support for IPv4 , Revised '' . Internet Engineering Task Force . A gratuitous ARP MAY use either an ARP Request or an ARP Reply packet . ( ... ) any node receiving any ARP packet ( Request or Reply ) MUST update its local ARP cache with the Sender Protocol and Hardware Addresses in the ARP packet ( ... ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perkins , C. ( October 1996 ) . `` RFC 2002 - IP Mobility Support '' . Internet Engineering Task Force . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cheshire , S. ( July 2008 ) . `` RFC 5227 - IPv4 Address Conflict Detection '' . Internet Engineering Task Force . Why Are ARP Announcements Performed Using ARP Request Packets and Not ARP Reply Packets ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FAQ : The Firewall Does not Update the Address Resolution Protocol Table '' . Citrix. 2015 - 01 - 16 . ( ... ) garpReply enabled ( ... ) generates ARP packets that ( ... ) are of OPCODE type REPLY , rather than REQUEST . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gratuitous ARP in DHCP vs. IPv4 ACD Draft Archived October 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ RFC 2002 Section 4.6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ RFC 2131 DHCP -- Last lines of Section 4.4. 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shah , H. ; et al. ( June 2012 ) . `` RFC 6575 Address Resolution Protocol ( ARP ) Mediation for IP Interworking of Layer 2 VPNs '' . Internet Engineering Task Force . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ T. Bradley ; et al. ( September 1998 ) . `` RFC 2390 - Inverse Address Resolution Protocol '' . Internet Engineering Task Force . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Finlayson , Mann , Mogul , Theimer ( June 1984 ) . `` RFC 903 - A Reverse Address Resolution Protocol '' . Internet Engineering Task Force . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steve Gibson ( 2005 - 12 - 11 ) . `` ARP Cache Poisoning '' . GRC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sun Microsystems . `` SunOS manual page for ethers ( 5 ) file '' . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ University of California , Berkeley . `` BSD manual page for arp ( 8C ) command '' . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Canonical . `` Ubuntu manual page for arp ( 8 ) command '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apple Computer . `` Mac OS X manual page for arp ( 8 ) command '' . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Microsoft . `` Windows help for arp command '' . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Axis Communication . `` Axis P13 Network Camera Series Installation Guide '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ American Power Corporation . `` Switched Rack Power Distribution Unit Installation and Quick Start Manual '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . </Li> </Ol> <P> This article is based on material taken from the Free On - line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the `` relicensing '' terms of the GFDL , version 1.3 or later . </P> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiversity has learning resources about Address Resolution Protocol </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> ARP Sequence Diagram ( pdf ) </Li> <Li> Gratuitous ARP </Li> <Li> ARP - SK ARP traffic generation tools </Li> <Li> Sample Capture file from WireSharkWiki </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Windows command - line programs and shell builtins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> COMMAND.COM </Li> <Li> Command Prompt </Li> <Li> Windows PowerShell </Li> <Li> Recovery Console </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> File system navigation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> cd ( chdir ) </Li> <Li> dir </Li> <Li> popd </Li> <Li> pushd </Li> 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Central London Property Trust Ltd v. High Trees House Ltd - wikipedia <H1> Central London Property Trust Ltd v. High Trees House Ltd </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> High Trees case </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Court </Th> <Td> King 's Bench Division </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Decided </Th> <Td> 18 July 1946 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Citation ( s ) </Th> <Td> ( 1947 ) KB 130 ; ( 1956 ) 1 All ER 256 ; 62 TLR 557 ; ( 1947 ) LJR 77 ; 175 LT 333 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Court membership </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judge ( s ) sitting </Th> <Td> Denning J </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Keywords </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Promissory estoppel </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd ( 1947 ) KB 130 ( or the High Trees case ) is an English contract law decision in the High Court . It reaffirmed and extended the doctrine of promissory estoppel in contract law in England and Wales . However , the most significant part of the judgment is obiter dicta as it relates to hypothetical facts ; that is , the landlord did not seek repayment of the full wartime rent . </P> <P> Denning J held estoppel to be applicable if ... </P> <P> ... a promise was made which was intended to create legal relations and which , to the knowledge of the person making the promise , was going to be acted on by the person to whom it was made and which was in fact so acted on . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Facts </Li> <Li> 2 Judgment </Li> <Li> 3 Significance </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Facts ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1937 , High Trees House Ltd leased a block of flats in Clapham , London , for a rate £ 2500 / year from Central London Property Trust Ltd . Due to the conditions during the beginning of World War II occupancy rates were drastically lower than normal . </P> <P> In January 1940 , to ameliorate the situation , the parties made an agreement in writing to reduce rent by half . However , neither party stipulated the period for which this reduced rental was to apply . Over the next five years , High Trees paid the reduced rate while the flats began to fill , and by 1945 , the flats were back at full occupancy . Central London sued for payment of the full rental costs from June 1945 onwards ( i.e. for last two quarters of 1945 ) . </P> <H2> Judgment ( edit ) </H2> <P> Based on previous judgments as Hughes v Metropolitan Railway Co , Denning J held that the full rent was payable from the time that the flats became fully occupied in mid-1945 . However , he continued in an obiter statement that if Central London had tried to claim for the full rent from 1940 onwards , they would not have been able to . This was reasoned on the basis that if a party leads another party to believe that he will not enforce his strict legal rights , then the Courts will prevent him from doing so at a later stage . Being obiter dicta and in a court of first instance this was doubly not a binding precedent , yet it essentially created the doctrine of promissory estoppel . </P> <P> If I were to consider this matter without regard to recent developments in the law , there is no doubt that had the plaintiffs claimed it , they would have been entitled to recover ground rent at the rate of £ 2,500 a year from the beginning of the term , since the lease under which it was payable was a lease under seal which , according to the old common law , could not be varied by an agreement by parol ( whether in writing or not ) , but only by deed . Equity , however stepped in , and said that if there has been a variation of a deed by a simple contract ( which in the case of a lease required to be in writing would have to be evidenced by writing ) , the courts may give effect to it as is shown in Berry v. Berry ( 1929 ) 2 K.B. 316 . That equitable doctrine , however , could hardly apply in the present case because the variation here might be said to have been made without consideration . With regard to estoppel , the representation made in relation to reducing the rent was not a representation of an existing fact . It was a representation , in effect , as to the future , namely , that payment of the rent would not be enforced at the full rate but only at the reduced rate . Such a representation would not give rise to an estoppel , because , as was said in Jorden v. Money ( 1854 ) 5 H.L.C. 185 , a representation as to the future must be embodied as a contract or be nothing . </P> <P> But what is the position in view of developments in the law in recent years ? The law has not been standing still since Jorden v. Money ( 1854 ) 5 H.L.C. 185 . There has been a series of decisions over the last fifty years which , although they are said to be cases of estoppel are not really such . They are cases in which a promise was made which was intended to create legal relations and which , to the knowledge of the person making the promise , was going to be acted on by the person to whom it was made and which was in fact so acted on . In such cases the courts have said that the promise must be honoured . The cases to which I particularly desire to refer are : Fenner v. Blake ( 1900 ) 1 Q.B. 426 , In re Wickham ( 1917 ) 34 T.L.R. 158 , Re William Porter & Co. , Ld. ( 1937 ) 2 All E.R. 361 and Buttery v. Pickard ( 1946 ) W.N. 25 . As I have said they are not cases of estoppel in the strict sense . They are really promises - promises intended to be binding , intended to be acted on , and in fact acted on . Jorden v. Money ( 1854 ) 5 H.L.C. 185 can be distinguished , because there the promisor made it clear that she did not intend to be legally bound , whereas in the cases to which I refer the proper inference was that the promisor did intend to be bound . In each case the court held the promise to be binding on the party making it , even though under the old common law it might be difficult to find any consideration for it . The courts have not gone so far as to give a cause of action in damages for the breach of such a promise , but they have refused to allow the party making it to act inconsistently with it . It is in that sense , and that sense only , that such a promise gives rise to an estoppel . The decisions are a natural result of the fusion of law and equity : for the cases of Hughes v. Metropolitan Ry. Co. ( 1877 ) 2 App . Cas. 439 , 448 , Birmingham and District Land Co. v. London & North Western Ry. Co. ( 1888 ) 40 Ch . D. 268 , 286 and Salisbury ( Marquess ) v. Gilmore ( 1942 ) 2 K.B. 38 , 51 , afford a sufficient basis for saying that a party would not be allowed in equity to go back on such a promise . In my opinion , the time has now come for the validity of such a promise to be recognized . The logical consequence , no doubt is that a promise to accept a smaller sum in discharge of a larger sum , if acted upon , is binding notwithstanding the absence of consideration : and if the fusion of law and equity leads to this result , so much the better . That aspect was not considered in Foakes v. Beer ( 1884 ) 9 App . Cas. 605 . At this time of day however , when law and equity have been joined together for over seventy years , principles must be reconsidered in the light of their combined effect . It is to be noticed that in the Sixth Interim Report of the Law Revision Committee , pars. 35 , 40 , it is recommended that such a promise as that to which I have referred should be enforceable in law even though no consideration for it has been given by the promisee . It seems to me that , to the extent I have mentioned , that result has now been achieved by the decisions of the courts . </P> <P> I am satisfied that a promise such as that to which I have referred is binding and the only question remaining for my consideration is the scope of the promise in the present case . I am satisfied on all the evidence that the promise here was that the ground rent should be reduced to £ 1,250 a year as a temporary expedient while the block of flats was not fully , or substantially fully let , owing to the conditions prevailing . That means that the reduction in the rent applied throughout the years down to the end of 1944 , but early in 1945 it is plain that the flats were fully let , and , indeed the rents received from them ( many of them not being affected by the Rent Restrictions Acts ) , were increased beyond the figure at which it was originally contemplated that they would be let . At all events the rent from them must have been very considerable . I find that the conditions prevailing at the time when the reduction in rent was made , had completely passed away by the early months of 1945 . I am satisfied that the promise was understood by all parties only to apply under the conditions prevailing at the time when it was made , namely , when the flats were only partially let , and that it did not extend any further than that . When the flats became fully let , early in 1945 , the reduction ceased to apply . </P> <P> In those circumstances , under the law as I hold it , it seems to me that rent is payable at the full rate for the quarters ending September 29 and December 25 , 1945 . </P> <P> If the case had been one of estoppel , it might be said that in any event the estoppel would cease when the conditions to which the representation applied came to an end , or it also might be said that it would only come to an end on notice . In either case it is only a way of ascertaining what is the scope of the representation . I prefer to apply the principle that a promise intended to be binding , intended to be acted on and in fact acted on , is binding so far as its terms properly apply . Here it was binding as covering the period down to the early part of 1945 , and as from that time full rent is payable . </P> <P> I therefore give judgment for the plaintiff company for the amount claimed . </P> <H2> Significance ( edit ) </H2> <P> Advances have been made in promissory estoppel since its inception in High Trees to create a new inroad into the rule in Pinnel 's case that an agreement to accept part payment of a debt in full satisfaction of it is unenforceable for want of consideration . Denning commented that such an agreement should now be enforceable under the doctrine of promissory estoppel , and indeed the plaintiff did not seek the full debt on the basis of what was fair and , perhaps , thought was the law . However , the courts were at first reluctant to overrule or distinguish cases like Pinnel 's case and Foakes v Beer having formed part of the common law for so long . Lady Justice Arden in Collier v P & MJ Wright ( Holdings ) Ltd ( 2007 ) accepted in principle that High Trees could be used to extinguish a creditor 's right to full payment of a debt in such circumstances . </P> <P> In Amalgamated Investment Co v Texas Bank it was decided that proprietory estoppel can act as a sword and not merely as a shield ( that is , it can be used as a cause of action rather than merely providing a defence to an action ) . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> English contract law </Li> <Li> Estoppel </Li> <Li> Promise </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Collier v P & MJ Wright ( Holdings ) Ltd ( 2007 ) EWCA Civ 1329 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amalgamated Investment Co v Texas Bank , ( 1982 ) EWHC 84 ( QB ) . </Li> </Ol> <P> </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_London_Property_Trust_Ltd_v_High_Trees_House_Ltd&oldid=837737647 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> English contract case law </Li> <Li> Lord Denning cases </Li> <Li> English enforceability case law </Li> <Li> English estoppel case law </Li> <Li> 1946 in British law </Li> <Li> High Court of Justice cases </Li> <Li> 1946 in case law </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use British English from August 2015 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from February 2012 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 18 : 40 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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central london properties v high trees house 1947

New Earswick - wikipedia <H1> New Earswick </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> New Earswick </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> New Earswick New Earswick shown within North Yorkshire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Population </Th> <Td> 2,737 ( 2011 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OS grid reference </Th> <Td> SE609555 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Civil parish </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New Earswick </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unitary authority </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> City of York </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ceremonial county </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> North Yorkshire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yorkshire and the Humber </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> England </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign state </Th> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Post town </Th> <Td> YORK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Postcode district </Th> <Td> YO32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dialling code </Th> <Td> 01904 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Police </Th> <Td> North Yorkshire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fire </Th> <Td> North Yorkshire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ambulance </Th> <Td> Yorkshire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> EU Parliament </Th> <Td> Yorkshire and the Humber </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Parliament </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> York Outer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> List of places </Dt> <Dd> UK </Dd> <Dd> England </Dd> <Dd> Yorkshire </Dd> </Dl> 53 ° 59 ′ 31 '' N 1 ° 04 ′ 21 '' W  /  53.992020 ° N 1.072380 ° W  / 53.992020 ; - 1.072380 Coordinates : 53 ° 59 ′ 31 '' N 1 ° 04 ′ 21 '' W  /  53.992020 ° N 1.072380 ° W  / 53.992020 ; - 1.072380 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> New Earswick is a model village and civil parish in the unitary authority of City of York in North Yorkshire , England , near the River Foss , north of York and south of Haxby . According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 2,812 , reducing to 2,737 at the 2011 Census . Before 1996 it had been part of the Ryedale district . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Governance </Li> <Li> 3 Community </Li> <Li> 4 Geography </Li> <Li> 5 Economy </Li> <Li> 6 Transport </Li> <Li> 7 Education </Li> <Li> 8 Religious sites </Li> <Li> 9 Sport </Li> <Li> 10 Gallery </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The village of New Earswick was built as a genuine mixed community . There was housing for both workers and managers , in a green setting with gardens for each home with its own 2 fruit trees . It was founded by the York philanthropist , Joseph Rowntree , who was quoted as saying , `` I do not want to establish communities bearing the stamp of charity but rather of rightly ordered and self governing communities '' . The first 28 houses were built between 1902 and 1904 by the architect Raymond Unwin , after which the Joseph Rowntree Village Trust ( now the Joseph Rowntree Housing Trust ) was established to continue building and manage the new village . The Joseph Rowntree Housing Trust is part of the Joseph Rowntree Foundation . </P> <P> The village had contemporaries such as Bournville , Saltaire , Port Sunlight and others . This was in sharp contrast to the slums that had developed in York and other cities during the previous century , the deprivation of which had been revealed in Seebohm Rowntree 's report of 1901 , entitled Poverty : a study of town life . It revealed appalling statistics of dark , overcrowded and insanitary housing . </P> <P> As a result of the report , Joseph Rowntree 's conviction that it must be possible to provide better housing for people on low incomes led him to acquire 150 acres of land near the village of Earswick , two and a half miles to the north of the centre of York . The planner Raymond Unwin and the architect Barry Parker were commissioned to produce an overall plan for a new ' garden ' village and the detailed designs for its first houses . They also designed the garden cities of Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City . </P> <P> The building of New Earswick created a balanced village community where rents were kept low , but still represented a modest commercial return on the capital invested . Houses were open to any working people , not just Rowntree employees . The village was to be a demonstration of good practice . </P> <P> The Trust Deed of the Joseph Rowntree Village Trust , which was set up in 1904 to build and manage New Earswick , safeguarded generous open green space . All the grass verges were planted with trees after which almost all the roads are named . The village was built with bricks that were made in the brickworks on the outskirts of New Earswick . From 1950 the brickyard , which closed down in the 1930s , was developed into a nature reserve . </P> <P> Due to their religious beliefs , The Rowntree family decreed there would not be a public house in the village . There never has been , although the Sports Club obtained a drink 's license in the 1980s . </P> <H2> Governance ( edit ) </H2> <P> New Earswick is part of the Huntington & New Earswick Ward of the City of York Council . As of 2010 it is represented by Keith Hyman , Keith Orrel and Carol Runciman who are all members of the local Liberal Democrat Party . </P> <P> A Parish Council was created in 1934 consisting of ten elected councillors and a clerk . </P> <H2> Community ( edit ) </H2> <P> There is a local community centre , the Folk Hall , which hosts activities such as keep - fit , yoga , snooker , and a junior youth club . New Earswick has recreational facilities , including a swimming pool ( due for closure without public consultation ) , tennis courts and football , rugby and cricket pitches at the New Earswick Sports and Social Club . There were two open access play areas close to the Folk Hall , including a hard surface play area which have recently been bulldozed for a development of houses . There is a library based in the Integrated Children 's Centre at the local primary school , a doctor 's surgery and a range of shops , including two general stores , a pet shop and Post Office . As of 2017 the Post Office is situated within the Folk Hall . </P> <P> The village has 36 allotments in two areas , Willow Bank and Sleeper Path . </P> <P> In the 1960s , the Folk Hall was a live music venue featuring the likes of Procol Harum and Pink Floyd . </P> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> <P> The River Foss runs along the eastern boundary of New Earswick with the York to Scarborough Line running to the west . The Nestle factory and grounds mark the southern border with the northern border being the A1237 York Outer Ring Road . The village was built using bricks from the brickworks on the outskirts of the village . From 1950 the brickyard was developed into a nature reserve . The reserve is the home of New Earswick Angling Club , which was formed in 1948 . </P> <H2> Economy ( edit ) </H2> <P> Unlike the villages of Port Sunlight , Saltaire and Bournville the village was not designed specifically for the workforce of the nearby Joseph Rowntree Cocoa Works although some do earn their living at the factory which was taken over by Swiss firm , Nestle . </P> <H2> Transport ( edit ) </H2> <P> Transdev York operate a bus service that stops in the village as part of the Askham Bar to Clifton Moor route . First Group operate two bus services that stop in the village as part of the Wigginton to Acomb and Haxby to York City Centre routes . </P> <P> New Earswick was served by Earswick railway station on the York to Beverley Line between 1847 and 1965 . </P> <H2> Education ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are both primary and secondary schools in New Earswick . New Earswick Primary School was built in 1912 . The primary school is one of eight Integrated Children 's Centres in York . Joseph Rowntree School is a secondary school and was built in 1941 . In 2006 , the Joseph Rowntree School secured £ 27million for a complete rebuild that was completed in late 2009 . The catchement area for the secondary school is from the village itself , Huntington , The Groves and the villages of Haxby and Wigginton . </P> <H2> Religious sites ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1914 the Anglican church of St. Andrew 's was built on the edge of the parish . The church was extended in 1939 to cater for the new housing in South Huntington just across the River Foss . A Methodist chapel and meeting house for the Society of Friends were added later . St. Andrew 's Church is now part of the ecclesiastical parish of Huntington and New Earswick . </P> <H2> Sport ( edit ) </H2> <P> New Earswick Cricket Club play at the recreation ground on White Rose Avenue . As of 2014 their two teams will play in Division 3 ( South ) and Division 4 ( Central ) of the York and District Senior Cricket League . </P> <P> The recreation ground is shared with New Earswick All Blacks , an open age rugby league club that was founded in the 1980s and currently play in The Pennines Amateur Rugby League competition , in 2013 / 4 , playing in the Championship ( the second tier ) . </P> <P> Steve Webster , 10 times FIM Sidecar World Championships , world champion was born and raised in the village. . </P> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Views of New Earswick </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Folk Hall in New Earswick </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> White Rose Avenue in New Earswick </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Westfield Beck behind housing on the west of New Earswick </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Civil Parish population 2011 '' . Neighbourhood Statistics . Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 19 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Village History '' . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Village planning '' . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Earswick : a village of new ideas '' . BBC . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Couoncillors '' . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Village Information '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Procol Harum and Pink Floyd play New Earswick '' . Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Transdev Bus Service '' . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` First Bus Services '' . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Butt , R.V.J. ( 1995 ) . The Directory of Railway Stations : details every public and private passenger station , halt , platform and stopping place , past and present ( 1st ed . ) . Sparkford : Patrick Stephens Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 508 - 7 . OCLC 60251199 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Primary School '' . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Catchment Area '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cricket '' . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Earswick All Blacks '' . Archived from the original on 16 January 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Havard , Jane ( 1992 ) . A Bit On The Side . Menoshire . p. 1 . ISBN 0947981667 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` New Earswick , York '' . The Joseph Rowntree Housing Trust . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Earswick&oldid=826057861 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Model villages </Li> <Li> Villages and areas in the City of York </Li> <Li> Civil parishes in North Yorkshire </Li> <Li> Rowntree family </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from November 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Use British English from October 2013 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from October 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles with OS grid coordinates </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Cebuano </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 23 : 16 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who designed the garden city of new earswick

Now That I 've Found You : a Collection - wikipedia <H1> Now That I 've Found You : a Collection </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Now That I 've Found You : A Collection </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Compilation album by Alison Krauss </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> February 7 , 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Bluegrass / Country </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 42 : 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Rounder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> Alison Krauss & Union Station </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Alison Krauss chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> I Know Who Holds Tomorrow ( 1994 ) I Know Who Holds Tomorrow 1994 </Td> <Td> Now That I 've Found You : A Collection ( 1995 ) </Td> <Td> So Long So Wrong ( 1997 ) So Long So Wrong 1997 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Singles from Now That I 've Found You : A Collection </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' Released : 1995 </Li> <Li> `` Oh , Atlanta '' Released : 1995 </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Professional ratings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Review scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Source </Th> <Th> Rating </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Allmusic </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert Christgau </Td> <Td> A − </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rolling Stone </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Now That I 've Found You : A Collection is an album by Alison Krauss , released February 7 , 1995 . It is a retrospective of the early part of Krauss ' recording career . It includes songs that appeared on her solo albums , albums by Alison Krauss & Union Station , and some that appeared on an album by Alison Krauss & the Cox Family . It also contains some new material . </P> <P> The album features the hit country single `` When You Say Nothing at All '' , sold over two million copies earning double platinum RIAA certification . The title single `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' won the Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance and `` When You Say Nothing at All '' was named Single of the Year by the Country Music Association . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Track listing </Li> <Li> 2 Personnel </Li> <Li> 3 Chart performance <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Album </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Track listing ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' ( Tony Macaulay , John MacLeod ) -- 3 : 49 <Ul> <Li> ( Previously Unreleased ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Oh , Atlanta '' ( Mick Ralphs ) -- 4 : 41 <Ul> <Li> ( Previously Unreleased ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Broadway '' ( Sidney & Suzanne Cox ) -- 3 : 57 <Ul> <Li> ( Previously Unreleased ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Every Time You Say Goodbye '' ( John Pennell ) -- 3 : 13 <Ul> <Li> ( From the Album `` Every Time You Say Goodbye '' by Alison Krauss & Union Station ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Tonight I 'll Be Lonely Too '' ( Sidney Cox ) -- 3 : 25 <Ul> <Li> ( From the Album `` I 've Got That Old Feeling '' by Alison Krauss ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Teardrops Will Kiss the Morning Dew '' ( Paul Craft ) -- 3 : 38 <Ul> <Li> ( From the Album `` Two Highways '' by Alison Krauss & Union Station ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Sleep On '' ( Nelson Mandrell ) -- 2 : 23 <Ul> <Li> ( From the Album `` Too Late to Cry '' by Alison Krauss ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` When God Dips His Pen of Love in My Heart '' ( Cleavant Derricks ) -- 2 : 26 <Ul> <Li> ( From the Album `` Everybody 's Reaching Out for Someone '' by The Cox Family ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` I Will '' ( John Lennon , Paul McCartney ) -- 4 : 04 <Ul> <Li> ( From the Album `` Within Reach '' by Tony Furtado ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` I Do n't Believe You 've Met My Baby '' ( Autry Inman ) -- 3 : 10 <Ul> <Li> ( From the Album `` Slide Rule '' by Jerry Douglas ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` In the Palm of Your Hand '' ( Ron Block ) -- 3 : 24 <Ul> <Li> ( From the Album `` I Know Who Holds Tomorrow '' by Alison Krauss & The Cox Family ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( Paul Overstreet , Don Schlitz ) -- 4 : 21 <Ul> <Li> ( From the Album `` Keith Whitley : A Tribute Album '' performed by Alison Krauss & Union Station ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ol> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Alison Krauss : Vocal , Fiddle , Viola </Li> <Li> Ron Block : Vocal , Acoustic & Electric Guitars , Banjo </Li> <Li> Russ Barenberg , Mike Marshall , Scott Nygaard , Tim Stafford : Guitars </Li> <Li> Jerry Douglas : Guitars , Dobro </Li> <Li> Sam Bush , Brent Truitt : Mandolin </Li> <Li> Stuart Duncan : Fiddle , Harmonica , Cymbals </Li> <Li> Adam Steffey : Mandolin & Mandola </Li> <Li> Pete Wasner : Piano </Li> </Ul> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Album ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1995 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian RPM Country Albums </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard 200 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Allmusic review </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Christgau review </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rolling Stone review </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Alison Krauss Artist Chart Position at Billboard </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Now That I 've Found You for Rounder Records . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Alison Krauss bio for CMT.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Now That I 've Found You on Amazon . Retrieved June 7 , 2006 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by The Woman in Me by Shania Twain </Td> <Td> RPM Country Albums number - one album October 30 - November 5 , 1995 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Starting Over by Reba McEntire </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Alison Krauss & Union Station </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Alison Krauss </Li> <Li> Barry Bales </Li> <Li> Ron Block </Li> <Li> Jerry Douglas </Li> <Li> Dan Tyminski </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> John Pennell </Li> <Li> Jeff White </Li> <Li> Brent Truitt </Li> <Li> Mike Harman </Li> <Li> Adam Steffey </Li> <Li> Tim Stafford </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Different Strokes </Li> <Li> Too Late to Cry </Li> <Li> Two Highways </Li> <Li> I 've Got That Old Feeling </Li> <Li> Every Time You Say Goodbye </Li> <Li> I Know Who Holds Tomorrow </Li> <Li> So Long So Wrong </Li> <Li> Forget About It </Li> <Li> New Favorite </Li> <Li> Lonely Runs Both Ways </Li> <Li> Paper Airplane </Li> <Li> Windy City </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Now That I 've Found You : A Collection </Li> <Li> Live </Li> <Li> A Hundred Miles or More : A Collection </Li> <Li> Essential Alison Krauss </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> With Robert Plant </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Raising Sand </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` When You Say Nothing at All '' </Li> <Li> `` Baby Now That I 've Found You '' </Li> <Li> `` Baby Mine '' </Li> <Li> `` The Lucky One '' </Li> <Li> `` Missing You '' </Li> <Li> `` Please Read the Letter '' </Li> <Li> `` Rich Woman '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Featured singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Teach Your Children '' </Li> <Li> `` Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's Not Over '' </Li> <Li> `` Buy Me a Rose '' </Li> <Li> `` Whiskey Lullaby '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Alison Brown </Li> <Li> Robert Plant </Li> <Li> Viktor Krauss </Li> <Li> Up ! Close and Personal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Now_That_I%27ve_Found_You:_A_Collection&oldid=808197945 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1995 compilation albums </Li> <Li> Alison Krauss & Union Station albums </Li> <Li> Rounder Records compilation albums </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 13 : 34 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

alison krauss now that i've found you album

Evolution of the eye - wikipedia <H1> Evolution of the eye </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Major stages in the evolution of the eye in vertebrates . <P> The evolution of the eye is attractive to study , because the eye distinctively exemplifies an analogous organ found in many animal forms . Complex , image - forming eyes have evolved independently several times . The evolutionary geneticist Walter Gering holds a different opinion . According his theory , the genes engaged with photoreceptor cells ( so called Pax 6 genes ) appeared probably at once in the life history , at a very early stage of the evolution . Probably , the complex , image forming kinds of eyes are at least five : Chidaria - lens eye , complex eye ; Molluscs - lens eye , everse retina ; Annelids - lens eye , everse retina ; Arthropods - facet eye ; Vertebrate - lens eye , inverse retina </P> <P> Complex eyes appeared first within the few million years of the Cambrian explosion . From before the Cambrian , no evidence of eyes has survived , but diverse eyes are known from the Burgess shale of the Middle Cambrian , and from the slightly older Emu Bay Shale . Eyes are adapted to the various requirements of their owners . They vary in their visual acuity , the range of wavelengths they can detect , their sensitivity in low light , their ability to detect motion or to resolve objects , and whether they can discriminate colours . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History of research </Li> <Li> 2 Rate of evolution </Li> <Li> 3 One origin or many ? </Li> <Li> 4 Stages of eye evolution <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Early eyes </Li> <Li> 4.2 Lens formation and diversification </Li> <Li> 4.3 Other developments <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 Color vision </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2 Polarization vision </Li> <Li> 4.3. 3 Focusing mechanism </Li> <Li> 4.3. 4 Location </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Evolutionary baggage </Li> <Li> 6 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History of research ( edit ) </H2> The human eye , showing the iris <P> In 1802 , philosopher William Paley called it a miracle of `` design '' . Charles Darwin himself wrote in his Origin of Species , that the evolution of the eye by natural selection seemed at first glance `` absurd in the highest possible degree '' . However , he went on that despite the difficulty in imagining it , its evolution was perfectly feasible : </P> <P> ... if numerous gradations from a simple and imperfect eye to one complex and perfect can be shown to exist , each grade being useful to its possessor , as is certainly the case ; if further , the eye ever varies and the variations be inherited , as is likewise certainly the case and if such variations should be useful to any animal under changing conditions of life , then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection , though insuperable by our imagination , should not be considered as subversive of the theory . </P> <P> He suggested a stepwise evolution from `` an optic nerve merely coated with pigment , and without any other mechanism '' to `` a moderately high stage of perfection '' , and gave examples of existing intermediate steps . Darwin 's suggestions were soon shown to be correct , and current research is investigating the genetic mechanisms underlying eye development and evolution . </P> <P> Biologist D.E. Nilsson has independently theorized about four general stages in the evolution of a vertebrate eye from a patch of photoreceptors . Nilsson and S. Pelger estimated in a classical paper how many generations are needed to evolve a complex eye in vertebrates . Another researcher , G.C. Young , has used the fossil record to infer evolutionary conclusions , based on the structure of eye orbits and openings in fossilized skulls for blood vessels and nerves to go through . All this adds to the growing amount of evidence that supports Darwin 's theory . </P> <H2> Rate of evolution ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first fossils of eyes found to date are from the lower Cambrian period ( about 540 million years ago ) . The lower Cambrian had a burst of apparently rapid evolution , called the `` Cambrian explosion '' . One of the many hypotheses for `` causes '' of the Cambrian explosion is the `` Light Switch '' theory of Andrew Parker : It holds that the evolution of eyes started an arms race that accelerated evolution . Before the Cambrian explosion , animals may have sensed light , but did not use it for fast locomotion or navigation by vision . </P> <P> The rate of eye evolution is difficult to estimate , because the fossil record , particularly of the lower Cambrian , is poor . How fast a circular patch of photoreceptor cells evolve into a fully functional vertebrate eye has been estimated based on rates of mutation , relative advantage to the organism , and natural selection . However , the time needed for each state was consistently overestimated and the generation time was set to one year , which is common in small animals . Even with these pessimistic values , the vertebrate eye would still evolve from a patch of photoreceptor cells in less than 364,000 years . </P> <H2> One origin or many ? ( edit ) </H2> <P> Whether the eye evolved once or many times depends on the definition of an eye . All eyed animals share much of the genetic machinery for eye development . This suggests that the ancestor of eyed animals had some form of light - sensitive machinery -- even if it was not a dedicated optical organ . However , even photoreceptor cells may have evolved more than once from molecularly similar chemoreceptor cells . Probably , photoreceptor cells existed long before the Cambrian explosion . Higher - level similarities -- such as the use of the protein crystallin in the independently derived cephalopod and vertebrate lenses -- reflect the co-option of a more fundamental protein to a new function within the eye . </P> <P> A shared trait common to all light - sensitive organs are opsins . Opsins belong to a family of photo - sensitive proteins and fall into nine groups , which already existed in the urbilaterian , the last common ancestor of all bilateral symmetrical animals . Additionally , the genetic toolkit for positioning eyes is shared by all animals : The PAX6 gene controls where eyes develop in animals ranging from octopuses to mice and fruit flies . Such high - level genes are , by implication , much older than many of the structures that they control today ; they must originally have served a different purpose , before they were co-opted for eye development . </P> <P> Eyes and other sensory organs probably evolved before the brain : There is no need for an information - processing organ ( brain ) before there is information to process . </P> <H2> Stages of eye evolution ( edit ) </H2> The stigma ( 2 ) of the euglena hides a light - sensitive spot . <P> The earliest predecessors of the eye were photoreceptor proteins that sense light , found even in unicellular organisms , called `` eyespots '' . Eyespots can only sense ambient brightness : they can distinguish light from dark , sufficient for photoperiodism and daily synchronization of circadian rhythms . They are insufficient for vision , as they can not distinguish shapes or determine the direction light is coming from . Eyespots are found in nearly all major animal groups , and are common among unicellular organisms , including euglena . The euglena 's eyespot , called a stigma , is located at its anterior end . It is a small splotch of red pigment which shades a collection of light sensitive crystals . Together with the leading flagellum , the eyespot allows the organism to move in response to light , often toward the light to assist in photosynthesis , and to predict day and night , the primary function of circadian rhythms . Visual pigments are located in the brains of more complex organisms , and are thought to have a role in synchronising spawning with lunar cycles . By detecting the subtle changes in night - time illumination , organisms could synchronise the release of sperm and eggs to maximise the probability of fertilisation . </P> <P> Vision itself relies on a basic biochemistry which is common to all eyes . However , how this biochemical toolkit is used to interpret an organism 's environment varies widely : eyes have a wide range of structures and forms , all of which have evolved quite late relative to the underlying proteins and molecules . </P> <P> At a cellular level , there appear to be two main `` designs '' of eyes , one possessed by the protostomes ( molluscs , annelid worms and arthropods ) , the other by the deuterostomes ( chordates and echinoderms ) . </P> <P> The functional unit of the eye is the photoreceptor cell , which contains the opsin proteins and responds to light by initiating a nerve impulse . The light sensitive opsins are borne on a hairy layer , to maximise the surface area . The nature of these `` hairs '' differs , with two basic forms underlying photoreceptor structure : microvilli and cilia . In the eyes of protostomes , they are microvilli : extensions or protrusions of the cellular membrane . But in the eyes of deuterostomes , they are derived from cilia , which are separate structures . However , outside the eyes an organism may use the other type of photoreceptor cells , for instance the clamworm Platynereis dumerilii uses microvilliar cells in the eyes but has additionally deep brain ciliary photoreceptor cells . The actual derivation may be more complicated , as some microvilli contain traces of cilia -- but other observations appear to support a fundamental difference between protostomes and deuterostomes . These considerations centre on the response of the cells to light -- some use sodium to cause the electric signal that will form a nerve impulse , and others use potassium ; further , protostomes on the whole construct a signal by allowing more sodium to pass through their cell walls , whereas deuterostomes allow less through . </P> <P> This suggests that when the two lineages diverged in the Precambrian , they had only very primitive light receptors , which developed into more complex eyes independently . </P> <H3> Early eyes ( edit ) </H3> <P> The basic light - processing unit of eyes is the photoreceptor cell , a specialized cell containing two types of molecules in a membrane : the opsin , a light - sensitive protein , surrounding the chromophore , a pigment that distinguishes colors . Groups of such cells are termed `` eyespots '' , and have evolved independently somewhere between 40 and 65 times . These eyespots permit animals to gain only a very basic sense of the direction and intensity of light , but not enough to discriminate an object from its surroundings . </P> <P> Developing an optical system that can discriminate the direction of light to within a few degrees is apparently much more difficult , and only six of the thirty - some phyla possess such a system . However , these phyla account for 96 % of living species . </P> The planarian has `` cup '' eyespots that can slightly distinguish light direction . <P> These complex optical systems started out as the multicellular eyepatch gradually depressed into a cup , which first granted the ability to discriminate brightness in directions , then in finer and finer directions as the pit deepened . While flat eyepatches were ineffective at determining the direction of light , as a beam of light would activate exactly the same patch of photo - sensitive cells regardless of its direction , the `` cup '' shape of the pit eyes allowed limited directional differentiation by changing which cells the lights would hit depending upon the light 's angle . Pit eyes , which had arisen by the Cambrian period , were seen in ancient snails , and are found in some snails and other invertebrates living today , such as planaria . Planaria can slightly differentiate the direction and intensity of light because of their cup - shaped , heavily pigmented retina cells , which shield the light - sensitive cells from exposure in all directions except for the single opening for the light . However , this proto - eye is still much more useful for detecting the absence or presence of light than its direction ; this gradually changes as the eye 's pit deepens and the number of photoreceptive cells grows , allowing for increasingly precise visual information . </P> <P> When a photon is absorbed by the chromophore , a chemical reaction causes the photon 's energy to be transduced into electrical energy and relayed , in higher animals , to the nervous system . These photoreceptor cells form part of the retina , a thin layer of cells that relays visual information , including the light and day - length information needed by the circadian rhythm system , to the brain . However , some jellyfish , such as Cladonema , have elaborate eyes but no brain . Their eyes transmit a message directly to the muscles without the intermediate processing provided by a brain . </P> <P> During the Cambrian explosion , the development of the eye accelerated rapidly , with radical improvements in image - processing and detection of light direction . </P> The primitive nautilus eye functions similarly to a pinhole camera . <P> After the photosensitive cell region invaginated , there came a point when reducing the width of the light opening became more efficient at increasing visual resolution than continued deepening of the cup . By reducing the size of the opening , organisms achieved true imaging , allowing for fine directional sensing and even some shape - sensing . Eyes of this nature are currently found in the nautilus . Lacking a cornea or lens , they provide poor resolution and dim imaging , but are still , for the purpose of vision , a major improvement over the early eyepatches . </P> <P> Overgrowths of transparent cells prevented contamination and parasitic infestation . The chamber contents , now segregated , could slowly specialize into a transparent humour , for optimizations such as colour filtering , higher refractive index , blocking of ultraviolet radiation , or the ability to operate in and out of water . The layer may , in certain classes , be related to the moulting of the organism 's shell or skin . An example of this can be observed in Onychophorans where the cuticula of the shell continues to the cornea . The cornea is composed of either one or two cuticular layers depending on how recently the animal has moulted . Along with the lens and two humors , the cornea is responsible for converging light and aiding the focusing of it on the back of the retina . The cornea protects the eyeball while at the same time accounting for approximately 2 / 3 of the eye 's total refractive power . </P> <P> It is likely that a key reason eyes specialize in detecting a specific , narrow range of wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum -- the visible spectrum -- is because the earliest species to develop photosensitivity were aquatic , and only two specific wavelength ranges of electromagnetic radiation , blue and green visible light , can travel through water . This same light - filtering property of water also influenced the photosensitivity of plants . </P> <H3> Lens formation and diversification ( edit ) </H3> Light from a distant object and a near object being focused by changing the curvature of the lens <P> In a lensless eye , the light emanating from a distant point hits the back of the eye with about the same size as the eye 's aperture . With the addition of a lens this incoming light is concentrated on a smaller surface area , without reducing the overall intensity of the stimulus . The focal length of an early lobopod with lens - containing simple eyes focused the image behind the retina , so while no part of the image could be brought into focus , the intensity of light allowed the organism to see in deeper ( and therefore darker ) waters . A subsequent increase of the lens 's refractive index probably resulted in an in - focus image being formed . </P> <P> The development of the lens in camera - type eyes probably followed a different trajectory . The transparent cells over a pinhole eye 's aperture split into two layers , with liquid in between . The liquid originally served as a circulatory fluid for oxygen , nutrients , wastes , and immune functions , allowing greater total thickness and higher mechanical protection . In addition , multiple interfaces between solids and liquids increase optical power , allowing wider viewing angles and greater imaging resolution . Again , the division of layers may have originated with the shedding of skin ; intracellular fluid may infill naturally depending on layer depth . </P> <P> Note that this optical layout has not been found , nor is it expected to be found . Fossilization rarely preserves soft tissues , and even if it did , the new humour would almost certainly close as the remains desiccated , or as sediment overburden forced the layers together , making the fossilized eye resemble the previous layout . </P> Compound eye of Antarctic krill <P> Vertebrate lenses are composed of adapted epithelial cells which have high concentrations of the protein crystallin . These crystallins belong to two major families , the α - crystallins and the βγ - crystallins . Both were categories of proteins originally used for other functions in organisms , but eventually were adapted for the sole purpose of vision in animal eyes . In the embryo , the lens is living tissue , but the cellular machinery is not transparent so must be removed before the organism can see . Removing the machinery means the lens is composed of dead cells , packed with crystallins . These crystallins are special because they have the unique characteristics required for transparency and function in the lens such as tight packing , resistance to crystallization , and extreme longevity , as they must survive for the entirety of the organism 's life . The refractive index gradient which makes the lens useful is caused by the radial shift in crystallin concentration in different parts of the lens , rather than by the specific type of protein : it is not the presence of crystallin , but the relative distribution of it , that renders the lens useful . </P> <P> It is biologically difficult to maintain a transparent layer of cells . Deposition of transparent , nonliving , material eased the need for nutrient supply and waste removal . Trilobites used calcite , a mineral which today is known to be used for vision only in a single species of brittle star . In other compound eyes and camera eyes , the material is crystallin . A gap between tissue layers naturally forms a biconvex shape , which is optically and mechanically ideal for substances of normal refractive index . A biconvex lens confers not only optical resolution , but aperture and low - light ability , as resolution is now decoupled from hole size -- which slowly increases again , free from the circulatory constraints . </P> <P> Independently , a transparent layer and a nontransparent layer may split forward from the lens : a separate cornea and iris . ( These may happen before or after crystal deposition , or not at all . ) Separation of the forward layer again forms a humour , the aqueous humour . This increases refractive power and again eases circulatory problems . Formation of a nontransparent ring allows more blood vessels , more circulation , and larger eye sizes . This flap around the perimeter of the lens also masks optical imperfections , which are more common at lens edges . The need to mask lens imperfections gradually increases with lens curvature and power , overall lens and eye size , and the resolution and aperture needs of the organism , driven by hunting or survival requirements . This type is now functionally identical to the eye of most vertebrates , including humans . Indeed , `` the basic pattern of all vertebrate eyes is similar . '' </P> <H3> Other developments ( edit ) </H3> Color vision ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Five classes of visual opsins are found in vertebrates . All but one of these developed prior to the divergence of Cyclostomata and fish . The five opsin classes are variously adapted depending on the light spectrum encountered . As light travels through water , longer wavelengths , such as reds and yellows , are absorbed more quickly than the shorter wavelengths of the greens and blues . This creates a gradient of light as the depth of water increases . The visual opsins in fish are more sensitive to the range of light in their habitat and depth . However , land environments do not vary in wavelength composition , so that the opsin sensitivities among land vertebrates does not vary much . This directly contributes to the significant presence of communication colors . Color vision gives distinct selective advantages , such as better recognition of predators , food , and mates . Indeed , it is thought that simple sensory - neural mechanisms may selectively control general behavior patterns , such as escape , foraging , and hiding . Many examples of wavelength - specific behaviors have been identified , in two primary groups : Below 450 nm , associated with direct light , and above 450 nm , associated with reflected light . As opsin molecules were tuned to detect different wavelengths of light , at some point color vision developed when the photoreceptor cells used differently tuned opsins . This may have happened at any of the early stages of the eye 's evolution , and may have disappeared and reevolved as organisms became predator or prey . Similarly , night and day vision emerged when photoreceptor cells differentiated into rods and cones , respectively . </P> Further information : Evolution of color vision Polarization vision ( edit ) <P> As discussed earlier , the properties of light under water differ from those in air . One example of this is the polarization of light . Polarization is the organization of originally disordered light , from the sun , into linear arrangements . This occurs when light passes through slit like filters , as well as when passing into a new medium . Sensitivity to polarized light is especially useful for organisms whose habitats are located more than a few meters under water . In this environment , color vision is less dependable , and therefore a weaker selective factor . While most photoreceptors have the ability to distinguish partially polarized light , terrestrial vertebrates ' membranes are orientated perpendicularly , such that they are insensitive to polarized light . However , some fish can discern polarized light , demonstrating that they possess some linear photoreceptors . Additionally , cuttlefish are capable of perceiving the polarization of light with high visual fidelity , although they appear to lack any significant capacity for color differentiation . Like color vision , sensitivity to polarization can aid in an organism 's ability to differentiate surrounding objects and individuals . Because of the marginal reflective interference of polarized light , it is often used for orientation and navigation , as well as distinguishing concealed objects , such as disguised prey . </P> Focusing mechanism ( edit ) <P> By utilizing the iris sphincter muscle , some species move the lens back and forth , some stretch the lens flatter . Another mechanism regulates focusing chemically and independently of these two , by controlling growth of the eye and maintaining focal length . In addition , the pupil shape can be used to predict the focal system being utilized . A slit pupil can indicate the common multifocal system , while a circular pupil usually specifies a monofocal system . When using a circular form , the pupil will constrict under bright light , increasing the focal length , and will dilate when dark in order to decrease the depth of focus . Note that a focusing method is not a requirement . As photographers know , focal errors increase as aperture increases . Thus , countless organisms with small eyes are active in direct sunlight and survive with no focus mechanism at all . As a species grows larger , or transitions to dimmer environments , a means of focusing need only appear gradually . </P> Location ( edit ) <P> Prey generally have eyes on the sides of their head so to have a larger field of view , from which to avoid predators . Predators , however , have eyes in front of their head in order to have better depth perception . Flatfish are predators which lie on their side on the bottom , and have eyes placed asymmetrically on the same side of the head . A transitional fossil from the common symmetric position is Amphistium . </P> <H2> Evolutionary baggage ( edit ) </H2> Vertebrate Octopus Vertebrates and octopodes developed the camera eye independently . In the vertebrate version the nerve fibers pass in front of the retina , and there is a blind spot where the nerves pass through the retina . In the vertebrate example , 4 represents the blind spot , which is notably absent from the octopus eye . In both vertebrates and octopodes , 1 represents the retina , 2 represents the nerve fibers , and 3 represents the optic nerve . Main article : Evolutionary baggage <P> The eyes of many animals record their evolutionary history in their contemporary anatomy . The vertebrate eye , for instance , is built `` backwards and upside down '' , requiring `` photons of light to travel through the cornea , lens , aqueous fluid , blood vessels , ganglion cells , amacrine cells , horizontal cells , and bipolar cells before they reach the light - sensitive rods and cones that transduce the light signal into neural impulses , which are then sent to the visual cortex at the back of the brain for processing into meaningful patterns . '' While such a construct has some drawbacks , it also allows the outer retina of the vertebrates to sustain higher metabolic activities as compared to the non-inverted design . It also allowed for the evolution of the choroid layer , including the retinal pigment epithelial ( RPE ) cells , which play an important role in protecting the photoreceptive cells from photo - oxidative damage . </P> <P> The camera eyes of cephalopods , in contrast , are constructed the `` right way out '' , with the nerves attached to the rear of the retina . This means that they do not have a blind spot . This difference may be accounted for by the origins of eyes ; in cephalopods they develop as an invagination of the head surface whereas in vertebrates they originate as an extension of the brain . </P> <H2> Footnotes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ David Berlinski , an intelligent design proponent , questioned the basis of the calculations , and the author of the original paper refuted Berlinski 's criticism . <Ul> <Li> Berlinski , David ( April 2001 ) . `` Commentary magazine '' . </Li> <Li> Nilsson , Dan - E. `` Beware of Pseudo-science : a response to David Berlinski 's attack on my calculation of how long it takes for an eye to evolve '' . </Li> <Li> `` Evolution of the Eye '' on PBS </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The precise number varies from author to author . </Li> </Ol> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ocelloid </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' An important cue for understanding eye evolution is the distinction between different types of photoreceptor cells . Salvini - Plawen and Mayr ( 1977 ) noted a remarkable diversity of photoreceptor cell morphology across the animal kingdom , and suggested that photoreceptors evolved independently numerous times . '' - Land , M.F. and Nilsson , D. - E. , Animal Eyes ( 2 - nd ed . ) , Oxford University Press , Oxford ( 2012 ) , p. 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' About 65 % of genes expressed in the retina of the fruit fly are also active in the retina of the mouse '' - Glaeser G. , Paulus H.F. - The Evolution of the Eye , Springer ( 2015 ) , ch. 7 , Pax and homology : the third act in the history of evolution - p. 148 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Glaeser G. , Paulus H.F. - The Evolution of the Eye , Springer ( 2015 ) , ch. 7 , Pax and homology : the third act in the history of evolution - p. 149 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee , M.S.Y. ; Jago , J.B. ; Garcia - Bellido , D.C. ; Edgecombe , G.E. ; Gehling , J. G ; Paterson , J.R. 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( 2008 ) . `` Early evolution of the vertebrate eye -- fossil evidence '' . Evo Edu Outreach. 1 : 427 -- 438 . doi : 10.1007 / s12052 - 008 - 0087 - y . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Parker , A.R. ( 2009 ) . `` On the origin of optics '' . Optics & Laser Technology . 43 ( 2 ) : 323 -- 329 . Bibcode : 2011OptLT ... 43 ... 323P . doi : 10.1016 / j. optlastec. 2008.12. 020 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Parker , Andrew ( 2003 ) . In the Blink of an Eye : How Vision Sparked the Big Bang of Evolution . Cambridge , MA : Perseus Pub . ISBN 0 - 7382 - 0607 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nilsson , D-E ; Pelger S ( 1994 ) . `` A pessimistic estimate of the time required for an eye to evolve '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 256 ( 1345 ) : 53 -- 58 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 1994.0048 . PMID 8008757 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nilsson , D.E. ( 1996 ) . `` Eye ancestry : old genes for new eyes '' . Current Biology . 6 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 42 . doi : 10.1016 / S0960 - 9822 ( 02 ) 00417 - 7 . 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Comparative Physiology and Evolution of Vision in Invertebrates - A : Invertebrate Photoreceptors . Handbook of Sensory Physiology . VII / 6A . New York : Springer - Verlag . pp. 6 -- 9 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 08837 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arendt , D. ; Tessmar - Raible , K. ; Snyman , H. ; Dorresteijn , A.W. ; Wittbrodt , J. ( 29 October 2004 ) . `` Ciliary Photoreceptors with a Vertebrate - Type Opsin in an Invertebrate Brain '' . Science . 306 ( 5697 ) : 869 -- 871 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1099955 . PMID 15514158 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eye - Evolution ? Archived 15 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fernald , Russell D. ( 2001 ) . The Evolution of Eyes : How Do Eyes Capture Photons ? Karger Gazette 64 : `` The Eye in Focus '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Conway - Morris , S. ( 1998 ) . The Crucible of Creation . Oxford : Oxford University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dawkins , Richard ( 1986 ) . 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PMID 16376404 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Malstrom , T ; Kroger , R ( 2006 ) . `` pupil shape and lens optics in the eyes of terrestrial vertebrates '' . The Journal of Experimental Biology . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Carnivores '' . U.S. Department of the Interior , Bureau of Land Management . 2009 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boroditsky , Lera ( 1999 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Light & Eyes : Lecture Notes '' . Lecture Notes . Stanford . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dr. Michael Shermer , as quoted by Christopher Hitchens in his book `` God is Not Great '' ( pg. 82 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reichenbach A , Bringmann A. ( 2010 ) . Müller cells in the healthy and diseased retina . New York : Springer . pp 15 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.photobiology.info/Rozanowska.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Diagrammatic representation of disc shedding and phagosome retrieval into the pigment epithelial cell. ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Serb , Jeanne M. ; Eernisse , Douglas J. ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ) . `` Charting Evolution 's Trajectory : Using Molluscan Eye Diversity to Understand Parallel and Convergent Evolution '' . Evolution : Education and Outreach. 1 ( 4 ) : 439 -- 447 . doi : 10.1007 / s12052 - 008 - 0084 - 1 . ISSN 1936 - 6426 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lamb TD , Collin SP , Pugh EN ( December 2007 ) . `` Evolution of the vertebrate eye : opsins , photoreceptors , retina and eye cup '' . Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8 ( 12 ) : 960 -- 76 . doi : 10.1038 / nrn2283 . PMC 3143066 . PMID 18026166 . Illustration . Review </Li> <Li> Lamb , TD ( 2011 ) . `` Evolution of the Eye '' ( PDF ) . Scientific American . 305 : 64 -- 69 . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0711 - 64 . </Li> <Li> Land , Michael F. ; Nilsson , Dan - Eric ( 2012 ) . `` The origin of vision '' . Animal Eyes ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 1 -- 22 . ISBN 978 - 0199581146 . </Li> <Li> Journal Evolution : Education and Outreach Volume 1 , Number 4 / October 2008 . Special Issue : The Evolution of Eyes . 26 articles , free access . </Li> <Li> Ivan R. Schwab ( 2012 ) . Evolution 's Witness : How Eyes Evolved . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195369748 . </Li> <Li> Hayakawa S , Takaku Y , Hwang JS , Horiguchi T , Suga H , Gehring W , et al. ( 2015 ) . `` Function and evolutionary origin of unicellular camera - type eye structure '' . PLoS ONE . 10 ( 3 ) : e0118415 . Bibcode : 2015PLoSO ... 1018415H . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0118415 . PMC 4348419 . PMID 25734540 . </Li> <Li> Greuet , C ( 1968 ) . `` Organisation ultrastructurale de l'ocelle de deux Peridiniens Warnowiidae , Erythropsis pavillardi Kofoid et Swezy et Warnowia pulchra Schiller '' . Protistologica. 4 : 209 -- 230 . </Li> <Li> Gregory S. Gavelis , Shiho Hayakawa , Richard A. White III , Takashi Gojobori , Curtis A. Suttle , Patrick J. Keeling , Brian S. Leander ( 2015 ) . `` Eye - like ocelloids are built from different endosymbiotically acquired components '' . Nature . 523 : 204 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2015Natur. 523 ... 204G . doi : 10.1038 / nature14593 . PMID 26131935 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Oakley , Todd H. ; Speiser , Daniel I. ( 2015 ) . `` How Complexity Originates : The Evolution of Animal Eyes '' . Annual Review of Ecology , Evolution , and Systematics. 46 : 237 -- 260 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - ecolsys - 110512 - 135907 . </Li> <Li> Ed Young ; photographs by David Liittschwager ( February 2016 ) . `` Inside the Eye : Nature 's Most Exquisite Creation '' . National Geographic . 229 ( 2 ) : 30 -- 57 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Evolution of the Eye '' . WGBH Educational Foundation and Clear Blue Sky Productions . PBS . 2001 . </Li> <Li> Creationism Disproved ? Video from the National Center for Science Education on the evolution of the eye </Li> <Li> Evolution : Education and Outreach Special Issue : Evolution and Eyes volume 1 , number 4 , October 2008 , pages 351 - 559 . 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The Curse of Oak Island - wikipedia <H1> The Curse of Oak Island </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Curse of Oak Island </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Reality </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Narrated by </Th> <Td> Robert Clotworthy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Kevin Burns </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Camera setup </Th> <Td> Multiple </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 43 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Prometheus Entertainment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> A&E Networks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> History Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Production website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Curse of Oak Island is an active reality television series that first premiered in Canada on the History network on January 5 , 2014 . The show features what is known as the Oak Island mystery , showing efforts to search for historical artifacts and treasure . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Background </Li> <Li> 1.2 Theories </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Series overview </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> 4.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 4.3 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 4.4 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 4.5 Season 5 ( 2017 -- 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 Further reading </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Curse of Oak Island follows brothers Marty and Rick Lagina , originally from Kingsford , Michigan , through their efforts to find the speculated treasure or historical artifacts believed to be on Oak Island . The series discusses the history of the island , recent discoveries , theories , and prior attempts to investigate the site . Areas of interest include the `` Money Pit '' , Borehole 10 - x , Smith 's Cove , `` Nolan 's Cross '' , the `` Hatch '' , the `` Watchtower '' and the `` Swamp '' . </P> <H3> Background ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Lagina brothers became fascinated with the island after reading the January 1965 issue of Reader 's Digest magazine that features an article on the Restall family 's work to investigate the so - called `` Money Pit '' . Marty and his brother Rick obtained a controlling interest in Oak Island Tours , which reportedly owns most of the island . The brothers were later approached by Prometheus Entertainment to do a reality show . Rick and Marty have engaged the assistance of father - and - son Dan and Dave Blankenship , permanent residents of the island who have likewise been searching for treasure since the 1960s . </P> <H3> Theories ( edit ) </H3> <P> The series explores various Oak Island theories and conjectures through conversations with independent researchers . Persons featured have included Zena Halpern discussing her theory about North African gold and sharing copies of a French map of the island which she claims is dated 1347 ; J. Hutton Pulitzer discussing his theory of ancient mariner visitations ; Petter Amundsen discussing his theory about codes hidden in Shakespearen literature and a secret project involving Sir Francis Bacon and the Rosicrucians ; Daniel Ronnstam discussing his theory about the 90 foot stone being a dual cypher containing instructions as how to defeat the money pit flood tunnels with corn ; authors Kathleen McGowen and Alen Butler discussing their theory involving the fabled Knights Templar treasure and an alleged relocation of historical religious artifacts to the island ; and John O'Brien discussing his theory that the island contains treasures of the Aztec Empire . It has also been suggested by Zena Halpern , without evidence , that the Templars worshipped the Phoenician goddess Tanit . </P> <H2> Series overview ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 5 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> February 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 13 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 16 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 5 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Having started in 2014 , The Curse of Oak Island is currently in its fifth season . On August 2 , 2016 , it was announced that Nova Scotia Business Inc. approved $1,271,546 in film funding for the production of the 4th season . In October 2017 , a fifth season was announced , which began airing on November 7 , 2017 . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` What Lies Below '' </Td> <Td> January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 2.53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Brothers Rick and Marty Lagina now own most of Oak Island . Determined to resume the search for treasure on the island , they explore an abandoned shaft called Borehole 10 - X and use water pressure to pump material to the surface . They find a tiny piece of metal . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Mystery of Smith 's Cove '' </Td> <Td> January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 2.35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> A scuba team that includes Marty 's son Alex Lagina dives Smith 's Cove and finds what are claimed to be non-indigenous coconut fibres and anomalous stones . Meanwhile , more metal fragments and cat bones are found in the slurry from 10 - X . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Voices from the Grave '' </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 2.33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> As Rick and Marty Lagina begin working to drain a swamp , they are visited by a woman who lost her father and brother to a tragic accident on Oak Island . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Secret of Solomon 's Temple '' </Td> <Td> January 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 2.72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> A visitor to the island presents Rick and Marty Lagina with his theory about where the treasure on Oak Island is located and the idea that the Menorah might be among the treasures for which they are searching . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` The Find '' </Td> <Td> February 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 2.97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> The team digs in a shallow muddy swamp and finds what appears to be an antique Spanish copper coin . A diver is later sent into the swamp and finds no additional objects . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 2 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Once In , Forever In '' </Td> <Td> November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 2.60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> After dating the Spanish coin they found last summer to 1652 , brothers Rick and Marty Lagina return to Oak Island and begin searching the swamp again . Two men perform a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance test in which they present a map of ground voids and metals under the ground . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Return To The Money Pit '' </Td> <Td> November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 2.15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> The team drills in the area of the money pit but is unable to drill through the underground material . A visitor shows them alleged evidence that the treasures from King Solomon 's Temple could be buried on Oak Island . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Eight - Pointed Star '' </Td> <Td> November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 2.23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> A treasure hunter presents a theory that Phoenicians visited the island 2500 years ago and left behind the ark of the covenant . Rick and Marty Lagina unsuccessfully look for evidence to prove it while also trying to locate the original Money Pit . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Breakthrough '' </Td> <Td> November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 2.15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> A tree stump in the swamp is examined . Core samples extracted by drilling are discovered to contain rocks and wood . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` The 90 - Foot Stone '' </Td> <Td> December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 2.46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> A visitor comes to the island suggesting that he has discovered a secret method of getting to the treasure . He claims that Francis Bacon has left behind instructions to the effect that the `` flood tunnels '' can be disabled by pouring corn into the money pit . The team declines to test the theory and instead visits a masonic lodge . The team searches the swamp again and finds nothing . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Seven Must Dye '' </Td> <Td> December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 2.90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Rick searches for man - made flood tunnels without success ; Marty and John visit Europe to track down a lead . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` The Trail of the Templars '' </Td> <Td> December 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 2.47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> While work begins in the swamp , Rick and Marty travel to Scotland to investigate more corn - related theories about the money pit . They are also presented with a theory that Oak Island is a copy of King Solomon 's Temple and that the entrance to the Money Pit is in the swamp . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` X Marks the Spot '' </Td> <Td> December 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 2.72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Rick and Marty search the swamp for an alternate entrance into the Money Pit , without success . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` A Dangerous Dive '' </Td> <Td> January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 2.59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Rick and Marty take a team of divers to Oak Island . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` The Big Reveal '' </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 3.06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Rick and Marty use sonar to map out the bottom chamber of the 10 - X borehole . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 3 ( 2015 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Hole Truth '' </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 2.26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Rick and Marty search for underground tunnels on Oak Island and prep borehole 10 - X for a dive . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Pipe Down '' </Td> <Td> November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 2.56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Prep work for a dive in borehole 10X continues while the team simultaneously searches the area near the Money Pit for shallow treasure . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Time to Dig '' </Td> <Td> November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 2.60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Rick , Marty and the team go shopping for excavation equipment , investigate the location of a possible Knight 's Templar treasure and search for the original location of the Money Pit . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Overton Stone '' </Td> <Td> December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 3.05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Work continues to locate the Money Pit while the team investigates a stone with purported Portuguese carvings . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Disappearing Act '' </Td> <Td> December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 3.22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> The team completes preparations for a dive expedition down borehole 10X by investigating the shaft with a camera . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Carved in Stone '' </Td> <Td> December 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 2.47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Rick , Marty and the team investigate rocks on Oak Island . A researcher visits the island and claims that the Aztecs may have visited the island in the past . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` The Missing Peace '' </Td> <Td> December 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 3.40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Rick and Marty welcome long - time rival Fred Nolan into the team . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Phantoms of the Deep '' </Td> <Td> December 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 3.30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> The team conducts a sonar sweep of the waters surrounding Oak Island and begin digging on Fred Nolan 's property . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Columbus Day '' </Td> <Td> January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 2.79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> The team preps for a dive of borehole 10X . They also listen to a theory about Christopher Columbus visiting the Island . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Silence in the Dark '' </Td> <Td> January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 3.11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Difficulties are encountered during the dive to the bottom of borehole 10X , the team further investigates Fred Nolan 's property and an alleged Roman sword found in the waters off Oak Island is presented to the team . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Sword Play '' </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 2.82 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> The team has the Roman sword investigated and find that it is a modern reproduction . There is an unproductive search for treasure north of the Money Pit . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Voices from Below '' </Td> <Td> January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 3.17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> The team dives to the bottom of borehole 10X . In a separate investigation , a cavity is found far underground near the Money Pit . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Secrets and Revelations '' </Td> <Td> February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 3.41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> The diving investigation of borehole 10X concludes with nothing found . Relatives of the original Oak Island treasure hunters present a gold cross which is said to have come from the treasure . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 4 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Going for Broke '' </Td> <Td> November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 2.62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> The team agrees to turn focus over to the Money Pit and review what they have collected . Researcher Zena Halpern presents a handmade copy of what she claims is a French map from 1347 of Oak Island . The map shows locations for a `` hatch '' , a `` valve '' and an `` anchor '' on the Island . A theory is presented based on a purported decoding of a cipher that Joab at the time of King David transported the Ark of the Covenant to North Africa from which it was later transported onward by the Knights Templar from the then - Portuguese town of Safi in Morocco to Oak Island . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 30 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Always Forward '' </Td> <Td> November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 2.66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> While preparing to excavate the Money Pit , the team investigates an 18th century well on mainland Nova Scotia . The team brings in an archaeologist to inspect a hole on Dave Blankenship 's property which they think is a potential `` hatch '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 31 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Swamp Things '' </Td> <Td> November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 2.97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> A piece of rock with scratches is found , before the team revisits the swamp for another look and finds very little . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 32 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` No Stone Unturned '' </Td> <Td> December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 2.95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Part of the team unsuccessfully attempts to track down the ' 90 - foot stone ' in nearby Halifax ; while the first excavation in over 50 years begins in the Money Pit . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 33 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Bullseye '' </Td> <Td> December 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 2.82 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> A new theory that Inca gold is buried on Oak Island is offered , albeit without evidence to support it . Meanwhile the team supposedly inches their way to the alleged target in the Money Pit . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 34 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Circles in Wood '' </Td> <Td> December 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 3.44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> A few coins are found on the island , a long way from the money pit . The money pit search for the ' Chappel Vault ' ends in failure so a new target is set for 170ft C - 1 shaft in the Money Pit area . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 35 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` All That Glitters '' </Td> <Td> December 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 3.68 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> The swamp is drained and searched with a metal detector revealing an old spike . Object not dated . C - 1 Dig Site is drilled to target depth of 170 ft. where previously inserted camera may have seen something shiny and gold colored . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 36 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` The Mystery of Samuel Ball '' </Td> <Td> January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 3.43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> A tiny amount of evidence is offered supposedly linking an 18th - century slave to the mystery . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 37 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Echoes from the Deep '' </Td> <Td> January 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 3.35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> A camera sent down 10X confirms the divers impression that there is nothing there of note , undermining the camera 's operators previous assertion that they were 90 % certain there was a chest there . Some of the team are in denial about this and insist there is still some point in exploring 10 - X further on the basis that Dan Blankenship has spent so much time on it , it must be the key to the alleged puzzle . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 38 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` About Face '' </Td> <Td> January 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 3.04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Divers are sent to the bottom of borehole C - 1 . Nothing is found . A rock fifty miles from Oak Island is examined . The team decides to do a new examination of borehole 10X . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 39 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Presidential Secrets '' </Td> <Td> January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 3.20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> The new examination of borehole 10X concludes . Equipment failure delays excavation of a new hole . Rick heads to the Franklin D. Roosevelt library to learn why the late President was interested in Oak Island . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 40 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Hyde Park & Seek '' </Td> <Td> January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 3.15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> A cofferdam is built at Smith 's Cove and the beach is excavated . The team debates where the `` money pit '' might have been . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 41 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` One Of Seven '' </Td> <Td> February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 3.24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> The team attempts to decode a cipher and concludes that they only possess 1 / 7th of the cipher . Rocks are found at Smith 's Cove . The investigation of the cove is halted for the year . A man from Arizona claims , without any evidence , that several hundred tons of gold are hidden in tunnels near Oak Island . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 42 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Sticks and Stones '' </Td> <Td> February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 3.20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Rocks are examined on Oak Island . Pieces of wood are carbon dated . The third excavation on the island this season reaches bedrock with nothing found . The team decides to dig another hole . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 43 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Blood is Thicker '' </Td> <Td> February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 3.79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> <P> The final excavation of the season leads to the discovery of scrap metal pieces , a washer , several hex nuts and a button . Season finale featured McGinnis gold cross , iron spike , and other artifacts evaluated by antiques appraiser Dr. Lori Verderame ( Ph. D. - History of Art and Architecture ) . </P> Note : This episode aired as a 2 - hour special . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 44 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Drilling Down '' </Td> <Td> February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 1.72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> <P> The team is interviewed at the end of season . The wood from borehole 10 - X is carbon dated as being from 1670 - 1780 . A new cipher is decoded leading the team to once again believe that there is a `` hatch '' somewhere on the island . The team wants to continue searching the swamp . The team proposes pumping borehole 10 - X dry to enable yet another round of searches . The team wants to search more of the Island with metal detectors in the future . </P> Note : This episode is a special . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 5 ( 2017 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 45 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Forever Family '' </Td> <Td> November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 2.95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> A diver is sent to the bottom of borehole C - 1 . Mud is recovered . A nail is found in an old spoils pile from GAL - 1 . A copper coin is found in the woods near Issac 's Point . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 46 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Dead Man 's Chest '' </Td> <Td> November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 2.98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> The sea chest of a captain who lived in Nova Scotia in the 1780s is examined . Salt water starts coming out the top of borehole C - 1 . Another copper coin is found on the island . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 47 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Obstruction '' </Td> <Td> November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 2.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Two old British copper coins are found in the woods . The Province of Nova Scotia requests that an archaeologist be on site on Oak Island as an adviser to the treasure hunters . Part of a metal spoon and round rocks are discovered under tree stumps . Based on the rocks and the spoon pieces , Marty Lagina concludes that `` something must have happened here '' . A small piece of scrap metal is found in the mud brought up from one of the new boreholes being drilled in the `` money pit '' area . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 48 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Close Call '' </Td> <Td> November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 3.36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Drilling below bedrock , the team discovers a void in the rock . A hose on the drill detaches resulting in a worker falling backward and suffering a minor injury to his wrist . Drilling is halted for over a week . A toy gun is found in the woods and the team launches an investigation of it . Lee Lamb and Richard Restall visit the island . Richard Restall is identified conclusively as the owner of the toy gun . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 49 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Bone Dry '' </Td> <Td> December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 3.16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> An iron spike is found on the beach . Some small pottery fragments are brought up from one of the boreholes . Two human bone fragments were recovered and sent in for testing . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 50 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Remains of the Day '' </Td> <Td> December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 3.01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> A piece of leather is found . Rick Lagina has headaches and a rash . He is later diagnosed as having lyme disease . The team intends to have the previously discovered human bone fragments carbon dated . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 51 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` The Lot Thickens '' </Td> <Td> December 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 3.13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> A theory is presented that Sir Francis Drake is buried on Oak Island in a vault with gold treasure . It is suggested that the lack of any records documenting Drake travelling to Canada is proof that he must have travelled to Canada . A theory is presented that the scrap leather piece found is from a book binding . A patch of ground is excavated and nothing is found . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 52 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Dan 's Breakthrough '' </Td> <Td> January 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 3.31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> The team discovers a horseshoe , a piece of shot and another coin . It is discovered that one of the words on the Zena Halpern map is the name of a French family ( Rochefoucauld ) who participated in the Crusades . The team presents an unsupported theory that Samuel de Champlain was ordered to incorrectly map Nova Scotia to hide Oak Island by Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons at the direction of Rochefoucauld family . The team decides to send several members to France for further investigation of the theory . The testing on the human bone fragments ( found in episode 5 ) indicated that they dated in a range from 1682 AD to 1764 AD . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 53 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` The French Connection '' </Td> <Td> January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 3.02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> A small pottery fragment is found on Lot 24 . It is determined that the rocks found in Season Five Episode 3 are not consistent with the foundation of a house . The team theorizes , without evidence , that there must have been a `` watchtower '' on Lot 24 . In France , the team establishes that there is no connection between the Rochefoucauld family and the Knights Templar . A Zena Halpern map is examined again and it is determined that the English translations of the map done to present have been incorrect . The team looks at cave carvings in France and consults an expert in the Knights Templar . The team observes a pattern in part of a cave carving that they claim is roughly similar to an upside - down image of the Rochefoucauld family coat of arms and conclude that the family must be linked to the Knights Templar . They find a carving of a multi-armed cross and offer an unsupported theory that it is a representation of the `` Tree of Life '' and that it is the same as Nolan 's Cross on the island . A theory is presented that the cave carving may represent an `` earlier version '' of the `` Tree of Life '' . Based on the information discovered in France , the team concludes that the Oak Island swamp should be excavated again . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 54 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` The Signs Of A Cross '' </Td> <Td> January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 3.34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Eight pages of what is alleged to be a transcript of an incomplete log of an unnamed ship are presented . It is claimed , without any evidence , that the log is from a French ship which participated in the Duc d'Anville Nova Scotia expedition of 1746 . More wood , a bone and a metal spike are brought up from a borehole in the money pit area . The shaft excavation reaches an obstruction at 170 feet . A small lead cross is found at Smith 's Cove . It is theorized , with no supporting evidence , that crosses with an attaching loop at the top were used by members of the Knights Templar and that this lead cross dates from the years 1200 to 1600 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 55 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Moving Targets '' </Td> <Td> January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 3.32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> A spoon handle and a piece of brass are found at Smith 's Cove . More pottery fragments , another bone and small bits of leather are found in the material brought up from borehole H8 . The team debates the location of the `` Chappel Vault '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 56 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` A Key to the Mystery '' </Td> <Td> January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 3.25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> The team gains access to Fred Nolan 's survey maps of the island but have difficulty interpreting them . A folding metal key is examined . Searching for a local dumpsite , the team digs a trench on Lot 12 near the former house of Fred Nolan . Pottery fragments are found in the trench . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 57 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Unhinged '' </Td> <Td> February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 3.32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> More pottery fragments and a metal hinge are found at the Nolan dumpsite . A part of the swamp is drained and a wooden stake is found . Zena Halpern is shown a picture of the lead cross and claims it is not a cross , but the symbol of the Phoenician goddess Tanit . She further makes unsupported claims that the cross is around 3200 years old ( dating to 1200 BC ) and that the Knights Templar worshiped Tanit . The drilling of the latest borehole encounters an obstruction at 75 feet . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 58 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` The Templar Connection '' </Td> <Td> February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 2.34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> <P> A history of the Knights Templar is presented along with speculative theories about how they might have been involved with Oak Island . </P> Note : This episode is a special . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 59 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Steel Trapped '' </Td> <Td> February 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 2.99 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Independent researcher Kathleen McGowan Coppens offers an unsupported theory that the lead cross was part of a necklace used by Templars to smuggle gold . She also claims that the country of Canada was named by the Templars after the town of Sarlat - la - Canéda in France . A rusty keyhole plate is found in the woods . On examination , the exposed surface of the drilling obstruction at the money pit appears to be rocks and clay soil . The borehole later fills with water . The team arranges for a diver to go down the borehole . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 60 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Seeing Red '' </Td> <Td> February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 3.02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> An excavation is done at Smith 's cove and wood is found . The team plans for further excavations at Smith 's cove next year . A button claimed to be from the 1700s and an old jewelry fragment are located by metal detector . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 61 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` A Family Album '' </Td> <Td> February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 1.98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> <P> The episode includes accounts of activities on the Oak Island by the McGinnis family , descendants of Samuel Ball , William Chappell 's family , the Restall Family and the family of Robert Dunfield . The Blankenship / Nolan disputes on Oak Island are discussed . The episode ends with a short history of the Lagina brothers ' interest in Oak Island . </P> Note : This episode is a special . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 62 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Amazing Discoveries '' </Td> <Td> March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 2.89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> The gem in the Jewelry fragment found on the island is a Rhodolite Garnet stone of small value . The drilling obstruction in the `` money pit '' borehole is determined by divers to be a granite boulder . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - curse of oak island , the on history '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` History to Premiere New Series ' The Curse of Oak Island ' , 1 / 5 '' . BroadwayWorld . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` History Announces New Series ' The Curse of Oak Island ' '' . Zap2It . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Treasure Hunters : U.P. Natives on History Channel tonight '' . The Mining Journal . Marquette , MI . Associated Press . January 5 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Marty Lagina 's Wiki : Net Worth , Brother , Wife & Facts to Know '' . Earn The Necklace. 2017 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About ' The Curse of Oak Island ' '' . History Channel . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matthes , Ilsa ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` Treasure or Money Pit ? : History Channel Star Visits Escanaba School '' . Daily Press . Escanaba , Michigan . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Conaton , Chris ( January 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Curse of Oak Island ' : Slow Going '' . PopMatters . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History Channel 's Curse of Oak Island gets film funding for Season 4 '' . The Chronicle Herald . 2016 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Facebook , `` Curse of Oak Island '' . Accessed October 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' Blood , Sweat & Heels ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' Thicker Than Water ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' True Detective ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' Shameless ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Shameless ' , ' True Detective ' , ' Girls ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Live From the Red Carpet ' , ' Curse of Oak Island ' , ' Sister Wives ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . 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TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Curse of Oak Island ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Hole Truth Episode Guide '' . history.ca . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : Republican debate sets a Fox Business record '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Pipe Down Episode Guide '' . history.ca . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : ESPN leads quiet primetime , plus ' Curse of Oak Island , ' ' Being Mary Jane ' - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Time To Dig Episode Guide '' . history.ca . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : NBA on TNT leads , plus ' Chrisley Knows Best , ' ' Curse of Oak Island ' - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Overton Stone Episode Guide '' . history.ca . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : It 's a ' Big Bang ' kind of day - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Disappearing Act Episode Guide '' . history.ca . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Family Guy ' leads day , ' Curse of Oak Island ' and ' Moonshiners ' top originals - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Carved In Stone Episode Guide '' . history.ca . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - curse of oak island , the on history - TheFutonCritic.com '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : Republican debate delivers big numbers for CNN '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Missing Peace Episode Guide '' . history.ca . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Curse of Oak Island ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' win the day - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Phantoms of the Deep Episode Guide '' . history.ca . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.29. 2015 '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Curse of Oak Island : Columbus Day '' . history.ca . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.5. 2016 '' . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Silence in the Dark Episode Guide '' . history.ca . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.12. 2016 '' . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Sword Play Episode Guide '' . history.ca . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.19. 2016 '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Curse of Oak Island : Voices From Below '' . history.ca . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.26. 2016 '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.2. 2016 '' . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ history.com , `` The Curse of Oak Island : Season 4 '' . Accessed November 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.29. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.13. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.27. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> MacDonald , David ( 1965 ) . `` Treasure Hunt : The Mystery of Oak Island '' . Reader 's Digest -- via readersdigest.ca . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Official Facebook Page </Li> <Li> The Curse of Oak Island on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> History original programming </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alone </Li> <Li> American Pickers </Li> <Li> American Restoration </Li> <Li> Ancient Aliens </Li> <Li> Counting Cars </Li> <Li> The Curse of Oak Island </Li> <Li> Forged in Fire </Li> <Li> Hunting Hitler </Li> <Li> Ice Road Truckers </Li> <Li> Knightfall </Li> <Li> Mountain Men </Li> <Li> Ozzy & Jack 's World Detour </Li> <Li> Pawn Stars </Li> <Li> Six </Li> <Li> Swamp People </Li> <Li> Vikings </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 20th Century with Mike Wallace </Li> <Li> Appalachian Outlaws </Li> <Li> Alaska Off - Road Warriors </Li> <Li> America Unearthed </Li> <Li> American Eats </Li> <Li> Ancient Discoveries </Li> <Li> Ancients Behaving Badly </Li> <Li> Around the World in 80 Ways </Li> <Li> Ax Men </Li> <Li> Barbarians </Li> <Li> Battle 360 ° </Li> <Li> Battlefield Detectives </Li> <Li> Battles BC </Li> <Li> Big Easy Motors </Li> <Li> Big Rig Bounty Hunters </Li> <Li> Big Shrimpin ' </Li> <Li> Billion Dollar Wreck </Li> <Li> Boneyard </Li> <Li> Brad Meltzer 's Decoded </Li> <Li> Breaking Vegas </Li> <Li> Cajun Pawn Stars </Li> <Li> Cities of the Underworld </Li> <Li> Civil War Combat </Li> <Li> Clash of the Gods </Li> <Li> The Conquerors </Li> <Li> Conquest </Li> <Li> The Crusades : Crescent and the Cross </Li> <Li> Decisive Battles </Li> <Li> Declassified </Li> <Li> Decoding the Past </Li> <Li> Deep Sea Detectives </Li> <Li> Digging for the Truth </Li> <Li> Dogfights </Li> <Li> Down East Dickering </Li> <Li> Engineering an Empire </Li> <Li> Evolve </Li> <Li> Expedition Africa </Li> <Li> Extreme Trains </Li> <Li> Food Tech </Li> <Li> Full Metal Jousting </Li> <Li> Gangland </Li> <Li> Gangland Undercover </Li> <Li> Great Minds with Dan Harmon </Li> <Li> Greatest Tank Battles </Li> <Li> God , Guns & Automobiles </Li> <Li> Great Lake Warriors </Li> <Li> Hairy Bikers </Li> <Li> Haunted History </Li> <Li> The History of Sex </Li> <Li> History 's Business </Li> <Li> History 's Lost & Found </Li> <Li> History 's Mysteries </Li> <Li> How the Earth Was Made </Li> <Li> How the States Got Their Shapes </Li> <Li> Human Weapon </Li> <Li> Ice Pilots NWT </Li> <Li> Join or Die with Craig Ferguson </Li> <Li> Jurassic Fight Club </Li> <Li> Last Stand of the 300 </Li> <Li> Life After People </Li> <Li> The Lost Evidence </Li> <Li> Lost in Transmission </Li> <Li> Lost Worlds </Li> <Li> MadHouse </Li> <Li> Mail Call </Li> <Li> Man , Moment , Machine </Li> <Li> Mega Disasters </Li> <Li> Mega Movers </Li> <Li> Military Blunders </Li> <Li> Modern Marvels ( episodes ) </Li> <Li> MonsterQuest </Li> <Li> Monumental Challenge </Li> <Li> The Most </Li> <Li> Mounted in Alaska </Li> <Li> MysteryQuest </Li> <Li> Nostradamus Effect </Li> <Li> Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy </Li> <Li> Patton 360 ° </Li> <Li> Pawnography </Li> <Li> Prehistoric Megastorms </Li> <Li> The Presidents </Li> <Li> Reel to Real </Li> <Li> Rome : Rise and Fall of an Empire </Li> <Li> Save Our History </Li> <Li> Shark Wranglers </Li> <Li> Shootout </Li> <Li> Shockwave </Li> <Li> Sliced </Li> <Li> The States </Li> <Li> Stan Lee 's Superhumans </Li> <Li> Surviving History </Li> <Li> Tactical to Practical </Li> <Li> Tales of the Gun </Li> <Li> That 's Impossible </Li> <Li> Top Gear </Li> <Li> Top Guns </Li> <Li> Top Shot </Li> <Li> Tougher In Alaska </Li> <Li> UFO Files </Li> <Li> UFO Hunters </Li> <Li> United Stats of America </Li> <Li> The Universe </Li> <Li> Warriors </Li> <Li> Weird U.S. </Li> <Li> Wild West Tech </Li> <Li> The XY Factor </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Upcoming </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blue Book </Li> <Li> The Commanders </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Curse_of_Oak_Island&oldid=832882458 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2014 American television series debuts </Li> <Li> History ( U.S. TV channel ) original programs </Li> <Li> English - 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where is the tv show the curse of oak island filmed

Gallbladder - Wikipedia <H1> Gallbladder </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 18 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Gallbladder </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The gallbladder sits beneath the liver . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Precursor </Th> <Td> Foregut </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> System </Th> <Td> Digestive system </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Artery </Th> <Td> Cystic artery </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vein </Th> <Td> Cystic vein </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nerve </Th> <Td> Celiac ganglia , Vagus nerve </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> Vesica biliaris , vesica fellea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MeSH </Th> <Td> A03. 159.439 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dorlands / Elsevier </Th> <Td> 12383343 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TA </Th> <Td> A05. 8.02. 001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FMA </Th> <Td> 7202 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In vertebrates , the gallbladder is a small hollow organ where bile is stored and concentrated before it is released into the small intestine . In humans , the pear - shaped gallbladder lies beneath the liver , although the structure and position of the gallbladder can vary significantly among animal species . It receives and stores bile , produced by the liver , via the common hepatic duct , and releases it via the common bile duct into the duodenum , where the bile helps in the digestion of fats . </P> <P> The gallbladder can be affected by gallstones , formed by material that can not be dissolved -- usually cholesterol or bilirubin , a product of haemoglobin breakdown . These may cause significant pain , particularly in the right upper corner of the abdomen , and are often treated with removal of the gallbladder called a cholecystectomy . Cholecystitis , inflammation of the gallbladder , has a wide range of causes , including result from the impaction of gallstones , infection , and autoimmune disease . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Microanatomy </Li> <Li> 1.2 Variation </Li> <Li> 1.3 Development </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Function </Li> <Li> 3 Clinical significance <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Gallstones </Li> <Li> 3.2 Inflammation </Li> <Li> 3.3 Gallbladder removal </Li> <Li> 3.4 Cancer </Li> <Li> 3.5 Tests </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Society and culture </Li> <Li> 5 Other animals </Li> <Li> 6 History </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> <P> The gallbladder is a hollow organ that sits in a shallow depression below the right lobe of the liver , that is grey - blue in life . In adults , the gallbladder measures approximately 7 to 10 centimetres ( 2.8 to 3.9 inches ) in length and 4 centimetres ( 1.6 in ) in diameter when fully distended . The gallbladder has a capacity of about 50 millilitres ( 1.8 imperial fluid ounces ) . </P> <P> The gallbladder is shaped like a pear , with its tip opening into the cystic duct . The gallbladder is divided into three sections : the fundus , body , and neck . The fundus is the rounded base , angled so that it faces the abdominal wall . The body lies in a depression in the surface of the lower liver . The neck tapers and is continuous with the cystic duct , part of the biliary tree . The gallbladder fossa , against which the fundus and body of the gallbladder lie , is found beneath the junction of hepatic segments IVB and V . The cystic duct unites with the common hepatic duct to become the common bile duct . At the junction of the neck of the gallbladder and the cystic duct , there is an out - pouching of the gallbladder wall forming a mucosal fold known as `` Hartmann 's pouch '' . </P> <H3> Microanatomy ( edit ) </H3> Micrograph of a normal gallbladder wall . H&E stain . <P> The gallbladder wall is composed of a number of layers . The gallbladder wall 's innermost surface is lined by a single layer of columnar cells with a brush border of microvilli , very similar to intestinal absorptive cells . Underneath the epithelium is an underlying lamina propria , a muscular layer , an outer perimuscular layer and serosa . Unlike elsewhere in the intestinal tract , the gallbladder does not have a muscularis mucosae , and the muscular fibres are not arranged in distinct layers . </P> <P> The mucosa , the inner portion of the gallbladder wall , consists of a lining of a single layer of columnar cells , with cells possessing small hair - like attachments called microvilli . This sits on a thin layer of connective tissue , the lamina propria . The mucosa is curved and collected into tiny outpouchings called rugae . </P> <P> A muscular layer sits beneath the mucosa . This is formed by smooth muscle , with fibres that lie in longitudinal , oblique and transverse directions , and are not arranged in separate layers . The muscle fibres here contract to expel bile from the gallbladder . A distinctive feature of the gallbladder is the presence of Rokitansky -- Aschoff sinuses , deep outpouchings of the mucosa that can extend through the muscular layer . The muscular layer is surrounded by a layer of connective and fat tissue . </P> <P> The outer layer of the fundus of gallbladder , and the surfaces not in contact with the liver , are covered by a thick serosa , which is exposed to the peritoneum . The serosa contains blood vessels and lymphatics . The surfaces in contact with the liver are covered in connective tissue . </P> <H3> Variation ( edit ) </H3> <P> The gallbladder varies in size , shape , and position between different people . Rarely , two or even three gallbladders may coexist , either as separate bladders draining into the cystic duct , or sharing a common branch that drains into the cystic duct . Additionally , the gallbladder may fail to form at all . Gallbladders with two lobes separated by a septum may also exist . These abnormalities are not likely to affect function and are generally asymptomatic . </P> <P> The location of the gallbladder in relation to the liver may also vary , with documented variants including gallbladders found within , above , on the left side of , behind , and detached or suspended from the liver . Such variants are very rare : from 1886 to 1998 , only 110 cases of left - lying liver , or less than one per year , were reported in scientific literature . </P> <P> An anatomical variation can occur , known as a Phrygian cap , which is an innocuous fold in the fundus , named after its resemblance to the Phrygian cap . </P> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> The gallbladder develops from an endodermal outpouching of the embryonic gut tube . Early in development , the human embryo has three germ layers and abuts an embryonic yolk sac . During the second week of embryogenesis , as the embryo grows , it begins to surround and envelop portions of this sac . The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract . Sections of this foregut begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract , such as the esophagus , stomach , and intestines . </P> <P> During the fourth week of embryological development , the stomach rotates . The stomach , originally lying in the midline of the embryo , rotates so that its body is on the left . This rotation also affects the part of the gastrointestinal tube immediately below the stomach , which will go on to become the duodenum . By the end of the fourth week , the developing duodenum begins to spout a small outpouching on its right side , the hepatic diverticulum , which will go on to become the biliary tree . Just below this is a second outpouching , known as the cystic diverticulum , that will eventually develop into the gallbladder . </P> <H2> Function ( edit ) </H2> 1 . Bile ducts : 2 . Intrahepatic bile ducts , 3 . Left and right hepatic ducts , 4 . Common hepatic duct , 5 . Cystic duct , 6 . Common bile duct , 7 . Ampulla of Vater , 8 . Major duodenal papilla 9 . Gallbladder , 10 -- 11 . Right and left lobes of liver . 12 . Spleen . 13 . Esophagus. 14 . Stomach . 15 . Pancreas : 16 . Accessory pancreatic duct , 17 . Pancreatic duct . 18 . Small intestine : 19 . Duodenum , 20 . Jejunum 21 -- 22 . Right and left kidneys . The front border of the liver has been lifted up ( brown arrow ) . <P> The main purpose of the gallbladder is to store bile , also called gall , needed for the digestion of fats in food . Produced by the liver , bile flows through small vessels into the larger hepatic ducts and ultimately though the cystic duct ( parts of the biliary tree ) into the gallbladder , where it is stored . At any one time , 30 to 60 millilitres ( 1.0 to 2.0 US fl oz ) of bile is stored within the gallbladder . </P> <P> When food containing fat enters the digestive tract , it stimulates the secretion of cholecystokinin ( CCK ) from I cells of the duodenum and jejunum . In response to cholecystokinin , the gallbladder rhythmically contracts and releases its contents into the common bile duct , eventually draining into the duodenum . The bile emulsifies fats in partly digested food , thereby assisting their absorption . Bile consists primarily of water and bile salts , and also acts as a means of eliminating bilirubin , a product of hemoglobin metabolism , from the body . </P> <P> The bile that is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder is not the same as the bile that is secreted by the gallbladder . During gallbladder storage of bile , it is concentrated by removal of some water and electrolytes . This is through the active transport of sodium ions across the epithelium of the gallbladder , which creates an osmotic pressure that also causes water and other electrolytes such as chloride to be reabsorbed . </P> <H2> Clinical significance ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Gallbladder disease <H3> Gallstones ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Gallstones <P> Gallstones form when the bile is saturated , usually with either cholesterol or bilirubin . Most gallstones do not cause symptoms , with stones either remaining in the gallbladder or passed along the biliary system . When symptoms occur , severe `` colicky '' pain in the upper right part of the abdomen is often felt . If the stone blocks the gallbladder , inflammation known as cholecystitis may result . If the stone lodges in the biliary system , jaundice may occur ; and if the stone blocks the pancreatic duct , then pancreatitis may occur . Gallstones are diagnosed using ultrasound . When a symptomatic gallstone occurs , it is often managed by waiting it to be passed naturally . Given the likelihood of recurrent gallstones , surgery to remove the gallbladder is often considered . Some medication , such as ursodeoxycholic acid , may be used ; and lithotripsy , a procedure used to break down the stones , may also be used . </P> <H3> Inflammation ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Cholecystitis <P> Known as cholecystitis , inflammation of the gallbladder is commonly caused by obstruction of the duct with gallstones , which is known as cholelithiasis . Blocked bile accumulates , and pressure on the gallbladder wall may lead to the release of substances that cause inflammation , such as phospholipase . There is also the risk of bacterial infection . An inflamed gallbladder is likely to cause pain and fever , and tenderness in the upper , right corner of the abdomen , and may have a positive Murphy 's sign . Cholecystitis is often managed with rest and antibiotics , particularly cephalosporins and , in severe cases , metronidazole . </P> <H3> Gallbladder removal ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Cholecystectomy <P> A cholecystectomy is a procedure in which the gallbladder is removed . It may be removed because of recurrent gallstones , and is considered an elective procedure . A cholecystectomy may be an open procedure , or one conducted by laparoscopy . In the surgery , the gallbladder is removed from the neck to the fundus , and so bile will drain directly from the liver into the biliary tree . About 30 percent of patients may experience some degree of indigestion following the procedure , although severe complications are much rarer . About 10 percent of surgeries lead to a chronic condition of postcholecystectomy syndrome . </P> <H3> Cancer ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Gallbladder carcinoma <P> Cancer of the gallbladder is uncommon and mostly occurs in later life . When cancer occurs , it is mostly of the glands lining the surface of the gallbladder ( adenocarcinoma ) . Gallstones are thought to be linked to the formation of cancer , and other risk factors include large ( > 1 cm ) gallbladder polyps and having a highly calcified `` porcelain '' gallbladder . </P> <P> Cancer of the gallbladder can cause attacks of biliary pain , yellowing of the skin ( jaundice ) , and weight loss . A large gallbladder may be able to felt in the abdomen . Liver function tests may be elevated , particularly involving GGT and ALP , with ultrasound and CT scans being considered medical imaging investigations of choice . Cancer of the gallbladder is managed by removing the gallbladder , however As of 2010 the prognosis remains poor . </P> <P> Cancer of the gallbladder may also be found incidentally after surgical removal of the gallbladder , with 1 - 3 % of cancers identified in this way . Gallbladder polyps are mostly benign growths or lesions resembling growths that form in the gallbladder wall , and are only associated with cancer when they are larger in size ( > 1 cm ) . Cholesterol polyps , often associated with cholesterolosis ( `` strawberry gallbladder '' , a change in the gallbladder wall due to excess cholesterol. ) Such polyps often cause no symptoms and so are often detected in this way . </P> <H3> Tests ( edit ) </H3> An ultrasound showing the gallbladder ( central dark area ) with a large gallstone ( white circular area found near the middle ) . <P> Tests used to investigate for gallbladder disease include blood tests and medical imaging . A full blood count may reveal an increased white cell count suggestive of inflammation or infection . Tests such as bilirubin and liver function tests may reveal if there is inflammation linked to the biliary tree or gallbladder , and whether this is associated with inflammation of the liver , and a lipase or amylase may be elvated if there is pancreatitis . Bilirubin may rise when there is obstruction of the flow of bile . A CA 19 - 9 level may be taken to investigate for cholangiocarcinoma . </P> <P> Ultrasound is often the first medical imaging test performed when gallbladder disease such as gallstones are suspected . An abdominal X-ray or CT scan is another form of imaging that may be used to examine the gallbladder and surrounding organs . Other imaging options include MRCP ( magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography ) , ERCP and percutaneous or intraoperative cholangiography . A cholescintigraphy scan is a nuclear imaging procedure used to assess the condition of the gallbladder . </P> <H2> Society and Culture ( edit ) </H2> <P> To have ' gall ' is associated with bold behaviour , whereas to have ' bile ' is associated with bitterness . </P> <P> In the Chinese language , the gallbladder ( Chinese : 膽 ) is associated with courage and a myriad of related idioms , including using terms such as `` a body completely ( of ) gall '' ( Chinese : 渾身 是 膽 ) to describe a brave person , and `` single gallbladder hero '' ( Chinese : 孤膽 英雄 ) to describe a lone hero . </P> <P> In the Zangfu theory of Chinese medicine , the gallbladder not only has a digestive role , but is seen as the seat of decision - making . </P> <H2> Other animals ( edit ) </H2> <P> Most vertebrates have gallbladders , but the form and arrangement of the bile ducts may vary considerably . In many species , for example , there are several separate ducts running to the intestine , rather than the single common bile duct found in humans . Several species of mammals ( including horses , deer , rats , and laminoids ) , several species of birds , lampreys and all invertebrates lack a gallbladder altogether . </P> <P> The bile from several species of bears is used in Traditional Chinese medicine ; bile bears are kept alive in captivity while their bile is painfully extracted , in an industry characterized by animal cruelty . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Depictions of the gallbladder and biliary tree are found in Babylonian models found from 2000 BCE , and in ancient Etruscan model from 200 BCE , with models associated with divine worship . </P> <P> Diseases of the gallbladder have affected humans since antiquity , with gallstones found in the mummy of Princess Amenen of Thebes dating to 1500 BCE . Some historians believe the death of Alexander the Great may have been associated with an acute episode of cholecystitis . The existence of the gallbladder has been noted since the 5th century , but it is only relatively recently that the function and the diseases of the gallbladder has been documented , particularly in the last two centuries . </P> <P> The first descriptions of gallstones appear to have been in the Renaissance , perhaps because of the low incidence of gallstones in earlier times owing to a diet with more cereals and vegetables , and less meat . Anthonius Benevinius in 1506 was the first to draw a connection between symptoms and the presence of gallstones . Courvoisier after examining a number of cases in 1890 that gave rise to the eponymous Courvoisier 's law stating that in an enlarged , nontender gallbladder , the cause of jaundice is unlikely to be gallstones . </P> <P> The first surgical removal of a gallstone ( cholecystolithotomy ) was in 1676 by physician Joenisius , who removed the stones from a spontaneously occurring biliary fistula . Stough Hobbs in 1867 performed the first recorded cholecystotomy , although such an operation was in fact described earlier by French surgeon Jean Louis Petit in the mid eighteenth century . German surgeon Carl Langenbuch performed the first cholecystectomy in 1882 for a sufferer of cholelithiasis . Before this , surgery had focused on creating a fistula for drainage of gallstones . Langenbuch reasoned that given several other species of mammal has no gallbladder , humans could survive without one . </P> <P> The debate whether surgical removal of the gallbladder or simply gallstones was preferred was settled in the 1920s , with consensus that removal of the gallbladder was preferred . It was only in the mid and late parts of the twentieth century that medical imaging techniques such as use of contrast medium and CT scans were used to view the gallbladder . The first laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed by Erich Mühe of Germany in 1985 , although French surgeons Phillipe Mouret and Francois Dubois are often credited for their operations in 1987 and 1988 respectively . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Medicine portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Enterohepatic circulation </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Ginsburg , Ph. D. , J.N. ( August 22 , 2005 ) . `` Control of Gastrointestinal Function '' . In Thomas M. Nosek , Ph. D. Gastrointestinal Physiology . Essentials of Human Physiology . Augusta , Georgia , United State : Medical College of Georgia . pp. p. 30 . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gray 's Anatomy 2008 , p. 1187 - 81 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jon W. Meilstrup ( 1994 ) . Imaging Atlas of the Normal Gallbladder and Its Variants . Boca Raton : CRC Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 4788 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nagral , Sanjay ( 2005 ) . `` Anatomy relevant to cholecystectomy '' . Journal of Minimal Access Surgery . 1 ( 2 ) : 53 . doi : 10.4103 / 0972 - 9941.16527 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shakelford 's Surgery of Alimentary Tract , ed. 7 . 2013 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Young , Barbara ; et al. ( 2006 ) . Wheater 's functional histology : a text and colour atlas ( 5th ed . ) . ( Edinburgh ? ) : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . p. 298 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06850 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ross , M. ; Pawlina , W. ( 2011 ) . Histology : A Text and Atlas ( 6th ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 646 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7200 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leeuw , Th. G. ; Verbeek , P.C.M. ; Rauws , E.A.J. ; Gouma , D.J. ( September 1995 ) . `` A double or bilobar gallbladder as a cause of severe complications after ( laparoscopic ) cholecystectomy '' . Surgical Endoscopy. 9 ( 9 ) : 998 -- 1000 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00188459 . PMID 7482221 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Segura - Sampedro , JJ ; Navarro - Sánchez , A ; Ashrafian , H ; Martínez - Isla , A ( February 2015 ) . `` Laparoscopic approach to the intrahepatic gallbladder . A case report '' . Revista espanola de enfermedades digestivas : organo oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Patologia Digestiva. 107 ( 2 ) : 122 -- 3 . PMID 25659400 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dhulkotia , A ; Kumar , S ; Kabra , V ; Shukla , HS ( March 1 , 2002 ) . `` Aberrant gallbladder situated beneath the left lobe of liver '' . HPB. 4 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 42 . doi : 10.1080 / 136518202753598726 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Naganuma , S. ; Ishida , H. ; Konno , K. ; Hamashima , Y. ; Hoshino , T. ; Naganuma , H. ; Komatsuda , T. ; Ohyama , Y. ; Yamada , N. ; Ishida , J. ; Masamune , O. ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sonographic findings of anomalous position of the gallbladder '' . Abdominal Imaging. 23 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 72 . doi : 10.1007 / s002619900287 . PMID 9437066 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meilstrup JW ; Hopper KD ; Thieme GA ( December 1991 ) . `` Imaging of gallbladder variants '' . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 157 ( 6 ) : 1205 -- 8 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 157.6. 1950867 . PMID 1950867 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gary C. Schoenwolf ; et al. ( 2009 ) . Larsen 's human embryology ( Thoroughly rev. and updated 4th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. `` Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract '' . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06811 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ editor - in - chief , Susan Standring ; section editors , Neil R. Borley ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Gray 's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice ( 40th ed . ) . London : Churchill Livingstone . pp. 1163 , 1177 , 1185 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2371 - 8 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hall , Arthur C. Guyton , John E. ( 2005 ) . Textbook of medical physiology ( 11th ed . ) . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders . pp. 802 -- 804 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7216 - 0240 - 0 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Cholelithiasis - Hepatic and Biliary Disorders - MSD Manual Professional Edition '' . MSD Manual Professional Edition . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Britton , the editors Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. 977 -- 984 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neri V ; Ambrosi A ; Fersini A ; Tartaglia N ; Valentino TP ( 2007 ) . `` Antegrade dissection in laparoscopic cholecystectomy '' . JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons / Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons. 11 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 8 . PMC 3015719 . PMID 17761085 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ nhs.uk , Complications of a gallbladder removal </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gallbladder Polyps '' . MayoClinic . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Strawberry gallbladder -- cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` HIDA scan - Overview '' . Mayo Clinic . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J.A. Simpson ( 1989 ) . The Oxford English dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . gall , bile . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 861186 - 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Yu , Ning ( January 1 , 2003 ) . `` Metaphor , Body , and Culture : The Chinese Understanding of Gallbladder and Courage '' . Metaphor and Symbol. 18 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 31 . doi : 10.1207 / S15327868MS1801_2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2008 . Guanaco : Lama guanicoe , GlobalTwitcher.com , ed . N. Strömberg Archived March 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Higashiyama , H ; Sumitomo , H ; Ozawa , A ; Igarashi , H ; Tsunekawa , N ; Kurohmaru , M ; Kanai , Y ( 2016 ) . `` Anatomy of the Murine Hepatobiliary System : A Whole - Organ - Level Analysis Using a Transparency Method '' . The Anatomical Record . 299 ( 2 ) : 161 -- 172 . doi : 10.1002 / ar. 23287 . PMID 26559382 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . p. 355 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Actman , Jani ( 5 May 2016 ) . `` Inside the Disturbing World of Bear - Bile Farming '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hance , Jeremy ( 9 April 2015 ) . `` Is the end of ' house of horror ' bear bile factories in sight ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Eachempati , Soumitra R. ; II , R. Lawrence Reed ( 2015 ) . Acute Cholecystitis . Springer . pp. 1 -- 16 . ISBN 9783319148243 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jarnagin , William R. ( 2012 ) . Blumgart 's Surgery of the Liver , Pancreas and Biliary Tract E-Book : Expert Consult - Online . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 511 . ISBN 1455746061 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bateson , M.C. ( 2012 ) . Gallstone Disease and its Management . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 9789400941731 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds , Walker ( January -- March 2001 ) . `` The First Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy '' . Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic surgeons. 5 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 94 . </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Books </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> editor - in - chief , Susan Standring ; section editors , Neil R. Borley ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Gray 's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice ( 40th ed . ) . London : Churchill Livingstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2371 - 8 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gallbladder . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Diagram of Human Stomach and Gallbladder -- Human Anatomy Online dd , MyHealthScore.com . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Anatomy of the liver , pancreas and biliary tree </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Liver </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bare area </Li> <Li> Cantlie line </Li> <Li> Ligamentum venosum </Li> <Li> Porta hepatis </Li> <Li> Round ligament </Li> <Li> Lobes of liver <Ul> <Li> Caudate </Li> <Li> Quadrate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fibrous capsule of Glisson </Li> <Li> Perisinusoidal space </Li> <Li> Liver sinusoid <Ul> <Li> Periportal space </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Portal triad </Li> <Li> Lobules of liver </Li> <Li> Liver segment </Li> <Li> Microanatomy <Ul> <Li> Hepatocyte </Li> <Li> Hepatic stellate cell </Li> <Li> Kupffer cell </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Biliary tract </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Bile ducts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Intrahepatic bile ducts <Ul> <Li> Bile canaliculus </Li> <Li> Canals of Hering </Li> <Li> Interlobular </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Left hepatic duct </Li> <Li> Right hepatic duct </Li> <Li> Common hepatic duct </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gallbladder </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cystic duct </Li> <Li> Common bile duct </Li> <Li> Ampulla of Vater <Ul> <Li> Sphincter of Oddi </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cells <Ul> <Li> Cholecystocyte </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pancreas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gross <Ul> <Li> Tail </Li> <Li> Body </Li> <Li> Neck </Li> <Li> Head ( Uncinate process ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ducts <Ul> <Li> main </Li> <Li> accessory </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Microanatomy <Ul> <Li> Pancreatic islets </Li> <Li> Centroacinar cell </Li> <Li> Stellate cell </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4071544 - 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where is gall bladder situated in human body

Director of the United States Mint - wikipedia <H1> Director of the United States Mint </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Seal of the United States Mint . <P> The Director of the United States Mint is the head of the United States Mint . The position is currently vacant . Since January 20 , 2017 , the senior career official at the Mint has been Acting Principal Deputy Director David Motl . </P> <P> The office of Director has existed since the creation of the Mint by the Coinage Act of 1792 . Initially appointed serving at the pleasure of the President of the United States , the Coinage Act of 1873 specified a five - year term for Directors . The Director operates with general directions provided by the United States Secretary of the Treasury . </P> <P> Since the resignation of Edmund C. Moy in 2011 the mint has been without an official director . Initially Matthew Rhett Jeppson was nominated by US President Barack Obama to become the mint 's 39th director and was given the temporary title of principal deputy director , however the nomination was never confirmed by the Senate . Jeppson stepped down as principal deputy director in January 2017 , being replaced by Acting Principal Deputy Director David Motl . </P> <H2> List of Directors of the United States Mint ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Assumed Office </Th> <Th> Left Office </Th> <Th> President Appointed By </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> David Rittenhouse </Td> <Td> April 1792 </Td> <Td> June 1795 </Td> <Td> George Washington </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Henry William de Saussure </Td> <Td> July 1795 </Td> <Td> October 1795 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elias Boudinot </Td> <Td> October 1795 </Td> <Td> July 1805 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert Patterson </Td> <Td> January 1806 </Td> <Td> July 1824 </Td> <Td> Thomas Jefferson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Samuel Moore </Td> <Td> July 1824 </Td> <Td> July 1835 </Td> <Td> James Monroe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert M. Patterson </Td> <Td> May 1835 </Td> <Td> July 1851 </Td> <Td> Andrew Jackson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George Nicholas Eckert </Td> <Td> July 1851 </Td> <Td> April 1853 </Td> <Td> Millard Fillmore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thomas M. Pettit </Td> <Td> April 1853 </Td> <Td> May 1853 </Td> <Td> Franklin Pierce </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Ross Snowden </Td> <Td> June 1853 </Td> <Td> May 1861 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Pollock </Td> <Td> May 1861 </Td> <Td> September 1866 </Td> <Td> Abraham Lincoln </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Millward </Td> <Td> October 1866 </Td> <Td> April 1867 </Td> <Td> Andrew Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Henry Linderman </Td> <Td> April 1867 </Td> <Td> May 1869 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Pollock </Td> <Td> May 1869 </Td> <Td> March 1873 </Td> <Td> Ulysses S. Grant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Henry Linderman </Td> <Td> April 1873 </Td> <Td> December 1878 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Horatio C. Burchard </Td> <Td> February 1879 </Td> <Td> June 1885 </Td> <Td> Rutherford B. Hayes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James P. Kimball </Td> <Td> July 1885 </Td> <Td> October 1889 </Td> <Td> Grover Cleveland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edward O. Leech </Td> <Td> October 1889 </Td> <Td> May 1893 </Td> <Td> Benjamin Harrison </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert E. Preston </Td> <Td> November 1893 </Td> <Td> February 1898 </Td> <Td> Grover Cleveland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George E. Roberts </Td> <Td> February 1898 </Td> <Td> July 1907 </Td> <Td> William McKinley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank A. Leach </Td> <Td> September 1907 </Td> <Td> August 1909 </Td> <Td> Theodore Roosevelt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A. Piatt Andrew </Td> <Td> November 1909 </Td> <Td> June 1910 </Td> <Td> William Howard Taft </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George E. Roberts </Td> <Td> July 1910 </Td> <Td> November 1914 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert W. Woolley </Td> <Td> March 1915 </Td> <Td> July 1916 </Td> <Td> Woodrow Wilson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> F.H. von Engelken </Td> <Td> September 1916 </Td> <Td> March 1917 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Raymond T. Baker </Td> <Td> March 1917 </Td> <Td> March 1922 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank Edgar Scobey </Td> <Td> March 1922 </Td> <Td> September 1923 </Td> <Td> Warren G. Harding </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert J. Grant </Td> <Td> November 1923 </Td> <Td> May 1933 </Td> <Td> Calvin Coolidge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nellie Tayloe Ross </Td> <Td> May 1933 </Td> <Td> April 1953 </Td> <Td> Franklin D. Roosevelt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William H. Brett </Td> <Td> July 1954 </Td> <Td> January 1961 </Td> <Td> Dwight D. Eisenhower </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eva Adams </Td> <Td> October 1961 </Td> <Td> August 1969 </Td> <Td> John F. Kennedy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mary Brooks </Td> <Td> September 1969 </Td> <Td> February 1977 </Td> <Td> Richard Nixon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stella Hackel Sims </Td> <Td> November 1977 </Td> <Td> April 1981 </Td> <Td> Jimmy Carter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Donna Pope </Td> <Td> July 1981 </Td> <Td> August 1991 </Td> <Td> Ronald Reagan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> David J. Ryder </Td> <Td> September 1992 </Td> <Td> November 1993 </Td> <Td> George H.W. Bush </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philip N. Diehl </Td> <Td> June 1994 </Td> <Td> March 2000 </Td> <Td> Bill Clinton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jay W. Johnson </Td> <Td> May 2000 </Td> <Td> August 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Henrietta H. Fore </Td> <Td> August 2001 </Td> <Td> August 2005 </Td> <Td> George W. Bush </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edmund C. Moy </Td> <Td> September 2006 </Td> <Td> January 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> David J. Ryder </Td> <Td> April 2018 </Td> <Td> Incumbent </Td> <Td> Donald Trump </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ About the Mint at usmint.gov ( retrieved 20 April 2015 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gilkes , Paul ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` Rhett Jeppson leaves U.S. Mint as principal deputy director '' . coinworld.com . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Director 's Office '' . US Mint . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Director_of_the_United_States_Mint&oldid=836791366 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Directors of the United States Mint </Li> <Li> United States Department of the Treasury </Li> <Li> 1792 establishments in the United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 21 : 26 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

who is the current director of the us mint

Do n't Lose My Number - wikipedia <H1> Do n't Lose My Number </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Do n't Lose My Number '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Phil Collins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album No Jacket Required </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` We Said Hello Goodbye '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 30 May 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 `` , 12 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Pop rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Atlantic , Virgin Records </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Phil Collins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Phil Collins , Hugh Padgham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Phil Collins singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Sussudio '' ( 1985 ) </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Lose My Number '' ( 1985 ) </Td> <Td> `` Take Me Home '' ( 1985 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Sussudio '' ( 1985 ) </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Lose My Number '' ( 1985 ) </Td> <Td> `` Take Me Home '' ( 1985 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Do n't Lose My Number '' is a song by Phil Collins from his third solo album No Jacket Required . The single was not released in the UK , though it peaked at No. 4 in the U.S. in September 1985 . The B - side , `` We Said Hello Goodbye '' was released as a bonus track on the CD for No Jacket Required . In Australia , the single was released with the title `` ( Billy ) Do n't Lose My Number '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Music video </Li> <Li> 3 Track listing <Ul> <Li> 3.1 7 `` : Atlantic / 7 - 89536 ( US ) </Li> <Li> 3.2 7 `` : WEA / 7 - 259001 ( Australia ) </Li> <Li> 3.3 12 `` : Atlantic / 0 - 86863 ( US ) </Li> <Li> 3.4 12 `` : WEA / 0 - 259001 ( Australia ) </Li> <Li> 3.5 CD : WEA International / WPCR 2063 ( Japan ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Charts </Li> <Li> 5 Personnel </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song is about a young man named Billy whom the singer is hoping to find , and also hoping that Billy still has the singer 's number . The song describes Billy being pursued by some shadowy organization , as he flees from some accidental crime . Collins has said that he actually wrote most of the song during the recordings for his debut solo album , Face Value . Collins also states that the lyrics were improvised , and that he himself does not fully understand what they mean . Stephen Holden of the New York Times also agreed that the lyrics were very `` vague , sketching the outlines of a melodrama but withholding the full story '' . </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> Collins did not know what he would use as a video theme for `` Do n't Lose My Number '' , so he decided to create a video showing his decision process in selecting a theme for it . In the video , Collins talks to various `` directors '' , who all give him bad ideas for the video . Their suggestions allow Collins to parody several other music videos of the time , including videos by David Lee Roth ( `` California Girls '' ) , Elton John ( `` I 'm Still Standing '' ) , The Police ( `` Every Breath You Take '' ) , and The Cars ( `` You Might Think '' ) , as well as movies such as Mad Max 2 and various samurai movies and Westerns . </P> <H2> Track listing ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 7 `` : Atlantic / 7 - 89536 ( US ) ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> `` Do n't Lose My Number '' ( 4 : 46 ) </Li> <Li> `` We Said Hello Goodbye '' ( 4 : 15 ) </Li> </Ol> <H3> 7 `` : WEA / 7 - 259001 ( Australia ) ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> `` ( Billy ) Do n't Lose My Number '' ( 4 : 46 ) </Li> <Li> `` We Said Hello Goodbye '' ( 4 : 15 ) </Li> </Ol> <H3> 12 `` : Atlantic / 0 - 86863 ( US ) ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> `` Do n't Lose My Number '' ( Extended Mix ) ( 6 : 36 ) </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Lose My Number '' ( LP Version ) ( 4 : 46 ) </Li> <Li> `` We Said Hello Goodbye '' ( 4 : 15 ) </Li> </Ol> <H3> 12 `` : WEA / 0 - 259001 ( Australia ) ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> `` ( Billy ) Do n't Lose My Number '' ( Extended Mix ) ( 6 : 36 ) </Li> <Li> `` We Said Hello Goodbye '' ( 4 : 15 ) </Li> </Ol> <H3> CD : WEA International / WPCR 2063 ( Japan ) ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> `` Do n't Lose My Number ( Edit ) '' ( 4 : 11 ) </Li> <Li> `` We Said Hello Goodbye '' ( 4 : 15 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1985 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( Kent Music Report ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dutch Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( RIANZ ) </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Phil Collins : vocals , keyboards , drums , LinnDrum </Li> <Li> Daryl Stuermer : guitars </Li> <Li> Lee Sklar : bass </Li> <Li> David Frank : additional keyboards </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` allmusic ( ( ( No Jacket Required > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles ) ) ) '' . allmusic . Retrieved 19 September 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Phil Collins -- ( Billy ) Do n't Lose My Number '' . discogs.com . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Readers ' Poll : The 10 Best Phil Collins Songs '' . Rolling Stone . 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( 7 April 1985 ) . `` Phil Collins : Pop Music 's Answer to Alfred Hitchcock '' . New York Times . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( 2 November 1986 ) . `` HOME VIDEO ; Recent Releases Of Video Cassettes : Photos and ' White Suit ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . St. Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. the Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between mid 1983 and 19 June 1988 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Phil Collins -- Do n't Lose My Number ( Official Music Video ) on YouTube </Li> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Phil Collins songs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Face Value </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` In the Air Tonight '' </Li> <Li> `` I Missed Again '' </Li> <Li> `` If Leaving Me Is Easy '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hello , I Must Be Going ! </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Thru These Walls '' </Li> <Li> `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' </Li> <Li> `` I Do n't Care Anymore '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Let Him Steal Your Heart Away '' </Li> <Li> `` Why Ca n't It Wait ' Til Morning '' </Li> <Li> `` I Cannot Believe It 's True '' </Li> <Li> `` Like China '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No Jacket Required </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Sussudio '' </Li> <Li> `` One More Night '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Lose My Number '' </Li> <Li> `` Take Me Home '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Buster </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` A Groovy Kind of Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Two Hearts '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ... But Seriously </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Another Day in Paradise '' </Li> <Li> `` I Wish It Would Rain Down '' </Li> <Li> `` Something Happened on the Way to Heaven '' </Li> <Li> `` That 's Just the Way It Is '' </Li> <Li> `` Do You Remember ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Hang in Long Enough '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Serious Hits ... Live ! </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Do You Remember ? '' ( live ) </Li> <Li> `` Who Said I Would '' ( live ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Both Sides </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Both Sides of the Story '' </Li> <Li> `` Everyday '' </Li> <Li> `` We Wait and We Wonder '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dance into the Light </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Dance into the Light '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's in Your Eyes '' </Li> <Li> `` No Matter Who '' </Li> <Li> `` Wear My Hat '' </Li> <Li> `` The Same Moon '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ... Hits </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` True Colors '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tarzan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` Strangers Like Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Son of Man '' </Li> <Li> `` Two Worlds '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Testify </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Ca n't Stop Loving You '' </Li> <Li> `` Come with Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Wake Up Call '' / `` The Least You Can Do '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brother Bear </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Look Through My Eyes '' </Li> <Li> `` No Way Out '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Going Back </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` ( Love Is Like a ) Heatwave '' </Li> <Li> `` Going Back '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Featured singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Easy Lover '' </Li> <Li> `` Hero '' </Li> <Li> `` In the Air Tonite '' </Li> <Li> `` Home '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Separate Lives '' </Li> <Li> `` Somewhere '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Man with the Horn '' </Li> <Li> `` You Ought to Know ... 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Alex Karev - wikipedia <H1> Alex Karev </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Alex Karev </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The season nine promotional photograph of Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> `` A Hard Day 's Night '' 1x01 , March 27 , 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Shonda Rhimes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Justin Chambers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Full name </Th> <Td> Alexander Michael Karev </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nickname ( s ) </Th> <Td> Alex Karev Evil Spawn Frat Boy Mother Theresa Dr. Junior Butthole Boy Wonder Dr. Douche Face Lil ' butthole Dr. Where 's the Cabbage Patch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aliases </Th> <Td> Alexander Michael Evans </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Chief of Pediatric Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. at Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Td> Chief of Pediatric Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> Aaron Karev ( brother ) Amber Karev ( sister ) Helen Karev ( mother ) Jimmy Evans ( father , deceased ) Nicky Evans ( half - brother ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Izzie Stevens ( divorced ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Significant other ( s ) </Th> <Td> Olivia Harper Addison Montgomery Lexie Grey Rebecca `` Ava '' Pope Callie Torres Lucy Fields Leah Murphy Jo Wilson Heather Brooks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Relatives </Th> <Td> Naomi Evans ( stepmother ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Alexander `` Alex '' Michael Karev , M.D. is a fictional character on the ABC television series Grey 's Anatomy , portrayed by actor Justin Chambers . Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , Karev eventually obtained the position of resident , later becoming a pediatric surgical fellow . His relationships with colleagues Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) , and George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) formed a focal point of the series . </P> <P> The character is initially disliked by his fellow interns , and is often accused of being brusque and dismissive with his patients and co-workers . As a resident , Karev 's negative attitude , temper and rudeness has occasionally earned the ire of the attendings , with former neonatal surgeon Addison Montgomery requesting him on her service as punishment for his rudeness to her and neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd , amongst others , throwing him out of their service for his inappropriate comments about patients . He demonstrates profound skill for the specialty which prompts praise from Montgomery and contributes to Karev 's interest in pediatric surgery for the rest of the series . As the character developed , he displayed more empathy for patients and is shown to have a gift for connecting with young children , despite his repeated claims to dislike them . </P> <P> Although Karev and Stevens had an on - off romantic history in previous seasons , it was not until the fifth season that the two formed a lasting relationship . Despite Stevens ' advanced skin cancer , the two marry . Justin Chambers commented on his character 's inability to tell Stevens that he loves her in the beginning of their relationship , saying that Karev has difficulty expressing himself . Though Stevens departs in season 6 , series creator Shonda Rhimes has said that she would like the chance to create closure for both Karev and Stevens . Rhimes later retracted her comments and stated that she has no plans to ever re-approach Izzie 's storyline again . In the ninth season , Karev befriends intern Jo Wilson . They begin a relationship in the tenth season until their break - up in the twelfth season . However , they get back together again in the fourteenth season . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Storylines </Li> <Li> 2 Development <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Casting and creation </Li> <Li> 2.2 Characterization </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Reception </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Storylines ( edit ) </H2> <P> His mother had a mental illness , and his father was often absent , as well as often becoming violent towards Alex and his mother . Alex began wrestling in high school , and eventually physically confronted his father - after this , his father did not return . Alex has a younger brother , Aaron , and a younger sister , Amber ; they were all placed in foster care for 5 years . Though Aaron and Amber only had a few foster families , Alex went through 17 foster families in 5 years before he reunited with his siblings . It is revealed in later seasons that Aaron was diagnosed with schizophrenia and tried to kill Amber . Alex was present when Aaron had to be committed to a psychiatric ward . </P> <P> Alex secured a position in the surgical residency program at Seattle Grace Hospital after graduating from the University of Iowa . He initially makes a poor impression on his fellow interns meeting fellow interns Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) , and Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) whom he later taunts when he discovers she used to be a lingerie model . After initial disagreements , Alex reveals to Izzie that his father was a heroin addict who used to beat his mother . He became a wrestler so he could defend his mother , and attended university on a wrestling scholarship . He and Izzie begin a friendship . At the end of the first season , George contracts syphilis from Alex through nurse Olivia Harper , causing animosity between the two . </P> <P> Alex asks Izzie out on a date , but he is thrown by the news that he has failed his medical board exams . Izzie is offended since he pays no attention to her during their date and so informs him that she no longer wants to go out with him . He later freezes during an emergency operation , needing George to take over from him . Alex 's relationship with Izzie is damaged when he experiences erectile dysfunction with her . He goes on to sleep with Olivia again , and is caught by Izzie and they break up . After retaking his exams , Alex manages a pass , and reunites with Izzie after a bomb scare in the hospital . They break up again , however , when Izzie falls for cardiothoracic patient Denny Duquette . </P> <P> Alex helps Izzie recover from Denny 's death and advances Izzie but Izzie backs away since she is still in the process of getting over her loss and they remain friends . Alex spends a period of time working under neonatal surgeon Dr. Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) , and though he is later released to work for plastic surgeon Dr. Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , he finds his interest returning to Addison 's firm . Addison is attracted to Alex , and the two share a kiss and later sleep together . In the aftermath of a ferry accident , Alex rescues a pregnant woman ( Elizabeth Reaser ) who awakes with amnesia , and grows close to Alex as he helps her forging an identity for herself , picking out the name Ava . After she gives birth to her daughter , Ava 's memory eventually returns , although she tries to hide it from Alex as she had recently left a bad marriage . He convinces her to tell him her true identity , and she reveals herself to be Rebecca Pope . Alex turns her down after realizing she 's married , feeling that he is not good enough for her . </P> <P> Rebecca returns and she and Alex sleep together before she goes back to her husband . Alex has a brief relationship with intern Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , but chooses to be with Rebecca when she returns and tells him she is pregnant . After Rebecca attempted suicide , Izzie convinces Alex to admit her for psychiatric help due to Rebecca 's hallucinations of her pregnancy . Alex later breaks down in Izzie 's arms , and the two kiss . </P> <P> Later in their relationship , Izzie begins hallucinating about Denny , and uncovers the fact she has metastatic melanoma ( Stage IV ) with an estimated chance of 5 % survival . It is revealed that Izzie 's hallucinations of Denny are , in fact , caused by her tumor . Alex is shocked by the news , but finds the strength to stay by her side . Izzie plans a wedding for Meredith and Derek , but when Derek finds Izzie has another inoperable tumor in her brain , they give the wedding to Izzie and Alex , who marry in front of all their friends . Izzie debates whether or not she should undergo a risky surgery to remove her tumor and Alex supports her , but eventually insists that she should have the surgery . Alex performs CPR on Izzie after she flatlines . </P> <P> Izzie regains a heartbeat but is soon fired leaving Alex a Dear John letter and no clue as to her whereabouts . She later returns to the hospital and says to Alex , thinking he had a hand in getting her fired , that she could not forgive him for talking to the Chief . Alex says he could not forgive her either for not giving him the benefit of the doubt and leaving without talking to him first . Alex re-kindles an old flame with Lexie . Alex seems to have recently found that his calling is actually Peds and not Plastics as he had decided in the earlier seasons . Seeing Alex 's ability to handle child patients , Dr. Arizona Robbins shows an interest in mentoring him for that specialization . Alex 's brother Aaron comes to Seattle Grace for surgery , and lots of painful memories resurface because of this . Meredith discovers Alex , along with Aaron and their sister Amber , had been in foster care for five years when their mother could not take care of them . Alex is also served with divorce papers from Izzie . Alex is shot in the hospital by a deceased patient 's husband , but survives with the help of Lexie and Mark . While undergoing treatment , he mistakes Lexie for Izzie . </P> <P> Following the shooting , Lexie has a mental breakdown in front of Alex and he walks away . Dr. Bailey bars Alex from surgery until he has the bullet removed , which he later allows her to do . Alex realizes that his passion lies in Pediatric Surgery . He is further shown to be excellent with children , comforting with a young patient while growing her a new trachea . He immediately gets on the wrong side of new Pediatric attending Stark while Arizona is on leave . Alex then attempts to sleep with virgin April Kepner after visiting his mom in Iowa when his brother was diagnosed schizophrenia . Alex and Meredith perform an emergent surgery on a young boy by themselves during the night shift , dealing with the angry fallout from Stark ( who would not answer his pager ) but gaining the wordless approval of the Chief . Alex is thrilled when Arizona returns from Africa and hopes she will come to work for the hospital again . In the meantime , Alex falls for the new OBGYN attending , Lucy Fields , and they start a relationship after she kisses him . Alex finds out about Meredith sabotaging her Alzheimer 's clinical trial and rats her out in attempt to get Chief Resident . </P> <P> The adoption counselor takes away Zola , the child Meredith wanted to adopt . Realizing his mistake , Alex apologizes to Meredith who forgives him shortly after . As the end of the fifth year of residency is near , the surgical residents , including Alex , prepare for their board exams for the different fellowships they plan on joining . Though Alex is late for his exam because he had to treat a patient , he ends up passing . Dr. Webber tells him that Johns Hopkins Hospital , which has the top program in the country , has been very impressed with him and has decided to create a position in pediatrics surgery for him and accepts the position . After finding out his decision , his current boss , Dr. Arizona Robbins , yells at him and takes his place on a plane that later crashes . </P> <P> Following the rescue of his colleagues , Robbins ' health deteriorates and amputates her leg . He extends his stay at Seattle Grace until a replacement for Robbins is found , but when he learns that the replacement will send the exchange program to UCLA , he decides not to leave . Karev buys Meredith 's old house from her , and Cristina becomes his roommate . Karev forms a friendship with new intern , Jo Wilson that eventually develops into romantic feelings towards each other . Alex admits his love for Jo , and the two kiss and become a couple . </P> <P> Alex 's estranged father , Jimmy , who he has n't seen in 18 years , is admitted to the ER as a patient . After being discharged , Jimmy plays with his band at a bar , and Alex spends several nights watching his father perform onstage . Unknowing that Alex is his son , Jimmy confides in Alex that he had another family that he has n't seen in years . This made Alex upset and he punched Jimmy at the bar . Once returning home , Alex unleashes his hurt and anger on Jo for having encouraged him to reconnect with his father . His father returns suffering from symptoms of withdrawal and hallucinations of the past where more is revealed about Alex 's childhood . Jimmy tells Alex he knows that he is his son and Alex yells at his dad stating that `` I WAS THE DAD '' . His dad later goes into cardiac arrest and is brought into surgery , fate unknown . Alex kisses Jo at April 's wedding wanting to start a family with her . That night his dad died , due to a mistake by intern , Shane Ross , and Alex is upset . He punches Ross and is later comforted by Meredith . </P> <P> Upon the completion of his fellowship in Pediatric Surgery , Alex is given an offer to work at Dr. Oliver Lebackes ' private practice office , claiming that he will have more flexible hours and `` a big fat paycheck '' . Alex takes this offer happily . Robbins is initially angered by this decision and thinks that Alex is choosing money over substance . Eventually she realizes that he has become a wonderful surgeon and that she is happy to see him go . He later discovers that he is n't happy working at the private practice and expresses a desire to return full - time to Grey Sloan . When Cristina leaves for Switzerland , she leaves Alex her share of the board , including her seat . </P> <P> Alex is fired by Dr. Lebackes when Maggie Pierce accidentally reveals to him that Karev was thinking about leaving the job . Webber recommended Bailey to fill Yang 's board seat after she left , so Bailey and Alex fight over the chair . They both make presentations to the board and eventually Bailey wins , with a unanimous vote in her favor . He is hired back as an attending Peds surgeon and takes over full - time as Arizona pursues a fellowship with Dr. Herman . Alex continues to date Jo and his friendship with Meredith grows stronger than ever , with him taking on the role of her new person . When Derek dies and Meredith runs away , Alex is upset by her leaving without telling him where she went and calls her everyday . Eventually she calls him , tells him she is okay , and to stop calling . When she goes into labor and gives birth to Ellis Shepherd , Alex goes to see her since he is her emergency contact . He brings Meredith and her kids back to her house . She asks to move back in with him in her old house . Alex sells Meredith back the house and he and Jo rent a loft . </P> <P> Alex and Jo continue to struggle with their relationship . Alex wants to settle down , marry Jo , and have kids . However , Jo continues to resist . When Karev proposes to her , Jo tells him she ca n't marry him , so he breaks up with her . Later , Alex realizes that he misses Jo and gets her back . They seem to be doing well for some time , until Alex brings up marriage again and the two fight , as Jo still continues to argue that she can not marry him . Alex storms out , leaving their relationship uncertain . During Owen and Amelia 's wedding , Alex realizes that even though she wo n't marry him , he loves Jo and goes back to her again . However , when he arrives at their loft , he finds Jo highly intoxicated , wearing nothing but her bra and underwear , and surgical intern , Andrew Deluca lying on top of her . Alex assumes that Deluca was attempting to take advantage of Jo while she was inebriated and is filled with rage . He beats Deluca to a pulp with his bare hands . </P> <P> Andrew is badly injured , with his face bruised beyond recognition . He is unconscious and on the verge of dying . Alex realizes what he 's done and quickly rushes Deluca to the hospital . There , the doctors call the police as they struggle to save Andrew and discover who did this to him . Alex lies to everyone and says that he found Andrew in this state and brought him to Grey Sloan . However , Ben Warren is suspicious of Karev . Meredith also quickly realizes that Alex was in fact the one who beat Deluca . She covers for him and the two continue to lie to everyone in the hospital about Alex 's actions . Soon , Karev learns that Andrew was n't doing anything wrong and that he had beaten up a good guy . Meredith decides that even though she loves Alex , she needs to turn him in . She goes to Bailey and tells her the truth . But , when the two rush to the police they find Alex being arrested for aggravated assault , as he had turned himself in . He is taken to jail and Meredith bails him out . While they wait for a trial , Bailey suspends Alex as an attending and makes him work in the clinic . Eventually , Jo finally tells Alex that the reason she could n't marry Alex is because she is already married . Her husband is abusive and so she ran away and changed her name to Jo Wilson so that he would n't find her . Alex realizes that when Jo is called to the stand as a witness in the trial , this information about her past and lack of records under the name Jo Wilson may be revealed , and when the information goes public , her husband may find her . To keep her safe , he decides to take the plea deal without a trial , ensuring that he goes to jail for 2 years . However , when Alex tells Meredith this , she begs him not to and tells him that she ca n't lose him too because she 's already lost everyone else important in her life . Alex struggles to decide whether or not to take the plea deal . </P> <P> Meredith searches for Alex 's case online , to find that the trial had been put off indefinitely . She assumes that he took the plea , and began calling and visiting various local jails to find him . After a full day of searching without finding him , she goes home to sleep , and discovers him sleeping in her bed . He explains he slept there all day . He explains that during his meeting with the D.A. Deluca came in and dropped all charges . Alex was then free to continue being Alex . </P> <P> After returning to work , Alex and Jo try to ignore each other and eventually build up a tolerance of sorts towards each other . Deluca and Alex continue to be at odds , especially when he becomes closer to Jo . However , nothing comes of it and they both keep their distance . At the end of the season , Alex hitters an investigator to look for Jo 's abusive husband . The investigator funds him and tells Alex that he will be at a conference . Meredith tells him it 's a horrible idea and that he should n't go , especially considering Jo doesnt know about the situation . Alex flys out to the conference with the intention of telling him to get out of her life , no matter the means . When he meets him , Alex decides against confronting him over Jo , avoiding exposing her current identity and location and potentially stopping himself from assaulting someone yet again . He returns to Seattle , leaving the convention early . </P> <P> At the start of season 14 , Alex and Jo start to warm to each other . Jo tells Deluca that she is still in love with Alex . Because Stephanie has left the hospital after an explosion that almost killed her , Jo turns to Warren to confide in . After she tells him her true feelings about whole situation with Alex , Warren tells him that Jo is scared that he might hurt her . Alex goes to Jo and tells her that he could never abuse her like her husband did because he delt with the same trauma as a kid as his father was abusive . He then tells her that he found her husband . Jo is taken back by this but when Alex tells her that he did n't kill or injur him in anyway , she is relieved and finally trusts him again . They then have sex . </P> <H2> Development ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Casting and creation ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Characterization ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) characterized Karev as `` honest '' , `` always tells it like it is '' , while also citing his mouth , his punctuality and him being a `` smart - ass '' as his weaknesses . Shonda Rhimes said of Karev : `` I love that we have a character who can do something wonderful but still be a selfish cranky ass about it . Alex gets to be complex in ways most characters do n't because even though he 's got a moral code , his moral code is totally twisted and dark . But he 's essentially good -- deep down inside . '' Carolina Paiz , one of the writers of the series , wrote : `` He has so much going on inside ... you think you 've got him figured out but then he just reveals this whole other side to him . '' </P> <P> `` He is superficial sleazeball who turns out to be a nice guy and a talented doctor with an amazing bedside manner , as well as the budding love interest of Katherine Heigl 's character Isobel . '' DVD Verdict wrote of the character 's development in the fourth season : `` Love him , hate him , or both , Karev speaks his mind , rough edges and all . But ultimately his cold heart seems to be softened by his blossoming relationship with Jane Doe / Ava / Rebecca . '' Rhimes felt that the 100th episode during which Karev marries Stevens showed how he had grown up : `` Look at him . Standing at the altar and saying those vows like a man . ( ... ) He 's become a man who can step up . And I love him for it . '' </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Analyzing Alex Karev , Rachel Simon called him `` underrated ; '' she pointed out that Alex 's personal growth never seems to get acknowledged , as `` Alex begins Grey 's as an arrogant , obnoxious intern who pushes away anyone who tries to care about him . He breaks Izzie 's heart 1,000 times , and then acts surprised when she falls for someone else . He sleeps with any girl who will have him , insults everyone who does n't , and generally enjoys being the hospital asshole . Yet , over the course of 10 seasons Alex has evolved , slowly and realistically , into a genuinely good person whose faults do n't miraculously disappear , but take a backseat to much better qualities . '' </P> <P> Former television columnist for The Star - Ledger Alan Sepinwall disapproved of Karev 's flirt with Addison as `` he should take interest in a woman 's speciality and respect his boss without getting in her pants . '' Reviewing the fifth season , Chris Monfette of IGN wrote : `` Alex , who 'd become simply the cast 's angry outcast , was uplifted as his relationship with Izzie became more and more substantial , and his bedside scenes with her toward the end were some of his character 's best material yet . '' </P> <P> On his career path as a Pediatric Surgeon Examiner wrote , `` Despite his rough exterior , Alex has a certain child - like innocence and need for acceptance . He is keen in recognizing these traits in kids , as well . He reaches out to kids on many levels . '' and added , `` Alex has major trust issues . Maybe it was the constant beatings from his father . Or , his mother 's mental illness . Or , being shuffled through 17 foster homes over a 5 year period . Who would n't have issues with a childhood like that ? '' </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <P> Specific </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 22 . 2009 - 05 - 07 . ABC . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Character Bios '' . ABC.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About.com Interviews Justin Chambers '' . tvfanatic.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' boss vetoes controversial Alex / Izzie plot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ABC - Alex Karev bio , archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 , retrieved December 13 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 7 , 2006 ) . `` Shonda on `` Damage Case '' `` . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paiz , Carolina ( November 30 , 2006 ) . `` Carolina Paiz on `` Do n't Stand So Close To Me '' `` . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justin Chambers Biography '' . Yahoo . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Buy Grey 's Anatomy : Season Four ( Blu - ray ) at Amazon Grey 's Anatomy : Season Four ( Blu - ray ) '' . DVD Verdict . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes on `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' ... `` . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( January 19 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Break like the wind '' . What 's Alan Watching . Blogpsot . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Monfette , Chris ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 5 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <P> General </P> <Ul> <Li> `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Grey 's Anatomy portal </Li> <Li> Fictional characters portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Grey 's Anatomy at ABC.com </Li> <Li> Alex Karev on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Grey 's Anatomy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> <Li> 13 </Li> <Li> 14 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters ( cast members ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Meredith Grey </Li> <Li> Cristina Yang </Li> <Li> Izzie Stevens </Li> <Li> Alex Karev </Li> <Li> George O'Malley </Li> <Li> Miranda Bailey </Li> <Li> Richard Webber </Li> <Li> Derek Shepherd </Li> <Li> Preston Burke </Li> <Li> Addison Montgomery </Li> <Li> Mark Sloan </Li> <Li> Callie Torres </Li> <Li> Lexie Grey </Li> <Li> Erica Hahn </Li> <Li> Owen Hunt </Li> <Li> Sadie Harris </Li> <Li> Arizona Robbins </Li> <Li> Teddy Altman </Li> <Li> Jackson Avery </Li> <Li> April Kepner </Li> <Li> Amelia Shepherd </Li> <Li> Stephanie Edwards </Li> <Li> Maggie Pierce </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Soundtrack </Li> <Li> Video game </Li> <Li> Private Practice </Li> <Li> A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) </Li> <Li> A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Karev&oldid=806916198 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Grey 's Anatomy characters </Li> <Li> Fictional surgeons </Li> <Li> Fictional characters from Iowa </Li> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 2005 </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from October 2017 </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from July 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles with empty sections from July 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles with empty sections </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from September 2012 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 22 : 52 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

when does karev die in grey's anatomy

African Footballer of the Year - wikipedia <H1> African Footballer of the Year </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The African Footballer of the Year award , presented to the best African footballer each year , has been conferred by the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) since 1992 . An earlier African Footballer of the Year Golden Ball award was given out between 1970 and 1994 by France Football magazine . The changes resulted in parallel Golden Ball awards given out to Abedi Pele and George Weah in 1993 and 1994 by the magazine although the CAF sponsored awards for those years were won respectively by Rashidi Yekini and Emmanuel Amuneke , as well as two awards given to Abedi Pelé in 1992 . France Football discontinued the election from 1995 after the European Ballon d'Or -- also awarded by the magazine -- had been opened to all players in the European leagues . </P> <P> On 2 February 2008 , Sevilla 's Frédéric Kanouté was named the 2007 African Footballer of the Year . Kanouté , who was born in France , is the first European - born player to win the award ( he plays for his father 's native country of Mali ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Winners <Ul> <Li> 1.1 France Football award ( 1970 -- 1994 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 CAF award ( 1992 -- present ) </Li> <Li> 1.3 Wins By Country </Li> <Li> 1.4 Wins By Club </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Winners ( edit ) </H2> <H3> France Football award ( 1970 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) </H3> Roger Milla , two - time winner of the award given by France Football . Lakhdar Belloumi , winner of the award in 1981 . Mahmoud El Khatib was the first player from Egypt to win the award in 1983 . <P> The award by France Football magazine was awarded to the best African footballer between 1970 and 1994 . The award was discontinued in 1995 after the European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon d'Or ) was opened to players of non-European nationality , the award being given to George Weah that year . It had already been replaced by an official award given out by the Confederation of African Football since 1992 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Points </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Salif Keïta </Td> <Td> Saint - Étienne </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Laurent Pokou </Td> <Td> ASEC Abidjan </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ali Abo Greisha </Td> <Td> Ismaily </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Ibrahim Sunday </Td> <Td> Asante Kotoko </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Robert Mensah </Td> <Td> Asante Kotoko </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> François Ndoumbé </Td> <Td> Canon Yaoundé </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Chérif Souleymane </Td> <Td> Hafia </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Bwanga Tshimen </Td> <Td> TP Mazembe </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Petit Sory </Td> <Td> Hafia </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Bwanga Tshimen </Td> <Td> TP Mazembe </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Kazadi Mwamba </Td> <Td> TP Mazembe </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Laurent Pokou </Td> <Td> ASEC Abidjan </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Paul Moukila </Td> <Td> CARA Brazzaville </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Lobilo Boba </Td> <Td> Vita Club </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Hassan Shehata </Td> <Td> Zamalek </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Ahmed Faras </Td> <Td> Mohammédia </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Roger Milla </Td> <Td> Tonnerre Yaoundé </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mamadou Aliou Kéïta </Td> <Td> Hafia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Roger Milla </Td> <Td> Tonnerre Yaoundé </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Papa Camara </Td> <Td> Hafia </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Ali Bencheikh </Td> <Td> MC Alger </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Tarak Dhiab </Td> <Td> Espérance Tunis </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Papa Camara </Td> <Td> Hafia </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Segun Odegbami </Td> <Td> Shooting Stars </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Karim Abdul Razak </Td> <Td> Asante Kotoko </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Ali Bencheikh </Td> <Td> MC Alger </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Thomas N'Kono </Td> <Td> Canon Yaoundé </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Thomas N'Kono </Td> <Td> Canon Yaoundé </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Adolf Armah </Td> <Td> Hearts of Oak </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Kerfalla Bangoura </Td> <Td> Horoya </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Jean Manga - Onguéné </Td> <Td> Canon Yaoundé </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Segun Odegbami </Td> <Td> Shooting Stars </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Théophile Abega </Td> <Td> Canon Yaoundé </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Lakhdar Belloumi </Td> <Td> GC Mascara </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Thomas N'Kono </Td> <Td> Canon Yaoundé </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Ali Fergani </Td> <Td> JS Kabylie </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Thomas N'Kono </Td> <Td> Espanyol </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Salah Assad </Td> <Td> Mulhouse </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Lakhdar Belloumi </Td> <Td> GC Mascara </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Mahmoud El Khatib </Td> <Td> Al Ahly </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Opoku Nti </Td> <Td> Asante Kotoko </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Rafiou Moutairou </Td> <Td> OC Agaza </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Théophile Abega </Td> <Td> Toulouse </Td> <Td> 124 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Joseph - Antoine Bell </Td> <Td> El Mokawloon </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ibrahim Youssef </Td> <Td> Zamalek </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Mohamed Timoumi </Td> <Td> AS FAR </Td> <Td> 113 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Rabah Madjer </Td> <Td> Porto </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Ibrahim Youssef </Td> <Td> Zamalek </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Ezzaki Badou </Td> <Td> Mallorca </Td> <Td> 125 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Aziz Bouderbala </Td> <Td> Sion </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Roger Milla </Td> <Td> Montpellier </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Rabah Madjer </Td> <Td> Porto </Td> <Td> 130 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Youssouf Falikou Fofana </Td> <Td> Monaco </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> François Omam - Biyik </Td> <Td> Laval </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Kalusha Bwalya </Td> <Td> Cercle Brugge </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Roger Milla </Td> <Td> Montpellier </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Youssouf Falikou Fofana </Td> <Td> Monaco </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> George Weah </Td> <Td> Monaco </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Joseph - Antoine Bell </Td> <Td> Bordeaux </Td> <Td> 105 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Kalusha Bwalya </Td> <Td> PSV </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Roger Milla </Td> <Td> Saint - Pierroise </Td> <Td> 209 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Tahar Chérif El - Ouazzani </Td> <Td> Aydınspor </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Rabah Madjer </Td> <Td> Porto </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> François Omam - Biyik </Td> <Td> Rennes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Abedi Pele </Td> <Td> Marseille </Td> <Td> 152 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> George Weah </Td> <Td> Monaco </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> François Omam - Biyik </Td> <Td> Cannes </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Abedi Pele </Td> <Td> Marseille </Td> <Td> 198 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> George Weah </Td> <Td> Paris Saint - Germain </Td> <Td> 161 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Tony Yeboah </Td> <Td> Eintracht Frankfurt </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Abedi Pele </Td> <Td> Marseille </Td> <Td> 119 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Tony Yeboah </Td> <Td> Eintracht Frankfurt </Td> <Td> 117 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Rashidi Yekini </Td> <Td> Vitória de Setúbal </Td> <Td> 104 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> George Weah </Td> <Td> Paris Saint - Germain </Td> <Td> 148 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Emmanuel Amunike </Td> <Td> Sporting CP </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Daniel Amokachi </Td> <Td> Everton </Td> <Td> 99 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> CAF award ( 1992 -- present ) ( edit ) </H3> Samuel Eto'o won the award four times . Yaya Touré won the award four consecutive times from 2011 to 2014 . Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang was the first player from Gabon to win the award in 2015 . Mohamed Salah is the latest player to win the award in 2017 . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Points </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Abedi Pele </Td> <Td> Marseille </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Rashidi Yekini </Td> <Td> Vitória de Setúbal </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Emmanuel Amunike </Td> <Td> Sporting CP </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> George Weah </Td> <Td> Paris Saint - Germain </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rashidi Yekini </Td> <Td> Olympiacos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> George Weah </Td> <Td> Milan </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Emmanuel Amunike </Td> <Td> Sporting CP </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Daniel Amokachi </Td> <Td> Everton </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Nwankwo Kanu </Td> <Td> Internazionale </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> George Weah </Td> <Td> Milan </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Daniel Amokachi </Td> <Td> Beşiktaş </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Victor Ikpeba </Td> <Td> Monaco </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Japhet N'Doram </Td> <Td> Monaco </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Taribo West </Td> <Td> Internazionale </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Mustapha Hadji </Td> <Td> Deportivo La Coruña </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Jay - Jay Okocha </Td> <Td> Paris Saint - Germain </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Sunday Oliseh </Td> <Td> Ajax </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Nwankwo Kanu </Td> <Td> Arsenal </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Samuel Kuffour </Td> <Td> Bayern Munich </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Ibrahima Bakayoko </Td> <Td> Marseille </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Patrick M'Boma </Td> <Td> Parma </Td> <Td> 123 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Lauren </Td> <Td> Mallorca </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Samuel Eto'o </Td> <Td> Mallorca </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> El Hadji Diouf </Td> <Td> Lens </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Samuel Kuffour </Td> <Td> Bayern Munich </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Samuel Eto'o </Td> <Td> Mallorca </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> El Hadji Diouf </Td> <Td> Liverpool </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Papa Bouba Diop </Td> <Td> Lens </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Mido </Td> <Td> Ajax </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Samuel Eto'o </Td> <Td> Mallorca </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Didier Drogba </Td> <Td> Marseille </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Jay - Jay Okocha </Td> <Td> Bolton Wanderers </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Samuel Eto'o </Td> <Td> Barcelona </Td> <Td> 116 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Didier Drogba </Td> <Td> Chelsea </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Jay - Jay Okocha </Td> <Td> Bolton Wanderers </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Samuel Eto'o </Td> <Td> Barcelona </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Didier Drogba </Td> <Td> Chelsea </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Michael Essien </Td> <Td> Chelsea </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Didier Drogba </Td> <Td> Chelsea </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Samuel Eto'o </Td> <Td> Barcelona </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Michael Essien </Td> <Td> Chelsea </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Frédéric Kanouté </Td> <Td> Sevilla </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Michael Essien </Td> <Td> Chelsea </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Didier Drogba </Td> <Td> Chelsea </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Emmanuel Adebayor </Td> <Td> Arsenal </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Mohamed Aboutrika </Td> <Td> Al - Ahly </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Michael Essien </Td> <Td> Chelsea </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Didier Drogba </Td> <Td> Chelsea </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Samuel Eto'o </Td> <Td> Internazionale </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Michael Essien </Td> <Td> Chelsea </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Samuel Eto'o </Td> <Td> Internazionale </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Asamoah Gyan </Td> <Td> Sunderland </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Didier Drogba </Td> <Td> Chelsea </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Yaya Touré </Td> <Td> Manchester City </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Seydou Keita </Td> <Td> Barcelona </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> André Ayew </Td> <Td> Marseille </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Yaya Touré </Td> <Td> Manchester City </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Didier Drogba </Td> <Td> Shanghai Shenhua </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Alex Song </Td> <Td> Barcelona </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Yaya Touré </Td> <Td> Manchester City </Td> <Td> 373 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> John Obi Mikel </Td> <Td> Chelsea </Td> <Td> 265 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Didier Drogba </Td> <Td> Galatasaray </Td> <Td> 236 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Yaya Touré </Td> <Td> Manchester City </Td> <Td> 175 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang </Td> <Td> Borussia Dortmund </Td> <Td> 120 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Vincent Enyeama </Td> <Td> Lille </Td> <Td> 105 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang </Td> <Td> Borussia Dortmund </Td> <Td> 143 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Yaya Touré </Td> <Td> Manchester City </Td> <Td> 136 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> André Ayew </Td> <Td> Swansea City </Td> <Td> 112 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Riyad Mahrez </Td> <Td> Leicester City </Td> <Td> 361 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang </Td> <Td> Borussia Dortmund </Td> <Td> 313 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Sadio Mané </Td> <Td> Liverpool </Td> <Td> 186 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Mohamed Salah </Td> <Td> Liverpool </Td> <Td> 625 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> Sadio Mané </Td> <Td> Liverpool </Td> <Td> 507 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang </Td> <Td> Borussia Dortmund </Td> <Td> 311 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Wins By Country ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nation </Th> <Th> Winners </Th> <Th> Runners - up </Th> <Th> Third places </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cameroon </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ivory Coast </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ghana </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morocco </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liberia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Egypt </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mali </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Senegal </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guinea </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DR Congo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gabon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zambia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Togo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tunisia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Congo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chad </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Wins By Club ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Club </Th> <Th> Winners </Th> <Th> Runners - up </Th> <Th> Third places </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Olympique Marseille </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Manchester City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chelsea </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AS Monaco </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barcelona </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asante Kotoko </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canon Yaoundé </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RCD Mallorca </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inter Milan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liverpool </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arsenal </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paris SG </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hafia Conacry </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TP Mazembe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Borussia Dortmund </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sporting CP </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Al Ahly </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> FC Porto </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tonnerre Yaoundé </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RC Lens </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Milan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sporting CP </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GC Mascara </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vitória de Setúbal </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cercle Brugge </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CARA Brazzaville </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leicester City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AS Saint - 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Rsssf.com. 2001 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` African Player of the Year 1994 '' . Rsssf.com. 2001 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` African Player of the Year '' . rsssf.com. 2000 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` African Player of the Year '' . rsssf.com. 2000 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kanoute named Africa 's best </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Furious Drogba Slams CAF Over Kanoute Award And Pulls Out </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Football in Africa ( CAF ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National competitions </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Men </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Africa Cup of Nations </Li> <Li> African Nations Championship </Li> <Li> Africa Futsal Cup of Nations </Li> <Li> Africa Beach Soccer Cup of Nations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Women </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Africa Women Cup of Nations </Li> <Li> Women 's Olympic Qualifying Tournament </Li> <Li> African Games </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Youth competitions </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Men </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> U-23 Cup of Nations </Li> <Li> U-20 Cup of Nations </Li> <Li> U-17 Cup of Nations </Li> <Li> African Games </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Women </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> U-20 Cup for Women </Li> <Li> U-17 Cup for Women </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Club competitions </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Champions League </Li> <Li> Confederation Cup </Li> <Li> Super Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CAF Cup </Li> <Li> Cup Winners ' Cup </Li> <Li> Afro - 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who was named african footballer of the year 2014

Joy to the World ( Three Dog Night song ) - wikipedia <H1> Joy to the World ( Three Dog Night song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Joy to the World '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 1971 French release </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Three Dog Night </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Naturally </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` I Can Hear You Calling '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> February 1971 ( 1971 - 02 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' 45 RPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1970 at American Recording Co . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 50 ( album ) 3 : 17 ( single ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Dunhill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Hoyt Axton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Richard Podolor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Three Dog Night singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` One Man Band '' ( 1970 ) </Td> <Td> `` Joy to the World '' ( 1971 ) </Td> <Td> `` Liar '' ( 1971 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` One Man Band '' ( 1970 ) </Td> <Td> `` Joy to the World '' ( 1971 ) </Td> <Td> `` Liar '' ( 1971 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Joy to the World '' is a song written by Hoyt Axton , and made famous by the band Three Dog Night . The song is also popularly known by its opening lyric , `` Jeremiah was a bullfrog '' . Three Dog Night originally released the song on their fourth studio album , Naturally in November 1970 and subsequently released an edited version of the song as a single in February 1971 . </P> <P> The song , which has been described by members of Three Dog Night as a `` kid 's song '' and a `` silly song '' , topped the main singles charts in North America , was certified gold by the RIAA , and has since been covered by multiple artists . </P> <P> The song is featured prominently in the film The Big Chill . It is sung by a child character at the beginning and the Three Dog Night recording is played over the end credits . </P> <P> It is also played at the end of every Denver Broncos home victory . Notable playings of this song after Broncos victories included then - Chicago Bears head coach Abe Gibron 's singing along with the song in 1973 ; and at the end of Super Bowl XXXII , played at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego . It was also played at the end of Super Bowl XXXIII at Pro Player ( now Hard Rock ) Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida and Super Bowl 50 in Santa Clara , California . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background and recording </Li> <Li> 2 Charts and awards </Li> <Li> 3 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background and Recording ( edit ) </H2> <P> Some of the words are nonsensical . Axton wanted to persuade his record producers to record a new melody he had written and the producers asked him to sing any words to the tune . A member of Three Dog Night said that the original lyrics to the song were `` Jeremiah was a prophet '' but `` no one liked that '' . </P> <P> When Hoyt Axton performed the song to the group , two of the three main vocalists -- Danny Hutton and Cory Wells -- rejected the song , but Chuck Negron felt that the band needed a `` silly song '' to help bring the band back together as a working unit . Negron also felt that the song `` was n't even close to our best record , but it might have been one of our most honest . '' </P> <P> The song was recorded by Three Dog Night at American Recording Company , produced by Richard Podolor , and engineered by Bill Cooper . Unlike most Three Dog Night songs recorded at that point , instead of having just the three main vocalists singing harmony , the song was recorded with all seven members of the band singing . Drummer Floyd Sneed sings the deep lyric `` I wan na tell you '' towards the end of the song . </P> <P> When the song hit number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1971 , Axton and his mother , Mae Axton , became the first mother and son to each have written a number one pop single in the rock era . Mae Axton co-wrote `` Heartbreak Hotel '' , which was the first number one hit for Elvis Presley . </P> <P> In a 1994 case , David P. Jackson filed suit claiming co-authorship of the song and alleging that Axton fraudulently claimed sole authorship . In the suit Jackson claimed that Axton regularly credited him with co-authorship . </P> <H2> Charts and awards ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Weekly charts ( 1971 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia KMR </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian Top Singles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Listener ) </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year - end charts ( 1971 ) </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian Top Singles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The single had been out less than two months , when on April 9 , 1971 , `` Joy to the World '' was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America , for shipments of over 1,000,000 units across the United States . The record was also given a Gold Leaf award by RPM magazine for sales of over a million units . The record won the award for the Best Selling Hit Single Record by the National Association of Recording Merchandisers in March 1972 . It was also ranked by Billboard magazine as the year - end # 1 pop single of 1971 . </P> <P> The single went on to sell 5 million copies worldwide , making it one of the best - selling singles of all time . </P> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Singer - songwriter Daniel Johnston likes this song , which inspired his own character Jeremiah the bullfrog , whom he often draws in his artwork and advertisements . The frog is also featured on the cover of his album Hi , How Are You ( 1983 ) and has become an official music mascot for Johnston . </Li> <Li> It is sung by the son of one of the main characters at the start of the film The Big Chill ( 1983 ) and is featured on the soundtrack . </Li> <Li> In The X-Files TV series ( Detour - S05E04 ) , Scully sings this song while she 's lost in a forest with Mulder to show him she is awake and he can rest . </Li> <Li> It is played during the end credits of the R - rated animated film , Sausage Party ( 2016 ) , and later in the end credits of the PG - 13 - rated animated film A Very Spooky Night . </Li> <Li> It appears in 2017 and 2018 TV commercials for Big Lots . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Just My Imagination ( Running Away with Me ) '' by The Temptations </Td> <Td> Billboard Hot 100 number - one single April 17 , 1971 ( six weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Brown Sugar '' by The Rolling Stones </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Celebrate : The Three Dog Night Story , 1965 -- 1975 ( CD liner ) . Three Dog Night . United States : MCA Records . 1993 . pp. 27 , 30 , 31 . MCAD2 - 10956 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Leaf , David ( 1993 ) . Celebrate : The Three Dog Night Story , 1965 -- 1975 ( CD liner ) . Three Dog Night . United States : MCA Records . p. 20 . MCAD2 - 10956 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Three Dog Night Headlines the Fair Tonight '' . Bainbridge Island Review . Entertainment section . August 20 , 2008 . ISSN 1053 - 2889 . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jackson v. Axton '' . Law.justia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 100 Singles '' ( PHP ) . RPM. 15 ( 15 ) . May 29 , 1971 . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Three Dog Night Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Three Dog Night -- Joy To The World '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 31 May 1971 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Three Dog Night Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 100 Top Singles of ' 71 '' ( PHP ) . RPM. 16 ( 20 ) : 5 . January 8 , 1972 . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1971 / Top 100 Songs of 1971 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Three Dog Night -- Joy to the World '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Highlights of ABC / Dunhill Convention '' . Billboard. 83 ( 34 ) : 50 . August 21 , 1971 . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sippel , John , ed . ( March 18 , 1972 ) . `` NARM Award Winners '' . Billboard. 84 ( 12 ) : 12 . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts - Year - end Singles - The Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs ( 2 , illustrated ed . ) . Barrie & Jenkins . ISBN 0 - 214 - 20480 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/j/johnston_daniel.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/j/johnston_daniel.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big Lots TV Commercial , ' Joy : Recliners ' Song by Three Dog Night '' . ispot.tv . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Three Dog Night </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Danny Hutton </Li> <Li> Michael Allsup </Li> <Li> Paul Kingery </Li> <Li> Pat Bautz </Li> <Li> Eddie Reasoner </Li> <Li> David Morgan </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Cory Wells </Li> <Li> Chuck Negron </Li> <Li> Jimmy Greenspoon </Li> <Li> Floyd Sneed </Li> <Li> Joe Schermie </Li> <Li> Skip Konte </Li> <Li> Al Ciner </Li> <Li> Gary Moon </Li> <Li> Richard Campbell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Three Dog Night ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Suitable for Framing ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> It Ai n't Easy ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Naturally ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Harmony ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Seven Separate Fools ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Cyan ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Hard Labor ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Coming Down Your Way ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> American Pastime ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> It 's a Jungle ( 1983 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Captured Live at the Forum ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Around the World with Three Dog Night ( 1973 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Golden Bisquits ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Joy to the World : Their Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> The Best of 3 Dog Night ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Celebrate : The Three Dog Night Story , 1965 -- 1975 ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Three Dog Night ( 1999 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Nobody '' </Li> <Li> `` Try a Little Tenderness '' </Li> <Li> `` One '' </Li> <Li> `` Easy to Be Hard '' </Li> <Li> `` Eli 's Coming '' </Li> <Li> `` Celebrate '' </Li> <Li> `` Mama Told Me ( Not to Come ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Out in the Country '' </Li> <Li> `` One Man Band '' </Li> <Li> `` Joy to the World '' </Li> <Li> `` Liar '' </Li> <Li> `` An Old Fashioned Love Song '' </Li> <Li> `` Never Been to Spain '' </Li> <Li> `` The Family of Man '' </Li> <Li> `` Black & White '' </Li> <Li> `` Pieces of April '' </Li> <Li> `` Shambala '' </Li> <Li> `` Let Me Serenade You '' </Li> <Li> `` The Show Must Go On '' </Li> <Li> `` Sure As I 'm Sittin ' Here '' </Li> <Li> `` Play Something Sweet ( Brickyard Blues ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Til the World Ends '' </Li> <Li> `` Everybody Is a Masterpiece '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's a Jungle Out There '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1960 -- 1979 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1960 : `` Theme from A Summer Place '' -- Percy Faith </Li> <Li> 1961 : `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' -- Bobby Lewis </Li> <Li> 1962 : `` Stranger on the Shore '' -- Mr. Acker Bilk </Li> <Li> 1963 : `` Sugar Shack '' -- Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs </Li> <Li> 1964 : `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' -- The Beatles </Li> <Li> 1965 : `` Wooly Bully '' -- Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs </Li> <Li> 1966 : `` Ballad of the Green Berets '' -- S / Sgt . Barry Sadler </Li> <Li> 1967 : `` To Sir , with Love '' -- Lulu </Li> <Li> 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles </Li> <Li> 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies </Li> <Li> 1970 : `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Simon & Garfunkel </Li> <Li> 1971 : `` Joy to the World '' -- Three Dog Night </Li> <Li> 1972 : `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Roberta Flack </Li> <Li> 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn </Li> <Li> 1974 : `` The Way We Were '' -- Barbra Streisand </Li> <Li> 1975 : `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' -- Captain & Tennille </Li> <Li> 1976 : `` Silly Love Songs '' -- Wings </Li> <Li> 1977 : `` Tonight 's the Night ( Gonna Be Alright ) '' -- Rod Stewart </Li> <Li> 1978 : `` Shadow Dancing '' -- Andy Gibb </Li> <Li> 1979 : `` My Sharona '' -- The Knack </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Complete list </Li> <Li> ( 1946 -- 1959 ) </Li> <Li> ( 1960 -- 1979 ) </Li> <Li> ( 1980 -- 1999 ) </Li> <Li> ( 2000 -- 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joy_to_the_World_(Three_Dog_Night_song)&oldid=835489072 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1971 singles </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles </Li> <Li> Three Dog Night songs </Li> <Li> Dunhill Records singles </Li> <Li> Songs written by Hoyt Axton </Li> <Li> Songs about animals </Li> <Li> Novelty songs </Li> <Li> RPM Top Singles number - one singles </Li> <Li> 1970 songs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from June 2008 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for German </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Dutch100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for UK </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without song </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 00 : 34 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

meaning of joy to the world by three dog night

Lithium - wikipedia <H1> Lithium </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the chemical element . For the use of lithium as a medication , see Lithium ( medication ) . For other uses , see Lithium ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> It has been suggested that Lithium as an investment be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since June 2017 . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Lithium , Li <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Lithium floating in oil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> General properties </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pronunciation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> / ˈlɪθiəm / ​ ( LI - thee - əm ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Appearance </Th> <Td> silvery - white </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Standard atomic weight ( A ) </Th> <Td> ( 7000693800000000000 ♠ 6.938 , 7000699700000000000 ♠ 6.997 ) conventional : 7000694000000000000 ♠ 6.94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Lithium in the periodic table </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Hydrogen </Td> <Td colspan="30"> </Td> <Td> Helium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lithium </Td> <Td> Beryllium </Td> <Td colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> Boron </Td> <Td> Carbon </Td> <Td> Nitrogen </Td> <Td> Oxygen </Td> <Td> Fluorine </Td> <Td> Neon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sodium </Td> <Td> Magnesium </Td> <Td colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> Aluminium </Td> <Td> Silicon </Td> <Td> Phosphorus </Td> <Td> Sulfur </Td> <Td> Chlorine </Td> <Td> Argon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Potassium </Td> <Td> Calcium </Td> <Td> Scandium </Td> <Td colspan="14"> </Td> <Td> Titanium </Td> <Td> Vanadium </Td> <Td> Chromium </Td> <Td> Manganese </Td> <Td> Iron </Td> <Td> Cobalt </Td> <Td> Nickel </Td> <Td> Copper </Td> <Td> Zinc </Td> <Td> Gallium </Td> <Td> Germanium </Td> <Td> Arsenic </Td> <Td> Selenium </Td> <Td> Bromine </Td> <Td> Krypton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rubidium </Td> <Td> Strontium </Td> <Td> Yttrium </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="13"> </Td> <Td> Zirconium </Td> <Td> Niobium </Td> <Td> Molybdenum </Td> <Td> Technetium </Td> <Td> Ruthenium </Td> <Td> Rhodium </Td> <Td> Palladium </Td> <Td> Silver </Td> <Td> Cadmium </Td> <Td> Indium </Td> <Td> Tin </Td> <Td> Antimony </Td> <Td> Tellurium </Td> <Td> Iodine </Td> <Td> Xenon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caesium </Td> <Td> Barium </Td> <Td> Lanthanum </Td> <Td> Cerium </Td> <Td> Praseodymium </Td> <Td> Neodymium </Td> <Td> Promethium </Td> <Td> Samarium </Td> <Td> Europium </Td> <Td> Gadolinium </Td> <Td> Terbium </Td> <Td> Dysprosium </Td> <Td> Holmium </Td> <Td> Erbium </Td> <Td> Thulium </Td> <Td> Ytterbium </Td> <Td> Lutetium </Td> <Td> Hafnium </Td> <Td> Tantalum </Td> <Td> Tungsten </Td> <Td> Rhenium </Td> <Td> Osmium </Td> <Td> Iridium </Td> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> Mercury ( element ) </Td> <Td> Thallium </Td> <Td> Lead </Td> <Td> Bismuth </Td> <Td> Polonium </Td> <Td> Astatine </Td> <Td> Radon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Francium </Td> <Td> Radium </Td> <Td> Actinium </Td> <Td> Thorium </Td> <Td> Protactinium </Td> <Td> Uranium </Td> <Td> Neptunium </Td> <Td> Plutonium </Td> <Td> Americium </Td> <Td> Curium </Td> <Td> Berkelium </Td> <Td> Californium </Td> <Td> Einsteinium </Td> <Td> Fermium </Td> <Td> Mendelevium </Td> <Td> Nobelium </Td> <Td> Lawrencium </Td> <Td> Rutherfordium </Td> <Td> Dubnium </Td> <Td> Seaborgium </Td> <Td> Bohrium </Td> <Td> Hassium </Td> <Td> Meitnerium </Td> <Td> Darmstadtium </Td> <Td> Roentgenium </Td> <Td> Copernicium </Td> <Td> Nihonium </Td> <Td> Flerovium </Td> <Td> Moscovium </Td> <Td> Livermorium </Td> <Td> Tennessine </Td> <Td> Oganesson </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> ↑ Li ↓ Na </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> helium ← lithium → beryllium </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Atomic number ( Z ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Group , period </Th> <Td> group 1 ( alkali metals ) , period 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Block </Th> <Td> s - block </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Element category </Th> <Td> alkali metal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Electron configuration </Th> <Td> ( He ) 2s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Electrons per shell </Th> <Td> 2 , 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Physical properties </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Phase ( at STP ) </Th> <Td> solid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Melting point </Th> <Td> 453.65 K ​ ( 180.50 ° C , ​ 356.90 ° F ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Boiling point </Th> <Td> 1603 K ​ ( 1330 ° C , ​ 2426 ° F ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density ( near r.t. ) </Th> <Td> 0.534 g / cm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> when liquid ( at m.p. ) </Th> <Td> 0.512 g / cm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Critical point </Th> <Td> 3220 K , 67 MPa ( extrapolated ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heat of fusion </Th> <Td> 3.00 kJ / mol </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heat of vaporization </Th> <Td> 136 kJ / mol </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Molar heat capacity </Th> <Td> 24.860 J / ( mol K ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Vapor pressure <Table> <Tr> <Th> P ( Pa ) </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 100 </Th> <Th> 1 k </Th> <Th> 10 k </Th> <Th> 100 k </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> at T ( K ) </Th> <Td> 797 </Td> <Td> 885 </Td> <Td> 995 </Td> <Td> 1144 </Td> <Td> 1337 </Td> <Td> 1610 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Atomic properties </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oxidation states </Th> <Td> + 1 ​ ( a strongly basic oxide ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Electronegativity </Th> <Td> Pauling scale : 0.98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ionization energies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st : 520.2 kJ / mol </Li> <Li> 2nd : 7298.1 kJ / mol </Li> <Li> 3rd : 11815.0 kJ / mol </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Atomic radius </Th> <Td> empirical : 152 pm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Covalent radius </Th> <Td> 128 ± 7 pm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Van der Waals radius </Th> <Td> 182 pm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Spectral lines </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Miscellanea </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Crystal structure </Th> <Td> ​ body - centered cubic ( bcc ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Speed of sound thin rod </Th> <Td> 6000 m / s ( at 20 ° C ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thermal expansion </Th> <Td> 46 μm / ( m K ) ( at 25 ° C ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thermal conductivity </Th> <Td> 84.8 W / ( m K ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Electrical resistivity </Th> <Td> 92.8 nΩ m ( at 20 ° C ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Magnetic ordering </Th> <Td> paramagnetic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Magnetic susceptibility </Th> <Td> + 14.2 10 cm / mol ( 298 K ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Young 's modulus </Th> <Td> 4.9 GPa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shear modulus </Th> <Td> 4.2 GPa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bulk modulus </Th> <Td> 11 GPa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mohs hardness </Th> <Td> 0.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brinell hardness </Th> <Td> 5 MPa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CAS Number </Th> <Td> 7439 - 93 - 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discovery </Th> <Td> Johan August Arfwedson ( 1817 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First isolation </Th> <Td> William Thomas Brande ( 1821 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Main isotopes of lithium </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Isotope </Th> <Th> Abundance </Th> <Th> Half - life ( t ) </Th> <Th> Decay mode </Th> <Th> Product </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Li </Th> <Td> 5 % </Td> <Td colspan="3"> stable </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Li </Th> <Td> 95 % </Td> <Td colspan="3"> stable </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Li content may be as low as 3.75 % in natural samples . Li would therefore have a content of up to 96.25 % . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> view </Li> <Li> talk </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> references in Wikidata </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Lithium ( from Greek : λίθος , translit . lithos , lit . ' stone ' ) is a chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3 . It is a soft , silvery - white alkali metal . Under standard conditions , it is the lightest metal and the lightest solid element . Like all alkali metals , lithium is highly reactive and flammable , and is stored in mineral oil . When cut open , it exhibits a metallic luster , but moist air corrodes it quickly to a dull silvery gray , then black tarnish . It never occurs freely in nature , but only in ( usually ionic ) compounds , such as pegmatitic minerals which were once the main source of lithium . Due to its solubility as an ion , it is present in ocean water and is commonly obtained from brines . Lithium metal is isolated electrolytically from a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride . </P> <P> The nucleus of the lithium atom verges on instability , since the two stable lithium isotopes found in nature have among the lowest binding energies per nucleon of all stable nuclides . Because of its relative nuclear instability , lithium is less common in the solar system than 25 of the first 32 chemical elements even though its nuclei are very light : it is an exception to the trend that heavier nuclei are less common . For related reasons , lithium has important uses in nuclear physics . The transmutation of lithium atoms to helium in 1932 was the first fully man - made nuclear reaction , and lithium deuteride serves as a fusion fuel in staged thermonuclear weapons . </P> <P> Lithium and its compounds have several industrial applications , including heat - resistant glass and ceramics , lithium grease lubricants , flux additives for iron , steel and aluminium production , lithium batteries , and lithium - ion batteries . These uses consume more than three quarters of lithium production . </P> <P> Lithium is present in biological systems in trace amounts ; its functions are uncertain . Lithium salts have proven to be useful as a mood - stabilizing drug in the treatment of bipolar disorder in humans . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Properties <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Atomic and physical </Li> <Li> 1.2 Chemistry and compounds </Li> <Li> 1.3 Isotopes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Occurrence <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Astronomical </Li> <Li> 2.2 Terrestrial </Li> <Li> 2.3 Biological </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 History </Li> <Li> 4 Production <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Reserves </Li> <Li> 4.2 Pricing </Li> <Li> 4.3 Extraction </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Uses <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Ceramics and glass </Li> <Li> 5.2 Electrical and electronics </Li> <Li> 5.3 Lubricating greases </Li> <Li> 5.4 Metallurgy </Li> <Li> 5.5 Silicon nano - welding </Li> <Li> 5.6 Other chemical and industrial uses <Ul> <Li> 5.6. 1 Pyrotechnics </Li> <Li> 5.6. 2 Air purification </Li> <Li> 5.6. 3 Optics </Li> <Li> 5.6. 4 Organic and polymer chemistry </Li> <Li> 5.6. 5 Military applications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.7 Nuclear </Li> <Li> 5.8 Medicine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Biological role </Li> <Li> 7 Precautions <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Regulation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Properties ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Atomic and physical ( edit ) </H3> Lithium ingots with a thin layer of black nitride tarnish <P> Like the other alkali metals , lithium has a single valence electron that is easily given up to form a cation . Because of this , lithium is a good conductor of heat and electricity as well as a highly reactive element , though it is the least reactive of the alkali metals . Lithium 's low reactivity is due to the proximity of its valence electron to its nucleus ( the remaining two electrons are in the 1s orbital , much lower in energy , and do not participate in chemical bonds ) . </P> <P> Lithium metal is soft enough to be cut with a knife . When cut , it possesses a silvery - white color that quickly changes to gray as it oxidizes to lithium oxide . While it has one of the lowest melting points among all metals ( 180 ° C ) , it has the highest melting and boiling points of the alkali metals . </P> <P> Lithium has a very low density ( 0.534 g / cm ) , comparable with pine wood . It is the least dense of all elements that are solids at room temperature ; the next lightest solid element ( potassium , at 0.862 g / cm ) is more than 60 % denser . Furthermore , apart from helium and hydrogen , it is less dense than any liquid element , being only two thirds as dense as liquid nitrogen ( 0.808 g / cm ) . Lithium can float on the lightest hydrocarbon oils and is one of only three metals that can float on water , the other two being sodium and potassium . </P> Lithium floating in oil <P> Lithium 's coefficient of thermal expansion is twice that of aluminium and almost four times that of iron . Lithium is superconductive below 400 μK at standard pressure and at higher temperatures ( more than 9 K ) at very high pressures ( > 20 GPa ) . At temperatures below 70 K , lithium , like sodium , undergoes diffusionless phase change transformations . At 4.2 K it has a rhombohedral crystal system ( with a nine - layer repeat spacing ) ; at higher temperatures it transforms to face - centered cubic and then body - centered cubic . At liquid - helium temperatures ( 4 K ) the rhombohedral structure is prevalent . Multiple allotropic forms have been identified for lithium at high pressures . </P> <P> Lithium has a mass specific heat capacity of 3.58 kilojoules per kilogram - kelvin , the highest of all solids . Because of this , lithium metal is often used in coolants for heat transfer applications . </P> <H3> Chemistry and compounds ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lithium reacts with water easily , but with noticeably less vigor than other alkali metals . The reaction forms hydrogen gas and lithium hydroxide in aqueous solution . Because of its reactivity with water , lithium is usually stored in a hydrocarbon sealant , often petroleum jelly . Though the heavier alkali metals can be stored in more dense substances , such as mineral oil , lithium is not dense enough to be fully submerged in these liquids . In moist air , lithium rapidly tarnishes to form a black coating of lithium hydroxide ( LiOH and LiOH H O ) , lithium nitride ( Li N ) and lithium carbonate ( Li CO , the result of a secondary reaction between LiOH and CO ) . </P> Hexameric structure of the n - butyllithium fragment in a crystal <P> When placed over a flame , lithium compounds give off a striking crimson color , but when it burns strongly the flame becomes a brilliant silver . Lithium will ignite and burn in oxygen when exposed to water or water vapors . Lithium is flammable , and it is potentially explosive when exposed to air and especially to water , though less so than the other alkali metals . The lithium - water reaction at normal temperatures is brisk but nonviolent because the hydrogen produced does not ignite on its own . As with all alkali metals , lithium fires are difficult to extinguish , requiring dry powder fire extinguishers ( Class D type ) . Lithium is one of the few metals that react with nitrogen under normal conditions . </P> <P> Lithium has a diagonal relationship with magnesium , an element of similar atomic and ionic radius . Chemical resemblances between the two metals include the formation of a nitride by reaction with N , the formation of an oxide ( Li 2O ) and peroxide ( Li 2O 2 ) when burnt in O , salts with similar solubilities , and thermal instability of the carbonates and nitrides . The metal reacts with hydrogen gas at high temperatures to produce lithium hydride ( LiH ) . </P> <P> Other known binary compounds include halides ( LiF , LiCl , LiBr , LiI ) , sulfide ( Li 2S ) , superoxide ( LiO 2 ) , and carbide ( Li 2 ) . Many other inorganic compounds are known in which lithium combines with anions to form salts : borates , amides , carbonate , nitrate , or borohydride ( LiBH 4 ) . Lithium aluminium hydride ( LiAlH 4 ) is commonly used as a reducing agent in organic synthesis . </P> <P> Multiple organolithium reagents are known in which there is a direct bond between carbon and lithium atoms , effectively creating a carbanion . These are extremely powerful bases and nucleophiles . In many of these organolithium compounds , the lithium ions tend to aggregate into high - symmetry clusters by themselves , which is relatively common for alkali cations . LiHe , a very weakly interacting van der Waals compound , has been detected at very low temperatures . </P> <H3> Isotopes ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Isotopes of lithium <P> Naturally occurring lithium is composed of two stable isotopes , Li and Li , the latter being the more abundant ( 92.5 % natural abundance ) . Both natural isotopes have anomalously low nuclear binding energy per nucleon ( compared to the neighboring elements on the periodic table , helium and beryllium ) ; lithium is the only low numbered element that can produce net energy through nuclear fission . The two lithium nuclei have lower binding energies per nucleon than any other stable nuclides other than deuterium and helium - 3 . As a result of this , though very light in atomic weight , lithium is less common in the Solar System than 25 of the first 32 chemical elements . Seven radioisotopes have been characterized , the most stable being Li with a half - life of 838 ms and Li with a half - life of 178 ms . All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half - lives that are shorter than 8.6 ms . The shortest - lived isotope of lithium is Li , which decays through proton emission and has a half - life of 7.6 × 10 s . </P> <P> Li is one of the primordial elements ( or , more properly , primordial nuclides ) produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis . A small amount of both Li and Li are produced in stars , but are thought to be `` burned '' as fast as produced . Additional small amounts of lithium of both Li and Li may be generated from solar wind , cosmic rays hitting heavier atoms , and from early solar system Be and Be radioactive decay . While lithium is created in stars during stellar nucleosynthesis , it is further burned . Li can also be generated in carbon stars . </P> <P> Lithium isotopes fractionate substantially during a wide variety of natural processes , including mineral formation ( chemical precipitation ) , metabolism , and ion exchange . Lithium ions substitute for magnesium and iron in octahedral sites in clay minerals , where Li is preferred to Li , resulting in enrichment of the light isotope in processes of hyperfiltration and rock alteration . The exotic Li is known to exhibit a nuclear halo . The process known as laser isotope separation can be used to separate lithium isotopes , in particular Li from Li . </P> <P> Nuclear weapons manufacture and other nuclear physics applications are a major source of artificial lithium fractionation , with the light isotope Li being retained by industry and military stockpiles to such an extent that it has caused slight but measurable change in the Li to Li ratios in natural sources , such as rivers . This has led to unusual uncertainty in the standardized atomic weight of lithium , since this quantity depends on the natural abundance ratios of these naturally - occurring stable lithium isotopes , as they are available in commercial lithium mineral sources . </P> <P> Both stable isotopes of lithium can be laser cooled and were used to produce the first quantum degenerate Bose - Fermi mixture . </P> <H2> Occurrence ( edit ) </H2> Lithium is about as common as chlorine in the Earth 's upper continental crust , on a per - atom basis . <H3> Astronomical ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Nucleosynthesis <P> Though it was synthesized in the Big Bang , lithium ( together with beryllium and boron ) , is markedly less abundant in the universe than other elements . This is a result of the comparatively low stellar temperatures necessary to destroy lithium , along with a lack of common processes to produce it . </P> <P> According to modern cosmological theory , lithium -- in both stable isotopes ( lithium - 6 and lithium - 7 ) -- was one of the 3 elements synthesized in the Big Bang . Though the amount of lithium generated in Big Bang nucleosynthesis is dependent upon the number of photons per baryon , for accepted values the lithium abundance can be calculated , and there is a `` cosmological lithium discrepancy '' in the Universe : older stars seem to have less lithium than they should , and some younger stars have much more . The lack of lithium in older stars is apparently caused by the `` mixing '' of lithium into the interior of stars , where it is destroyed , while lithium is produced in younger stars . Though it transmutes into two atoms of helium due to collision with a proton at temperatures above 2.4 million degrees Celsius ( most stars easily attain this temperature in their interiors ) , lithium is more abundant than current computations would predict in later - generation stars . </P> Nova Centauri 2013 is the first in which evidence of lithium has been found . <P> Lithium is also found in brown dwarf substellar objects and certain anomalous orange stars . Because lithium is present in cooler , less - massive brown dwarfs , but is destroyed in hotter red dwarf stars , its presence in the stars ' spectra can be used in the `` lithium test '' to differentiate the two , as both are smaller than the Sun . Certain orange stars can also contain a high concentration of lithium . Those orange stars found to have a higher than usual concentration of lithium ( such as Centaurus X-4 ) orbit massive objects -- neutron stars or black holes -- whose gravity evidently pulls heavier lithium to the surface of a hydrogen - helium star , causing more lithium to be observed . </P> <H3> Terrestrial ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Lithium mine production ( 2016 ) , reserves and resources in tonnes according to USGS <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Production </Th> <Th> Reserves </Th> <Th> Resources </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 5,700 </Td> <Td> 2,000,000 </Td> <Td> 9,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 14,300 </Td> <Td> 1,600,000 </Td> <Td> 2,000,000 + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 100,000 + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bolivia </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 9,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 48,000 </Td> <Td> 200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( 2010 ) </Td> <Td> 480 </Td> <Td> 180,000 </Td> <Td> 2,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> 12,000 </Td> <Td> 7,500,000 </Td> <Td> 7,500,000 + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DR Congo </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> People 's Republic of China </Td> <Td> 2,000 </Td> <Td> 3,200,000 </Td> <Td> 7,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 60,000 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 38,000 </Td> <Td> 6,900,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> 900 </Td> <Td> 23,000 </Td> <Td> 100,000 + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> World total </Td> <Td> 32,500 </Td> <Td> 14,000,000 </Td> <Td> 46,900,000 </Td> </Tr> </Table> See also : Lithium minerals <P> Although lithium is widely distributed on Earth , it does not naturally occur in elemental form due to its high reactivity . The total lithium content of seawater is very large and is estimated as 230 billion tonnes , where the element exists at a relatively constant concentration of 0.14 to 0.25 parts per million ( ppm ) , or 25 micromolar ; higher concentrations approaching 7 ppm are found near hydrothermal vents . </P> <P> Estimates for the Earth 's crustal content range from 20 to 70 ppm by weight . In keeping with its name , lithium forms a minor part of igneous rocks , with the largest concentrations in granites . Granitic pegmatites also provide the greatest abundance of lithium - containing minerals , with spodumene and petalite being the most commercially viable sources . Another significant mineral of lithium is lepidolite . A newer source for lithium is hectorite clay , the only active development of which is through the Western Lithium Corporation in the United States . At 20 mg lithium per kg of Earth 's crust , lithium is the 25th most abundant element . </P> <P> According to the Handbook of Lithium and Natural Calcium , `` Lithium is a comparatively rare element , although it is found in many rocks and some brines , but always in very low concentrations . There are a fairly large number of both lithium mineral and brine deposits but only comparatively few of them are of actual or potential commercial value . Many are very small , others are too low in grade . '' </P> <P> The US Geological Survey estimates that in 2010 , Chile had the largest reserves by far ( 7.5 million tonnes ) and the highest annual production ( 8,800 tonnes ) . One of the largest reserve bases of lithium is in the Salar de Uyuni area of Bolivia , which has 5.4 million tonnes . Other major suppliers include Australia , Argentina and China . As of 2015 Czech Geological Survey considered the entire Ore Mountains in the Czech Republic as lithium province . Five deposits are registered , one near Cínovec ( cs ) is considered as potentially economic deposit with 160 000 tonnes of lithium . </P> <P> In June 2010 , The New York Times reported that American geologists were conducting ground surveys on dry salt lakes in western Afghanistan believing that large deposits of lithium are located there . `` Pentagon officials said that their initial analysis at one location in Ghazni Province showed the potential for lithium deposits as large as those of Bolivia , which now has the world 's largest known lithium reserves . '' These estimates are `` based principally on old data , which was gathered mainly by the Soviets during their occupation of Afghanistan from 1979 -- 1989 '' . Stephen Peters , the head of the USGS 's Afghanistan Minerals Project , said that he was unaware of USGS involvement in any new surveying for minerals in Afghanistan in the past two years . ' We are not aware of any discoveries of lithium , ' he said . '' </P> <P> Lithia ( `` lithium brine '' ) is associated with tin mining areas in Cornwall , England and an evaluation project from 400 - metre deep test boreholes is under consideration . If successful the hot brines will also provide geothermal energy to power the lithium extraction and refining process . </P> <H3> Biological ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lithium is found in trace amount in numerous plants , plankton , and invertebrates , at concentrations of 69 to 5,760 parts per billion ( ppb ) . In vertebrates the concentration is slightly lower , and nearly all vertebrate tissue and body fluids contain lithium ranging from 21 to 763 ppb . Marine organisms tend to bioaccumulate lithium more than terrestrial organisms . Whether lithium has a physiological role in any of these organisms is unknown . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Johan August Arfwedson is credited with the discovery of lithium in 1817 <P> Petalite ( LiAlSi O ) was discovered in 1800 by the Brazilian chemist and statesman José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva in a mine on the island of Utö , Sweden . However , it was not until 1817 that Johan August Arfwedson , then working in the laboratory of the chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius , detected the presence of a new element while analyzing petalite ore . This element formed compounds similar to those of sodium and potassium , though its carbonate and hydroxide were less soluble in water and more alkaline . Berzelius gave the alkaline material the name `` lithion / lithina '' , from the Greek word λιθoς ( transliterated as lithos , meaning `` stone '' ) , to reflect its discovery in a solid mineral , as opposed to potassium , which had been discovered in plant ashes , and sodium , which was known partly for its high abundance in animal blood . He named the metal inside the material `` lithium '' . </P> <P> Arfwedson later showed that this same element was present in the minerals spodumene and lepidolite . In 1818 , Christian Gmelin was the first to observe that lithium salts give a bright red color to flame . However , both Arfwedson and Gmelin tried and failed to isolate the pure element from its salts . It was not isolated until 1821 , when William Thomas Brande obtained it by electrolysis of lithium oxide , a process that had previously been employed by the chemist Sir Humphry Davy to isolate the alkali metals potassium and sodium . Brande also described some pure salts of lithium , such as the chloride , and , estimating that lithia ( lithium oxide ) contained about 55 % metal , estimated the atomic weight of lithium to be around 9.8 g / mol ( modern value ~ 6.94 g / mol ) . In 1855 , larger quantities of lithium were produced through the electrolysis of lithium chloride by Robert Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen . The discovery of this procedure led to commercial production of lithium in 1923 by the German company Metallgesellschaft AG , which performed an electrolysis of a liquid mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride . </P> <P> The production and use of lithium underwent several drastic changes in history . The first major application of lithium was in high - temperature lithium greases for aircraft engines and similar applications in World War II and shortly after . This use was supported by the fact that lithium - based soaps have a higher melting point than other alkali soaps , and are less corrosive than calcium based soaps . The small demand for lithium soaps and lubricating greases was supported by several small mining operations , mostly in the US . </P> <P> The demand for lithium increased dramatically during the Cold War with the production of nuclear fusion weapons . Both lithium - 6 and lithium - 7 produce tritium when irradiated by neutrons , and are thus useful for the production of tritium by itself , as well as a form of solid fusion fuel used inside hydrogen bombs in the form of lithium deuteride . The US became the prime producer of lithium between the late 1950s and the mid 1980s . At the end , the stockpile of lithium was roughly 42,000 tonnes of lithium hydroxide . The stockpiled lithium was depleted in lithium - 6 by 75 % , which was enough to affect the measured atomic weight of lithium in many standardized chemicals , and even the atomic weight of lithium in some `` natural sources '' of lithium ion which had been `` contaminated '' by lithium salts discharged from isotope separation facilities , which had found its way into ground water . </P> <P> Lithium was used to decrease the melting temperature of glass and to improve the melting behavior of aluminium oxide when using the Hall - Héroult process . These two uses dominated the market until the middle of the 1990s . After the end of the nuclear arms race , the demand for lithium decreased and the sale of Department of Energy stockpiles on the open market further reduced prices . In the mid 1990s , several companies started to extract lithium from brine which proved to be a less expensive than underground or open - pit mining . Most of the mines closed or shifted their focus to other materials because only the ore from zoned pegmatites could be mined for a competitive price . For example , the US mines near Kings Mountain , North Carolina closed before the beginning of the 21st century . </P> <P> The development of lithium ion batteries increased the demand for lithium and became the dominant use in 2007 . With the surge of lithium demand in batteries in the 2000s , new companies have expanded brine extraction efforts to meet the rising demand . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> Satellite images of the Salar del Hombre Muerto , Argentina ( left ) , and Uyuni , Bolivia ( right ) , salt flats that are rich in lithium . The lithium - rich brine is concentrated by pumping it into solar evaporation ponds ( visible in the left image ) . World production trend of lithium <P> Lithium production has greatly increased since the end of World War II . The metal is separated from other elements in igneous minerals . The metal is produced through electrolysis from a mixture of fused 55 % lithium chloride and 45 % potassium chloride at about 450 ° C . </P> <P> As of 2015 , most of the world 's lithium production is in South America , where lithium - containing brine is extracted from underground pools and concentrated by solar evaporation . The standard extraction technique is to evaporate water from brine . Each batch takes from 18 to 24 months . </P> <P> In 1998 , the price of lithium was about 95 USD / kg ( or 43 USD / lb ) . </P> <H3> Reserves ( edit ) </H3> <P> Worldwide identified reserves in 2008 were estimated by the US Geological Survey ( USGS ) to be 13 million tonnes , though an accurate estimate of world lithium reserves is difficult . One reason for this is that most lithium classification schemes are developed for solid ore deposits , whereas brine is a fluid that is problematic to treat with the same classification scheme due to varying concentrations and pumping effects . The world has been estimated to contain about 15 million tonnes of lithium reserves , while 65 million tonnes of known resources are reasonable . A total of 75 % of everything can typically be found in the ten largest deposits of the world . Another study noted that 83 % of the geological resources of lithium are located in six brine , two pegmatite , and two sedimentary deposits . </P> <P> Deposits are found in South America throughout the Andes mountain chain . Chile is the leading producer , followed by Argentina . Both countries recover lithium from brine pools . According to USGS , Bolivia 's Uyuni Desert has 5.4 million tonnes of lithium . </P> <P> In the US , lithium is recovered from brine pools in Nevada . Half the world 's known reserves are located in Bolivia along the central eastern slope of the Andes . In 2009 , Bolivia negotiated with Japanese , French , and Korean firms to begin extraction . A deposit discovered in 2013 in Wyoming 's Rock Springs Uplift is estimated to contain 228,000 tons . Additional deposits in the same formation were estimated to be as much as 18 million tons . </P> <P> Opinions differ about potential growth . A 2008 study concluded that `` realistically achievable lithium carbonate production will be sufficient for only a small fraction of future PHEV and EV global market requirements '' , that `` demand from the portable electronics sector will absorb much of the planned production increases in the next decade '' , and that `` mass production of lithium carbonate is not environmentally sound , it will cause irreparable ecological damage to ecosystems that should be protected and that LiIon propulsion is incompatible with the notion of the ' Green Car ' '' . </P> <P> According to a 2011 study by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of California , Berkeley , the currently estimated reserve base of lithium should not be a limiting factor for large - scale battery production for electric vehicles because an estimated 1 billion 40 kWh Li - based batteries could be built with current reserves - about 10 kg of lithium per car . Another 2011 study at the University of Michigan and Ford Motor Company found enough resources to support global demand until 2100 , including the lithium required for the potential widespread transportation use . The study estimated global reserves at 39 million tons , and total demand for lithium during the 90 - year period analyzed at 12 -- 20 million tons , depending on the scenarios regarding economic growth and recycling rates . </P> <P> On June 9 , 2014 , the Financialist stated that demand for lithium was growing at more than 12 % a year . According to Credit Suisse , this rate exceeds projected availability by 25 % . The publication compared the 2014 lithium situation with oil , whereby `` higher oil prices spurred investment in expensive deepwater and oil sands production techniques '' ; that is , the price of lithium will continue to rise until more expensive production methods that can boost total output receive the attention of investors . </P> <H3> Pricing ( edit ) </H3> <P> After the 2007 financial crisis , major suppliers such as Sociedad Química y Minera ( SQM ) dropped lithium carbonate pricing by 20 % . Prices rose in 2012 . A 2012 Business Week article outlined the oligopoly in the lithium space : `` SQM , controlled by billionaire Julio Ponce , is the second - largest , followed by Rockwood , which is backed by Henry Kravis 's KKR & Co. , and Philadelphia - based FMC '' . Global consumption may jump to 300,000 metric tons a year by 2020 from about 150,000 tons in 2012 , to match the demand for lithium batteries that has been growing at about 25 % a year , outpacing the 4 % to 5 % overall gain in lithium production . </P> <H3> Extraction ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lithium salts are extracted from water in mineral springs , brine pools , and brine deposits . </P> <P> Lithium is present in seawater , but commercially viable methods of extraction have yet to be developed . </P> <P> Another potential source of lithium is the leachates of geothermal wells , which are carried to the surface . Recovery of lithium has been demonstrated in the field ; the lithium is separated by simple filtration . The process and environmental costs are primarily those of the already - operating well ; net environmental impacts may thus be positive . </P> <H2> Uses ( edit ) </H2> Estimates of global lithium uses in 2015 Ceramics and glass ( 32 % ) Batteries ( 35 % ) Lubricating greases ( 9 % ) Continuous casting ( 5 % ) Air treatment ( 5 % ) Polymers ( 4 % ) Primary aluminum production ( 1 % ) Pharmaceuticals ( < 1 % ) Other ( 9 % ) <H3> Ceramics and glass ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lithium oxide is widely used as a flux for processing silica , reducing the melting point and viscosity of the material and leading to glazes with improved physical properties including low coefficients of thermal expansion . Worldwide , this is one of the largest use for lithium compounds . Glazes containing lithium oxides are used for ovenware . Lithium carbonate ( Li CO ) is generally used in this application because it converts to the oxide upon heating . </P> <H3> Electrical and electronics ( edit ) </H3> <P> Late in the 20th century , lithium became an important component of battery electrolytes and electrodes , because of its high electrode potential . Because of its low atomic mass , it has a high charge - and power - to - weight ratio . A typical lithium - ion battery can generate approximately 3 volts per cell , compared with 2.1 volts for lead - acid or 1.5 volts for zinc - carbon cells . Lithium - ion batteries , which are rechargeable and have a high energy density , should not be confused with lithium batteries , which are disposable ( primary ) batteries with lithium or its compounds as the anode . Other rechargeable batteries that use lithium include the lithium - ion polymer battery , lithium iron phosphate battery , and the nanowire battery . </P> <H3> Lubricating greases ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Lithium grease <P> The third most common use of lithium is in greases . Lithium hydroxide is a strong base and , when heated with a fat , produces a soap made of lithium stearate . Lithium soap has the ability to thicken oils , and it is used to manufacture all - purpose , high - temperature lubricating greases . </P> <H3> Metallurgy ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lithium ( e.g. as lithium carbonate ) is used as an additive to continuous casting mould flux slags where it increases fluidity , a use which accounts for 5 % of global lithium use ( 2011 ) . Lithium compounds are also used as additives ( fluxes ) to foundry sand for iron casting to reduce veining . </P> <P> Lithium ( as lithium fluoride ) is used as an additive to aluminium smelters ( Hall -- Héroult process ) , reducing melting temperature and increasing electrical resistance , a use which accounts for 3 % of production ( 2011 ) . </P> <P> When used as a flux for welding or soldering , metallic lithium promotes the fusing of metals during the process and eliminates the forming of oxides by absorbing impurities . Alloys of the metal with aluminium , cadmium , copper and manganese are used to make high - performance aircraft parts ( see also Lithium - aluminium alloys ) . </P> <H3> Silicon nano - welding ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lithium has been found effective in assisting the perfection of silicon nano - welds in electronic components for electric batteries and other devices . </P> <H3> Other chemical and industrial uses ( edit ) </H3> Lithium use in flares and pyrotechnics is due to its rose - red flame . Pyrotechnics ( edit ) <P> Lithium compounds are used as pyrotechnic colorants and oxidizers in red fireworks and flares . </P> Air purification ( edit ) <P> Lithium chloride and lithium bromide are hygroscopic and are used as desiccants for gas streams . Lithium hydroxide and lithium peroxide are the salts most used in confined areas , such as aboard spacecraft and submarines , for carbon dioxide removal and air purification . Lithium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide from the air by forming lithium carbonate , and is preferred over other alkaline hydroxides for its low weight . </P> <P> Lithium peroxide ( Li O ) in presence of moisture not only reacts with carbon dioxide to form lithium carbonate , but also releases oxygen . The reaction is as follows : </P> <Dl> <Dd> 2 Li O + 2 CO → 2 Li CO + O . </Dd> </Dl> <P> Some of the aforementioned compounds , as well as lithium perchlorate , are used in oxygen candles that supply submarines with oxygen . These can also include small amounts of boron , magnesium , aluminum , silicon , titanium , manganese , and iron . </P> Optics ( edit ) <P> Lithium fluoride , artificially grown as crystal , is clear and transparent and often used in specialist optics for IR , UV and VUV ( vacuum UV ) applications . It has one of the lowest refractive indexes and the furthest transmission range in the deep UV of most common materials . Finely divided lithium fluoride powder has been used for thermoluminescent radiation dosimetry ( TLD ) : when a sample of such is exposed to radiation , it accumulates crystal defects which , when heated , resolve via a release of bluish light whose intensity is proportional to the absorbed dose , thus allowing this to be quantified . Lithium fluoride is sometimes used in focal lenses of telescopes . </P> <P> The high non-linearity of lithium niobate also makes it useful in non-linear optics applications . It is used extensively in telecommunication products such as mobile phones and optical modulators , for such components as resonant crystals . Lithium applications are used in more than 60 % of mobile phones . </P> Organic and polymer Chemistry ( edit ) <P> Organolithium compounds are widely used in the production of polymer and fine - chemicals . In the polymer industry , which is the dominant consumer of these reagents , alkyl lithium compounds are catalysts / initiators. in anionic polymerization of unfunctionalized olefins . For the production of fine chemicals , organolithium compounds function as strong bases and as reagents for the formation of carbon - carbon bonds . Organolithium compounds are prepared from lithium metal and alkyl halides . </P> <P> Many other lithium compounds are used as reagents to prepare organic compounds . Some popular compounds include lithium aluminium hydride ( LiAlH ) , lithium triethylborohydride , n - Butyllithium and tert - butyllithium are commonly used as extremely strong bases called superbase . </P> Military applications ( edit ) <P> Metallic lithium and its complex hydrides , such as Li ( AlH ) , are used as high - energy additives to rocket propellants . Lithium aluminum hydride can also be used by itself as a solid fuel . </P> The launch of a torpedo using lithium as fuel <P> The Mark 50 torpedo stored chemical energy propulsion system ( SCEPS ) uses a small tank of sulfur hexafluoride gas , which is sprayed over a block of solid lithium . The reaction generates heat , creating steam to propel the torpedo in a closed Rankine cycle . </P> <P> Lithium hydride containing lithium - 6 is used in thermonuclear weapons , where it serves as fuel for the fusion stage of the bomb . </P> <H3> Nuclear ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lithium - 6 is valued as a source material for tritium production and as a neutron absorber in nuclear fusion . Natural lithium contains about 7.5 % lithium - 6 from which large amounts of lithium - 6 have been produced by isotope separation for use in nuclear weapons . Lithium - 7 gained interest for use in nuclear reactor coolants . </P> Lithium deuteride was used as fuel in the Castle Bravo nuclear device . <P> Lithium deuteride was the fusion fuel of choice in early versions of the hydrogen bomb . When bombarded by neutrons , both Li and Li produce tritium -- this reaction , which was not fully understood when hydrogen bombs were first tested , was responsible for the runaway yield of the Castle Bravo nuclear test . Tritium fuses with deuterium in a fusion reaction that is relatively easy to achieve . Although details remain secret , lithium - 6 deuteride apparently still plays a role in modern nuclear weapons as a fusion material . </P> <P> Lithium fluoride , when highly enriched in the lithium - 7 isotope , forms the basic constituent of the fluoride salt mixture LiF - BeF used in liquid fluoride nuclear reactors . Lithium fluoride is exceptionally chemically stable and LiF - BeF mixtures have low melting points . In addition , Li , Be , and F are among the few nuclides with low enough thermal neutron capture cross-sections not to poison the fission reactions inside a nuclear fission reactor . </P> <P> In conceptualized ( hypothetical ) nuclear fusion power plants , lithium will be used to produce tritium in magnetically confined reactors using deuterium and tritium as the fuel . Naturally occurring tritium is extremely rare , and must be synthetically produced by surrounding the reacting plasma with a ' blanket ' containing lithium where neutrons from the deuterium - tritium reaction in the plasma will fission the lithium to produce more tritium : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Li + n → He + H . </Dd> </Dl> <P> Lithium is also used as a source for alpha particles , or helium nuclei . When Li is bombarded by accelerated protons Be is formed , which undergoes fission to form two alpha particles . This feat , called `` splitting the atom '' at the time , was the first fully man - made nuclear reaction . It was produced by Cockroft and Walton in 1932 . </P> <P> In 2013 , the US Government Accountability Office said a shortage of lithium - 7 critical to the operation of 65 out of 100 American nuclear reactors `` places their ability to continue to provide electricity at some risk '' . The problem stems from the decline of US nuclear infrastructure . The equipment needed to separate lithium - 6 from lithium - 7 is mostly a cold war leftover . The US shut down most of this machinery in 1963 , when it had a huge surplus of separated lithium , mostly consumed during the twentieth century . The report said it would take five years and $10 million to $12 million to reestablish the ability to separate lithium - 6 from lithium - 7 . </P> <P> Reactors that use lithium - 7 heat water under high pressure and transfer heat through heat exchangers that are prone to corrosion . The reactors use lithium to counteract the corrosive effects of boric acid , which is added to the water to absorb excess neutrons . </P> <H3> Medicine ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Lithium ( medication ) <P> Lithium is useful in the treatment of bipolar disorder . Lithium salts may also be helpful for related diagnoses , such as schizoaffective disorder and cyclic major depression . The active part of these salts is the lithium ion Li . They may increase the risk of developing Ebstein 's cardiac anomaly in infants born to women who take lithium during the first trimester of pregnancy . </P> <P> Lithium has also been researched as a possible treatment for cluster headaches . </P> <H2> Biological role ( edit ) </H2> <P> Primary food sources of lithium are grains and vegetables , and , in some areas , drinking water also contains significant amounts . Human intake varies depending on location and diet . </P> <P> Lithium was first detected in human organs and fetal tissues in the late 19th century . In humans there are no defined lithium deficiency diseases , but low lithium intakes from water supplies were associated with increased rates of suicides , homicides and the arrest rates for drug use and other crimes . The biochemical mechanisms of action of lithium appear to be multifactorial and are intercorrelated with the functions of several enzymes , hormones and vitamins , as well as with growth and transforming factors . Evidence now appears to be sufficient to accept lithium as essential ; a provisional RDA of 1,000 μg / day is suggested for a 70 kg adult . </P> <H2> Precautions ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> NFPA 704 fire diamond </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fire diamond hazard sign for lithium metal </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Lithium is corrosive and requires special handling to avoid skin contact . Breathing lithium dust or lithium compounds ( which are often alkaline ) initially irritate the nose and throat , while higher exposure can cause a buildup of fluid in the lungs , leading to pulmonary edema . The metal itself is a handling hazard because contact with moisture produces the caustic lithium hydroxide . Lithium is safely stored in non-reactive compounds such as naphtha . </P> <H3> Regulation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some jurisdictions limit the sale of lithium batteries , which are the most readily available source of lithium for ordinary consumers . Lithium can be used to reduce pseudoephedrine and ephedrine to methamphetamine in the Birch reduction method , which employs solutions of alkali metals dissolved in anhydrous ammonia . </P> <P> Carriage and shipment of some kinds of lithium batteries may be prohibited aboard certain types of transportation ( particularly aircraft ) because of the ability of most types of lithium batteries to fully discharge very rapidly when short - circuited , leading to overheating and possible explosion in a process called thermal runaway . Most consumer lithium batteries have built - in thermal overload protection to prevent this type of incident , or are otherwise designed to limit short - circuit currents . Internal shorts from manufacturing defect or physical damage can lead to spontaneous thermal runaway . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Dilithium </Li> <Li> List of countries by lithium production </Li> <Li> Lithium as an investment </Li> <Li> Lithium compounds </Li> <Li> Lithium ( medication ) </Li> <Li> Lithium soap </Li> <Li> Lithium - ion battery </Li> <Li> Lithium -- air battery </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Books View or order collections of articles </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lithium </Li> <Li> Period 2 elements </Li> <Li> Alkali metals </Li> <Li> Chemical elements ( sorted alphabetically ) </Li> <Li> Chemical elements ( sorted by number ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portals Access related topics </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chemistry portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Media from Commons </Li> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Textbooks from Wikibooks </Li> <Li> Learning resources from Wikiversity </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Apendixes Archived 6 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... By USGS definitions , the reserve base `` may encompass those parts of the resources that have a reasonable potential for becoming economically available within planning horizons beyond those that assume proven technology and current economics . The reserve base includes those resources that are currently economic ( reserves ) , marginally economic ( marginal reserves ) , and some of those that are currently subeconomic ( subeconomic resources ) . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beryllium and fluorine occur only as one isotope , Be and F respectively . These two , together with Li , as well as H , B , N , Bi , and the stable isotopes of C , and O , are the only nuclides with low enough thermal neutron capture cross sections aside from actinides to serve as major constituents of a molten salt breeder reactor fuel . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. 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The History and Use of Our Earth 's Chemical Elements : A Reference Guide . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33438 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lide , D.R. , ed. ( 2005 ) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 86th ed . ) . Boca Raton ( FL ) : CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0486 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nitrogen , N2 , Physical properties , safety , MSDS , enthalpy , material compatibility , gas liquid equilibrium , density , viscosity , inflammability , transport properties '' . Encyclopedia.airliquide.com . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 29 September 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Coefficients of Linear Expansion '' . Engineering Toolbox . Archived from the original on 30 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tuoriniemi , Juha ; Juntunen - Nurmilaukas , Kirsi ; Uusvuori , Johanna ; Pentti , Elias ; Salmela , Anssi ; Sebedash , Alexander ( 2007 ) . `` Superconductivity in lithium below 0.4 millikelvin at ambient pressure '' . 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Archived from the original on 4 January 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lithium at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) </Li> <Li> International Lithium Alliance </Li> <Li> USGS : Lithium Statistics and Information </Li> <Li> Lithium Supply & Markets 2009 IM Conference 2009 Sustainable lithium supplies through 2020 in the face of sustainable market growth </Li> <Li> University of Southampton , Mountbatten Centre for International Studies , Nuclear History Working Paper No5 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Periodic table </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> ( Large cells ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Td colspan="14"> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Th> 14 </Th> <Th> 15 </Th> <Th> 16 </Th> <Th> 17 </Th> <Th> 18 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="30"> </Td> <Td> He </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Li </Td> <Td> Be </Td> <Td colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> O </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Na </Td> <Td> Mg </Td> <Td colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> Al </Td> <Td> Si </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cl </Td> <Td> Ar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ca </Td> <Td> Sc </Td> <Td colspan="14"> </Td> <Td> Ti </Td> <Td> V </Td> <Td> Cr </Td> <Td> Mn </Td> <Td> Fe </Td> <Td> Co </Td> <Td> Ni </Td> <Td> Cu </Td> <Td> Zn </Td> <Td> Ga </Td> <Td> Ge </Td> <Td> As </Td> <Td> Se </Td> <Td> Br </Td> <Td> Kr </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Rb </Td> <Td> Sr </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td colspan="14"> </Td> <Td> Zr </Td> <Td> Nb </Td> <Td> Mo </Td> <Td> Tc </Td> <Td> Ru </Td> <Td> Rh </Td> <Td> Pd </Td> <Td> Ag </Td> <Td> Cd </Td> <Td> In </Td> <Td> Sn </Td> <Td> Sb </Td> <Td> Te </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Xe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Cs </Td> <Td> Ba </Td> <Td> La </Td> <Td> Ce </Td> <Td> Pr </Td> <Td> Nd </Td> <Td> Pm </Td> <Td> Sm </Td> <Td> Eu </Td> <Td> Gd </Td> <Td> Tb </Td> <Td> Dy </Td> <Td> Ho </Td> <Td> Er </Td> <Td> Tm </Td> <Td> Yb </Td> <Td> Lu </Td> <Td> Hf </Td> <Td> Ta </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Re </Td> <Td> Os </Td> <Td> Ir </Td> <Td> Pt </Td> <Td> Au </Td> <Td> Hg </Td> <Td> Tl </Td> <Td> Pb </Td> <Td> Bi </Td> <Td> Po </Td> <Td> At </Td> <Td> Rn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Fr </Td> <Td> Ra </Td> <Td> Ac </Td> <Td> Th </Td> <Td> Pa </Td> <Td> U </Td> <Td> Np </Td> <Td> Pu </Td> <Td> Am </Td> <Td> Cm </Td> <Td> Bk </Td> <Td> Cf </Td> <Td> Es </Td> <Td> Fm </Td> <Td> Md </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Lr </Td> <Td> Rf </Td> <Td> Db </Td> <Td> Sg </Td> <Td> Bh </Td> <Td> Hs </Td> <Td> Mt </Td> <Td> Ds </Td> <Td> Rg </Td> <Td> Cn </Td> <Td> Nh </Td> <Td> Fl </Td> <Td> Mc </Td> <Td> Lv </Td> <Td> Ts </Td> <Td> Og </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Alkali metal </Td> <Td> Alkaline earth metal </Td> <Td> Lanthanide </Td> <Td> Actinide </Td> <Td> Transition metal </Td> <Td> Post - ​ transition metal </Td> <Td> Metalloid </Td> <Td> Polyatomic nonmetal </Td> <Td> Diatomic nonmetal </Td> <Td> Noble gas </Td> <Td> Unknown chemical properties </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lithium compounds </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inorganic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> LiAlCl </Li> <Li> LiAlH </Li> <Li> LiAlO </Li> <Li> LiBF </Li> <Li> LiBH </Li> <Li> LiBO </Li> <Li> LiB O </Li> <Li> Li B O </Li> <Li> LiBr </Li> <Li> Li CO </Li> <Li> Li C </Li> <Li> LiCl </Li> <Li> LiClO </Li> <Li> LiClO </Li> <Li> LiClO </Li> <Li> LiCoO </Li> <Li> LiF </Li> <Li> LiH </Li> <Li> LiI </Li> <Li> LiIO </Li> <Li> Li IrO </Li> <Li> Li MoO </Li> <Li> LiNH </Li> <Li> Li NH </Li> <Li> LiN </Li> <Li> Li N </Li> <Li> LiNO </Li> <Li> LiNO </Li> <Li> LiNbO </Li> <Li> LiOH </Li> <Li> LiO </Li> <Li> Li O </Li> <Li> Li O </Li> <Li> LiPF </Li> <Li> Li PtO </Li> <Li> Li Po </Li> <Li> Li RuO </Li> <Li> Li S </Li> <Li> Li SO </Li> <Li> Li SO </Li> <Li> Li SiO </Li> <Li> LiTaO </Li> <Li> Li TiO </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 12 - hydroxystearate </Li> <Li> acetate </Li> <Li> aspartate </Li> <Li> citrate </Li> <Li> diisopropylamide </Li> <Li> orotate </Li> <Li> succinate </Li> <Li> stearate </Li> <Li> organolithiums </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minerals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amblygonite </Li> <Li> Elbaite </Li> <Li> Eucryptite </Li> <Li> Jadarite </Li> <Li> Lepidolite </Li> <Li> Lithiophilite </Li> <Li> Petalite </Li> <Li> Pezzottaite </Li> <Li> Saliotite </Li> <Li> Spodumene </Li> <Li> Sugilite </Li> <Li> Tourmaline </Li> <Li> Zabuyelite </Li> <Li> Zinnwaldite </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> LCCN : sh85077577 </Li> <Li> GND : 4036037 - 4 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb119338639 ( data ) </Li> <Li> NDL : 00569575 </Li> <Li> BNE : XX531331 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithium&oldid=819518707 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lithium </Li> <Li> Alkali metals </Li> <Li> Chemical elements </Li> <Li> Reducing agents </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2016 </Li> <Li> Webarchive template archiveis links </Li> <Li> Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> <Li> Articles to be merged from June 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles to be merged </Li> <Li> Articles containing Greek - 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Alex P. Keaton - wikipedia <H1> Alex P. Keaton </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Alex P. Keaton </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Family Ties character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> `` Pilot '' ( episode 1.01 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last appearance </Th> <Td> `` Alex Does n't Live Here Anymore '' ( episode 7.24 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Gary David Goldberg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Michael J. Fox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Full name </Th> <Td> Alexander P. Keaton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Male </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Works on WallStreet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> Steven Keaton ( father ) Elyse Keaton ( mother ) Mallory Keaton ( sister ) Jennifer Keaton ( sister ) Andrew Keaton ( brother ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> American </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Political party </Th> <Td> Republican </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Alex P. Keaton is a fictional character on the United States television sitcom Family Ties , which aired on NBC for seven seasons , from 1982 to 1989 . Family Ties reflected the move in the United States away from the cultural liberalism of the 1960s and 1970s to the conservatism of the 1980s . This was particularly expressed through the relationship between Young Republican Alex ( Michael J. Fox ) and his hippie parents , Steven ( Michael Gross ) and Elyse Keaton ( Meredith Baxter ) . President of the United States Ronald Reagan once stated that Family Ties was his favorite television show . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Character arc <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Background </Li> <Li> 1.2 Storylines </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Reception and influence <Ul> <Li> 2.1 References in other media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Notes </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Character arc ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Background ( edit ) </H3> <P> Alex ( Michael J. Fox ) is the oldest child of Steven and Elyse Keaton ( Michael Gross and Meredith Baxter ) , who were baby boomers and Democrats during the early years of the Presidency of Ronald Reagan . Married in 1964 , Steven , a manager in a local Public Broadcasting Service station , and Elyse , an independent architect , were hippies during the 1960s . According to the episode `` A Christmas Story '' in season one , Alex was born in 1965 while his parents were on assignment in Africa , having been influenced by John F. Kennedy to participate in the Peace Corps . Alex has two younger sisters , Mallory ( Justine Bateman ) and Jennifer ( Tina Yothers ) . Mallory was born while her parents were students at the University of California , Berkeley in 1967 , Jennifer was born the night of Richard Nixon 's presidential election in 1972 , and Andrew was born in 1984 . The family lives in suburban Columbus , Ohio . </P> <H3> Storylines ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the beginning of the series , Alex is a cheeky chappy high - school student who has a passion for economics and wealth . In particular , he is an advocate of supply - side economics . His heroes are Richard Nixon ( going so far as to have a lunchbox with Nixon 's likeness ) , William F. Buckley , Jr. , Ronald Reagan , and Milton Friedman . His favorite television show is Wall $ treet Week and he is an avid reader of The Wall Street Journal . He also enjoys music of the big band and swing era but secretly enjoys rock music ( as seen in the episode `` A , My Name is Alex '' ) . Alex spends the first two seasons of the series preparing to attend Princeton University . While he is attending an on - campus interview , Mallory , who tagged along to pay a surprise visit to her boyfriend , Jeff , who was attending Princeton , has an emotional crisis when she finds Jeff is seeing another woman . Ultimately , Alex chooses to tend to Mallory rather than complete his interview , thus destroying any possibility of attending Princeton and getting into the Ivy League . </P> <P> Alex receives a scholarship to fictional Leland University , which is located close enough for Alex to continue to live at home and commute . Keaton excels at Leland University and teaches an economics course as a teaching assistant . Alex also holds a disdain for nearby Grant College ( which Mallory later attends ) , and goes as far as mocking their classes . While attending Leland , he has two serious girlfriends . His first was artist / feminist , Ellen Reed ( Tracy Pollan , whom Fox later married ) . After they break up , Keaton pursues a liberal psychology student with feminist leanings , Lauren Miller , who was played by Courteney Cox . This relationship ends when he has an affair with music major Martie Brodie ( played by Jane Adams ) while Lauren is out of town . After graduation , Alex accepts a job on Wall Street . </P> <H2> Reception and influence ( edit ) </H2> Fox in September 1987 . <P> The humor of the series focused on a real cultural divide during the 1980s , between the baby boomers and Generation X . According to Stephen Kiehl , this was when the `` Alex Keaton generation was rejecting the counterculture of the 1960s and embracing the wealth and power that came to define the ' 80s . '' While the youngest , Jennifer ( an athletic tomboy ) shares the values of her parents , Alex and Mallory embraced Reaganomics and consequent conservative values : Alex is a Young Republican and Mallory is a more traditional young woman in contrast to her feminist mother . </P> <P> In the Museum of Broadcast Communications entry for Family Ties , Michael Saenz argues that few shows better demonstrate the resonance between collectively held fictional imagination and what cultural critic Raymond Williams called `` the structure of feeling '' of a historical moment than Family Ties . Airing on NBC from 1982 to 1989 , this highly successful domestic comedy explored one of the intriguing cultural inversions characterizing the Reagan era : a conservative younger generation aspiring to wealth , business success , and traditional values , serves as inheritor to the politically liberal , presumably activist , culturally experimental generation of adults who had experienced the 1960s . The result was a decade , paradoxical by America 's usual post -- World War II standards , in which youthful ambition and social renovation became equated with pronounced political conservatism . `` When else could a boy with a briefcase become a national hero ? '' queried Family Ties ' creator , Gary David Goldberg , during the show 's final year . </P> <P> In 1999 TV Guide ranked him number 17 on its `` 50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time '' list . </P> <H3> References in other media ( edit ) </H3> <P> When Michael J. Fox left his next series Spin City a decade after Family Ties , his final episodes as a regular ( `` Goodbye : Part 1 & 2 '' , Season 4 , Episodes 25 and 26 ) made numerous allusions to Family Ties . Michael Gross ( Alex 's father Steven ) portrays Michael Patrick Flaherty 's ( Michael J. Fox ) therapist and there is a reference to the therapist 's unseen receptionist named `` Mallory '' . After Flaherty becomes an environmental lobbyist in Washington , he makes a reference to having met the junior senator from Ohio , Alex P. Keaton . Actress Meredith Baxter , who played Alex Keaton 's mother on Family Ties , also played Michael Flaherty 's mother on Spin City . </P> <P> Florida ska / punk band Victims of Circumstance 's debut album Roll the Dice featured a track titled `` Me and Alex P. Keaton '' . The lyrics parody a typical day spent with a modern , socially conservative Republican . </P> <P> LFO 's 1999 single `` Summer Girls '' name - checks `` Alex P. Keaton '' alongside other 1980s cultural references such as Footloose , Home Alone ( which was released in 1990 ) , and New Edition 's song `` Candy Girl '' . </P> <P> In the Family Guy episode `` Movin ' Out ( Brian 's Song ) '' , after Brian gets dumped by Jillian when he admits he did not want to move in with her , Stewie tries to help him get over her by comparing the situation to when Alex P. Keaton lost his own girlfriend before getting another one . Stewie also mentions the fact that Michael J. Fox has Parkinson 's disease . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Museum of Broadcast Communications : Family Ties </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nation 's split is part of Ohio 's fabric </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ What he left behind : From Tom Clancy to Alex P. Keaton , Ronald Reagan 's legacy extends beyond the political and into the cultural </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TV Guide Book of Lists . Running Press . 2007 . p. 190 . ISBN 0 - 7624 - 3007 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Putting His Own Spin on ' City 's ' Season Finale </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shales , Tom . `` Michael J. Fox , Playing ' Spin City ' to a Fare - Thee - Well '' . The Washington Post , May 24 , 2000 , p . C1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael J. Fox Database </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Fox , Michael J. ( 2002 ) , Lucky Man : A Memoir , New York : Hyperion , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6764 - 6 </Li> <Li> Goldberg , Gary David . `` Comedy Stop : What Would Alex Keaton Do ? '' The New York Times , March 3 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Haglund , David . `` Reagan 's Favorite Sitcom : How Family Ties spawned a conservative hero '' . Slate . March 2 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Hurst , Alex . `` Remembering an icon from the ' Me - Decade ' '' . The Daily Pennsylvanian , April 24 , 2001 . </Li> <Li> Patterson , Thomas . `` What would Alex P. Keaton do ? '' CNN , November 1 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Saenz , Michael . `` Family Ties '' . Museum of Broadcast Communications </Li> <Li> Stewart , Susan . `` The Parents Ate Sprouts ; the Kid Stole the Show . The New York Times , February 25 , 2007 . </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_P._Keaton&oldid=802189493 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 1982 </Li> <Li> Fictional Republicans ( United States ) </Li> <Li> Fictional characters from Ohio </Li> <Li> Sitcom characters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 15 : 28 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

why did alex and ellen break up on family ties

Fundamental rights in India - Wikipedia <H1> Fundamental rights in India </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constitution of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preamble </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related topics ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Union List </Li> <Li> State List </Li> <Li> Concurrent List </Li> <Li> Basic structure doctrine </Li> <Li> Uniform civil code </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the people and the charter of rights contained in Part III ( Article 12 to 35 ) of Constitution of India . It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India . These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies , such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression , religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly , freedom to practice religion , and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus , Mandamus , Prohibition , Certiorari and Quo Warranto . Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws , subject to discretion of the judiciary . The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality . These rights universally apply to all citizens , irrespective of race , place of birth , religion , caste or gender . Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process . However , in case of fundamental rights violation , Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32 . The Rights have their origins in many sources , including England 's Bill of Rights , the United States Bill of Rights and France 's Declaration of the Rights of Man . </P> <P> The six fundamental rights recognised by the Indian constitution are the right to equality , right to freedom , right against exploitation , right to freedom of religion , cultural and educational rights , right to constitutional remedies and right to privacy . The right to equality includes equality before law , prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion , race , caste , gender or place of birth , and equality of opportunity in matters of employment , abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles . The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression , assembly , association or union or cooperatives , movement , residence , and right to practice any profession or occupation , right to life and liberty , protection in respect to conviction in offences and protection against arrest and detention in certain cases . The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour , child labour and trafficking of human beings . The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession , practice , and propagation of religion , freedom to manage religious affairs , freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes . Cultural and educational rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture , language or script , and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice . The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of Fundamental Rights . The right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 that protects life and liberty of the citizens . </P> <P> Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices . Specifically , they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion , race , caste , sex , or place of birth . They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour ( a crime ) . They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions . They are covered in Part III ( Articles 12 to 35 ) of Indian constitution . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Genesis </Li> <Li> 2 Significance and characteristics </Li> <Li> 3 Right to equality </Li> <Li> 4 Right to freedom </Li> <Li> 5 Right against exploitation </Li> <Li> 6 Right to freedom of religion </Li> <Li> 7 Right to life </Li> <Li> 8 Cultural and Educational rights </Li> <Li> 9 Right to constitutional remedies </Li> <Li> 10 Right to Privacy </Li> <Li> 11 Critical analysis </Li> <Li> 12 Amendments </Li> <Li> 13 Fundamental rights not sacrosanct <Ul> <Li> 13.1 Validity of Article 31B </Li> <Li> 13.2 Amendment to Article 31C </Li> <Li> 13.3 Right to property </Li> <Li> 13.4 Right to education </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 14 See also </Li> <Li> 15 References </Li> <Li> 16 Footnotes </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Genesis ( edit ) </H2> <P> The development of constitutionally guaranteed fundamental human rights in India was inspired by historical examples such as England 's Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) , the United States Bill of Rights ( approved on 17 September 1787 , final ratification on 15 December 1791 ) and France 's Declaration of the Rights of Man ( created during the revolution of 1789 , and ratified on 26 August 1789 ) . </P> <P> In 1919 , the Rowlatt Act gave extensive powers to the British government and police , and allowed indefinite arrest and detention of individuals , warrant-less searches and seizures , restrictions on public gatherings , and intensive censorship of media and publications . The public opposition to this act eventually led to mass campaigns of non-violent civil disobedience throughout the country demanding guaranteed civil freedoms , and limitations on government power . Indians , who were seeking independence and their own government , were particularly influenced by the independence of Ireland and the development of the Irish constitution . Also , the directive principles of state policy in Irish constitution were looked upon by the people of India as an inspiration for the independent India 's government to comprehensively tackle complex social and economic challenges across a vast , diverse nation and population . </P> <P> In 1928 , the Nehru Commission composing of representatives of Indian political parties proposed constitutional reforms for India that apart from calling for dominion status for India and elections under universal suffrage , would guarantee rights deemed fundamental , representation for religious and ethnic minorities , and limit the powers of the government . In 1931 , the Indian National Congress ( the largest Indian political party of the time ) adopted resolutions committing itself to the defence of fundamental civil rights , as well as socio - economic rights such as the minimum wage and the abolition of untouchability and serfdom . Committing themselves to socialism in 1936 , the Congress leaders took examples from the Constitution of the Soviet Union , which inspired the fundamental duties of citizens as a means of collective patriotic responsibility for national interests and challenges . </P> <P> Task of developing a constitution for the nation was undertaken by the Constituent Assembly of India , composing of elected representatives . The Constituent Assembly first met on 9 December 1946 under the presidency of Dr. Sachidanand later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was made its president . While members of Congress composed of a large majority , Congress leaders appointed persons from diverse political backgrounds to responsibilities of developing the constitution and national laws . Notably , Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar became the chairperson of the drafting committee , while Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became chairpersons of committees and sub-committees responsible for different subjects . A notable development during that period having significant effect on the Indian constitution took place on 10 December 1948 when the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and called upon all member states to adopt these rights in their respective constitutions . </P> <P> The fundamental rights were included in the First Draft Constitution ( February 1948 ) , the Second Draft Constitution ( 17 October 1948 ) and final Third Draft Constitution ( 26 November 1949 ) , prepared by the Drafting Committee . </P> <H2> Significance and characteristics ( edit ) </H2> <P> The fundamental rights were included in the constitution because they were considered essential for the development of the personality of every individual and to preserve human dignity . The writers of the constitution regarded democracy of no avail if civil liberties , like freedom of speech and religion were not recognised and protected by the State . According to them , `` democracy '' is , in essence , a government by opinion and therefore , the means of formulating public opinion should be secured to the people of a democratic nation . For this purpose , the constitution guaranteed to all the citizens of India the freedom of speech and expression and various other freedoms in the form of the fundamental rights . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rights </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theoretical distinctions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Claim rights and liberty rights </Li> <Li> Individual and group rights </Li> <Li> Natural and legal rights </Li> <Li> Negative and positive rights </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Human rights </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Civil and political </Li> <Li> Economic , social and cultural </Li> <Li> Three generations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rights by beneficiary </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Animals </Li> <Li> Authors </Li> <Li> Children </Li> <Li> Consumers </Li> <Li> Creditors </Li> <Li> Elders </Li> <Li> Fathers </Li> <Li> Fetuses </Li> <Li> Gun owners </Li> <Li> Humans </Li> <Li> Natives </Li> <Li> Intersex </Li> <Li> Kings </Li> <Li> LGBT </Li> <Li> Men </Li> <Li> Minorities </Li> <Li> Mothers </Li> <Li> Patients </Li> <Li> Plants </Li> <Li> Prisoners </Li> <Li> Students </Li> <Li> Victims </Li> <Li> Women </Li> <Li> Workers </Li> <Li> Youth </Li> <Li> Disabled persons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other groups of rights </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Civil liberties </Li> <Li> Digital </Li> <Li> Linguistic </Li> <Li> Property </Li> <Li> Reproductive </Li> <Li> Self - determination of people </Li> <Li> Water and sanitation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> All people , irrespective of race , religion , caste or sex , have been given the right to petition directly the Supreme Court or the High Courts for the enforcement of their fundamental rights . It is not necessary that the aggrieved party has to be the one to do so . Poverty stricken people may not have the means to do so and therefore , in the public interest , anyone can commence litigation in the court on their behalf . This is known as `` Public interest litigation '' . In some cases , High Court judges have acted suo moto on their own on the basis of newspaper reports . </P> <P> These fundamental rights help not only in protection but also the prevention of gross violations of human rights . They emphasise on the fundamental unity of India by guaranteeing to all citizens the access and use of the same facilities , irrespective of background . Some fundamental rights apply for persons of any nationality whereas others are available only to the citizens of India . The right to life and personal liberty is available to all people and so is the right to freedom of religion . On the other hand , freedoms of speech and expression and freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country are reserved to citizens alone , including non-resident Indian citizens . The right to equality in matters of public employment can not be conferred to overseas citizens of India . </P> <P> Fundamental rights primarily protect individuals from any arbitrary state actions , but some rights are enforceable against individuals . For instance , the Constitution abolishes untouchability and also prohibits begar . These provisions act as a check both on state action as well as the action of private individuals . However , these rights are not absolute or uncontrolled and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of general welfare . They can also be selectively curtailed . The Supreme Court has ruled that all provisions of the Constitution , including fundamental rights can be amended . However , the Parliament can not alter the basic structure of the constitution . Since the fundamental rights can be altered only by a constitutional amendment , their inclusion is a check not only on the executive branch but also on the Parliament and state legislatures . </P> <P> A state of national emergency has an adverse effect on these rights . Under such a state , the rights conferred by Article 19 ( freedoms of speech , assembly and movement , etc . ) remain suspended . Hence , in such a situation , the legislature may make laws that go against the rights given in Article 19 . Also , the President may by order suspend the right to move court for the enforcement of other rights as well . </P> <H2> Right to equality ( edit ) </H2> <P> Right to equality is an important and meaningful right provided for in Articles 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 and 18 of the constitution . It is the principal foundation of all other rights and liberties , and guarantees the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> Equality before law : Article 14 of the constitution guarantees that all people shall be equally protected by the laws of the country . It means that the State will treat people in the same circumstances alike . This article also means that individuals , whether citizens of India or otherwise shall be treated differently if the circumstances are different . </Li> <Li> Social equality and equal access to public areas : Article 15 of the constitution states that no person shall be discriminated on the basis of religion , race , caste , sex or place of birth . Every person shall have equal access to public places like public parks , museums , wells , bathing ghats and temples etc . However , the State may make any special provision for women and children . Special provisions may be made for the advancements of any socially or educationally backward class or scheduled castes or scheduled tribes . </Li> <Li> Equality in matters of public employment : Article 16 of the constitution lays down that the State can not discriminate against anyone in the matters of employment . All citizens can apply for government jobs . There are some exceptions . The Parliament may enact a law stating that certain jobs can be filled only by applicants who are domiciled in the area . This may be meant for posts that require knowledge of the locality and language of the area . The State may also reserve posts for members of backward classes , scheduled castes or scheduled tribes which are not adequately represented in the services under the State to bring up the weaker sections of the society . Also , there a law may be passed that requires that the holder of an office of any religious institution shall also be a person professing that particular religion . According to the Citizenship ( Amendment ) Bill , 2003 , this right shall not be conferred to Overseas citizens of India . </Li> <Li> Abolition of untouchability : Article 17 of the constitution abolishes the practice of untouchability . Practice of untouchability is an offence and anyone doing so is punishable by law . The Untouchability Offences Act of 1955 ( renamed to Protection of Civil Rights Act in 1976 ) provided penalties for preventing a person from entering a place of worship or from taking water from a tank or well . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Abolition of Titles : Article 18 of the constitution prohibits the State from conferring any titles . `` Citizens of India can not accept titles from a foreign State . The British government had created an aristocratic class known as Rai Bahadurs and Khan Bahadurs in India -- these titles were also abolished . However , Military and academic distinctions can be conferred on the citizens of India . The awards of Bharat Ratna and Padma Vibhushan can not be used by the recipient as a title and do not , accordingly , come within the constitutional prohibition '' . The Supreme Court , on 15 December 1995 , upheld the validity of such awards . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Right to freedom ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Constitution of India contains the right to freedom , given in articles 19 , 20 , 21 , 21A , and 22 , and with the view of guaranteeing individual rights that were considered vital by the framers of the constitution . It is a cluster of four main laws . The right to freedom in Article 19 guarantees the following six freedoms : </P> <Ul> <Li> Freedom of speech and expression , on which the State can impose reasonable restrictions in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India , the security of the State , friendly relations with foreign States , public order , decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court , defamation or incitement to an offence . </Li> <Li> Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms on which the State can impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order and the sovereignty and integrity of India . </Li> <Li> The Freedom to form associations or unions or co-operative societies on which the State can impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order , morality and the sovereignty and integrity of India . </Li> <Li> Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India though reasonable restrictions can be imposed on this right in the interest of the general public , for example , restrictions may be imposed on movement and travelling , so as to control epidemics . </Li> <Li> Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India , subject to reasonable restrictions by the State in the interest of the general public or for the protection of the scheduled tribes because certain safeguards as are envisaged here seem to be justified to protect indigenous and tribal peoples from exploitation and coercion . Article 370 restricts citizens from other Indian states and Kashmiri women who marry men from other states from purchasing land or property in Jammu & Kashmir . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Freedom to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation , trade or business on which the State may impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of the general public . Thus , there is no right to carry on a business which is dangerous or immoral . Also , professional or technical qualifications may be prescribed for practising any profession or carrying on any trade . </Li> </Ul> <P> Article 21A gives education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may , by law , determine . </P> <P> The constitution also imposes restrictions on these rights . The government restricts these freedoms in the interest of the independence , sovereignty and integrity of India . In the interest of morality and public order , the government can also impose restrictions . However , the right to life and personal liberty can not be suspended . The six freedoms are also automatically suspended or have restrictions imposed on them during a state of emergency . </P> <P> Right to Information ( RTI ) </P> <P> Right to Information has been given the status of a fundamental right under Article 19 ( 1 ) of the Constitution in 2005 . Article 19 ( 1 ) under which every citizen has freedom of speech and expression and have the right to know how the government works , what role does it play , what are its functions and so on . </P> <H2> Right against exploitation ( edit ) </H2> Child labour and Begar is prohibited under Right against exploitation . <P> The right against exploitation , given in Articles 23 and 24 , provides for two provisions , namely the abolition of trafficking in human beings and Begar ( forced labour ) , and abolition of employment of children below the age of 14 years in dangerous jobs like factories , mines , etc . Child labour is considered a gross violation of the spirit and provisions of the constitution . Begar , practised in the past by landlords , has been declared a crime and is punishable by law . Trafficking in humans for the purpose of slave trade or prostitution is also prohibited by law . An exception is made in employment without payment for compulsory services for public purposes . Compulsory military conscription is covered by this provision . </P> <H2> Right to freedom of religion ( edit ) </H2> <P> Right to freedom of religion , covered in Articles 25 , 26 , 27 and 28 , provides religious freedom to all citizens of India . The objective of this right is to sustain the principle of secularism in India . According to the Constitution , all religions are equal before the State and no religion shall be given preference over the other . Citizens are free to preach , practice and propagate any religion of their choice . </P> <P> Religious communities can set up charitable institutions of their own . However , activities in such institutions that are not religious are performed according to the laws laid down by the government . Establishing a charitable institution can also be restricted in the interest of public order , morality and health . No person shall be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion of a particular religion . A State run institution can not be impart education that is pro-religion . Also , nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any further law regulating or restricting any economic , financial , political or other secular activity that may be associated with religious practice , or providing for social welfare and reform . </P> <H2> Right to life ( edit ) </H2> <P> The constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty , which in turn cites specific provisions in which these rights are applied and enforced : </P> <Ul> <Li> Protection with respect to conviction for offences is guaranteed in the right to life and personal liberty . According to Article 20 , no one can be awarded punishment which is more than what the law of the land prescribes at that time . This legal axiom is based on the principle that no criminal law can be made retrospective , that is , for an act to become an offence , the essential condition is that it should have been an offence legally at the time of committing it . Moreover , no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself . `` Compulsion '' in this article refers to what in law is called `` Duress '' ( injury , beating or unlawful imprisonment to make a person do something that he does not want to do ) . This article is known as a safeguard against self incrimination . The other principle enshrined in this article is known as the principle of double jeopardy , that is , no person can be convicted twice for the same offence , which has been derived from Anglo Saxon law . This principle was first established in the Magna Carta . </Li> <Li> Protection of life and personal liberty is also stated under right to life and personal liberty . Article 21 declares that no citizen can be denied his life and liberty except by law . This means that a person 's life and personal liberty can be disputed only if that person has committed a crime . However , the right to life does not include the right to die and hence , suicide or an attempt thereof , is an offence . ( Attempted suicide being interpreted as a crime has seen many debates . The Supreme Court of India gave a landmark ruling in 1994 . The court repealed section 309 of the Indian penal code , under which people attempting suicide could face prosecution and prison terms of up to one year . In 1996 however another Supreme Court ruling nullified the earlier one . ) `` Personal liberty '' includes all the freedoms which are not included in Article 19 ( that is , the six freedoms ) . The right to travel abroad is also covered under `` personal liberty '' in Article 21 . </Li> <Li> In 2002 , through the 86th Amendment Act , Article 21 ( A ) was incorporated . It made the right to primary education part of the right to freedom , stating that the State would provide free and compulsory education to children from six to fourteen years of age . Six years after an amendment was made in the Indian Constitution , the union cabinet cleared the Right to Education Bill in 2008 . </Li> <Li> Rights of a person arrested under ordinary circumstances is laid down in the right to life and personal liberty . No one can be arrested without being told the grounds for his arrest . If arrested , the person has the right to defend himself by a lawyer of his choice . Also an arrested citizen has to be brought before the nearest magistrate within 24 hours . The rights of a person arrested under ordinary circumstances are not available to an enemy alien . They are also not available to persons detained under the Preventive Detention Act . Under preventive detention , the government can imprison a person for a maximum of three months . It means that if the government feels that a person being at liberty can be a threat to the law and order or to the unity and integrity of the nation , it can detain or arrest that person to prevent him from doing this possible harm . After three months such a case is brought before an advisory board for review . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Cultural and educational rights ( edit ) </H2> The Flag of India <P> As India is a country of many languages , religions , and cultures , the Constitution provides special measures , in Articles 29 and 30 , to protect the rights of the minorities . Any community that has a language and a script of its own has the right to conserve and develop it . No citizen can be discriminated against for admission in State or State aided institutions . </P> <P> All minorities , or linguistic , can set up their own educational institutions to preserve and develop their own culture . In granting aid to institutions , the State can not discriminate against any institution on the basis of the fact that it is administered by a minority institution . But the right to administer does not mean that the State can not interfere in case of maladministration . In a precedent - setting judgement in 1980 , the Supreme Court held that the State can certainly take regulatory measures to promote the efficiency and excellence of educational standards . It can also issue guidelines for ensuring the security of the services of the teachers or other employees of the institution . In another landmark judgement delivered on 31 October 2002 , the Supreme Court ruled that in case of aided minority institutions offering professional courses , admission could be only through a common entrance test conducted by State or a university . Even an unaided minority institution ought not to ignore the merit of the students for admission . </P> <H2> Right to constitutional remedies ( edit ) </H2> <P> Right to constitutional remedies ( Article 32 to 35 ) empowers the citizens to move to a court of law in case of any denial of the fundamental rights . For instance , in case of imprisonment , any citizen can ask the court to see if it is according to the provisions of the law of the country by lodging a PIL . If the court finds that it is not , the person will have to be freed . This procedure of asking the courts to preserve or safeguard the citizens ' fundamental rights can be done in various ways . The courts can issue various kinds of writs . These writs are habeas corpus , mandamus , prohibition , quo warranto and certiorari . Dr. B.R. Ambedkar rightly declared Right to constitutional remedies as `` the heart and soul '' of Indian constitution . When a national or state emergency is declared , this right is suspended by the central government . </P> <P> Article 32 is also called citizens right to protect and defend the constitution as it can be used by the citizens to enforce the constitution through the judiciary . </P> <H2> Right to Privacy ( edit ) </H2> <P> The right to privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 and as a part of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution . It protects the inner sphere of the individual from interference from both State , and non-State actors and allows the individuals to make autonomous life choices . On 24 August 2017 the Supreme Court ruled that : </P> <P> `` Right to Privacy is an integral part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty guaranteed in Article 21 of the Constitution , '' </P> -- Supreme Court <H2> Critical analysis ( edit ) </H2> <P> The fundamental rights have been revised for many reasons . Political groups have demanded that the right to work , the right to economic assistance in case of unemployment , old age , and similar rights be enshrined as constitutional guarantees to address issues of poverty and economic insecurity , though these provisions have been enshrined in the Directive Principles of state policy . The right to freedom and personal liberty has a number of limiting clauses , and thus have been criticised for failing to check the sanctioning of powers often deemed `` excessive '' . There is also the provision of preventive detention and suspension of fundamental rights in times of Emergency . The provisions of acts like the Maintenance of Internal Security Act ( MISA ) , Armed Forces ( Special Powers ) Act and the National Security Act ( NSA ) are a means of countering the fundamental rights , because they sanction excessive powers with the aim of fighting internal and cross-border terrorism and political violence , without safeguards for civil rights . The phrases `` security of State '' , `` public order '' and `` morality '' are of wide implication . People of alternate sexuality are criminalised in India with prison term up to 10 years . The meaning of phrases like `` reasonable restrictions '' and `` the interest of public order '' have not been explicitly stated in the constitution , and this ambiguity leads to unnecessary litigation . The freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms is exercised , but in some cases , these meetings are broken up by the police through the use of non-fatal methods . </P> <P> `` Freedom of press '' has not been included in the right to freedom , which is necessary for formulating public opinion and to make freedom of expression more legitimate . Employment of child labour in hazardous job environments has been reduced , but their employment even in non-hazardous jobs , including their prevalent employment as domestic help violates the spirit and ideals of the constitution . More than 16.5 million children are employed and working in India . India was ranked 88 out of 159 in 2005 , according to the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians worldwide . But in 2014 , India has improved marginally to a rank of 85 . The right to equality in matters regarding public employment shall not be conferred to overseas citizens of India , according to the Citizenship ( Amendment ) Bill , 2003 . </P> <P> As per Article 19 of Part III of the Indian constitution , the fundamental rights of people such as freedom of speech and expression , gathering peaceably without arms and forming associations or unions shall not effect the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India but not unity of India . The words sovereignty and integrity are the qualities to be cultivated / emulated by Indian people as urged by the Indian constitution but not used related to territory of India . Article 1 of Part 1 of the Indian constitution , defines India ( Bharat ) as union of states . In nutshell , India is its people not its land as enshrined in its constitution . </P> <P> Since speedy trial is not the constitutional right of the citizens , the cases involving violations of fundamental rights take inordinate time for resolution by the Supreme Court which is against the legal maxim ' justice delayed is justice denied ' . </P> <H2> Amendments ( edit ) </H2> <P> Changes to the fundamental rights require a constitutional amendment , which has to be passed by a special majority of both houses of Parliament . This means that an amendment requires the approval of two - thirds of the members present and voting . However , the number of members voting in support of the amendment shall not be less than the simple majority of the total members of a house -- whether the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha . </P> <H2> Fundamental rights not sacrosanct ( edit ) </H2> <P> While deciding the Golaknath case in February 1967 , Supreme Court ruled that the Parliament has no power to curtail the fundamental rights . They were made permanent and sacrosanct reversing the Supreme Court 's earlier decision which had upheld Parliament 's power to amend all parts of the Constitution , including Part III related to Fundamental Rights . Up till the 24th constitutional amendment in 1971 , the fundamental rights given to the people were permanent and can not be repealed or diluted by the Parliament . 24th constitutional amendment introduced a new Article 13 ( 4 ) enabling Parliament to legislate on the subjects of Part III of the constitution using its constituent powers per Article 368 ( 1 ) . In the year 1973 , the 13 member constitutional bench of supreme court also upheld with majority the validity of 24th constitutional amendment . However it ruled that Basic structure of the constitution which is built on the basic foundation representing the dignity and freedom of the individual , can not be altered . This is of supreme importance and can not be destroyed by any form of amendment to the constitution . Many constitutional amendments to Part III of the constitution were made deleting or adding or diluting the fundamental rights before the judgement of Golaknath case ( Constitutional amendments 1 , 4 , 7 and 16 ) and after the validity of 24th constitutional amendment is upheld by the Supreme Court ( Constitutional amendments 25 , 42 , 44 , 50 , 77 , 81 , 85 , 86 , 93 and 97 ) . </P> <H3> Validity of Article 31B ( edit ) </H3> <P> Articles 31A and Article 31B are added by First constitutional amendment in 1951 . Article 31B says that any acts and regulations included in the Ninth Schedule of the constitution by the Parliament can override the fundamental rights and such laws can not be repealed or made void by the judiciary on the grounds of violating fundamental rights . Thus fundamental rights given in Part III are not equally applicable in each state / region and can be made different by making additions / deletions to Ninth Schedule by constitutional amendments . In 2007 , Supreme Court ruled that there could not be any blanket immunity from judicial review for the laws inserted in the Ninth Schedule . Apex court also stated it shall examine laws included in the Ninth Schedule after 1973 for any incompatibility with the basic structure doctrine . </P> <H3> Amendment to Article 31C ( edit ) </H3> <P> Section 4 of the 42nd Amendment , had changed Article 31C of the constitution to accord precedence to the Directive Principles ( earlier applicable only to clauses b & c of Article 39 ) over the fundamental rights of individuals . In Minerva Mills v. Union of India case , supreme court ruled that the amendment to the Article 31C is not valid and ultra vires . </P> <H3> Right to property ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Constitution originally provided for the right to property under Articles 19 and 31 . Article 19 guaranteed to all citizens the right to acquire , hold and dispose of property . Article 31 provided that `` no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law . '' It also provided that compensation would be paid to a person whose property has been taken for public purposes . </P> <P> The provisions relating to the right to property were changed a number of times . The Forty - Fourth Amendment of 1978 deleted the right to property from the list of fundamental rights A new provision , Article 300 - A , was added to the constitution , which provided that `` no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law '' . Thus if a legislature makes a law depriving a person of his property , there would be no obligation on the part of the State to pay anything as compensation . The aggrieved person shall have no right to move the court under Article 32 . Thus , the right to property is no longer a fundamental right , though it is still a constitutional right . If the government appears to have acted unfairly , the action can be challenged in a court of law by aggrieved citizens . </P> <P> The liberalisation of the economy and the government 's initiative to set up special economic zones has led to many protests by farmers and have led to calls for the reinstatement of the fundamental right to private property . The Supreme Court has sent a notice to the government questioning why the right should not be brought back but in 2010 the court rejected the PIL </P> <H3> Right to education ( edit ) </H3> <P> The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights in 2002 under the Eighty - Sixth Amendment of 2002 . However this right was brought in to implementation after eight years in 2010 . Article 21A -- On 2 April 2010 , India joined a group of few countries in the world , with a historic law making education a fundamental right of every child coming into force . Making elementary education an entitlement for children in the 6 -- 14 age group , the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act will directly benefit children who do not go to school at present . This act provides for appointment of teachers with the requisite entry and academic qualifications . </P> <P> The former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh announced the operationalisation of the Act . Children , who had either dropped out of schools or never been to any educational institution , will get elementary education as it will be binding on the part of the local and State governments to ensure that all children in the 6 -- 14 age group get schooling . As per the Act , private educational institutions should reserve 25 per cent seats for children from the weaker sections of society . The Centre and the States have agreed to share the financial burden in the ratio of 55 : 45 , while the Finance Commission has given Rs. 250 billion to the States for implementing the Act . The Centre has approved an outlay of Rs. 150 billion for 2010 -- 2011 . </P> <P> The school management committee or the local authority will identify the drop - outs or out - of - school children aged above six and admit them in classes appropriate to their age after giving special training . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Constitution of India / Part III </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lawmaking procedure in India </Li> <Li> President 's rule </Li> <Li> President of India </Li> <Li> Federalism in India </Li> <Li> Part I of the Constitution of India </Li> <Li> List of amendments of the Constitution of India </Li> <Li> List of Acts of the Parliament of India </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41033954 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-23 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan. Patel : A Life . p. 206 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UNI . `` Sardar Patel was the real architect of the Constitution '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 15 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The term `` State '' includes all authorities within the territory of India . It includes the Government of India , the Parliament of India , the Government and legislature of the states of India . It also includes all local or other authorities such as Municipal Corporations , Municipal Boards , District Boards , Panchayats etc . To avoid confusion with the term states and territories of India , State ( encompassing all the authorities in India ) has been capitalised and the term state ( referring to the state governments ) is in lowercase . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Laski , Harold Joseph ( 1930 ) . Liberty in the Modern State . New York and London : Harpers and Brothers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty ; 1995 ICHRL 69 '' . www.worldlii.org , World Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 25 . This was the case where Public interest litigation was introduced ( date of ruling 15 December 1995 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-25 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Citizenship ( Amendment ) Bill , 2003 '' ( PDF ) . rajyasabha.nic.in/ , Rajya Sabha . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 April 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty ; 1995 ICHRL 69 '' . www.worldlii.org , World Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 25 . This was the case where fundamental rights were enforced against private individuals ( date of ruling 15 December 1995 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kesavananda Bharati vs. The State of Kerala ; AIR 1973 S.C. 1461 , ( 1973 ) 4 SCC 225 -- In what became famously known as the `` Fundamental Rights case '' , the Supreme Court decided that the basic structure of the Constitution of India was unamendable </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-24 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Basu , Durga Das ( 1988 ) . Shorter Constitution of India . New Delhi : Prentice Hall of India . Basu , Durga Das ( 1993 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India . New Delhi : Prentice Hall of India . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Democratic Politics Class 9 . NCERT . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Article 19 in The Constitution Of India 1949 '' . Indiankanoon.org . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pylee , M.V. ( 1999 ) . India 's Constitution . New Delhi : S. Chand and Company . ISBN 81 - 219 - 1907 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vasudha Dhagamwar ( 4 May 2004 ) . `` The price of a Bill '' . Retrieved 24 March 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Home : Central Information Commission ( CIC ) Online '' . rti.india.gov.in . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nandan G ( May 1994 ) . `` Indian grants right to suicide '' . BMJ. 308 ( 6941 ) : 1392 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 308.6941. 1392 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paper 3 : Abolition and Restoration of Section 309 IPC -- an overview by BR Sharma , A Sharma , D Harish : Anil Aggrawal 's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine : Vol. 7 , No. 1 ( January -- June 2006 ) Archived 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India ; AIR 1978 S.C. 597 , ( 1978 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : 86th Amendment Act , 2002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ right to education bill Archived 26 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justice KS Puttaswamy v. Union of India '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-33 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Constitution of India - Part IV Article 41 Directive Principles of State Policy . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Senior Inspector justifies lathi - charge during the 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lathi Charge in Mumbai during the 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Child labour in India '' . Archived from the original on 12 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Index of perception of corruption , published by Transparency International . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sovereign means possessing supreme or ultimate power . `` in modern democracies the people 's will is in theory sovereign '' synonyms : supreme , absolute , unlimited , unrestricted , unrestrained , unbounded , boundless , infinite , ultimate , total , unconditional , full , utter , paramount ; principal , chief , dominant , predominant </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What causes judicial delay ? Judgements diluting time frames in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments '' . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Paras 316 and 317 of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala , ( AIR 1973 SC 1461 ) '' . 1973 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IX Schedule laws open to review '' . 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 44th Amendment Act , 1978 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mahapatra , Dhananjay ( 28 February 2009 ) . `` Should right to property return ? '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Court rejects plea to make property a fundamental right '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 19 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Education is now a fundamental right of every child '' . Hindustan Times . 1 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Footnotes ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Links to related articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Government of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constitution </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Constitution </Li> <Li> Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties </Li> <Li> Federalism ( Union List State List Concurrent List ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Union Government </Li> <Li> Prime Minister ( list ) </Li> <Li> Cabinet Ministers </Li> <Li> President ( list ) </Li> <Li> Vice President ( list ) </Li> <Li> Civil Services </Li> <Li> All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) </Li> <Li> Cabinet Secretary </Li> <Li> Secretaries ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) </Li> <Li> State governments </Li> <Li> Chief Minister ( list ) </Li> <Li> Chief Secretary </Li> <Li> Governors ( list ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legislative </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Parliament </Li> <Li> Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) </Li> <Li> Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) </Li> <Li> Vidhan Sabha </Li> <Li> Vidhan Parishad </Li> <Li> Leader of the Opposition </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judiciary </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Supreme Court ( Chief Justice ) </Li> <Li> High Courts </Li> <Li> District Courts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&oldid=837658190 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Constitution of India </Li> <Li> National human rights instruments </Li> <Li> Human rights in India </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from January 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from March 2013 </Li> <Li> Use Indian English from August 2017 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English </Li> <Li> Pages using div col with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Good articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> भोजपुरी </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> नेपाली </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 05 : 38 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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right to property according to the constitution of india is a

President of the United States - wikipedia <H1> President of the United States </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` POTUS '' redirects here . For the political talk radio channel , see P.O.T.U.S. ( Sirius XM ) . For other uses , see President of the United States ( disambiguation ) . For a list , see List of Presidents of the United States . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> President of the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Presidential Seal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Presidential Standard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Incumbent Donald Trump since January 20 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Executive Branch of the U.S. Government Executive Office of the President </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Style </Th> <Td> Mr. President ( informal ) The Honorable ( formal ) His Excellency ( international correspondence ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Status </Th> <Td> Head of State Head of Government </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Member of </Th> <Td> Cabinet Domestic Policy Council National Economic Council National Security Council </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Residence </Th> <Td> White House </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seat </Th> <Td> Washington , D.C. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Appointer </Th> <Td> Electoral College of the United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Term length </Th> <Td> Four years , renewable once ( Amendment XXII ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constituting instrument </Th> <Td> United States Constitution </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inaugural holder </Th> <Td> George Washington </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> March 4 , 1789 ( 229 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Salary </Th> <Td> $400,000 annually </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> whitehouse.gov </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics of the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal Government ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Constitution of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Law </Li> <Li> Taxation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Legislature ( show ) <Ul> <Li> United States Congress </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> House of Representatives </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Congressional districts </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> United States Senate </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Mike Pence ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Executive ( show ) <Ul> <Li> President of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Donald Trump ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Vice President of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Mike Pence ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Cabinet </Li> <Li> Federal agencies </Li> <Li> Executive Office </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judiciary ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Supreme Court of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Chief Justice John Roberts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Kennedy </Li> <Li> Thomas </Li> <Li> Ginsburg </Li> <Li> Breyer </Li> <Li> Alito </Li> <Li> Sotomayor </Li> <Li> Kagan </Li> <Li> Gorsuch </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Courts of Appeals </Li> <Li> District Courts ( list ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Other tribunals </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elections ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Presidential elections </Li> <Li> Midterm elections </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Off - year elections </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Political parties ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Democratic </Li> <Li> Republican </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Third parties </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federalism ( show ) <Ul> <Li> State Government </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Governors </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Legislatures ( List ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> State courts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Local government </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Other countries </Li> <Li> Atlas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The President of the United States ( POTUS / ˈpoʊtəs / POH - təs ) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander - in - chief of the United States Armed Forces . </P> <P> In contemporary times , the president is looked upon as the world 's most powerful political figure and as the leader of the only current global superpower . The role includes responsibility for the world 's most expensive military that has the second largest nuclear arsenal . The president also leads the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP . The president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power . </P> <P> Article II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government . It vests the executive power of the United States in the president . The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the Senate . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president directs the foreign and domestic policies of the United States , and takes an active role in promoting his policy priorities to members of Congress . In addition , as part of the system of checks and balances , Article One of the United States Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation . Since the office of president was established in 1789 , its power has grown substantially , as has the power of the federal government as a whole . </P> <P> Through the Electoral College , the registered voters indirectly elect the president and vice president to a four - year term . This is the only federal election in the United States which is not decided by popular vote . Nine vice presidents became president by virtue of a president 's intra-term death or resignation . </P> <P> The Twenty - second Amendment precludes any United States citizen from being elected president for a third term . It also prohibits a person from being elected to the presidency more than once if that person previously had served as president , or acting president , for more than two years of another person 's term as president . In all , 44 individuals have served 45 presidencies ( counting Grover Cleveland 's two non-consecutive terms separately ) spanning 57 full four - year terms . </P> <P> Donald Trump is the 45th and current president , inaugurated on January 20 , 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origin </Li> <Li> 2 Powers and duties <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Article I legislative role </Li> <Li> 2.2 Article II executive powers <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 War and foreign affairs powers </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 Administrative powers </Li> <Li> 2.2. 3 Juridical powers </Li> <Li> 2.2. 4 Legislative facilitator </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 Ceremonial roles </Li> <Li> 2.4 Critics of presidency 's evolution </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Selection process <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Eligibility </Li> <Li> 3.2 Campaigns and nomination </Li> <Li> 3.3 Election and oath </Li> <Li> 3.4 Tenure and term limits </Li> <Li> 3.5 Succession , vacancy , or disability </Li> <Li> 3.6 Political affiliation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Compensation </Li> <Li> 5 Residence </Li> <Li> 6 Travel </Li> <Li> 7 Protection </Li> <Li> 8 Post-presidency <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Presidential libraries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Timeline of presidents </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 Notes </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 Further reading <Ul> <Li> 13.1 Primary sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origin </H2> <P> During the American Revolution in 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies , acting through the Second Continental Congress , declared political independence from Great Britain . The new states were independent of each other as nation states and recognized the necessity of closely coordinating their efforts against the British . Congress desired to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy and negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish an alliance between the states . Under the Articles , Congress was a central authority without any legislative power . It could make its own resolutions , determinations , and regulations , but not any laws , and could not impose any taxes or enforce local commercial regulations upon its citizens . This institutional design reflected how Americans believed the deposed British system of Crown and Parliament ought to have functioned with respect to the royal dominion : a superintending body for matters that concerned the entire empire . The states were out from under any monarchy and assigned some formerly royal prerogatives ( e.g. , making war , receiving ambassadors , etc . ) to Congress ; the remaining prerogatives were lodged within their own respective state governments . The states agreed to a resolution that settled competing western land claims . The Articles took effect on March 1 , 1781 , when Maryland became the final state to ratify them . </P> <P> In 1783 , the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies . With peace at hand , the states each turned toward their own internal affairs . By 1786 , Americans found their continental borders besieged and weak and their respective economies in crises as neighboring states agitated trade rivalries with one another . They witnessed their hard currency pouring into foreign markets to pay for imports , their Mediterranean commerce preyed upon by North African pirates , and their foreign - financed Revolutionary War debts unpaid and accruing interest . Civil and political unrest loomed . </P> <P> Following the successful resolution of commercial and fishing disputes between Virginia and Maryland at the Mount Vernon Conference in 1785 , Virginia called for a trade conference between all the states , set for September 1786 in Annapolis , Maryland , with an aim toward resolving further - reaching interstate commercial antagonisms . When the convention failed for lack of attendance due to suspicions among most of the other states , Alexander Hamilton led the Annapolis delegates in a call for a convention to offer revisions to the Articles , to be held the next spring in Philadelphia . Prospects for the next convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washington 's attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia . </P> <P> When the Constitutional Convention convened in May 1787 , the 12 state delegations in attendance ( Rhode Island did not send delegates ) brought with them an accumulated experience over a diverse set of institutional arrangements between legislative and executive branches from within their respective state governments . Most states maintained a weak executive without veto or appointment powers , elected annually by the legislature to a single term only , sharing power with an executive council , and countered by a strong legislature . New York offered the greatest exception , having a strong , unitary governor with veto and appointment power elected to a three - year term , and eligible for reelection to an indefinite number of terms thereafter . It was through the closed - door negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U.S. Constitution emerged . </P> <H2> Powers and duties </H2> <H3> Article I legislative role </H3> President Ronald Reagan signs the Martin Luther King bill , 1983 . <P> The Presentment Clause requires that any bill passed by Congress must be presented to the president before it can become law . Once the legislation has been presented , the president has three options : </P> <Ol> <Li> Sign the legislation within ten days , excluding Sundays -- the bill becomes law . </Li> <Li> Veto the legislation within the above timeframe and return it to the house of Congress from which it originated , expressing any objections -- the bill does not become law , unless both houses of Congress vote to override the veto by a two - thirds vote . </Li> <Li> Take no action on the legislation within the above timeframe -- the bill becomes law , as if the president had signed it , unless Congress is adjourned at the time , in which case it does not become law ( a pocket veto ) . </Li> </Ol> <P> In 1996 , Congress attempted to enhance the president 's veto power with the Line Item Veto Act . The legislation empowered the president to sign any spending bill into law while simultaneously striking certain spending items within the bill , particularly any new spending , any amount of discretionary spending , or any new limited tax benefit . Congress could then repass that particular item . If the president then vetoed the new legislation , Congress could override the veto by its ordinary means , a two - thirds vote in both houses . In Clinton v. City of New York , 524 U.S. 417 ( 1998 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled such a legislative alteration of the veto power to be unconstitutional . </P> <H3> Article II executive powers </H3> War and foreign Affairs powers Abraham Lincoln , the 16th president of the United States , successfully preserved the Union during the American Civil War <P> One of the most important of all executive powers is the president 's role as commander - in - chief of the United States Armed Forces . The power to declare war is constitutionally vested in Congress , but the president has ultimate responsibility for the direction and disposition of the military . The present - day operational command of the Armed Forces is delegated to the Department of Defense and is normally exercised through the Secretary of Defense . The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combatant Commands assist with the operation as outlined in the presidentially approved Unified Command Plan ( UCP ) . The framers of the Constitution took care to limit the president 's powers regarding the military ; Alexander Hamilton explained this in Federalist No. 69 : </P> <P> The President is to be commander - in - chief of the army and navy of the United States ... It would amount to nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military and naval forces ... while that ( the power ) of the British king extends to the DECLARING of war and to the RAISING and REGULATING of fleets and armies , all ( of ) which ... would appertain to the legislature . ( Emphasis in the original . ) </P> <P> Pursuant to the War Powers Resolution , Congress must authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days , although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed , rendering it ineffectual . Additionally , Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation . Presidents have historically initiated the process for going to war , but critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations , including Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 , the Korean War , the Vietnam War , and the invasions of Grenada in 1983 and Panama in 1990 . </P> Administrative powers Suffice it to say that the President is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States , and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are awesome indeed . <P> William Rehnquist , Nixon v. General Services Administration , 433 U.S. 425 ( 1977 ) ( dissenting opinion ) </P> <P> The president is the head of the executive branch of the federal government and is constitutionally obligated to `` take care that the laws be faithfully executed '' . The executive branch has over four million employees , including members of the military . </P> <P> Presidents make numerous executive branch appointments : an incoming president may make up to 6,000 before taking office and 8,000 more while serving . Ambassadors , members of the Cabinet , and other federal officers , are all appointed by a president with the `` advice and consent '' of a majority of the Senate . When the Senate is in recess for at least ten days , the president may make recess appointments . Recess appointments are temporary and expire at the end of the next session of the Senate . </P> <P> The power of a president to fire executive officials has long been a contentious political issue . Generally , a president may remove executive officials purely at will . However , Congress can curtail and constrain a president 's authority to fire commissioners of independent regulatory agencies and certain inferior executive officers by statute . </P> <P> To manage the growing federal bureaucracy , presidents have gradually surrounded themselves with many layers of staff , who were eventually organized into the Executive Office of the President of the United States . Within the Executive Office , the president 's innermost layer of aides ( and their assistants ) are located in the White House Office . </P> <P> Additionally , the president possesses the power to manage operations of the federal government through issuing various types of directives , such as presidential proclamation and executive orders . When the president is lawfully exercising one of his constitutionally conferred responsibilities , the scope of this power is broad . Even so , these directives are subject to judicial review by U.S. federal courts , which can find them to be unconstitutional . Moreover , Congress can overturn an executive order though legislation . </P> Juridical powers <P> The president also has the power to nominate federal judges , including members of the United States courts of appeals and the Supreme Court of the United States . However , these nominations require Senate confirmation . Securing Senate approval can provide a major obstacle for presidents who wish to orient the federal judiciary toward a particular ideological stance . When nominating judges to U.S. district courts , presidents often respect the long - standing tradition of senatorial courtesy . Presidents may also grant pardons and reprieves . Gerald Ford pardoned Richard Nixon a month after taking office . Bill Clinton pardoned Patty Hearst on his last day in office , as is often done just before the end of a second presidential term , but not without controversy . </P> <P> Historically , two doctrines concerning executive power have developed that enable the president to exercise executive power with a degree of autonomy . The first is executive privilege , which allows the president to withhold from disclosure any communications made directly to the president in the performance of executive duties . George Washington first claimed the privilege when Congress requested to see Chief Justice John Jay 's notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with Great Britain . While not enshrined in the Constitution , or any other law , Washington 's action created the precedent for the privilege . When Richard Nixon tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed evidence to Congress during the Watergate scandal , the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Nixon , 418 U.S. 683 ( 1974 ) , that executive privilege did not apply in cases where a president was attempting to avoid criminal prosecution . When President Bill Clinton attempted to use executive privilege regarding the Lewinsky scandal , the Supreme Court ruled in Clinton v. Jones , 520 U.S. 681 ( 1997 ) , that the privilege also could not be used in civil suits . These cases established the legal precedent that executive privilege is valid , although the exact extent of the privilege has yet to be clearly defined . Additionally , federal courts have allowed this privilege to radiate outward and protect other executive branch employees , but have weakened that protection for those executive branch communications that do not involve the president . </P> President George W. Bush delivers the 2007 State of the Union Address , with Vice President Dick Cheney and Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi . <P> The state secrets privilege allows the president and the executive branch to withhold information or documents from discovery in legal proceedings if such release would harm national security . Precedent for the privilege arose early in the 19th century when Thomas Jefferson refused to release military documents in the treason trial of Aaron Burr and again in Totten v. United States 92 U.S. 105 ( 1876 ) , when the Supreme Court dismissed a case brought by a former Union spy . However , the privilege was not formally recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court until United States v. Reynolds 345 U.S. 1 ( 1953 ) , where it was held to be a common law evidentiary privilege . Before the September 11 attacks , use of the privilege had been rare , but increasing in frequency . Since 2001 , the government has asserted the privilege in more cases and at earlier stages of the litigation , thus in some instances causing dismissal of the suits before reaching the merits of the claims , as in the Ninth Circuit 's ruling in Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan , Inc . Critics of the privilege claim its use has become a tool for the government to cover up illegal or embarrassing government actions . </P> Legislative facilitator <P> The Constitution 's Ineligibility Clause prevents the president ( and all other executive officers ) from simultaneously being a member of Congress . Therefore , the president can not directly introduce legislative proposals for consideration in Congress . However , the president can take an indirect role in shaping legislation , especially if the president 's political party has a majority in one or both houses of Congress . For example , the president or other officials of the executive branch may draft legislation and then ask senators or representatives to introduce these drafts into Congress . The president can further influence the legislative branch through constitutionally or statutorily mandated , periodic reports to Congress . These reports may be either written or oral , but today the greatest in importance are given as the oral State of the Union addresses , which often outline the president 's legislative proposals for the coming year . Additionally , the president may attempt to have Congress alter proposed legislation by threatening to veto that legislation unless requested changes are made . </P> <P> In the 20th century , critics charged that too many legislative and budgetary powers that should have belonged to Congress had slid into the hands of presidents . As the head of the executive branch , presidents control a vast array of agencies that can issue regulations with little oversight from Congress . One critic charged that presidents could appoint a `` virtual army of ' czars ' -- each wholly unaccountable to Congress yet tasked with spearheading major policy efforts for the White House '' . Presidents have been criticized for making signing statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it . This practice has been criticized by the American Bar Association as unconstitutional . Conservative commentator George Will wrote of an `` increasingly swollen executive branch '' and `` the eclipse of Congress '' . </P> <P> According to Article II , Section 3 of the Constitution , the president may convene either or both houses of Congress . If both houses can not agree on a date of adjournment , the president may appoint a date for Congress to adjourn . For example , Franklin Delano Roosevelt convened a special session of Congress immediately after the December 7 , 1941 , Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Harbor and asked for a declaration of war . </P> <H3> Ceremonial roles </H3> President Woodrow Wilson throws out the ceremonial first ball on Opening Day , 1916 <P> As head of state , the president can fulfill traditions established by previous presidents . William Howard Taft started the tradition of throwing out the ceremonial first pitch in 1910 at Griffith Stadium , Washington , D.C. , on the Washington Senators ' Opening Day . Every president since Taft , except for Jimmy Carter , threw out at least one ceremonial first ball or pitch for Opening Day , the All - Star Game , or the World Series , usually with much fanfare . </P> <P> The President of the United States has served as the honorary president of the Boy Scouts of America since the founding of the organization . </P> <P> Other presidential traditions are associated with American holidays . Rutherford B. Hayes began in 1878 the first White House egg rolling for local children . Beginning in 1947 , during the Harry S. Truman administration , every Thanksgiving the president is presented with a live domestic turkey during the annual National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation held at the White House . Since 1989 , when the custom of `` pardoning '' the turkey was formalized by George H.W. Bush , the turkey has been taken to a farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life . </P> <P> Presidential traditions also involve the president 's role as head of government . Many outgoing presidents since James Buchanan traditionally give advice to their successor during the presidential transition . Ronald Reagan and his successors have also left a private message on the desk of the Oval Office on Inauguration Day for the incoming president . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Four ruffles and flourishes and ' Hail to the Chief ' ( long version ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> During a state visit by a foreign head of state , the president typically hosts a State Arrival Ceremony held on the South Lawn , a custom begun by John F. Kennedy in 1961 . This is followed by a state dinner given by the president which is held in the State Dining Room later in the evening . </P> <P> The modern presidency holds the president as one of the nation 's premier celebrities . Some argue that images of the presidency have a tendency to be manipulated by administration public relations officials as well as by presidents themselves . One critic described the presidency as `` propagandized leadership '' which has a `` mesmerizing power surrounding the office '' . Administration public relations managers staged carefully crafted photo - ops of smiling presidents with smiling crowds for television cameras . One critic wrote the image of John F. Kennedy was described as carefully framed `` in rich detail '' which `` drew on the power of myth '' regarding the incident of PT 109 and wrote that Kennedy understood how to use images to further his presidential ambitions . As a result , some political commentators have opined that American voters have unrealistic expectations of presidents : voters expect a president to `` drive the economy , vanquish enemies , lead the free world , comfort tornado victims , heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit - card fees '' . </P> <H3> Critics of presidency 's evolution </H3> Main articles : Imperial Presidency and Imperiled Presidency <P> The nation 's Founding Fathers expected the Congress -- which was the first branch of government described in the Constitution -- to be the dominant branch of government ; they did not expect a strong executive department . However , presidential power has shifted over time , which has resulted in claims that the modern presidency has become too powerful , unchecked , unbalanced , and `` monarchist '' in nature . Critic Dana D. Nelson believes presidents over the past thirty years have worked towards `` undivided presidential control of the executive branch and its agencies '' . She criticizes proponents of the unitary executive for expanding `` the many existing uncheckable executive powers -- such as executive orders , decrees , memorandums , proclamations , national security directives and legislative signing statements -- that already allow presidents to enact a good deal of foreign and domestic policy without aid , interference or consent from Congress '' . Activist Bill Wilson opined that the expanded presidency was `` the greatest threat ever to individual freedom and democratic rule '' . </P> <H2> Selection process </H2> George Washington , the first president of the United States <H3> Eligibility </H3> <P> Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 of the Constitution sets the following qualifications for holding the presidency : </P> <Ul> <Li> be a natural - born citizen of the United States ; </Li> <Li> be at least thirty - five years old ; </Li> <Li> be a resident in the United States for at least fourteen years . </Li> </Ul> <P> A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions : </P> <Ul> <Li> Under the Twenty - second Amendment , no person can be elected president more than twice . The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president , the former can only be elected president once . Scholars disagree over whether a person precluded by the Twenty - second Amendment to being elected president is also precluded from being vice president . </Li> <Li> Under Article I , Section 3 , Clause 7 , upon conviction in impeachment cases , the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding federal office , including that of president . </Li> <Li> Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment , no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution , and later rebelled against the United States , can become president . However , this disqualification can be lifted by a two - thirds vote of each house of Congress . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Campaigns and nomination </H3> Main articles : United States presidential primary , United States presidential nominating convention , United States presidential election debates , and United States presidential election <P> The modern presidential campaign begins before the primary elections , which the two major political parties use to clear the field of candidates before their national nominating conventions , where the most successful candidate is made the party 's nominee for president . Typically , the party 's presidential candidate chooses a vice presidential nominee , and this choice is rubber - stamped by the convention . The most common previous profession of U.S. presidents is lawyer . </P> <P> Nominees participate in nationally televised debates , and while the debates are usually restricted to the Democratic and Republican nominees , third party candidates may be invited , such as Ross Perot in the 1992 debates . Nominees campaign across the country to explain their views , convince voters and solicit contributions . Much of the modern electoral process is concerned with winning swing states through frequent visits and mass media advertising drives . </P> <H3> Election and oath </H3> Map of the United States showing the number of electoral votes allocated following the 2010 census to each state for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections ; it also notes that Maine and Nebraska distribute electors by way of the Congressional District Method. 270 electoral votes are required for a majority out of 538 votes possible . Main articles : Electoral College ( United States ) and Oath of office of the President of the United States <P> The president is elected indirectly . A number of electors , collectively known as the Electoral College , officially select the president . On Election Day , voters in each of the states and the District of Columbia cast ballots for these electors . Each state is allocated a number of electors , equal to the size of its combined delegation in both Houses of Congress . Generally , the ticket that wins the most votes in a state wins all of that state 's electoral votes and thus has its slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College . </P> <P> The winning slate of electors meet at its state 's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December , about six weeks after the election , to vote . They then send a record of that vote to Congress . The vote of the electors is opened by the sitting vice president -- acting in that role 's capacity as President of the Senate -- and read aloud to a joint session of the incoming Congress , which was elected at the same time as the president . </P> <P> Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment , the president 's term of office begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election . This date , known as Inauguration Day , marks the beginning of the four - year terms of both the president and the vice president . Before executing the powers of the office , a president is constitutionally required to take the presidential oath : </P> <P> I do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States , and will to the best of my Ability , preserve , protect , and defend the Constitution of the United States . </P> <P> Presidents have traditionally palmed a Bible while taking the oath and have added , `` So help me God ! '' to the end of the oath . Although the oath may be administered by any person authorized by law to administer oaths , presidents are traditionally sworn in by the Chief Justice of the United States , except when vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency due to a president 's death or resignation . </P> <H3> Tenure and term limits </H3> Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to four terms as President of the United States . Since ratification of the Twenty - second Amendment in 1951 , no one can be elected president more than twice . <P> The term of office for the president is four years . As the first president , George Washington set an unofficial precedent by serving only two terms . Prior to Franklin D. Roosevelt , Ulysses S. Grant and Theodore Roosevelt both unsuccessfully sought a third term . In 1940 , FDR was elected to a third term after being `` drafted '' by his party . In 1941 , the United States entered World War II , which led voters to elect Roosevelt to a fourth term in 1944 despite his declining physical health ; he died 82 days into his fourth term on April 12 , 1945 . </P> <P> In response to the unprecedented length of Roosevelt 's presidency , the Twenty - second Amendment was adopted in 1951 . The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice , or once if that person served more than two years ( 24 months ) of another president 's four - year term . Harry S. Truman , president when this term limit came into force , was exempted from its limitations , and briefly sought a second full term -- to which he would have otherwise inelegible for election to , as he had been president for more than two years of Roosevelt 's fourth term -- before he withdrew from the 1952 election . </P> <P> Since the amendment 's adoption , five presidents have served two full terms : Dwight D. Eisenhower , Ronald Reagan , Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , and Barack Obama . Both Jimmy Carter and George H.W. Bush sought a second term , but were defeated . Richard Nixon was elected to a second term , but resigned before completing it . Lyndon B. Johnson , having held the presidency for one full term in addition to only 14 months of John F. Kennedy 's unexpired term , was eligible for a second full term in 1968 , but withdrew from Democratic Primary . Additionally , Gerald Ford , who served out the last two years and five months of Nixon 's second term , sought a full term , but was defeated by Jimmy Carter in the 1976 election . </P> <H3> Succession , vacancy , or disability </H3> See also : Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution , United States presidential line of succession , Presidential Succession Act , and Impeachment in the United States <P> Succession to or vacancies in the office of president may arise under several possible circumstances : death , resignation , and removal from office . Deaths have occurred a number of times , resignation has occurred only once , and removal from office has never occurred . </P> <P> Article II , Section 4 of the Constitution allows for the removal of high federal officials , including the president , from office for `` treason , bribery , or other high crimes and misdemeanors . '' Article I , Section 2 , Clause 5 gives the House of Representatives the power to impeach such officials by a majority vote . Article I , Section 3 , Clause 6 gives the Senate the power to remove impeached officials from office , given a two - thirds vote to convict . The House has thus far impeached two presidents : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998 . Neither was convicted by the Senate . Johnson was acquitted by just one vote and Clinton by 17 votes . </P> <P> Under Section 3 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment , the president may transfer the presidential powers and duties to the vice president , who then becomes acting president , by transmitting a statement to the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate stating the reasons for the transfer . The president resumes the discharge of the presidential powers and duties upon transmitting , to those two officials , a written declaration stating that resumption . This transfer of power may occur for any reason the president considers appropriate ; in 2002 and again in 2007 , President George W. Bush briefly transferred presidential authority to Vice President Dick Cheney . In both cases , this was done to accommodate a medical procedure that required Bush to be sedated ; both times , Bush returned to duty later the same day . </P> <P> Under Section 4 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment , the vice president , in conjunction with a majority of the Cabinet , may transfer the presidential powers and duties from the president to the vice president by transmitting a written declaration to the Speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate that the president is unable to discharge the presidential powers and duties . If this occurs , then the vice president will assume the presidential powers and duties as acting president ; however , the president can declare that no such inability exists and resume the discharge of the presidential powers and duties . If the vice president and Cabinet contest this claim , it is up to Congress , which must meet within two days if not already in session , to decide the merit of the claim . </P> <P> The United States Constitution mentions the resignation of the president , but does not regulate its form or the conditions for its validity . Pursuant to federal law , the only valid evidence of the president 's resignation is a written instrument to that effect , signed by the president and delivered to the office of the Secretary of State . This has only occurred once , when Richard Nixon delivered a letter to Henry Kissinger to that effect . </P> <P> Section 1 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment states that the vice president becomes president upon the removal from office , death , or resignation of the preceding president . The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 provides that if the offices of president and vice president are each either vacant or are held by a disabled person , the next officer in the presidential line of succession , the Speaker of the House , becomes acting president . The line then extends to the President pro tempore of the Senate , followed by every member of the Cabinet . The constitutionality of having congressional officials in the line of succession has been questioned . A person must fulfill all eligibility requirements of the office of president to be eligible to become acting president ; ineligible individuals are skipped . </P> <H3> Political affiliation </H3> <P> Throughout most of its history , politics of the United States have been dominated by political parties . Political parties had not been anticipated when the U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787 , nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788 -- 1789 . Organized political parties developed in the U.S. in the mid -- 1790s , but political factions , from which organized parties evolved , began to appear almost immediately after the Federal government came into existence . Those who supported the Washington administration were referred to as `` pro-administration '' and would eventually form the Federalist Party , while those in opposition joined the emerging Democratic - Republican Party . </P> <P> Greatly concerned about the very real capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together , Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight - year presidency . He was , and remains , the only U.S. president never to be affiliated with a political party . Since George Washington , 43 persons have been sworn into the office of president , and each has been affiliated with a political party at the time of assuming office . The number of presidents per political party are : </P> <Ul> <Li> 19 with the Republican Party -- Chester A. Arthur , George H.W. Bush , George W. Bush , Calvin Coolidge , Dwight D. Eisenhower , Gerald Ford , James A. Garfield , Ulysses S. Grant , Warren G. Harding , Benjamin Harrison , Rutherford B. Hayes , Herbert Hoover , Abraham Lincoln , William McKinley , Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan , Theodore Roosevelt , William Howard Taft , and Donald Trump </Li> <Li> 15 with the Democratic Party -- James Buchanan , Jimmy Carter , Grover Cleveland , Bill Clinton , Andrew Jackson , Andrew Johnson , Lyndon B. Johnson , John F. Kennedy , Barack Obama , Franklin Pierce , James K. Polk , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Harry S. Truman , Martin Van Buren , and Woodrow Wilson </Li> <Li> Four with the Democratic - Republican Party -- John Quincy Adams , Thomas Jefferson , James Madison , and James Monroe </Li> <Li> Four with the Whig Party -- Millard Fillmore , William Henry Harrison , Zachary Taylor , and John Tyler </Li> <Li> Two with the National Union Party -- Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson </Li> <Li> One with the Federalist Party -- John Adams </Li> </Ul> <H2> Compensation </H2> <Table> Presidential pay history <Tr> <Th> Date established </Th> <Th> Salary </Th> <Th> Salary in 2016 dollars </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 24 , 1789 </Td> <Td> $25,000 </Td> <Td> $702,755 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 3 , 1873 </Td> <Td> $50,000 </Td> <Td> $1,032,868 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 4 , 1909 </Td> <Td> $75,000 </Td> <Td> $2,045,483 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 19 , 1949 </Td> <Td> $100,000 </Td> <Td> $1,008,433 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 20 , 1969 </Td> <Td> $200,000 </Td> <Td> $1,307,940 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 20 , 2001 </Td> <Td> $400,000 </Td> <Td> $542,082 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Sources : </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> Since 2001 , the president has earned a $400,000 annual salary , along with a $50,000 annual expense account , a $100,000 nontaxable travel account , and $19,000 for entertainment . The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress and President Bill Clinton in 1999 and went into effect in 2001 . </P> <H2> Residence </H2> <P> The White House in Washington , D.C. serves as the official residence of the president . Facilities that are available to the president include access to the White House staff , medical care , recreation , housekeeping , and security services . The government pays for state dinners and other official functions , but the president pays for personal , family , and guest dry cleaning and food ; the high food bill often amazes new residents . Camp David , officially titled Naval Support Facility Thurmont , is a mountain - based military camp in Frederick County , Maryland , used as a country retreat and for high alert protection of the president and guests . Blair House , located next to the Eisenhower Executive Office Building at the White House Complex and Lafayette Park , is a complex of four connected townhouses exceeding 70,000 square feet ( 6,500 m ) of floor space that serves as the president 's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed . </P> <H2> Travel </H2> <P> The primary means of long distance air travel for the president is one of two identical Boeing VC - 25 aircraft , which are extensively modified Boeing 747 airliners and are referred to as Air Force One while the president is on board ( although any U.S. Air Force aircraft the president is aboard is designated as `` Air Force One '' for the duration of the flight ) . In - country trips are typically handled with just one of the two planes , while overseas trips are handled with both , one primary and one backup . The president also has access to smaller Air Force aircraft , most notably the Boeing C - 32 , which are used when the president must travel to airports that can not support a jumbo jet . Any civilian aircraft the president is aboard is designated Executive One for the flight . </P> <P> For short distance air travel , the president has access to a fleet of U.S. Marine Corps helicopters of varying models , designated Marine One when the president is aboard any particular one in the fleet . Flights are typically handled with as many as five helicopters all flying together and frequently swapping positions as to disguise which helicopter the president is actually aboard to any would - be threats . </P> <P> For ground travel , the president uses the presidential state car , which is an armored limousine designed to look like a Cadillac sedan , but built on a truck chassis . The US Secret Service operates and maintains the fleet of several limousines . The president also has access to two armored motorcoaches , which are primarily used for touring trips . </P> <H2> Protection </H2> <P> The U.S. Secret Service is charged with protecting the president and the first family . As part of their protection , presidents , first ladies , their children and other immediate family members , and other prominent persons and locations are assigned Secret Service codenames . The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely encrypted ; today , the names simply serve for purposes of brevity , clarity , and tradition . </P> <Ul> <Li> Presidential amenities </Li> <Li> <P> The White House </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Camp David </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Blair House </P> </Li> <Li> <P> State car </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Air Force One </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Marine One </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Post-presidency </H2> Five presidents : George H.W. Bush , Barack Obama , George W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and Jimmy Carter . Photo taken in the Oval Office on January 7 , 2009 . <P> Under the Former Presidents Act , all living former presidents are granted a pension , an office , and a staff . The pension has increased numerous times with Congressional approval . Retired presidents now receive a pension based on the salary of the current administration 's cabinet secretaries , which was $199,700 each year in 2012 . Former presidents who served in Congress may also collect congressional pensions . The act also provides former presidents with travel funds and franking privileges . Prior to 1997 , all former presidents , their spouses , and their children until age 16 were protected by the Secret Service until the president 's death . In 1997 , Congress passed legislation limiting secret service protection to no more than 10 years from the date a president leaves office . On January 10 , 2013 , President Obama signed legislation reinstating lifetime secret service protection for him , George W. Bush , and all subsequent presidents . A spouse who remarries is no longer eligible for secret service protection . </P> <P> Some presidents have had significant careers after leaving office . Prominent examples include William Howard Taft 's tenure as Chief Justice of the United States and Herbert Hoover 's work on government reorganization after World War II . Grover Cleveland , whose bid for reelection failed in 1888 , was elected president again four years later in 1892 . Two former presidents served in Congress after leaving the White House : John Quincy Adams was elected to the House of Representatives , serving there for seventeen years , and Andrew Johnson returned to the Senate in 1875 . John Tyler served in the provisional Congress of the Confederate States during the Civil War and was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives , but died before that body first met . </P> <P> Presidents may use their predecessors as emissaries to deliver private messages to other nations or as official representatives of the United States to state funerals and other important foreign events . Richard Nixon made multiple foreign trips to countries including China and Russia and was lauded as an elder statesman . Jimmy Carter has become a global human rights campaigner , international arbiter , and election monitor , as well as a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize . Bill Clinton has also worked as an informal ambassador , most recently in the negotiations that led to the release of two American journalists , Laura Ling and Euna Lee , from North Korea . Clinton has also been active politically since his presidential term ended , working with his wife Hillary on her 2008 and 2016 presidential bids and President Obama on his 2012 reelection campaign . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> The five living former presidents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jimmy Carter ( age 93 ) since 1981 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George H.W. Bush ( age 93 ) since 1993 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bill Clinton ( age 71 ) since 2001 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George W. Bush ( age 71 ) since 2009 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barack Obama ( age 56 ) since 2017 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Presidential libraries </H3> Main article : Presidential library <P> Every president since Herbert Hoover has created a repository known as a presidential library for preserving and making available his papers , records , and other documents and materials . Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) ; the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private , non-federal sources . There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system . There are also presidential libraries maintained by state governments and private foundations and Universities of Higher Education , such as the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum , which is run by the State of Illinois , the George W. Bush Presidential library and Museum , which is run by Southern Methodist University , the George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum , which is run by Texas A&M University , and the Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library and Museum , which is run by the University of Texas at Austin . </P> <P> A number of presidents have lived for many years after leaving office , and several of them have personally overseen the building and opening of their own presidential libraries . Some have even made arrangements for their own burial at the site . Several presidential libraries contain the graves of the president they document , including the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library , Museum and Boyhood Home in Abilene , Kansas , Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda , California , and the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley , California . These gravesites are open to the general public . </P> <H2> Timeline of presidents </H2> Main article : List of Presidents of the United States § Presidents <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Government of the United States portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Curse of Tippecanoe </Li> <Li> Imperial Presidency </Li> <Li> The Imperial Presidency </Li> <Li> Imperiled presidency </Li> <Li> List of United States presidential trips </Li> <Li> Mr. President ( title ) </Li> <Li> President of the Continental Congress </Li> <Li> Presidential $1 Coin Program </Li> <Li> Presidential M&M 's </Li> <Li> Second - term curse </Li> <Li> United States presidential line of succession in fiction </Li> <Li> Vice President of the United States </Li> <Li> White House Office </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Donald Trump has announced he will take a salary of only 1 dollar per annum . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The informal term POTUS originated in the Phillips Code , a shorthand method created in 1879 by Walter P. Phillips for the rapid transmission of press reports by telegraph . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The nine vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor 's death or resignation and finished - out that unexpired term are John Tyler ( 1841 ) ; Millard Fillmore ( 1850 ) ; Andrew Johnson ( 1865 ) ; Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 ) ; Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 ) ; Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 ) ; Harry S. Truman ( 1945 ) ; Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 ) ; and Gerald Ford ( 1974 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foreign - born American citizens who met the age and residency requirements at the time the Constitution was adopted were also eligible for the presidency . However , this allowance has since become obsolete . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How To Address The President ; He Is Not Your Excellency Or Your Honor , But Mr. President '' . The New York Times . August 2 , 1891 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` USGS Correspondence Handbook -- Chapter 4 '' . Usgs.gov . July 18 , 2007 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Models of Address and Salutation '' . Ita.doc.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heads of State , Heads of Government , Ministers for Foreign Affairs , Protocol and Liaison Service , United Nations . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The White House Office of the Press Secretary ( September 1 , 2010 ) . `` Remarks by President Obama , President Mubarak , His Majesty King Abdullah , Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Exchanges of Letters '' . Jimmy Carter Library . September 1978 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Owings v. Speed , 18 U.S. 420 ( 1820 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawson , Gary ; Seidman , Guy ( 2001 ) . `` When Did the Constitution Become Law ? '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 77 : 1 -- 37 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How common is Trump 's $1 salary ? '' . BBC World Service . November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Safire , William ( 2008 ) . Safire 's Political Dictionary . Oxford University Press . p. 564 . ISBN 9780195340617 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Von Drehle , David ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Is Steve Bannon the Second Most Powerful Man in the World ? '' . Time . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who should be the world 's most powerful person ? '' . The Guardian . London . January 3 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meacham , Jon ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` Meacham : The History of Power '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zakaria , Fareed ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` The NEWSWEEK 50 : Barack Obama '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Transcript of the Constitution of the United States -- Official '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pfiffner , J.P. ( 1988 ) . `` The President 's Legislative Agenda '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 499 : 22 -- 35 . doi : 10.1177 / 0002716288499001002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power , ' Henry Jones Ford , Proceedings of the American Political Science Association , Vol. 5 , Fifth Annual Meeting ( 1908 ) . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Executive Branch '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . , The White House . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Executive Branch '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov ... Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms , so he is counted twice ; as the 22nd and 24th presidents . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Milkis , Sidney M. ; Nelson , Michael ( 2008 ) . The American Presidency : Origins and Development ( 5th ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : CQ Press . pp. 1 -- 25 . ISBN 0 - 87289 - 336 - 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Alfred H. ; Harbison , Winfred A. ; Belz , Herman ( 1991 ) . The American Constitution : Its Origins and Development . I ( 7th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 76 -- 81 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 96056 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain , Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7684 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DOD Releases Unified Command Plan 2011 '' . United States Department of Defense . April 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 164 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joint Chiefs of Staff . About the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander . The Federalist # 69 ( reposting ) . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christopher , James A. ; Baker , III ( July 8 , 2008 ) . `` The National War Powers Commission Report '' . The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . No clear mechanism or requirement exists today for the president and Congress to consult . The War Powers Resolution of 1973 contains only vague consultation requirements . Instead , it relies on reporting requirements that , if triggered , begin the clock running for Congress to approve the particular armed conflict . By the terms of the 1973 Resolution , however , Congress need not act to disapprove the conflict ; the cessation of all hostilities is required in 60 to 90 days merely if Congress fails to act . Many have criticized this aspect of the Resolution as unwise and unconstitutional , and no president in the past 35 years has filed a report `` pursuant '' to these triggering provisions . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitchell , Alison ( May 2 , 1999 ) . `` The World ; Only Congress Can Declare War . Really . It 's True '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Presidents have sent forces abroad more than 100 times ; Congress has declared war only five times : the War of 1812 , the Mexican War , the Spanish -- American War , World War I and World War II . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitchell , Alison ( May 2 , 1999 ) . `` The World ; Only Congress Can Declare War . Really . It 's True '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . President Reagan told Congress of the invasion of Grenada two hours after he had ordered the landing . He told Congressional leaders of the bombing of Libya while the aircraft were on their way . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gordon , Michael R. ( December 20 , 1990 ) . `` U.S. troops move in panama in effort to seize noriega ; gunfire is heard in capital '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . It was not clear whether the White House consulted with Congressional leaders about the military action , or notified them in advance . Thomas S. Foley , the Speaker of the House , said on Tuesday night that he had not been alerted by the Administration . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Article II , Section 3 , U.S. Constitution '' . law.cornell.edu . Legal Information Institute . 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Executive Branch '' . The White House website . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning , 572 U.S. __ ( 2014 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shurtleff v. United States , 189 U.S. 311 ( 1903 ) ; Myers v. United States , 272 U.S. 52 ( 1926 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Humphrey 's Executor v. United States , 295 U.S. 602 ( 1935 ) and Morrison v. Olson , 487 U.S. 654 ( 1988 ) , respectively . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gaziano , Todd ( February 21 , 2001 ) . `` Executive Summary : The Use and Abuse of Executive Orders and Other Presidential Directives '' . Washington , D.C. : The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnston , David ( December 24 , 1992 ) . `` Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair , Aborting a Weinberger Trial ; Prosecutor Assails ' Cover - Up ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . But not since President Gerald R. Ford granted clemency to former President Richard M. Nixon for possible crimes in Watergate has a Presidential pardon so pointedly raised the issue of whether the President was trying to shield officials for political purposes . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnston , David ( December 24 , 1992 ) . `` Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair , Aborting a Weinberger Trial ; Prosecutor Assails ' Cover - Up ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . The prosecutor charged that Mr. Weinberger 's efforts to hide his notes may have ' forestalled impeachment proceedings against President Reagan ' and formed part of a pattern of ' deception and obstruction . ' ... In light of President Bush 's own misconduct , we are gravely concerned about his decision to pardon others who lied to Congress and obstructed official investigations . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eisler , Peter ( March 7 , 2008 ) . `` Clinton - papers release blocked '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Former president Clinton issued 140 pardons on his last day in office , including several to controversial figures , such as commodities trader Rich , then a fugitive on tax evasion charges . Rich 's ex-wife , Denise , contributed $2,000 in 1999 to Hillary Clinton 's Senate campaign ; $5,000 to a related political action committee ; and $450,000 to a fund set up to build the Clinton library . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Millhiser , Ian ( June 1 , 2010 ) . `` Executive Privilege 101 '' . Center for American Progress . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Part III of the opinion in Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan '' . Caselaw.findlaw.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Frost , Amanda ; Florence , Justin ( 2009 ) . `` Reforming the State Secrets Privilege '' ( PDF ) . American Constitution Society . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weaver , William G. ; Pallitto , Robert M. ( 2005 ) . `` State Secrets and Executive Power '' . Political Science Quarterly . The Academy of Political Science . 120 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 112 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 165x. 2005. tb00539. x . Use of the state secrets privilege in courts has grown significantly over the last twenty - five years . In the twenty - three years between the decision in Reynolds ( 1953 ) and the election of Jimmy Carter , in 1976 , there were four reported cases in which the government invoked the privilege . Between 1977 and 2001 , there were a total of fifty - one reported cases in which courts ruled on invocation of the privilege . Because reported cases only represent a fraction of the total cases in which the privilege is invoked or implicated , it is unclear precisely how dramatically the use of the privilege has grown . But the increase in reported cases is indicative of greater willingness to assert the privilege than in the past . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Court Dismisses a Case Asserting Torture by C.I.A '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Finn , Peter ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` Suit dismissed against firm in CIA rendition case '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` The 180 - degree reversal of Obama 's State Secrets position '' . Salon . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Background on the State Secrets Privilege '' . American Civil Liberties Union . January 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cantor , Eric ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Obama 's 32 Czars '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelson , Dana D. ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` The ' unitary executive ' question '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Suarez , Ray ; et al. ( July 24 , 2006 ) . `` President 's Use of ' Signing Statements ' Raises Constitutional Concerns '' . PBS Online NewsHour . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . The American Bar Association said President Bush 's use of `` signing statements '' , which allow him to sign a bill into law but not enforce certain provisions , disregards the rule of law and the separation of powers . Legal experts discuss the implications . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Will , George F. ( December 21 , 2008 ) . `` Making Congress Moot '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duggan , Paul ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Balking at the First Pitch '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of the BSA Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Boy Scouts of America . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grier , Peter ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` The ( not so ) secret history of the White House Easter Egg Roll '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hesse , Monica ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` Turkey Pardons , The Stuffing of Historic Legend '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gibbs , Nancy ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` How Presidents Pass The Torch '' . Time . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dorning , Mike ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` A note from Bush starts morning in the Oval Office '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abbott , James A. ; Rice , Elaine M. ( 1998 ) . Designing Camelot : The Kennedy White House Restoration . Van Nostrand Reinhold . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 442 - 02532 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The White House State Dinner '' . The White House Historical Association . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dykoski , Rachel ( November 1 , 2008 ) . `` Book note : Presidential idolatry is `` Bad for Democracy '' `` . Twin Cities Daily Planet . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Dana D. Nelson 's book makes the case that we 've had 200 + years of propagandized leadership ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neffinger , John ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Democrats vs. Science : Why We 're So Damn Good at Losing Elections '' . HuffPost . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 ... back in the 1980s Lesley Stahl of 60 Minutes ran a piece skewering Reagan 's policies on the elderly ... But while her voiceover delivered a scathing critique , the video footage was all drawn from carefully - staged photo - ops of Reagan smiling with seniors and addressing large crowds ... Deaver thanked ... Stahl ... for broadcasting all those images of Reagan looking his best . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelson , Dana D. ( 2008 ) . `` Bad for democracy : how the Presidency undermines the power of the people '' . U of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 5677 - 6 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . in rich detail how Kennedy drew on the power of myth as he framed his experience during World War II , when his PT boat was sliced in half by a Japanese ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelson , Dana D. ( 2008 ) . `` Bad for democracy : how the Presidency undermines the power of the people '' . U of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 5677 - 6 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Even before Kennedy ran for Congress , he had become fascinated , through his Hollywood acquaintances and visits , with the idea of image ... ( p. 54 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lexington ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` The Cult of the Presidency '' . The Economist . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Gene Healy argues that because voters expect the president to do everything ... When they inevitably fail to keep their promises , voters swiftly become disillusioned . Yet they never lose their romantic idea that the president should drive the economy , vanquish enemies , lead the free world , comfort tornado victims , heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit - card fees . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kakutani , Michiko ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Unchecked and Unbalanced '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . the founding fathers had ' scant affection for strong executives ' like England 's king , and ... Bush White House 's claims are rooted in ideas `` about the ' divine ' right of kings '' ... and that certainly did not find their ' way into our founding documents , the 1776 Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of 1787 . ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Conquest of Presidentialism '' . HuffPost . August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schimke , David ( September -- October 2008 ) . `` Presidential Power to the People -- Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next president be taken down a notch '' . Utne Reader . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Linker , Ross ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Critical of Presidency , Prof. Ginsberg and Crenson unite '' . The Johns - Hopkins Newsletter . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . presidents slowly but surely gain more and more power with both the public at large and other political institutions doing nothing to prevent it . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kakutani , Michiko ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Unchecked and Unbalanced '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Unchecked and Unbalanced : Presidential Power in a Time of Terror By Frederick A.O. Schwarz Jr. and Aziz Z . Huq ( authors ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Dana D. ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` Opinion -- The ' unitary executive ' question -- What do McCain and Obama think of the concept ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shane , Scott ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` A Critic Finds Obama Policies a Perfect Target '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . There is the small , minority - owned firm with deep ties to President Obama 's Chicago backers , made eligible by the Federal Reserve to handle potentially lucrative credit deals . ' I want to know how these firms are picked and who picked them , ' Mr. Wilson , the group 's president , tells his eager researchers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See : Peabody , Bruce G. ; Gant , Scott E. ( 1999 ) . `` The Twice and Future President : Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty - Second Amendment '' . Minnesota Law Review . Minneapolis , MN : Minnesota Law Review . 83 ( 565 ) . ; alternatively , see : Albert , Richard ( 2005 ) . `` The Evolving Vice Presidency '' . Temple Law Review . Philadelphia , PA : Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education . 78 ( 811 , at 856 -- 9 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See GPO Annotated U.S. Constitution , 2002 Ed . Archived August 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , at 611 & nn. 772 -- 773 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ International Law , US Power : The United States ' Quest for Legal Security , p 10 , Shirley V. Scott -- 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Const . art . II , § 1 , cl. 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Judge does n't ban `` God '' in inaugural oath `` . Associated Press . January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guardian , `` Bush colonoscopy leaves Cheney in charge '' , July 20 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 20 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Party Division '' . senate.gov . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jamison , Dennis ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` George Washington 's views on political parties in America '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chambers , William Nisbet ( 1963 ) . Political parties in a new Nation : the American experience , 1776 -- 1809 . New York : Oxford University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Salaries Exclusive of Perquisites '' . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Relative Value in US Dollars . Measuring Worth . Retrieved May 30 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dept. of Labor Inflation Calculator . Inflation Calculator . Retrieved August 10 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How much does the U.S. president get paid ? '' . Howstuffworks . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Salaries of Federal Officials : A Fact Sheet Archived April 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... United States Senate website . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elizabeth ( January 2009 ) . `` Inside the Presidency '' . National Geographic . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` President 's Guest House ( includes Lee House and Blair House ) , Washington , DC '' . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Air Force One '' . whitehouse.gov/about/air-force-one/ . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 ... White House Military Office . Retrieved June 17 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Any U.S. Air Force aircraft carrying the president will use the call sign `` Air Force One . '' Similarly , `` Navy One '' , `` Army One '' , and `` Coast Guard One '' are the call signs used if the president is aboard a craft belonging to these services . `` Executive One '' becomes the call sign of any civilian aircraft when the president boards . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New Presidential Limousine enters Secret Service Fleet U.S. Secret Service Press Release ( January 14 , 2009 ) Retrieved on January 20 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ahlers , Mike M. ; Marrapodi , Eric ( January 6 , 2009 ) . `` Obama 's wheels : Secret Service to unveil new presidential limo '' . CNN . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Farley , Robert ( August 25 , 2011 ) . `` Obama 's Canadian - American Bus '' . FactCheck . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Junior Secret Service Program : Assignment 7 . Code Names '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2007 . Retrieved August 18 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Candidate Code Names Secret Service Monikers Used on the Campaign Trail '' . CBS . September 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 12 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schwemle , Barbara L. ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` President of the United States : Compensation '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Former presidents cost U.S. taxpayers big bucks '' . Toledo Blade . January 7 , 2007 . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 3056 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Obama signs bill granting lifetime Secret Service protection to former presidents and spouses '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . January 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` United States Secret Service : Protection '' . United States Secret Service . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Obama signs protection bill for former presidents '' . The Washington Times . January 10 , 2013 . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shock and Anger Flash Throughout the United States '' . Associated Press . March 31 , 1981 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Four Presidents '' . Reagan Presidential Library , National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Biography of Richard M. Nixon '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . , The White House . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 44 U.S.C. § 2112 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Balogh , Brian and Bruce J. Schulman , eds . Recapturing the Oval Office : New Historical Approaches to the American Presidency ( Cornell University Press , 2015 ) , 311 pp . </Li> <Li> Bumiller , Elisabeth ( January 2009 ) . `` Inside the Presidency '' . National Geographic . 215 ( 1 ) : 130 -- 149 . </Li> <Li> Couch , Ernie . Presidential Trivia . Rutledge Hill Press . March 1 , 1996 . ISBN 1 - 55853 - 412 - 1 </Li> <Li> Lang , J. Stephen . The Complete Book of Presidential Trivia . Pelican Publishing . 2001 . ISBN 1 - 56554 - 877 - 9 </Li> <Li> Greenberg , David . Republic of Spin : An Inside History of the American Presidency ( W.W. Norton & Company , 2015 ) . xx , 540 pp . </Li> <Li> Leo , Leonard -- Taranto , James -- Bennett , William J. Presidential Leadership : Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House . Simon and Schuster . 2004 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 5433 - 3 </Li> <Li> Presidential Studies Quarterly , published by Blackwell Synergy , is a quarterly academic journal on the presidency . </Li> <Li> Świątczak , Wasilewska , Iwona . `` The Toughest Season in the White House '' : The Rhetorical Presidency and the State of the Union Address , 1953 -- 1992 . PhD thesis . University of Helsinki , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 951 - 51 - 0248 - 5 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Primary sources </H3> <Ul> <Li> Waldman , Michael -- Stephanopoulos , George . My Fellow Americans : The Most Important Speeches of America 's presidents , from George Washington to George W. Bush . Sourcebooks Trade . 2003 . ISBN 1 - 4022 - 0027 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jacobs , Ron . Interview with Joseph G. Peschek and William Grover , authors of The Unsustainable Presidency , a book offering an analysis of the role the US President plays in economics and politics </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : President of the United States </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Presidents of the United States . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : President of the United States </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Official </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` Executive Office of the President '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> `` White House '' . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Presidential histories </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns , 1787 -- 1825 Presidential election returns including town and county breakdowns </Li> <Li> `` American Presidents : Life Portraits '' . C - SPAN . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Companion website for the C - SPAN television series : American presidents : Life Portraits </Li> <Li> `` Presidential Documents from the National Archives '' . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Collection of letters , portraits , photos , and other documents from the National Archives </Li> <Li> `` The American Presidency Project '' . UC Santa Barbara . Retrieved October 7 , 2005 . Collection of over 67,000 presidential documents </Li> <Li> The History Channel : US Presidents </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Miscellaneous </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` All the President 's Roles '' . Ask Gleaves . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved October 20 , 2006 . Article analyzing a president 's many hats </Li> <Li> Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies . Educational site on the American presidency </Li> <Li> `` Presidents ' Occupations '' . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Listing of every president 's occupations before and after becoming the commander in chief </Li> <Li> `` The Masonic Presidents Tour '' . The Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2005 . Brief histories of the Masonic careers of presidents who were members of the Freemasons </Li> <Li> `` The Presidents '' . American Experience . Retrieved March 4 , 2007 . PBS site on the American presidency </Li> <Li> Presidents of the United States : Resource Guides from the Library of Congress </Li> <Li> Shapell Manuscript Foundation . Images of documents written by U.S. presidents </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Presidents of the United States ( list ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 ) </Li> <Li> John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) </Li> <Li> Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) </Li> <Li> James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) </Li> <Li> James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) </Li> <Li> John Quincy Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) </Li> <Li> Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) </Li> <Li> Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) </Li> <Li> William Henry Harrison ( 1841 ) </Li> <Li> John Tyler ( 1841 -- 1845 ) </Li> <Li> James K. Polk ( 1845 -- 1849 ) </Li> <Li> Zachary Taylor ( 1849 -- 1850 ) </Li> <Li> Millard Fillmore ( 1850 -- 1853 ) </Li> <Li> Franklin Pierce ( 1853 -- 1857 ) </Li> <Li> James Buchanan ( 1857 -- 1861 ) </Li> <Li> Abraham Lincoln ( 1861 -- 1865 ) </Li> <Li> Andrew Johnson ( 1865 -- 1869 ) </Li> <Li> Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869 -- 1877 ) </Li> <Li> Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877 -- 1881 ) </Li> <Li> James A. Garfield ( 1881 ) </Li> <Li> Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 -- 1885 ) </Li> <Li> Grover Cleveland ( 1885 -- 1889 ) </Li> <Li> Benjamin Harrison ( 1889 -- 1893 ) </Li> <Li> Grover Cleveland ( 1893 -- 1897 ) </Li> <Li> William McKinley ( 1897 -- 1901 ) </Li> <Li> Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 ) </Li> <Li> William H. Taft ( 1909 -- 1913 ) </Li> <Li> Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) </Li> <Li> Warren G. Harding ( 1921 -- 1923 ) </Li> <Li> Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 1929 ) </Li> <Li> Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) </Li> <Li> John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Lyndon B. 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Adobe Flash - Wikipedia <H1> Adobe Flash </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the application / animation - maker , see Adobe Animate . For other uses , see Adobe Flash ( disambiguation ) . <Table> Adobe Flash <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adobe Systems </Li> <Li> Macromedia </Li> <Li> FutureWave </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Target platform ( s ) </Th> <Td> Web browsers , iOS , Android , Windows , macOS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Editor software </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adobe Animate , </Li> <Li> Flash Builder , </Li> <Li> FlashDevelop , </Li> <Li> Powerflasher FDT , </Li> <Li> Flash Catalyst </Li> <Li> Scaleform </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Player software </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Flash Player </Li> <Li> Adobe AIR </Li> <Li> OpenFL </Li> <Li> Scaleform </Li> <Li> Gnash </Li> <Li> Lightspark </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> SWF </Li> <Li> FLV </Li> <Li> FLA </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Programming language ( s ) </Th> <Td> ActionScript </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Application ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Animation </Li> <Li> Browser games </Li> <Li> Rich Internet applications </Li> <Li> Desktop applications </Li> <Li> Mobile apps </Li> <Li> Mobile games </Li> <Li> console games </Li> <Li> computer games </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Status </Th> <Td> Active ( Until 2020 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> License </Th> <Td> Proprietary </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Adobe Flash is a multimedia software platform used for production of animations , rich Internet applications , desktop applications , mobile applications , mobile games and embedded web browser video players . Flash displays text , vector graphics and raster graphics to provide animations , video games and applications . It allows streaming of audio and video , and can capture mouse , keyboard , microphone and camera input . </P> <P> Artists may produce Flash graphics and animations using Adobe Animate . Software developers may produce applications and video games using Adobe Flash Builder , FlashDevelop , Flash Catalyst , or any text editor when used with the Apache Flex SDK . </P> <P> End - users can view Flash content via Flash Player ( for web browsers ) , AIR ( for desktop or mobile apps ) or third - party players such as Scaleform ( for video games ) . Adobe Flash Player ( supported on Microsoft Windows , macOS and Linux ) enables end - users to view Flash content using web browsers . Adobe Flash Lite enabled viewing Flash content on older smartphones , but has been discontinued and superseded by Adobe AIR . </P> <P> The ActionScript programming language allows the development of interactive animations , video games , web applications , desktop applications and mobile applications . Programmers can implement Flash software using an IDE such as Adobe Animate , Adobe Flash Builder , Adobe Director , FlashDevelop and Powerflasher FDT . Adobe AIR enables full - featured desktop and mobile applications to be developed with Flash and published for Windows , macOS , Android , iOS , Xbox One , PlayStation 4 , and Nintendo Wii U and Switch . </P> <P> Although Flash was previously a dominant platform for online multimedia content , it is slowly being abandoned as Adobe favors a transition to HTML5 . Flash Player has been deprecated and has an official end - of - life by 2020 . However , Adobe will continue to develop Adobe AIR , a technology for building applications and games with Flash . OpenFL , an open - source implementation of the Flash Player is also actively developed . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Applications <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Websites </Li> <Li> 1.2 RIAs </Li> <Li> 1.3 Video games </Li> <Li> 1.4 Film and animation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 FutureWave </Li> <Li> 2.2 Macromedia </Li> <Li> 2.3 Adobe </Li> <Li> 2.4 Open Screen Project </Li> <Li> 2.5 End of life </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Format <Ul> <Li> 3.1 FLA </Li> <Li> 3.2 SWF </Li> <Li> 3.3 3D </Li> <Li> 3.4 Flash Video </Li> <Li> 3.5 Flash Audio </Li> <Li> 3.6 Scripting language </Li> <Li> 3.7 Specifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Animation tools <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Official tools </Li> <Li> 4.2 Third - party tools </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Programming tools <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Official tools </Li> <Li> 5.2 Third - party tools </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Players <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Proprietary </Li> <Li> 6.2 Open source </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Availability <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Desktop computers <Ul> <Li> 7.1. 1 Flash Player </Li> <Li> 7.1. 2 Adobe AIR </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.2 Mobile devices <Ul> <Li> 7.2. 1 Flash Player </Li> <Li> 7.2. 2 Adobe AIR </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.3 Portable electronic devices </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Alternatives <Ul> <Li> 8.1 OpenFL </Li> <Li> 8.2 HTML5 </Li> <Li> 8.3 Flash to HTML5 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Criticisms <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Mobile support </Li> <Li> 9.2 Vendor dependence </Li> <Li> 9.3 Accessibility </Li> <Li> 9.4 Flash blocking in web browsers </Li> <Li> 9.5 Security </Li> <Li> 9.6 Flash cookies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Applications ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Websites ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the early 2000s , Flash was widely installed on desktop computers , and was commonly used to display interactive web pages , online games , and to playback video and audio content . In 2005 , YouTube was founded by former PayPal employees , and it used Flash Player as a means to display compressed video content on the web . </P> <P> Between 2000 and 2010 , numerous businesses used Flash - based websites to launch new products , or to create interactive company portals . Notable users include Nike , Hewlett - Packard , Nokia , General Electric , World Wildlife Fund , HBO , Cartoon Network and Disney . After Adobe introduced hardware - accelerated 3D for Flash ( Stage3D ) , Flash websites saw a growth of 3D content for product demonstrations and virtual tours . </P> <P> In 2007 , YouTube offered videos in HTML5 format to support the iPhone and iPad , which did not support Flash Player . After a controversy with Apple , Adobe stopped developing Flash Player for Mobile , focussing its efforts on Adobe AIR applications and HTML5 animation . In 2015 , Google introduced Google Swiffy to convert Flash animation to HTML5 , a tool Google would use to automatically convert Flash web ads for mobile devices . In 2015 , YouTube switched to HTML5 technology on all devices , however it will preserve the Flash - based video player for older web browsers . </P> <H3> RIAs ( edit ) </H3> <P> After Flash 5 introduced ActionScript in 2000 , developers combined the visual and programming capabilities of Flash to produce interactive experiences and applications for the Web . Such Web - based applications eventually came to be known as `` Rich Internet Applications '' ( RIAs ) . </P> <P> In 2004 , Macromedia Flex was released , and specifically targeted the application development market . Flex introduced new user interface components , advanced data visualization components , data remoting , and a modern IDE ( Flash Builder ) . Flex competed with Asynchronous JavaScript and XML ( AJAX ) and Microsoft Silverlight during its tenure . Flex was upgraded to support integration with remote data sources , using AMF , BlazeDS , Adobe LiveCycle , Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud , and others . As of 2015 , Flex applications can be published for desktop platforms using Adobe AIR . </P> <P> Between 2006 and 2016 , the Speedtest.net web service conducted over 9.0 billion speed tests using an RIA built with Adobe Flash . In 2016 , the service shifted to HTML5 due to the decreasing availability of Adobe Flash Player on PCs . </P> <P> As of 2016 , Web applications and RIAs can be developed with Flash using the ActionScript 3.0 programming language and related tools such as Adobe Flash Builder . Third - party IDEs such as FlashDevelop and Powerflasher FDT also enable developers to create Flash games and applications , and are generally similar to Microsoft Visual Studio . Flex applications are typically built using Flex frameworks such as PureMVC . </P> <H3> Video games ( edit ) </H3> Play media Screenshots and footage of Flash games QWOP , Solipskier , and Hundreds <P> Flash video games were popular on the Internet , with portals like Newgrounds dedicated to hosting of Flash - based games . Popular games developed with Flash include Angry Birds , Clash of Clans , FarmVille , AdventureQuest , Machinarium , Hundreds , N , QWOP and Solipskier . </P> <P> Adobe introduced various technologies to help build video games , including Adobe AIR ( to release games for desktop or mobile platforms ) , Adobe Scout ( to improve performance ) , CrossBridge ( to convert C++ - based games to run in Flash ) , and Stage3D ( to support GPU - accelerated video games ) . 3D frameworks like Away3D and Flare3D simplified creation of 3D content for Flash . </P> <P> Adobe AIR allows creation of Flash - based mobile games , which may be published to the Google Play and iTunes app stores . </P> <P> Flash is also used to build interfaces and HUDs for 3D video games using Scaleform GFx , a technology that renders Flash content within non-Flash video games . Scaleform is supported by more than 10 major video game engines including Unreal Engine , UDK , CryEngine and PhyreEngine , and has been used to provide 3D interfaces for more than 150 major video game titles since its launch in 2003 . </P> <H3> Film and animation ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : List of Flash animated films and List of Flash animated television series <P> Adobe Animate is one of the common animation programs for low - cost 2D television and commercial animation , in competition with Anime Studio and Toon Boom Animation . </P> <P> Notable users of Flash include DHX Media Vancouver for productions including Pound Puppies and My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic , Fresh TV for Total Drama , Nelvana for 6teen and Clone High , Williams Street for Metalocalypse and Squidbillies , Nickelodeon Animation Studios for Wow ! Wow ! Wubbzy ! El Tigre : The Adventures of Manny Rivera , Danny Phantom , and more . </P> <P> Flash is less commonly used for feature - length animated films ; however , 2009 's The Secret of Kells , an Irish film , was animated primarily in Adobe Flash , and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature at the 82nd Academy Awards . </P> <P> Several popular online series are currently produced in Flash , such as the Emmy Award - winning Off - Mikes , produced by ESPN and Animax Entertainment ; Happy Tree Friends ; Gotham Girls , produced by Warner Brothers ; Crime Time , produced by Future Thought Productions and Homestar Runner produced by Mike and Matt Chapman . </P> <P> Various third - party software packages designed for traditionally trained cartoonists and animators can publish animations in the SWF format . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> FutureWave ( edit ) </H3> <P> The precursor to Flash was a product named SmartSketch , published by FutureWave Software . The company was founded by Charlie Jackson , Jonathan Gay , and Michelle Welsh . SmartSketch was a vector drawing application for pen computers running the PenPoint OS . When PenPoint failed in the marketplace , SmartSketch was ported to Microsoft Windows and Mac OS . </P> <P> As the Internet became more popular , FutureWave realized the potential for a vector - based web animation tool that might challenge Macromedia Shockwave technology . In 1995 , FutureWave modified SmartSketch by adding frame - by - frame animation features and released this new product as FutureSplash Animator on Macintosh and PC . </P> <P> FutureWave approached Adobe Systems with an offer to sell them FutureSplash in 1995 , but Adobe turned down the offer at that time . Microsoft wanted to create an `` online TV network '' ( MSN 2.0 ) and adopted FutureSplash animated content as a central part of it . Disney Online used FutureSplash animations for their subscription - based service Disney 's Daily Blast . Fox Broadcasting Company launched The Simpsons using FutureSplash . </P> <H3> Macromedia ( edit ) </H3> <P> In November 1996 , FutureSplash was acquired by Macromedia , and Macromedia re-branded and released FutureSplash Animator as Macromedia Flash 1.0 . Flash was a two - part system , a graphics and animation editor known as Macromedia Flash , and a player known as Macromedia Flash Player . </P> <P> FutureSplash Animator was an animation tool originally developed for pen - based computing devices . Due to the small size of the FutureSplash Viewer , it was particularly suited for download on the Web . Macromedia distributed Flash Player as a free browser plugin in order to quickly gain market share . By 2005 , more computers worldwide had Flash Player installed than any other Web media format , including Java , QuickTime , RealNetworks and Windows Media Player . </P> <P> Macromedia upgraded the Flash system between 1996 and 1999 adding MovieClips , Actions ( the precursor to ActionScript ) , Alpha transparency , and other features . As Flash matured , Macromedia 's focus shifted from marketing it as a graphics and media tool to promoting it as a Web application platform , adding scripting and data access capabilities to the player while attempting to retain its small footprint . </P> <P> In 2000 , the first major version of ActionScript was developed , and released with Flash 5 . Actionscript 2.0 was released with Flash MX 2004 and supported object - oriented programming , improved UI components and other programming features . The last version of Flash released by Macromedia was Flash 8 , which focused on graphical upgrades such as filters ( blur , drop shadow , etc . ) , blend modes ( similar to Adobe Photoshop ) , and advanced features for FLV video . </P> <H3> Adobe ( edit ) </H3> <P> Macromedia was acquired by Adobe Systems in 2005 , and the entire Macromedia product line including Flash , Dreamweaver , Director / Shockwave , Fireworks ( which has since been discontinued ) and Authorware is now handled by Adobe . </P> <P> In 2007 , Adobe 's first version release was Adobe Flash CS3 Professional , the ninth major version of Flash . It introduced the ActionScript 3.0 programming language , which supported modern programming practices and enabled business applications to be developed with Flash . Adobe Flex Builder ( built on Eclipse ) targeted the enterprise application development market , and was also released the same year . Flex Builder included the Flex SDK , a set of components that included charting , advanced UI , and data services ( Flex Data Services ) . </P> <P> In 2008 , Adobe released the tenth version of Flash , Adobe Flash CS4 . Flash 10 improved animation capabilities within the Flash editor , adding a motion editor panel ( similar to Adobe After Effects ) , inverse kinematics ( bones ) , basic 3D object animation , object - based animation , and other text and graphics features . Flash Player 10 included an in - built 3D engine ( without GPU acceleration ) that allowed basic object transformations in 3D space ( position , rotation , scaling ) . </P> <P> Also in 2008 , Adobe released the first version of Adobe Integrated Runtime ( later re-branded as Adobe AIR ) , a runtime engine that replaced Flash Player , and provided additional capabilities to the ActionScript 3.0 language to build desktop and mobile applications . With AIR , developers could access the file system ( the user 's files and folders ) , and connected devices suxh as joystick , gamepad and sensors for the first time . </P> <P> In 2011 , Adobe Flash Player 11 was released , and with it the first version of Stage3D , allowing GPU - accelerated 3D rendering for Flash applications and games on desktop platforms such as Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X . Adobe further improved 3D capabilities from 2011 to 2013 , adding support for 3D rendering on Android and iOS platforms , alpha - channels , compressed textures , texture atlases , and other features . Adobe AIR was upgraded to support 64 - bit computers , and to allow developers to add additional functionality to the AIR runtime using AIR Native Extensions ( ANE ) . </P> <P> In 2014 , Adobe AIR reached a milestone with over 100,000 unique applications built , and over 1 billion installations logged across the world ( May 2014 ) . Adobe AIR was voted the Best Mobile Application Development product at the Consumer Electronics Show on two consecutive years ( CES 2014 and CES 2015 ) . In 2016 , Adobe renamed Flash Professional , the primary authoring software for Flash content , to Adobe Animate to reflect its growing use for authoring HTML5 content in favour of Flash content . </P> <H3> Open Screen Project ( edit ) </H3> <P> On May 1 , 2008 , Adobe announced the Open Screen Project , with the intent of providing a consistent application interface across devices such as personal computers , mobile devices , and consumer electronics . When the project was announced , seven goals were outlined : the abolition of licensing fees for Adobe Flash Player and Adobe Integrated Runtime , the removal of restrictions on the use of the Shockwave Flash ( SWF ) and Flash Video ( FLV ) file formats , the publishing of application programming interfaces for porting Flash to new devices , and the publishing of The Flash Cast protocol and Action Message Format ( AMF ) , which let Flash applications receive information from remote databases . </P> <P> As of February 2009 , the specifications removing the restrictions on the use of SWF and FLV / F4V specs have been published . The Flash Cast protocol -- now known as the Mobile Content Delivery Protocol -- and AMF protocols have also been made available , with AMF available as an open source implementation , BlazeDS . </P> <P> The list of mobile device providers who have joined the project includes Palm , Motorola , and Nokia , who , together with Adobe , have announced a $10 million Open Screen Project fund . As of 2012 , the Open Screen Project is no longer accepting new applications according to partner BSQuare . However paid licensing is still an option for device makers who want to use Adobe software . </P> <H3> End of life ( edit ) </H3> <P> Although Flash was previously a dominant platform for online multimedia content , it is slowly being abandoned as Adobe favors a transition to HTML5 due to inherent security flaws and significant resources required to maintain the platform . Apple restricted the use of Flash on iOS due to concerns that it performed poorly on its mobile devices , had negative impact on battery life , and was deemed unnecessary for online content . As a result , it was not adopted by Apple for its smartphone and tablet devices , which also reduced its user base and encouraged wider adoption of HTML5 features such as the canvas and video elements , which can replace Flash without the need for plugins . In 2015 , Adobe rebranded its Flash authoring environment as Adobe Animate to emphasize its expanded support for HTML5 authoring , and stated that it would `` encourage content creators to build with new web standards '' rather than using Flash . In July 2017 , Adobe announced that it would declare Flash to be end - of - life in 2020 , and will cease support , distribution , and security updates to Flash Player . After the announcement , developers have started a petition to turn Flash into an open - source project , leading to controversy . </P> <P> The Flash Platform will continue in the form of Adobe AIR , which Adobe will continue to develop , and OpenFL , an open - source implementation of the Flash Player . </P> <H2> Format ( edit ) </H2> <H3> FLA ( edit ) </H3> <P> Flash source files are in the FLA format , and contain graphics and animation , as well as embedded assets such as bitmap images , audio files and FLV video files . The Flash source file format is a proprietary format and Adobe Animate is the only available authoring tool capable of editing such files . Flash source files (. fla ) may be compiled into Flash movie files (. swf ) using Adobe Animate . Note that FLA files can be edited , but output (. swf ) files can not . </P> <H3> SWF ( edit ) </H3> Main article : SWF <P> Flash movie files are in the SWF format , traditionally called `` ShockWave Flash '' movies , `` Flash movies '' , or `` Flash applications '' , usually have a . swf file extension , and may be used in the form of a web page plug - in , strictly `` played '' in a standalone Flash Player , or incorporated into a self - executing Projector movie ( with the . exe extension in Microsoft Windows ) . Flash Video files have a . flv file extension and are either used from within . swf files or played through a flv - aware player , such as VLC , or QuickTime and Windows Media Player with external codecs added . </P> <P> The use of vector graphics combined with program code allows Flash files to be smaller -- and thus allows streams to use less bandwidth -- than the corresponding bitmaps or video clips . For content in a single format ( such as just text , video , or audio ) , other alternatives may provide better performance and consume less CPU power than the corresponding Flash movie , for example when using transparency or making large screen updates such as photographic or text fades . </P> <P> In addition to a vector - rendering engine , the Flash Player includes a virtual machine called the ActionScript Virtual Machine ( AVM ) for scripting interactivity at run - time , with video , MP3 - based audio , and bitmap graphics . As of Flash Player 8 , it offers two video codecs : On2 Technologies VP6 and Sorenson Spark , and run - time JPEG , Progressive JPEG , PNG , and GIF capability . </P> <H3> 3D ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Stage3D <P> Flash Player 11 introduced a full 3D shader API , called Stage3D , which is fairly similar to WebGL . Stage3D enables GPU - accelerated rendering of 3D graphics within Flash games and applications , and has been used to build Angry Birds , and a couple of other notable games . </P> <P> Various 3D frameworks have been built for Flash using Stage3D , such as Away3D 4 , CopperCube , Flare3D , Starling , . Professional game engines like Unreal Engine and Unity also export Flash versions which use Stage3D to render 3D graphics . </P> <H3> Flash video ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Flash Video <P> Virtually all browser plugins for video are free of charge and cross-platform , including Adobe 's offering of Flash Video , which was first introduced with Flash version 6 . Flash Video has been a popular choice for websites due to the large installed user base and programmability of Flash . In 2010 , Apple publicly criticized Adobe Flash , including its implementation of video playback for not taking advantage of hardware acceleration , one reason Flash is not to be found on Apple 's mobile devices . Soon after Apple 's criticism , Adobe demoed and released a beta version of Flash 10.1 , which takes advantage of GPU hardware acceleration even on a Mac . Flash 10.2 beta , released December 2010 , adds hardware acceleration for the whole video rendering pipeline . </P> <P> Flash Player supports two distinct modes of video playback , and hardware accelerated video decoding may not be used for older video content . Such content causes excessive CPU usage compared to comparable content played with other players . </P> <Ul> <Li> Software Rendered Video : Flash Player supports software rendered video since version 6 . Such video supports vector animations displayed above the video content . This obligation may , depending on graphic APIs exposed by the operating system , prohibit using a video overlay , like a traditional multimedia player would use , with the consequence that color space conversion and scaling must happen in software . </Li> <Li> Hardware Accelerated Video : Flash Player supports hardware accelerated video playback since version 10.2 , for H. 264 , F4V , and FLV video formats . Such video is displayed above all Flash content , and takes advantage of video codec chipsets installed on the user 's device . Developers must specifically use the `` StageVideo '' technology within Flash Player in order for hardware decoding to be enabled . Flash Player internally uses technologies such as DirectX Video Acceleration and OpenGL to do so . </Li> </Ul> <P> In tests done by Ars Technica in 2008 and 2009 , Adobe Flash Player performed better on Windows than Mac OS X and Linux with the same hardware . Performance has later improved for the latter two , on Mac OS X with Flash Player 10.1 , and on Linux with Flash Player 11 . </P> <H3> Flash audio ( edit ) </H3> <P> Flash Audio is most commonly encoded in MP3 or AAC ( Advanced Audio Coding ) however it can also use ADPCM , Nellymoser ( Nellymoser Asao Codec ) and Speex audio codecs . Flash allows sample rates of 11 , 22 and 44.1 kHz . It can not have 48 kHz audio sample rate , which is the standard TV and DVD sample rate . </P> <P> On August 20 , 2007 , Adobe announced on its blog that with Update 3 of Flash Player 9 , Flash Video will also implement some parts of the MPEG - 4 international standards . Specifically , Flash Player will work with video compressed in H. 264 ( MPEG - 4 Part 10 ) , audio compressed using AAC ( MPEG - 4 Part 3 ) , the F4V , MP4 ( MPEG - 4 Part 14 ) , M4V , M4A , 3GP and MOV multimedia container formats , 3GPP Timed Text specification ( MPEG - 4 Part 17 ) , which is a standardized subtitle format and partial parsing capability for the ' ilst ' atom , which is the ID3 equivalent iTunes uses to store metadata . MPEG - 4 Part 2 and H. 263 will not work in F4V file format . Adobe also announced that it will be gradually moving away from the FLV format to the standard ISO base media file format ( MPEG - 4 Part 12 ) owing to functional limits with the FLV structure when streaming H. 264 . The final release of the Flash Player implementing some parts of MPEG - 4 standards had become available in Fall 2007 . </P> <P> Adobe Flash Player 10.1 does not have acoustic echo cancellation , unlike the VoIP offerings of Skype and Google Voice , making this and earlier versions of Flash less suitable for group calling or meetings . Flash Player 10.3 Beta incorporates acoustic echo cancellation . </P> <H3> Scripting language ( edit ) </H3> Further information : ActionScript <P> ActionScript is the programming language used by Flash . It is an enhanced superset of the ECMAScript programming language , with a classical Java - style class model , rather than JavaScript 's prototype model . </P> <H3> Specifications ( edit ) </H3> <P> In October 1998 , Macromedia disclosed the Flash Version 3 Specification on its website . It did this in response to many new and often semi-open formats competing with SWF , such as Xara 's Flare and Sharp 's Extended Vector Animation formats . Several developers quickly created a C library for producing SWF . In February 1999 , MorphInk 99 was introduced , the first third - party program to create SWF files . Macromedia also hired Middlesoft to create a freely available developers ' kit for the SWF file format versions 3 to 5 . </P> <P> Macromedia made the Flash Files specifications for versions 6 and later available only under a non-disclosure agreement , but they are widely available from various sites . </P> <P> In April 2006 , the Flash SWF file format specification was released with details on the then newest version format ( Flash 8 ) . Although still lacking specific information on the incorporated video compression formats ( On2 , Sorenson Spark , etc . ) , this new documentation covered all the new features offered in Flash v8 including new ActionScript commands , expressive filter controls , and so on . The file format specification document is offered only to developers who agree to a license agreement that permits them to use the specifications only to develop programs that can export to the Flash file format . The license does not allow the use of the specifications to create programs that can be used for playback of Flash files . The Flash 9 specification was made available under similar restrictions . </P> <P> In June 2009 , Adobe launched the Open Screen Project ( Adobe link ) , which made the SWF specification available without restrictions . Previously , developers could not use the specification for making SWF - compatible players , but only for making SWF - exporting authoring software . The specification still omits information on codecs such as Sorenson Spark , however . </P> <H2> Animation tools ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Official tools ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Adobe Animate <P> The Adobe Animate authoring program is primarily used to design graphics and animation and publish the same for websites , web applications , and video games . The program also offers limited support for audio and video embedding , and ActionScript scripting . </P> <P> Adobe released Adobe LiveMotion , designed to create interactive animation content and export it to a variety of formats , including SWF . LiveMotion failed to gain any notable user base . </P> <P> In February 2003 , Macromedia purchased Presedia , which had developed a Flash authoring tool that automatically converted PowerPoint files into Flash . Macromedia subsequently released the new product as Breeze , which included many new enhancements . </P> <H3> Third - party tools ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Comparison of vector graphics editors <P> Various free and commercial software packages can output animations into the Flash SWF format , suitable for display on the web , including : </P> <Ul> <Li> SWiSH Max is an animation editor with preset animation , developed by an ex-employee of Macromedia , that can output Flash animations </Li> <Li> Toon Boom is a traditional animation tool that can output Flash animations </Li> <Li> Apple Keynote allows users to export presentations to Flash SWF animations </Li> <Li> Xara Photo & Graphic Designer can output Flash animations </Li> <Li> Ajax Animator aim to create a Flash development environment </Li> <Li> KToon can edit vectors and generate SWF , but its interface is very different from Macromedia 's </Li> <Li> Screencast and Screencam , produces demos or tutorials by capturing the screen and generating a Flash animation of the same </Li> <Li> GoAnimate is a software as a service tool to create animated videos . </Li> <Li> Anime Studio is a 2D animation software package specialized for character animation , that creates Flash animations </Li> <Li> Question Writer publishes its quizzes to Flash animations </Li> <Li> OpenOffice Impress </Li> <Li> Toufee </Li> <Li> KoolMoves </Li> <Li> Express Animator </Li> <Li> CelAction2D </Li> <Li> Alligator Flash Designer </Li> <Li> Amara Web </Li> <Li> Clash </Li> <Li> Salasaga </Li> <Li> Synfig </Li> </Ul> <P> The Flash 4 Linux project was an initiative to develop an open source Linux application as an alternative to Adobe Animate . Development plans included authoring capacity for 2D animation , and tweening , as well as outputing SWF file formats . F4L evolved into an editor that was capable of authoring 2D animation and publishing of SWF files . Flash 4 Linux was renamed UIRA . UIRA intended to combine the resources and knowledge of the F4L project and the Qflash project , both of which were Open Source applications that aimed to provide an alternative to the proprietary Adobe Flash . </P> <H2> Programming tools ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Official tools ( edit ) </H3> <P> Adobe provides a series of tools to develop software applications and video games for Flash : </P> <Ul> <Li> Apache Flex SDK -- a free , open source SDK to compile Flash - based rich Internet applications from source code . The Apache Flex ActionScript 3.0 compiler generates SWF files from ActionScript 3 files . Flex was the primary ActionScript 3 compiler and was actively developed by Adobe before it was donated to Apache Software Foundation in 2011 . </Li> <Li> Adobe Animate -- primarily used to design graphics and animation , but supports ActionScript scripting and debugging . </Li> <Li> Adobe Flash Builder -- enterprise application development & debugging , contains the Flex SDK with UI and charting components . </Li> <Li> Adobe Scout -- a visual profiler to optimize performance of Flash content . </Li> <Li> CrossBridge -- a free SDK to cross-compile C++ code to run in Flash Player . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Third - party tools ( edit ) </H3> <P> Third - party development tools have been created to assist developers in creating software applications and video games with Flash . </P> <Ul> <Li> FlashDevelop is a free and open - source Flash ActionScript IDE , which includes a project manager and debugger for building applications on Flash Player and Adobe AIR . </Li> <Li> Powerflasher FDT is a commercial ActionScript IDE similar to FlashDevelop . </Li> <Li> Haxe is an open source , high - level object - oriented programming language geared towards web - content creation that can compile SWF files from Haxe programs . As of 2012 , Haxe can build programs for Flash Player that perform faster than the same application built with the Adobe Flex SDK compiler , due to additional compiler optimizations supported in Haxe . </Li> <Li> SWFTools ( specifically , swfc ) is an open - source ActionScript 3.0 compiler which generates SWF files from script files , which includes SVG tags . </Li> <Li> swfmill and MTASC also provide tools to create SWF files by compiling text , ActionScript or XML files into Flash animations </Li> <Li> Ming library , to create SWF files programmatically , has interfaces for C , PHP , C++ , Perl , Python , and Ruby . It is able to import and export graphics from XML into SWF . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Players ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Proprietary ( edit ) </H3> <P> Adobe Flash Player is the multimedia and application player originally developed by Macromedia and acquired by Adobe Systems . It plays SWF files , which can be created by Adobe Animate , Apache Flex , or a number of other Adobe Systems and 3rd party tools . It has support for a scripting language called ActionScript , which can be used to display Flash Video from an SWF file . </P> <P> Scaleform GFx is a commercial alternative Flash player that features fully hardware - accelerated 2D graphics rendering using the GPU . Scaleform has high conformance with both Flash 10 ActionScript 3 and Flash 8 ActionScript 2 . Scaleform GFx is a game development middleware solution that helps create graphical user interfaces or HUDs within 3D video games . It does not work with web browsers . </P> <P> IrfanView , an image viewer , uses Flash Player to display SWF files . </P> <H3> Open source ( edit ) </H3> <P> OpenFL is an open - source implementation of the Adobe Flash player and runtime . It allows developers to build a single application against the OpenFL APIs , and simultaneously target multiple platforms including Flash / AIR , HTML5 , Windows , Android , Tizen , Neko , BlackBerry and webOS . OpenFL mirrors the Flash API for graphical operations . OpenFL applications are written in Haxe , a modern multi-platform programming language . </P> <P> Lightspark is a free and open source SWF player that supports most of ActionScript 3.0 and has a Mozilla - compatible plug - in . It will fall back on Gnash , a free SWF player supporting ActionScript 1.0 and 2.0 ( AVM1 ) code . Lightspark supports OpenGL - based rendering for 3D content . The player is also compatible with H. 264 Flash videos on YouTube . </P> <P> Gnash aims to create a software player and browser plugin replacement for the Adobe Flash Player . Gnash can play SWF files up to version 7 , and 80 % of ActionScript 2.0 . Gnash run on Windows , Linux and other platforms for the 32 - bit , 64 - bit , and other operating systems , but development has slowed significantly in recent years . </P> <P> Shumway was an open source Flash Player released by Mozilla in November 2012 . It was built in JavaScript and is thus compatible with modern web - browsers . In early October 2013 , Shumway was included by default in the Firefox nightly branch . Shumway rendered Flash contents by translating contents inside Flash files to HTML5 elements , and running an ActionScript interpreter in JavaScript . It supported both AVM1 and AVM2 , and ActionScript versions 1 , 2 , and 3 . Development of Shumway ceased in early 2016 . </P> <P> Adobe Flash Player can not ship as part of a pure open source , or completely free operating system , as its distribution is bound to the Macromedia Licensing Program and subject to proposition first from Adobe . </P> <H2> Availability ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Desktop computers ( edit ) </H3> Flash Player ( edit ) <P> The latest version of Adobe Flash Player is available for three major desktop platforms , including Windows , macOS and Linux . On Linux the PPAPI plug - in is available ; the NPAPI version was n't updated to new major versions for a while until Adobe changed its mind on stopping support and its former plan to discontinue `` in 2017 '' . </P> <P> Adobe Flash Player is available in four flavors : </P> <Ul> <Li> ActiveX - based Plug - in </Li> <Li> NPAPI - based Plug - in </Li> <Li> PPAPI - based Plug - in </Li> <Li> Projector </Li> </Ul> <P> The ActiveX version is an ActiveX control for use in Internet Explorer and any other Windows applications that supports ActiveX technology . The Plug - in versions are available for browsers supporting either NPAPI or PPAPI plug - ins on Microsoft Windows , macOS and Linux . The projector version is a standalone player that can open SWF files directly . </P> <P> The following table documents Flash Player and Adobe AIR support on desktop operating systems : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Operating System </Th> <Th> Prerequisites </Th> <Th> Usage </Th> <Th> Latest Adobe Flash Player </Th> <Th> Browser Support </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Microsoft Windows </Td> <Td> Windows XP ( 32 - bit , AIR only ) / Vista ( 32 - bit , AIR only ) / 7 / 8.1 / 10 </Td> <Td> Internet Browser , Standalone Applications </Td> <Td> Flash Player 25.0 , AIR 25.0 </Td> <Td> Internet Explorer , Edge , Firefox , Chrome , Chromium , Opera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> macOS </Td> <Td> OS X 10.9 or newer ( Flash Player ) / Mac OS X 10.7 or newer ( AIR ) </Td> <Td> Internet Browser , Standalone Applications </Td> <Td> Flash Player 25.0 , AIR 25.0 </Td> <Td> Safari , Firefox , Chrome , Chromium , Opera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Linux </Td> <Td> Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.6 or newer / openSUSE 11.3 or newer / Ubuntu 10.04 or newer </Td> <Td> Internet Browser </Td> <Td> Flash Player 25.0. 0.127 ( NPAPI ) , Flash Player 25.0. 0.127 ( PPAPI ) </Td> <Td> Firefox ( NPAPI ) / Chrome , Chromium , Opera ( PPAPI ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Adobe AIR ( edit ) <P> The latest version of Adobe AIR , version 18 , contains Adobe Flash Player 18 , and is available for Windows XP and later , as well as macOS . Official support for desktop Linux distributions ceased in June 2011 with version 2.6 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Platform </Th> <Th> Installer file support </Th> <Th> App Store support </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> . air , . exe and . msi </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> macOS </Td> <Td> . air and . dmg </Td> <Td> With captive runtime </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Android </Td> <Td> . apk </Td> <Td> Google Play </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> iOS </Td> <Td> . ipa </Td> <Td> iTunes Store </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PlayBook </Td> <Td> . bar </Td> <Td> BlackBerry App World </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Mobile devices ( edit ) </H3> Flash Player ( edit ) <P> Adobe Flash Player was available for a variety of mobile operating systems , including Android ( between versions 2.2 and 4.0. 4 ) , Pocket PC / Windows CE , QNX ( e.g. on BlackBerry PlayBook ) , Symbian , Palm OS , and webOS ( since version 2.0 ) . Flash Player for smart phones was made available to handset manufacturers at the end of 2009 . </P> <P> However , in November 2011 , Adobe announced the withdrawal of support for Flash Player on mobile devices . Adobe continues to support deploying Flash - based content as mobile applications via Adobe AIR . </P> <P> Adobe is reaffirming its commitment to `` aggressively contribute '' to HTML5 . Adobe announced the end of Flash for mobile platforms or TV , instead focusing on HTML5 for browser content and Adobe AIR for the various mobile application stores and described it as `` the beginning of the end '' . BlackBerry LTD ( formerly known as RIM ) announced that it would continue to develop Flash Player for the PlayBook . </P> <P> There is no Adobe Flash Player for iOS devices ( iPhone , iPad and iPod Touch ) . However , Flash content can be made to run on iOS devices in a variety of ways : </P> <Ul> <Li> Flash content can be bundled inside an Adobe AIR app , which will then run on iOS devices . ( Apple did not allow this for a while , but they relaxed those restrictions in September 2010 . ) </Li> <Li> On March 8 , 2011 , Techradar reported that Adobe provides an experimental server side tool ( Wallaby ) to convert Flash programs ( as far as possible ) to HTML5 code , thus allowing iOS devices to display the content . </Li> <Li> If the content is Flash video being served by Adobe Flash Media Server 4.5 , the server will translate and send the video as HTTP Dynamic Streaming or HTTP Live Streaming , both of which can be played by iOS devices . </Li> <Li> Some specialized mobile browsers manage to accommodate Flash via streaming content from the cloud directly to a user 's device . Some examples are Photon Browser and Puffin Web Browser . </Li> </Ul> <P> The mobile version of Internet Explorer for Windows Phone can not play Flash content , however Flash support is still present on the tablet version of Windows . </P> Adobe AIR ( edit ) Main article : Adobe AIR <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Adobe AIR was released in 2008 , and allows the creation of mobile applications and mobile games using Flash and ActionScript . Notable mobile games built with Flash include Angry Birds , Machinarium and Defend Your Castle . </P> <P> Using AIR , developers can access the full Adobe Flash functionality , including text , vector graphics , raster graphics , video , audio , camera and microphone capability . Adobe AIR also includes additional features such as file system integration , native client extensions , desktop integration and access to connected devices and sensors . </P> <P> AIR applications can be published as native phone applications on certain mobile operating systems , such as Android ( ARM Cortex - A8 and above ) and Apple iOS . </P> <P> The following table explains to what extent Adobe AIR can run on various mobile operating systems : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Operating System </Th> <Th> Prerequisites </Th> <Th> Latest Adobe Flash Player </Th> <Th> AIR Framework </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Android </Td> <Td> Android 2.3 + , ARM Cortex - A8 + or Android x86 </Td> <Td> AIR 3.6. 0.597 ( uses Flash Player 11.6 ) </Td> <Td> Option 1 : The AIR player can be embedded as a ' captive ' runtime , which increases APK size but makes the application standalone . <P> Option 2 : The runtime is not included with the app , and must installed as a separate app from the app market . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Apple iOS </Td> <Td> iOS 4.3 or later </Td> <Td> AIR 3.6. 0.597 ( uses Flash Player 11.6 ) </Td> <Td> Not applicable : each app includes its own ' captive ' runtime . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> BlackBerry Tablet OS </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> AIR 3.1 ( uses Flash Player 11.1 ) </Td> <Td> Already pre-installed on each device . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> BlackBerry 10 </Td> <Td> Blackberry 10.2 and lower ( no longer supported from 10.3 ) </Td> <Td> AIR 3.5 ( uses Flash Player 11.1 ) </Td> <Td> Already pre-installed on each device . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Portable electronic devices ( edit ) </H3> <P> Adobe Flash Lite is a lightweight version of Adobe Flash Player intended for mobile phones and other portable electronic devices like Chumby and iRiver . </P> <P> On the emerging single - board enthusiast market , as substantially popularized by the Raspberry Pi , support from Adobe is lacking . However , the open - source player Gnash has been ported and found to be useful . </P> <H2> Alternatives ( edit ) </H2> <H3> OpenFL ( edit ) </H3> Main article : OpenFL <P> OpenFL is an open - source implementation of the Adobe Flash technology . It allows developers to build a single application against the OpenFL APIs , and simultaneously target multiple platforms including Flash / AIR , HTML5 , Windows , Android , Tizen , Neko , BlackBerry and webOS . OpenFL mirrors the Flash API for graphical operations . OpenFL applications are written in Haxe , a modern multi-platform programming language . </P> <P> More than 500 video games have been developed with OpenFL , including the BAFTA - award - winning game Papers , Please , Rymdkapsel , Lightbot and Madden NFL Mobile . </P> <H3> HTML5 ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Comparison of HTML5 and Flash <P> HTML5 is often cited as an alternative to Adobe Flash technology usage on web pages . Adobe released a tool that converts Flash to HTML5 , and in June 2011 , Google released an experimental tool that does the same . In January 2015 , YouTube defaulted to HTML5 players to better support more devices . </P> <H3> Flash to HTML5 ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following tools allow running Flash content in web browsers using HTML5 : </P> <Ul> <Li> Adobe Edge Animate was designed to produce HTML5 animations directly . </Li> <Li> Adobe Animate now allows Flash animations to be published into HTML5 content directly . </Li> <Li> Google Swiffy - A web - based tool developed by Google that converts SWF files into HTML5 , using SVG for graphics and JavaScript for animation </Li> <Li> Mozilla Shumway , a Flash virtual machine written in JavaScript . </Li> <Li> CreateJS is library that while available separately was also adopted by Adobe as a replacement for Wallaby in CS6 . Unlike Wallaby , which was a standalone program , the `` Toolkit for CreateJS '' only works as a plug - in inside Flash Professional ; it generates output for the HTML5 canvas , animated with JavaScript . Around December 2013 , the toolkit was integrated directly into Flash Professional CC . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Criticisms ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Mobile support ( edit ) </H3> <P> Websites built with Adobe Flash will not function on most modern mobile devices running Google Android or iOS ( iPhone , iPad ) . The only alternative is using HTML5 and responsive web design to build websites that support both desktop and mobile devices . </P> <P> However , Flash is still used to build mobile games using Adobe AIR . Such games will not work in mobile web browsers , but must be installed via the appropriate app store . </P> <H3> Vendor dependence ( edit ) </H3> See also : Vendor lock - in <P> The reliance on Adobe for decoding Flash makes its use on the World Wide Web a concern -- the completeness of its public specifications are debated , and no complete implementation of Flash is publicly available in source code form with a license that permits reuse . Generally , public specifications are what makes a format re-implementable ( see future proofing data storage ) , and reusable codebases can be ported to new platforms without the endorsement of the format creator . </P> <P> Adobe 's restrictions on the use of the SWF / FLV specifications were lifted in February 2009 ( see Adobe 's Open Screen Project ) . However , despite efforts of projects like Gnash , Swfdec and Lightspark , a complete free Flash player is yet to be seen , as of September 2011 . For example , Gnash can not use SWF v10 yet . Notably , Gnash was listed on the Free Software Foundation 's high priority list , from at least 2007 , to its overdue removal in January 2017 . </P> <P> Notable advocates of free software , open standards , and the World Wide Web have warned against the use of Flash : </P> <P> The founder of Mozilla Europe , Tristan Nitot , stated in 2008 : </P> <P> Companies building websites should beware of proprietary rich - media technologies like Adobe 's Flash and Microsoft 's Silverlight . ( ... ) You 're producing content for your users and there 's someone in the middle deciding whether users should see your content . </P> <P> Representing open standards , inventor of CSS and co-author of HTML5 , Håkon Wium Lie explained in a Google tech talk of 2007 , entitled `` the < video > element '' , the proposal of Theora as the format for HTML5 video : </P> <P> I believe very strongly , that we need to agree on some kind of baseline video format if ( the video element ) is going to succeed . Flash is today the baseline format on the web . The problem with Flash is that it 's not an open standard . </P> <P> Representing the free software movement , Richard Stallman stated in a speech in 2004 that : `` The use of Flash in websites is a major problem for our community . '' </P> <H3> Accessibility ( edit ) </H3> <P> Usability consultant Jakob Nielsen published an Alertbox in 2000 entitled , Flash : 99 % Bad , stating that `` Flash tends to degrade websites for three reasons : it encourages design abuse , it breaks with the Web 's fundamental interaction principles , and it distracts attention from the site 's core value . '' Some problems have been at least partially fixed since Nielsen 's complaints : Text size can be controlled using full page zoom and it has been possible for authors to include alternative text in Flash since Flash Player 6 . </P> <H3> Flash blocking in web browsers ( edit ) </H3> Some websites rely heavily on Flash and become unusable without Flash Player , or with Flash blocked . <P> Flash content is usually embedded using the object or embed HTML element . A web browser that does not fully implement one of these elements displays the replacement text , if supplied by the web page . Often , a plugin is required for the browser to fully implement these elements , though some users can not or will not install it . </P> <P> Since Flash can be used to produce content ( such as advertisements ) that some users find obnoxious or take a large amount of bandwidth to download , some web browsers , by default , do not play Flash content until the user clicks on it , e.g. Konqueror , K - Meleon . </P> <P> Most current browsers have a feature to block plugins , playing one only when the user clicks it . Opera versions since 10.5 feature native Flash blocking . Opera Turbo requires the user to click to play Flash content , and the browser also allows the user to enable this option permanently . Both Chrome and Firefox have an option to enable `` click to play plugins '' . Equivalent `` Flash blocker '' extensions are also available for many popular browsers : Firefox has Flashblock and NoScript , Internet Explorer has Foxie , which contains a number of features , one of them named Flashblock . WebKit - based browsers under macOS , such as Apple 's Safari , have ClickToFlash . In June 2015 , Google announced that Chrome will `` pause '' advertisements and `` non-central '' Flash content by default . </P> <P> Firefox ( from version 46 ) rewrites old Flash - only YouTube embed code into YouTube 's modern embedded player that is capable of using either HTML5 or Flash . Such embed code is used by non-YouTube sites to embed YouTube 's videos , and can still be encountered , for example , on old blogs and forums . </P> <H3> Security ( edit ) </H3> See also : Adobe Flash Player § Security , and Browser security § Plugins and extensions <P> For many years Adobe Flash Player 's security record has led many security experts to recommend against installing the player , or to block Flash content . The US - CERT has recommended blocking Flash , and security researcher Charlie Miller recommended `` not to install Flash '' ; however , for people still using Flash , Intego recommended that users get trusted updates `` only directly from the vendor that publishes them . '' As of February 12 , 2015 , Adobe Flash Player has over 400 CVE entries , of which over 300 lead to arbitrary code execution , and past vulnerabilities have enabled spying via web cameras . Security experts have long predicted the demise of Flash , saying that with the rise of HTML5 `` ... the need for browser plugins such as Flash is diminishing '' , as only 7 to 10 percent of websites still use it . </P> <P> Active moves by third parties to limit the risk began with Steve Jobs in 2010 saying that Apple would not allow Flash on the iPhone , iPod touch and iPad -- citing abysmal security as one reason . Flash often used the ability to dynamically change parts of the runtime on languages on OSX to improve their own performance , but caused general instability . In July 2015 , a series of newly discovered vulnerabilities resulted in Facebook 's chief security officer , Alex Stamos , issuing a call to Adobe to discontinue the software entirely and the Mozilla Firefox web browser , Google Chrome and Apple Safari to blacklist all earlier versions of Flash Player . </P> <P> As a result , `` Adobe has essentially stopped trying to do anything new and innovative with Flash . '' </P> <H3> Flash cookies ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Local shared object <P> Like the HTTP cookie , a flash cookie ( also known as a `` Local Shared Object '' ) can be used to save application data . Flash cookies are not shared across domains . An August 2009 study by the Ashkan Soltani and a team of researchers at UC Berkeley found that 50 % of websites using Flash were also employing flash cookies , yet privacy policies rarely disclosed them , and user controls for privacy preferences were lacking . Most browsers ' cache and history suppress or delete functions did not affect Flash Player 's writing Local Shared Objects to its own cache in version 10.2 and earlier , at which point the user community was much less aware of the existence and function of Flash cookies than HTTP cookies . Thus , users with those versions , having deleted HTTP cookies and purged browser history files and caches , may believe that they have purged all tracking data from their computers when in fact Flash browsing history remains . Adobe 's own Flash Website Storage Settings panel , a submenu of Adobe 's Flash Settings Manager web application , and other editors and toolkits can manage settings for and delete Flash Local Shared Objects . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Adobe Creative Cloud </Li> <Li> List of 2D animation software </Li> <Li> OpenFL is an open - source implementation of the Flash platform </Li> <Li> Saffron Type System -- the anti-aliased text - rendering engine used in version 8 onwards </Li> <Li> SWFObject -- a JavaScript library used to embed Flash content into web pages </Li> <Li> Microsoft Silverlight </Li> <Li> JavaFX </Li> <Li> OpenLaszlo </Li> <Li> Synfig </Li> </Ul> <H2> Footnotes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ FLV and F4V F4V is based on ISO base media file format standard , available as a free download ( 1 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FLASH & THE FUTURE OF INTERACTIVE CONTENT '' . Adobe Systems . 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Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Historical trends in the usage of client - side programming languages for websites '' , http://w3techs.com/ </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Agonizingly Slow Decline Of Adobe Flash Player '' , JARED NEWMAN 08.18. 15 , fastcompany.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jobs , Steve ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Thoughts on Flash '' . Apple.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Facebook 's new chief security officer wants to set a date to kill Flash '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Firefox blacklists Flash player due to unpatched 0 - day vulnerabilities '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Google and Mozilla pull the plug on Adobe Flash : Tech giants disable the program on browsers following ' critical ' security flaw '' . DailyMail . Victoria Woollaston . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adobe Flash has been blocked because it 's out of date '' . Google Support . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Apple blocks old , unsafe Adobe Flash plug - in versions in OS X Safari '' . Apple Insider . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Soltani , Ashkan , Canty , Shannon , Mayo , Quentin , Thomas , Lauren and Hoofnagle , Chris Jay : Flash Cookies and Privacy '' . August 10 , 2009 . SSRN 1446862 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Local Shared Objects -- `` Flash Cookies '' `` . Electronic Privacy Information Center . July 21 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2010 . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How to manage and disable Local Shared Objects '' . Adobe Systems Inc . September 9 , 2005 . 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Ebola virus cases in the United States - wikipedia <H1> Ebola virus cases in the United States </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Ebola virus cases in the United States starting in 2014 . For the 2013 - 2016 outbreak in Africa , see Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa . For the U.S. discovery of a different species of the Ebolavirus genus in 1989 , see Reston virus . <Table> Ebola virus disease in the U.S. <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Map of Ebola cases and infrastructure throughout the U.S. </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cases contracted in the U.S. </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cases first diagnosed in U.S. </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cases evacuated to U.S. from other countries </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total cases </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deaths </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recoveries from Ebola </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Active cases </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In December 2014 , Ebola virus cases in the United States occurred due to four laboratory - confirmed cases of Ebola virus disease ( commonly known as `` Ebola '' ) in the United States . Eleven cases have been reported , including these four cases and seven cases medically evacuated from other countries ; the first was reported in September 2014 . Nine of the people contracted the disease outside the US and traveled into the country , either as regular airline passengers or as medical evacuees ; of those nine , two died . Two people have contracted Ebola in the United States . Both were nurses who treated an Ebola patient ; both have recovered . </P> <P> On September 30 , 2014 , the CDC announced that Thomas Eric Duncan , a reportedly 42 - year - old ( later corrected by CDC reports as a 45 - year - old ) Liberian national visiting the United States from Liberia , had been diagnosed with Ebola in Dallas , Texas . Duncan , who had been visiting family in Dallas , was treated at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas . By October 4 , Duncan 's condition had deteriorated from `` serious but stable '' to `` critical '' . On October 8 , Duncan died of Ebola. The other three cases diagnosed in the United States as of October 2014 were : </P> <Ul> <Li> October 11 , 2014 , a nurse , Nina Pham , who had provided care to Duncan at the hospital . </Li> <Li> October 14 , 2014 , Amber Joy Vinson , another nurse who treated Duncan . </Li> <Li> October 23 , 2014 , physician Craig Spencer , diagnosed in New York City ; he had just returned from working with Doctors Without Borders in Guinea , a country in west Africa . </Li> </Ul> <P> Hundreds of people were tested or monitored for potential Ebola virus infection , but the two nurses were the only confirmed cases of locally transmitted Ebola . Public health experts and the Obama administration opposed instituting a travel ban on Ebola endemic areas , stating that it would be ineffective and would paradoxically worsen the situation . </P> <P> No one both contracted and died of Ebola virus disease while in the United States . No new cases have been diagnosed in the United States since Craig Spencer was released from a New York City hospital on November 11 , 2014 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cases diagnosed in U.S. <Ul> <Li> 1.1 First case : Thomas Eric Duncan <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Thomas Eric Duncan in Liberia </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Duncan 's illness in Dallas </Li> <Li> 1.1. 3 Contact tracing </Li> <Li> 1.1. 4 Reactions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Second case : Nina Pham <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Controversies and lawsuit </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.3 Third case : Amber Vinson <Ul> <Li> 1.3. 1 Monitoring of other health care workers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.4 Fourth case : Craig Spencer </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Medical evacuations from West Africa </Li> <Li> 3 Containment efforts <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Operation United Assistance </Li> <Li> 3.2 Revised CDC guidelines </Li> <Li> 3.3 Ebola response coordinator </Li> <Li> 3.4 Rapid response teams </Li> <Li> 3.5 Airport screening </Li> <Li> 3.6 Mandatory 21 - day quarantine </Li> <Li> 3.7 Legal protection for government contractors </Li> <Li> 3.8 School closures </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Treatment <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Biocontainment units in the U.S. </Li> <Li> 4.2 Experimental treatments </Li> <Li> 4.3 Experimental preventative vaccines </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Public reactions </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cases diagnosed in U.S. ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Articles related to the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West African Ebola virus epidemic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ebola virus disease </Li> <Li> Timeline of the epidemic </Li> <Li> Responses to the epidemic </Li> <Li> Timeline , tables and graphs </Li> <Li> Ebola virus disease treatment research </Li> <Li> Post-Ebola virus syndrome </Li> <Li> Ebola vaccine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nations with widespread cases </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Guinea </Li> <Li> Liberia </Li> <Li> Sierra Leone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other affected nations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mali </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> Senegal </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other outbreaks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of Ebola outbreaks </Li> <Li> 1976 Zaire outbreak </Li> <Li> 2014 DR Congo outbreak </Li> <Li> List of epidemics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> First case : Thomas Eric Duncan ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Thomas Eric Duncan Thomas Eric Duncan in Liberia ( edit ) <P> Thomas Eric Duncan was from Monrovia , Liberia , to date the country hit hardest by the Ebola virus epidemic . Duncan worked as a personal driver for the general manager of Safeway Cargo , a FedEx contractor in Liberia . According to manager Henry Brunson , Duncan had abruptly quit his job on September 4 , 2014 , giving no reason . </P> <P> On September 15 , 2014 , the family of Marthalene Williams , who later died of Ebola virus disease , could not call an ambulance to transfer the pregnant Williams to a hospital . Duncan , their tenant , helped to transfer Williams by taxi to an Ebola treatment ward in Monrovia . Duncan rode in the taxi to the treatment ward with Williams , her father and her brother . </P> <P> On September 19 , Duncan went to Monrovia Airport , where , according to Liberian officials , Duncan lied about his history of contact with the disease on an airport questionnaire before boarding a Brussels Airlines flight to Brussels . In Brussels , Duncan boarded United Airlines Flight 951 to Washington Dulles Airport . From Dulles , he boarded United Airlines Flight 822 to Dallas / Fort Worth . He arrived in Dallas at 7 : 01 p.m. CDT on September 20 , 2014 , and stayed with his partner and her five children , who lived in the Fair Oaks neighborhood of Dallas . Vickery Meadow , the region of Dallas where Duncan resided , has a large African immigrant population and is Dallas 's densest neighborhood . </P> Duncan 's illness in Dallas ( edit ) Texas Presbyterian Hospital , where Duncan was treated <P> Duncan began experiencing symptoms on September 24 , 2014 , and arrived at the Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital emergency room at 10 : 37 p.m. on September 25 . At 11 : 36 p.m. , a triage nurse asked Duncan about his symptoms , and Duncan reported feeling `` abdominal pain , dizziness , nausea and headache ( new onset ) . '' The nurse recorded a fever of 100.1 ° F ( 37.8 ° C ) , but did not inquire as to his travel history as this was not triage protocol at the time . At 12 : 05 a.m. , Duncan was admitted into a treatment area room where the on - duty physician accessed the electronic health record ( EHR ) . The physician noted nasal congestion , a runny nose , and abdominal tenderness . Duncan was given paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) at 1 : 24 a.m. CT scan results came back noting `` no acute disease '' for the abdominal and pelvic areas and `` unremarkable '' for the head . Lab results returned showing slightly low white blood cells , low platelets , increased creatinine , and elevated levels of the liver enzyme AST . His temperature was noted at 103.0 ° F ( 39.4 ° C ) at 3 : 02 a.m. and 101.2 ° F ( 38.4 ° C ) at 3 : 32 a.m. Duncan was diagnosed with sinusitis and abdominal pain and sent home at 3 : 37 a.m. with a prescription for antibiotics , which are not effective for treating viral diseases . </P> `` What we 're seeing now is not an ' outbreak ' or an ' epidemic ' of Ebola in America . This is a serious disease , but we ca n't give in to hysteria or fear . '' -- President Barack Obama on the Ebola outbreak <P> Duncan 's condition worsened , and he was transported on September 28 to the same Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital emergency room by ambulance . Duncan arrived in the emergency room at 10 : 07 a.m. , experiencing diarrhea , abdominal pain , and fever . Within fifteen minutes , a doctor noted that Duncan had recently come from Liberia and needed to be tested for Ebola . The doctor described following `` strict C.D.C. protocol '' including wearing a mask , gown , and gloves . At 12 : 58 p.m. , the doctor called the CDC directly . By 9 : 40 p.m. , Duncan was experiencing explosive diarrhea and projectile vomiting . At 8 : 28 a.m. the next morning , the doctor noted that Duncan `` appeared to be deteriorating . '' By 11 : 32 a.m. , Duncan was suffering from fatigue severe enough to prevent him from using the bedside toilet . Later that day , Duncan was transferred to an intensive care unit ( ICU ) after all other patients had been evacuated . The next day , September 30 , Duncan was diagnosed with Ebola virus disease after a positive test result . </P> <P> Duncan 's diagnosis was publicly confirmed during a CDC news conference the same day . That evening , Duncan reported feeling better and requested to watch a movie . The following morning , Duncan was breathing rapidly and complaining of `` pain all over '' . By the afternoon , however , he was able to eat , and the doctor noted that he was feeling better . The next day , October 3 , Duncan again reported feeling abdominal pain . That evening , the hospital contacted Chimerix , a biotechnology company developing Brincidofovir to combat the disease . The next day , Duncan 's organs were failing , and he was intubated to help him breathe . In the afternoon , the hospital began administering Brincidofovir . Nurses Nina Pham and Amber Joy Vinson continued to care for Duncan around the clock . On October 7 , the hospital reported that Duncan 's condition was improving . However , Duncan died at 7 : 51 a.m. on October 8 , becoming the first person to die in the United States of Ebola virus disease and the index patient for the later infections of nurses Pham and Vinson . </P> Contact tracing ( edit ) <P> On October 5 , the CDC announced it had lost track of a homeless man who had been in the same ambulance as Duncan . They announced efforts were underway to find the man and place him in a comfortable and compassionate monitoring environment . Later that day , the CDC announced that the man had been found and was being monitored . </P> <P> Up to 100 people may have had contact with those who had direct contact with Duncan after he showed symptoms . Health officials later monitored 50 low - and 10 high - risk contacts , the high - risk contacts being Duncan 's close family members and three ambulance workers who took him to the hospital . Everyone who came into contact with Duncan was being monitored daily to watch for symptoms of the virus , until October 20 , when health officials removed 43 out of the 48 initial contacts of Thomas Duncan from isolation . On November 7 , 2014 , Dallas was officially declared `` Ebola free '' after 177 monitored people cleared the 21 day threshold without becoming ill . </P> Reactions ( edit ) <P> On October 2 , Liberian authorities said they could prosecute Duncan if he returned because before flying he had filled out a form in which he had falsely stated he had not come into contact with an Ebola case . Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf told the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation she was angry with Duncan for what he had done , especially given how much the United States was doing to help tackle the crisis : `` One of our compatriots did n't take due care , and so , he 's gone there and in a way put some Americans in a state of fear , and put them at some risk , and so I feel very saddened by that and very angry with him. ... The fact that he knew ( he might be a carrier ) and he left the country is unpardonable , quite frankly . '' Before his death , Duncan brazenly claimed that he did not know at the time of boarding the flight that he had been exposed to Ebola ; he said he believed the woman he helped was having a miscarriage , which contradicts corroborated accounts from family members who also helped transport the woman to an Ebola ward . </P> <P> Duncan 's family said the care Duncan received was at best `` incompetent '' and at worst `` racially motivated '' . Family members threatened legal action against the hospital where Duncan received treatment . In response , Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital issued a statement , `` Our care team provided Mr. Duncan with the same high level of attention and care that would be given any patient , regardless of nationality or ability to pay for care . We have a long history of treating a multicultural community in this area . '' The hospital spent an estimated $500,000 on Duncan 's treatment . He had no health insurance . </P> <P> Officials at Texas Presbyterian Hospital have said the hospital has become like a `` ghost town '' as patients have canceled scheduled surgeries and those seeking emergency care have avoided the emergency room . </P> <P> The reaction to the care and treatment of Thomas Duncan , and the subsequent transmission to two of the nurses on his care team , have caused several hospitals to question the extent to which they are obligated to treat Ebola patients . Discussions on curtailing treatment are underway at Geisinger Health System , which operates hospitals in Pennsylvania , and Intermountain Healthcare , which runs facilities in Utah , according to their spokesmen . Their concern surrounds the reality that understaffed and poorly equipped hospitals performing invasive procedures , like renal dialysis and intubation , both of which Duncan received at Texas Presbyterian , could put staff at too much risk for contracting the virus . Emory University Hospital in Atlanta also used renal dialysis in treating patients at their biocontainment unit , but no health care workers became infected . In October 2014 Vickery Meadow residents stated that people were discriminating against them because of the incident . </P> <H3> Second case : Nina Pham ( edit ) </H3> President Obama hugs Nina Pham at the White House after her treatment at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda , Maryland . <P> On the night of October 10 , Nina Pham , a 26 - year - old nurse who had treated Duncan at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital , reported a low - grade fever and was placed in isolation . On October 11 , she tested positive for Ebola virus , becoming the first person to contract the virus in the U.S. On October 12 , the CDC confirmed the positive test results . Hospital officials said Pham had worn the recommended protective gear when treating Duncan on his second visit to the hospital and had `` extensive contact '' with him on `` multiple occasions '' . Pham was in stable condition as of October 12 . </P> <P> On October 16 , Pham was transferred to the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center in Bethesda , Maryland . On October 24 , the NIH declared Pham free of the Ebola virus . That day Pham traveled to the White House where she met with President Obama . </P> Controversies and lawsuit ( edit ) <P> Tom Frieden , director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , initially blamed a breach in protocol for the infection . The hospital 's chief clinical officer , Dr. Dan Varga , said all staff had followed CDC recommendations . Bonnie Costello of National Nurses United said , `` You do n't scapegoat and blame when you have a disease outbreak . We have a system failure . That is what we have to correct . '' Frieden later spoke to `` clarify '' that he had not found `` fault with the hospital or the healthcare worker '' . National Nurses United criticized the hospital for its lack of Ebola protocols and for guidelines that were `` constantly changing '' . Briana Aguirre , a nurse who had cared for Nina Pham , criticized the hospital in an appearance on NBC 's Today Show . Aguirre said that she and others had not received proper training or personal protective equipment , and that the hospital had not provided consistent protocols for handling potential Ebola patients into the second week of the crisis . A report indicated that healthcare workers did not wear hazmat suits until Duncan 's test results confirmed his infection due to Ebola , two days after his admission to the hospital . Frieden later said that the CDC could have been more aggressive in the management and control of the virus at the hospital . </P> <P> On March 2 , 2015 The New York Times reported that Pham filed a suit against Texas Health Resources , her hospital 's parent company , accusing it of `` negligence , fraud and invasion of privacy '' . Pham was described as still suffering from numerous physical and psychological problems , listing lack of proper training as the reason for her illness . </P> <H3> Third case : Amber Vinson ( edit ) </H3> An Aeromedical Biological Containment System ( ABCS ) , the same model used to transport both Nina Pham and Amber Vinson to isolation units <P> On October 14 , a second nurse at the same hospital , identified as 29 - year - old Amber Vinson , reported a fever . Amber Joy Vinson was among the nurses who had provided treatment for Duncan . Vinson was isolated within 90 minutes of reporting the fever . By the next day , Vinson had tested positive for Ebola virus . On October 13 , Vinson had flown Frontier Airlines Flight 1143 from Cleveland to Dallas , after spending the weekend in Tallmadge and Akron , Ohio . Vinson had an elevated temperature of 99.5 ° F ( 37.5 ° C ) before boarding the 138 - passenger jet , according to public health officials . Vinson had flown to Cleveland from Dallas on Frontier Airlines Flight 1142 on October 10 . Flight crew members from Flight 1142 were put on paid leave for 21 days . </P> <P> During a press conference , CDC Director Tom Frieden stated she should not have traveled since she was one of the health care workers known to have had exposure to Duncan . Passengers of both flights were asked to contact the CDC as a precautionary measure . </P> <P> It was later discovered that the CDC had , in fact , given Vinson permission to board a commercial flight to Cleveland . Before her trip back to Dallas , she spoke to Dallas County Health Department and called the CDC several times to report her 99.5 ° F ( 37.5 ° C ) temperature before boarding her flight . A CDC employee who took her call checked a CDC chart , noted that Vinson 's temperature was not a true fever -- a temperature of 100.4 ° F ( 38.0 ° C ) or higher -- which the CDC deemed as `` high risk '' , and let her board the commercial flight . On October 19 , Vinson 's family released a statement detailing her government - approved travel clearances and announcing that they had hired a Washington , DC , attorney , Billy Martin . As a precaution , sixteen people in Ohio who had had contact with Vinson were voluntarily quarantined . </P> <P> On October 15 , Vinson was transferred to the Emory University Hospital in Atlanta . Seven days later , Vinson was declared Ebola free by Emory University Hospital . </P> Monitoring of other health care workers ( edit ) <P> As of October 15 , 2014 , there were 76 Texas Presbyterian Hospital health care workers being monitored because they had had some level of contact with Thomas Duncan . On October 16 , after learning that Vinson had traveled on a plane before her Ebola diagnosis , the Texas Department of State Health Services advised all health care workers exposed to Duncan to avoid travel and public places until 21 days after their last known exposure . </P> <H3> Fourth case : Craig Spencer ( edit ) </H3> <P> On October 23 , Craig Spencer , a physician who treated Ebola patients in West Africa , tested positive for Ebola at Bellevue Hospital Center after having a 100.3 ° F ( 37.9 ° C ) fever . Officials said he was hospitalized with fever , nausea , pain , and fatigue . He had flown to New York City from Guinea within the previous ten days , and contacted the city 's Department of Health and Doctors without Borders after showing symptoms . Spencer traveled to Guinea to treat Ebola victims on September 16 and returned on October 16 . Spencer had been self - monitoring for symptoms of the disease , and began to feel sluggish on October 21 , but did not show any symptoms for two days . His case was the first to be diagnosed in New York . The city was trying to find people who may have been in contact with Spencer between October 21 -- 23 . </P> <P> On October 22 , the day before he had symptoms , Spencer rode the New York City Subway , walked on the High Line park , went to a bowling alley and a restaurant in Brooklyn , took an Uber cab to his home in Manhattan , and took a 3 - mile ( 4.8 km ) jog in Harlem near where he lived . Three other people who were with Spencer in the previous few days were quarantined as well . Spencer 's apartment and the bowling alley he went to were cleaned by hazmat company Bio Recovery Corporation . Health officials stated it was unlikely that Spencer could have transmitted the disease through subway poles , hand railings , or via bowling balls . </P> <P> New York hospitals , health - workers , and officials had conducted weeks of drills and training in preparation for Craig Spencer . Upon arrival at the hospital , he was put in a specially designed isolation center for treatment . Not many details about the treatment were given , except that he participated in decisions relating to his medical care . On October 25 , the New York Post reported that an anonymous source had said that nurses at Bellevue had been calling in sick to avoid having to care for Spencer . A hospital spokesperson denied there was a sick out . On November 1 , his condition was upgraded to `` stable '' , and on November 7 the hospital announced he was free of Ebola . Spencer was released from the hospital on November 11 . He was cheered and applauded by medical staff members , and hugged by the Mayor of New York , Bill de Blasio as he walked out of the hospital . The Mayor also declared : `` New York City is Ebola free '' . </P> <P> As a result of Spencer 's Ebola case , U.S. Senator Charles Schumer ( D - NY ) , has proposed an Ebola fund in an omnibus bill to be considered in fiscal year 2015 . Schumer said the funds are needed to compensate New York City , as well as other cities treating Ebola patients , in the same way the federal government covers communities that suffer after a natural disaster . Schumer said Craig Spencer 's care at Bellevue Hospital involved around 100 health care workers . In addition , the city 's health department has established a 24 - hour - a-day operation involving 500 staffers to keep track of the approximately 300 persons from West Africa hot spots who arrive in New York every day . </P> <H2> Medical evacuations from West Africa ( edit ) </H2> Local transmissions -- no deaths : Texas Initial cases -- deaths : Texas Initial cases -- no deaths : New York Medically evacuated cases -- no deaths : Georgia , Maryland Medically evacuated cases -- deaths : Nebraska <P> By the time the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa was over in June 2016 , seven Americans had been evacuated to the U.S. for treatment after contracting Ebola virus while working with medical teams trying to stop the epidemic . Kent Brantly , a physician and medical director in Liberia for the aid group Samaritan 's Purse , and co-worker Nancy Writebol were infected in July 2014 , while working in Monrovia . Both were flown to the United States at the beginning of August via the CDC 's Aeromedical Biological Containment System for further treatment in Atlanta 's Emory University Hospital . On August 21 , Brantly and Writebol recovered and were discharged . Brantly has since donated blood to three others with Ebola ( Sacra , Mukpo and Pham ) . </P> <P> On September 4 , a Massachusetts physician , Rick Sacra , was airlifted from Liberia to be treated in Omaha , Nebraska at the Nebraska Medical Center . Working for Serving In Mission ( SIM ) , he was the third U.S. missionary to contract Ebola . He thinks he probably contracted Ebola while performing a caesarean section on a patient who had not been diagnosed with the disease . While in hospital , Sacra received a blood transfusion from Brantly , who had recently recovered from the disease . On September 25 , Sacra was declared Ebola - free and released from the hospital . </P> <P> On September 9 , the fourth U.S. citizen who contracted the Ebola virus arrived at Emory University Hospital in Atlanta for treatment . On October 16 , he released a statement saying he has improved and expects to be discharged in the near future . The doctor was identified as Dr. Ian Crozier , and according to the hospital the sickest patient treated . He was scheduled to receive a blood or serum transfusion from a British man who had recently recovered from the disease . In addition , on September 21 , a CDC employee , who showed no symptoms of the disease , was flown back to the United States as a preventative measure after low - risk exposure with a healthcare worker ; he posed no risks to his family or the United States , and he is not known to have died . On September 28 , a fourth American doctor was admitted to National Institutes of Health hospital . </P> <P> On October 2 , NBC News photojournalist Ashoka Mukpo , covering the outbreak in Liberia , tested positive for Ebola after showing symptoms . Four other members of the NBC team , including physician Nancy Snyderman , were being closely monitored for symptoms . Mukpo was evacuated on October 6 to the University of Nebraska Medical Center for treatment in their isolation unit . On October 21 , Mukpo was declared Ebola - free and allowed to return to his home in Rhode Island . </P> <P> A government official in Sierra Leone announced on November 13 , that a doctor from Sierra Leone , a permanent resident of the United States married to a U.S. citizen , would be transported to the Nebraska Medical Center for treatment for Ebola . The doctor , identified later as Dr. Martin Salia , became symptomatic while in Sierra Leone . His initial Ebola test came back negative , but his symptoms persisted . He attempted to treat his symptoms , which included vomiting and diarrhea , believing he had malaria . A second test for Ebola came back positive . His family have expressed concern that the delay in diagnosis might impact his recovery . Dr. Salia arrived at Eppley Airfield in Omaha on November 15 , and was transported to the Nebraska Medical Center . According to the team that assisted in the transport , he was critically ill and considered to be the sickest patient to be evacuated , but stable enough to fly . On November 17 , Dr. Salia died from the disease . Dr. Philip Smith , medical director of the biocontainment unit at Nebraska Medical Center , said Salia 's disease was already `` extremely advanced '' by the time he arrived in Omaha . By then , Salia 's kidneys had failed and he was in acute respiratory distress . Salia 's treatment included a blood plasma transfusion from an Ebola survivor , as well as the experimental drug ZMapp . Dr. Salia had been working as a general surgeon in Freetown , Sierra Leone when he fell ill . It was not clear when or where he had had contact with Ebola patients . </P> <P> A U.S. clinician contracted Ebola while working in Port Loko , Sierra Leone . He collapsed in the hospital and colleagues who assisted him are being monitored for exposure . He was diagnosed with Ebola on March 10 , 2015 and medically evacuated to the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda , Maryland on March 13 . His condition was downgraded from serious to critical on March 16 . The ten exposed colleagues were flown back to the U.S. , going into isolation near the Ebola - rated hospitals at Nebraska , Georgia , and Maryland . On March 26 , 2015 , the NIH upgraded the medically evacuated health worker being treated in Bethesda from critical to serious . A further 16 volunteers are being monitored for possible exposure . On April 9 , 2015 , the clinician was upgraded to good condition and discharged . </P> <H2> Containment efforts ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Operation United Assistance ( edit ) </H3> The 25 - bed Monrovia Medical Unit was constructed for health care workers supporting Operation United Assistance . Main article : Operation United Assistance <P> The U.S. military released plans to send up to 4,000 troops to West Africa to establish treatment centers starting September 29 . The troops are tasked with building modular hospitals known as Expeditionary Medical Support Systems ( EMEDS ) . Plans included building a 25 - bed hospital for health care workers and 17 treatment centers with 100 beds each in Liberia . By the end of September 2014 150 military personnel were helping USAID in the capital , Monrovia . </P> <P> U.S. Army Chief of Staff Ray Odierno ordered on October 27 a 21 - day quarantine of all soldiers returning from Operation United Assistance . Up to 12 soldiers have been quarantined so far in a U.S. base in Italy . </P> <H3> Revised CDC guidelines ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since 2007 , US hospitals have relied on CDC infection control protocols to contain Ebola virus disease . Until October 20 , 2014 , the CDC guidelines allowed hospitals wide latitude to select gear based on interaction between healthcare workers and patients and on the mode of transmission of the disease being handled . The guidelines suggested gowns with `` full coverage of the arms and body front , from neck to the mid-thigh or below , will ensure that clothing and exposed upper body areas are protected '' , and additionally recommend masks and goggles . </P> <P> Some infection control experts said that many American hospitals improperly trained their personnel to handle Ebola cases because they were following federal guidelines that were too lax . US officials abruptly changed their guidelines on October 14 . The New York Times stated that this was an effective acknowledgment that there were problems with the procedures for protecting health care workers . Sean Kaufman , who oversaw infection control at Emory University Hospital while it treated Ebola patients , has said the previous CDC guidelines were `` absolutely irresponsible and dead wrong '' . Kaufman called to warn the agency about its lax guidelines but , according to Kaufman , `` They kind of blew me off . '' </P> <P> A Doctors Without Borders representative , whose organization has been treating Ebola patients in Africa , criticized a CDC poster for lax guidelines on containing Ebola , saying , `` It does n't say anywhere that it 's for Ebola . I was surprised that it was only one set of gloves , and the rest bare hands . It seems to be for general cases of infectious disease . '' </P> <P> The national nursing union National Nurses United criticized the CDC for making the guidelines voluntary . There were complaints at the Texas hospital that healthcare professionals had to use tape to cover their exposed necks . According to Frieden , the CDC is appointing a hospital site manager to oversee Ebola containment efforts and are making `` intensive efforts '' to retrain and supervise staff . </P> <P> On October 14 , the WHO reported that 125 contacts in the United States were being traced and monitored . On October 20 , the CDC updated its guidance on Personal Protective Equipment with new detailed instructions that include specifying that no skin should be exposed and adding extensive instructions for donning and doffing the equipment . On October 20 CDC updated its guidance to add clarification that Ebola may spread through wet droplets such as sneezes . </P> <H3> Ebola Response coordinator ( edit ) </H3> <P> In mid-October 2014 , President Barack Obama appointed Ron Klain as the `` Ebola response coordinator '' of the United States . Klain is a lawyer who previously served as Joe Biden 's and Al Gore 's chief of staff . Klain has no medical or health care experience . After previous criticism , Obama said , `` It may make sense for us to have one person ... so that after this initial surge of activity , we can have a more regular process just to make sure that we 're crossing all the T 's and dotting all the I 's going forward '' . Klain will report to White House Homeland Security Adviser Lisa Monaco and National Security Advisor Susan Rice . Klain will not coordinate with hospitals and the United States Public Health Service , as this is the responsibility of Nicole Lurie , Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response ( ASPR ) . President Barack Obama attempted to calm public fears by hugging nurse Nina Pham who had been cured of Ebola . </P> <H3> Rapid Response teams ( edit ) </H3> <P> President Obama announced the formation of rapid response teams to travel to hospitals with newly diagnosed patients . A second set of teams will prep hospitals in cities deemed most likely to see an Ebola virus case . Three of those teams are already operating . In announcing the formation of the teams , President Obama explained , `` We want a rapid response team , a SWAT team essentially , from the CDC to be on the ground as quickly as possible , hopefully within 24 hours , so that they are taking the local hospital step by step through what needs to be done . '' The CDC has developed two sets of teams , identified by the acronyms CERT ( CDC Ebola Response Team ) and FAST ( Facility Assessment and Support Teams ) . The CERTs have 10 to 20 people each , who can be sent to a hospital with a suspected and / or laboratory confirmed Ebola virus case . The teams are drawn from 100 CDC workers and others . The FAST teams assist hospitals that have indicated they are willing to take on Ebola cases . </P> <H3> Airport screening ( edit ) </H3> Ebola screening of a passenger who arrived from Sierra Leone at Chicago 's O'Hare airport <P> Starting in October 2014 , U.S. government officials began questioning airplane passengers and screening them for fever at five U.S. airports : John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York , Newark Liberty International Airport in New Jersey , O'Hare International Airport in Illinois , Washington Dulles International Airport in Virginia , and Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Georgia . Combined , these airports receive more than 94 % of passengers from Guinea , Liberia , and Sierra Leone , the three countries most affected by Ebola . </P> <P> Although no plans have been announced for other airports , screening in the U.S. represents a second layer of protection since passengers are already being screened upon exiting these three countries . However , the risk can never be totally eliminated . On October 21 , the Department of Homeland Security announced that all passengers from Liberia , Sierra Leone , and Guinea will be required to fly into one of these five airports . On October 23 , the CDC announced that all passengers from these countries would receive 21 - day monitoring . </P> <P> A physician with the WHO , Aileen Marty , who had spent 31 days in Nigeria , criticized the complete lack of screening for Ebola on her recent return to the United States through Miami International Airport on October 12 . </P> <P> There have also been calls by congressional leaders , including U.S. Representative Ed Royce , Chairman of the House Foreign Relations Committee , and U.S. Representative Michael McCaul of Texas , Chair of the Homeland Security Committee , to suspend issuing visas to travelers from the affected West African countries , including Liberia , Sierra Leone , and Guinea . </P> <H3> Mandatory 21 - day quarantine ( edit ) </H3> 21 day mandatory quarantine for people exposed to people with Ebola : New York , New Jersey , Connecticut , California 21 day mandatory quarantine for people exposed to people with Ebola without wearing protective gear or otherwise at high risk : Illinois , Virginia 21 day mandatory twice daily temperature reporting and voluntary in - home quarantine for people exposed to people with Ebola : Maine 21 day mandatory twice daily health screening or temperature reporting for people who have been in West African Ebola - afflicted countries : Florida , Georgia , Maryland , Pennsylvania <P> On October 7 , Connecticut governor Dannel Malloy signed an order authorizing the mandatory quarantine for 21 days of anyone , even if asymptomatic , who had direct contact with Ebola patients . Nine people were quarantined on October 22 , in accordance with the Connecticut order . </P> <P> At a joint news conference on October 24 , New York Governor Andrew Cuomo and New Jersey Governor Chris Christie announced that they were imposing a mandatory 21 - day quarantine on all air travelers returning to New York and New Jersey from West Africa who have had contact with Ebola patients . In explaining the move from the CDC 's voluntary quarantine to a state ordered mandatory one , Cuomo cited the case of Dr. Spencer . `` In a region like this , you go out three times , you ride the subway , you ride the bus , you could affect hundreds of people . '' Cuomo praised Spencer 's work but stated , `` He 's a doctor and even he did n't follow the voluntary quarantine . Let 's be honest . '' </P> <P> Governors Cuomo and Christie stated that their two states needed to go beyond the federal CDC guidelines . Cuomo said Dr. Spencer 's activity in the days before his diagnosis showed the guidelines , which includes urging health care workers and others who have had contact with Ebola patients to voluntarily quarantine themselves , were not enough . </P> <P> Late on October 26 , Governor Cuomo modified the state 's quarantine procedure , stating that people entering New York who have had contact with Ebola patients in West Africa will be quarantined in their homes for the 21 days , with twice daily checks to ensure their health has not changed and that they are complying with the order , and would receive some compensation for lost wages , if any . President Obama and his staff had been attempting to persuade New York Governor Cuomo , New Jersey Governor Christie , and the government of Illinois to reverse their mandatory quarantines . </P> <P> Illinois Governor Pat Quinn issued a similar quarantine authorization the same day as New York and New Jersey initially did , with Florida Governor Rick Scott on October 25 , authorizing mandatory twice daily monitoring for 21 days of people identified as coming from countries affected by Ebola . Illinois health officials later said that only people at high risk of Ebola exposure , such as not wearing protective gear near Ebola patients , will be quarantined . </P> <P> Pennsylvania , Maryland , and Georgia have all authorized mandatory twice daily health monitoring and / or temperature reporting for 21 days for people exposed to people with Ebola . Virginia has also implemented mandatory twice daily temperature reporting and daily monitoring from health authorities , but has also authorized mandatory quarantine for higher risk patients . California mandated a 21 - day quarantine for all health workers who have had contact with Ebola patients . </P> Interior of the isolation tent used by University Hospital in New Jersey to quarantine Kaci Hickox <P> Kaci Hickox , an American nurse who treated Ebola patients in Sierra Leone became the first person placed under the new mandatory quarantine rules on her arrival at Newark Liberty International Airport , in New Jersey . A low - accuracy ( forehead ) thermometer indicated Hickox developed a fever on Friday night and was taken to University Hospital in Newark . She later tested negative for the Ebola virus but remained quarantined in a medical tent . Hickox and Doctors Without Borders criticized the condition of the quarantine in a tent with a bed and a portable toilet , but without shower facility . Hickox expressed that it was inhumane . The hospital responded that they tried their best to accommodate Hickox by allowing her to have computer access , cell phone , reading materials , and providing take - out food and drink . On October 27 , after being symptom free for an additional 24 - hour period , testing negative for Ebola , and after the state 's quarantine policy was relaxed the night before , Hickox was released from quarantine in New Jersey . She has filed suit . </P> <P> Hickox was escorted out of New Jersey and into Maine the following day by a private convoy of SUVs . Maine Governor Paul LePage announced he was joining with his state 's health department in seeking legal authority to enforce the quarantine after Hickox announced she would not comply with the isolation protocols in Maine . She left her house on October 29 and October 30 . The governor said : `` She 's violated every promise she 's made so far , so I ca n't trust her . I do n't trust her . '' A Maine judge ruled against a mandatory quarantine on October 31 , but required Hickox to comply with `` direct active monitoring , '' to coordinate her travel with Maine health officials , and to notify health officials if she develops symptoms of Ebola . </P> <P> On October 29 , Texas Governor Rick Perry announced that a Texas nurse returning from Sierra Leone where she treated Ebola patients , had agreed to self - quarantine at her Austin home for 21 days and undergo frequent monitoring from state health officials . The nurse was not named to protect her privacy . Governor Perry said she agreed to the self - quarantine despite not having any symptoms of Ebola virus . Texas health officials met the nurse after she landed at Austin -- Bergstrom International Airport . Perry spoke with the nurse over the phone to thank her for working to fight Ebola . `` In Texas , we have a great tradition of welcoming our heroes back home , and this heroic individual deserves our appreciation , our compassion and our utmost respect , '' he said in a statement . `` The tremendous work that she and so many other health care workers are doing in West Africa is making life better for those in afflicted countries and helps protect the rest of the world from the spread of this terrible disease ; they are doing vitally important work that makes us all proud . '' </P> <P> U.S. Army Chief of Staff Ray Odierno also ordered on October 27 a 21 - day quarantine of all soldiers returning from Operation United Assistance in Liberia . Up to 12 soldiers have been quarantined so far in a U.S. base in Italy . </P> <H3> Legal protection for government contractors ( edit ) </H3> <P> On November 13 , President Obama issued a memorandum that protects contractors hired by the U.S. Agency for International Development ( USAID ) from liability should they import Ebola virus into the United States . `` This authority may be exercised solely for the purpose of holding harmless and indemnifying contractors with respect to claims , losses , or damage arising out of or resulting from exposure , in the course of performance of the contracts , to Ebola , '' the memorandum stated . </P> <H3> School closures ( edit ) </H3> <P> There were numerous overreactions to the perceived threat of an ebola outbreak , particularly on the part of school officials . On October 16 , a building housing two schools in the Solon City School District near Cleveland , Ohio , was closed for a single day of disinfection procedures after finding that a staff member may have been on the aircraft that Amber Vinson used on a previous flight . Another school in the Cleveland Metropolitan School District was disinfected overnight due to similar concerns but remained open . In both cases , affected staff were sent home until cleared by health officials . School officials said that they had been assured by city health officials that there was no risk and that the disinfection was `` strictly precautionary '' . Three schools in the Belton Independent School District in Belton , Texas , were also closed . Infectious disease experts considered these closures to be an overreaction and were concerned that it would frighten the public into believing that Ebola is a greater danger than it actually is . </P> <P> In Hazlehurst , Mississippi , in response to numerous parents keeping their children from attending school , a principal at Hazlehurst Middle School , agreed to take personal vacation time after he had traveled to Zambia , a country with no current Ebola cases and 3,000 miles away from West Africa . </P> <H2> Treatment ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Biocontainment units in the U.S. ( edit ) </H3> Corridor of NIH Special Clinical Studies Unit , a specialized biocontainment unit . The negative - pressure anterooms on the left lead to negative - pressure patient rooms ( not shown in the picture ) . <P> The United States has the capacity to isolate and manage 11 patients in four specialized biocontainment units . These include the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha , Nebraska , the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda , Maryland , St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center in Missoula , Montana and Emory University Hospital in Atlanta , Georgia . </P> <H3> Experimental treatments ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Ebola virus disease treatment research <P> There is as yet no FDA - approved medication or vaccine . The director of the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , Dr. Anthony Fauci , has stated that the scientific community is still in the early stages of understanding how infection with the Ebola virus can be treated and prevented . There is no cure or specific treatment that is currently approved . However , survival is improved by early supportive care with rehydration and symptomatic treatment . Treatment is primarily supportive in nature . A number of experimental treatments are being considered for use in the context of this outbreak , and are currently or will soon undergo clinical trials . </P> <P> In late August 2014 , both Kent Brantly and Nancy Writebol became the first people to be given the experimental drug ZMapp . They both recovered , but there was no confirmation or proof that the drug was a factor . A Spanish priest with Ebola had taken ZMapp but died afterward . Up until that time , ZMapp had only been tested on primates and looked promising , causing no serious side effects and protecting the animals from infection . The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has donated $150,000 to help Amgen increase its production , and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has asked a number of centers to also increase production . </P> <P> There have been at least two promising treatments for those already infected . The first is Brincidofovir , an experimental antiviral drug , which was given to Duncan , Mukpo , and Spencer . </P> <P> Treatment using a transfusion of plasma from Ebola survivors , a form of `` passive immunotherapy , '' since it contains antibodies able to fight the virus , has been used with apparent success on a number of patients . Survivor Kent Brantly donated his blood to Rick Sacra , Ashoka Mukpo and nurse Nina Pham . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) has made it a priority to try the treatment , and has been telling affected countries how to do it . </P> <H3> Experimental preventative vaccines ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Ebola vaccine <P> Many Ebola vaccine candidates had been developed in the decade before 2014 , but none has yet been approved for clinical use in humans . Several promising vaccine candidates have been shown to protect nonhuman primates ( usually macaques ) against lethal infection , and some are now going through the clinical trial process . </P> <P> In late October 2014 , Canada planned to ship 800 vials of an experimental vaccine to the World Health Organization ( WHO ) in Geneva , the drug having been licensed by NewLink Genetics Corporation , of Iowa . British drugmaker GlaxoSmithKline also announced it had expedited research and development of a vaccine , which , if successful , could be available in 2015 . Although it 's still unknown which ones will be approved , WHO hopes to have millions of vaccine doses ready sometime in 2015 , and expects that five more experimental vaccines will start being tested in March 2015 . </P> <H2> Public reactions ( edit ) </H2> <P> In October 2014 , Navarro College , a two - year public school located in Texas , received media attention for admission rejection letters sent to two prospective students from Nigeria . The letters informed the applicants that the college was `` not accepting international students from countries with confirmed Ebola cases . '' On October 16 , Navarro 's Vice-President Dewayne Gragg issued a statement confirming that there had indeed been a decision to `` postpone our recruitment in those nations that the Center for Disease Control and the U.S. State Department have identified as at risk . '' Nigeria 's outbreak was among the least severe in West Africa and was considered over by the WHO on 20 October ; the Nigerian health ministry had previously announced on 22 September that there were no confirmed cases of Ebola within the country . </P> <P> In October 2014 , the S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications at Syracuse University withdrew an invitation it had extended to Pulitzer Prize winning photojournalist Michel du Cille because he 'd returned three weeks earlier from covering the Ebola outbreak in Liberia . In October 2014 , Case Western Reserve University withdrew their speaking invitation to Dr. Richard E. Besser , chief health editor at ABC News and former director of the Centers for Disease Control . Besser had recently returned from a trip to Liberia . </P> <P> On October 17 , Harvard University imposed limits on travel to Ebola - affected countries ( Sierra Leone , Guinea and Liberia ) for its students , staff , and faculty . All travel to these countries is `` strongly discourage ( d ) '' , and such travel as part of a Harvard program requires approval from the provost . </P> <P> On October 25 , CDC allowed state and local officials to set tighter control policies and Barbara Reynolds , a CDC spokeswoman released a statement saying `` we will consider any measures that we believe have the potential to make the American people safer '' . On November 1 , Ohio tightened restrictions on people travelling to Western African countries impacted by Ebola. Time Magazine 's 2014 Person of the Year issue honored health professionals dedicated to fighting Ebola , including Kent Brantly . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ebola virus epidemic in Guinea </Li> <Li> Ebola virus epidemic in Liberia </Li> <Li> Ebola virus epidemic in Nigeria </Li> <Li> Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone </Li> <Li> Ebola virus disease in Spain </Li> <Li> List of Ebola outbreaks </Li> <Li> West Nile virus in the United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Duncan contracted Ebola in Liberia and was diagnosed in the U.S. <Ul> <Li> Two of the victims had had direct contact with Duncan . </Li> <Li> One victim was diagnosed in New York City ; his case is unrelated to the Texas cases . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : This takes into account the seven Americans who were medically evacuated from West Africa with Ebola . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who are the American Ebola patients ? '' , CNN , October 6 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Hospital : Surgeon With Ebola Has Died '' . ABC News . November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 Ebola Outbreak - Case Count '' . CDC . December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` First diagnosed case of Ebola in the U.S. '' CNN . September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Details About Ebola In Dallas Revealed In CDC Report '' . HuffingtonPost . November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CDC confirms first ever Ebola case in United States , cdc.gov ; accessed October 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny ; Philipps , Dave ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Death of Thomas Eric Duncan in Dallas Fuels Alarm Over Ebola '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Manny ; Onishi , Norimitsu ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` U.S. Patient Aided Ebola Victim in Liberia '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Thomas Eric Duncan : From healthy to Ebola '' . WYFF4 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` First US Ebola case Thomas Duncan ' critical ' '' . BBC News . October 4 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Texas Ebola patient dies '' . CNN . October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Manny ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` Texas Health Worker Tests Positive for Ebola '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ebola outbreak : Second Texas health worker ' tests positive ' '' . BBC News . October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` New York Doctor Just Back From Africa Has Ebola '' . NBC News . October 23 , 2014 . 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Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Liberia to Prosecute Man Who Brought Ebola to United States '' . NBC News . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Liberian President criticizes Ebola patient in Dallas '' . CNN . October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Selk , Avi ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Before his death , Duncan said he mistook Ebola case in Liberia for miscarriage ; never lied '' . Dallas News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ebola Outbreak and Outcry : Saving Thomas Eric Duncan '' . The Huffington Post . October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Family of Thomas Eric Duncan says his death from Ebola is ' racially motivated ' '' . WGN - TV . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dallas ' Ebola patient waited days for experimental drug '' . CNN . October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ebola Victim Thomas Eric Duncan 's 9 - Day Treatment Cost Hospital Estimated $500 K and He Had No Insurance , ChristianPost.com , October 10 , 2014 ; accessed October 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ABC News . `` Dallas Hospital ' Feels Like a Ghost Town ' in Wake of Ebola Cases '' . ABC News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Some U.S. hospitals weigh withholding care to Ebola patients '' . Reuters . October 22 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hunt , Dianna and Diane Solís . `` Dallas ' Vickery Meadow residents enduring backlash over Ebola '' ( Archive ) . The Dallas Morning News . October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved on July 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ebola : Texas nurse tests positive '' . CNN . October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ebola : Health care worker tests positive at Texas hospital . BBC News October 12 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nurse with Ebola heads to Maryland for care '' . USA Today . October 16 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Virus Free : Ebola - Infected Nurse Nina Pham to Go Home '' . NBC News . October 24 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nina Pham free of ebola , nytimes.com , October 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Phillip , Abby ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` CDC confirms second Ebola case in Texas . Health worker wore ' full ' protective gear '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. CDC head criticized for blaming ' protocol breach ' as nurse gets Ebola '' , Chicago Tribune , October 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fort Worth Alcon worker exposed to Ebola '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nurses ' union slams Texas hospital for lack of Ebola protocol '' . CNN . October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lauer , Matt . `` Dallas nurse Briana Aguirre '' . Today . ABC . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Was CDC Too Quick To Blame Dallas Nurses In Care Of Ebola Patient ? '' . NPR.org . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Second Health Care Worker With Ebola Was In Isolation Within 90 Minutes : Official '' . Huffington Post . October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Richard Perez - Pena , `` Nurse Who Contracted Ebola in the U.S. Sues Her Hospital Employer '' The New York Times . Retrieved on March 3 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Second Ebola - infected nurse ID 'd ; flew domestic flight day before diagnosis '' . Fox News . October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Justin Ray ( October 18 , 2014 ) . `` What We Know About Amber Joy Vinson , 2nd Dallas Nurse Diagnosed With Ebola '' . KXAS - TV NBC5 DFW . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Second Health Care Worker Tests Positive for Ebola '' . Texas Department of State Health Services . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Health - care worker with Ebola flew on commercial flight a day before being diagnosed '' . Washington Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jack Healy ; Sabrina Tavernise ; Abby Goodnough ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Obama May Name ' Czar ' to Oversee Ebola Response '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perez , Chris ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Dallas nurse with Ebola should not have been traveling : CDC '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CDC and Frontier Airlines Announce Passenger Notification Underway -- Media Statement '' . CDC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Second Ebola Nurse Was On Commercial Flights And Now The CDC Is Looking For The Other Passengers '' . Business Insider . October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Health - care worker with Ebola visited family in Summit County , traveled to Dallas from Cleveland '' . www.ohio.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ebola nurse got CDC OK for Cleveland trip '' . October 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CDC : Ebola Patient Traveled By Air With `` Low - Grade '' Fever `` . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Raab , Lauren ( October 19 , 2014 ) . `` Ebola patient Amber Vinson 's family disputes CDC story , gets a lawyer '' . www.latimes.com . LA Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ WKYC Staff , WKYC ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Amber Vinson 's family releases updated statement '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amber Joy Vinson 's stepfather under strict Ebola quarantine , 16 Ohioans had contact with Vinson '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Second Nurse With Ebola Arrives at Emory '' . ABC News . October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nurse Amber Vinson free of Ebola virus , family says '' . Yahoo News . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ebola outbreak in the U.S. , by the numbers '' . NJ.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Movement of Persons with Possible Exposure to Ebola '' . Texas Department of State Health Services . October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Shimon Prokupecz ; Catherine E. Shoichet ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` New York doctor now Ebola free , will be released from hospital '' . CNN . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Susman , Tina ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Manhattan doctor tests positive for Ebola '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Patient at New York City hospital tests positive for Ebola , reports say '' . Fox News . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alchindor , Yaminche ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Ebola hits New York City '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marc Santora ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Doctor in New York City Tests Positive for Ebola '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Phillip , Abby ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` New York City physician tests positive for Ebola '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ellis , Jonathan ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Timeline of Everywhere the NYC Ebola Patient Went During His ' Self - Isolation ' '' . Mashable . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New York Ebola case no cause for alarm , mayor says '' . CNN . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` After 1st Ebola case in NYC , 3 others quarantined '' . NW Georgia News . Associated Press . October 24 , 2014 . 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The Wall Street Journal . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schram , Jamie ; Celona , Larry ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Bellevue staffers call in ' sick ' after Ebola arrives '' . New York Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Queally , James ( 1 November 2014 ) . `` NYC Ebola patient improves ; Oregon patient is ' low - risk ' for virus '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 3 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hartocollis , Anemona ( 10 November 2014 ) . `` Craig Spencer , New York Doctor With Ebola , Will Leave Bellevue Hospital '' . New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Malo , Sebastien ( 11 November 2014 ) . `` UPDATE 1 - New York doctor now free of Ebola discharged from hospital '' . Reuters . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perez , Chris ( November 16 , 2014 ) . `` Schumer to Obama : Reimburse NYC for $20 M Ebola treatment '' . New York Post . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Journalist With Ebola Being Evaluated at US Hospital '' , Voice of America , October 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Two Americans Stricken With Deadly Ebola Virus in Liberia '' . July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ebola outbreak : U.S. missionary Nancy Writebol leaves Liberia Tuesday '' . CBC News . August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ebola drug likely saved American patients '' . CNN.com . August 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steenhuysen , Julie . `` Ebola patient coming to U.S. as aid workers ' health worsens '' . MSN News . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Ebola doc : ' I am thrilled to be alive ' '' . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Third US missionary with Ebola virus leaves Liberia '' . London : The Telegraph . September 5 , 2014 . 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Then everything fell apart ' '' . Washington Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Martin Salia , Surgeon With Ebola , Arrives in Nebraska From Sierra Leone '' . New York Times . November 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goodnough , Abby ; Trenchard , Tommy ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` Doctor Being Treated for Ebola in Omaha Dies '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Clinician With Ebola Under Care in Maryland , The New York Times , SHERI FINK , MARCH 13 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Doctors treating patient with Ebola at NIH downgrade condition to critical , The Washington Post , Brady Dennis , March 16 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Americans exposed to Ebola patient return from Africa for monitoring , Elizabeth Cohen , CNN , March 16 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sifferlin , Alexandra ( 26 March 2015 ) . `` American Patient With Ebola Has Condition Upgraded '' . Time Inc . 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New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ EBOLA RESPONSE ROADMAP UPDATE - October 15 , 2014 , World Health Organization , who.int . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Procedures for PPE '' . www.cdc.gov . CDC . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Hospitalized Patients with Known or Suspected Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in U.S. Hospitals -- Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever -- CDC '' . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fredericks , Bob ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` CDC admits droplets from a sneeze could spread Ebola '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CDC admits Ebola can be passed to others by sneezing '' . The Washingtion Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuhnhenn , Jim ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` President Obama appoints Ebola ' czar ' '' . AP News . 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' Already there are 100 percent of the travelers leaving the three infected countries are being screened on exit . Sometimes multiple times temperatures are checked along that process , ' Dr. Martin Cetron , director of the Division of Global Migration and Quarantine for the federal Centers of Disease Control and Prevention , said at a briefing at Kennedy ... The screening will be expanded over the next week to New Jersey 's Newark Liberty , Washington Dulles , Chicago O'Hare and Hartsfield - Jackson in Atlanta . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DHS imposes new restrictions on travelers from Ebola - stricken countries '' . Fox News . October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNeil , Donald ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` U.S. Plans 21 - Day Watch of Travelers From Ebola - Hit Nations '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lawmakers call to halt visas to travelers from Ebola - infected nations '' . Fox News . October 16 , 2014 . 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Retrieved 30 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bashan , Yoni ; West , Melanie Grayce ; Haddon , Heather ( 26 October 2014 ) . `` Nurse Detained in New Jersey for Ebola Calls Conditions ' Really Inhumane ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cohen , Elizabeth ; Holland , Leslie ; Ellis , Ralph ( 27 October 2014 ) . `` Nurse describes Ebola quarantine ordeal : ' I was in shock . Now I 'm angry ' '' . CNN . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chappell , Bill ( 26 October 2014 ) . `` Nurse Criticizes Quarantine After Negative Ebola Test , Hires Lawyer '' . NPR . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Jersey Releases Nurse Quarantined for Suspected Ebola '' . NBC News . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rutgers University -- New Brunswick </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shayna Jacobs ; Sasha Goldstein , Corky Siemaszko ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Nurse Kaci Hickox heading for Maine after leaving New Jersey Ebola quarantine : officials '' . NY Daily News . New York . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michelle Kaske ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Maine Governor Seeks to Make Nurse Abide by Quarantine '' . Bloomberg . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Julia Bayly ; Jackie Farwell ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` After Kaci Hickox wins court reprieve , LePage says he does n't trust her '' . Bangor Daily News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ray Sanchez ; Catherine E. Shoichet ; Faith Karimi ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Maine judge rejects quarantine for nurse Kaci Hickox '' . CNN . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bryan Preston ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Ebola : Austin Nurse Self - Quarantines After Arriving from West Africa '' . The PJ Tatler . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Luis Martinez ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` US Army to Quarantine Troops Who Were Fighting Ebola '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Presidential Memorandum -- Authorizing the Exercise of Authority Under Public Law 85 - 804 '' . The White House . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Obama Indemnifies Gov 't Contractors From Damages Arising from Importing Ebola to US '' . CNS News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ WKYC Staff ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Solon closes two schools Thursday as Ebola precaution '' . wkyc.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kara Sutyak ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Ebola precautions taken at Cranwood School in Cleveland '' . fox8 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ohio , Texas schools close amid Ebola scare '' . USA Today . October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Three Central Texas schools were closed Thursday over health concerns surrounding two students who traveled on a Monday flight with Vinson . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kids pulled out of class over concerns about principal 's trip to Zambia '' . WAPT.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mendoza , Dorrine ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Ebola hysteria : An epic , epidemic overreaction '' . CNN.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Design of a Specialized Airborne - Infection - Isolation Suite '' ( PDF ) . HPAC Engineering : 25 -- 33 . February 2011 . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pre-application Webinar Agenda `` Opportunities for Collaborative Research at the NIH Clinical Center '' X02 ( PAR - 13 - 357 ) and U01 ( PAR - 13 - 358 ) '' ( PDF ) . NIH Office of Extramural Research . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ABC News . `` US Has Capacity for 11 Ebola Patients at Specialized Hospitals '' . ABC News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rob Chaney . `` St. Patrick Hospital 1 of 4 sites in U.S. ready for Ebola patients '' . Missoulian.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CDC director at today 's Biocontainment Unit unveiling -- UNMC '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts , Dan - News World news Ebola CDC director warns Ebola like ' forest fire ' as Congress readies for hearing - Ebola crisis live updates - The Guardian . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Choi JH , Croyle MA ; Croyle ( December 2013 ) . `` Emerging targets and novel approaches to Ebola virus prophylaxis and treatment '' . BioDrugs. 27 ( 6 ) : 565 -- 83 . doi : 10.1007 / s40259 - 013 - 0046 - 1 . PMC 3833964 . PMID 23813435 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clark DV , Jahrling PB , Lawler JV ; Jahrling ; Lawler ( September 2012 ) . `` Clinical management of filovirus - infected patients '' . Viruses. 4 ( 9 ) : 1668 -- 86 . doi : 10.3390 / v4091668 . PMC 3499825 . PMID 23170178 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Briggs , Helen ( 7 August 2014 ) `` Ebola : Experimental drugs and vaccines '' , BBC News , Health , Retrieved 8 August 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rush , James ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Ebola virus : Clinical trials of three new treatments for disease to start in West Africa '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What Cured Ebola Patients Kent Brantly and Nancy Writebol ? '' , NBC News , August 21 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moffett , Matt ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` Ebola Virus : Infected Priest Has Died in Spain '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 12 Answers To Ebola 's Hard Questions '' , Time magazine , Oct. 23 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amgen works with Gates Foundation to ramp up Ebola drug ZMapp production '' , Puget Sound Business Journal , October 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ebola patient Dr. Craig Spencer enters ' next phase ' of illness despite treatment with experimental drug Brincidofovir '' , NY Daily News , Oct. 25 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Immune Response Key to Beating Ebola '' , UConn Today , Univ. of Connecticut , Oct. 30 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ebola survivor Kent Brantly donates blood to help treat NBC cameraman Ashoka Mukpo '' , Washington Post , Oct. 8 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The decades - old treatment that may save a young Dallas nurse infected with Ebola '' , Washington Post , Oct. 14 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Plan to Use Survivors ' Blood for Ebola Treatment in Africa '' , New York Times , Oct. 3 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alison P. Galvani with three others ( 21 August 2014 ) . `` Ebola Vaccination : If Not Now , When ? '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 161 ( 10 ) : 749 -- 50 . doi : 10.7326 / M14 - 1904 . PMC 4316820 . PMID 25141813 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fausther - Bovendo H , Mulangu S , Sullivan NJ ( June 2012 ) . `` Ebolavirus vaccines for humans and apes '' . Curr Opin Virol. 2 ( 3 ) : 324 -- 29 . doi : 10.1016 / j. coviro. 2012.04. 003 . PMC 3397659 . PMID 22560007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walsh , Fergus ( 6 January 2015 ) . `` Ebola : New vaccine trial begins '' . BBC News . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Americans ' ca n't give in to hysteria or fear ' over Ebola : Obama '' . Reuters . October 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WHO : Millions of Ebola Vaccine Doses Ready in 2015 '' , BBC News , Oct. 24 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dan Mangan . `` Texas College Rejects Nigerian Applicants , Cites Ebola Cases -- NBC News '' . NBCNews.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Navarro College says in a new statement it will postpone recruitment of students from countries at risk for Ebola -- Corsicana Daily Sun : Local News '' . Corsicana Daily Sun . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bever , Lindsay ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Syracuse University disinvites Washington Post photographer because he was in Liberia 3 weeks ago '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kingkade , Tyloe ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Colleges Isolate , Disinvite People Out Of An ' Abundance Of Caution ' Over Ebola '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rice , Chelsea . `` Ebola Today '' . Boston.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Besser , Richard E. ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Fight fear of ebola with the facts '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harvard update on West Africa Ebola outbreak : October 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Harvard University : Office of the Provost . October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spencer S. Hsu ; Nia - Malika HendersonSpencer S. Hsu ; Nia - Malika Henderson ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` No mandatory Ebola quarantine for health workers coming to Washington area '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jen Christensen . `` ' Out of control ' : How the world reacted as Ebola spread '' . CNN . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Time Magazine honors ebola fighters : Samaritan 's Purse doctor Kent Brantly is among those honored as Time 's Person of the Year '' . 2014 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 10 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Report of the Independent Panel On HHS Ebola Response '' ( PDF ) . HHS.gov . Health and Human Services . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> `` Infection Prevention and Control for Ebola in Health Care Settings -- West Africa and United States '' . www.medscape.com . Medscape . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Personal Protective Equipment for Use in a Filovirus Disease Outbreak : Rapid Advice Guideline . World Health Organization . 2016 . ISBN 9789241549721 . 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John 's Incredible pizza company - wikipedia <H1> John 's Incredible pizza company </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> John 's Incredible Pizza Company <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Private </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> Entertainment / restaurant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 1997 in Victorville , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founder </Th> <Td> John Parlet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Rancho Santa Margarita , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number of locations </Th> <Td> 13 locations in California , Oregon , and Nevada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.johnspizza.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> John 's Incredible Pizza Company is an American all - you - can - eat buffet restaurant and entertainment business founded by John Parlet in 1997 . The company has 13 locations on the United States West Coast . Its corporate office is located in Rancho Santa Margarita , California . </P> John 's National City Pizza <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Themed dining rooms </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Themed dining rooms ( edit ) </H2> <P> Each John 's location is approximately 60,000 square feet and has five or six themed dining rooms depending on location . Cabin Fever is similar to a Lake Tahoe - style environment with pine chairs , log covered walls and a fireplace . The Toon Time Theatre plays cartoons on the television ( either programming by Cartoon Network 's Boomerang or Disney Junior depending on location ) and projection screens throughout the room . The Hall of Fame is like a sports bar with team memorabilia and games on the big - screen televisions . The Vertical Room is an extreme sports room where the customer can watch motocross racing , extreme golf , surfing or snowboarding . The Fusion Room , or the retreat room , is a room that plays music videos . The Veranda Room is an adult - centered tropical - themed dining room that presents a resort - like atmosphere with windows and wood furnishings . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of buffet restaurants </Li> <Li> List of pizza chains of the United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Luna , Nancy ( July 13 , 2009 ) . `` Is new pizza parlor biggest in O.C. ? '' . Orange County Register . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Companies portal </Li> <Li> Food portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Pizza chains ( list ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> International </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Boston Pizza </Li> <Li> California Pizza Kitchen </Li> <Li> Chuck E. Cheese 's </Li> <Li> Domino 's Pizza </Li> <Li> Little Caesars </Li> <Li> Papa John 's Pizza </Li> <Li> Pizza Hut </Li> <Li> Pizza Inn </Li> <Li> PizzaExpress </Li> <Li> Rossopomodoro </Li> <Li> Sbarro </Li> <Li> Shakey 's Pizza </Li> <Li> Sarpino 's Pizzeria </Li> <Li> Telepizza </Li> <Li> The Pizza Company </Li> <Li> Uno Pizzeria & Grill </Li> <Li> Vapiano </Li> <Li> Yellow Cab Pizza Co . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regional </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Origus ( CN ) </Li> <Li> Aoki 's Pizza ( JP ) </Li> <Li> Greenwich Pizza ( PH ) </Li> <Li> Mr. Pizza ( KR ) </Li> <Li> Smokin ' Joe 's ( IN ) </Li> <Li> Pizza Corner ( IN ) </Li> <Li> Pizza - La ( JP ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ask Restaurant ( UK ) </Li> <Li> EasyPizza ( UK ) </Li> <Li> Kotipizza ( FI ) </Li> <Li> Peppes Pizza ( NO ) </Li> <Li> Prezzo Restaurant ( UK ) </Li> <Li> Speed Rabbit Pizza ( FR ) </Li> <Li> Spizzico ( IT ) </Li> <Li> Tops Pizza ( UK ) </Li> <Li> Zizzi ( UK ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North America </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anthony 's Pizza ( AAFES ) </Li> <Li> Benedetti 's Pizza ( MX ) </Li> <Li> Blaze Pizza ( US ) </Li> <Li> Cicis ( US ) </Li> <Li> Donatos Pizza ( US ) </Li> <Li> Fox 's Pizza Den ( US ) </Li> <Li> Gatti 's Pizza ( US ) </Li> <Li> Giordano 's ( US ) </Li> <Li> Godfather 's Pizza ( US ) </Li> <Li> Greco Pizza Restaurant ( CA ) </Li> <Li> Happy 's Pizza ( US ) </Li> <Li> Home Run Inn ( US ) </Li> <Li> Hot Lips Pizza ( US ) </Li> <Li> Hungry Howie 's Pizza ( US ) </Li> <Li> Hunt Brothers Pizza ( US ) </Li> <Li> Imo 's Pizza ( US ) </Li> <Li> Jerry 's Subs & Pizza ( US ) </Li> <Li> Jet 's Pizza ( US ) </Li> <Li> Ledo Pizza ( US ) </Li> <Li> Lou Malnati 's ( US ) </Li> <Li> Marco 's Pizza ( US ) </Li> <Li> Mazzio 's ( US ) </Li> <Li> Mellow Mushroom ( US ) </Li> <Li> MOD Pizza ( US ) ( UK ) </Li> <Li> Mountain Mike 's Pizza ( US ) </Li> <Li> Noble Roman 's ( US ) </Li> <Li> Panago ( CA ) </Li> <Li> Papa Gino 's ( US ) </Li> <Li> Papa Murphy 's ( US ) </Li> <Li> Peter Piper Pizza ( US ) ( MX ) </Li> <Li> Pie Five ( US ) </Li> <Li> Pizza 73 ( CA ) </Li> <Li> Pizza Delight ( CA ) </Li> <Li> Pizza Factory ( US ) </Li> <Li> Pizza Haven ( US ) </Li> <Li> Pizza Nova ( CA ) </Li> <Li> Pizza Patrón ( US ) </Li> <Li> Pizza Pizza ( CA ) </Li> <Li> Pizza Ranch ( US ) </Li> <Li> Rosati 's ( US ) </Li> <Li> Round Table Pizza ( US ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South America </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jeno 's Pizza ( CO ) </Li> <Li> Mario 's ( TT ) </Li> <Li> Mister Pizza ( BR ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eagle Boys ( AU ) </Li> <Li> Hell Pizza ( NZ ) </Li> <Li> Pizza Capers ( AU ) </Li> <Li> Pizza Haven ( AU ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Master franchisees </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Domino 's Pizza Enterprises ( AU , BE , FR , MC , NL , NZ ) </Li> <Li> Domino 's Pizza Group ( CH , DE , IE , UK ) </Li> <Li> Jubilant FoodWorks ( Domino 's - BD , IN , LK , NP ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> List articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of Canadian pizza chains </Li> <Li> List of pizza chains of the United States </Li> <Li> List of pizza franchises </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%27s_Incredible_Pizza_Company&oldid=832318419 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Buffet restaurants </Li> <Li> Pizza chains of the United States </Li> <Li> Restaurant chains in the United States </Li> <Li> Restaurants in California </Li> <Li> Theme restaurants </Li> <Li> Video arcades </Li> <Li> Victorville , California </Li> <Li> Restaurants established in 1997 </Li> <Li> American companies established in 1997 </Li> <Li> 1997 establishments in California </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 06 : 59 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

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Middle cranial fossa - wikipedia <H1> Middle cranial fossa </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Middle cranial fossa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Base of the skull . Upper surface . ( Middle cranial fossa is the centermost of the three indentations , in pink and yellow . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> fossa cranii media </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TA </Th> <Td> A02. 1.00. 049 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FMA </Th> <Td> 54369 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The middle cranial fossa , deeper than the anterior cranial fossa , is narrow medially and widens laterally to the sides of the skull . It is separated from the posterior fossa by the clivus and the petrous crest . </P> <P> It is bounded in front by the posterior margins of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone , the anterior clinoid processes , and the ridge forming the anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove ; behind , by the superior angles of the petrous portions of the temporal bones and the dorsum sellæ ; laterally by the temporal squamæ , sphenoidal angles of the parietals , and greater wings of the sphenoid . It is traversed by the squamosal , sphenoparietal , sphenosquamosal , and sphenopetrosal sutures . </P> <P> It houses the temporal lobes of the brain and the pituitary gland . A middle fossa craniotomy is one means to surgically remove acoustic neuromas ( vestibular schwannoma ) growing within the internal auditory canal of the temporal bone . </P> Middle cranial fossa surgical anatomy as demonstrated in a right cadaver temporal bone by Dr Jack M Kartush - view from above . <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Middle part </Li> <Li> 2 Lateral parts </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 Additional images </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Middle part ( edit ) </H2> <P> The middle part of the fossa presents , in front , the chiasmatic groove and tuberculum sellae ; the chiasmatic groove ends on either side at the optic foramen , which transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery to the orbital cavity . </P> <P> Behind the optic foramen the anterior clinoid process is directed backward and medialward and gives attachment to the tentorium cerebelli . </P> <P> Behind the tuberculum sellæ is a deep depression , the sella turcica , containing the fossa hypophyseos , which lodges the hypophysis , and presents on its anterior wall the middle clinoid processes . </P> <P> The sella turcica is bounded posteriorly by a quadrilateral plate of bone , the dorsum sellae , the upper angles of which are surmounted by the posterior clinoid processes : these afford attachment to the tentorium cerebelli , and below each is a notch for the abducent nerve . </P> <P> On either side of the sella turcica is the carotid groove , which is broad , shallow , and curved somewhat like the italic letter f . </P> <P> It begins behind at the foramen lacerum , and ends on the medial side of the anterior clinoid process , where it is sometimes converted into a foramen ( carotico - clinoid ) by the union of the anterior with the middle clinoid process ; posteriorly , it is bounded laterally by the lingula . </P> <P> This groove lodges the cavernous sinus and the internal carotid artery , the latter being surrounded by a plexus of sympathetic nerves . </P> <H2> Lateral parts ( edit ) </H2> <P> The lateral parts of the middle fossa are of considerable depth , and support the temporal lobes of the brain . </P> <P> They are marked by depressions for the brain convolutions and traversed by furrows for the anterior and posterior branches of the middle meningeal vessels . </P> <P> These furrows begin near the foramen spinosum , and the anterior runs forward and upward to the sphenoidal angle of the parietal , where it is sometimes converted into a bony canal ; the posterior runs lateralward and backward across the temporal squama and passes on to the parietal near the middle of its lower border . </P> <P> The following apertures are also to be seen . </P> <P> In front is the superior orbital fissure , bounded above by the small wing , below , by the great wing , and medially , by the body of the sphenoid ; it is usually completed laterally by the orbital plate of the frontal bone . </P> <P> It transmits to the orbital cavity the oculomotor , the trochlear , the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal , and the abducent nerves , some filaments from the cavernous plexus of the sympathetic , and the orbital branch of the middle meningeal artery ; and from the orbital cavity a recurrent branch from the lacrimal artery to the dura mater , and the ophthalmic veins . </P> <P> Behind the medial end of the superior orbital fissure is the foramen rotundum , for the passage of the maxillary nerve . </P> <P> Behind and lateral to the foramen rotundum is the foramen ovale , which transmits the mandibular nerve , the accessory meningeal artery , and the lesser superficial petrosal nerve . </P> <P> Medial to the foramen ovale is the foramen Vesalii , which varies in size in different individuals , and is often absent ; when present , it opens below at the lateral side of the scaphoid fossa , and transmits a small vein . </P> <P> Lateral to the foramen ovale is the foramen spinosum , for the passage of the middle meningeal vessels , and a recurrent branch from the mandibular nerve . </P> <P> Medial to the foramen ovale is the foramen lacerum ; in the fresh state the lower part of this aperture is filled up by a layer of fibrocartilage , while its upper and inner parts transmit the internal carotid artery surrounded by a plexus of sympathetic nerves . </P> <P> The nerve of the pterygoid canal and a meningeal branch from the ascending pharyngeal artery pierce the layer of fibrocartilage . </P> <P> On the anterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone are seen the eminence caused by the projection of the superior semicircular canal ; in front of and a little lateral to this a depression corresponding to the roof of the tympanic cavity ; the groove leading to the hiatus of the facial canal , for the transmission of the greater superficial petrosal nerve and the petrosal branch of the middle meningeal artery ; beneath it , the smaller groove , for the passage of the lesser superficial petrosal nerve ; and , near the apex of the bone , the depression for the semilunar ganglion and the orifice of the carotid canal . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Anterior cranial fossa </Li> <Li> Posterior cranial fossa </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <P> This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Mancall , Elliott L. ; Brock , David G. , eds. ( 2011 ) . `` Cranial Fossae '' . Gray 's Clinical Anatomy . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 154 . ISBN 9781437735802 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Additional images ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> Middle cranial fossa at human foetus </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Base of skull </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Middle cranial fossa </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Middle cranial fossa </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Middle cranial fossa </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Middle cranial fossa . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Anatomy photo : 22 : os - 0802 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Compound structures of skull </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Neurocranium </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Calvaria <Ul> <Li> Diploë </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Asterion </Li> <Li> Pterion </Li> <Li> Stephanion </Li> <Li> Inion </Li> <Li> Bregma </Li> <Li> Lambda </Li> <Li> Fossae <Ul> <Li> anterior </Li> <Li> middle </Li> <Li> posterior </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> cranial cavity </Li> <Li> Base of skull </Li> <Li> Fontanelle <Ul> <Li> anterior </Li> <Li> posterior </Li> <Li> sphenoidal </Li> <Li> mastoid </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Facial skeleton </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nasion </Li> <Li> Gonion </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Both </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> dacryon </Li> <Li> zygomatic arch </Li> <Li> temporal fossa </Li> <Li> infratemporal fossa </Li> <Li> pterygomaxillary fissure </Li> <Li> pterygopalatine fossa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Foramina of the skull ( and canals , fissures , meatus , and hiatus ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Anterior cranial fossa </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> to Orbit : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ethmoidal foramina <Ul> <Li> anterior </Li> <Li> posterior </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> to Nasal cavity : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> olfactory foramina ( CN - I ) </Li> <Li> foramen cecum </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Middle cranial fossa </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> to Orbit : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> optic canal ( CN - II ) </Li> <Li> superior orbital fissure ( CN - III , IV , V1 , VI ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> to Pterygopalatine fossa : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> foramen rotundum ( CN - V2 ) </Li> <Li> pterygoid canal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> to Infratemporal fossa : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> foramen ovale ( CN - V3 ) </Li> <Li> foramen spinosum / carotid canal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> other : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> foramen lacerum </Li> <Li> hiatus for greater petrosal nerve </Li> <Li> hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve </Li> <Li> sphenoidal emissary foramen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Posterior cranial fossa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> internal auditory meatus / facial canal / stylomastoid foramen ( CN - VII , VIII ) </Li> <Li> jugular foramen ( CN - IX , X , XI ) </Li> <Li> foramen magnum ( CN - XI ) </Li> <Li> hypoglossal canal ( CN - XII ) </Li> <Li> condylar canal </Li> <Li> mastoid foramen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Orbit </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> to Nasal cavity : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> nasolacrimal canal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> to face : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> supraorbital <Ul> <Li> notch </Li> <Li> foramen </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> infraorbital <Ul> <Li> foramen </Li> <Li> groove </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> zygomatic foramen <Ul> <Li> - facial </Li> <Li> - temporal </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> to Pterygopalatine fossa : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> inferior orbital fissure </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> other : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inferior orbital fissure </Li> <Li> Fossa for lacrimal sac </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pterygopalatine fossa </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> to Nasal cavity : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> sphenopalatine foramen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> to Oral cavity : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> greater palatine canal <Ul> <Li> foramen </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> lesser palatine canals <Ul> <Li> foramina </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> to Infratemporal fossa : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> pterygomaxillary fissure </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> to Nasopharynx : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> palatovaginal canal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> to oral cavity : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> incisive canals </Li> <Li> incisive foramen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> to nasal cavity : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Foramen vomerinum </Li> <Li> Meatus vomerinus </Li> <Li> Fissura vomerina </Li> <Li> Hiatus vomerinus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> external acoustic meatus </Li> <Li> mandibular foramen </Li> <Li> mental foramen </Li> <Li> parietal foramen </Li> <Li> petrotympanic fissure </Li> <Li> semilunar hiatus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_cranial_fossa&oldid=808415657 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) </Li> <Li> Skull </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 18 : 54 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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what part of the brain is in the middle cranial fossa

The Outsiders ( novel ) - wikipedia <H1> The Outsiders ( novel ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> The Outsiders <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> First hardcover edition , 1967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> S.E. Hinton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cover artist </Th> <Td> Robert Hunt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Young adult fiction </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> Viking Press , Dell Publishing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> April 24 , 1967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( hardcover , paperback ) , Audiobook </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pages </Th> <Td> 192 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISBN </Th> <Td> 0 - 670 - 53257 - 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OCLC </Th> <Td> 64396432 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Followed by </Th> <Td> That Was Then , This Is Now </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Outsiders is a coming - of - age novel by S.E. Hinton , first published in 1967 by Viking Press . Hinton was 15 when she started writing the novel , but did most of the work when she was 16 and a junior in high school . Hinton was 18 when the book was published . The book details the conflict between two rival gangs divided by their socioeconomic status : the working - class `` greasers '' and the upper - class `` Socs '' ( pronounced / ˈsoʊʃɪz / -- short for Socials ) . The story is told in first - person perspective by teenaged protagonist Ponyboy Curtis . </P> <P> The story in the book takes place in Tulsa , Oklahoma , in 1965 , but this is never explicitly stated in the book . </P> <P> A film adaptation was produced in 1983 , and a little - known short - lived television series appeared in 1990 , picking up where the movie left off . A stage adaptation was written by Christopher Sergel and published in 1990 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot summary </Li> <Li> 2 Major characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Greasers </Li> <Li> 2.2 Socs </Li> <Li> 2.3 Other characters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Controversy </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot summary </H2> <P> Ponyboy Curtis , a teenaged member of a loose gang of `` greasers '' , is leaving a movie theater when he is jumped by `` Socs '' , the greasers ' rival gang . Several greasers , including Ponyboy 's two older brothers -- the paternal Darry and the popular Sodapop -- come to his rescue . The next night , Ponyboy and two greaser friends , the hardened Dally and the quiet Johnny , meet Cherry and Marcia , a pair of Soc girls , at a drive - in movie theater . Cherry spurns Dally 's rude advances , but Ponyboy ends up speaking civilly with Cherry , emotionally connecting with a Soc for the first time in his life . </P> <P> Afterward , Ponyboy , Johnny , and their wisecracking friend Two - Bit begin to walk Cherry and Marcia home , when they are stopped by Cherry 's boyfriend Bob , who badly beat up Johnny a few months back . Bob and the greasers exchange taunts , but Cherry prevents a fight by willingly leaving with Bob . Ponyboy gets home at two in the morning , enraging Darry until he suddenly slaps Ponyboy . Ponyboy runs out the door and meets up with Johnny , expressing his anger at Darry 's increasing coldness in the wake of his parents ' recent deaths in a car crash . </P> <P> Ponyboy and Johnny wander into a park , where Bob and four other Socs surround them . After some heated talk , Ponyboy spits at the Socs , prompting them to try to drown him in a nearby fountain , but Johnny stabs Bob , killing him and dispersing the Socs . Terrified of what to do next , Ponyboy and Johnny rush to find Dally , who gives them money and a loaded gun , directing them to hide in an abandoned church in Windrixville . During their stay there , Pony cuts and dyes his hair as a disguise , reads Gone with the Wind to Johnny , and , upon viewing a beautiful sunrise , recites the poem `` Nothing Gold Can Stay '' by Robert Frost . </P> <P> Days later , Dally comes to check on them , revealing that violence between the greasers and Socs has escalated since Bob 's death into all - out city - wide warfare , with Cherry acting out of guilt as a spy for the greasers . Johnny decides to turn himself in and Dally agrees to take the boys back home . As they attempt to leave , they notice the church has caught fire and several local schoolchildren have become trapped inside . The greasers run inside the burning church to save the children , but Ponyboy is rendered unconscious by the fumes . At the hospital he discovers that he and Dally are not badly injured , but a piece of the church roof fell on Johnny and broke his back . Sodapop and Darry come to the hospital ; Darry breaks down and cries . Ponyboy then realizes that Darry cares about him , and is only hard on Ponyboy because he loves him and cares about his future . </P> <P> The following morning the newspapers declare Pony and Johnny heroes , but Johnny will be charged with manslaughter for Bob 's death . Two - Bit tells them that the greaser -- Soc rivalry is to be settled in a final rumble . Ponyboy and Two - Bit are approached by a Soc named Randy , Bob 's best friend , who expresses remorse for his involvement in the gang war , lacks confidence about the rumble ending the feud , and says he will not participate . </P> <P> Later , Ponyboy visits Johnny at the hospital , where he is in critical condition . On their way home , Pony spots Cherry and they talk . Cherry says she is unwilling to visit Johnny in the hospital because he killed her boyfriend . Pony calls her a traitor , but after explaining herself , they end on good terms . After escaping the hospital , Dally shows up just in time for the rumble . The greasers win the brutal fight . Afterward , Pony and Dally hurry back to the hospital to see Johnny , but he dies moments later and a maniacal Dally runs out of the room . Pony returns home that night feeling confused and disoriented . Dally calls the house to say that he has robbed a store and is running from the police . The greasers find Dally deliberately pointing an unloaded gun at the police , causing them to shoot and kill him . Overwhelmed , Ponyboy faints and is sick in bed for several days due to the resulting concussion . When the hearing finally comes , the judge frees Ponyboy from responsibility for Bob 's death and allows Pony to remain at home with Darry and Soda . </P> <P> Ponyboy returns to school , but his grades drop . Although he is failing English , his teacher , Mr. Syme , says he will pass him if he writes a decent theme . In the copy of Gone with the Wind that Johnny gave him before dying , Ponyboy finds a note from Johnny describing how he will die proudly after saving the kids from the fire . Johnny also urges Ponyboy to `` stay gold '' . Ponyboy decides to write his English assignment about the recent events , and begins his essay with the opening line of the novel : `` When I stepped out into the bright sunlight from the darkness of the movie house , I had only two things on my mind : Paul Newman and a ride home ... '' </P> <H2> Major Characters </H2> <H3> Greasers </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ponyboy Curtis : Narrator and the youngest Curtis brother , 14 years old , who gets good grades and runs track . </Li> <Li> Sodapop Curtis : The middle Curtis brother , 16 years old , a high school dropout who works at a gas station . </Li> <Li> Darrel `` Darry '' Curtis : The oldest of the Curtis brothers , 20 years old , who has been caring for his brothers since their parents died in a car crash . He is the unofficial leader of the gang . </Li> <Li> Johnny Cade : Ponyboy 's best friend , 16 years old , who is extremely quiet and lives with his alcoholic and abusive mother and father . </Li> <Li> Dallas `` Dally '' Winston : The roughest of the greasers , who lived on the streets of New York City for three years . </Li> <Li> Keith `` Two - Bit '' Mathews : A wise - cracking kleptomaniac . </Li> <Li> Steve Randle : Sodapop 's best friend since grade school . </Li> <Li> Timothy `` Tim '' Shepard : Leader of another greaser gang : an organized downtown one . </Li> <Li> Sandy : Sodapop 's girlfriend . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Socs </H3> <Ul> <Li> Sherri `` Cherry '' Valance : Bob 's girlfriend , attends the same high school as Ponyboy . </Li> <Li> Robert `` Bob '' Sheldon : Cherry 's boyfriend who is stabbed and killed by Johnny . </Li> <Li> Randy Adderson : A friend of Bob 's and Marcia 's boyfriend . </Li> <Li> Marcia : Cherry 's best friend and Randy 's girlfriend . </Li> <Li> David : A member of Bob and Randy 's gang who attempted to drown Ponyboy in the fountain . </Li> <Li> Paul Holden : A former friend of Darry 's . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other Characters </H3> <Ul> <Li> Jerry Wood : The schoolteacher responsible for the children who were in the seemingly abandoned church . </Li> <Li> Mr. Syme : Ponyboy 's English teacher who assigns him a theme to write that becomes the story of the novel itself . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Controversy </H2> <P> The Outsiders was a controversial book at the time of its publication ; it is still currently challenged and debated . It was ranked # 38 on the American Library Association 's Top 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 1999 . This book has been banned from some schools and libraries because of the portrayal of gang violence , underage smoking and drinking , strong language / slang , and family dysfunction . However , in many U.S. schools , the book is part of the English curriculum at the middle - or high - school level . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Outsiders House Museum </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Hinton , S.E. ( 2005 ) ( 1977 ) . `` speaking with S.E. Hinton '' . The Outsiders . Speak / Penguin Putnam . p. 162 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 038572 - X . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Frequently Asked Questions at sehinton.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hinton 1967 , p. 180 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fallon , Claire ( 2017 ) . `` 50 Years After ' The Outsiders , ' S.E. Hinton Is Sure The Characters Are n't Gay '' . The Huffington Post . HuffPost News ( Oath Inc . ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 100 most frequently challenged books : 1990 -- 1999 American Library Association '' . Ala.org . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Banned Books Awareness : The Outsiders Banned Books Awareness '' . World.edu. 2011 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cummings , Siena ( 2017 ) . `` ( www.standard.net/TX/2017/09/24/After-50-years-Outsiders After 50 years , ' Outsiders ' continues to ' stay gold ' ) . '' Standard - Examiner . Ogden Publishing Corporation . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography </H2> <P> Hinton , S.E. ( 1997 ) . The Outsiders . New York : SPEAK . ISBN 9780140385724 . </P> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> S.E. Hinton 's Website </Li> <Li> `` ' The Outsiders ' : 40 Years Later '' By Dale Peck The New York Times September 23 , 2007 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> S.E. Hinton </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Outsiders </Li> <Li> Rumble Fish </Li> <Li> That Was Then , This Is Now </Li> <Li> Tex </Li> <Li> Taming the Star Runner </Li> <Li> Hawkes Harbor </Li> <Li> Some of Tim 's Stories </Li> <Li> Big David , Little David </Li> <Li> The Puppy Sister </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Books I Love Best Yearly : Older Readers Award </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole , Aged 133⁄4 by Sue Townsend ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Where 's Wally ? by Martin Handford ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Flowers in the Attic by V.C. Andrews ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Tomorrow , When the War Began by John Marsden ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Bumface by Morris Gleitzman ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Two of a Kind series by various authors ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by J.K. Rowling ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J.K. Rowling ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince by J.K. Rowling ( 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Outsiders_(novel)&oldid=837955086 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1967 American novels </Li> <Li> American young adult novels </Li> <Li> American novels adapted into films </Li> <Li> American novels adapted into plays </Li> <Li> Coming - of - age fiction </Li> <Li> Debut novels </Li> <Li> 1965 in fiction </Li> <Li> American bildungsromans </Li> <Li> Culture of Tulsa , Oklahoma </Li> <Li> BILBY Award - winning works </Li> <Li> Viking Press books </Li> <Li> Novels set in Tulsa , Oklahoma </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism </Li> <Li> Pages to import images to Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 01 : 23 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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where do the greasers live in the outsiders

Flight ( Grey 's Anatomy ) - wikipedia <H1> Flight ( Grey 's Anatomy ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Flight '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Shepherd 's mangled hand , following an aviation accident . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episode no . </Th> <Td> Season 8 Episode 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Rob Corn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Shonda Rhimes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Featured music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Featherstone '' </Li> <Li> `` Graveyard '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Td> May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 43 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren </Li> <Li> James LeGros as Jerry </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Episode chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← Previous `` Migration '' </Td> <Td> Next → `` Going , Going , Gone '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy ( season 8 ) List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Flight '' is the twenty - fourth and final episode of the eighth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 172nd episode overall . It was written by series creator Shonda Rhimes , and directed by Rob Corn . The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on May 17 , 2012 . In the episode , six doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital who are victims of an aviation accident fight to stay alive , but Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) ultimately dies . Other storylines occur in Seattle where Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) plans his annual dinner for the departing residents , Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) fires Dr. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , and Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) gets engaged . </P> <P> The episode marked Leigh 's and Raver 's final appearance to the series . Exterior filming of the accident took place at Big Bear Lake , California . Jason George reprised his role as a guest star , whereas James LeGros made his first appearance . The episode opened to mixed reviews from television critics , with some criticizing the death of Lexie , but praising Leigh 's performance , in addition to Ellen Pompeo ( Dr. Meredith Grey ) 's and Eric Dane ( Dr. Mark Sloan ) 's . `` Flight '' earned Rhimes an NAACP Image Award nomination and it was also nominated under several categories of Entertainment Weekly 's finale awards . Upon its initial airing , the episode was viewed in the United States by 11.44 million people , garnered a 4.1 / 11 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic , ranking fourth for the night in terms of viewership , and registering as Thursday 's highest - rated drama . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Production </Li> <Li> 3 Reception </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> After their plane crashes in the woods , Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Dr. Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , and Dr. Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) desperately fight to stay alive . Meredith is relatively unscathed , while the rest have serious injuries : the pilot , Jerry ( James LeGros ) , has a major spine injury , and Yang dislocates her arm . Robbins ' femur is broken and sticking through the skin , Sloan has serious internal injuries ; though initially adrenaline keeps him on his feet . Shepherd is sucked out the side of the plane and awakens alone in the wood ; his mangled hand having been pushed through the door of the plane . However , none are in as bad shape as Lexie , who is crushed under a piece of the plane . While Meredith searches for Shepherd , Yang and Sloan try to move the debris off Lexie . Eventually , the two realize that they can not save her , so Sloan holds her hand while she dies , telling her that he loves her . As Sloan tells her of the life the two were meant to have together , Lexie dies with a smile on her face just as Meredith and Yang are approaching . </P> <P> Lexie 's death devastates Meredith , who is still desperately trying to find her husband . Eventually , she and Shepherd reunite and they fix his hand as best as they can . Meanwhile , back at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , no one is aware of what has happened to the other doctors . Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) prepares the annual dinner for the departing residents , which Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , Dr. Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) , and Dr. April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) are dreading . Avery makes the choice to take a job offer at Tulane Medical Center , and he and Kepner share a moment . Dr. Ben Warren ( Jason George ) and Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) decide to get married , even though Warren is going to start his surgical internship in Los Angeles . After realizing Dr. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) was offered a chief position at United States Army Medical Command ( MEDCOM ) and is refusing to leave Seattle out of loyalty , Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) , the chief of surgery , fires her to free her from the hospital where her husband died . As the episode ends , Hunt picks up his messages to discover the surgical team never made it to Boise . The residents , finally excited to celebrate at Webber 's dinner , are left waiting for their stranded friends . The remaining crash survivors are left struggling to stay awake as their last match goes out . In the closing monologue , Meredith repeats the opening to the speech that Webber gave in the pilot episode of the series . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> `` It was so hard . It was physically and emotionally challenging because you 're constantly at extremely high stakes . The physicality for Cristina , she had to do a lot of things with one arm , and I had to do a lot of things with one shoe . You 're running around the mountain with one shoe and one arm basically and doing things that way . And it 's like we 've had this cushy time on stages and in the hospital . But being out in the open on the side of a mountain was exhilarating ; you can not beat location work . I 've done very little greenscreen work , but it 's just a pooper . I do n't care how much you blow that fan on my face , there 's not a helicopter coming at me . It 's really hard to manufacture the clear reality of what that is , but when you are on a mountain and you are freezing , you 're freezing . '' <P> -- Oh 's impressions on shooting in the mountains </P> <P> The episode was written by Shonda Rhimes , and directed by Rob Corn . Featured music included The Paper Kites ' `` Featherstone '' and Feist 's ' Graveyard `` . Filming took place in Big Bear Lake , California , a location previously used in the seventh season for Yang and Shepherd 's fishing trip . Commenting on the filming conditions , Leigh said : `` It would rain and be sunny and hot . I never died before ( on camera ) . That sounds funny saying that . I think everyone has an emotional wellspring and that happened to be a moment where I was sprung . Everybody was very accommodating -- the crew , cast . And I opted to stay underneath ( the wreckage ) for the most part over two days rather than trying to get in and out . '' </P> <P> In regard to the episode , Rhimes commented before it originally aired that it was difficult to write , largely because of the death of a main character . She compared it to writing the season six finale , by explaining that the former was `` more painful '' to write . After the episode aired , Rhimes repeated in a tweet that it was hard for her to write the finale , adding : `` I did not enjoy it . It made me sick and it made me sad . '' Rhimes also explained the departure of Leigh , whose character died after the plane crash , by saying that the two came to an agreement on the decision to kill Lexie , after extensive discussion . Speaking of Raver 's departure whose character left Seattle Grace for MEDCOM , Rhimes elaborated that Raver was offered a contract renewal , but declined . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> Chyler Leigh 's performance was deemed `` phenomenal '' . <P> The episode received mixed reviews among television critics , and it outperformed the previous episode in terms of both viewership and ratings . `` Flight '' was originally broadcast on May 17 , 2012 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) . The episode was watched in the United States by a total of 11.44 million people , a 16.5 % ( 1.62 million ) increase from the previous episode `` Migration '' , which garnered 9.82 million viewers . In terms of viewership , `` Flight '' ranked fourth for the night , behind the season finales of Fox 's American Idol , and CBS 's Person of Interest and The Mentalist . In terms of Grey 's Anatomy 's other season finales , the episode was the show 's second least - viewed finale , just behind the seventh season 's , which garnered 9.89 million viewers . The episode did not rank in the top three for viewership , but its 4.1 / 11 Nielsen rating ranked first in its 9 : 00 Eastern time - slot and second for the night , registering the show as Thursday 's No. 1 drama , for both the rating and share percentages of the key 18 -- 49 demographic . Its rating lost to American Idol , but beat out CBS 's The Big Bang Theory , Person of Interest , and The Mentalist . In addition to its rating being in the top rankings for the night , it was an increase from the previous episode , which netted a 3.5 / 10 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . The episode also showed an increase in ratings in comparison to the previous year 's finale , which attained a 3.6 / 9 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . </P> <P> Poptimal 's Tanya Lane wrote , `` Wow ... just wow . Grey 's Anatomy has once again managed to shock with its season finale . '' While she appreciated the `` realism and authenticity that Grey 's is known for '' , she found the episode was `` almost too much '' as it was `` extremely gory and difficult to watch , initially because of the grisly wounds '' but later because of the `` heavy and emotional things that transpired '' . She thought Pompeo gave one of her best performances when her character learned that her sister was dead . Digital Spy 's Ben Lee found Leigh 's and Dane 's performances `` phenomenal '' and added that he had probably never seen a better performance from Dane . He described the moment the two actors shared as `` truly poignant '' . To him , Lexie 's death felt like a finale , which was thus too early . As for what was happening in Seattle Grace , he thought it was `` a bit pointless '' and `` uninteresting '' except Altman 's departure , which he deemed `` the most significant moment at the hospital '' . Entertainment Weekly 's Tanner Stransky commented of Lexie 's death : `` It was an intense death . I mean , how awful was it to watch one of Grey 's longest - running characters pass away so quickly -- and rather unceremoniously ? I get that Ms. Rhimes had to do what she had to do -- and every show needs to be shaken up once in a while -- but I do n't love that Lexie was the one to die . Could it have been someone less important somehow ? I guess it would have been too obvious to do Kepner . And you probably just do n't kill off a hottie like Mark Sloan , right ? '' Stransky also complained about Robbins ' screams at the beginning of the episode , but enjoyed Bailey 's story . </P> <P> In an Entertainment Weekly poll that judged all the television season finales of the year , Lexie 's death was voted the `` Top Tissue Moment '' , while Robbins ' injured leg and Shepherd 's mangled hand were voted the `` Most Disturbing Image '' . The ending of the episode was also considered as the `` Best Ending to an Otherwise So - So Season '' . Lexie 's death was also nominated under the `` Best ( Presumed ) Death '' category , while the plane crash 's aftermath was nominated as the `` Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger '' , and the episode in entirety was nominated for the special award for `` Biggest Regret That I Did n't See It , I Just Heard or Read About It '' . Entertainment Weekly later named the scene where Meredith is crying one of the best crying scenes of 2012 . In TVLine 's review of 2012 , Lexie 's death was runner - up for `` Biggest Tearjerker '' . The episode is nominated at the NAACP Image Awards under the Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series category for Rhimes . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Emmys 2012 : ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Sandra Oh on Cristina 's Emotional Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Flight '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . American Broadcasting Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Season 8 , Episode : 24 `` Flight '' Music `` . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Spoiler Chat Daily : American Horror Story Season Two Scoop ! Plus , Grey 's , True Blood and More ! '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hilton , Perez ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` Chyler Leigh Describes Filming Deets Behind Grey 's Anatomy Death ! '' . PerezHilton.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Shonda Rhimes on the Deadly Finale : ' We 're Literally Saying Goodbye to People ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lee , Ben ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' creator Shonda Rhimes : ' Finale made me sick and sad ' '' . Digital Spy . Nat Mags . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Dow '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lane , Tanya ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season Finale Review : Tears and Gore Galore '' . Poptimal . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' recap : Major death in season finale ' Flight ' '' . Digital Spy . Nat Mags . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season finale recap : A Grey Goes Down '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Chyler Leigh , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 9 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo TV Season Finales TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 12 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 16 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Best ( Presumed ) Death '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Biggest Regret That I Did n't See It , I Just Heard or Read About It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : The crying game '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TVLine 's 2012 in Review , Part 2 : Best Cliffhanger , Worst New Character and 38 More Categories '' . TVLine . PMC . December 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 44th NAACP Image Awards - Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Naacpimageawards.net . December 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Flight '' at ABC.com </Li> <Li> `` Flight '' on IMDb </Li> <Li> `` Flight '' at TV.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Grey 's Anatomy episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` A Hard Day 's Night '' </Li> <Li> `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Into You Like a Train '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's the End of the World '' </Li> <Li> `` As We Know It '' </Li> <Li> `` Losing My Religion '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 3 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Time Has Come Today '' </Li> <Li> `` I Am a Tree '' </Li> <Li> `` Great Expectations '' </Li> <Li> `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' </Li> <Li> `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? 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Agriculture in India - Wikipedia <H1> Agriculture in India </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> It has been suggested that Farming systems in India be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since July 2016 . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Major crops by regions of India . Agriculture has a significant role in the socio - economic cotton of India . Here Sikh farmers are deploying a tractor and cane crusher to produce and distribute free cane juice at a festival . Several festivals relate to agriculture in India . Holi -- the festival of colours is celebrated across north India as the coming of spring . It is celebrated with bonfires , meeting friends and strangers , playful painting each other with colours . Farms in rural India . Most farms in India are small plots such as in this image . A vegetable farm in Himachal Pradesh state . <P> The history of Agriculture in India dates back to Indus Valley Civilization Era and even before that in some parts of Southern India . Today , India ranks second worldwide in farm output . Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry and fisheries accounted for 13.7 % of the GDP ( gross domestic product ) in 2013 , about 50 % of the workforce . The economic contribution of agriculture to India 's GDP is steadily declining with the country 's broad - based economic growth . Still , agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio - economic fabric of India . </P> <P> India exported $38 billion worth of agricultural products in 2013 , making it the seventh largest agricultural exporter worldwide and the sixth largest net exporter . Most of its agriculture exports serve developing and least developed nations . Indian agricultural / horticultural and processed foods are exported to more than 120 countries , primarily in the Middle East , Southeast Asia , SAARC countries , the EU and the United States . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Agriculture and colonialism </Li> <Li> 2.2 Indian agriculture after independence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Irrigation </Li> <Li> 4 Output <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Major crops and yields </Li> <Li> 4.2 Horticulture </Li> <Li> 4.3 Organic Agriculture </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Problems <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Infrastructure </Li> <Li> 5.2 Productivity </Li> <Li> 5.3 Farmer suicides </Li> <Li> 5.4 Diversion of agricultural land for non agricultural purpose </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Initiatives </Li> <Li> 7 Maps </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> Rice Paddy Fields in Tamil Nadu <P> As per the 2010 FAO world agriculture statistics India is the world 's largest producer of many fresh fruits and vegetables , milk , major spices , select fibrous crops such as jute , staples such as millets and castor oil seed . India is the second largest producer of wheat and rice , the world 's major food staples . </P> <P> India is the world 's second or third largest producer of several dry fruits , agriculture - based textile raw materials , roots and tuber crops , pulses , farmed fish , eggs , coconut , sugarcane and numerous vegetables . India ranked in the world 's five largest producers of over 80 % of agricultural produce items , including many cash crops such as coffee and cotton , in 2010 . India is one of the world 's five largest producers of livestock and poultry meat , with one of the fastest growth rates , as of 2011 . </P> <P> One report from 2008 claimed India 's population is growing faster than its ability to produce rice and wheat . Other recent studies claim India can easily feed its growing population , plus produce wheat and rice for global exports , if it can reduce food staple spoilage , improve its infrastructure and raise its farm productivity to those achieved by other developing countries such as Brazil and China . </P> <P> In fiscal year ending June 2011 , with a normal monsoon season , Indian agriculture accomplished an all - time record production of 85.9 million tonnes of wheat , a 6.4 % increase from a year earlier . Rice output in India hit a new record at 95.3 million tonnes , a 7 % increase from the year earlier . Lentils and many other food staples production also increased year over year . Indian farmers , thus produced about 71 kilograms of wheat and 80 kilograms of rice for every member of Indian population in 2011 . The per capita supply of rice every year in India is now higher than the per capita consumption of rice every year in Japan . </P> <P> India exported $39 billion worth of agricultural products in 2013 , making it the seventh largest agricultural exporter worldwide , and the sixth largest net exporter . This represents explosive growth , as in 2004 net export were about $5 billion . India is the fastest growing exporter of agricultural products over a 10 - year period , its $39 billion of net exports is more than double the combined exports of the European Union ( EU - 28 ) . It has become one of the world 's largest supplier of rice , cotton , sugar and wheat . India exported around 2 million metric tonnes of wheat and 2.1 million metric tonnes of rice in 2011 to Africa , Nepal , Bangladesh and other regions around the world . </P> <P> Aquaculture and catch fishery is amongst the fastest growing industries in India . Between 1990 and 2010 , the Indian fish capture harvest doubled , while aquaculture harvest tripled . In 2008 , India was the world 's sixth largest producer of marine and freshwater capture fisheries and the second largest aquaculture farmed fish producer . India exported 600,000 metric tonnes of fish products to nearly half of the world 's countries . </P> <P> India has shown a steady average nationwide annual increase in the kilograms produced per hectare for some agricultural items , over the last 60 years . These gains have come mainly from India 's green revolution , improving road and power generation infrastructure , knowledge of gains and reforms . Despite these recent accomplishments , agriculture has the potential for major productivity and total output gains , because crop yields in India are still just 30 % to 60 % of the best sustainable crop yields achievable in the farms of developed and other developing countries . Additionally , losses after harvest due to poor infrastructure and unorganized retail cause India to experience some of the highest food losses in the world. . A new step to bring eFarming is being introduced by myKheti that serves fresh fruits and vegetables direct from Khet / Farm without storage . Because of a vast digital revolution in India , myKheti brings agriculture in a digital front through eFarming where anyone can be an online farmer and can get fresh vegetables and fruits direct from Khet / Farm . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Main article : History of agriculture in India <P> Vedic literature provides some of the earliest written record of agriculture in India . Rigveda hymns , for example , describes plowing , fallowing , irrigation , fruit and vegetable cultivation . Other historical evidence suggests rice and cotton were cultivated in the Indus Valley , and plowing patterns from the Bronze Age have been excavated at Kalibangan in Rajasthan . Bhumivargaha , an Indian Sanskrit text , suggested to be 2500 years old , classifies agricultural land into 12 categories : urvara ( fertile ) , ushara ( barren ) , maru ( desert ) , aprahata ( fallow ) , shadvala ( grassy ) , pankikala ( muddy ) , jalaprayah ( watery ) , kachchaha ( contiguous to water ) , sharkara ( full of pebbles and pieces of limestone ) , sharkaravati ( sandy ) , nadimatruka ( watered from a river ) , and devamatruka ( rainfed ) . Some archaeologists believe that rice was a domesticated crop along the banks of the river Ganges in the sixth millennium BC . So were species of winter cereals ( barley , oats , and wheat ) and legumes ( lentil and chickpea ) grown in northwest India before the sixth millennium BC . Other crops cultivated in India 3000 to 6000 years ago , include sesame , linseed , safflower , mustards , castor , mung bean , black gram , horse gram , pigeonpea , field pea , grass pea ( khesari ) , fenugreek , cotton , jujube , grapes , dates , jackfruit , mango , mulberry , and black plum . Indian peasants had also domesticated cattle , buffaloes , sheep , goats , pigs and horses thousands of years ago . </P> <P> According to some scientists agriculture was widespread in the Indian peninsula , 10000 -- 3000 years ago , well beyond the fertile plains of the north . For example , one study reports 12 sites in the southern Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka providing clear evidence of agriculture of pulses ( Vigna radiata and Macrotyloma uniflorum ) , millet - grasses ( Brachiaria ramosa and Setaria verticillata ) , wheats ( Triticum dicoccum , Triticum durum / aestivum ) , barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) , hyacinth bean ( Lablab purpureus ) , pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ) , finger millet ( Eleusine coracana ) , cotton ( Gossypium sp . ) , linseed ( Linum sp . ) , as well as gathered fruits of Ziziphus and two Cucurbitaceae . </P> <P> Some claim Indian agriculture began by 9000 BC as a result of early cultivation of plants , and domestication of crops and animals . Settled life soon followed with implements and techniques being developed for agriculture . Double monsoons led to two harvests being reaped in one year . Indian products soon reached trading networks and foreign crops were introduced . Plants and animals -- considered essential to survival by the Indians -- came to be worshiped and venerated . </P> <P> The middle ages saw irrigation channels reach a new level of sophistication , and Indian crops affected the economies of other regions of the world under Islamic patronage . Land and water management systems were developed with an aim of providing uniform growth . </P> <P> Despite some stagnation during the later modern era the independent Republic of India was able to develop a comprehensive agricultural programme . </P> <H3> Agriculture and colonialism ( edit ) </H3> <P> Over 2500 years ago , Indian farmers had discovered and begun farming many spices and sugarcane . It was in India , between the sixth and four BC , that the Persians , followed by the Greeks , discovered the famous `` reeds that produce honey without bees '' being grown . These were locally called साखर , ( Sākhara ) . On their return journey , the Macedonian soldiers carried the `` honey bearing reeds , '' thus spreading sugar and sugarcane agriculture . People in India had invented , by about 500 BC , the process to produce sugar crystals . In the local language , these crystals were called khanda ( खण्ड ) , which is the source of the word candy . </P> <P> Before the 18th century , cultivation of sugarcane was largely confined to India . A few merchants began to trade in sugar -- a luxury and an expensive spice in Europe until the 18th century . Sugar became widely popular in 18th - century Europe , then graduated to become a human necessity in the 19th century all over the world . This evolution of taste and demand for sugar as an essential food ingredient unleashed major economic and social changes . Sugarcane does not grow in cold , frost - prone climate ; therefore , tropical and semitropical colonies were sought . Sugarcane plantations , just like cotton farms , became a major driver of large and forced human migrations in 19th century and early 20th century -- of people from Africa and from India , both in millions -- influencing the ethnic mix , political conflicts and cultural evolution of Caribbean , South American , Indian Ocean and Pacific Island nations . </P> <P> The history and past accomplishments of Indian agriculture thus influenced , in part , colonialism , slavery and slavery - like indentured labor practices in the new world , Caribbean wars and world history in 18th and 19th centuries . </P> <H3> Indian agriculture after independence ( edit ) </H3> Cotton flower in India . This is a cash crop in central India . <P> In the years since its independence , India has made immense progress towards food security . Indian population has tripled , and food - grain production more than quadrupled . There has been a substantial increase in available food - grain per capita . </P> <P> Before the mid-1960s India relied on imports and food aid to meet domestic requirements . However , two years of severe drought in 1965 and 1966 convinced India to reform its agricultural policy and that they could not rely on foreign aid and imports for food security . India adopted significant policy reforms focused on the goal of foodgrain self - sufficiency . This ushered in India 's Green Revolution . It began with the decision to adopt superior yielding , disease resistant wheat varieties in combination with better farming knowledge to improve productivity . The state of Punjab led India 's green revolution and earned the distinction of being the country 's bread basket . </P> <P> The initial increase in production was centred on the irrigated areas of the states of Punjab , Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh . With the farmers and the government officials focusing on farm productivity and knowledge transfer , India 's total foodgrain production soared . A hectare of Indian wheat farm that produced an average of 0.8 tonnes in 1948 , produced 4.7 tonnes of wheat in 1975 from the same land . Such rapid growth in farm productivity enabled India to become self - sufficient by the 1970s . It also empowered the smallholder farmers to seek further means to increase food staples produced per hectare . By 2000 , Indian farms were adopting wheat varieties capable of yielding 6 tonnes of wheat per hectare . </P> Men and women at work in rice paddy fields in Tamil Nadu <P> With agricultural policy success in wheat , India 's Green Revolution technology spread to rice . However , since irrigation infrastructure was very poor , Indian farmer innovated with tube - wells , to harvest ground water . When gains from the new technology reached their limits in the states of initial adoption , the technology spread in the 1970s and 1980s to the states of eastern India -- Bihar , Odisha and West Bengal . The lasting benefits of the improved seeds and new technology extended principally to the irrigated areas which account for about one - third of the harvested crop area . In the 1980s , Indian agriculture policy shifted to `` evolution of a production pattern in line with the demand pattern '' leading to a shift in emphasis to other agricultural commodities like oilseed , fruit and vegetables . Farmers began adopting improved methods and technologies in dairying , fisheries and livestock , and meeting the diversified food needs of a growing population . </P> <P> As with rice , the lasting benefits of improved seeds and improved farming technologies now largely depends on whether India develops infrastructure such as irrigation network , flood control systems , reliable electricity production capacity , all - season rural and urban highways , cold storage to prevent spoilage , modern retail , and competitive buyers of produce from Indian farmers . This is increasingly the focus of Indian agriculture policy . </P> <P> India 's agricultural economy is undergoing structural changes . Between 1970 and 2011 , the GDP share of agriculture has fallen from 43 % to 16 % . This is n't because of reduced importance of agriculture or a consequence of agricultural policy . This is largely because of the rapid economic growth in services , industrial output , and non-agricultural sectors in India between 2000 and 2010 . </P> <P> Agricultural scientist MS Swaminathan has played a vital role in the green revolution . In 2013 NDTV awarded him as 25 living legend of India for outstanding contribution to agriculture and making India a food sovereign country . </P> An irrigation canal in Gujarat . Irrigation contributes significantly to agriculture in India . <P> Two states , Sikkim and Kerala have planned to shift fully to organic farming by 2015 and 2016 respectively . </P> <H2> Irrigation ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Irrigation in India <P> Indian irrigation infrastructure includes a network of major and minor canals from rivers , groundwater well - based systems , tanks , and other rainwater harvesting projects for agricultural activities . Of these , the groundwater system is the largest . Of the 160 million hectares of cultivated land in India , about 39 million hectare can be irrigated by groundwater wells and an additional 22 million hectares by irrigation canals . In 2010 , only about 35 % of agricultural land in India was reliably irrigated . About 2 / 3rd cultivated land in India is dependent on monsoons . The improvements in irrigation infrastructure in the last 50 years have helped India improve food security , reduce dependence on monsoons , improve agricultural productivity and create rural job opportunities . Dams used for irrigation projects have helped provide drinking water to a growing rural population , control flood and prevent drought - related damage to agriculture . </P> <H2> Output ( edit ) </H2> Indian agriculture is diverse , ranging from impoverished farm villages to developed farms using modern agricultural technologies . This image shows a farming community in a more prosperous part of India . The changing face of Indian agriculture : formation of larger farms and adoption of wind power generation technologies . A panoramic view of a rice , cassava and banana farm in Kerala state . A mustard farm in Rajasthan state . Amul : an integrated dairy with milk processing plant in Gujarat state . India has some of the world 's best agricultural yields in its tea plantations . A tea estate in Kerala state . <P> As of 2011 , India had a large and diverse agricultural sector , accounting , on average , for about 16 % of GDP and 10 % of export earnings . India 's arable land area of 159.7 million hectares ( 394.6 million acres ) is the second largest in the world , after the United States . Its gross irrigated crop area of 82.6 million hectares ( 215.6 million acres ) is the largest in the world . India is among the top three global producers of many crops , including wheat , rice , pulses , cotton , peanuts , fruits and vegetables . Worldwide , as of 2011 , India had the largest herds of buffalo and cattle , is the largest producer of milk and has one of the largest and fastest growing poultry industries . </P> <H3> Major crops and yields ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following table presents the 20 most important agricultural products in India , by economic value , in 2009 . Included in the table is the average productivity of India 's farms for each produce . For context and comparison , included is the average of the most productive farms in the world and name of country where the most productive farms existed in 2010 . The table suggests India has large potential for further accomplishments from productivity increases , in increased agricultural output and agricultural incomes . </P> <Table> Largest agricultural products in India by value <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Commodity </Th> <Th> Value ( US $ , 2013 ) </Th> <Th> Unit price ( US $ / kilogram , 2009 ) </Th> <Th> Average yield ( tonnes per hectare , 2010 ) </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Most productive country ( tonnes per hectare , 2010 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rice </Td> <Td> $42.57 billion </Td> <Td> 0.27 </Td> <Td> 3.99 </Td> <Td> 12.03 </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Buffalo milk </Td> <Td> $27.92 billion </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> 0.63 </Td> <Td> 23.7 </Td> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cow milk </Td> <Td> $18.91 billion </Td> <Td> 0.31 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10.3 </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wheat </Td> <Td> $13.98 billion </Td> <Td> 0.15 </Td> <Td> 2.8 </Td> <Td> 8.9 </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Mangoes , guavas </Td> <Td> $10.79 billion </Td> <Td> 0.6 </Td> <Td> 6.3 </Td> <Td> 40.6 </Td> <Td> Cape Verde </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Sugar cane </Td> <Td> $10.42 billion </Td> <Td> 0.03 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 125 </Td> <Td> Peru </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Cotton </Td> <Td> $8.65 billion </Td> <Td> 1.43 </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 4.6 </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Bananas </Td> <Td> $7.77 billion </Td> <Td> 0.28 </Td> <Td> 37.8 </Td> <Td> 59.3 </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Potatoes </Td> <Td> $7.11 billion </Td> <Td> 0.15 </Td> <Td> 19.9 </Td> <Td> 44.3 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Tomatoes </Td> <Td> $6.74 billion </Td> <Td> 0.37 </Td> <Td> 19.3 </Td> <Td> 524.9 </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Fresh vegetables </Td> <Td> $6.27 billion </Td> <Td> 0.19 </Td> <Td> 13.4 </Td> <Td> 76.8 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Buffalo meat </Td> <Td> $4.33 billion </Td> <Td> 2.69 </Td> <Td> 0.138 </Td> <Td> 0.424 </Td> <Td> Thailand </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Groundnuts </Td> <Td> $4.11 billion </Td> <Td> 1.96 </Td> <Td> 1.8 </Td> <Td> 17.0 </Td> <Td> China </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Okra </Td> <Td> $4.06 billion </Td> <Td> 0.35 </Td> <Td> 7.6 </Td> <Td> 23.9 </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Onions </Td> <Td> $4.05 billion </Td> <Td> 0.21 </Td> <Td> 16.6 </Td> <Td> 67.3 </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Chick peas </Td> <Td> $3.43 billion </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> 2.8 </Td> <Td> China </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Chicken meat </Td> <Td> $3.32 billion </Td> <Td> 0.64 </Td> <Td> 10.6 </Td> <Td> 20.2 </Td> <Td> Cyprus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Fresh fruits </Td> <Td> $3.25 billion </Td> <Td> 0.42 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 5.5 </Td> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Hen eggs </Td> <Td> $3.18 billion </Td> <Td> 2.7 </Td> <Td> 0.1 </Td> <Td> 0.42 </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Soybeans </Td> <Td> $3.09 billion </Td> <Td> 0.26 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 3.7 </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Statistics Office of the Food and Agriculture Organisation reported that , per final numbers for 2009 , India had grown to become the world 's largest producer of the following agricultural products : </P> <Ul> <Li> Fresh Fruit </Li> <Li> Lemons and limes </Li> <Li> Buffalo milk , whole , fresh </Li> <Li> Castor oil seeds </Li> <Li> Sunflower seeds </Li> <Li> Sorghum </Li> <Li> Millet </Li> <Li> Spices </Li> <Li> Okra </Li> <Li> Jute </Li> <Li> Beeswax </Li> <Li> Bananas </Li> <Li> Mangoes , mangosteens , guavas </Li> <Li> Pulses </Li> <Li> Indigenous buffalo meat </Li> <Li> Fruit , tropical </Li> <Li> Ginger </Li> <Li> Chick peas </Li> <Li> Areca nuts </Li> <Li> Other bastfibres </Li> <Li> Pigeon peas </Li> <Li> Papayas </Li> <Li> Chillies and peppers , dry </Li> <Li> Anise , badian , fennel , coriander </Li> <Li> Goat milk , whole , fresh </Li> </Ul> <P> Per final numbers for 2009 , India is the world 's second largest producer of the following agricultural products : </P> <Ul> <Li> Wheat </Li> <Li> Rice </Li> <Li> Fresh vegetables </Li> <Li> Sugar cane </Li> <Li> Groundnuts , with shell </Li> <Li> Lentils </Li> <Li> Garlic </Li> <Li> Cauliflowers and broccoli </Li> <Li> Peas , green </Li> <Li> Sesame seed </Li> <Li> Cashew nuts , with shell </Li> <Li> Silk - worm cocoons , reelable </Li> <Li> Cow milk , whole , fresh </Li> <Li> Tea </Li> <Li> Potatoes </Li> <Li> Onions </Li> <Li> Cotton lint </Li> <Li> Cotton seed </Li> <Li> Eggplants ( aubergines ) </Li> <Li> Nutmeg , mace and cardamoms </Li> <Li> Indigenous goat meat </Li> <Li> Cabbages and other brassicas </Li> <Li> Pumpkins , squash and gourds </Li> </Ul> <P> In 2009 , India was the world 's third largest producer of eggs , oranges , coconuts , tomatoes , peas and beans . </P> <P> In addition to growth in total output , agriculture in India has shown an increase in average agricultural output per hectare in last 60 years . The table below presents average farm productivity in India over three farming years for some crops . Improving road and power generation infrastructure , knowledge gains and reforms has allowed India to increase farm productivity between 40 % to 500 % over 40 years . India 's recent accomplishments in crop yields while being impressive , are still just 30 % to 60 % of the best crop yields achievable in the farms of developed as well as other developing countries . Additionally , despite these gains in farm productivity , losses after harvest due to poor infrastructure and unorganised retail cause India to experience some of the highest food losses in the world . </P> <Table> Agriculture productivity in India , growth in average yields from 1970 to 2010 <Tr> <Th> Crop </Th> <Th> Average YIELD , 1970 - 1971 </Th> <Th> Average YIELD , 1990 - 1991 </Th> <Th> Average YIELD , 2010 -- 2011 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> kilogram per hectare </Td> <Td> kilogram per hectare </Td> <Td> kilogram per hectare </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rice </Td> <Td> 1123 </Td> <Td> 1740 </Td> <Td> 2240 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wheat </Td> <Td> 1307 </Td> <Td> 2281 </Td> <Td> 2938 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pulses </Td> <Td> 524 </Td> <Td> 578 </Td> <Td> 689 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oilseeds </Td> <Td> 579 </Td> <Td> 771 </Td> <Td> 1325 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sugarcane </Td> <Td> 48322 </Td> <Td> 65395 </Td> <Td> 68596 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tea </Td> <Td> 1182 </Td> <Td> 1652 </Td> <Td> 1669 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cotton </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> 225 </Td> <Td> 510 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> India and China are competing to establish the world record on rice yields . Yuan Longping of China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Centre set a world record for rice yield in 2010 at 19 tonnes per hectare in a demonstration plot . In 2011 , this record was surpassed by an Indian farmer , Sumant Kumar , with 22.4 tonnes per hectare in Bihar , also in a demonstration plot . These farmers claim to have employed newly developed rice breeds and system of rice intensification ( SRI ) , a recent innovation in farming . The claimed Chinese and Indian yields have yet to be demonstrated on 7 hectare farm lots and that these are reproducible over two consecutive years on the same farm . </P> <H3> Horticulture ( edit ) </H3> <P> The total production and economic value of horticultural produce , such as fruits , vegetables and nuts has doubled in India over the 10 - year period from 2002 to 2012 . In 2012 , the production from horticulture exceeded grain output for the first time . The total horticulture produce reached 277.4 million metric tonnes in 2013 , making India the second largest producer of horticultural products after China . Of this , India in 2013 produced 81 million tonnes of fruits , 162 million tonnes of vegetables , 5.7 million tonnes of spices , 17 million tonnes of nuts and plantation products ( cashew , cacao , coconut , etc . ) , 1 million tonnes of aromatic horticulture produce and 1.7 million tonnes of flowers ( 7.6 billion cut flowers ) . </P> <Table> Horticultural productivity in India , 2013 <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Area under fruits production ( million hectares ) </Th> <Th> Average Fruits Yield ( Metric tonnes per hectare ) </Th> <Th> Area under vegetable production ( million hectares ) </Th> <Th> Average Vegetable Yield ( Metric tonnes per hectare ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 7.0 </Td> <Td> 11.6 </Td> <Td> 9.2 </Td> <Td> 52.36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 11.8 </Td> <Td> 11.6 </Td> <Td> 24.6 </Td> <Td> 23.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 1.54 </Td> <Td> 9.1 </Td> <Td> 0.32 </Td> <Td> 39.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 1.14 </Td> <Td> 23.3 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 32.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> World </Td> <Td> 57.3 </Td> <Td> 11.3 </Td> <Td> 60.0 </Td> <Td> 19.7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> During the 2013 fiscal year , India exported horticulture products worth ₹ 14,365 crore ( US $2.3 billion ) , nearly double the value of its 2010 exports . Along with these farm - level gains , the losses between farm and consumer increased and are estimated to range between 51 and 82 million metric tonnes a year . </P> <H3> Organic agriculture ( edit ) </H3> <P> Organic agriculture has fed India for centuries and it is again a growing sector in India . Organic production offers clean and green production methods without the use of synthetic fertilisers and pesticides and it achieves a premium price in the market place . India has 6 , 50,000 organic producers , which is more that any other country . India also has 4 million hectares of land certified as organic wildculture , which is third in the world ( after Finland and Zambia ) . </P> <H2> Problems ( edit ) </H2> A rural market in India -- farmers with limited marketing options sell their surplus produce India lacks cold storage , food packaging as well as safe and efficient rural transport system . This causes one of the world 's highest food spoilage rates , particularly during monsoons and other adverse weather conditions . Food travels to the Indian consumer through a slow and inefficient chain of traders . Consumers buy agricultural produce in suburban markets known as ' sabzi mandi ' such as one shown or from roadside vendors . Indian agriculture includes a mix of traditional to modern farming techniques . In some parts of India , traditional use of cattle to plough remains in use . Traditional farms have some of the lowest per capita productivities and farmer incomes . Since 2002 , India has become the world 's largest manufacturer of tractors with 29 % of world 's output in 2013 ; it is also the world 's largest tractor market . Above a tractor in use in north India . <P> `` Slow agricultural growth is a concern for policymakers as some two - thirds of India 's people depend on rural employment for a living . Current agricultural practices are neither economically nor environmentally sustainable and India 's yields for many agricultural commodities are low . Poorly maintained irrigation systems and almost universal lack of good extension services are among the factors responsible . Farmers ' access to markets is hampered by poor roads , rudimentary market infrastructure , and excessive regulation . '' </P> -- World Bank : `` India Country Overview 2008 '' <P> `` With a population of just over 1.2 billion , India is the world 's largest democracy . In the past decade , the country has witnessed accelerated economic growth , emerged as a global player with the world 's fourth largest economy in purchasing power parity terms , and made progress towards achieving most of the Millennium Development Goals . India 's integration into the global economy has been accompanied by impressive economic growth that has brought significant economic and social benefits to the country . Nevertheless , disparities in income and human development are on the rise . Preliminary estimates suggest that in 2009 - 10 the combined all India poverty rate was 32 % compared to 37 % in 2004 - 05 . Going forward , it will be essential for India to build a productive , competitive , and diversified agricultural sector and facilitate rural , non-farm entrepreneurship and employment . Encouraging policies that promote competition in agricultural marketing will ensure that farmers receive better prices . '' </P> -- World Bank : `` India Country Overview 2011 '' <P> A 2003 analysis of India 's agricultural growth from 1970 to 2001 by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified systemic problems in Indian agriculture . For food staples , the annual growth rate in production during the six - year segments 1970 - 76 , 1976 -- 82 , 1982 -- 88 , 1988 -- 1994 , 1994 - 2000 were found to be respectively 2.5 , 2.5 , 3.0 , 2.6 , and 1.8 % per annum . Corresponding analyses for the index of total agricultural production show a similar pattern , with the growth rate for 1994 - 2000 attaining only 1.5 % per annum . </P> <H3> Infrastructure ( edit ) </H3> <P> India has very poor rural roads affecting timely supply of inputs and timely transfer of outputs from Indian farms . Irrigation systems are inadequate , leading to crop failures in some parts of the country because of lack of water . In other areas regional floods , poor seed quality and inefficient farming practices , lack of cold storage and harvest spoilage cause over 30 % of farmer 's produce going to waste , lack of organised retail and competing buyers thereby limiting Indian farmer 's ability to sell the surplus and commercial crops . </P> <P> The Indian farmer receives just 10 % to 23 % of the price the Indian consumer pays for exactly the same produce , the difference going to losses , inefficiencies and middlemen . Farmers in developed economies of Europe and the United States receive 64 % to 81 % . </P> <H3> Productivity ( edit ) </H3> <P> Although India has attained self - sufficiency in food staples , the productivity of its farms is below that of Brazil , the United States , France and other nations . Indian wheat farms , for example , produce about a third of the wheat per hectare per year compared to farms in France . Rice productivity in India was less than half that of China . Other staples productivity in India is similarly low . Indian total factor productivity growth remains below 2 % per annum ; in contrast , China 's total factor productivity growths is about 6 % per annum , even though China also has smallholding farmers . Several studies suggest India could eradicate its hunger and malnutrition and be a major source of food for the world by achieving productivity comparable with other countries . </P> <P> By contrast , Indian farms in some regions post the best yields , for sugarcane , cassava and tea crops . </P> <P> Crop yields vary significantly between Indian states . Some states produce two to three times more grain per acre than others . The table compares the statewide average yields for a few major agricultural crops in India , for 2001 - 2002 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Crop </Th> <Th> Average farm yield in Bihar </Th> <Th> Average farm yield in Karnataka </Th> <Th> Average farm yield in Punjab </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> kilogram per hectare </Td> <Td> kilogram per hectare </Td> <Td> kilogram per hectare </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wheat </Td> <Td> 2020 </Td> <Td> unknown </Td> <Td> 3880 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rice </Td> <Td> 1370 </Td> <Td> 2380 </Td> <Td> 3130 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pulses </Td> <Td> 610 </Td> <Td> 470 </Td> <Td> 820 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oil seeds </Td> <Td> 620 </Td> <Td> 680 </Td> <Td> 1200 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sugarcane </Td> <Td> 45510 </Td> <Td> 79560 </Td> <Td> 65300 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Crop yields for some farms in India are within 90 % of the best achieved yields by farms in developed countries such as the United States and in European Union . No single state of India is best in every crop . Tamil Nadu achieved highest yields in rice and sugarcane , Haryana in wheat and coarse grains , Karnataka in cotton , Bihar in pulses , while other states do well in horticulture , aquaculture , flower and fruit plantations . These differences in agricultural productivity are a function of local infrastructure , soil quality , micro-climates , local resources , farmer knowledge and innovations . </P> <P> The Indian food distribution system is highly inefficient . Movement of agricultural produce is heavily regulated , with inter-state and even inter-district restrictions on marketing and movement of agricultural goods . </P> <P> One study suggests Indian agricultural policy should best focus on improving rural infrastructure primarily in the form of irrigation and flood control infrastructure , knowledge transfer of better yielding and more disease resistant seeds . Additionally , cold storage , hygienic food packaging and efficient modern retail to reduce waste can improve output and rural incomes . </P> <P> The low productivity in India is a result of the following factors : </P> <Ul> <Li> The average size of land holdings is very small ( less than 2 hectares ) and is subject to fragmentation due to land ceiling acts , and in some cases , family disputes . Such small holdings are often over-manned , resulting in disguised unemployment and low productivity of labour . Some reports claim smallholder farming may not be cause of poor productivity , since the productivity is higher in China and many developing economies even though China smallholder farmers constitute over 97 % of its farming population . A Chinese smallholder farmer is able to rent his land to larger farmers , China 's organised retail and extensive Chinese highways are able to provide the incentive and infrastructure necessary to its farmers for sharp increases in farm productivity . </Li> <Li> Adoption of modern agricultural practices and use of technology is inadequate , hampered by ignorance of such practices , high costs and impracticality in the case of small land holdings . </Li> <Li> According to the World Bank , Indian branch 's Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Development , India 's large agricultural subsidies are hampering productivity - enhancing investment . Overregulation of agriculture has increased costs , price risks and uncertainty . Government intervenes in labour , land , and credit markets . India has inadequate infrastructure and services . The World Bank also says that the allocation of water is inefficient , unsustainable and inequitable . The irrigation infrastructure is deteriorating . The overuse of water is being covered by over-pumping aquifers but , as these are falling by one foot of groundwater each year , this is a limited resource . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released a report that food security may be a big problem in the region post 2030 . </Li> <Li> Illiteracy , general socio - economic backwardness , slow progress in implementing land reforms and inadequate or inefficient finance and marketing services for farm produce . </Li> <Li> Inconsistent government policy . Agricultural subsidies and taxes are often changed without notice for short term political ends . </Li> <Li> Irrigation facilities are inadequate , as revealed by the fact that only 52.6 % of the land was irrigated in 2003 -- 04 , which result in farmers still being dependent on rainfall , specifically the monsoon season . A good monsoon results in a robust growth for the economy , while a poor monsoon leads to a sluggish growth . Farm credit is regulated by NABARD , which is the statutory apex agent for rural development in the subcontinent . At the same time , over-pumping made possible by subsidised electric power is leading to an alarming drop in aquifer levels . </Li> <Li> A third of all food that is produced rots due to inefficient supply chains and the use of the `` Walmart model '' to improve efficiency is blocked by laws against foreign investment in the retail sector . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Farmer suicides ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Farmers ' suicides in India <P> In 2012 , the National Crime Records Bureau of India reported 13,754 farmer suicides . Farmer suicides account for 11.2 % of all suicides in India . Activists and scholars have offered a number of conflicting reasons for farmer suicides , such as monsoon failure , high debt burdens , genetically modified crops , government policies , public mental health , personal issues and family problems . </P> <H3> Diversion of agricultural land for non agricultural purpose ( edit ) </H3> <P> Indian National Policy for Farmers of 2007 stated that `` prime farmland must be conserved for agriculture except under exceptional circumstances , provided that the agencies that are provided with agricultural land for non-agricultural projects should compensate for treatment and full development of equivalent degraded or wastelands elsewhere '' . The policy suggested that , as far as possible , land with low farming yields or that was not farmable should be earmarked for non-agricultural purposes such as construction , industrial parks and other commercial development . </P> <P> Amartya Sen offered a counter viewpoint , stating that `` prohibiting the use of agricultural land for commercial and industrial development is ultimately self - defeating . '' He stated that agricultural land may be better suited for non-agriculture purposes if industrial production could generate many times more than the value of the product produced by agriculture . Sen suggested India needed to bring productive industry everywhere , wherever there are advantages of production , market needs and the locational preferences of managers , engineers , technical experts as well as unskilled labour because of education , healthcare and other infrastructure . He stated that instead of government controlling land allocation based on soil characteristics , the market economy should determine productive allocation of land . </P> <H2> Initiatives ( edit ) </H2> Viticulture farms in Maharashtra . Coffee farms in Tamil Nadu . <P> The required level of investment for the development of marketing , storage and cold storage infrastructure is estimated to be huge . The government has not been able to implement schemes to raise investment in marketing infrastructure . Among these schemes are ' Construction of Rural Godowns ' , ' Market Research and Information Network ' , and ' Development / Strengthening of Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure , Grading and Standardisation ' . </P> <P> The Indian Council of Agricultural Research ( ICAR ) , established in 1905 , was responsible for the search leading to the `` Indian Green Revolution '' of the 1970s . The ICAR is the apex body in agriculture and related allied fields , including research and education . The Union Minister of Agriculture is the president of the ICAR . The Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute develops new techniques for the design of agricultural experiments , analyses data in agriculture , and specialises in statistical techniques for animal and plant breeding . </P> <P> Recently the government of India has set up the Farmers Commission to completely evaluate the agriculture programme . Its recommendations have had a mixed reception . </P> <P> In November 2011 , India announced major reforms in organised retail . These reforms would include logistics and retail of agricultural produce . The announcement led to major political controversy . The reforms were placed on hold by the government in December 2011 . </P> <P> In the summer of 2012 , the subsidised electricity for pumping , which has caused an alarming drop in aquifer levels , put additional strain on the country 's electrical grid due to a 19 % drop in monsoon rains and may have contributed to a blackout across much of the country . In response the state of Bihar offered farmers over $100 million in subsidised diesel to operate their pumps . </P> <P> In 2015 , Narendra Modi announced to double farmer 's income by 2022 . </P> <P> Startups with niche technology and new business models are working to solve problems in Indian agriculture and its marketing . Kandawale is one of such e-commerce website which sells Indian Red Onions to bulk users direct from farmers , reducing unnecessary cost escalations . </P> <H2> Maps ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> Minor crop Areas in India : P pulses , S sugarcane , J jute , Cn coconut , C cotton , and T tea </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Natural vegetation zones in India </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Agriculture and Agronomy portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Animal husbandry in India </Li> <Li> Beekeeping in India </Li> <Li> Rice production in India </Li> <Li> Retailing in India </Li> <Li> Farming Systems in India </Li> <Li> Fishing in India </Li> <Li> Women in agriculture in India </Li> <Li> Forestry in India </Li> <Li> Rural roads and infrastructure in India </Li> <Li> Irrigation in India </Li> <Li> Biotechnology in India </Li> <Li> eFarming by myKheti in India </Li> </Ul> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> George A. Grierson ( 1885 ) . Bihar Peasant Life . Bengal Secretariat Press , Calcutta . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=pU6dCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Agriculture 's share in GDP declines to 13.7 % in 2012 - 13 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CIA Factbook : India '' . CIA Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from the original on 11 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff , India Brand Equity Foundation Agriculture and Food in India Accessed 7 May 2013 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : India 's Agricultural Exports Climb to Record High , United States Department of Agriculture ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.ibef.org/exports/agriculture-and-food-industry-india.aspx </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.agriexam.com/?m=1 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` FAOSTAT , 2010 data '' . Faostat.fao.org . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Livestock and Poultry : World Markets & Trade '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture . October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sengupta , Somini ( 22 June 2008 ) . `` The Food Chain in Fertile India , Growth Outstrips Agriculture '' . New York Times . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Rapid growth of select Asian economies '' . Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations . 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` India Country Overview 2011 '' . World Bank . 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` India Allows Wheat Exports for the First Time in Four Years '' . Bloomberg L.P. 8 September 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fish and Rice in the Japanese Diet '' . Japan Review . 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The state of world fisheries and aquaculture , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FAO of the United Nations . 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Export of marine products from India ( see statistics section ) '' . Central Institute of Fisheries Technology , India . 2008 . 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Sweetness and Power : The Place of Sugar in Modern History . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 009233 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Indian indentured labourers '' . The National Archives , Government of the United Kingdom . 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Forced Labour '' . The National Archives , Government of the United Kingdom . 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ K Laurence ( 1994 ) . A Question of Labour : Indentured Immigration Into Trinidad & British Guiana , 1875 - 1917 . St Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 12172 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` St. Lucia 's Indian Arrival Day '' . Caribbean Repeating Islands . 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walton Lai ( 1993 ) . Indentured labor , Caribbean sugar : Chinese and Indian migrants to the British West Indies , 1838 - 1918 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 7746 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steven Vertovik ( Robin Cohen , ed . ) ( 1995 ) . The Cambridge survey of world migration . pp. 57 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 44405 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Government of Punjab ( 2004 ) . Human Development Report 2004 , Punjab ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Section : `` The Green Revolution '' , pp. 17 -- 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brief history of wheat improvement in India '' . Directorate of Wheat Research , ICAR India . 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sikkim to become a completely organic state by 2015 '' . The Hindu . 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sikkim makes an organic shift '' . Times of India . 7 May 2010 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sikkim ' livelihood schools ' to promote organic farming '' . Hindu Business Line . 6 August 2010 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sikkim races on organic route '' . Telegraph India . 12 December 2011 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/state-to-switch-fully-to-organic-farming-by-2016-mohanan/article6517859.ece </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/CM-Will-Get-Total-Organic-Farming-State-Tag-by-2016/2014/11/07/article2511534.ece </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ S. Siebert et al. ( 2010 ) , Groundwater use for irrigation -- a global inventory , Hydrol . Earth Syst . Sci. , 14 , pp. 1863 -- 1880 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Global map of irrigated areas : India FAO - United Nations and Bonn University , Germany ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Agricultural irrigated land ( % of total agricultural land ) The World Bank ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Economic Times : How to solve the problems of India 's rain - dependent agricultural land </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Water Development Agency Ministry of Water Resources , Govt of India ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` India : Basic Information '' . 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For definition with list of botanical species covered under each classification , consult FAOSTAT of the United Nations ; Link : http://faostat.fao.org/site/384/default.aspx </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Data checks suggest there is difference between FAO 's statistics office and Reserve Bank of India estimates ; these differences are small and may be because of the fiscal year start months . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ L.P. Yuan ( 2010 ) . `` A Scientist 's Perspective on Experience with SRI in CHINA for Raising the Yields of Super Hybrid Rice '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 November 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Indian farmer sets new world record in rice yield '' . The Philippine Star . 18 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Grassroots heroes lead Bihar 's rural revolution '' . India Today . 10 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` System of Rice Intensification '' . 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'' CNN , 21 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : National Crime Reports Bureau , ADSI Report Annual -- 2012 Archived 10 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Government of India , Page 242 , Table 2.11 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nagraj , K. ( 2008 ) . `` Farmers suicide in India : magnitudes , trends and spatial patterns '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gruère , G. & Sengupta , D. ( 2011 ) , Bt cotton and farmer suicides in India : an evidence - based assessment , The Journal of Development Studies , 47 ( 2 ) , 316 -- 337 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schurman , R. ( 2013 ) , Shadow space : suicides and the predicament of rural India , Journal of Peasant Studies , 40 ( 3 ) , 597 -- 601 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Das , A. ( 2011 ) , Farmers ' suicide in India : implications for public mental health , International Journal of Social Psychiatry , 57 ( 1 ) , 21 -- 29 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : National Policy for Farmers , 2007 Archived 24 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Telegraph . July 23 , 2007 ' Prohibiting the use of agricultural land for industries is ultimately self - defeating ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Agriculture marketing india.gov Retrieved on February 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Objectives Archived 24 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Indian agricultural research institute , Retrieved on December 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Farmers Commission </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Drought fears loom in India as monsoon stalls . '' al Jazeera , 5 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PM Modi : Target to double farmers ' income by 2022 '' , The Indian Express , 28 February 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia 's startup ecosystem '' . www.techinasia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 04 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Sharma , Shalendra D. ( 1999 ) , Development and Democracy in India , Lynne Rienner Publishers , pp. 125 -- , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55587 - 810 - 8 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agriculture in India . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Agarwal , Ankit ( 2011 ) , `` Theory of Optimum Utilisation of Resources in agriculture during the Gupta Period '' , History Today 12 , New Delhi , ISSN 2249 - 748X . </Li> <Li> State of Indian Agriculture 2011 - 12 . New Delhi : Government of India , Ministry of Agriculture , Department of Agriculture and Cooperation , March 2012 </Li> <Li> Indian Agriculture . U.S. Library of Congress . </Li> <Li> Government of India , Ministry of Agriculture , Department of Agriculture & Cooperation website </Li> <Li> Indian Council for Agricultural Research Home Page . </Li> <Li> Website of The Indian Farmers Association </Li> <Li> Commodity Research , Food and Agribusiness , Commodity News and Analysis ( in English ) ( based in India ) </Li> <Li> Agriculture Commodity Market News - Agri Commodity News , Rates , Daily Trading Prices , The Trade News Agency NNS - Daily commodity prices of Agricultural and Agri based Commodities from different Markets of India . Indian Agriculture Industry business - to - business ( b2b ) News and Directory ( in English ) ( based in India ) </Li> <Li> Principal crops of India and problems with Indian agriculture A collection of statistics ( from India Statistical Report , 2011 ) along with sections of this Wikipedia article and YouTube videos . </Li> <Li> Brighter Green Policy Paper : Veg or NonVeg , India at a Crossroads A December 2011 policy paper analysing the forces behind the rising consumption and production of meat , eggs , and dairy products in India , and the effects on India 's people , environment , animals , and the global climate . </Li> <Li> `` India 's farmers start to mechanize amid a labor shortage , increasing productivity . - WSJ.com '' . Online.wsj.com . 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make a project report on agricultural crops grown in india

Hops - wikipedia <H1> Hops </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see hop ( disambiguation ) . Hop flower in a hop yard in the Hallertau , Germany Cross-section drawing of a hop <P> Hops are the flowers ( also called seed cones or strobiles ) of the hop plant Humulus lupulus . They are used primarily as a flavouring and stability agent in beer , to which they impart bitter , zesty , or citric flavours ; though they are also used for various purposes in other beverages and herbal medicine . The hop plant is a vigorous , climbing , herbaceous perennial , usually trained to grow up strings in a field called a hopfield , hop garden ( nomenclature in the South of England ) , or hop yard ( in the West Country and U.S. ) when grown commercially . Many different varieties of hops are grown by farmers around the world , with different types used for particular styles of beer . </P> <P> The first documented use of hops in beer is from the 9th century , though Hildegard of Bingen , 300 years later , is often cited as the earliest documented source . Before this period , brewers used a `` gruit '' , composed of a wide variety of bitter herbs and flowers , including dandelion , burdock root , marigold , horehound ( the old German name for horehound , Berghopfen , means `` mountain hops '' ) , ground ivy , and heather . Early documents include mention of a hop garden in the will of Charlemagne 's father , Pepin III . </P> <P> Hops are also used in brewing for their antibacterial effect over less desirable microorganisms and for purported benefits including balancing the sweetness of the malt with bitterness and a variety of flavours and aromas . Historically , traditional herb combinations for beers were believed to have been abandoned when beers made with hops were noticed to be less prone to spoilage . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 World production <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Cultivation and harvest </Li> <Li> 2.2 Migrant labor and social impact </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Chemical composition <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Alpha acids </Li> <Li> 3.2 Beta acids </Li> <Li> 3.3 Essential oils </Li> <Li> 3.4 Flavonoids </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Brewing </Li> <Li> 5 Varieties <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Breeding programs </Li> <Li> 5.2 Noble hops </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Other uses </Li> <Li> 7 Toxicity </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first documented hop cultivation was in 736 , in the Hallertau region of present - day Germany , although the first mention of the use of hops in brewing in that country was 1079 . However , in a will of Pepin the Short , the father of Charlemagne , hop gardens were left to the Cloister of Saint - Denis in 768 . Not until the 13th century did hops begin to start threatening the use of gruit for flavouring . Gruit was used when taxes were levied by the nobility on hops . Whichever was taxed made the brewer then quickly switch to the other . In Britain , hopped beer was first imported from Holland around 1400 , yet hops were condemned as late as 1519 as a `` wicked and pernicious weed '' . In 1471 , Norwich , England , banned use of the plant in the brewing of ale ( `` beer '' was the name for fermented malt liquors bittered with hops ; only in recent times are the words often used as synonyms ) . </P> <P> In Germany , using hops was also a religious and political choice in the early 16th century . There was no tax on hops to be paid on the Catholic church , unlike on gruit , for which the Protestant preferred hopped beer . </P> <P> Hops used in England were imported from France , Holland and Germany with import duty paid for those ; it was not until 1524 that hops were first grown in the southeast of England ( Kent ) when they were introduced as an agricultural crop by Dutch farmers . Therefore , in the hop industry there are many words which originally were Dutch words ( see oast house ) . Hops were then grown as far north as Aberdeen , near breweries for infrastructure convenience . </P> <P> According to Thomas Tusser 's 1557 Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry : </P> <P> `` The hop for his profit I thus do exalt , It strengtheneth drink and it flavoureth malt ; And being well - brewed long kept it will last , And drawing abide , if ye draw not too fast . '' </P> <P> In England there were many complaints over the quality of imported hops , the sacks of which were often contaminated by stalks , sand or straw to increase their weight . As a result , in 1603 , King James I approved an Act of Parliament banning the practice by which `` the Subjects of this Realm have been of late years abused &c. to the Value of £ 20,000 yearly , besides the Danger of their Healths '' . </P> <P> Hop cultivation was begun in the present - day United States in 1629 by English and Dutch farmers . Before prohibition , cultivation was mainly centred around New York , California , Oregon , and Washington state . Problems with powdery mildew and downy mildew devastated New York 's production by the 1920s , and California only produces hops on a small scale . </P> <P> Hop bars were used before modern machinery was invented to make the holes for the hop poles . </P> <H2> World production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Hops production is concentrated in moist temperate climates , with much of the world 's production occurring near the 48th parallel north . Hop plants prefer the same soils as potatoes and the leading potato - growing states in the United States are also major hops - producing areas ; however , not all potato - growing areas can produce good hops naturally : soils in the Maritime Provinces of Canada , for example , lack the boron that hops prefer . Historically , hops were not grown in Ireland , but were imported from England . In 1752 more than 500 tons of English hops were imported through Dublin alone . </P> <P> Important production centres today are the Hallertau in Germany ( more hop - growing area than any other country as of 2006 ) , the Yakima ( Washington ) and Willamette ( Oregon ) valleys , and western Canyon County , Idaho ( including the communities of Parma , Wilder , Greenleaf , and Notus ) . The principal production centres in the UK are in Kent ( which produces Kent Goldings hops ) , Herefordshire , and Worcestershire . Essentially all of the harvested hops are used in beer making . </P> Early season hop growth in a hop yard in the Yakima River Valley of Washington with Mount Adams in the distance <Table> <Tr> <Th> Hop producing country </Th> <Th> 2012 hop output in tonnes ( t ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 34,434 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 27,782 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 11,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> 4,338 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> 2,206 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Korea </Td> <Td> 2,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Albania </Td> <Td> 1,650 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> 1,650 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> 1,338 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Cultivation and harvest ( edit ) </H3> A superstructure of overhead wires supports strings that in turn support bines <P> Although hops are grown in most of the continental United States and Canada , cultivation of hops for commercial production requires a particular environment . As hops are a climbing plant , they are trained to grow up trellises made from strings or wires that support the plants and allow them significantly greater growth with the same sunlight profile . In this way , energy that would have been required to build structural cells is also freed for crop growth . </P> <P> The hop plant 's reproduction method is that male and female flowers develop on separate plants , although occasionally a fertile individual will develop which contains both male and female flowers . Because pollinated seeds are undesirable for brewing beer , only female plants are grown in hop fields , thus preventing pollination . Female plants are propagated vegetatively , and male plants are culled if plants are grown from seeds . </P> <P> Hop plants are planted in rows about 2 to 2.5 metres ( 7 to 8 ft ) apart . Each spring , the roots send forth new bines that are started up strings from the ground to an overhead trellis . The cones grow high on the bine , and in the past , these cones were picked by hand . Harvesting of hops became much more efficient with the invention of the mechanical hops separator , patented by Emil Clemens Horst in 1909 . </P> <P> Harvest comes near the end of summer when the bines are pulled down and the flowers are taken to a hop house or oast house for drying . Hop houses are two - story buildings , of which the upper story has a slatted floor covered with burlap . Here the flowers are poured out and raked even . A heating unit on the lower floor is used to dry the hops . When dry , the hops are moved to a press , a sturdy box with a plunger . Two long pieces of burlap are laid into the hop press at right angles , the hops are poured in and compressed into bales . </P> <P> Hop cones contain different oils , such as lupulin , a yellowish , waxy substance , an oleoresin , that imparts flavour and aroma to beer . Lupulin contains lupulone and humulone , which possess antibiotic properties , suppressing bacterial growth favoring brewer 's yeast to grow . After lupulin has been extracted in the brewing process the papery cones are discarded . </P> <H3> Migrant labor and social impact ( edit ) </H3> Hops harvest in the Kingdom of Bohemia ( 1898 ) Hops harvest in Skåne , Sweden in 1937 <P> The need for massed labor at harvest time meant hop - growing had a big social impact . Around the world , the labor - intensive harvesting work involved large numbers of migrant workers who would travel for the annual hop harvest . Whole families would partake and live in hoppers ' huts , with even the smallest children helping in the fields . The final chapters of W. Somerset Maugham 's Of Human Bondage and a large part of George Orwell 's A Clergyman 's Daughter contain a vivid description of London families participating in this annual hops harvest . In England , many of those picking hops in Kent were from eastern areas of London . This provided a break from urban conditions that was spent in the countryside . People also came from Birmingham and other Midlands cities to pick hops in the Malvern area of Worcestershire . Some photographs have been preserved . </P> <P> Particularly in Kent , because of a shortage of small - denomination coin of the realm , many growers issued their own currency to those doing the labor . In some cases , the coins issued were adorned with fanciful hops images , making them quite beautiful . </P> <P> In the US , Prohibition had a major impact on hops productions , but remnants of this significant industry in West and Northwest US are still noticeable in the form of old hop kilns that survive throughout Sonoma County , among others . Florian Dauenhauer , of Santa Rosa in Sonoma County , became a manufacturer of hop - harvesting machines in 1940 , in part because of the hop industry 's importance to the county . This mechanization helped destroy the local industry by enabling large - scale mechanized production , which moved to larger farms in other areas . Dauenhauer Manufacturing remains a current producer of hop harvesting machines . </P> <H2> Chemical composition ( edit ) </H2> <P> In addition to water , cellulose , and various proteins , the chemical composition of hops consists of compounds important for imparting character to beer . </P> <H3> Alpha acids ( edit ) </H3> Isomerization scheme of humulone <P> Probably the most important chemical compound within hops are the alpha acids or humulones . During wort boiling , the humulones are thermally isomerized into iso - alpha acids or isohumulones , which are responsible for the bitter taste of beer . </P> <H3> Beta acids ( edit ) </H3> Structure of lupulone ( beta acid ) <P> Hops contain beta acids or lupulones sensitive to oxidative decomposition which may be detrimental to the taste of beer . For this reason , beta acids are considered a negative factor in brewing and many brewers usually choose hops with a low beta acid content . </P> <H3> Essential oils ( edit ) </H3> <P> The main components of hops essential oils are terpene hydrocarbons consisting of myrcene , humulene and caryophyllene . Myrcene is responsible for the pungent smell of fresh hops . Humulene and its oxidative reaction products may give beer its prominent hop aroma . Together , myrcene , humulene , and caryophyllene represent 80 to 90 % of the total hops essential oil . </P> <H3> Flavonoids ( edit ) </H3> Chemical structure of 8 - prenylnaringenin <P> Xanthohumol is the principal flavonoid in hops . The other well - studied prenylflavonoids are 8 - prenylnaringenin and isoxanthohumol . Xanthohumol is under basic research for its potential properties , while 8 - prenylnaringenin is a potent phytoestrogen . </P> <H2> Brewing ( edit ) </H2> Hops are used for beer brewing . The sample at the brewery Moscow Brewing Company . <P> Hops are usually dried in an oast house before they are used in the brewing process . Undried or `` wet '' hops are sometimes ( since ca. 1990 ) used . </P> <P> The wort ( sugar - rich liquid produced from malt ) is boiled with hops before it is cooled down and yeast is added , to start fermentation . </P> <P> The effect of hops on the finished beer varies by type and use , though there are two main hop types : bittering and aroma . Bittering hops have higher concentrations of alpha acids , and are responsible for the large majority of the bitter flavour of a beer . European ( so - called `` noble '' ) hops typically average 5 -- 9 % alpha acids by weight ( AABW ) , and the newer American cultivars typically range from 8 -- 19 % AABW . Aroma hops usually have a lower concentration of alpha acids ( ~ 5 % ) and are the primary contributors of hop aroma and ( nonbitter ) flavour . Bittering hops are boiled for a longer period of time , typically 60 -- 90 minutes , to maximize the isomerization of the alpha acids . They often have inferior aromatic properties , as the aromatic compounds evaporate off during the boil . </P> <P> The degree of bitterness imparted by hops depends on the degree to which alpha acids are isomerized during the boil , and the impact of a given amount of hops is specified in International Bitterness Units . Unboiled hops are only mildly bitter . On the other hand , the nonbitter flavour and aroma of hops come from the essential oils , which evaporate during the boil . </P> <P> Aroma hops are typically added to the wort later to prevent the evaporation of the essential oils , to impart `` hop taste '' ( if during the final 30 minutes of boil ) or `` hop aroma '' ( if during the final 10 minutes , or less , of boil ) . Aroma hops are often added after the wort has cooled and while the beer ferments , a technique known as `` dry hopping '' , which contributes to the hop aroma . Farnesene is a major component in some hops . The composition of hop essential oils can differ between varieties and between years in the same variety , having a significant influence on flavour and aroma . </P> <P> Today , a substantial amount of `` dual - use '' hops are used , as well . These have high concentrations of alpha acids and good aromatic properties . These can be added to the boil at any time , depending on the desired effect . Hop acids also contribute to and stabilize the foam qualities of beer . </P> <P> Flavours and aromas are described appreciatively using terms which include `` grassy '' , `` floral '' , `` citrus '' , `` spicy '' , `` piney '' , `` lemony '' , `` grapefruit '' , and `` earthy '' . Many pale lagers have fairly low hop influence , while lagers marketed as Pilsener or brewed in the Czech Republic may have noticeable noble hop aroma . Certain ales ( particularly the highly hopped style known as India Pale Ale , or IPA ) can have high levels of hop bitterness . </P> <P> Brewers may use software tools to control the bittering levels in the boil and adjust recipes to account for a change in the hop bill or seasonal variations in the crop that may lead to the need to compensate for a difference in alpha acid contribution . Data may be shared with other brewers via BeerXML allowing the reproduction of a recipe allowing for differences in hop availability . </P> <H2> Varieties ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of hop varieties <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Breeding programs ( edit ) </H3> <P> There are many different varieties of hops used in brewing today . Historically , hops varieties were identified by geography ( such as Hallertau , Spalt , and Tettnang from Germany ) , by the farmer who is recognized as first cultivating them ( such as Goldings or Fuggles from England ) , or by their growing habit ( e.g. , Oregon Cluster ) . </P> <P> Around 1900 , a number of institutions began to experiment with breeding specific hop varieties . The breeding program at Wye College in Wye , Kent was started in 1904 and rose to prominence through the work of Prof. E.S. Salmon . Salmon released Brewer 's Gold and Brewer 's Favorite for commercial cultivation in 1934 , and went on to release more than two dozen new cultivars before his death in 1959 . Brewer 's Gold has become the ancestor of the bulk of new hop releases around the world since its release . </P> <P> Wye College continued its breeding program and again received attention in the 1970s , when Dr. Ray A. Neve released Wye Target , Wye Challenger , Wye Northdown , Wye Saxon and Wye Yeoman . More recently , Wye College and its successor institution Wye Hops Ltd. , have focused on breeding the first dwarf hop varieties , which are easier to pick by machine and far more economical to grow . Wye College have also been responsible for breeding hop varieties that will grow with only 12 hours of daily light for the South African hop farmers . Wye College was closed in 2009 but the legacy of their hop breeding programs , particularly that of the dwarf varieties , is continuing as already the U.S.A. private and public breeding programs are using their stock material . </P> <P> Particular hop varieties are associated with beer regions and styles , for example pale lagers are usually brewed with European ( often German , Polish or Czech ) noble hop varieties such as Saaz , Hallertau and Strissel Spalt . British ales use hop varieties such as Fuggles , Goldings and W.G.V. North American beers often use Cascade hops , Columbus hops , Centennial hops , Willamette , Amarillo hops and about forty more varieties as the U.S.A. have lately been the more significant breeders of new hop varieties , including dwarf hop varieties . </P> <P> Hops from New Zealand , such as Pacific Gem , Motueka and Nelson Sauvin , are used in a `` Pacific Pale Ale '' style of beer with increasing production in 2014 . </P> <H3> Noble hops ( edit ) </H3> Mature hops growing in a hop yard in Germany <P> The term `` noble hops '' traditionally refers to varieties of hops which are low in bitterness and high in aroma . They are the European cultivars or races Hallertau , Tettnanger , Spalt , and Saaz . </P> <P> Their low relative bitterness but strong aroma are often distinguishing characteristics of European - style lagers , such as Pilsener , Dunkel , and Oktoberfest / Märzen . In beer , they are considered aroma hops ( as opposed to bittering hops ) ; see Pilsner Urquell as a classic example of the Bohemian Pilsener style , which showcases noble hops . </P> <P> As with grapes , the location where hops are grown affects the hops ' characteristics . Much as Dortmunder beer may within the EU be labelled `` Dortmunder '' only if it has been brewed in Dortmund , noble hops may officially be considered `` noble '' only if they were grown in the areas for which the hop varieties ( races ) were named . </P> <Ul> <Li> Hallertau or Hallertauer -- The original German lager hop ; named after Hallertau or Holledau region in central Bavaria . Due to susceptibility to crop disease , it was largely replaced by Hersbrucker in the 1970s and 1980s . ( Alpha acid 3.5 -- 5.5 % / beta acid 3 -- 4 % ) </Li> <Li> Žatec ( Saaz ) -- Noble hop , named after Žatec town , used extensively in Bohemia to flavour pale Czech lagers such as Pilsner Urquell . Soft aroma and bitterness . ( Alpha acid 3 -- 4.5 % / Beta acid 3 -- 4.5 % ) </Li> <Li> Spalt -- Traditional German noble hop from the Spalter region south of Nuremberg . With a delicate , spicy aroma . ( Alpha acid 4 -- 5 % / beta acid 4 -- 5 % ) </Li> <Li> Tettnang -- Comes from Tettnang , a small town in southern Baden - Württemberg in Germany . The region produces significant quantities of hops , and ships them to breweries throughout the world . Noble German dual - use hop used in European pale lagers , sometimes with Hallertau . Soft bitterness . ( Alpha acid 3.5 -- 5.5 % / beta acid 3.5 -- 5.5 % ) </Li> </Ul> <P> English noble varieties are Fuggle , East Kent Goldings and Goldings . They are characterized through analysis as having an alpha : beta ratio of 1 : 1 , low alpha - acid levels ( 2 -- 5 % ) with a low cohumulone content , low myrcene in the hop oil , high humulene in the oil , a ratio of humulene : caryophyllene above three , and poor storability resulting in them being more prone to oxidation . In reality , this means they have a relatively consistent bittering potential as they age , due to beta - acid oxidation , and a flavour that improves as they age during periods of poor storage . </P> <H2> Other Uses ( edit ) </H2> 2 - methyl - 3 - buten - 2 - ol <P> In addition to beer , hops are used in herbal teas and in soft drinks . These soft drinks include Julmust ( a carbonated beverage similar to soda that is popular in Sweden during December ) , Malta ( a Latin American soft drink ) and kvass . Hops can be eaten , the young shoots of the bine are edible and can be cooked similar to asparagus . </P> <P> Hops may be used in herbal medicine in a way similar to valerian , as a treatment for anxiety , restlessness , and insomnia . A pillow filled with hops is a popular folk remedy for sleeplessness , and animal research has shown a sedative effect . The relaxing effect of hops may be due , in part , to the specific degradation product from alpha acids , 2 - methyl - 3 - buten - 2 - ol , as demonstrated from nighttime consumption of non-alcoholic beer . 2 - methyl - 3 - buten - 2 - ol is structurally similar to tert - amyl alcohol which was historically used as an anesthetic . Hops tend to be unstable when exposed to light or air and lose their potency after a few months ' storage . </P> <P> Hops are of interest for hormone replacement therapy and are under basic research for potential relief of menstruation - related problems . </P> <P> In preliminary veterinary research , hops compounds are under study for potential activity against pasture - associated laminitis in horses . </P> <H2> Toxicity ( edit ) </H2> <P> Dermatitis sometimes results from harvesting hops . Although few cases require medical treatment , an estimated 3 % of the workers suffer some type of skin lesions on the face , hands , and legs . Hops are toxic to dogs . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Beer portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Gruit , an old - fashioned herb mixture used for bittering and flavouring beer , popular before the extensive use of hops </Li> <Li> Mugwort , a herb historically used as a bitter in beer production </Li> <Li> Oast house , a building designed for drying hops </Li> <Li> Rhamnus prinoides , a plant whose leaves are used in the Ethiopian variety of mead called tej </Li> <Li> Humulus lupulus , the hop plant </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` University of Minnesota Libraries : The Transfer of Knowledge . Hops - ' ' Humulus lupulus ' ' '' . Lib.umn.edu. 2008 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schönberger C , Kostelecky T ( 16 May 2012 ) . `` 125th Anniversary Review : The Role of Hops in Brewing '' . Journal of the Institute of Brewing ( Wiley Online Library ) . 117 ( 3 ) . 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Retrieved 20 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Palmer ( 2006 ) . How to Brew . Boulder , CO : Brewers Publications . pp. 41 -- 44 . ISBN 0 - 937381 - 88 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hough JS , Briggs DE , Stevens R , Young TW ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) . Malting and Brewing Science : Volume II Hopped Wort and Beer . Springer . pp. 867 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4615 - 1799 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brewery History : 121 , pp. 94 - 112 '' . www.breweryhistory.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Capper , Allison ; Darby , Peter ( 24 March 2014 ) . `` What makes British Hops Unique in the world of Hop Growing ? '' ( PDF ) . British Hop Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 July 2014 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of Hops '' . British Hop Association . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` On Trade Preview 2014 '' ( PDF ) . www.ontrade.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hop growers union of the Czech Republic '' . Czhops.cz . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hop Chemistry : Homebrew Science '' . Byo.com. 2000 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 9 Perennial Vegetables You Can Plant Once , Harvest Forever ... And Never Worry About Again '' . 8 March 2017 . torageprepper.com . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alexi Duggins ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` ' It 's like eating a hedgerow ' : why do hop shoots cost € 1,000 a kilo ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plants for a Future : Humulus lupulus Plants for a Future . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Franco L , Sánchez C , Bravo R , Rodriguez A , Barriga C , Juánez JC ( 2012 ) . `` The sedative effects of hops ( Humulus lupulus ) , a component of beer , on the activity / rest rhythm '' . Acta Physiol Hung. 99 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 9 . doi : 10.1556 / APhysiol. 99.2012. 2.6 . PMID 22849837 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Franco L , Sánchez C , Bravo R , Rodríguez AB , Barriga C , Romero E , Cubero J ( 2012 ) . `` The sedative effect of non-alcoholic beer in healthy female nurses '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 7 ) : e37290 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0037290 . PMC 3399866 . PMID 22815680 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keiler AM , Zierau O , Kretzschmar G ( 2013 ) . `` Hop extracts and hop substances in treatment of menopausal complaints '' . Planta Med. 79 ( 7 ) : 576 -- 9 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 0032 - 1328330 . PMID 23512496 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beer Breakthrough : Hops May Prevent Pasture - Associated Laminitis '' . Horse Collaborative. 1 August 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Purdue University : Center for New Crops and Plant Products . ' ' Humulus lupulus ' ' L '' . Hort.purdue.edu. 1998 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Animal Poison Control Center . Hops '' . ASPCA . 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where do they grow hops in the us

Passengers of the RMS Titanic - wikipedia <H1> Passengers of the RMS Titanic </H1> Jump to : navigation , search RMS Titanic <P> The passengers of the RMS Titanic were among the estimated 2,344 people who sailed on the maiden voyage of the second of the White Star Line 's Olympic class ocean liners , from Southampton , England to New York City , New York , US . Partway through the voyage , the ship struck an iceberg and sank in the early morning of 15 April 1912 , resulting in the deaths of over 1,500 people , including approximately 815 of the passengers . </P> <P> The Titanic 's passengers were divided into three separate classes , determined not only by the price of their ticket but by wealth and social class : those travelling in first class , most of them the wealthiest passengers on board , included prominent members of the upper class , businessmen , politicians , high - ranking military personnel , industrialists , bankers , entertainers , socialites , and professional athletes . Second class passengers were middle class travellers and included professors , authors , clergymen , and tourists . Third class or steerage passengers were primarily emigrants moving to the United States and Canada . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Passengers <Ul> <Li> 1.1 First class </Li> <Li> 1.2 Second class </Li> <Li> 1.3 Third class </Li> <Li> 1.4 Ticket - holders who did not sail </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Passengers by ethnicity <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Levantine passengers </Li> <Li> 2.2 Chinese passengers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Survivors and victims </Li> <Li> 4 Passenger list <Ul> <Li> 4.1 First class </Li> <Li> 4.2 Second class </Li> <Li> 4.3 Third class </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Cross-channel passengers </Li> <Li> 6 First passenger survivors to die </Li> <Li> 7 Last passenger survivors to die </Li> <Li> 8 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Passengers ( edit ) </H2> <P> Titanic 's passengers numbered approximately 1,317 people : 324 in First Class , 284 in Second Class , and 709 in Third Class . Of these , 869 ( 66 % ) were male and 447 ( 34 % ) female . There were 107 children aboard , the largest number of which were in Third Class . The ship was considerably under capacity on her maiden voyage , as she could accommodate 2,453 passengers -- 833 First Class , 614 Second Class , and 1,006 Third Class . </P> <H3> First class ( edit ) </H3> Georgette Madill , first class passenger <P> The Titanic 's first - class list was a `` who 's who '' of the rich and prominent of the upper class in 1912 . A single - person berth in first class cost between £ 30 ( equivalent to £ 2,700 in 2016 ) , to £ 870 ( equivalent to £ 79,000 in 2016 ) for a parlour suite and small private promenade deck . First class passengers enjoyed a number of amenities , including a gymnasium , a squash court , a salt water swimming pool , electric and Turkish baths , a barbershop , kennels for first class dogs , elevators , and both open and enclosed promenades . First class passengers also traveled accompanied by personal staff -- valets , maids , nurses and governesses for the children , chauffeurs and cooks . </P> <P> Members of the British aristocracy made the trip : The Countess of Rothes , wife of the 19th Earl of Rothes , embarked at Southampton with her parents , Thomas and Clementina Dyer - Edwardes , and cousin Gladys Cherry . Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon , 5th Baronet of Halkin , and his wife , Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon were on board as well . Sir Cosmo was a wealthy Scottish landowner and Olympic fencing medalist , while Lady Duff - Gordon , known professionally as Lucile , was a leading fashion designer who served a wealthy and exclusive clientele including the British Royal Family . Colonel Archibald Gracie IV , a real estate investor , member of the wealthy Scottish - American Gracie family , embarked at Southampton . The Cavendishes of London were among other prominent British couples on board as well . Lord Pirrie , chairman of Harland and Wolff intended to travel aboard the Titanic , but illness prevented him from joining the ill - fated voyage ; however White Star Line 's Managing Director J. Bruce Ismay and the ship 's Harland and Wolff designer , Thomas Andrews , were both on board to oversee the ship 's progress on her maiden voyage . </P> American socialite Margaret Brown <P> Some of the most prominent members of the American social elite made the trip : real estate builder , businessman , and multimillionaire Colonel John Jacob Astor IV and his 18 - year - old pregnant wife Madeleine were returning to the United States for their child 's birth . Astor was the wealthiest passenger aboard the ship and one of the richest men in the world ; his great - grandfather John Jacob Astor was the first multimillionaire in America . Among others were industrialist magnate and millionaire Benjamin Guggenheim ; Macy 's department store owner and former member of the United States House of Representatives , Isidor Straus and his wife Ida ; George Dennick Wick , founder and president of Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company ; millionaire streetcar magnate George Dunton Widener ; vice president of Pennsylvania Railroad , John Thayer and his wife Marian ; Charles Hays , president of Canada 's Grand Trunk Railway ; William Ernest Carter and his wife , American social elite Lucile Carter ; millionaire , philanthropist and women 's rights activist Margaret Brown ; tennis star and banker Karl Behr ; famous American silent film actress Dorothy Gibson ; prominent Buffalo architect Edward Austin Kent ; and President William Howard Taft 's military aide , Major Archibald Butt , who was returning to resume his duties after a six - week trip to Europe . Swedish first class passenger and businessman Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson , owned the most highly valued single object on board ; a masterpiece of French neoclassical painting entitled La Circassienne au Bain , for which he would later claim US $100,000 in compensation ( equivalent to US $2.5 million in 2017 ) . </P> <P> White Star financier J.P. Morgan and Milton S. Hershey , founder of Hershey 's chocolate , made plans to sail aboard the ship 's maiden voyage but cancelled at the last minute . </P> <H3> Second class ( edit ) </H3> The Titanic 's musicians , led by Wallace Hartley , were employed as crew , but given second class accommodations . <P> Second class ' passengers were leisure tourists , academics , members of the clergy and middle class English and American families . The ship 's musicians travelled in second class accommodations ; they were not counted as members of the crew but were employed by an agency under contract to the White Star Line . The average ticket price for an adult second class passenger was £ 13 , the equivalent of £ 1,123 today . and for many of these passengers , their travel experience on the Titanic was akin to travelling first class on smaller liners . Second class passengers had their own library and the men had access to a private smoking room . Second class children could read the children 's books provided in the library or play deck quoits and shuffleboard on the second class promenade . Twelve - year - old Ruth Becker passed the time by pushing her two - year - old brother Richard around the enclosed promenade in a stroller provided by the White Star Line . </P> Michel , right , and Edmond Navratil , the `` Titanic Orphans '' <P> Two Roman Catholic priests on board , Father Thomas Byles and Father Joseph Peruschitz , celebrated Mass every day for second and third class passengers during the voyage . Father Byles gave his homilies in English , Irish and French and Father Peruschitz gave his in German and Hungarian . </P> <P> On the ship there was also a Lithuanian priest , Father Juozas Montvila , who perished during the sinking . </P> <P> Rev. John Harper , a well - known Baptist pastor from Scotland , was travelling to America with his daughter and niece in order to preach at the Moody Church in Chicago . </P> <P> Schoolteacher Lawrence Beesley , a science master at Dulwich College , spent much of his time aboard the ship in the library . Two months after the sinking , he wrote and published The Loss of the SS Titanic , the first eyewitness account of the disaster . </P> <P> The Laroche family , father Joseph and daughters Simonne and Louise , were the only known passengers of black ancestry on board the ship . They , along with Joseph 's pregnant wife Juliette , were travelling to Joseph 's native island of Haiti . Joseph hoped that a move from their former home in Paris back to Haiti , where his uncle Cincinnatus Leconte was president , would take his family away from racial discrimination . </P> <P> Another French family travelling in second class was the Navratils , travelling under the assumed name Hoffman . Michel Navratil , a Slovak - born French tailor , had kidnapped his two young sons , Michel Jr. and Edmond from his estranged wife , assumed the name Louis M. Hoffman and boarded the ship in Southampton , intent on taking his children to the United States . Michel Sr. died in the sinking and photographs of the boys were circulated throughout the world in the hopes that their mother or another relative could identify the French toddlers , who became known as `` The Titanic Orphans . '' After arriving in New York , the children were cared for by Titanic survivor Margaret Hays until their mother , Marcelle Navratil travelled from Nice , France to claim them . </P> <H3> Third class ( edit ) </H3> A typical third class cabin <P> The third class passengers or steerage passengers left hoping to start new lives in the United States and Canada . Third class passengers paid £ 7 ( £ 777 today ) for their ticket , depending on their place of origin ; ticket prices often included the price of rail travel to the three departure ports . Tickets for children cost £ 3 ( £ 259 today ) . </P> <P> Third class passengers were a diverse group of nationalities and ethnic groups . In addition to large numbers of British , Irish , and Scandinavian immigrants , there were passengers from Central and Eastern Europe , the Middle East ( primarily Lebanon and Syria ) and Hong Kong . Some travelled alone or in small family groups . Several groups of mothers were travelling alone with their young children -- most going to join their husbands who had already gone to America to find jobs , and , having saved up enough money , could now send for their families . </P> The Goodwins and 5 of their 6 children : William , Frederick , Charles , Harold , Lillian , Augusta , Jessie The youngest Goodwin , Sidney <P> Among the larger third - class families were John and Annie Sage , who were immigrating to Jacksonville , Florida with their nine children , ranging in age from 4 to 20 years ; Anders and Alfrida Andersson of Sweden and their five children , who were travelling to Canada along with Alfrida 's younger sister Anna , husband Ernst and baby Gilbert ; and Frederick and Augusta Goodwin , who were moving with their six children to his new job at a power plant in New York . In 2007 , scientists using DNA analysis identified the body of a small fair - haired toddler , one of the first victims to be recovered by the CS Mackay Bennett , as Frederick 's youngest child , 19 - month - old Sidney . The Sages , Anderssons and Goodwins all perished in the sinking . </P> <P> The youngest passenger on board the ship , two - month - old Millvina Dean who , with her parents Bertram Sr. and Eva Dean and older brother Bertram , were emigrating from England to Kansas , died in 2009 . She was the last survivor of the Titanic disaster to die . </P> Bertram and Millvina Dean <P> In order to compete with rival shipping company Cunard , the White Star Line offered their steerage passengers modest luxuries , in the hopes that emigrants would write to relatives back home and encourage them to travel on White Star Line ships . Third class passengers had their own dining facilities , with chairs instead of benches , and meals prepared by the third class kitchen staff . On other liners , the steerage passengers would have been expected to bring their own food . Rather than dormitory - style sleeping areas , third class passengers had their own cabins . The single men and women were separated , women in the stern in two to six berth cabins , men in the bow in up to ten berth cabins , often shared with strangers . Each stateroom was fitted with wood panelling and beds with mattresses , blankets , pillows , electric lights , heat and a washbasin with running water , except for the bow cabins which did not have a private washbasin . Two public bathtubs were also provided , one for the men , the other for women . </P> <P> Passengers gathered in the third class common room where they could play chess or cards , or walk along the poop deck . Third class children played in the common room or explored the ship -- nine - year - old Frank Goldsmith recalled peering into the engine room and climbing up the baggage cranes on the poop deck . </P> <P> Ship 's regulations were designed to keep third class passengers confined to their area of the ship . The Titanic was fitted with grilles to prevent the classes from mingling and these gates were normally kept closed , although the stewards could open them in the event of an emergency . In the rush following the collision , the stewards , occupied with waking up sleeping passengers and leading groups of women and children to the boat deck , did not have time to open all the gates , leaving many of the confused third class passengers stuck below decks . </P> <H3> Ticket - holders who did not sail ( edit ) </H3> <P> Numerous notable and prominent people of the era , who held tickets for the westbound passage or were guests of those who held tickets , did not sail . Others were waiting in New York to board for the passage back to Plymouth , England , on the second leg of Titanic 's maiden voyage . Many unused tickets that survived , whether they were for the westbound passage or the return eastbound passage , have become quite valuable as Titanic - related artifacts . Among those who held tickets for a passage , but did not actually sail , include : Theodore Dreiser , Henry Clay Frick , Milton S. Hershey , Guglielmo Marconi , John Pierpont Morgan , Edgar Selwyn , and Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt ( who died in the sinking of the RMS Lusitania ) . </P> <H2> Passengers by ethnicity ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Levantine passengers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Several passengers on the Titanic had Levantine origins . At the time , many carried identification from the Ottoman Empire that stated they were from Greater Syria , which included what is today Palestine , Jordan , Lebanon , and Syria . Passengers from Lebanon , for instance , had hometown villages today located in Lebanon . </P> <P> According to Bakhos Assaf , mayor of Hardin , Lebanon , 93 passengers originated from what is today Lebanon , with 20 of them from Hardin , the highest number of any Lebanese location . Of the Hardin passengers , 11 adult men died , while eight women and children and one adult man survived . Kamal Seikaly , an individual quoted in an article from the Lebanese publication Daily Star , stated that according to a May 16 , 1912 issue of the Al - Khawater magazine stored in the American University of Beirut , of the 125 Lebanese aboard , 23 survived . The magazine states that 10 people from Kfar Meshki died on the Titanic . </P> <P> In 1997 , Ray Hanania , a Palestinian American journalist , watched the Titanic ( 1997 ) film and noticed some background characters saying yalla , meaning `` hurry '' in Arabic . This prompted him to research the issue and he discovered that Arab passengers were on board . In 1998 , he wrote a column about the Arabs on the RMS Titanic , `` Titanic : We Share the Pain But Not the Glory . '' According to Hanania 's analysis , there were 79 Arab passengers . According to Hanania , the task to `` identify precisely '' which passengers were Arab is difficult . Hanania stated that many were Christians because church sponsorship made it easier for Christians to get passage as opposed to Muslims . </P> <P> In the book Titanic : Men and Children First ( October 1998 ) , Judith Geller stated that `` officially were 154 Syrians on board the Titanic and 29 were saved : four men , five children and 20 women '' . </P> <H3> Chinese passengers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Eight passengers are listed on the passenger list with a home country of China , from the hometown of Hong Kong , with a destination of New York . Six of these persons survived the disaster . They were not permitted to enter the United States due to the Chinese Exclusion Act . </P> <H2> Survivors and victims ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Sinking of the RMS Titanic and Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic <P> On the night of 14 April 1912 at around 11 : 40 pm , while the RMS Titanic was sailing about 400 miles ( 640 km ) south of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland , the ship struck an iceberg and began to sink . Shortly before midnight , Captain Edward Smith ordered the ship 's lifeboats to be readied and a distress call was sent out . The closest ship to respond was Cunard Line 's Carpathia 58 miles ( 93 km ) away , which would arrive in an estimated four hours -- too late to rescue all of Titanic 's passengers . Forty - five minutes after the ship hit the iceberg , Captain Smith finally ordered the lifeboats to be loaded and lowered under the orders women and children first . </P> Titanic lifeboat D , awaiting rescue by the RMS Carpathia Titanic survivors on board the RMS Carpathia . <P> The first lifeboat launched was Lifeboat 7 on the starboard side with 28 people on board out of a capacity of 65 . It was lowered at around 12 : 45 am as believed by the British Inquiry . Collapsible Boat D was the last lifeboat to be launched , at 2 : 05 . Two more lifeboats , Collapsible Boats A and B , were in the process of being removed from their location on the roof of the officer 's house but could not be properly launched . Collapsible B floated away from the ship upside down , while Collapsible A became half - filled with water after the supports for its canvas sides were broken in the fall from the roof of the officers ' quarters . There were arguments in some of the lifeboats about going back to pick up people in the water , but many survivors were afraid of being swamped by people trying to climb into the lifeboat or being pulled down by the suction from the sinking Titanic , though it turned out that there had been very little suction . At 2 : 20 am , Titanic herself sank . A small number of passengers and crew were able to make their way to the two unlaunched collapsible boats , surviving for several hours ( some still clinging to the overturned Collapsible B) until they were rescued by Fifth Officer Harold Lowe . </P> The RMS Carpathia arriving at Pier 54 with Titanic survivors . <P> At 4 : 10 am , the RMS Carpathia arrived at the site of the sinking and began rescuing survivors . By 8 : 30 am , she picked up the last lifeboat with survivors and left the area at 08 : 50 bound for Pier 54 in New York City . Of the 711 passengers and crew rescued by the Carpathia , six , including first class passenger William F. Hoyt , either died in a lifeboat during the night or on board the Carpathia the next morning , and were buried at sea . </P> <P> In the days following the sinking , several ships sailed to the disaster area to recover victims ' bodies . The White Star Line chartered the cable ship Mackay - Bennett from Halifax , Nova Scotia to retrieve bodies . Three other ships followed in the search : the cable ship Minia , the lighthouse supply ship Montmagny and the sealing vessel Algerine . Each ship left with embalming supplies , undertakers , and clergy . Upon recovery , each body retrieved by the Mackay - Bennett was numbered and given as detailed a description as possible to help aid in identification . The physical appearance of each body -- height , weight , age , hair and eye colour , visible birthmarks , scars or tattoos , was catalogued and any personal effects on the bodies were gathered and placed in small canvas bags corresponding to their number . </P> A photo of the CS Mackay - Bennett , the first ship to arrive at the Titanic wreck site in search for bodies . <P> The ship found so many bodies that the embalming supplies aboard were quickly exhausted . Health regulations permitted that only embalmed bodies could be returned to port . Captain Larnder of the Mackay - Bennett and the undertakers aboard decided to preserve all bodies of First Class passengers because of the need to visually identify wealthy men to resolve any disputes over large estates . As a result , the majority of the burials at sea were third class passengers and crew . Larnder himself claimed that as a mariner , he would expect to be buried at sea . However complaints about the burials at sea were made by families and undertakers . Later ships such as Minia found fewer bodies , requiring fewer embalming supplies , and were able to limit burials at sea to bodies which were too damaged to preserve . </P> <P> Bodies recovered were preserved and taken to Halifax , Nova Scotia , the closest city to the sinking with direct rail and steamship connections . A large temporary morgue was set up in a curling rink and undertakers were called in from all across Eastern Canada to assist . Relatives from across North America came to identify and claim the bodies of their relatives . Some bodies were shipped to be buried in their home towns across North America and Europe . About two - thirds of the bodies were identified . Of the remaining 150 unclaimed bodies , 121 were taken to the non-denominational Fairview Lawn Cemetery ; 19 were buried in the Roman Catholic Mount Olivet Cemetery , and 10 were taken to the Jewish Baron de Hirsch Cemetery . Unidentified victims were buried with simple numbers based on the order in which their bodies were discovered . </P> <P> In mid-May 1912 , over 200 miles ( 320 km ) from the site of the sinking , RMS Oceanic recovered three bodies , numbers 331 , 332 and 333 , who were among the original occupants of Collapsible A , which was swamped in the last moments of the sinking . Although several people managed to reach this lifeboat , three died during the night . When Fifth Officer Harold Lowe and six crewmen returned to the wreck site after the sinking with an empty lifeboat to pick up survivors , they rescued surviving passengers from Collapsible A , but left the three dead bodies in the boat : Thomson Beattie , a first - class passenger , and two crew members , a fireman and a seaman . After their retrieval from Collapsible A by Oceanic , the bodies were buried at sea . </P> <H2> Passenger list ( edit ) </H2> Breakdown of casualties according to the British Board of Trade report ( click for detail ) <P> The following is a full list of known passengers who sailed on the maiden voyage of the RMS Titanic . </P> <P> Included in this list are the nine - member Guarantee Group and the eight members of the ship 's band , listed as both passengers and crew . They are also included in the list of crew members on board RMS Titanic . </P> <P> Passengers are colour - coded , indicating whether they were saved or perished . The passenger did not survive The passenger survived </P> <P> Survivors are listed with the lifeboat from which they were known to be rescued . Victims whose remains were recovered after the sinking are listed with a superscript next to the body number , indicating the recovery vessel : </P> <Ul> <Li> MB -- CS Mackay - Bennett ( bodies 1 -- 306 ) </Li> <Li> M -- CS Minia ( bodies 307 -- 323 ) </Li> <Li> MM -- CGS Montmagny ( bodies 326 -- 329 ) </Li> <Li> A -- SS Algerine ( body 330 ) </Li> <Li> O -- RMS Oceanic ( bodies 331 -- 333 ) </Li> <Li> I -- SS Ilford ( body 334 ) </Li> <Li> OT -- SS Ottawa ( body 335 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Numbers 324 and 325 were unused , and the six bodies buried at sea by the Carpathia also went unnumbered . </P> <H3> First class ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Age </Th> <Th> Hometown </Th> <Th> Boarded </Th> <Th> Destination </Th> <Th> Lifeboat </Th> <Th> Body </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Allen , Miss Elizabeth Walton </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> St. Louis , Missouri , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> St. Louis , Missouri , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Allison , Mr. Hudson Joshua Creighton </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 135 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and chauffeur , Mr. George Swane , </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 294 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and cook , Miss Amelia Mary `` Mildred '' Brown </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Allison , Mrs. Bessie Waldo ( née Daniels ) </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and maid , Miss Sarah Daniels </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Allison , Miss Helen Loraine </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Allison , Master Hudson Trevor </Td> <Td> 0.11 ! 11 mo . </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and nurse , Miss Alice Catherine Cleaver </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anderson , Mr. Harry </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> New York City , New York , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrews , Miss Kornelia Theodosia </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> Hudson , New York , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Hudson , New York , US </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrews , Mr. Thomas </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Belfast , Ireland , UK </Td> <Td> Belfast </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Appleton , Mrs. Charlotte Lane ( née Lamson ) </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Artagaveytia , Mr. Ramon </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> Buenos Aires , Argentina </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Astor , Colonel John Jacob IV </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 124 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Astor , Mrs. Madeleine Talmage ( née Force ) </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and maid , Miss Rosalie Bidois </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and nurse , Miss Caroline Louise Endres </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aubart , Mrs. Léontine Pauline </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and maid , Miss Emma Sägesser </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barkworth , Mr. Algernon Henry Wilson </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Hessle , East Yorkshire , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baumann , Mr. John D . </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baxter , Mrs. Hélène ( née de Lanaudière - Chaput ) </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baxter , Mr. Quigg Edmond </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beattie , Mr. Thomson </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Fergus , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Fergus , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 331 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beckwith , Mr. Richard Leonard </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beckwith , Mrs. Sallie ( née Monypeny ) </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Behr , Mr. Karl Howell </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Birnbaum , Mr. Jakob </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Antwerp , Belgium </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> San Francisco , California , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 148 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bishop , Mr. Dickinson H. `` Dick '' </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Dowagiac , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Dowagiac , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bishop , Mrs. Helen ( née Walton ) </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Dowagiac , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Dowagiac , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Björnström - Steffanson , Mr. Mauritz Håkan </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Stockholm , Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blackwell , Mr. Stephen Weart </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Trenton , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Trenton , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blank , Mr. Henry </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Glen Ridge , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Glen Ridge , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bonnell , Miss Elizabeth </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> Youngstown , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Youngstown , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bonnell , Miss Caroline </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Youngstown , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Youngstown , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Borebank , Mr. John James </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Toronto , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bowerman , Miss Elsie Edith </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> St. Leonards - on - Sea , East Sussex , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brady , Mr. John Bertram </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Pomeroy , Washington , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Pomeroy , Washington , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brandeis , Mr. Emil </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Omaha , Nebraska , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Omaha , Nebraska , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 208 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brereton , Mr. George Andrew ( alias George A. Brayton ) </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California , US </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brewe , Dr. Arthur Jackson </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brown , Mrs. Caroline Lane ( née Lamson ) </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> Belmont , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Belmont , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brown , Mrs. Margaret ( née Tobin ) </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Denver , Colorado , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Denver , Colorado , US </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bucknell , Mrs. Emma Eliza ( née Ward ) </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and maid , Miss Albina Bazzani </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Butt , Major Archibald Willingham </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Calderhead , Mr. Edward Pennington </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Candee , Mrs. Helen Churchill ( née Hungerford ) </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. , US </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cardeza , Mrs. Charlotte Wardle ( née Drake ) </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> Germantown , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Germantown , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and maid , Miss Annie Moore Ward </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Germantown , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Germantown , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cardeza , Mr. Thomas Drake Martinez </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Germantown , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Germantown , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and valet , Mr. Gustave J. Lesueur </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Germantown , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Germantown , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carlsson , Mr. Frans Olof </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carrau , Mr. Francisco M . </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Montevideo , Uruguay </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montevideo , Uruguay </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carrau , Mr. José Pedro </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Montevideo , Uruguay </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montevideo , Uruguay </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carter , Mr. William Ernest </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and valet , Mr. Alexander Cairns </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and chauffeur , Mr. Charles Augustus Aldworth </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carter , Mrs. Lucile ( née Polk ) </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and maid , Miss Auguste Serreplan </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carter , Miss Lucile Polk </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carter , Master William Thornton II </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Case , Mr. Howard Brown </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Ascot , Berkshire , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Rochester , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cassebeer , Mrs. Eleanor Genevieve ( née Fosdick ) </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cavendish , Mr. Tyrell William </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 172 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cavendish , Mrs. Julia Florence ( née Siegel ) </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and maid , Miss Ellen `` Nellie '' Barber </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chaffee , Mr. Hubert Fuller </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Amenia , North Dakota , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Amenia , North Dakota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chaffee , Mrs. Carrie Constance ( née Toogood ) </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Amenia , North Dakota , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Amenia , North Dakota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chambers , Mr. Norman Campbell </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chambers , Mrs. Bertha ( née Griggs ) </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cherry , Miss Gladys </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chevré , Mr. Paul Romaine Marie Léonce </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Ottawa , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chibnall , Mrs. Edith Martha Bowerman ( née Barber ) </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> St. Leonards - on - Sea , East Sussex , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chisholm , Mr. Roderick Robert Crispin </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Belfast , Ireland , UK </Td> <Td> Belfast </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clark , Mr. Walter Miller </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clark , Mrs. Virginia Estelle ( née McDowell ) </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clifford , Mr. George Quincy </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Stoughton , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Stoughton , Massachusetts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colley , Mr. Edward Pomeroy </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Dublin , Ireland , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Compton , Mrs. Mary Eliza ( née Ingersoll ) </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> Lakewood , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Lakewood , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Compton , Miss Sara Rebecca </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Lakewood , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Lakewood , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Compton , Mr. Alexander Taylor Jr . </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Lakewood , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Lakewood , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cornell , Mrs. Malvina Helen ( née Lamson ) </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Crafton , Mr. John Bertram </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> Roachdale , Indiana , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Roachdale , Indiana , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Crosby , Captain Edward </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 269 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Crosby , Mrs. Catherine Elizabeth ( née Halstead ) </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Crosby , Miss Harriette Rebecca </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cumings , Mr. John Bradley </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cumings , Mrs. Florence Briggs ( née Thayer ) </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daly , Mr. Peter Dennis </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Lima , Peru </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Lima , Peru </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daniel , Mr. Robert Williams </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Davidson , Mr. Thornton </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Davidson , Mrs. Orian ( née Hays ) </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dick , Mr. Albert Adrian </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Calgary , Alberta , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Calgary , Alberta , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dick , Mrs. Vera ( née Gillespie ) </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Calgary , Alberta , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Calgary , Alberta , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dineston , Mrs. Nancy May Bowles </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City , USA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dineston , George Samuel </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City , USA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge , Dr. Washington </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> San Francisco , California , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> San Francisco , California , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge , Mrs. Ruth ( née Vidaver ) </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> San Francisco , California , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> San Francisco , California , US </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge , Master Washington , Jr . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> San Francisco , California , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> San Francisco , California , US </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Douglas , Mr. Walter Donald </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Douglas , Mrs. Mahala ( née Dutton ) </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and maid , Miss Berthe Leroy </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Douglas , Mrs. Mary Hélène ( née Baxter ) </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Duff Gordon , Sir Cosmo Edmund </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Duff Gordon , Lucy Christiana , Lady ( née Sutherland ) </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and secretary , Miss Laura Mabel Francatelli </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dulles , Mr. William Crothers </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eustis , Miss Elizabeth Mussey </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Brookline , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Brookline , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Evans , Miss Edith Corse </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flegenheim , Mrs. Antoinette ( née Wendt ) </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flynn , Mr. John Irwin </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Foreman , Mr. Benjamin Laventall </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fortune , Mr. Mark </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fortune , Mrs. Mary ( née McDougald ) </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fortune , Miss Ethel Flora </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fortune , Miss Alice Elizabeth </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fortune , Miss Mabel Helen </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fortune , Mr. Charles Alexander </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Franklin , Mr. Thomas Parnham </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frauenthal , Dr. Henry William </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frauenthal , Mrs. Clara ( née Heinsheimer ) </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frauenthal , Mr. Isaac Gerald </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frölicher , Mr. Maximilian Josef </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Zürich , Switzerland </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frölicher , Mrs. Margaretha Emerentia ( née Stehli ) </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Zürich , Switzerland </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frölicher - Stehli , Miss Hedwig Margaritha </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Zürich , Switzerland </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Futrelle , Mr. Jacques Heath </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Scituate , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Scituate , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Futrelle , Mrs. Lily May ( née Peel ) </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Scituate , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Scituate , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gee , Mr. Arthur H . </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> St. Annes - on - Sea , Lancashire , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Mexico City , Mexico </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 275 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gibson , Mrs. Pauline Caroline ( née Boeson ) </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gibson , Miss Dorothy Winifred </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goldenberg , Mr. Samuel L . </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goldenberg , Mrs. Nella ( née Wiggins ) </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goldschmidt , Mr. George B . </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gracie IV , Colonel Archibald </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Graham , Mr. George Edward </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 147 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Graham , Mrs. Edith Ware ( née Junkins ) </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> Greenwich , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Greenwich , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Graham , Miss Margaret Edith </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Greenwich , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Greenwich , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and governess , Miss Elizabeth Weed Shutes </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Greenwich , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Greenwich , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greenfield , Mrs. Blanche ( née Strouse ) </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greenfield , Mr. William Bertram </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guggenheim , Mr. Benjamin </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and valet , Mr. Victor Giglio </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and chauffeur , Mr. René Pernot </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harder , Mr. George Achilles </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harder , Mrs. Dorothy ( née Annan ) </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harper , Mr. Henry Sleeper </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and dragoman , Mr. Hammad Hassab </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Cairo , Egypt </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harper , Mrs. Myna ( née Haxtun ) </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harris , Mr. Henry Birkhardt </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harris , Mrs. Irene ( née Wallach ) </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hawksford , Mr. Walter James </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Kingston , Surrey , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hays , Mr. Charles Melville </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 307 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and clerk , Mr. Vivian Ponsonby Payne </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hays , Mrs. Clara Jennings ( née Grigg ) </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and maid , Miss Mary Anne Perreault </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hays , Miss Margaret Bechstein </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Head , Mr. Christopher </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Chelsea , London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hilliard , Mr. Herbert Henry </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Brighton , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Brighton , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hipkins , Mr. William Edward </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> Birmingham , West Midlands , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hippach , Mrs. Ida Sophia ( née Fischer ) </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hippach , Miss Jean Gertrude </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hogeboom , Mrs. Anna Louisa ( née Andrews ) </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Hudson , New York , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Hudson , New York , US </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Holverson , Mr. Alexander Oskar </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Holverson , Mrs. Mary Aline ( née Towner ) </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Homer , Mr. Harry ( alias E. Haven ) </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis , Indiana , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Indianapolis , Indiana , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hoyt , Mr. Frederick Maxfield </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Stamford , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hoyt , Mrs. Jane Anne ( née Forby ) </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Stamford , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hoyt , Mr. William Fisher </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Isham , Miss Ann Elizabeth </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ismay , Mr. Joseph Bruce </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Liverpool , Merseyside , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and valet , Mr. John Richard Fry </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Liverpool , Merseyside , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and secretary , Mr. William Henry Harrison </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Wallasey , Merseyside , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 110 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnson , Mrs. Madeline Eliza ( née Austin ) </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York , New York , US </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnson ( later changed to Langston ) , Mr. Samuel James </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jones , Mr. Charles Cresson </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Bennington , Vermont , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bennington , Vermont , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Julian , Mr. Henry Forbes </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Torquay , Devon , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> San Francisco , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kent , Mr. Edward Austin </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> Buffalo , New York , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Buffalo , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 258 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kenyon , Mr. Frederick R . </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kenyon , Mrs. Marion ( née Stauffer ) </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kimball , Mr. Edwin Nelson Jr . </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Boston , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Boston , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kimball , Mrs. Gertrude ( née Parsons ) </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Boston , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Boston , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Klaber , Mr. Herman </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Portland , Oregon , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Portland , Oregon , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Langston , Ms. Maxine Jane </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Duncansville , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Duncansivlle , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lambert - Williams , Mr. Fletcher Fellows </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Newark , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leader , Dr. Alice ( née Farnham ) </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leslie , Lucy Noël Martha , Countess of Rothes ( née Dyer - Edwardes ) </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and maid , Miss Roberta Elizabeth Mary `` Cissy '' Maioni </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lewy , Mr. Ervin G . </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lindeberg - Lind , Mr. Erik Gustav ( alias Edward Lingrey ) </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Jordanstorp , Södermanland , Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lindström , Mrs. Sigrid ( née Posse ) </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> Stockholm , Sweden </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lines , Mrs. Elizabeth Lindsey ( née James ) </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Hanover , New Hampshire , US </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lines , Miss Mary Conover </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Hanover , New Hampshire , US </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Long , Mr. Milton Clyde </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Springfield , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Springfield , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 126 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Longley , Miss Gretchen Fiske </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Hudson , New York , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Hudson , New York , US </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loring , Mr. Joseph Holland </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madill , Miss Georgette Alexandra </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> St. Louis , Missouri , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> St. Louis , Missouri , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maguire , Mr. John Edward </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Brockton , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Brockton , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maréchal , Mr. Pierre , Sr . </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marvin , Mr. Daniel Warner </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marvin , Mrs. Mary Graham Carmichael ( née Farquarson ) </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mayné , Miss Bertha Antonine </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Brussels , Belgium </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McCaffry , Mr. Thomas Francis </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 292 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McCarthy , Mr. Timothy J . </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Dorchester , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Dorchester , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 175 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McGough , Mr. James Robert </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meyer , Mr. Edgar Joseph </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meyer , Mrs. Leila ( née Saks ) </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Millet , Mr. Francis Davis </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> East Bridgewater , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> East Bridgewater , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 249 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minahan , Dr. William Edward </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Fond du Lac , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Fond du Lac , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 230 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minahan , Mrs. Lillian E. ( née Thorpe ) </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Fond du Lac , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Fond du Lac , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minahan , Miss Daisy E . </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Fond du Lac , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Fond du Lac , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mock , Mr. Philipp Edmund </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Molson , Mr. Harry Markland </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moore , Mr. Clarence Bloomfield </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and valet , Mr. Charles Henry Harrington </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Natsch , Mr. Charles </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Newell , Mr. Arthur Webster </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> Lexington , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Lexington , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 122 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Newell , Miss Madeleine </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Lexington , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Lexington , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Newell , Miss Marjorie Anne </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Lexington , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Lexington , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Newsom , Miss Helen Monypeny </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicholson , Mr. Arthur Ernest </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> Shanklin , Isle of Wight , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 263 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nourney , Mr. Alfred </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Cologne , German Empire </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Omont , Mr. Alfred Fernand </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Le Havre , France </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ostby , Mr. Engelhart Cornelius </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> Providence , Rhode Island , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Providence , Rhode Island , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 234 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ostby , Miss Helene Ragnhild </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Providence , Rhode Island , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Providence , Rhode Island , US </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ovies y Rodriguez , Mr. Servando José Florentino </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Havana , Cuba </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Havana , Cuba </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 189 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Parr , Mr. William Henry Marsh </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Belfast , Ireland , UK </Td> <Td> Belfast </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Partner , Mr. Austin </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Tolworth , London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Toronto , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 166 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pears , Mr. Thomas Clinton </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Isleworth , London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pears , Mrs. Edith ( née Wearne ) </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Isleworth , London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peñasco y Castellana , Mr. Victor </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Madrid , Spain </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peñasco y Castellana , Mrs. Maria Josefa ( née Perez de Soto y Vallejo ) </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Madrid , Spain </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and maid , Doña Fermina Oliva y Ocana </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Madrid , Spain </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peuchen , Major Arthur Godfrey </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> Toronto , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Toronto , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Porter , Mr. Walter Chamberlain </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Worcester , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Worcester , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 207 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Potter , Mrs. Lily Alexenia ( née Wilson ) </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reuchlin , The Honourable Mr. Johan George </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Rotterdam , The Netherlands </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rheims , Mr. George Alexander Lucien </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert , Mrs. Elisabeth Walton ( née McMillan ) </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> St. Louis , Missouri , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> St. Louis , Missouri , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and maid , Miss Emilie Kreuchen </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> St. Louis , Missouri , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> St. Louis , Missouri , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roebling , Mr. Washington Augustus II </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Trenton , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Trenton , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romaine , Mr. Charles Hallance ( alias C. Rolmane ) </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rood , Mr. Hugh Roscoe </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Seattle , Washington , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Seattle , Washington , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rosenbaum , Miss Edith Louise </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Cincinnati , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rosenshine , Mr. George ( alias George Thorne ) </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ross , Mr. John Hugo </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rothschild , Mr. Martin </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rothschild , Mrs. Elizabeth Jane Anne ( née Barrett ) </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rowe , Mr. Alfred G . </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> Liverpool , Merseyside , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 109 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ryerson , Mr. Arthur Larned </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> Cooperstown , New York , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Cooperstown , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ryerson , Mrs. Emily Maria ( née Borie ) </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Cooperstown , New York , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Cooperstown , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and maid , Miss Victorine Chaudanson </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Cooperstown , New York , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Cooperstown , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ryerson , Miss Susan Parker `` Suzette '' </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Cooperstown , New York , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Cooperstown , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ryerson , Miss Emily Borie </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Cooperstown , New York , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Cooperstown , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ryerson , Master John Borie `` Jack '' </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Cooperstown , New York , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Cooperstown , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and governess , Miss Grace Scott Bowen </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Cooperstown , New York , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Cooperstown , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saalfeld , Mr. Adolphe </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Manchester , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Salomon , Mr. Abraham Lincoln </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schabert , Mrs. Emma ( née Mock ) </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Hamburg , German Empire </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seward , Mr. Frederic Kimber </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Silverthorne , Mr. Spencer Victor </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> St. Louis , Missouri , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> St. Louis , Missouri , US </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Silvey , Mr. William Baird </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Duluth , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Duluth , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Silvey , Mrs. Alice ( née Munger ) </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Duluth , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Duluth , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Simonius - Blumer , Colonel Alfons </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> Basel , Switzerland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sloper , Mr. William Thompson </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> New Britain , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New Britain , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Smart , Mr. John Montgomery </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> Kildale , North Yorkshire , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Smith , Mr. James Clinch </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Long Island , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Smith , Mr. Lucien Philip </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Huntington , West Virginia , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Huntington , West Virginia , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Smith , Mrs. Mary Eloise ( née Hughes ) </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Huntington , West Virginia , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Huntington , West Virginia , US </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Smith , Mr. Richard William </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> Streatham , London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Snyder , Mr. John Pillsbury </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Snyder , Mrs. Nellie ( née Stevenson ) </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spedden , Mr. Frederic Oakley </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Tuxedo Park , New York , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Tuxedo Park , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spedden , Mrs. Margaretta Corning ( née Stone ) </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Tuxedo Park , New York , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Tuxedo Park , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and maid , Miss Helen Alice Wilson </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Tuxedo Park , New York , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Tuxedo Park , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spedden , Master Robert Douglas </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Tuxedo Park , New York , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Tuxedo Park , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and nurse , Miss Elizabeth Margaret Burns </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Tuxedo Park , New York , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Tuxedo Park , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spencer , Mr. William Augustus </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spencer , Mrs. Marie Eugénie ( née Demougeot ) </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and maid , Miss Eugenie Elise Lurette </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stähelin - Maeglin , Dr. Max </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Basel , Switzerland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stead , Mr. William Thomas </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stengel , Mr. Charles Emil Henry </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Newark , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Newark , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stengel , Mrs. Annie May ( née Morris ) </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Newark , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Newark , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stephenson , Mrs. Martha ( née Eustis ) </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Haverford , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stewart , Mr. Albert A . </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Gallipolis , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stone , Mrs. Martha Evelyn ( née Stevens ) </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and maid , Miss Amelie `` Amelia '' Icard </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Straus , Mr. Isidor </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and valet , Mr. John Farthing </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Straus , Mrs. Rosalie Ida ( née Blun ) </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and maid , Miss Ellen Bird </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sutton , Mr. Frederick </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> Haddonfield , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Haddonfield , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swift , Mrs. Margaret Welles ( née Barron ) </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taussig , Mr. Emil </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taussig , Mrs. Tillie ( née Mandelbaum ) </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taussig , Miss Ruth </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taylor , Mr. Elmer Zebley </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> East Orange , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taylor , Mrs. Juliet Cummins ( née Wright ) </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> East Orange , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thayer , Mr. John Borland II </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Haverford , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Haverford , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thayer , Mrs. Marian Longsteth ( née Morris ) </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Haverford , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Haverford , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and maid , Miss Margaret Fleming </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Haverford , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Haverford , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thayer , Mr. John Borland `` Jack '' III </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Haverford , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Haverford , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thorne , Mrs. Gertrude Maybelle ( née McMinn ) </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> New York City , New York , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tucker , Mr. Gilbert Milligan Jr . </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Albany , New York , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Albany , New York , US </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uruchurtu , Don Manuel E . </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Mexico City , Mexico </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Mexico City , Mexico </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Van der Hoef , Mr. Wyckoff </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> Belfast </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 245 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Walker , Mr. William Anderson </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> East Orange , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> East Orange , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Warren , Mr. Frank Manley </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> Portland , Oregon , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Portland , Oregon , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Warren , Mrs. Anna Sophia ( née Atkinson ) </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Portland , Oregon , US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Portland , Oregon , US </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Weir , Colonel John </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> White , Mr. Percival Wayland </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Brunswick , Maine , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Brunswick , Maine , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> White , Mr. Richard Frasar </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Brunswick , Maine , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Brunswick , Maine , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 169 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> White , Mrs. Ella ( née Holmes ) </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and maid , Miss Amelia Mayo `` Nellie '' Bessette </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and manservant , Mr. Sante Righini </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 232 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wick , Colonel George Dennick </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> Youngstown , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Youngstown , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wick , Mrs. Mary ( née Hitchcock ) </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Youngstown , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Youngstown , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wick , Miss Mary Natalie </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Youngstown , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Youngstown , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Widener , Mr. George Dunton </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and valet , Mr. Edwin Herbert Keeping </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Widener , Mrs. Eleanor ( née Elkins ) </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and maid , Miss Amalie Henriette `` Emily '' Gieger </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Widener , Mr. Harry Elkins </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Willard , Miss Constance </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Duluth , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Duluth , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Williams , Mr. Charles Duane </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Geneva , Switzerland </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Radnor , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Williams , Mr. Richard Norris II </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Geneva , Switzerland </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Radnor , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Woolner , Mr. Hugh </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> London , England , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wright , Mr. George </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Young , Miss Marie Grice </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Second class ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Age </Th> <Th> Hometown </Th> <Th> Boarded </Th> <Th> Destination </Th> <Th> Lifeboat </Th> <Th> Body </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abelson , Mr. Samuel </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abelson , Mrs. Anna ( née Wizosky ? ) </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York , New York , US </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrew , Mr. Edgar Samuel </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> San Ambrosio , Córdoba , Argentina </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Trenton , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrew , Mr. Frank Thomas </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Redruth , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Houghton , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angle , Mr. William A . </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Warwick , Warwickshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angle , Mrs. Florence Agnes `` Mary '' ( née Hughes ) </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Warwick , Warwickshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ashby , Mr. John </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> West Hoboken , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> West Hoboken , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bailey , Mr. Percy Andrew </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Penzance , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Akron , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bainbrigge , Mr. Charles Robert </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Saint Peter Port , Guernsey , Channel Islands </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ball , Mrs. Ada E. ( née Hall ) </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Bristol , Avon , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Jacksonville , Florida , US </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Banfield , Mr. Frederick James </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Plymouth , Devon , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Houghton , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bateman , Reverend Robert James </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Jacksonville , Florida , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Jacksonville , Florida , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 174 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beane , Mr. Edward </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beane . Mrs. Ethel ( née Clarke ) </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Norwich , Norfolk , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beauchamp , Mr. Henry James </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 194 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Becker , Mrs. Nellie E. ( née Baumgardner ) </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Guntur , Madras Province , British India </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Benton Harbor , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Becker , Miss Ruth Elizabeth </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Guntur , Madras Province , British India </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Benton Harbor , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Becker , Miss Marion Louise </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guntur , Madras Province , British India </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Benton Harbor , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Becker , Master Richard Frederick </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guntur , Madras Province , British India </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Benton Harbor , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beesley , Mr. Lawrence </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Toronto , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bentham , Miss Lillian W . </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Rochester , New York , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Rochester , New York , US </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Berriman , Mr. William John </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> St. Ives , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Calumet , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Botsford , Mr. William Hull </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Orange , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Orange , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bowenur , Mr. Solomon </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bracken , Mr. James H . </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Lake Arthur , New Mexico , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Lake Arthur , New Mexico , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brailey , Mr. W. Theodore Ronald </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bricoux , Mr. Roger Marie </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Monte Carlo , Monaco </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brito , Mr. José Joaquim </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Madeira , Portugal </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> São Paulo , Brazil </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brown , Mr. Thomas William Solomon </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Cape Town , South Africa , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Seattle , Washington , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brown , Mrs. Elizabeth Catherine ( née Ford ) </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Cape Town , South Africa , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Seattle , Washington , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brown , Miss Edith Eileen </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Cape Town , South Africa , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Seattle , Washington , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bryhl , Mr. Kurt Arnold Gottfrid </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Skara , Västergötland , Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Rockford , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bryhl , Miss Dagmar Jenny Ingeborg </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Skara , Västergötland , Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Rockford , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Buss , Miss Kate </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Sittingbourne , Kent , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> San Francisco , US </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Butler , Mr. Reginald Fenton </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Southsea , Hampshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Byles , Father Thomas Roussel Davids </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Jacksonville , Florida , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Byström , Miss Karolina </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caldwell , Mr. Albert Francis </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Bangkok , Siam </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Roseville , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caldwell , Mrs. Sylvia Mae ( née Harbaugh ) </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Bangkok , Siam </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Roseville , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caldwell , Master Alden Gates </Td> <Td> 0.10 ! 10 mo . </Td> <Td> Bangkok , Siam </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Roseville , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cameron , Miss Clear Annie </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Mamaronek , New York , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Campbell , Mr. William Henry </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Belfast , Ireland </Td> <Td> Belfast </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carbines , Mr. William </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> St. Ives , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Houghton , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carter , Father Ernest Courtenay </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carter , Mrs. Lilian ( née Hughes ) </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chapman , Mr. Charles Henry </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> Bronx , New York , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bronx , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 130 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chapman , Mr. John Henry </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Liskeard , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Spokane , Washington , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chapman , Mrs. Sara Elizabeth ( née Lawry ) </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Liskeard , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Spokane , Washington , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christy , Mrs. Alice Frances </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christy , Miss Rachel Julie Cohen </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clarke , Mr. Charles Valentine </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Netley Abbey , Hampshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> San Francisco , California , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clarke , Mrs. Ada Maria </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Netley Abbey , Hampshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> San Francisco , California , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clarke , Mr. John Frederick Preston </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Liverpool , Merseyside , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 202 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coleridge , Mr. Reginald Charles </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Collander , Mr. Erik Gustaf </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Helsinki , Finland , Russian Empire </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Ashtabula , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Collett , Mr. Sidney Clarence Stuart </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Port Byron , New York , US </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Collyer , Mr. Harvey </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Bishopstoke , Hampshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Payette , Idaho , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Collyer , Mrs. Charlotte Annie ( née Tate ) </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Bishopstoke , Hampshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Payette , Idaho , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Collyer , Miss Marjorie Charlotte `` Lottie '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Bishopstoke , Hampshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Payette , Idaho , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cook , Mrs. Selena ( née Rogers ) </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Oxford , Oxfordshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Corbett , Mrs. Irene ( née Colvin ) </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Provo , Utah , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Provo , Utah , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Corey , Mrs. Mary Phyllis Elizabeth ( née Miller ) </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cotterill , Mr. Henry `` Harry '' </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Penzance , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Akron , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cunningham , Mr. Alfred Fleming </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Belfast , Ireland </Td> <Td> Belfast </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Davies , Mr. Charles Henry </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Lyndhurst , Hampshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Eden , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Davies , Mrs. Elizabeth Agnes Mary ( née White ) </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> St. Ives , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Houghton , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Davies , Master John Morgan Jr . </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> St. Ives , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Houghton , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Davis , Miss Mary </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Tottenville , New York , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Deacon , Mr. Percy William </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Fritham , Hampshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Boston , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> del Carlo , Mr. Sebastiano </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Montecarlo , Lucca , Tuscany , Italy </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 295 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> del Carlo , Mrs. Argene ( née Genovesi ) </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Montecarlo , Lucca , Tuscany , Italy </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denbuoy , Mr. Albert `` Herbert '' </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Guernsey , Channel Islands </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Elizabeth , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dibden , Mr. William </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Lyndhurst , Hampshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Eden , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doling , Mrs. Ada Julia ( née Bone ) </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Southampton , Hampshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doling , Miss Elsie </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Southampton , Hampshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Douton , Mr. William Joseph </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> Rochester , New York , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Rochester , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Drew , Mr. James Vivian </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Greenport , New York , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Greenport , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Drew , Mrs. Lulu Thorne ( née Christian ) </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Greenport , New York , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Greenport , New York , US </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Drew , Master Marshall Brines </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Greenport , New York , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Greenport , New York , US </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Duran y More , Miss Florentina </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Barcelona , Spain </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Havana , Cuba </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Duran y More , Miss Asunción </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Barcelona , Spain </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Havana , Cuba </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eitemiller , Mr. George Floyd </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Enander , Mr. Ingvar </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Goteborg Göteborg , Västergötland , Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Rockford , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fahlstrøm , Mr. Arne Joma </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Oslo , Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bayonne , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Faunthorpe , Mr. Harry Bartram </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Liverpool , Merseyside , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 286 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fillbrook , Mr. Joseph Charles </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Truro , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Houghton , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fox , Mr. Stanley Hubert </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Rochester , New York , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Rochester , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 236 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frost , Mr. Anthony Wood `` Archie '' </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Belfast , Ireland </Td> <Td> Belfast </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Funk , Miss Annie Clemmer </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Janjgir - Champa , British India , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bally , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fynney , Mr. Joseph J . </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Liverpool , Merseyside , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 322 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gale , Mr. Harry </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Harrowbarrow , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Clear Creek , Colorado , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gale , Mr. Shadrach </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Harrowbarrow , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Clear Creek , Colorado , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Garside , Miss Ethel </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Liverpool , Merseyside , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gaskell , Mr. William Alfred </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Liverpool , Merseyside , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gavey , Mr. Laurence </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Guernsey , Channel Islands </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Elizabeth , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gilbert , Mr. William </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Carleens , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Butte , Montana , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Giles , Mr. Edgar </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Porthleven , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Camden , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Giles , Mr. Frederick Edward </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Porthleven , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Camden , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Giles , Mr. Ralph </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 297 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gill , Mr. John William </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Clevedon , North Somerset England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 155 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gillespie , Mr. William Henry </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Abbeyleix , Laois , Ireland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Givard , Mr. Hans Kristensen </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Kølsen , Vorde Sogn , Denmark </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> San Francisco , California , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 305 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greenberg , Mr. Samuel </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> Bronx , New York , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bronx , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hale , Mr. Reginald </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Auburn , New York , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Auburn , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hamalainen Hämäläinen , Mrs. Anna ( Anna Hamlin ) </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hamalainen Hämäläinen , Master Viljo Unto Johannes ( William Hamlin ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harbeck , Mr. William H . </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Toledo , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harper , The Reverend John </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harper , Miss Annie Jessie `` Nina '' </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harris , Mr. George </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harris , Mr. Walter </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hart , Mr. Benjamin </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Ilford , Essex , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hart , Mrs. Esther Ada ( née Bloomfield ) </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Ilford , Essex , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hart , Miss Eva Miriam </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Ilford , Essex , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hartley , Mr. Wallace Henry </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Dewsbury , West Yorkshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 224 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Herman , Mr. Samuel </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Yeovil , Somerset , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bernardsville , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Herman , Mrs. Jane ( née Laver ) </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Yeovil , Somerset , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bernardsville , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Herman , Miss Alice </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Yeovil , Somerset , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bernardsville , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Herman , Miss Kate </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Yeovil , Somerset , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bernardsville , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hewlett , Mrs. Mary Dunbar ( née Kingcome ) </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> Lucknow , British India , UK </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Rapid City , South Dakota , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hickman , Mr. Lewis </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Fritham , Hampshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> The Pas , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 256 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hickman , Mr. Leonard Mark </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Fritham , Hampshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Eden , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hickman , Mr. Stanley George </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Fritham , Hampshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> The Pas , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hiltunen , Miss Martta </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Joensuu , Finland , Russian Empire </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hocking , Mrs. Elizabeth `` Eliza '' ( née Neads ) </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Penzance , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Akron , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hocking , Mr. Richard George </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Akron , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Akron , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hocking , Miss Ellen `` Nellie '' </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Penzance , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Akron , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hocking , Mr. Samuel James Metcalfe </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Devonport , Devon , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Middletown , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hodges , Mr. Henry Price </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Southampton , Hampshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Boston , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 149 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hold , Mr. Stephen </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Porthoustock , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Sacramento , California , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hold , Mrs. Annie Margaret ( née Hill ) </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Porthoustock , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Sacramento , California , US </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hood , Mr. Ambrose Jr . </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Fritham , Hampshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hosono , Mr. Masabumi </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Tokyo , Japan </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Tokyo , Japan </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Howard , Mr. Benjamin </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> Swindon , Wiltshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Idaho , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Howard , Mrs. Ellen Truelove ( née Arman ) </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Swindon , Wiltshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Idaho , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hume , Mr. John Law `` Jock '' </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Dumfries , Scotland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 193 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hunt , Mr. George Henry </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ilett , Miss Bertha </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Jersey , Channel Islands </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Atlanta , Georgia , US </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jacobsohn , Mr. Sidney Samuel </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jacobsohn , Mrs. Amy Frances Christy ( née Cohen ) </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jarvis , Mr. Denzil John </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Stoneygate , Leicestershire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jefferys , Mr. Clifford Thomas </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Guernsey , Channel Islands </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Elizabeth , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jefferys , Mr. Ernest Wilifred </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Guernsey , Channel Islands </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Elizabeth , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jenkin , Mr. Stephen Curnow </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> St. Ives , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Houghton , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jerwan , Mrs. Marie Marthe ( née Thuillard ) </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kantor , Mr. Sinai </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Vitebsk , Russian Empire </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bronx , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 283 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kantor , Mrs. Miriam ( née Sternin ) </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Vitebsk , Russian Empire </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bronx , New York , US </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Karnes , Mrs. Claire ( née Bennett ) </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Keane , Mr. Daniel </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Limerick , Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> St. Louis , Missouri , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Keane , Miss Nora Agnes </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Castleconnell , Limerick , Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kelly , Miss Florence `` Fannie '' </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kirkland , Reverend Charles Leonard </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> Glasgow , Scotland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Tuxford , Saskatchewan , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Knight , Mr. Robert J . </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Belfast , Ireland </Td> <Td> Belfast </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Krins , Mr. Georges Alexandré </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kvillner , Mr. Johan Henrik Johannesson </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Trollhättan , Västergötland , Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Arlington , Virginia , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 165 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lahtinen , Reverend William </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lahtinen , Mrs. Anna Amelia ( née Sylfvén ) </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lamb , Mr. John Joseph </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Glencree , Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Providence , Rhode Island , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laroche , Mr. Joseph Philippe Lemercier </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Cap - Haïtien , Haiti </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laroche , Mrs. Juliette Marie Louise ( née Lafargue ) </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Cap - Haïtien , Haiti </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laroche , Miss Simoné Marie Anne Andrée </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Cap - Haïtien , Haiti </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laroche , Miss Louise Marguerite </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Cap - Haïtien , Haiti </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lehmann , Miss Bertha </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Lotzwil , Switzerland </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Central City , Iowa , US </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leitch , Miss Jessie Wills </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lemore , Mrs. Amelia `` Milley '' ( née Hunt ) </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Levy , Mr. René Jacques </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leyson , Mr. Robert William Norman </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Linnane , Mr. John </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> Chelsea , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chelsea , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louch , Mr. Charles Alexander </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Weston - super-Mare , North Somerset , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 121 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louch , Mrs. Alice Adelaide ( née Slow ) </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Weston - super-Mare , North Somerset , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mack , Mrs. Mary ( née Lacy ) </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> Southampton , Hampshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malachard , Mr. Jean - Noël </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mallet , Mr. Albert </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mallet , Mrs. Antoinette Marie ( née Magnin ) </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mallet , Master André Clément </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mangiavacchi , Mr. Serafino Emilio </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matthews , Mr. William John </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> St Austell , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> La Salle , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maybery , Mr. Frank Hubert </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Weston - super-Mare , North Somerset , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Moose Jaw , Saskatchewan , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McCrae , Mr. Arthur Gordon </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Sydney , New South Wales , Australia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 209 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McCrie , Mr. James Matthew </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Sarnia , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Sarnia , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McKane , Mr. Peter David </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Guernsey , Channel Islands </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Rochester , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mellinger , Mrs. Elizabeth Anne ( née Maidment ) </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Wimbledon , London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bennington , Vermont , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mellinger , Miss Madeleine Violet </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Wimbledon , London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bennington , Vermont , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mellors , Mr. William John </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Chelsea , London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Long Island , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meyer , Mr. August </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Harrow , London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Milling , Mr. Jacob Christian </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Odense , Denmark </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Oregon , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 271 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mitchell , Mr. Henry Michael </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> Guernsey , Channel Islands </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Toledo , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montvila , Father Juozas </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Gudinė , Lithuania </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Worcester , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moraweck , Dr. Ernest </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Frankfort , Kentucky , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Frankfort , Kentucky , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morley , Mr. Henry Samuel ( alias Mr. Henry Marshall ) </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Birmingham , Worcester , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mudd , Mr. Thomas Charles </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Huntingfield , Suffolk , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Myles , Mr. Thomas Francis </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> Fermoy , Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Waban , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nassr Allah , Mr. Niqula Khalil </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Zahlé , Lebanon , Ottoman Empire </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Cleveland , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nassr Allah , Mrs. Adal ( née Akim ) </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Zahlé , Lebanon , Ottoman Empire </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Cleveland , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Navratil , Mr. Michel ( alias Louis M. Hoffman ) </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Nice , France </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Navratil , Master Michel Marcel </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nice , France </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Navratil , Master Edmond Roger </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nice , France </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nesson , Mr. Israel </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Boston , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicholls , Mr. Joseph Charles `` Joe '' </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> St. Ives , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Houghton , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norman , Mr. Robert Douglas </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Glasgow , Scotland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Houghton , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 287 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nye , Mrs. Elizabeth ( née Ramell ) </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> East Orange , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> East Orange , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Otter , Mr. Richard </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Middleburg Heights , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Middleburg Heights , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oxenham , Mr. Percy Thomas </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> North Bergen , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Padron Manent , Mr. Julian </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Barcelona , Spain </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Havana , Cuba </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pain , Dr. Alfred `` Alf '' </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Hamilton , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Hamilton , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pallas y Castello , Mr. Emilio </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Barcelona , Spain </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Havana , Cuba </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Parker , Mr. Clifford Richard </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Guernsey , Channel Islands </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Parkes , Mr. Francis `` Frank '' </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Belfast , Ireland </Td> <Td> Belfast </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Parrish , Mrs. Lutie Davis ( née Temple ) </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Woodford County , Kentucky , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Woodford County , Kentucky , US </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pengelly , Mr. Frederick William </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Gunnislake , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Butte , Montana , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peruschitz , Father Josef </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Scheyern , Bavaria , German Empire </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> St. Cloud , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phillips , Mr. Escott Robert </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Ilfracombe , Devon , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New Brighton , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phillips , Miss Alice Frances Louisa </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Ilfracombe , Devon , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New Brighton , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phillips , Miss Kate Florence ( alias Mrs. Kate Marshall ) </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Birmingham , Worcester , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , US </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pinsky , Mrs. Rosa </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ponesell , Mr. Martin </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Southampton , Hampshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portaluppi , Mr. Emilio Ilario Giuseppe </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Milford , New Hampshire , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Milford , New Hampshire , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pulbaum , Mr. Franz </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quick , Mrs. Jane ( née Richards ) </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Plymouth , Devon , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quick , Miss Winnifred Vera </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Plymouth , Devon , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quick , Miss Phyllis May </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Plymouth , Devon , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reeves , Mr. David </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Slinfold , West Sussex , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Renouf , Mr. Peter Henry </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Elizabeth , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Elizabeth , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Renouf , Mrs. Lillian `` Lily '' ( née Jefferys ) </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Elizabeth , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Elizabeth , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reynaldo , Miss Encarnación </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Marbella , Spain </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richard , Mr. Emile Philippe </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richards , Mrs. Emily ( née Hocking ) </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Penzance , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Akron , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richards , Master William Rowe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Penzance , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Akron , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richards , Master Sibley George </Td> <Td> 0.09 ! 9 mo . </Td> <Td> Penzance , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Akron , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ridsdale , Miss Lucy </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Marietta , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rogers , Mr. Reginald Harry </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Tavistock , Devon , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Wilkes Barre , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rugg , Miss Emily </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Guernsey , Channel Islands </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Wilmington , Delaware , US </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schmidt , Mr. August </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Newark , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Newark , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sedgwick , Mr. Charles Frederick Waddington </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Liverpool , Merseyside , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Minatitlán , Veracruz , Mexico </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sharp , Mr. Percival James </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shelley , Mrs. Imanita ( née Parrish Hall ) </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Deer Lodge , Montana , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Deer Lodge , Montana , US </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Silvén , Miss Lyyli Karolina </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Tornio , Finland , Russian Empire </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sincock , Miss Maude </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> St. Ives , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Hancock , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sinkkonen , Miss Anna </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Turku , Finland , Russian Empire </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Brighton , Boston , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sjöstedt , Mr. Ernst Adolf </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Hjo , Västergötland , Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slayter , Miss Hilda Mary </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slemen , Mr. Richard James </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Landrake , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Nashua , New Hampshire , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Smith , Miss Marion Elsie </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Basingstoke , Hampshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. US </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sobey , Mr. Samuel James Hayden </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Porthallow , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Houghton , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stanton , Mr. Samuel Ward </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stokes , Mr. Philip Joseph </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweet , Mr. George Frederick </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Yeovil , Somerset , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bernardsville , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taylor , Mr. Percy Cornelius </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toomey , Miss Ellen Mary </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis , Indiana , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Indianapolis , Indiana , US </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Troupiansky , Mr. Moses Aaron </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trout , Mrs. Jessie L . </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Columbus , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Columbus , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Troutt , Miss Edwina Celia `` Winnie '' </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Bath , Somerset , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Auburndale , Florida , US </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turpin , Mr. William John Robert </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Plymouth , Devon , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Salt Lake City , Utah , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turpin , Mrs. Dorothy Ann ( née Wonnacott ) </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Plymouth , Devon , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Salt Lake City , Utah , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Veal , Mr. James </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Barre , Vermont , US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Barre , Vermont , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wallcroft , Miss Ellen `` Nellie '' </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Maidenhead , Berkshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Mamaroneck , New York , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ware , Mr. John James </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Bristol , Avon , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New Britain , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ware , Mrs. Florence Louise ( née Long ) </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Bristol , Avon , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New Britain , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ware , Mr. William Jeffery </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Gunnislake , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Butte , Montana , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Watson , Mr. Ennis Hastings </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Belfast , Ireland </Td> <Td> Belfast </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Watt , Mrs. Elizabeth Inglis `` Bessie '' ( née Milne ) </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Aberdeen , Aberdeenshire , Scotland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Portland , Oregon , US </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Watt , Miss Robertha Josephine `` Bertha '' </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Aberdeen , Aberdeenshire , Scotland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Portland , Oregon , US </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Webber , Miss Susan </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Bude , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Hartford , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Weisz , Mr. Leopold </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Bromsgrove , Worcestershire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 293 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Weisz , Mrs. Mathilde Françoise ( née Pëde ) </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Bromsgrove , Worcestershire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wells , Mrs. Addie Dart ( née Trevaskis ) </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Heamoor , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Akron , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wells , Miss Joan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Heamoor , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Akron , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wells , Master Ralph Lester </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Heamoor , Cornwall , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Akron , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West , Mr. Edwy Arthur </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Bournemouth , Dorset , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Gainesville , Florida , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West , Mrs. Ada Mary ( née Worth ) </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Bournemouth , Dorset , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Gainesville , Florida , US </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West , Miss Constance Mirium </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bournemouth , Dorset , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Gainesville , Florida , US </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West , Miss Barbara Joyce </Td> <Td> 0.10 ! 10 mo . </Td> <Td> Bournemouth , Dorset , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Gainesville , Florida , US </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wheadon , Mr. Edward H . </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> Guernsey , Channel Islands </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Edgewood , Rhode Island , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wheeler , Mr. Edwin Charles `` Fred '' </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Bath , Somerset , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Asheville , North Carolina , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Whilems , Mr. Charles </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wilkinson , Miss Elizabeth Anne ( alias Mrs. Elizabeth Faunthorpe ) </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Manchester , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Williams , Mr. Charles Eugene </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Harrow , London , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Woodward , Mr. John Wesley </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Oxford , Oxfordshire , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wright , Miss Marion </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Yeovil , Somerset , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cottage Grove , Oregon , US </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yvois , Miss Henriette </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Paris , France </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Third class ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Age </Th> <Th> Hometown </Th> <Th> Home country </Th> <Th> Boarded </Th> <Th> Destination </Th> <Th> Lifeboat </Th> <Th> Body </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abbing , Mr. Anthony </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati , Ohio </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cincinnati , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abbott , Mrs. Rhoda Mary ( née Hunt ) </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> East Providence , Rhode Island </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> East Providence , Rhode Island , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abbott , Mr. Rossmore Edward </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> East Providence , Rhode Island </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> East Providence , Rhode Island , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abbott , Mr. Eugene Joseph </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> East Providence , Rhode Island </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> East Providence , Rhode Island , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abd al - Khaliq , Mr. Farid Qasim Husayn </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Shana </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abelseth , Miss Karen Marie </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Sondmore </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , US </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abelseth , Mr. Olaus Jørgensen </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Perkins County , South Dakota </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Perkins County , South Dakota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abrahamsson , Mr. Abraham August Johannes </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Dalsbruk </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Hoboken , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abrahim , Mrs. Mary Sophie Halaut ( née Easu ) </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Shwayhad </Td> <Td> Syria </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Greensburg , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adahl , Mr. Mauritz Nils Martin </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Asarum , Småland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adams , Mr. John </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Bournemouth , Dorset </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> La Porte City , Iowa , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ahlin , Mrs. Johanna Persdotter ( née Larsson ) </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Goteborg Göteborg , Västergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Akeley , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aks , Mrs. Leah ( née Rosen ) </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Norfolk , Virginia , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aks , Master Frank Philip </Td> <Td> 0.10 ! 10 mo . </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Norfolk , Virginia , US </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Al - Muna , Mr. Nasif Qasim </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Fredericksburg , Virginia </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Fredericksburg , Virginia , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alexander , Mr. William </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Great Yarmouth , Norfolk </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Albion , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alhomäki , Mr. Ilmari Rudolf </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Salo </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Astoria , Oregon , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ali , Mr. Ahmed </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Buenos Aires </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ali , Mr. William </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Buenos Aires </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Allen , Mr. William Henry </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Birmingham , West Midlands </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Allum , Mr. Owen George </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Southall , London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 259 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Al - Zainni , Mr. Fahim Ruhanna </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Toula </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Dayton , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andersen , Mr. Albert Karvin </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Bergen </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 260 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andersen - Jensen , Miss Carla Christine </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Eskilstrup </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Portland , Oregon , US </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andersson , Mr. Anders Johan </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Kisa , Östergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andersson , Mrs. Alfrida Konstantia ( née Brogren ) </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Kisa , Östergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andersson , Miss Sigrid Elisabeth </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Kisa , Östergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andersson , Miss Ingeborg Constanzia </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Kisa , Östergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andersson , Miss Ebba Iris Alfrida </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Kisa , Östergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andersson , Master Sigvard Harald Elias </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kisa , Östergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andersson , Miss Ellis Anna Maria </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kisa , Östergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andersson , Miss Erna Alexandra </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Kullaa </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andersson , Miss Ida Augusta Margareta </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Vadsbro , Sörmland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Manistee , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andersson , Mr. Johan Samuel </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Hartford , Connecticut </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Hartford , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andreasson , Mr. Paul Edvin </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Kalfsnäs , Småland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angheloff , Mr. Minko </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Terziysko , Troyan </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arnold - Franchi , Mr. Josef </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Altdorf , Uri </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New Glarus , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arnold - Franchi , Mrs. Josefine ( née Franchi ) </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Altdorf , Uri </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New Glarus , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aronsson , Mr. Ernst Axel Algot </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Horset , Småland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Joliet , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asim , Mr. Adola </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Buenos Aires </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asplund , Mr. Carl Oscar Vilhelm Gustafsson </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Alseda , Småland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Worcester , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 142 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asplund , Mrs. Selma Augusta Emilia ( née Johansson ) </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Alseda , Småland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Worcester , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asplund , Master Filip Oscar </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Alseda , Småland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Worcester , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asplund , Master Clarence Gustaf Hugo </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Alseda , Småland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Worcester , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asplund , Master Carl Edgar </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Alseda , Småland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Worcester , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asplund , Miss Lillian Gertrud </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Alseda , Småland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Worcester , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asplund , Master Edvin Rojj Felix </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alseda , Småland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Worcester , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asplund , Mr. Johan Charles </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Oskarshamn , Kalmar </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Assaf , Mrs. Mariyam ( née Khalil ) </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Kafr Mishki </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Ottawa , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Assam , Mr. Ali </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Buenos Aires </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Attala , Mr. Sleiman </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Ottawa , Ontario </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Ottawa , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atta Allah , Miss Malakah </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Beirut </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Augustsson , Mr. Albert </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Krakoryd , Småland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bloomington , Indiana , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ayyub Dahir , Miss Bannurah </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Beirut </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Owen Sound , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bakus , Mr. Raful </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Backström , Mr. Karl Alfred </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Kotka </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Backström , Mrs. Maria Mathilda ( née Gustafsson ) </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Kotka </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Badman , Miss Emily Louisa </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Clevedon , North Somerset </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Skaneateles , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Badt , Mr. Mohamed </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Tripoli </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bakić , Mr. Kerim </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Bosanska Krupa </Td> <Td> Bosnia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Banski , Mrs. Mara ( née Osman ) </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Vagovina </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Steelton , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baqlini , Mrs. Mariyam Latifa ( née Qurban ) </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Duhur Ḑuhūr ash Shuwayr </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baqlini , Miss Mariya Katarin </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Duhur Ḑuhūr ash Shuwayr </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baqlini , Miss Eujini </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Duhur Ḑuhūr ash Shuwayr </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baqlini , Miss Hileni Barbarah </Td> <Td> 0.09 ! 9 mo . </Td> <Td> Duhur Ḑuhūr ash Shuwayr </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barbarah , Mrs. Katarin Dawud </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Kafr Mishki </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Ottawa , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barbarah , Miss Saidah </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Kafr Mishki </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Ottawa , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barry , Miss Julia </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> New York City , New York </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barton , Mr. David John </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Cambridge , Cambridgeshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beavan , Mr. William Thomas </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Fillingham , Lincolnshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Russell , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bengtsson , Mr. Johan Viktor </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Fridhemsberg , Halland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Monee , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Berglund , Mr. Karl Ivar Sven </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Firtby </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Betros , Mr. Tannous </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Zgharta </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Waterbury , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Birkeland , Mr. Hans Martin Monsen </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Bremnes </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Björklund , Mr. Ernst Herbert </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Stockholm </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bostandyeff , Mr. Guentcho </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bourke , Mr. John </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Carrowskehine , Mayo </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bourke , Mrs. Catherine ( née McHugh ) </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Carrowskehine , Mayo </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bourke , Miss Mary </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Carrowskehine , Mayo </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bowen , Mr. David John `` Dai '' </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Treherbert , Glamorgan </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bradley , Miss Bridget Delia </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Kingwilliamstown , Cork </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Glen Falls , New York , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Braf , Miss Elin Ester Maria </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Medeltorp , Småland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Braund , Mr. Lewis Richard </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Bridgerule , Devon </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Qu'Appelle Valley , Saskatchewan , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Braund , Mr. Owen Harris </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Bridgerule , Devon </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Qu'Appelle Valley , Saskatchewan , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brobeck , Mr. Karl Rudolf </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Norrköping , Östergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Worcester , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brocklebank , Mr. William Alfred </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Broomfield , Essex </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Buckley , Mr. Daniel </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Kingwilliamstown , Cork </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Buckley , Miss Catherine </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Ovens , Cork </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Roxbury , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 299 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulus , Mrs. Sultanah ( née Rizq ) </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Kent , British Columbia , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulus , Master Akar </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Kent , British Columbia , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulus , Miss Nur - al - Ayn </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Kent , British Columbia , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burke , Mr. Jeremiah </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Glanmire , Cork </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Charlestown , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burns , Miss Mary Delia </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Kilmacowen , Sligo </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Butrus - Youssef , Mrs. Katarin ( née Rizk ) </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Sar'al </Td> <Td> Syria </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Butrus - Youssef , Master Makhkhul </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sar'al </Td> <Td> Syria </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Butrus - Youssef , Miss Marianna </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sar'al </Td> <Td> Syria </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Čačić , Mr. Jego Grga </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Široka Kula </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Čačić , Mr. Luka </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Široka Kula </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Čačić , Miss Marija </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Široka Kula </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Čačić , Miss Manda </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Široka Kula </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Čalić , Mr. Jovo </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Brezik </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Čalić , Mr. Petar </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Brezik </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canavan , Miss Mary </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Tonacrick , Clare </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canavan , Mr. Patrick `` Peter '' </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Knockmaria , Mayo </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cann , Mr. Ernest Charles </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Penwithick , Cornwall </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caram , Mr. Joseph </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Kfar Mechi </Td> <Td> Syria </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Ottawa , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caram , Mrs. Maria ( née Elias ) </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Kfar Mechi </Td> <Td> Syria </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Ottawa , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carlsson , Mr. Carl Robert </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Goteborg Göteborg , Västergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Huntley , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carlsson , Mr. August Sigfrid </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Dagsås , Halland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Tower , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carr , Miss Jane </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Aclare , Sligo </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Hartford , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carver , Mr. Alfred John </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Southampton , Hampshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Celotti , Mr. Francesco </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Milan </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chang , Mr. Chip </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charters , Mr. David </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Ballinalee , Longford </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cheong , Mr. Foo </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christmann , Mr. Emil </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chronopoulos , Mr. Apostolos </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Agios Sostis , Peloponnese </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chronopoulos , Mr. Dimitrios </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Agios Sostis , Peloponnese </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coelho , Mr. Domingos Fernandes </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Funchal , Madeira Islands </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cohen , Mr. Gershon `` Gus '' </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colbert , Mr. Patrick </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Kilkinlea , Limerick </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Sherbrooke , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coleff , Mr. Fotio </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Debnevo , Troyan </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coltcheff , Mr. Peju </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Gumostnik , Lovec </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Conlon , Mr. Thomas Henry </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Connaghton , Mr. Michael </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Connolly , Miss Catherine `` Kate '' </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Bank Place , Tipperary </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Dobbs Ferry , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Connolly , Miss Katherine `` Kate '' </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Cortrasna , Cavan </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Connors , Mr. Patrick John </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> Charleville , Cork </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 171 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cook , Mr. Jacob </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Čor , Mr. Bartol </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Kricina </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Great Falls , Montana , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Čor , Mr. Ivan </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Kricina </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Great Falls , Montana , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Čor , Mr. Liudevit </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Kricina </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Great Falls , Montana , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Corn , Mr. Henry `` Harry '' </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Corr , Miss Helen </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Corglass , Longford </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coutts , Mrs. Mary Winnie ( née Trainer ) </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coutts , Master William Loch `` Willie '' </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coutts , Master Neville Leslie </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coxon , Mr. Daniel </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Merrill , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Crease , Mr. Ernest James </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Bristol , Avon </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cleveland , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cribb , Mr. John Hatfield </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Bournemouth , Dorset </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Newark , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cribb , Miss Laura Mae </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Bournemouth , Dorset </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Newark , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Čulumović , Mr. Jeso </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Lipova Glavica </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Hammond , Indiana , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dahir , Mr. Tannous </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Beirut </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Youngstown , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dahl , Mr. Charles Edwart </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Adelaide , South Australia </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Fingal , North Dakota , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dahlberg , Miss Gerda Ulrika </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Stockholm </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dakić , Mr. Branko </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Gornji Miholjac </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daly , Miss Margaret `` Maggie '' </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Athlone , Westmeath </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daly , Mr. Eugene Patrick </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Athlone , Westmeath </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Danbom , Mr. Ernst Gilbert </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Goteborg Göteborg , Västergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Stanton , Iowa , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 197 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Danbom , Mrs. Anna Sigrid Maria ( née Brogren ) </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Goteborg Göteborg , Västergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Stanton , Iowa , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Danbom , Master Gilbert Sigvard Emanuel </Td> <Td> 0.04 ! 4 mo . </Td> <Td> Goteborg Göteborg , Västergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Stanton , Iowa , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Danoff , Mr. Yoto </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dantcheff , Mr. Ristju </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Terziysko , Troyan </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Davies , Mr. Evan </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Pontardawe , West Glamorgan </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Pontiac , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Davies , Mr. Alfred John </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> West Bromwich , Staffordshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Pontiac , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Davies , Mr. John Samuel </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> West Bromwich , Staffordshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Pontiac , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Davies , Mr. Joseph </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> West Bromwich , Staffordshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Pontiac , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Davison , Mr. Thomas Henry `` Harry '' </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Liverpool , Merseyside </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Bedford , Indiana , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> De Messemaeker , Mr. Guillaume Joseph </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Tampico , Montana </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Tampico , Montana , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> De Messemaeker , Mrs. Anna ( née de Becker ) </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Tampico , Montana </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Tampico , Montana , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> de Mulder , Mr. Theodoor </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Aspelare , East Flanders </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> de Pelsmaeker , Mr. Alfons </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Heldergem , Haaltert , East Flanders </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Gladstone , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dean , Mr. Bertram Frank </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Bartley Farm , Hampshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Wichita , Kansas , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dean , Mrs. Eva Georgetta ( née Light ) </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Bartley Farm , Hampshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Wichita , Kansas , US </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dean , Master Bertram Vere </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bartley Farm , Hampshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Wichita , Kansas , US </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dean , Miss Elizabeth Gladys `` Millvina '' </Td> <Td> 0.02 ! 2 mo . </Td> <Td> Bartley Farm , Hampshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Wichita , Kansas , US </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Delalić , Mr. Redjo </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Bakić </Td> <Td> Bosnia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denkoff , Mr. Mitto </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Coon Rapids , Iowa , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dennis , Mr. William </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Week St Mary , Cornwall </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dennis , Mr. Samuel </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Week St Mary , Cornwall </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Devaney , Miss Margaret Delia </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Kilmacowen , Sligo </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dika , Mr. Mirko </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Podgora </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dimić , Mr. Jovan </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Ostrovica </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Red Lodge , Montana , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dintcheff , Mr. Valtcho </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Tulsa , Oklahoma , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Donohoe , Miss Bridget </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Cum , Mayo </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dooley , Mr. Patrick J . </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Patrickswell , Limerick </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dorking , Mr. Edward Arthur </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Liss , Hampshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Oglesby , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doherty , Mr. William John ( aka `` James Moran '' ) </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Cork </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dowdell , Miss Elizabeth </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> New York City , New York </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doyle , Miss Elizabeth </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Bree , Wexford </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Draženović , Mr. Jozef </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Hrastelnica </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dropkin , Miss Jennie </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Mogilev </Td> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Duquemin , Mr. Joseph Pierre </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Saint Sampson , Guernsey , Channel Islands </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Albion , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dwan , Mr. Frank </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> Bunmahon , Waterford </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Morris Plains , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dyker , Mr. Adolf Fredrik </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> New Haven , Connecticut </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New Haven , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dyker , Mrs. Anna Elisabeth Judith ( née Andersson ) </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> New Haven , Connecticut </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New Haven , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edvardsson , Mr. Gustaf Hjalmar </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Tofta , Uppland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Joliet , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eklund , Mr. Hans Linus </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Karberg Kårberg , Örebro </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Jerome Junction , Arizona , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ekström , Mr. Johan </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Effington Rut , South Dakota </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Effington Rut , South Dakota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elias , Mr. Dibo </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elias , Mr. Joseph Jr . </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Kafr Mishki </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Ottawa , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elias Nasrallah , Mr. Tannous </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Kafr Mishki </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Ottawa , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elsbury , Mr. William James </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Taunton , Somerset </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Gurnee , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emanuel , Miss Virginia Ethel </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> New York City , New York </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estanislau , Mr. Manuel Gonçalves </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Calheta , Madeira </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Everett , Mr. Thomas James </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Bristol , Avon </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Troy , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 187 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fardon , Mr. Charles R. ( alias Charles Franklin ) </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Wellingborough , Northamptonshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Farrell , Mr. James `` Jim '' </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Killoe , Longford </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finoli , Mr. Luigi </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fischer , Mr. Eberhard Thelander </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Bjorkeberga Björkeberga , Skåne </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fleming , Miss Honora `` Nora '' </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Carrowskehine , Mayo </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flynn , Mr. James </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Cuilkillew , Mayo </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flynn , Mr. John </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Clonbur , Galway </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Foley , Mr. Joseph </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Broadford , Limerick </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Larchmont , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Foley , Mr. William </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Donoughmore , Cork </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ford , Mr. Arthur </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Bridgwater , Somerset </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Elmira , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ford , Mrs. Margaret Ann ( née Watson ) </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Rotherfield , East Sussex </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Essex County , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ford , Miss Dollina Margaret </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Rotherfield , East Sussex </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Essex County , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ford , Mr. Edward Watson </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Rotherfield , East Sussex </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Essex County , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ford , Mr. William Neal Thomas </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Rotherfield , East Sussex </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Essex County , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ford , Miss Robina Maggie </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Rotherfield , East Sussex </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Essex County , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fox , Mr. Patrick </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Mullingar , Westmeath </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gallagher , Mr. Martin </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Caltra , Galway </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Garfirth , Mr. John </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Wollaston , Northamptonshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Kitchener , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gerios Thamah , Mr. Assaf </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Kafr Mishki </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Ottawa , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gheorgheff , Mr. Stanio </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Butte , Montana , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gilinski , Mr. Eliezer </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Abercynon , Glamorgan </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gilnagh , Miss Mary Katherine `` Katie '' </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Esker , Longford </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Glynn , Miss Mary Agatha </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Killaloe , Clare </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goldsmith , Mr. Frank John </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Strood , Kent </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goldsmith , Mrs. Emily Alice ( née Brown ) </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Strood , Kent </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goldsmith , Master Frank John William </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Strood , Kent </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goldsmith , Mr. Nathan </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goodwin , Mr. Frederick Joseph </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Fulham </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Niagara Falls , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goodwin , Mrs. Augusta ( née Tyler ) </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Fulham </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Niagara Falls , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goodwin , Miss Lillian Amy </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Fulham </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Niagara Falls , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goodwin , Mr. Charles Edward </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Fulham </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Niagara Falls , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goodwin , Master William Frederick </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Fulham </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Niagara Falls , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goodwin , Miss Jessie Allis Mary </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Fulham </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Niagara Falls , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goodwin , Master Harold Victor </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Fulham </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Niagara Falls , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goodwin , Master Sidney Leslie </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fulham </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Niagara Falls , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Green , Mr. George Henry </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Dorking , Surrey </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Lead , South Dakota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grønnestad , Mr. Daniel Danielsen </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Bokn </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Portland , North Dakota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guest , Mr. Robert </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Clinton , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gustafsson , Mr. Alfred Ossian </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Kokkola </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Waukegan , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gustafsson , Mr. Anders Vilhelm </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Ruotsinpyhtää </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gustafsson , Mr. Johan Birger </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Ruotsinpyhtää </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gustafsson , Mr. Karl Gideon </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Myren , Synnerby , Västergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Aberdeen , South Dakota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Haas , Miss Aloisia </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Altdorf , Uri </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hagland , Mr. Ingvald Olai Olsen </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Skaare , Haugesund </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Belmar , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hagland , Mr. Konrad Mathias Reiersen </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Skaare , Haugesund </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Belmar , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hakkarainen , Mr Pekka Pietari </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Helsinki </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Monessen , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hakkarainen , Mrs. Elin Matilda ( née Dolck ) </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Helsinki </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Monessen , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hampe , Mr. Léon Jérome </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Westrozebeke </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hanna , Mr. Borak Suleiman </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Hardîne </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hanna , Mr. Bulus </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Kfar Mechi </Td> <Td> Syria </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Ottawa , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hanna , Mr. Mansur </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Kfar Mechi </Td> <Td> Syria </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Ottawa , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 188 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hansen , Mr. Claus Peter </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Racine , Wisconsin </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Racine , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hansen , Mrs. Jennie Louise ( née Howard ) </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Racine , Wisconsin </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Racine , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hansen , Mr. Henrik Juul </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Holeby , Storstrøm </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Racine , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hansen , Mr. Henry Damsgaard </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Copenhagen </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Racine , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hargadon , Miss Catherine `` Kate '' </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Ballysadare , Sligo </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harknett , Miss Alice Phoebe </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Thornton Heath , London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New London , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hart , Mr. Henry John </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Ballysadare , Sligo </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Boston , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Healy , Miss Hanora ( Nora ) </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Athenry , Galway </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hedman , Mr. Oskar Arvid </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> St. Paul , Minnesota </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> St. Paul , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hegarty , Miss Hanora `` Nora '' </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Whitechurch , Cork </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Charlestown , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heikkinen , Miss Laina </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Jyväskylä </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 14 ? </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heininen , Miss Wendla Maria </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Turku </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hellström , Miss Hilda Maria </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Stora Tuna </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Evanston , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hendeković , Mr. Ignjac </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Vagovina </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 306 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Henriksson , Miss Jenny Lovisa </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Stockholm </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Iron Mountain , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Henry , Miss Bridget Delia </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Clonown , Roscommon </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Boston , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hirvonen , Mrs. Helga Elisabeth ( née Lindqvist ) </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Taalintehdas </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Monessen , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hirvonen , Miss Hildur Elisabeth </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Taalintehdas </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Monessen , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Holm , Mr. Johan Fredrik Alexander </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Karlshamn , Blekinge </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Holten , Mr. Johan Martin </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Bergen </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honkanen , Miss Eliina </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Saarijärvi </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Horgan , Mr. John </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Howard , Miss May Elizabeth </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> North Walsham , Norfolk </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Albion , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Humblen , Mr. Adolf Mathias Nicolai Olsen </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Borgund , Møre og Romsdal </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Husayn , Master Husayn Mahumud </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Fredericksburg , Virginia </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Fredericksburg , Virginia , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hyman , Mr. Solomon Abraham </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Manchester </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Springfield , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ilmakangas , Miss Ida Livija </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> New York City , New York </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ilmakangas , Miss Pieta Sofia </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Paavola , Northern Ostrobothnia </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ivanoff , Mr. Kanio </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Malka Ribnya , Troyan </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jabbour , Miss Hileni </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Syria </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 328 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jabbour , Miss Tamini </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Syria </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jalševac , Mr. Ivan </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Topolovac </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Galesburg , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jansson , Mr. Carl Olof </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Orebro Örebro </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Swedeburg , Nebraska , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jardim , Mr. José Neto </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Calheta , Madeira </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jensen , Mr. Hans Peder </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Eskilstrup </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Portland , Oregon , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jensen , Mr. Niels Peder `` Rasmus '' </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Portland , Oregon </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Portland , Oregon , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jensen , Mr. Svend Lauritz </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Eskilstrup </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Portland , Oregon , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jermyn , Miss Annie Jane </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Ballydehob , Cork </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> East Lynn , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jirjis , Mrs. Shaniini ( née Whabee Abi - Saab ) </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Youngstown , Ohio </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Youngstown , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johannesen , Mr. Bernt Johannes </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Avaldsnes , Stavanger </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johanson , Mr. Jakob Alfred </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Munsala </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 143 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johansson , Mr. Erik </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Frostensmåla , Småland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> St. Paul , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 156 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johansson , Mr. Gustaf Joel </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Bäckebo , Småland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cheyenne , North Dakota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 285 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johansson , Mr. Karl Johan </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Duluth , Minnesota </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Duluth , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johansson , Mr. Nils </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johansson Palmquist , Mr. Oskar Leander </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Kvarnaryd , Småland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New Haven , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnson , Mr. Alfred </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Millwood </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnson , Mrs. Elisabeth Vilhelmina ( née Berg ) </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> St. Charles , Illinois </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> St. Charles , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnson , Master Harold Theodor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> St. Charles , Illinois </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> St. Charles , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnson , Miss Eleanor Ileen </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> St. Charles , Illinois </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> St. Charles , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnson , Mr. Malkolm Joackim </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnson , Mr. William Cahoone Jr . </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Hawthorne , New Jersey </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnston , Mr. Andrew Emslie </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Thornton Heath , London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New London , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnston , Mrs. Elizabeth ( née Watson ) `` Eliza '' </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Thornton Heath , London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New London , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnston , Master William Andrew </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Thornton Heath , London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New London , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnston , Miss Catherine Nellie </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Thornton Heath , London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New London , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jonkoff , Mr. Lalju </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Gumostnik , Lovec </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jonsson , Mr. Carl </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Kalfsnäs , Småland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Huntley , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jonsson Jönsson , Mr. Nils Hilding </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Tagarp Tågarp , Skåne </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jussila , Mr. Eiriik </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Elimäki </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Monessen , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jussila , Miss Katriina </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Paavola , Northern Ostrobothnia </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jussila , Miss Mari Aina </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Paavola , Northern Ostrobothnia </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kallio , Mr. Nikolai Erlantti </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Kauhajoki </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Sudbury , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kalvik , Mr. Johannes Halvorsen </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Etnesjøen , Hordaland Fylke </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Story City , Iowa , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Karajić , Mr. Milan </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Vagovina </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Youngstown , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Karlsson , Mr. Einar Gervasius </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Oskarshamn , Kalmar </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Karlsson , Mr. Julius Konrad Eugen </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Goteborg Göteborg , Västergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Karlsson , Mr. Nils August </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Orebro Örebro </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Palmer , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Karun , Mr. Franz </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Milje </Td> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Galesburg , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Karun , Miss Manca ( `` Anna '' ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Milje </Td> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Galesburg , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Katavelos , Mr. Vassilios G . </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Agios Sostis </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Keane , Mr. Andrew `` Andy '' </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Athenry , Galway </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Auburndale , Florida , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Keefe , Mr. Arthur </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Rahway , New Jersey </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Rahway , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 332 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kelly , Mr. James </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kelly , Mr. James </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Leixlip , Kildare </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New Haven , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kelly , Miss Anna Katherine </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Cuilmullagh , Mayo </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kelly , Miss Mary </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Castlepollard , Westmeath </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kennedy , Mr. John Joseph </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Watergate , Limerick </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 15 ? </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Khalil - Khoury , Mr. Butrus </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Hardîne </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Wilkes Barre , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Khalil - Khoury , Mrs. Zahie `` Maria '' </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Hardîne </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Wilkes Barre , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kiernan , Mr. John Joseph </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Jersey City , New Jersey </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Jersey City , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kiernan , Mr. Philip </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Aughnacliffe , Longford </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Jersey City , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kilgannon , Mr. Thomas </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Currafarry , Galway </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kink , Mr. Anton </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Zurich Zürich </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Milwaukee , Wisconsin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kink , Mrs. Luise ( née Heilmann ) </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Zurich Zürich </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kink , Miss Luise Gretchen </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Zurich Zürich </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kink , Miss Maria </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Zurich Zürich </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kink , Mr. Vincenz </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Zurich Zürich </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Klasén , Mrs. Hulda Kristina Eugenia ( Nee Lofqvist ) </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Salmunds , Gotland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Klasén , Mr. Klas Albin </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Grimshut , Småland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Klasén , Miss Gertrud Emilia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Grimshut , Småland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kraeff , Mr. Theodor </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Vetren </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Madison , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Krekorian , Mr. Neshan </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Kiğı </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Brantford , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kutscher , Mr. Simon </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Edinburgh </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lahoud Ishaq Mowad , Mr. Sarkis </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Zgharta </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Waterbury , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laitinen , Miss Kristiina Sofia </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Helsinki </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laleff , Mr. Kristo </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Knezhni Lak , Troyan </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lam , Mr. Ali </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lam , Mr. Len </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Landergren , Miss Aurora Adelia </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Karlshamn , Blekinge </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lane , Mr. Patrick </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Limerick , Limerick </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lang , Mr. Fang </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Larsson , Mr. August Viktor </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Stamford , Connecticut </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Stamford , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Larsson , Mr. Bengt Edvin </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Nyköping , Södermanland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Hartford , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Larsson - Rondberg , Mr. Edvard A . </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Lysvik , Värmland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Missoula , Montana , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lee , Mr. Bing </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lee , Mr. Ling </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lefebvre , Mrs. Frances Marie - Anselme ( née Daumont ) </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Liévin , Pas - de-Calais </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Mystic , Iowa , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lefebvre , Miss Mathilde Franck - Marie - Joseph </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Liévin , Pas - de-Calais </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Mystic , Iowa , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lefebvre , Miss Jeannie Franck - Marie - Joseph </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Liévin , Pas - de-Calais </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Mystic , Iowa , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lefebvre , Master Henri Franck - Marie - Joseph </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Liévin , Pas - de-Calais </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Mystic , Iowa , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lefebvre , Miss Ida Franck - Marie - Joseph </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Liévin , Pas - de-Calais </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Mystic , Iowa , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leinonen , Mr. Antti Gustaf </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Valitaipale </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lennon , Mr. Denis </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Ballymahon , Longford </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lennon , Miss Mary </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Ballymahon , Longford </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leonard , Mr. Lionel </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> New York City , New York </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lester , Mr. James </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> West Bromwich , Staffordshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Pontiac , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lievens , Mr. René Gustave Aimé </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Haaltert </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lindahl , Miss Agda Thorilda Viktoria </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Stockholm </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Saranac Lake , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lindblom , Miss Augusta Charlotta </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Stockholm </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Stratford , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lindell , Mr. Edvard Bengtsson </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Helsingborg , Skåne </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Hartford , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lindell , Mrs. Elin Gerda ( née Persson ) </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Helsingborg , Skåne </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Hartford , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lindqvist , Mr. Eino William </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Taalintehdas </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Monessen , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Linehan , Mr. Michael </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Boherbue , Cork </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ling , Mr. LLee </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Linhart , Mr. Wenzel H . </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Vienna </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 298 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Livshin , Mr. David ( `` Abraham Harmer '' ) </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Manchester </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lobb , Mr. William Arthur </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Scranton , Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Scranton , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lobb , Mrs. Cordelia K. ( née Stanlick ) </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Scranton , Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Scranton , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lockyer , Mr. Edward Thomas </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Sandhurst , Kent </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Ontario , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 153 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lovell , Mr. John Hall ( `` Henry '' ) </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Northlew , Devon </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lulić , Mr. Nikola </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Konjsko Brdo </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lundahl , Mr. Johan Svensson </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Fyrnan , Småland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Spokane , Washington , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lundström , Mr. Thure Edvin </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Simrishamn , Skåne </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lymperopoulus , Mr. Panagiotis K . </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Ayios Sostis Áyios Sóstis </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Stamford , Connecticut US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 196 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lyntakoff , Mr. Stanko </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Coon Rapids , Iowa , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mackay , Mr. George William </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Rochester , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madigan , Miss Margaret `` Maggie '' </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Askeaton , Limerick </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madsen , Mr. Fridtjof Arne </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Trondheim </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maenpaa Mäenpää , Mr. Matti Alexanteri </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Kauhajoki </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Sudbury , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mahon , Miss Bridget Delia </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Derrymartin , Mayo </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maisner , Mr. Simon </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Makinen Mäkinen , Mr. Kalle Edvard </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Ikaalinen , Pirkanmaa </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Glassport , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mamee , Mr. Hanna </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Tripoli </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mangan , Miss Mary </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Carrowkehine , Mayo </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mannion , Miss Margaret </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Caltra , Galway </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mardirosian , Mr. Sarkis </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Kiğı </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Brantford , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marinko , Mr. Dmitri </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Macedonia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Markoff , Mr. Marin </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Gumostnik , Lovec </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Markun , Mr. Johann </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Milje </Td> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matinoff , Mr. Nicola </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Gabrovo </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Madison , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McCarthy , Miss Catherine `` Katie '' </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Tipperary </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Bayonne , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McCormack , Mr. Thomas Joseph </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Bayonne , New Jersey </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Guttenberg , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McCoy , Miss Catherine Agnes </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Carrickatane , Tyrone </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McCoy , Miss Alice </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Carrickatane , Tyrone </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McCoy , Mr. Bernard </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Carrickatane , Tyrone </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McDermott , Miss Bridget Delia </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Lahardane , Mayo </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McEvoy , Mr. Michael </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Dublin </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McGovern , Miss Mary </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Corlough , Cavan </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McGowan , Miss Anna F. `` Annie '' </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Massbrook , Mayo </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McGowan , Miss Catherine </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Terry , Mayo </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McMahon , Mr. Martin </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Craghbrien , Clare </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McNamee , Mr. Neal </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Convoy , Donegal , Ireland </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McNamee , Mrs. Eileen ( née O'Leary ) </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Salisbury , Wiltshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McNeill , Miss Bridget </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Trien , Roscommon </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meanwell , Mrs. Mary Ann </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> Eastbourne , East Sussex </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meehan , Mr. John </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Currowhunane , Sligo </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Patterson , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meek , Mrs. Anna `` Annie '' Louise Rowley </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Penarth , Glamorgan </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meanie , Miss Beanie The </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Everett , Washington , USA </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meanie , Miss Maliza Mae ( née Jones ) </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> London , England </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Everett , Washington , USA </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meo - Martino , Mr. Alfonzo </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Bournemouth , Dorset </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 201 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mernagh , Mr. John Robert </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Ballywilliam , Wexford </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Midtsjø , Mr. Karl Albert </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Krøkstad , Ski </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mihoff , Mr. Stoytcho </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Gumostnik , Lovec </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miles , Mr. Frank </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Greenwich , London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mineff , Mr. Ivan </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Coon Rapids , Iowa , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minkoff , Mr. Lazar </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Gumostnik , Lovec </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mitkoff , Mr. Mito </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mockler , Miss Ellen Mary </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Currafarry , Galway </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moen , Mr. Sigurd Hansen </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Bergen </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 309 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moor , Mrs. Beila </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moor , Master Meier </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moore , Mr. Leonard Charles </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Kingston upon Thames , London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Hoboken , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moran , Miss Bertha Bridget </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Askeaton , Limerick </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moran , Mr. Daniel James </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Askeaton , Limerick </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morley , Mr. William </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Petworth , West Sussex </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morrow , Mr. Thomas Rowan </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Rathfriland , Down </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Gleichen , Alberta , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moss , Mr. Albert Johan </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Bergen </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moussa , Mrs. Mantoura </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Hardîne </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moutal , Mr. Rahamin Haim </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mubarik , Mrs. Amanah Fa'ud ( née Iskandar ) </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Hardîne </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Houtzdale , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mubarik , Master Gerios </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Hardîne </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Houtzdale , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mubarik , Master Halim Gonios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hardîne </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Houtzdale , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mullen , Miss Katherine `` Katie '' </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Esker , Longford </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mulvihill , Miss Bridget Elizabeth `` Bertha '' </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Athlone , Westmeath </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Providence , Rhode Island , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Murdlin , Mr. Joseph </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Murphy , Miss Catherine `` Kate '' </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Aghnacliffe , Longford </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Murphy , Miss Margaret Jane `` Maggie / Mary '' </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Fostragh , Longford </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Murphy , Miss Nora </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Dublin </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Muslamani , Mrs. Fatimah </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Tebnine </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Michigan City , Indiana , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Myhrman , Mr. Pehr Fabian Oliver Malkolm </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Kristinehamn , Värmland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nackid , Mr. Sahid </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Zgharta </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Waterbury , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nackid , Miss Waika `` Mary '' ( née Mowad ) </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Zgharta </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Waterbury , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nackid , Miss Maria </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Zgharta </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Waterbury , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Naidenoff , Mr. Penko </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Gumostnik , Lovech </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nakli - Khoury , Mr. Toufik </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Hardîne </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nancarrow , Mr. William Henry </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> St Austell , Cornwall </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Yonkers , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nankoff , Mr. Minko </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nasr Alma , Mr. Mustafa </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Tebnine </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nassr Rizq , Mr. Saade </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Sir'Al </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Naughton , Miss Hannah </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Donoughmore </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nenkoff , Mr. Christo </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Coon Rapids , Iowa , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nieminen , Miss Manta Josefiina </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Karinainen </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Aberdeen , Washington , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Niklasson , Mr. Samuel </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Vastra Bogane Västra Bogane , Orust Island </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nilsson , Mr. August Ferdinand </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Horby Hörby , Skåne </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> St. Paul , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nilsson , Miss Berta Olivia </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Lysvik , Värmland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Missoula , Montana , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nilsson , Miss Helmina Josefina </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Ramkvilla , Småland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Joliet , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Niqula - Yarid , Miss Jamilah </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> El - Hakour </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Jacksonville , Florida , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Niqula - Yarid , Master Ilyas </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> El - Hakour </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Jacksonville , Florida , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nirva , Mr. Iisakki Antino Äijö </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Kauhajoki </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Sudbury , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Niskanen , Mr. Juha </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Kivijärvi </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Boston , Massachusetts , US </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nofal , Mr. Mansur </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Kafr Mishki </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Ottawa , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 181 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nosworthy , Mr. Richard Cater </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Newton Abbot , Devon </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Buffalo , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nysten , Miss Anna Sofia </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Kisa , Östergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Hackensack , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nysveen , Mr. Johan Hansen </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> Oyer Øyer </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Grand Forks , North Dakota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> O'Brien , Mr. Thomas </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Pallasgreen , Limerick </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> O'Brien , Mrs. Johanna `` Hannah '' ( née Godfrey ) </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Pallasgreen , Limerick </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> O'Brien , Mr. Timothy </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Drimoleague , Cork </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> O'Connell , Mr. Patrick Denis </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Kingwilliamstown , Cork </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> O'Connor , Mr. Maurice </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Boherbue , Cork </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> O'Connor , Mr. Patrick </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Kingwilliamstown , Cork </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> O'Driscoll , Miss Bridget </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Ballydehob , Cork </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Jersey City , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> O'Dwyer , Miss Ellen `` Nellie '' </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Limerick , Limerick </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> O'Keefe , Mr. Patrick </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Waterford , Waterford </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> O'Leary , Miss Hanora `` Nora '' </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Kingwilliamstown , Cork </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> O'Sullivan , Miss Bridget Mary </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Glenduff , Kerry </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Odahl Ödahl , Mr. Nils Martin </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Orsjo Örsjö , Kalmar </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Peoria , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ohman Öhman , Miss Velin </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Mariestad , Västergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Olsen , Mr. Henry Margido </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Bergen </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 173 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Olsen , Mr. Karl Siegwart Andreas </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Trondheim </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Olsen , Master Arthur Carl </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Trondheim </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Olsen , Mr. Ole Martin </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Sunnhordland </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Broderick , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Olsson , Miss Elina </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Sodra Brantevik Södra Brantevik </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> St. Paul , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Olsson , Mr. Nils Johan Göransson </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Eslöv , Skåne </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Olsson , Mr. Oskar Wilhelm </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Lunna , Orust Island </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Manitowoc , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Olsvingen , Mr. Thor Andersen </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Vikersund </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Carneron , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Orešković , Miss Jelka </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Konjsko Brdo </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Orešković , Mr. Luka </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Konjsko Brdo </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Orešković , Miss Marija </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Konjsko Brdo </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Osén , Mr. Olaf Elon </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Hedesunda , Gävleborg </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Mitchell , South Dakota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Palsson Pålsson , Mrs. Alma Cornelia ( née Berglund ) </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Bjuv , Skåne </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 206 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Palsson Pålsson , Miss Torborg Danira </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Bjuv , Skåne </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Palsson Pålsson , Master Paul Folke </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Bjuv , Skåne </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Palsson Pålsson , Miss Stina Viola </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bjuv , Skåne </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Palsson Pålsson , Master Gösta Leonard </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bjuv , Skåne </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panula , Mrs. Maija Emelia Abrahamintytar ( née Ketola - Ojala ) </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Ylihärmä , South Ostrobothnia </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Coal Center , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panula , Mr. Ernesti Arvid </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Ylihärmä , South Ostrobothnia </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Coal Center , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panula , Mr. Jaakko Arnold </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Ylihärmä , South Ostrobothnia </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Coal Center , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panula , Master Juha Niilo </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Ylihärmä , South Ostrobothnia </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Coal Center , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panula , Master Urho Abraham </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ylihärmä , South Ostrobothnia </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Coal Center , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panula , Master Eino Viljami </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ylihärmä , South Ostrobothnia </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Coal Center , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pašič , Mr. Jakov </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Streklevac </Td> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Aurora , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Patchett , Mr. George </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Wollaston , Northamptonshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Kitchener , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pavlović , Mr. Štefo </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Vagovina </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peacock , Mrs. Edith ( née Nile ) </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Southampton , Hampshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Elizabeth , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peacock , Miss Treasteall </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Southampton , Hampshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Elizabeth , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peacock , Master Alfred Edward </Td> <Td> 0.07 ! 7 mo . </Td> <Td> Southampton , Hampshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Elizabeth , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pearce , Mr. Ernest </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pedersen , Mr. Olaf </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Sandefjord </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Seattle , Washington , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peduzzi , Mr. Giuseppe </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pekoniemi , Mr. Edvard Johannes </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Heinola </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peltomäki , Mr. Nikolai Johannes </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Helsinki </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Perkin , Mr. John Henry </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Holsworthy , Devon </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Persson , Mr. Ernst Ulrik </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Stockholm , Uppland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Indianapolis , Indiana , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peters , Miss Catherine `` Katie '' </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Cahir , Tipperary </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Petersen , Mr. Marius </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Petranec , Miss Matilda </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Vagovina </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Petroff , Mr. Nadjalko </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Gumostnik , Lovec </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Petroff , Mr. Pastcho </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Belish , Troyan </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pettersson , Miss Ellen Natalia </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Stockholm , Uppland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Iron Mountain , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pettersson , Mr. Johan Emil </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Vastermo Västermo , Södermanland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pickard , Mr. Berk ( Trembisky ) </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Warsaw </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> San Francisco , US </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Plotcharsky , Mr. Vasil </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Tulsa , Oklahoma , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pocrnić , Mr. Mate </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Bukovac </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pocrnić , Mr. Tome </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Bukovac </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pullner , Mr. Uscher </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Radeff , Mr. Alexander </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rasmussen , Mrs. Lena Jakobsen ( née Solvang ) </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> Haugesund , Rogaland </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Centerville , South Dakota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Razi , Mr. Raihed </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Tebnine </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reed , Mr. James George </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Penarth , Glamorgan </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rekić , Mr. Tido </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Bosanska Krupa </Td> <Td> Bosnia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reynolds , Mr. Harold J . </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Toronto , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 327 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rice , Mrs. Margaret ( née Norton ) </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Athlone , Westmeath </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Spokane , Washington , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rice , Master Albert </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Athlone , Westmeath </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Spokane , Washington , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rice , Master George Hugh </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Athlone , Westmeath </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Spokane , Washington , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rice , Master Frederick Thomas `` Eric '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Athlone , Westmeath </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Spokane , Washington , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rice , Master Arthur </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Athlone , Westmeath </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Spokane , Washington , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rice , Master Eugene Francis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Athlone , Westmeath </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Spokane , Washington , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Riihivuori , Miss Susanna Juhantytär `` Sanni '' </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Ylihärmä , South Ostrobothnia </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Coal Center , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rintamäki , Mr. Matti </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Kyyny </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Sudbury , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Riordan , Miss Hannah </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Glenlougha , Cork </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Risien , Mr. Samuel Beard </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> Deal , Kent </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Groesbeck , Texas , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Risien , Mrs. Emma Jane ( née Lellyet ) </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> Durban </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Groesbeck , Texas , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robins , Mr. Alexander A . </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> St Austell , Cornwall </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Yonkers , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 119 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robins , Mrs. Grace Charity ( née Laury ) </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> St Austell , Cornwall </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Yonkers , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rogers , Mr. William John </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Pontardawe , West Glamorgan </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rommetvedt , Mr. Knud Paust </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Hogstad </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rosblom , Mrs. Helena Wilhelmina </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Suistamo </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Astoria , Oregon , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rosblom , Mr. Viktor Rickard </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Suistamo </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Astoria , Oregon , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rosblom , Miss Salli Helena </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Suistamo </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Astoria , Oregon , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roth , Miss Sarah A . </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rouse , Mr. Richard Henry </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Sittingbourne , Kent </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cleveland , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rush , Mr. Alfred George John </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Strood , Kent </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ryan , Mr. Edward </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Ballinascreen , Tipperary </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Troy , New York , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ryan , Mr. Patrick </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Askeaton , Limerick </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Bronx , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saether Sæther , Mr. Simon Sivertsen </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Skaun , Sør - Trøndelag </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saad , Mr. Amin </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Tebnine </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saad , Mr. Khalil </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Kfar Mechi </Td> <Td> Syria </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Ottawa , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sadlier , Mr. Matthew </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Mohill , Leitrim </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Lakewood Township , New Jersey , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sadowitz , Mr. Harry </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Providence , Rhode Island , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sage , Mr. John George </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Peterborough , Cambridgeshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Jacksonville , Florida , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sage , Mrs. Annie Elizabeth ( née Cazaly ) </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Peterborough , Cambridgeshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Jacksonville , Florida , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sage , Miss Stella Anne </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Peterborough , Cambridgeshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Jacksonville , Florida , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sage , Mr. George John </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Peterborough , Cambridgeshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Jacksonville , Florida , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sage , Mr. Douglas Bullen </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Peterborough , Cambridgeshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Jacksonville , Florida , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sage , Mr. Frederick </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Peterborough , Cambridgeshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Jacksonville , Florida , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sage , Miss Dorothy Florence `` Dolly '' </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Peterborough , Cambridgeshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Jacksonville , Florida , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sage , Master Anthony William `` Will '' </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Peterborough , Cambridgeshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Jacksonville , Florida , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sage , Miss Elizabeth Ada </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Peterborough , Cambridgeshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Jacksonville , Florida , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sage , Miss Constance Gladys </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Peterborough , Cambridgeshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Jacksonville , Florida , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sage , Master Thomas Henry </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peterborough , Cambridgeshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Jacksonville , Florida , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Salander , Mr. Karl Johan </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Genevad , Halland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Red Wing , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Salkjelsvik , Miss Anna Kristine </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Alesund Ålesund , Møre og Romsdal </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Proctor , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Salonen , Mr. Johan Verner </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Aberdeen , Washington </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Aberdeen , Washington , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sa'maan , Master Butrus </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Hardîne </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Wilkes Barre , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sa'maan , Mr. Hanna Ilyas </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Hardîne </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sa'maan , Mr. Ilyas </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Hardîne </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sa'maan , Mr. Youssef Omar `` Joseph '' </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Hardîne </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sandström , Mrs. Agnes Charlotta ( née Bengtsson ) </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Motala , Östergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> San Francisco , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sandström , Miss Marguerite Rut </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Motala , Östergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> San Francisco , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sandström , Miss Beatrice Irene </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Motala , Östergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> San Francisco , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sap , Mr. Julius ( Jules ) </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Zwevezele </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saundercock , Mr. William Henry </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> St Austell , Cornwall </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sawyer , Mr. Frederick Charles </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Basingstoke , Hampshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Halley , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 284 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scanlan , Mr. James </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Rathkeale , Limerick </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scheerlinck , Mr. Jean Baptiste </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Haaltert , East Flanders </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sdycoff , Mr. Theodor </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shaughnessy , Mr. Patrick </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Tynagh , Galway </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shawah , Mr. Yousseff Ibrahim </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Beirut </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shadid , Mr. Dahir Abu </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Ibrin </Td> <Td> Syria or Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Kulpmont , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shellard , Mr. Frederick William Blainey </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> Bristol , Avon </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Troy , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shihab , Mr. Amir Faris </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Hadath </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shine , Miss Ellen Natalia </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Cork , Cork </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shorney , Mr. Charles Joseph </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Heron 's Ghyll , East Sussex </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 240 ( ? ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Simmons , Mr. John </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Leigh , Kent </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sirkanian , Mr. Arsun </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Kiğı </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Brantford , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sirota , Mr. Maurice </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sivić , Mr. Husein </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Bosanska Krupa </Td> <Td> Bosnia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sivola , Mr. Antti Vilhelmi </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Mountain Home , Idaho </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Mountain Home , Idaho , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sjöblom , Miss Anna Sofiia </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Munsala </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Olympia , Washington , US </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Skoog , Mr. Wilhelm Johansson </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Hallekis Hällekis , Västergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Iron Mountain , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Skoog , Mrs. Anna Bernhardina ( née Karlsson ) </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Hallekis Hällekis , Västergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Iron Mountain , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Skoog , Master Karl Thorsten </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Hallekis Hällekis , Västergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Iron Mountain , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Skoog , Miss Mabel </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Hallekis Hällekis , Västergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Iron Mountain , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Skoog , Master Harald </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Hallekis Hällekis , Västergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Iron Mountain , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Skoog , Miss Margit Elizabeth </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hallekis Hällekis , Västergötland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Iron Mountain , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slabenoff , Mr. Peko </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slocovski , Mr. Selman Francis </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Smiljanić , Mr. Jakob Mile </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Pisac </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Smyth , Mr. Thomas </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Caltra , Galway </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> Hammond , Indiana , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Smyth , Miss Julia </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Kilcogy , Cavan </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Soholt Søholt , Mr. Peter Andreas Lauritz Andersen </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Alesund Ålesund , Møre og Romsdal </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Somerton , Mr. Francis William </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Greatfield , Cheltenham </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Canastota , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spector , Mr. Woolf </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spinner , Mr. Henry John </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Arboretum , Worcestershire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Gloversville , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Staneff , Mr. Ivan </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Debnevo , Troyan </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stanković , Mr. Ivan </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Galdovo </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stanley , Miss Amy Zillah Elsie </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Wallingford , Oxfordshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New Haven , Connecticut , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stanley , Mr. Edward Rowland </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Swanage </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cleveland , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Storey , Mr. Thomas </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Liverpool , Merseyside </Td> <Td> England , </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 261 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stoytcheff , Mr. Ilia </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Gumostnik , Lovec </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Strandberg , Miss Ida Sofia </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Turku </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Strandén , Mr. Juho Niilonpoika </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Muljula , Kitee </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Duluth , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Strilić , Mr. Ivan </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Siroka Kula Široka Kula </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ström , Mrs. Elna Matilda ( née Persson ) </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Indiana Harbor , Indiana </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Indiana Harbor , Indiana , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ström , Miss Thelma Matilda Wilhelmina </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Indiana Harbor , Indiana </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Indiana Harbor , Indiana , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sunderland , Mr. Victor Francis </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cleveland , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sundman , Mr. Johan Julian </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Munsala </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cheyenne , Wyoming , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sutehall Jr. , Mr. Henry </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Buffalo , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Svensson , Mr. Johan </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> Reftele , Småland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Effington Rut , South Dakota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Svensson , Mr. Johan Cervin </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Knared Knäred , Halland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Beresford , South Dakota , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Svensson , Mr. Olof </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Bjorkeberga Björkeberga , Skåne </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tenglin , Mr. Gunnar Isidor </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Stockholm , Uppland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Burlington , Iowa , US </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Theobald , Mr. Thomas Leonard </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Strood , Kent </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 176 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tannous , Mr. Charles R'ad </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Hardîne </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Wilkes Barre , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tannous , Mrs. Thamini Khoury Fa'ud `` Thelma '' </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Hardîne </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Wilkes Barre , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tannous , Master As'ad Iskandar Fa'ud </Td> <Td> 0.05 ! 5 mo . </Td> <Td> Hardîne </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Wilkes Barre , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thomas , Mr. John </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Columbus , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thomas , Mr. Tannous John </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Columbus , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thompson , Mr. Alexander Morrison </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thorneycroft , Mr. Percival Thomas </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Maidstone , Kent </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Clinton , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thorneycroft , Mrs. Florence Kate ( née Stears ) </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Maidstone , Kent </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Clinton , New York , US </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tikkanen , Mr. Juho </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Pielavesi </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tobin , Mr. Roger </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Cahir , Tipperary </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Todoroff , Mr. Lalio </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tomlin , Mr. Ernest Portage </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Portage la Prairie , Manitoba </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Des Moines , Iowa , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Torber Törber , Mr. Ernst Wilhelm </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Torfa , Mr. Assad </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Syria </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tornquist Törnquist , Mr. William Henry </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Sundbyberg </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Touma , Mrs. Hanna Youssef ( née Razi ) </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Tibnin </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Dowagiac , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Touma , Miss Marianna Youssef </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Tibnin </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Dowagiac , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Touma , Master Gerios ( George ) Youssef </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Tibnin </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Dowagiac , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turčin , Mr. Stjepan </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Bratina </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Youngstown , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turja , Miss Anna Sofiia </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Oulainen , Oulu </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Ashtabula , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkula , Mrs. Hedvig </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> Jalasjärvi , Southern Ostrobothnia </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Hibbing , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Van Billiard , Mr. Austin Blyler </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> North Wales , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 255 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Van Billiard , Master James William </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> North Wales , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Van Billiard , Master Walter John </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> North Wales , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 ( ? ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Van de Velde , Mr. Johannes Josef </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Denderhoutem </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Van den Steen , Mr. Leo Peter </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Haaltert </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Van Impe , Mr. Jean - Baptiste </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Kerksken </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Van Impe , Mrs. Rosalie Paula ( née Govaert ) </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Kerksken </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Van Impe , Miss Catharina </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Kerksken </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Van Melkebeke , Mr. Philemon Edmund </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Haaltert , East Flanders </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vandercruyssen , Mr. Victor </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Zwevezele </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vanderplancke , Mr. Julius </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Zwevezele </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Fremont , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vanderplancke , Mrs. Emelie Maria ( née Vandemoortele ) </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Pittem </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Fremont , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vanderplancke , Miss Augusta Maria </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Zwevezele </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Fremont , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vanderplancke , Mr. Leo Edmondus </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Zwevezele </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Fremont , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Van de Walle , Mr. Nestor Cyriel </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Westrozebeke </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vartanian , Mr. Dawud </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Kiğı </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Brantford , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vendel , Mr. Olof Edvin </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Ostra Sallerup Östra Sallerup , Skåne </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> St. Paul , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Veström , Miss Hulda Amanda Adolfina </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Salmunds , Gotland </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vovk , Mr. Janko </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Jesenice </Td> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> St. Joseph , Minnesota , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Waelens , Mr. Achille </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Ruiselede , West Flanders </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Stanton , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 140 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ware , Mr. Frederick William </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Greenwich , London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Warren , Mr. Charles William </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Portsmouth , Hampshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wazni , Mr. Yousif Ahmed </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Tebnin </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Webber , Mr. James </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> San Francisco </Td> <Td> US </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> San Francisco , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wennerström , Mr. August Edvard Andersson </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Malmö , Skåne </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Widegren , Mr. Carl Peter </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Algutsrum , Kalmar </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wiklund , Mr. Jakob Alfred </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Vaasa </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 314 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wiklund , Mr. Karl Johan </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Vaasa </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wilkes , Mrs. Ellen </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Penzance , Cornwall </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Akron , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Willer , Mr. Aaron </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Willey , Mr. Edward </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Market Drayton , Shropshire </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Schenectady , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Williams , Mr. Howard Hugh `` Harry '' </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Guernsey , Channel Islands </Td> <Td> Channel Islands </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Williams , Mr. Leslie </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Tonypandy , Glamorgan </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Windeløv , Mr. Einar </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Cape Town </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wirz , Mr. Albert </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Uster </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Beloit , Wisconsin , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 131 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wiseman , Mr. Phillippe </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Quebec City , Quebec , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wittevrongel , Mr. Camilius Aloysius </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Westrozebeke </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yasbak , Mr. Antun </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yasbak , Mrs. Silanah Fa'ud ( née Iskandar ) </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ylieff , Mr. Ylio </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Youssef , Mr. Gerios ( Abi Saab ) </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Hardîne </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Youngstown , Ohio , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 312 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Youssef , Mr. Gerios ( Sam'aan ) </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Hardîne </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zajib Qiyamah , Miss Adal `` Jane '' </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> El Shweir </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York , US </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zakarian , Mr. Haroutyun Der </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Kiğı </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Brantford , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zakarian , Mr. Mapri Der </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Kiğı </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> <Td> Brantford , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 304 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zimmermann , Mr. Leo </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Todtmoos </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Cross-Channel passengers ( edit ) </H2> <P> In addition to the above - listed passengers , the Titanic carried 29 cross-channel passengers who boarded at Southampton and disembarked at either Cherbourg , France or Queenstown , Ireland . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Age </Th> <Th> Class </Th> <Th> Hometown </Th> <Th> Boarded </Th> <Th> Disembarked </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brand , Mr. Karl Birger </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> Falköping , Västergötland , Sweden </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Browne , Father Francis Patrick Mary </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> Dublin , Ireland </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Collis , Mr . </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Davies , Mr. H.V. </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Second </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Davies , Miss K . </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Second </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> De Grasse , Mr. J . </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dyer - Edwardes , Mr. Thomas </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> Kensington , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dyer - Edwardes , Mrs. Clementina Georgina Lucy </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> Kensington , England </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Evans , Miss </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Second </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fletcher , Miss N . </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Forman , Mr. J . </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Forman , Mrs . </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lenox - Conyngham , Miss Alice Katherine Harriet </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lenox - Conyngham , Mrs. Barbara Josephine ( née Turton ) </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lenox - Conyngham , Miss Eileen Mary </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lenox - Conyngham , Master Denis Hugh </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May , Mr. Richard W . </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May , Mr. Stanley </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mullen , Mr . </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Second </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nichols , Mr. E . </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Noel , Major Gerard Thomas </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Noel , Master William Henry Middleton </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Odell , Miss Kate </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Odell , Mrs. Lily May </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Odell , Master Jack Dudley </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Queenstown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Osborne , Miss D . </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Second </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Remesch , Miss </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Second </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stevens , Mr. G . </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tovey , Miss </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Second </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wotton , Mr. Henry Swaffin </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> First </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> Cherbourg </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> First passenger survivors to die ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Date of birth </Th> <Th> Date of death </Th> <Th> Age at time of disaster </Th> <Th> Age at time of death </Th> <Th> Additional notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nackid ! Miss Maria Nackid </Td> <Td> 1 May 1910 </Td> <Td> 30 July 1912 </Td> <Td> 7002715000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 350 days </Td> <Td> 7002821000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 90 days </Td> <Td> First Titanic survivor to die , after contracting meningitis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baqlini ! Miss Eujini Baqulini </Td> <Td> 1909 </Td> <Td> 30 August 1912 </Td> <Td> 3 years </Td> <Td> 3 years </Td> <Td> Died a month after Maria Nackid , also of meningitis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gracie ! Colonel Archibald Gracie IV </Td> <Td> 17 January 1859 </Td> <Td> 4 December 1912 </Td> <Td> 7004194460000000000 ♠ 53 years , 89 days </Td> <Td> 7004196790000000000 ♠ 53 years , 322 days </Td> <Td> Died of health complications he suffered due to the sinking ; Gracie wrote one of the first accounts of the sinking by a survivor , The Truth about the Titanic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spencer ! Mrs. Marie Eugenie Spencer </Td> <Td> 1867 </Td> <Td> 26 October 1913 </Td> <Td> 45 years </Td> <Td> 46 -- 47 years </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frolicher ! Mr. Maximilian Josef Frölicher </Td> <Td> 24 September 1851 </Td> <Td> 22 November 1913 </Td> <Td> 7004221180000000000 ♠ 60 years , 204 days </Td> <Td> 7004227040000000000 ♠ 62 years , 59 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrews ! Miss Kornelia Theodosia Andrews </Td> <Td> 12 August 1849 </Td> <Td> 14 December 1913 </Td> <Td> 7004228910000000000 ♠ 62 years , 247 days </Td> <Td> 7004234990000000000 ♠ 64 years , 124 days </Td> <Td> Died of pneumonia </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Last passenger survivors to die ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Date of birth </Th> <Th> Date of death </Th> <Th> Age at time of disaster </Th> <Th> Age at time of death </Th> <Th> Additional notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McGowan ! Mrs. Anna F. `` Annie '' Straube ( née McGowan ) </Td> <Td> 5 July 1897 </Td> <Td> 30 January 1990 </Td> <Td> 7003539700000000000 ♠ 14 years , 285 days </Td> <Td> 7004338110000000000 ♠ 92 years , 209 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Becker ! Mrs. Ruth Elizabeth Blanchard ( née Becker ) </Td> <Td> 28 October 1899 </Td> <Td> 6 July 1990 </Td> <Td> 7003455200000000000 ♠ 12 years , 170 days </Td> <Td> 7004331230000000000 ♠ 90 years , 251 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dean ! Mr. Bertram Vere Dean </Td> <Td> 21 May 1910 </Td> <Td> 14 April 1992 </Td> <Td> 7002695000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 330 days </Td> <Td> 7004299140000000000 ♠ 81 years , 329 days </Td> <Td> Sibling of the last living survivor , Millvina Dean </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Newell ! Mrs. Marjorie Anne Robb ( née Newell ) </Td> <Td> 12 February 1889 </Td> <Td> 11 June 1992 </Td> <Td> 7003846200000000000 ♠ 23 years , 63 days </Td> <Td> 7004378140000000000 ♠ 103 years , 195 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kink ! Mrs. Louise Gretchen Pope ( née Kink ) </Td> <Td> 8 April 1908 </Td> <Td> 25 August 1992 </Td> <Td> 7003146800000000000 ♠ 4 years , 7 days </Td> <Td> 7004308200000000000 ♠ 84 years , 139 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jeanie , Mrs. Beanie The ( nee Meanie ) </Td> <Td> 7 May 1905 </Td> <Td> 30 October 1992 </Td> <Td> 7003253500000000000 ♠ 6 years , 344 days </Td> <Td> 7004319530000000000 ♠ 87 years , 176 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Robertha Josephine Watt </Td> <Td> 7 September 1899 </Td> <Td> 4 March 1993 </Td> <Td> 12 years , 7 months 8 days </Td> <Td> 93 years </Td> <Td> Last remaining survivor living in Canada . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miss Ellen Shine </Td> <Td> 30 December 1891 </Td> <Td> 5 March 1993 </Td> <Td> 20 years , 3 months 16 days </Td> <Td> 101 years </Td> <Td> Last living survivor who was an adult at the time of the sinking ; last living survivor of Irish background . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sandstrom ! Miss Beatrice Irene Sandström </Td> <Td> 9 August 1910 </Td> <Td> 3 September 1995 </Td> <Td> 7002615000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 250 days </Td> <Td> 7004310710000000000 ♠ 85 years , 25 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hart ! Miss Eva Miriam Hart </Td> <Td> 31 January 1905 </Td> <Td> 14 February 1996 </Td> <Td> 7003263100000000000 ♠ 7 years , 75 days </Td> <Td> 7004332510000000000 ♠ 91 years , 14 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brown ! Mrs. Edith Eileen Haisman ( née Brown ) </Td> <Td> 27 October 1896 </Td> <Td> 20 January 1997 </Td> <Td> 7003564800000000000 ♠ 15 years , 171 days </Td> <Td> 7004366090000000000 ♠ 100 years , 85 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laroche ! Miss Louise Marguerite Laroche </Td> <Td> 2 July 1910 </Td> <Td> 28 January 1998 </Td> <Td> 7002653000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 288 days </Td> <Td> 7004319870000000000 ♠ 87 years , 210 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnson ! Mrs. Eleanor Ileen Shulman ( née Johnson ) </Td> <Td> 23 August 1910 </Td> <Td> 9 March 1998 </Td> <Td> 7002601000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 236 days </Td> <Td> 7004320360000000000 ♠ 87 years , 259 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Navratil ! Mr. Michel Marcel Navratil </Td> <Td> 12 June 1908 </Td> <Td> 30 January 2001 </Td> <Td> 7003140300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 308 days </Td> <Td> 7004338350000000000 ♠ 92 years , 232 days </Td> <Td> Along with brother Edmond ( 1910 -- 1953 ) , were the only children rescued without a parent or guardian ( known as the Titanic Orphans ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quick ! Mrs. Winnifred Vera van Tongerloo ( née Quick ) </Td> <Td> 23 January 1904 </Td> <Td> 4 July 2002 </Td> <Td> 7003300500000000000 ♠ 8 years , 83 days </Td> <Td> 7004359570000000000 ♠ 98 years , 162 days </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mr. Samuel James Langston ( formerly Johnson ) </Td> <Td> 2 January 1902 </Td> <Td> 15 April 2003 </Td> <Td> 7003375600000000000 ♠ 10 years , 104 days </Td> <Td> 7004369930000000000 ♠ 101 years , 103 days </Td> <Td> Last living male survivor , last first class survivor , and last survivor who did not lose a relative in the sinking . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asplund ! Miss Lillian Gertrud Asplund </Td> <Td> 21 October 1906 </Td> <Td> 6 May 2006 </Td> <Td> 7003200300000000000 ♠ 5 years , 177 days </Td> <Td> 7004363570000000000 ♠ 99 years , 197 days </Td> <Td> Last living survivor with memories of the accident . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West ! Mrs. Barbara Joyce Dainton ( née West ) </Td> <Td> 24 May 1911 </Td> <Td> 16 October 2007 </Td> <Td> 7002327000000000000 ♠ 327 days </Td> <Td> 7004352090000000000 ♠ 96 years , 145 days </Td> <Td> Last remaining survivor who was a second class passenger . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dean ! Miss Elizabeth Gladys `` Millvina '' Dean </Td> <Td> 2 February 1912 </Td> <Td> 31 May 2009 </Td> <Td> 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 days </Td> <Td> 7004355480000000000 ♠ 97 years , 118 days </Td> <Td> Last living survivor and sibling of Bertram Dean , another one of the last remaining survivors . She was the last remaining survivor who was a third class passenger . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Footnotes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Now the Republic of Ireland . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Now Germany . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Now India . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Now South Africa . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Now Thailand . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Now Finland . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Now Lebanon . </Li> </Ol> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Crew of the RMS Titanic </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Titanic Passengers and Crew Listings '' . encyclopedia titanica . Retrieved 15 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lord , Walter ( 1976 ) . A Night to Remember . London : Penguin Books . p. 197 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 004757 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passenger List and Survivors of Steamship Titanic '' . United States Senate Inquiry. 30 July 1912 . Retrieved 15 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hall , Wayne ( 1986 ) . `` Social Class and Survival on the SS Titanic '' ( PDF ) . Social Science & Medicine . 22 ( 6 ) : 687 -- 690 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barratt , Nick ( 2009 ) . Lost Voices From the Titanic : The Definitive Oral History . London : Random House . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84809 - 151 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howells , Richard ( 1999 ) . The Myth of the Titanic . United Kingdom : MacMillan Press . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 72597 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The List : 20 facts about the Titanic - Washington Times </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metelko , Berit Hjellum , `` ( 1 ) . '' Web Titanic -- Titanic 's Maiden Voyage , 2001 . Archived 26 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Life on ' Board `` ( 2 ) . '' BBC Southampton , August 2002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Isidor Straus served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from January 30 , 1894 , to March 3 , 1895 , or less than a full term . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New York Times , Thursday January 16th , 1913 , Titanic Survivors Asking $6,000,000 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hinkle , Marla , `` Behind The Chocolate Curtain . '' The Morning News , 8 February 2004 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brewster , Hugh ; Coulter , Laurie ( 1998 ) . 882 1 / 2 Amazing Answers To Your Questions About The Titanic . Scholastic Paperbacks . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1814 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ I Survived the Titanic : Ruth Becker </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Whitaker Centre -- ' ' Titanic Artifact Exhibit : Ministry Through Tragedy ' ' '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fr Thomas Roussel Davids Byles '' . Encyclopedia Titanica . Retrieved 15 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pastor John Harper and the Titanic Story '' . Harper Memorial Baptist Church . Archived from the original on 17 April 2012 . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Beesley -- Celebrated Titanic Survivor '' . Bygonederbyshire.co.uk . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Haitian French Family Which Traveled in Second Class Aboard Titanic Archived 18 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Titanic Historical Society . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mr Michel Navratil ( Louis M. Hoffman ) , Encyclopedia Titanica </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mother is Coming to Claim Sea Waifs '' . New York Times . 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Titanica </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Geller , Judith B. ( October 1998 ) . Titanic : Women and Children First . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 197 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 04666 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scientists Finally Solve Titanic Mystery '' . Associated Press . 3 August 2007 . Buried in a small plot in a Halifax cemetery , the baby was a poignant symbol of the children who perished on the vessel when it sank in 1912 . In 2002 , it seemed the mystery was solved ; Canadian researchers said he was a thirteen - month - old Finnish boy . However , on Tuesday , a lead researcher said the child was actually the 19 - month - old boy from England . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burgess , Kaya ( 1 June 2009 ) . `` Millvina Dean , last remaining survivor of the Titanic , dies aged 97 '' . The Times . Retrieved 24 October 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles ( 1996 ) . Titanic : Destination Disaster . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04782 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Titanic Museum Attraction : The Legend Lives On </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brewster , Hugh ( 1998 ) . Inside the Titanic : A Giant Cutaway Book . Little , Brown & Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 55716 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Piouffre , Gérard ( 2009 ) . Le Titanic ne répond plus ( in French ) . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 317 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 03 - 584196 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 10 People Who Did Not Board the Titanic '' . Listverse.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seven Famous People Who Missed the Titanic '' . Smithsonian Magazine ' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amrieh , Antoine . `` Batroun village remembers its own Titanic victims . '' ( Archive ) Daily Star . 14 April 2012 . Retrieved on 21 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ al - Fakih , Rakan . `` Bekaa village remembers Lebanese Titanic victims . '' ( Archive ) Daily Star . 15 April 2012 . Retrieved on 18 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Al - Tamimi , Jumana . `` The untold story of Arabs . '' Gulf News . 12 April 2012 . Retrieved on 25 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wang , Amy B. `` Why you 've never heard of the six Chinese men who survived the Titanic . '' Washington Post . 19 April 2018 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Boat Reports '' . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry. 30 July 1912 . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wreck Commissioners ' Court : PROCEEDINGS ON A FORMAL INVESTIGATION ORDERED BY THE BOARD OF TRADE INTO THE LOSS OF THE S.S. `` TITANIC '' , London 1912 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ W. Garzke et al. ( Marine Forensic Panel ( SD 7 ) ) : Titanic , The Anatomy of a Disaster . The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers , 1997 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles ( 1999 ) . Titanic : A Journey Through Time . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 85 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04782 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Pellegrino Web -- Edith Russell </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Butler , Daniel Allen ( 1998 ) . Unsinkable The Full Story of the RMS Titanic . Stackpole Books . pp. 200 -- 202 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1814 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maritime Museum of the Atlantic Titanic Research Page -- Victims '' . Museum.gov.ns.ca. 8 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mowbray , Jay Henry ( 1912 ) . `` CHAPTER XXI . THE FUNERAL SHIP AND ITS DEAD '' . The sinking of the Titanic ( 1912 ) . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 24 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Titanica . `` Titanic Victims buried at Fairview Lawn Cemetery '' . Encyclopedia-titanica.org . Archived from the original on 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Titanica . `` Titanic Victims buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery '' . Encyclopedia-titanica.org . Archived from the original on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Titanica . `` Titanic Victims buried at Baron De Hirsch Cemetery '' . Encyclopedia-titanica.org . Archived from the original on 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Government of Nova Scotia -- Halifax and the Titanic Victims '' . Titanic.gov.ns.ca. 12 June 1912 . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer , SS Titanic ) '' . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Echo of Disaster : Boat Picked Up Bodies On Board '' . Encyclopedia Titanica . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Titanic Passenger List '' . Encyclopedia Titanica . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Titanic 's Band or Orchestra '' . Titanic-titanic.com . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Demographics of Titanic Passengers '' . Ithaca.edu . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.pro.rcip-chin.gc.ca/bd-dl/nav-ship-eng.jsp </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RMS Titanic : List of Bodies and Disposition of Same '' . Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Though their employers travelled in first class , this servant was given second class accommodations , as their services were not needed while their employers were on board . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : See the list of crew members on board RMS Titanic article for further information . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Madeleine Astor was pregnant while on board the Titanic . She gave birth to a son , John Jacob VI , on 14 August 1912 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bracken , Robert ; Findlay , Michael ( 1998 ) . `` Titanic 's very youngest survivors '' . Voyage . Titanic International Society . 7 ( 27 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Léontine Pauline Aubart was the mistress of Benjamin Guggenheim . Benjamin Guggenheim died on the sinking . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ After the Titanic sank , Thomson Beattie was hauled aboard Collapsible A but he died in the night . His body was found when the lifeboat was recovered a month later by the Oceanic . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Helen Bishop was pregnant while on board the Titanic . She gave birth to a son , Randall Walton , on 8 December 1912 , who died a day after his birth . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William Hoyt was pulled alive from the water , and onto Lifeboat 14 , and thus is counted among the occupants of this boat ; Hoyt , however , died during the night and his body was buried at sea by the sailors on board the Carpathia </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` One Victim Legally Dead '' . The New York Times . 27 April 1912 . p. 4 < ! None > </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marion Kenyon was pregnant while on board the Titanic . She delivered a stillborn child sometime in 1912 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Miss Roberta Elizabeth Mary Maioni '' . Encyclopedia-titanica.org . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mary Marvin was pregnant while on board the Titanic . She gave birth to a daughter , Margaret , sometime in 1912 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Traveled using alias : Baron Alfred von Drachstedt ; transferred from second to first class </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2013 ) Alfred Nourney ( ref : # 220 ) Encyclopedia Titanica , ( accessed 17 December 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eloise Smith was pregnant while on board the Titanic . She gave birth to a son , Lucien Philip Jr. , on 19 November 1912 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Argene del Carlo was pregnant while on board the Titanic . She gave birth to a daughter , Maria Salvata , on 14 November 1912 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Juliette Laroche was pregnant while on board the Titanic . She gave birth to a son , Joseph Lemercier , on 17 December 1912 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Titanica Fr Juozas Montvila Retrieved 2 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adele Nasser was pregnant while on board the Titanic . She gave birth to son Nicholas , on 9 December 1912 who died hours after his birth . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kate Phillips gave birth to a daughter , Ellen Mary `` Betty '' , on 11 January 1913 . Miss Phillips was having an affair with Henry Morley , and the two were running away together </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ada West was pregnant while on board the Titanic . She gave birth to a daughter , Edwyna , sometime in 1912 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maria Backström was pregnant while on board the Titanic . She gave birth to a daughter , Alfhild Maria , in June 1912 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Elias , Leila Salloum . The Dream and then the Nightmare </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mr Joseph Caram . Encyclopedia Titanica . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graziella Leporati , Quegli otto lombardi inghiottiti dall'oceano la notte del Titanic , Il Giorno . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Known for decades as `` The Unknown Child '' , body number 4 was initially identified after the disaster as two - year - old Gösta Leonard Pålsson ( 1912 ) . Dental records later identified him as 13 - month - old Eino Viljami Panula ( 2002 ) , until a test on the child 's HVS1 , a type of mitochondrial DNA molecule , confirmed his identification as that of 19 - month - old Sidney Goodwin ( 2007 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elias , Leila Salloum . The Dream and then The Nightmare </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Due to the effects recovered with the body ( a purse containing Danish coins and a handkerchief marked with the letter `` A '' ) there has been some doubt over the authenticity of the identification . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Master Walter John van Billiard '' . Encyclopedia Titanica . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Titanic Cross-Channel Passenger List : Southampton to Cherbourg '' . Encyclopedia Titanica . Retrieved 19 July 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Titanic Cross-Channel Passenger List : Southampton to Queenstown '' . Encyclopedia Titanica . Retrieved 19 July 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mr. and Mrs. Dyer - Edwardes embarked at Southampton with their daughter , the Countess of Rothes , and niece , Gladys Cherry . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miss Maria Nackid `` ( 3 ) . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miss Eugenie Baclini `` ( 4 ) . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miss Kornelia Theodosia Andrews `` ( 5 ) . '' </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Elias , Leila Salloum ( 2011 ) . The Dream and Then the Nightmare : The Syrians Who Boarded the Titanic -- the story of the Arabic - speaking passengers . Damascus / Beirut : Atlas for Publishing and Distribution . ISBN 9789933908614 . </Li> <Li> Geller , Judith B. ( 1998 ) . Titanic : Women and Children First . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 9780393046663 . </Li> <Li> Gornall , Jonathan ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` A familiar shout in Titanic film spurs search for Arab passengers '' . The National . Abu Dhabi . </Li> <Li> Welter , Ben ( April 20 , 1912 ) . `` A Titanic survivor 's tale '' . Star Tribune . Newspaper interview with passenger John Pillsbury Snyder . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Passengers of the RMS Titanic . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to RMS Titanic . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> `` Georgians on the Titanic '' . UGA Law School . Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> `` May Futrelle Survived Titanic '' . UGA Law School . 1994 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> `` Notable People '' . Titanic Archive . </Li> <Li> `` On the Titanic : Archie Butt '' . UGA Law School . Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> `` On the Titanic : Jacques Futrelle '' . UGA Law School . Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> `` RMS Titanic passenger and crew biographies '' . Encyclopedia Titanica . </Li> <Li> `` Titanic Passenger Postcard : Third Class '' . Shapell Manuscript Foundation . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> RMS Titanic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> First class facilities </Li> <Li> Second and Third class facilities </Li> <Li> Grand Staircase </Li> <Li> Animals aboard </Li> <Li> Musicians </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sinking </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alternative theories </Li> <Li> Changes in safety practices </Li> <Li> Legends and myths </Li> <Li> Lifeboats </Li> <Li> Lifeboat No. 1 </Li> <Li> British inquiry </Li> <Li> US inquiry </Li> <Li> Wreck of Titanic </Li> <Li> Maritime Memorial Act </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deck officers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Edward J. Smith ( Captain ) </Li> <Li> Henry Tingle Wilde ( Chief Officer ) </Li> <Li> William McMaster Murdoch ( First Officer ) </Li> <Li> Charles H. Lightoller ( Second Officer ) </Li> <Li> Herbert Pitman ( Third Officer ) </Li> <Li> Joseph G. Boxhall ( Fourth Officer ) </Li> <Li> Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer ) </Li> <Li> James Paul Moody ( Sixth Officer ) </Li> <Li> Joseph Bell ( Machine Room Manager ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Crew members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Frederick Barrett </Li> <Li> Harold Bride </Li> <Li> William Denton Cox </Li> <Li> Sid Daniels </Li> <Li> Alfred Frank Evans </Li> <Li> Frederick Fleet </Li> <Li> Luigi Gatti </Li> <Li> Robert Hichens </Li> <Li> Violet Jessop </Li> <Li> Charles Joughin </Li> <Li> Reginald Lee </Li> <Li> Evelyn Marsden </Li> <Li> William Mintram </Li> <Li> Jack Phillips </Li> <Li> George Symons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Passengers </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Fatalities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Allison family </Li> <Li> Thomas Andrews </Li> <Li> John Jacob Astor IV </Li> <Li> David John Bowen </Li> <Li> Archibald Butt </Li> <Li> Thomas Byles </Li> <Li> Walter Donald Douglas </Li> <Li> Edith Corse Evans </Li> <Li> Annie Funk </Li> <Li> Jacques Futrelle </Li> <Li> Sidney Leslie Goodwin </Li> <Li> Benjamin Guggenheim </Li> <Li> John Harper </Li> <Li> Wallace Hartley </Li> <Li> Charles Melville Hays </Li> <Li> Edward Austin Kent </Li> <Li> Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche </Li> <Li> Francis Davis Millet </Li> <Li> Harry Markland Molson </Li> <Li> Michel Navratil </Li> <Li> Eino Viljami Panula </Li> <Li> W.T. Stead </Li> <Li> Ida Straus </Li> <Li> Isidor Straus </Li> <Li> John Borland Thayer Jr . </Li> <Li> Frank M. Warren , Sr . </Li> <Li> George Dennick Wick </Li> <Li> George Dunton Widener </Li> <Li> Harry Elkins Widener </Li> <Li> Duane Williams </Li> <Li> George Henry Wright </Li> <Li> Roderick Chisholm </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Survivors ( last living ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rhoda Abbott </Li> <Li> Trevor Allison </Li> <Li> Lillian Asplund </Li> <Li> Madeleine Astor </Li> <Li> Ruth Becker </Li> <Li> Lawrence Beesley </Li> <Li> Karl Behr </Li> <Li> Dickinson Bishop </Li> <Li> Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson </Li> <Li> Elsie Bowerman </Li> <Li> Francis Browne </Li> <Li> Margaret `` Molly '' Brown </Li> <Li> Daniel Buckley </Li> <Li> Alden Caldwell </Li> <Li> Helen Churchill Candee </Li> <Li> Charlotte Drake Cardeza </Li> <Li> Lucile Carter </Li> <Li> Gladys Cherry </Li> <Li> Millvina Dean </Li> <Li> Margaret Devaney </Li> <Li> Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon </Li> <Li> Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon </Li> <Li> Ethel Flora Fortune </Li> <Li> Dorothy Gibson </Li> <Li> Archibald Gracie IV </Li> <Li> Frank John William Goldsmith </Li> <Li> Edith Haisman </Li> <Li> Henry S. Harper </Li> <Li> Eva Hart </Li> <Li> Margaret Bechstein Hays </Li> <Li> Masabumi Hosono </Li> <Li> J. Bruce Ismay </Li> <Li> Eleanor Ileen Johnson </Li> <Li> Louise Laroche </Li> <Li> Louise Kink </Li> <Li> Margaret Mannion </Li> <Li> Michel Marcel Navratil </Li> <Li> Alfred Nourney </Li> <Li> Arthur Godfrey Peuchen </Li> <Li> Winnifred Quick </Li> <Li> Marjorie Newell Robb </Li> <Li> Edith Rosenbaum </Li> <Li> Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes </Li> <Li> Emily Ryerson </Li> <Li> Beatrice Sandström </Li> <Li> Frederic Kimber Seward </Li> <Li> Eloise Hughes Smith </Li> <Li> Jack Thayer </Li> <Li> Marian Thayer </Li> <Li> Barbara West </Li> <Li> Ella Holmes White </Li> <Li> R. Norris Williams </Li> <Li> Marie Grice Young </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Monuments and memorials </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bandstand ( Ballarat ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Engine Room Heroes ( Liverpool ) </Li> <Li> Engineers ( Southampton ) </Li> <Li> Musicians ( Southampton ) </Li> <Li> Titanic ( Belfast ) </Li> <Li> Orchestra ( Liverpool ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Straus Park ( New York City ) </Li> <Li> Titanic ( New York City ) </Li> <Li> Titanic ( Washington , D.C. ) </Li> <Li> Butt - Millet Memorial Fountain ( Washington , D.C. ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Popular culture </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Futility , or the Wreck of the Titan ( 1898 ) </Li> <Li> A Night to Remember ( book ) </Li> <Li> Polar the Titanic Bear </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 ) </Li> <Li> In Nacht und Eis ( 1912 ) </Li> <Li> Atlantic ( 1929 ) </Li> <Li> Titanic ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Titanic ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Secrets of the Titanic ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Titanica ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Titanic ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> The Legend of the Titanic ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Titanic : The Legend Goes On ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Tentacolino ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Titanic II ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Titanic : The Complete Story ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Titanic ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> No Greater Love ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> `` A Flight to Remember '' ( Futurama ) ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Titanic ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Titanic : Blood and Steel ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Saving the Titanic ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Titanic ( It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ) '' ( folk song ) </Li> <Li> The Sinking of the Titanic ( music composition ) </Li> <Li> Titanic ( musical ) </Li> <Li> The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( musical ) </Li> <Li> `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Celine Dion song ) </Li> <Li> `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' ( song ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Titanic : Adventure Out of Time ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Titanic : Honor and Glory ( TBA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Museums and exhibitions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> SeaCity Museum ( Southampton ) </Li> <Li> Titanic Museum ( Branson , Missouri ) </Li> <Li> Titanic Museum ( Pigeon Forge , Tennessee ) </Li> <Li> Maritime Museum of the Atlantic ( Halifax ) </Li> <Li> Titanic Belfast </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Places </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Titanic ( Canada ) </Li> <Li> Titanic Canyon </Li> <Li> Titanic Quarter , Belfast </Li> <Li> Cape Race , Newfoundland </Li> <Li> Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia </Li> <Li> Mount Olivet Cemetery ( Halifax ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ships </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> RMS Olympic </Li> <Li> RMS Carpathia </Li> <Li> HMHS Britannic </Li> <Li> CS Mackay - Bennett </Li> <Li> SS Californian </Li> <Li> Replica Titanic </Li> <Li> Titanic II </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> White Star Line </Li> <Li> Titanic Historical Society </Li> <Li> Encyclopedia Titanica </Li> <Li> Halomonas titanicae </Li> <Li> Women and children first </Li> <Li> SOS </Li> <Li> Robert Ballard </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Last remaining survivors of the RMS Titanic disaster </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000 -- 2009 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Millvina Dean ( 1912 -- 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Barbara West ( 1911 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Lillian Asplund ( 1906 -- 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Winnifred Quick ( 1904 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Michel Navratil ( 1908 -- 2001 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1995 -- 1999 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eleanor Johnson ( 1910 -- 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Louise Laroche ( 1910 -- 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Edith Brown ( 1896 -- 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Eva Hart ( 1905 -- 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Beatrice Sandström ( 1910 -- 1995 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990 -- 1994 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Robertha `` Bertha '' Watt ( 1899 -- 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Ellen Shine ( 1891 -- 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Marjorie Newell ( 1889 -- 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Louise Kink ( 1908 -- 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Bertram Dean ( 1910 -- 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Alden Caldwell ( 1911 -- 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Michael Joseph ( 1907 -- 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Frank `` Philip '' Aks ( 1911 -- 1991 ) </Li> <Li> George Touma ( 1904 -- 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Anna `` Annie '' McGowan ( 1897 -- 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Ruth Becker ( 1899 -- 1990 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passengers_of_the_RMS_Titanic&oldid=837548685 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> RMS Titanic 's crew and passengers </Li> <Li> Shipwrecked people </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) </Li> <Li> Good articles </Li> <Li> Use British English from April 2012 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from November 2012 </Li> <Li> Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> 4 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 14 : 54 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

who were some of the survivors on the titanic

Emmanuelle Vaugier - wikipedia <H1> Emmanuelle Vaugier </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Emmanuelle Vaugier </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1976 - 06 - 23 ) June 23 , 1976 ( age 41 ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actress , model </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1995 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.emmanuellevaugier.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Emmanuelle Frederique Vaugier ( / voʊʒiˈeɪ / , voh - zhee - AY ; born June 23 , 1976 ) is a Canadian film and television actress , and model . Vaugier has had recurring roles as Detective Jessica Angell on CSI : NY , Mia on Two and a Half Men , Dr. Helen Bryce on Smallville , FBI Special Agent Emma Barnes on Human Target , and as The Morrigan on Lost Girl . In feature films , Vaugier has appeared alongside Michael Caine and Robert Duvall in Secondhand Lions . She appeared as Addison Corday in Saw II and IV , and had a supporting role in the Josh Hartnett film 40 Days and 40 Nights . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Television </Li> <Li> 2.2 Film </Li> <Li> 2.3 Games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Film </Li> <Li> 3.2 Television </Li> <Li> 3.3 Video Games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Vaugier was born in Vancouver , British Columbia , the daughter of French immigrants . She grew up in a Roman Catholic , French - speaking household , and is fluent in French . She divides her time between Los Angeles and Vancouver . She attended Crofton House School , a girls private school , for 10 years until she transferred to Magee Secondary School , which offers a flexible academic program for professional and pre-professional student athletes , artists and musicians ( SPARTS ) , for the last two years of high school . She has an older brother , Jason Vaugier . </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <P> Vaugier played the role of young , upstart model Maria Alcobar in a 1996 episode of Highlander : The Series . In 2004 , she played Lindsey Kellogg on the short - lived Fox Television series North Shore . She has also had guest - star spots on Veronica Mars , Supernatural , The Outer Limits , Higher Ground , Andromeda , and Charmed . She also appeared in the Emmy Award nominated miniseries The Beach Boys : An American Family where she portrayed Mike Love 's wife , Suzanne . Vaugier also completed a starring role in MOW Veiled Truth for the Lifetime Network . She is also known for her role during the first two seasons of One Tree Hill , as Nicki , Jake 's ( Bryan Greenberg ) ex-girlfriend and mother to their child , Jenny . </P> <P> From 2005 - 2015 , Vaugier guest starred in Twelve episodes of CBS 's hit sitcom Two and a Half Men as Mia , a ballet teacher with whom Charlie Harper fell in love and almost married . In 2005 , she also played the title character in the Painkiller Jane television movie for the Sci Fi Channel . She first became noticed by the science fiction community when she portrayed Dr. Helen Bryce , the love interest of Lex Luthor , on the WB 's hit drama Smallville in 2002 -- 2003 . Vaugier had a recurring role from 2006 -- 2009 on the CBS show CSI : NY as Detective Jessica Angell . She left the show after the fifth season due to budget cuts . </P> <P> Vaugier appeared in two episodes of the Fox series Human Target as FBI agent Emma Barnes , who is first introduced to the show on January 26 , 2010 , in the episode `` Embassy Row '' . Vaugier also had a recurring role on the Syfy series Lost Girl as The Morrigan , the leader of the Dark Fae . </P> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <P> Vaugier appeared as Addison in Saw II and Saw IV . In the Canadian film Unearthed , she played Annie , the sheriff of a small rural desert town . She appeared in the film 40 Days and 40 Nights , which starred Josh Hartnett . She had starring roles in Suddenly Naked , in which she plays a Latin pop sensation ; the TV - movie Mindstorm , a science - fiction thriller ; and Ripper , a psychological thriller about students who mysteriously disappear after enrolling in a class about serial killers . She stars also in the sequel to Mirrors , which is directed by Victor Garcia . Maxim magazine featured her on the cover of the February 2006 issue in the United States . Three months later , she landed spot # 31 on their annual Hot 100 list . </P> <H3> Games ( edit ) </H3> <P> Vaugier appeared in Need for Speed : Carbon as Nikki . She is the girlfriend of the antagonist in the game ( love interest of the protagonist ) . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Hysteria </Td> <Td> Veronica Bloom </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Shapeshifter </Td> <Td> Anika </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> The Fear : Resurrection </Td> <Td> Jennifer </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> My 5 Wives </Td> <Td> Sarah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> The Sculptress </Td> <Td> Sylvie </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Mindstorm </Td> <Td> Tracy Wellman </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Wishmaster 3 : Beyond the Gates of Hell </Td> <Td> Elinor Smith </Td> <Td> Direct to video </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Ripper </Td> <Td> Andrea `` Andy '' Carter </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Suddenly Naked </Td> <Td> Lupe Martinez </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> 40 Days and 40 Nights </Td> <Td> Susie </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Secondhand Lions </Td> <Td> Jasmine </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Water 's Edge </Td> <Td> Rae Butler </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> House of the Dead II </Td> <Td> Dr. Alexandra `` Nightingale '' Morgan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Saw II </Td> <Td> Addison Corday </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Unearthed </Td> <Td> Sheriff Annie Flynn </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Saw IV </Td> <Td> Addison Corday </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Blonde and Blonder </Td> <Td> Cat </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Bachelor Party 2 : The Last Temptation </Td> <Td> Eva </Td> <Td> Direct to video </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Far Cry </Td> <Td> Valerie Cardinal </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Dolan 's Cadillac </Td> <Td> Elizabeth </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mirrors 2 </Td> <Td> Elizabeth Reigns </Td> <Td> Direct to video </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hysteria </Td> <Td> Jennifer </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> A Nanny for Christmas </Td> <Td> Ally Leeds </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Where the Road Meets the Sun </Td> <Td> Lisa </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> French Immersion </Td> <Td> Jennifer Yates </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Stolen Child </Td> <Td> Amanda </Td> <Td> Direct to video </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Absolute Deception </Td> <Td> Rebecca </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Susie 's Hope </Td> <Td> Donna Smith Lawrence </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Teen Lust </Td> <Td> Shelley </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Saul : The Journey to Damascus </Td> <Td> Mary Magdalene </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> My Stepdaughter </Td> <Td> Jill </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Destruction : Los Angeles </Td> <Td> Margot Taylor </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> A Family Divided </Td> <Td> Rosalie Frank </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Highlander : The Series </Td> <Td> Maria Alcobar </Td> <Td> Episode 4.10 : `` Chivalry '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Madison </Td> <Td> Noella D'Angelo </Td> <Td> Recurring role ; 9 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Halfback of Notre Dame </Td> <Td> Esmerelda </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Home Song </Td> <Td> Cheerleader </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Limbic Region </Td> <Td> Jennifer Lucca - age 21 </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Breaker High </Td> <Td> Monette </Td> <Td> Episode 1.11 : `` Chateau L'Feet J'mae '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Police Academy : The Series </Td> <Td> Sally </Td> <Td> Episode 1.03 `` Put Down That Nose '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Episode 1.12 : `` Turtles ' Night Out '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> First Wave </Td> <Td> Esther </Td> <Td> Episode 1.07 : `` Lungfish '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Dead Man 's Gun </Td> <Td> Rose Harris </Td> <Td> Episode 2.10 : `` The Pinkerton '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 -- 99 </Td> <Td> The Outer Limits </Td> <Td> Shal ; Lisa Dobkins </Td> <Td> Episode 4.08 : `` Rite of Passage '' ; Episode 5.05 : `` The Other Side '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Viper </Td> <Td> Mitzi / Olga </Td> <Td> Episode 3.11 : `` Best Seller '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Assault on Death Mountain </Td> <Td> French Woman </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Seven Days </Td> <Td> Princess Lisette D'Arcy </Td> <Td> Episode 2.09 : `` Love and Other Disasters '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> The Beach Boys : An American Family </Td> <Td> Pamela </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Higher Ground </Td> <Td> Elaine Barringer </Td> <Td> 4 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Level 9 </Td> <Td> Christina Veedy </Td> <Td> Episode 1.13 : `` Mob.com '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> So Weird </Td> <Td> Donna </Td> <Td> Episode 3.13 : `` Snapshot '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Largo Winch : The Heir </Td> <Td> Nikki </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Big Sound </Td> <Td> Veronica </Td> <Td> Episode 1.09 : `` Jam Session '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Return to Cabin by the Lake </Td> <Td> Vicki </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> MythQuest </Td> <Td> Persephone </Td> <Td> Episode 1.04 : `` Orpheus '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Beyond Belief : Fact or Fiction </Td> <Td> Susan </Td> <Td> Episode 4.02 : `` The Doll '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Charmed </Td> <Td> Dr. Ava Nicolae </Td> <Td> Episode 5.06 : `` The Eyes Have It '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> My Guide to Becoming a Rock Star </Td> <Td> Sarah Nelson </Td> <Td> Recurring role ; 11 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Just Cause </Td> <Td> Louisa Bennett </Td> <Td> Episode 1.09 : `` Making News '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 -- 03 </Td> <Td> Smallville </Td> <Td> Dr. Helen Bryce </Td> <Td> Recurring role ; 9 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> The Handler </Td> <Td> Angie </Td> <Td> Episode 1.11 : `` Off the Edge '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Call Me : The Rise and Fall of Heidi Fleiss </Td> <Td> Lauren </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> North Shore </Td> <Td> Melinda Lindsey Kellogg </Td> <Td> Episode 1.12 : `` Bellport '' ; Episode 1.13 : `` Leverage '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Veronica Mars </Td> <Td> Monica Hadwin Greenblatt </Td> <Td> Episode 1.10 : `` An Echolls Family Christmas '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 05 </Td> <Td> One Tree Hill </Td> <Td> Nicki </Td> <Td> Recurring role ; 10 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Cerberus </Td> <Td> Dr. Samantha Gaines </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Andromeda </Td> <Td> Maura </Td> <Td> Episode 5.21 : `` The Heart of the Journey ( Part 1 ) '' ; Episode 5.22 : `` The Heart of the Journey ( Part 2 ) '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Love , Inc . </Td> <Td> Girl </Td> <Td> Episode 1.06 : `` Amen '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Painkiller Jane </Td> <Td> Capt . Jane Elizabeth Browning </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 -- 15 </Td> <Td> Two and a Half Men </Td> <Td> Mia </Td> <Td> Recurring role ; 12 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Monk </Td> <Td> Pat - Juror No. 12 </Td> <Td> Episode 4.16 : `` Mr. Monk Gets Jury Duty '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Veiled Truth ( aka What Comes Around ) </Td> <Td> Carolyn </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Masters of Horror </Td> <Td> Kim </Td> <Td> Episode 2.05 : `` Pro-Life '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- 09 </Td> <Td> CSI : NY </Td> <Td> Det . Jessica Angell </Td> <Td> Recurring role ; 25 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Supernatural </Td> <Td> Madison </Td> <Td> Episode 2.17 : `` Heart '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Big Shots </Td> <Td> Wanda Barnes </Td> <Td> Episode 1.04 : `` Three 's a Crowd '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Reverse Angle </Td> <Td> Eve Pretson </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> A Trace of Danger </Td> <Td> Kate </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Human Target </Td> <Td> Emma Barnes </Td> <Td> Episode 1.03 : `` Embassy Row '' ; Episode 1.08 : `` Baptiste '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 11 </Td> <Td> Covert Affairs </Td> <Td> Liza Hearn </Td> <Td> Recurring role ; 7 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hawaii Five - 0 </Td> <Td> Erica Raines </Td> <Td> Episode 1.09 : `` Po'ipu '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 15 </Td> <Td> Lost Girl </Td> <Td> The Morrigan / Evony Fleurette Marquise </Td> <Td> Recurring role ; 18 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour </Td> <Td> Abigail </Td> <Td> Episode 1.06 : `` The Red Dress '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Killer Mountain </Td> <Td> Kate </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> It 's Christmas , Carol ! </Td> <Td> Carol Huffman </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> The Mentalist </Td> <Td> Melissa Enfield </Td> <Td> Episode 5.16 : `` There Will Be Blood '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Clara 's Deadly Secret </Td> <Td> Helen </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Hidden Away </Td> <Td> Alexandra Cole / Stephanie Bennett </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> My Stepdaughter </Td> <Td> Jill </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Mistresses </Td> <Td> Niko </Td> <Td> Recurring role ; 6 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Love In Paradise </Td> <Td> Heather Twain </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Stranger in the House </Td> <Td> Jade </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> His Double Life </Td> <Td> Linda </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Love in the Vineyard ( Heart Felt ) </Td> <Td> Molly </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Rogue </Td> <Td> Regan </Td> <Td> Recurring role ; 7 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Washed Away </Td> <Td> Gabrielle </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Video Games ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Need for Speed : Carbon </Td> <Td> Nikki </Td> <Td> Voice , Mo - Cap , & Likeness </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Dying Light </Td> <Td> Jade </Td> <Td> Mo - Cap </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Hellraid </Td> <Td> Maine , The Female Kin </Td> <Td> Voice </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bonin , Liane ( February 2006 ) . `` To Die For ! '' Archived 2011 - 09 - 29 at the Wayback Machine ... Maxim . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woo , Andrea ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` The best city in the world '' Archived 2010 - 06 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... Metro ( Vancouver ) . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Batallones , Henrik ( May 22 , 2009 ) . `` The CSI Franchise Case File : When Budget Cuts Cause Death '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` Scoop ! Fox 's Human Target Sets Sights on Vaugier '' . XfinityTV . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gamei , Tariq ( December 29 , 2011 ) . `` Lost Girl -- Emmanuelle Vaugier returning for dark fae arc at the end of season 2 '' . Spoiler TV . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Mirrors 2 to Hit Home Video on ... '' . Dread Central.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maxim Girls : 2006 Hot 100 '' Archived 2011 - 04 - 27 at the Wayback Machine ... ( May 1 , 2006 ) . Maxim . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 31 -- Emmanuelle Vaugier '' Archived 2011 - 04 - 30 at the Wayback Machine ... Maxim . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Emmanuelle Vaugier on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 107570971 </Li> <Li> LCCN : no2010090781 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0000 7827 1661 </Li> <Li> GND : 106173269X </Li> <Li> BNF : cb15522797r ( data ) </Li> <Li> BNE : XX4905143 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmanuelle_Vaugier&oldid=836763004 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1976 births </Li> <Li> Actresses from Vancouver </Li> <Li> Canadian film actresses </Li> <Li> Canadian female models </Li> <Li> Canadian television actresses </Li> <Li> Franco - Columbian people </Li> <Li> Canadian people of French descent </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> 20th - century Canadian actresses </Li> <Li> 21st - century Canadian actresses </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> BLP articles lacking sources from June 2016 </Li> <Li> All BLP articles lacking sources </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> 15 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 18 : 14 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who plays nikki in need for speed carbon

List of Tom and Jerry characters - wikipedia <H1> List of Tom and Jerry characters </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> This is a list of characters in the Tom and Jerry cartoon short series . Most of these characters did not appear in all of the movies . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Main characters <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Tom Cat and Jerry Mouse </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Hanna - Barbera era <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Spike and Tyke </Li> <Li> 2.2 Butch </Li> <Li> 2.3 Toodles Galore </Li> <Li> 2.4 Mammy Two Shoes </Li> <Li> 2.5 Nibbles </Li> <Li> 2.6 Quacker </Li> <Li> 2.7 Cuckoo </Li> <Li> 2.8 Lightning </Li> <Li> 2.9 Topsy </Li> <Li> 2.10 Meathead </Li> <Li> 2.11 George and Joan </Li> <Li> 2.12 Jeannie and the Baby </Li> <Li> 2.13 The Ants </Li> <Li> 2.14 Guardian devils </Li> <Li> 2.15 Goldfish </Li> <Li> 2.16 Muscles </Li> <Li> 2.17 George ( cat ) </Li> <Li> 2.18 Fluff , Muff and Puff </Li> <Li> 2.19 Chérie </Li> <Li> 2.20 Toots </Li> <Li> 2.21 King of France </Li> <Li> 2.22 Mechano cat and Robot - Mouse </Li> <Li> 2.23 The St. Bernard </Li> <Li> 2.24 Eagle </Li> <Li> 2.25 Lion </Li> <Li> 2.26 Baby Woodpecker </Li> <Li> 2.27 Uncle Pecos </Li> <Li> 2.28 Radio </Li> <Li> 2.29 Jackass </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Gene Deitch era <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Clint Clobber </Li> <Li> 3.2 Mad Scientist </Li> <Li> 3.3 Thin Lady </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Chuck Jones era <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Tiny Bulldog </Li> <Li> 4.2 Porpoise </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 The Tom and Jerry Show <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Broke </Li> <Li> 5.2 Robin Ho Ho and his merry men </Li> <Li> 5.3 Sheriff of Nottingham </Li> <Li> 5.4 Yvonne Jockalong </Li> <Li> 5.5 Sergeant Farce </Li> <Li> 5.6 Alley Cat Gang </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Droopy </Li> <Li> 6.2 Barney Bear </Li> <Li> 6.3 McWolf </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Tom & Jerry Kids <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Dripple </Li> <Li> 7.2 Miss Vavoom </Li> <Li> 7.3 Calaboose Cal </Li> <Li> 7.4 Urfo </Li> <Li> 7.5 Clyde </Li> <Li> 7.6 Kyle the Cat </Li> <Li> 7.7 Bernie the Swallow </Li> <Li> 7.8 Wild Mouse </Li> <Li> 7.9 Moncy </Li> <Li> 7.10 Sheriff Potgut </Li> <Li> 7.11 Gator Brothers </Li> <Li> 7.12 Stinky Jr . McWolf </Li> <Li> 7.13 Screwball Squirrel </Li> <Li> 7.14 Lightning Bolt the Super Squirrel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Tom and Jerry Tales <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Morizzio </Li> <Li> 8.2 Princess </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 The Tom and Jerry Show <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Rick and Ginger </Li> <Li> 9.2 Napoleon </Li> <Li> 9.3 Hamster </Li> <Li> 9.4 Newt </Li> <Li> 9.5 Bot </Li> <Li> 9.6 Beatie and Hildie </Li> <Li> 9.7 The Detective </Li> <Li> 9.8 Dr. Bigby </Li> <Li> 9.9 Skid </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Tom and Jerry movies <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Biff Buzzard and Buzz Blister </Li> <Li> 10.2 Tin , Pan and Alley </Li> <Li> 10.3 Butch ( dog ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Main characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Tom cat and Jerry Mouse ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Tom Cat and Jerry Mouse <P> Tom ( named `` Jasper '' in his debut appearance ) is a grey and white domestic shorthair cat . `` Tom '' is a generic name for a male cat . He is usually but not always , portrayed as living a comfortable , or even pampered life , while Jerry ( named `` Jinx '' in his debut appearance ) is a small , brown , house mouse who always lives in close proximity to Tom . Despite being very energetic , determined and much larger , Tom is no match for Jerry 's wits . Jerry also possesses surprising strength for his size , approximately the equivalent of Tom 's , lifting items such as anvils with relative ease and withstanding considerable impacts . Although cats typically chase mice to consume them , it is quite rare for Tom to actually try to consume Jerry . Most of his attempts are just to torment or humiliate Jerry , sometimes in revenge , and sometimes to obtain a reward from a human for catching Jerry . By the final `` fade - out '' of each cartoon , Jerry usually emerges triumphant , while Tom is shown as the loser . </P> <P> However , other results may be reached . On rare occasions , Tom triumphs , usually when Jerry becomes the aggressor or when he pushes Tom a little too far . In The Million Dollar Cat Jerry learns that Tom will lose his newly acquired wealth if he harms any animal , `` including a mouse ; '' he then torments Tom a little too much until he retaliates . In Timid Tabby Tom 's look - alike cousin pushes Jerry over the edge . Occasionally and usually ironically , they both lose , usually when Jerry 's final trap or attack on Tom backfires or Jerry overlooks something . In Chuck Jones ' Filet Meow , Jerry orders a shark from the pet store to scare Tom away from eating a goldfish , but finds himself entirely intimidated as well . Finally , they occasionally end up being friends , although within this set of stories , there is often a last minute event that ruins the truce . One story that has friendly ending is Snowbody Loves Me . </P> <P> Both characters display sadistic tendencies , in that they are equally likely to take pleasure in tormenting each other , although it is often in response to a triggering event . However , when one character appears to truly be in mortal danger from an unplanned situation or due to actions by a third party , the other will develop a conscience and save him . Occasionally , they bond over a mutual sentiment towards an unpleasant experience and their attacking each other is more play than serious attacks . Multiple shorts show the two getting along with minimal difficulty , and they are more than capable of working together when the situation calls for it , usually against a third party who manages to torture and humiliate them both . Sometimes this partnership is forgotten quickly when an unexpected event happens , or when one character feels that the other is no longer necessary . This is the case in Posse Cat , when they agree that Jerry will allow himself to be caught if Tom agrees to share his reward dinner , but Tom then reneges . Other times however , Tom does keep his promise to Jerry and the partnerships are not quickly dissolved after the problem is solved . </P> <P> Tom changes his love interest many times . The first love interest is Toots who appears in Puss n ' Toots , and calls him `` Tommy '' in The Mouse Comes to Dinner . He is also interested in a cat called Toots in The Zoot Cat although she has a different appearance to the original Toots . The most frequent love interest of Tom 's is Toodles Galore , who never has any dialogue in the cartoons . </P> <P> Despite five shorts ending with a depiction of Tom 's apparent death , his demise is never permanent ; he even reads about his own death in a flashback in Jerry 's Diary . He appears to die in explosions in Mouse Trouble ( after which he is seen in heaven ) , Yankee Doodle Mouse and in Safety Second , while in The Two Mouseketeers he is guillotined offscreen . </P> <H2> Hanna - Barbera era ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following characters were introduced in the theatrical shorts that were directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera . </P> <H3> Spike and Tyke ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Spike and Tyke ( characters ) <P> Spike , occasionally referred to as Butch or Killer , is a stern but occasionally dumb American bulldog who is particularly disapproving of cats , but a softie when it comes to mice ( though in his debut appearance , Dog Trouble , Spike goes after both Tom and Jerry ) , and later , his son Tyke . In the shorts Jerry would often try to get Tom in trouble with Spike making him a shoo - in for a beating from the bulldog . Spike has a few weaknesses that Tom tries to capitalize upon : his possessiveness about his bone and his ticklishness . He made his first appearance in the 1942 Tom and Jerry cartoon Dog Trouble , and his first speaking role was in 1944 's The Bodyguard , where he was voiced by Billy Bletcher up until 1949 , from which point he was voiced by Daws Butler . Unlike his father Spike , Tyke does not speak . He only communicates by yapping , whimpering , growling , facial expressions and wagging his tail . In Tom and Jerry Kids , Tyke does have a speaking role in the program and is the first time that viewers were able to hear Tyke speak . Spike is very protective towards his son and gets very angry at Tom if Tyke is bothered or harmed . Although Tyke has spoken in Tom and Jerry Kids , he has laughed in one Tom and Jerry short . After Daws Butler , Maurice LaMarche , Frank Welker , John DiMaggio , Michael Donovan , Phil LaMarr and currently Rick Zieff would all perform Spike 's voice . Tyke 's vocal effects are provided by Frank Welker and speaking roles by Patric Zimmerman . </P> <H3> Butch ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Butch Cat ( Tom and Jerry ) <P> Butch ( voiced by Frank Graham , later Daws Butler due to Graham 's death ) is a black alley cat who made his first appearance in the Tom and Jerry series in the 1943 short Baby Puss , alongside Topsy and the already - established Meathead . His character , however ( along with the character of Toodles Galore ) , first appeared in the 1941 MGM short The Alley Cat , directed by Hugh Harman , Butch 's only solo cartoon . Butch is the leader of the alley cat bullies who are usually friends with Tom and help him catch Jerry . In his first appearance , however , Butch was an antagonist , tormenting Tom after Tom 's young girl owner treated him like a baby -- to the point of dressing Tom up in a diaper , a bonnet , and pink paw mittens . Thus costumed , Tom could n't help but be a figure of fun -- both for Butch and his gang , and for Jerry . Butch also battles with Tom over Toodles Galore and her affections in a couple of shorts including the 1946 short , Springtime for Thomas and the 1951 short Casanova Cat . In some cartoons , such as A Mouse in the House , Butch battles with Tom to catch Jerry . He is voiced by Maurice LaMarche in Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring , Tony Cervone in The Karate Guard , Colin Murdock in Tom and Jerry Tales , Billy West in Tom and Jerry in War of the Whiskers , and Joey D'Auria in The Tom and Jerry Show . Butch is usually decipted as a homeless alley / street cat although in the 1956 short , Blue Cat Blues , Butch is apparently a millionaire who wins the attention of Tom 's love interest due to his immense wealth much to Tom 's dismay . Butch also appears in the Spike and Tyke cartoon Scat Cats as a house cat owned by George and Joan who in the original series own Tom . </P> <H3> Toodles Galore ( edit ) </H3> <P> Toodles Galore is an attractive white female cat , and is supposedly Tom 's usual love interest , although Tom is a reputed playboy , and had other love interests before and after Toodles . Toodles is the only love interest who appeared more than twice , and is probably the most favored . During the classic era , Tom had to compete twice against Butch and even once against Spike for Toodles 's affection , and he lost them all . In Casanova Cat , Toodles fell in love with Jerry . However , in her final short Love Me , Love My Mouse , she remained with Tom . Toodles is one of the most anthropomorphic animals in the series , with the only cat features being her tail , nose and ears . She never speaks and she rarely moves around . However , in The Tom and Jerry Show , her appearance and attitude is shown differently and she is heard speaking for the first time . </P> <H3> Mammy two Shoes ( edit ) </H3> Mammy Two Shoes in a scene from the Tom & Jerry short Saturday Evening Puss , in which her full face was shown for the first time . Main article : Mammy Two Shoes <P> From the beginning , Tom also has to deal with Mammy Two Shoes ( voiced by Lillian Randolph ) , an African - American domestic housemaid based on Hattie McDaniel . In the earliest shorts , Mammy is depicted as the maid taking care of the often opulent home in which Tom and Jerry reside . Later Tom and Jerry shorts are set in what appears to be Mammy 's own house . Her face is never seen ( with the exception of 1950s Saturday Evening Puss , in which her face is very briefly seen as she runs towards the camera ) , and she usually wallops the cat ( whom she usually addresses as `` Thomas '' ) with a broom when he misbehaves . When Mammy was not present , other humans would sometimes be seen , usually from the neck down as well . Mammy would appear in many cartoons until 1952 's Push - Button Kitty ; Mammy 's character was retired after that year following McDaniel 's death . Later cartoons would instead show Tom and Jerry living with a 1950s suburban couple . Soon after , virtually all humans in the series had visible faces . </P> <H3> Nibbles ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Nibbles ( Tom and Jerry ) Nibbles in the 1949 theatrical short The Little Orphan <P> Nibbles ( also known as Tuffy ) is the little , blue / gray , diaper - wearing orphan mouse who is close to Jerry and appears frequently with him , especially in the comics . His cartoon debut came in the 1946 short The Milky Waif . Nibbles was later featured in the 1949 Academy Award - winning short The Little Orphan . </P> <P> He is sometimes seen as Jerry 's nephew , but occasionally referred to as an orphan . In many cartoons , Nibbles is seen eating a lot ( he is always hungry ) . In his first animated appearance , he was left on Jerry 's doorstep , abandoned by his parents . Tom enjoys chasing Nibbles much as he does with Jerry . </P> <P> Though the character was created under the name Tuffy for the comics in 1942 , his early animated appearances ( from 1945 ) gave him the name Nibbles . From the 1950s , the mouse was called Tuffy on - screen as well . In Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring , the name Nibbles was used again -- and the character was depicted as a pet - store mouse whom Jerry does n't know . </P> <P> In the Mouseketeer shorts , Nibbles speaks in French and English . He also is not Jerry 's nephew ; rather , he is the son of François Mouse -- who does not make an appearance , but his name was given in two letters in the short Touché , Pussy Cat ! </P> <P> Nibbles is often mistaken for a girl due to the extaordinarily high pitched voice . He was voiced by Tara Strong in Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring , Kath Soucie from 2010 , onwards , and Nancy Cartwright in War of the Whiskers . </P> <H3> Quacker ( edit ) </H3> Quacker at the end of That 's My Mommy <P> Another recurring character in the series was Little Quacker the duckling , who was later adapted into the Hanna - Barbera character Yakky Doodle . He appears in Little Quacker , The Duck Doctor , Just Ducky , Downhearted Duckling , Southbound Duckling , That 's My Mommy , Happy Go Ducky , and The Vanishing Duck . Quacker talks a lot compared to Tom and Jerry . His voice is a ' duck voice ' similar to Disney 's Donald Duck . In many shorts , he is the only one who speaks . He 's very trusting , even trusting Tom in many situations in which Tom wishes to eat him . He 's a friend of Jerry , but unlike Jerry harbors no hard feelings towards Tom . He appeared in The Tom and Jerry Show episode `` The Lost Duckling . '' He also got his own series of shorts on The Yogi Bear Show ( renamed Yakky Doodle ) after guesting in several Hanna - Barbera TV shows . Quacker was then used as a template for the ' Hard Luck Duck ' character starring in the titular character 's short from the What A Cartoon ! series . His What A Cartoon ! counterpart Hard Luck Duck was voiced by Russi Taylor . </P> <P> Quacker was voiced by Red Coffey in the classic shorts , and Charlie Adler in Tom and Jerry in War of the Whiskers , along with Jerry . He was named `` Duckling '' in that game . </P> <P> In Tom and Jerry Show , Quacker 's `` duck voice '' is provided by Sam Kwasman . </P> <P> In three cartoons Quacker gets separated from his mother at birth , only to reunite with her later in two of them ( Little Quacker and Just Ducky ) . In That 's My Mommy however , he is adopted by Tom . In Little Quacker , Quacker 's father , Henry makes an appearance . Because his birth is shown differently in different cartoons , he may have siblings as seen in Just Ducky and Happy Go Ducky . </P> <P> Quacker gets a girlfriend in Downhearted Duckling . </P> <H3> Cuckoo ( edit ) </H3> <P> Cuckoo is a canary that first appeared in Kitty Foiled . He also appeared in The Flying Cat , Life with Tom , Hic - cup Pup , Two Little Indians ( where he is red in color ) and Matinee Mouse . He is Jerry 's good friend . Despite being a little bird , he can actually carry heavy objects which is seen in both Kitty Foiled and The Flying Cat . </P> <H3> Lightning ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lightning is a ginger orange cat who first appeared in the 1948 short Old Rockin ' Chair Tom as Tom 's rival . Lightning is named as such because in his first short , he practically moved at the speed of lightning . In later cartoons , Lightning often appeared as one of Tom 's alley cat buddies / rivals . Lightning has the same character design as Butch Cat , but with an orange color ( although his coloring occasionally varies from film - to - film ) . In Mucho Mouse , he speaks Spanish and is a house cat . He also appears in the Gene Deitch short Switchin ' Kitten . In the Chuck Jones short Catty - Cornered ( his final appearance ) , Lightning is portrayed with more of an orange - yellow color than before , with the additional changes of a black tail and ears . Lightning also makes several appearances in Tom and Jerry Tales , often with a red nose and , in two episodes , a bushy tail . Fans have occasionally confused Lightning with Meathead , though the two are not the same and have appeared side - by - side in two cartoons . </P> <H3> Topsy ( edit ) </H3> <P> Topsy is a grey / brown kitten . He is one of Tom 's alley cat friends / foes , although in Professor Tom he befriends Jerry . He first appeared in Baby Puss ; his final appearance in the original theatrical shorts was in Scat Cats . He also appears in Tom and Jerry Tales with a more yellowish color ( similar to Life with Tom ) . In Professor Tom , Topsy is explicitly a house cat ; more often ( as in Saturday Evening Puss and elsewhere ) , he is depicted as an alley cat or a cat of unknown origin . </P> <H3> Meathead ( edit ) </H3> <P> Meathead is a brown , mangy alley cat who wears a red toupee ( which is occasionally seen the same color as the rest of his fur ) . He is generally portrayed as dull - witted and first appeared in the 1943 short , Sufferin ' Cats ! , as Tom 's rival . He also appears in Baby Puss and additional shorts as one of Tom 's alley cat buddies / foes . He is known as Frankie in Heavenly Puss . In Scat Cats , his final appearance in the original theatrical shorts , he is portrayed with an all - gray color . Fans have occasionally confused Meathead with Lightning , though the two are not the same and have appeared side - by - side in two cartoons . </P> <P> After over nearly six decades of absence , Meathead re-appeared in The Tom and Jerry Show episode Cruisin ' for a Bruisin ' as a lead antagonist , while a drag version of the character named Meathelda appeared in the episode Hop to It ! </P> <H3> George and Joan ( edit ) </H3> <P> George and Joan are an average middle class white couple , who debuted in the 1954 short Pet Peeve . They are the new owners of Tom and Spike , but Tom likes to keep Joan company and Spike likes to keep George company . Joan is often seen either cooking or sitting on her armchair knitting or sewing a dress with Tom keeping her company . George , on the other hand , hates the monthly bills and complains that they 're too expensive . But when he 's not complaining about the bills , he is sitting in his armchair or on the sofa reading the newspaper wearing his smart purple or grey suit and Spike is keeping him company . Both George and Joan are very kind and polite towards each other and Tom and Spike . In Pet Peeve , George and Joan decided that they keep Jerry as a pet because he is easy to look after and does n't eat too much ( George and Joan do not know Jerry 's secret : He eats a lot more than Tom and Spike combined , which explains the amount of food he has in his mouse hole shown later ) and tell Tom and Spike to leave . However , in later shorts with George and Joan , Tom and Spike still happily live with them and Jerry is not known by the couple and he is not a pet anymore . </P> <P> In some shorts , Joan appears without George , such as Mouse for Sale , The Flying Sorceress and Mucho Mouse . It could be presumed that George would be working at his office during the settings of these cartoons . </P> <P> George and Joan also appeared in four other Tom & Jerry shorts , Tom 's Photo Finish , Busy Buddies , The Vanishing Duck ( Quacker 's last short ) and Tot Watchers . </P> <H3> Jeannie and the baby ( edit ) </H3> <P> Jeannie , the babysitter of George and Joan 's baby , is an average teenager who spends much of her time talking on the phone . She is often called on to look after the baby if they 're going out . Jeannie proceeds to leap straight onto the phone just as George and Joan shut the front door , which tells us that she is very negligent about her job . Despite this , Jeannie is very kind , friendly , cheerful and rarely loses a smile -- except to scold Tom for `` bothering the baby '' , which she thinks he is doing on purpose to annoy her . Jeannie was seen in only two cartoons : Busy Buddies ( 1956 ) and Tot Watchers ( 1958 ) . Jeannie is voiced by Janet Waldo in the original shorts . The baby also appears in Tom & Jerry Kids where the babysitter is slightly younger and a redhead instead . </P> <H3> The ants ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Ants are an army of red ants who steal food as they see them . They appeared in four cartoons Cat Napping , Pup on a Picnic , Barbecue Brawl and Carmen Get It ! . They also appeared in Tom & Jerry Kids . They 're unusually heavy for their size , and their combined weight often causes many items , such as Tom 's hammock , to break . It 's unclear how or why the ants are so heavy , as they are even capable of making tables and diving boards shake as they march onto them . </P> <H3> Guardian devils ( edit ) </H3> <P> Each guardian devil for Tom and Jerry appeared in three cartoons Sufferin ' Cats ! , Springtime for Thomas and Smitten Kitten . In the first of these cartoons , one served as evil conscience for Tom and in the other one for Jerry . </P> <H3> Goldfish ( edit ) </H3> <P> A tiny goldfish who is friends with Jerry and lives in the same house as Tom and Jerry . She appeared in major roles in Jerry and the Goldfish and Filet Meow . Tom 's attempts to eat her lead to Jerry earning her affections . She also appeared in cameo roles in several other cartoons such as The Million Dollar Cat , Casanova Cat and The Missing Mouse . </P> <H3> Muscles ( edit ) </H3> <P> Muscles is Jerry 's cousin and a mouse with incredible strength . In Jerry 's Cousin , Muscles appears to hate cats , including Tom . In Haunted Mouse , another mouse named Merlin , who is also a cousin of Jerry 's , appears as a wizard with magical abilities . Muscles ' final appearance was in Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring , however his name was changed to Freddie and he was hostile towards Jerry . He was voiced by Paul Frees in Jerry 's Cousin and by Billy West in Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring . </P> <H3> George ( cat ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> George is the cat counterpart of Muscles but with a personality that is in stark contrast to him . Like Muscles , George is identical to Tom ( although he is shorter ) and is his cousin . Unlike Muscles , however , George is a coward and is scared of mice . He first appeared at the beginning of Jerry 's Cousin where he gets thrashed by Muscles ( possibly the reason for his fear of mice ) . His bigger role was in Timid Tabby where he finally overcomes his fear . He also appeared in Tom and Jerry Kids where his fear seems to have re-instated even though he pretended it has not ( his name was changed to Tim in that short ) . </P> <H3> Fluff , Muff and Puff ( edit ) </H3> <P> Fluff , Muff and Puff are a trio of brown , black and orange kittens that first appeared in Heavenly Puss as adorable kittens - who were murdered by drowning - in a cameo role ( that happened in Tom 's dream ) . They also appeared in Triplet Trouble as cute but extremely mischievous kittens . They also appeared in The Tom and Jerry Show . </P> <H3> Chérie ( edit ) </H3> <P> Chérie is a brown / grey female mouse who serves as Jerry 's love interest . She first appeared at the end of Springtime for Thomas , and then later in Smitten Kitten , Touché , Pussy Cat ! ( only cartoon where she has an identical twin ) , Tom and Chérie ( the first cartoon where she is named ) and The Mouse from H.U.N.G.E.R. ( as a ticking time bomb set by Tom ) . </P> <H3> Toots ( edit ) </H3> <P> Toots is the name given to three different characters that have appeared infrequently . The first of these is a fluffy beige cat who appears in Puss n ' Toots and The Mouse Comes to Dinner , the latter being her only speaking role . She also has a cameo in Smitten Kitten . This version of Toots also appeared in some 1940s Tom and Jerry comics . Toots is also a different cat by the same name who appears in The Zoot Cat and in the Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` Kitty Cat Blues . '' She has occasionally and erroneously been referred to as `` Sheikie , '' but this is actually Tom 's nickname , as seen on a gift card in the cartoon . Finally Toots is the name of a mouse who serves as Jerry 's love interest in Blue Cat Blues . </P> <H3> King of France ( edit ) </H3> <P> In some of the mouseketeer series of cartoons , Tom serves the king of France . This is an obvious reference to Louis XVI of France , who is shown as an extremely short - tempered and cruel monarch . In The Two Mouseketeers , the king guillotines Tom while in Royal Cat Nap , he orders for Tom 's decapitation . </P> <H3> Mechano cat and Robot - Mouse ( edit ) </H3> <P> Mechano cat first appeared in Push Button Kitty as Tom 's rival . Later , Mechano and Robot - Mouse are seen as a cat - like - robot and mouse - like - robot who serve Tom and Jerry ( except at the end of Advance and Be Mechanized , when they get revenge and switch roles with Tom and Jerry , as they control their minds and make them do the work ) in the three Chuck Jones outer space cartoons O - Solar Meow , Guided Mouse - ille and Advance and Be Mechanized . Mechano 's efforts to catch or trap Jerry or Robot - Mouse always backfire for Tom , except in Advance and Be Mechanized , when he succeeds to catch Robot - Mouse in the beginning . In Guided Mouse - ille , he can stand up right and have hands to use a gun with to try and blast Jerry in his mobile tank . This backfired and left Mechano with a black face , while crying in frustration . He sneaks back and promptly shoots Tom , who attempts to shoot Mechano back for his insubordination . However , the shot came out on the wrong end and Tom faints leaving Mechano laughing himself silly . He also appeared in the Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` Tin Cat of Tomorrow '' where he is named Verminator 7000 . Mechano ( called `` Robot Cat '' ) also appeared as a fighter in the video game , War of the Whiskers , and was voiced by Dee Bradley Baker . </P> <H3> The St. Bernard ( edit ) </H3> <P> The St. Bernard is a dog who first appeared in Puttin ' on the Dog and then again in The A-Tom - Inable Snowman . Unlike other dogs in the series , he is not hostile to cats and even attends Tom medically . </P> <H3> Eagle ( edit ) </H3> <P> Eagle is an Eagle that tries to steal Jerry for food from Tom . He first appeared in Flirty Birdy , then in The Tom and Jerry Show episode `` The Egg and Tom and Jerry '' ( where he is female instead of male ) and then again in Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` Bend it like Thomas . '' Eagle also appeared as a playable character in Tom and Jerry in War of the Whiskers , voiced by Rob Paulsen . </P> <H3> Lion ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lion is a lion that has switched from a tame one in Jerry and the Lion , to a nervous one in The Tom and Jerry Show episode `` The Hypochondriac Lion '' to a monster in the Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` You 're Lion . '' He is also a playable character in Tom and Jerry in War of the Whiskers where he is voiced by Jim Cummings . </P> <H3> Baby woodpecker ( edit ) </H3> <P> A baby woodpecker that first appeared in Hatch Up Your Troubles and it 's remake The Egg and Jerry where it could peck into virtually anything including Tom 's stomach , Tom 's golf club in Tee for Two or a water pipe as in Landing Stripling . Baby Woodpecker and his Mama would re-appear by making cameo appearances in The Tom and Jerry Show ( 2014 TV Series ) . </P> <H3> Uncle Pecos ( edit ) </H3> <P> Uncle Pecos is Jerry 's Cowboyish uncle who appears in Pecos Pest . He was voiced by Shug Fisher . He is known to always play with a guitar and wears a black cowboy hat that covers his eyes . He plucks one of Tom 's whiskers off to replace broken strings on the guitar . Being from Texas , he is shown to be super strong . </P> <P> Uncle Pecos returned in the Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` Cry Uncle '' , voiced by Scott McNeil . In the episode , he arrives at Tom and Jerry 's house and annoys Tom and Jerry with his music . He later leaves with Auntie Spinner in the end of the episode . Uncle Pecos made his second return in The Tom and Jerry Show , voiced by Stephen Stanton . He appears in the Season 2 episodes , `` I Quit '' , `` Uncle Pecos Rides Again '' and `` Cat - A-Tonic Mouse '' . </P> <H3> Radio ( edit ) </H3> <P> A radio with a male human voice that broadcasts music , cookery show and warnings on escaped animals , bomb threats etc . In Jerry 's Diary , the radio is shown to be anthropomorphic ( with the announcer 's name as ' Uncle Dudley ' ) but this is not the case with other cartoons . The radio 's announcements often cause troubles for Tom ( The Missing Mouse , Jerry and the Lion , Little Runaway and Down Beat Bear ) , fear ( Fraidy Cat ) , embarrassment ( Jerry 's Diary and Life with Tom ) or may be the cause of evil intentions ( Jerry and the Goldfish ) . </P> <P> Radio has been voiced by Martha Wentworth in Fraidy Cat , by Paul Frees in The Missing Mouse and Jerry and the Lion and by Joseph Forte in Jerry 's Diary . Other voice actors such as Daws Butler in Jerry and the Goldfish have been uncredited . </P> <H3> Jackass ( edit ) </H3> <P> Unlike other Tom and Jerry characters , this one is not a character per se , but rather an avatar of a popular character such as Spike . Usually , a character turns into a jackass when it is fooled such as Spike in Solid Serenade , The Framed Cat and Pet Peeve or Tom in Polka Dot Puss . In Pup on a Picnic , the word ' Sucker ' is used instead of ' Jackass ' . </P> <H2> Gene Deitch era ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following characters were introduced in the theatrical shorts that were directed by Gene Deitch in the 1960s . </P> <H3> Clint Clobber ( edit ) </H3> <P> An overweight , average height , middle - aged , bald white man became Tom 's owner in three of the thirteen cartoons in Down and Outing , High Steaks and Sorry Safari . He has very severe anger issues and is repeatedly violent towards Tom for his actions . </P> <P> There is some debate as to whether this is the genuine Clint Clobber as the real Clint would never be an animal abuser , he was just a put - upon grouch . </P> <H3> Mad scientist ( edit ) </H3> <P> He is a mad scientist reminiscent of Frankenstein . He first appeared in Switchin ' Kitten and subsequently was the subject of a number of television episodes ( for e.g. ' Trojan Dog ' in Tom and Jerry Comedy Show ) and movies thereafter . In his first appearance , the mad scientist is the owner of Jerry ( who is also his assistant ) and has numerous cats trapped in a prison . When Jerry picks an orange cat named Lightning , the other cats flee in terror as the scientist pulls him out for his latest experiment . He switches the mind of the orange cat with that of a bulldog and presents him as his present to Jerry . </P> <H3> Thin lady ( edit ) </H3> <P> An unnamed thin white lady became Tom 's owner in Buddies Thicker Than Water . Gene Deitch opted not to use Mammy 's character in his shorts , as he felt a `` stereotypical black housekeep '' character `` did n't work in a modern context . '' Chuck Jones would also use her in The Unshrinkable Jerry Mouse and in the re-animated version of Saturday Evening Puss . She also appeared in the movie Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry . Like many other early human characters , her face was never shown . </P> <H2> Chuck Jones era ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following characters were introduced in the theatrical shorts that were produced by Chuck Jones in the 1960s . </P> <H3> Tiny bulldog ( edit ) </H3> <P> This nameless mouse - sized bulldog , designed similarly to Spike the Bulldog , is Jerry 's pet dog companion in only two shorts : The Cat 's Me - Ouch and Purr - Chance to Dream . His role is similar to Spike in cartoons such as The Bodyguard , Fit To Be Tied , and Much Ado About Mousing , which is to defend Jerry against Tom . He is presumably the oldest son of Spike before Tyke , and this could be identified by his looks and personality that is similar to his father Spike . Unlike Spike and Tyke he has a big bite ( similar to those of Looney Tunes ' Tasmanian Devil ) . </P> <H3> Porpoise ( edit ) </H3> <P> A shark who tries to eat Tom and Jerry . He appears in Cannery Rodent , Puss ' n ' Boats , Filet Meow and Surf - Bored Cat . The creature 's color and species varies , in Cannery Rodent and Surf - Bored Cat it is a blue shark , while in Filet Meow and Puss ' n ' Boats it is a great white shark . </P> <P> Porpoise also appeared in the Tom and Jerry Comedy Show episode A Connecticut mouse in King Arthur 's court . </P> <H2> The Tom and Jerry Show ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following characters were introduced in the 1975 television series The Tom and Jerry Show . </P> <H3> Broke ( edit ) </H3> <P> A gopher that devours vegetables in Gopher Broke . He appeared in the cartoon 's sequel The Son of Gopher Broke . He also appeared in Tom and Jerry Comedy Show . </P> <H3> Robin Ho Ho and his Merry men ( edit ) </H3> <P> A parody of Robin Hood and his merry men , they appeared in Robin Ho Ho . They also appeared in Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse . </P> <H3> Sheriff of nottingham ( edit ) </H3> <P> The primary antagonist in Robin Ho Ho and also in Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse . He is based on the character from Robin Hood tales . </P> <H3> Yvonne jockalong ( edit ) </H3> <P> Love interest to both Tom and Jerry , she appears in Sky Bunny and The Tennis Menace . </P> <H3> Sergeant farce ( edit ) </H3> <P> A police officer who appears in See Dr. Jackal and Hide and in The Police Kitten where he is the superior officer to both Tom and Jerry . </P> <H3> Alley Cat Gang ( edit ) </H3> <H2> The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following characters were introduced in the television series The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show . </P> <H3> Droopy ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Droopy Dog <P> A Basset Hound often with a miserable look on his face , originally introduced in the Tex Avery shorts of the 1940s . He first made a poster cameo in Matinee Mouse . He also appeared in the Droopy and Dripple segments of Tom and Jerry Kids . He is sometimes an adversary of Spike . He would also appear in Tom and Jerry Tales and would appear in the direct - to - video films . </P> <H3> Barney Bear ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Barney Bear <P> An anthropomorphic cartoon character , a sluggish , sleepy bear who often is in pursuit of nothing but peace and quiet , originally introduced in the Harman - Ising shorts of the 1930s . He would also appear in the direct - to - video films . </P> <H3> McWolf ( edit ) </H3> <P> McWolf , initially named ' Slick Wolf ' is the villain of the `` Droopy and Dripple '' segments . A bad and cruel wolf whose only mission is to ruin the life of Droopy ( and Dripple and sometimes to remain with Miss Vavoom in Tom & Jerry Kids ) . Sometimes for of crazy scientist whom it loves to dominate the world , of space villain , a criminal fat person ( known as `` The Chubby Man '' ) , etc . His character is based on the wolf in Red Hot Riding Hood . He is voiced by Frank Welker . </P> <H2> Tom & Jerry Kids ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following characters were introduced in the television series Tom & Jerry Kids . </P> <H3> Dripple ( edit ) </H3> <P> The son of Droopy , essentially an older version of the infant pup from Homesteader Droopy . He is always with his father and they always do the same ( although sometimes Dripple thinks `` better '' than his father ) . The identity of his mother is never mentioned or even addressed , although , due to Droopy 's frequent relationships with Miss Vavoom , it can be assumed that his mother is either dead or is divorced from Droopy with no visitation rights prior to the events of the series . He is voiced by Charlie Adler . </P> <H3> Miss Vavoom ( edit ) </H3> <P> The contiguous woman of the show . She is very seductive and she always takes different hairdos . She always is conquered by Droopy and most of times is the greater target of McWolf . Sometimes she is called Bubbles Vavoom , Ultra Vavoom , Sugar Vavoom , etc . Her character is based on Red from Red Hot Riding Hood . She is voiced by Teresa Ganzel . </P> <H3> Calaboose Cal ( edit ) </H3> <P> A gold cat owner of a show of demonstration and participation . He is arrogant ( sometimes ) , has a rancher accent , and is sometimes presented as an enemy to Tom . Purportedly inspired by legendary Southern California car dealer Cal Worthington . He is voiced by Phil Hartman . </P> <H3> Urfo ( edit ) </H3> <P> Urfo is a six - legged alien dog that arrives on Earth many times and helps Jerry fend off Tom . His owners often send people to retrieve him . </P> <H3> Clyde ( edit ) </H3> <P> A fat cat that often one puts in problems , and when Tom and Jerry save him , he promises to be their better friend ( Although for Tom and Jerry he is like a punishment ) . Voiced by Brian Cummings . </P> <H3> Kyle the cat ( edit ) </H3> <P> A mangy orange cat that first appeared as the antagonist of Spike and / or Tyke . Voiced by Pat Fraley . </P> <H3> Bernie the Swallow ( edit ) </H3> <P> A medically challenged yellow swallow that is friends with Jerry in `` Hard to Swallow '' . He had a color change to blue in `` Swallow the Swallow '' and `` Grab that Bird '' as he is chased mostly by Clyde and Kyle . Voiced by David L. Lander . </P> <H3> Wild Mouse ( edit ) </H3> <P> A grayish - green , shaggy fanged mouse who occasionally replaces Jerry and outwits his foes . Like Tom and Jerry , Wildmouse is voiced by Frank Welker . He first appears in the episode `` Wildmouse '' and is last seen in the episode `` King Windmouse . '' </P> <H3> Moncy ( edit ) </H3> <P> A cougar who loves tormenting Spike and Tyke . He wants to eat Tyke 's lunch ( and Spike prevents him ) . He was voiced by Frank Welker . </P> <H3> Sheriff Potgut ( edit ) </H3> <P> The elderly sheriff of Hokey Finokey Swamp . He is arrogant , rude , and self - centered . He threatened to send Swampy back to the circus ( which Swampy is aware of the fact that it promotes animal cruelty ) , throwing Swampy into tears . He also envies the map Swampy made out to search for the hidden treasure . He appears in the episode `` Cajun Gumbo '' as the episode 's main antagonist . Aside from the lone episode where he battled Swampy , the Sheriff and the Gator Brothers were also used as antagonists in an episode featuring Wild Mouse . </P> <H3> Gator Brothers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sheriff Potgut 's henchmen . They appear in the episode `` Cajun Gumbo '' as antagonists and in another episode featuring Wild Mouse . </P> <H3> Stinky Jr. . McWolf ( edit ) </H3> <P> Stinky Jr. is the son of McWolf who has the same personality as him . </P> <H3> Screwball Squirrel ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Screwy Squirrel <P> Screwball Squirrel is based on the original Screwball `` Screwy '' Squirrel in 1944 , but now his adventures take place in a public city park , as he messes with hot - headed park attendant Dweeble and his dumb guard dog , Rumpley . He was voiced by Charlie Adler . </P> <H3> Lightning bolt the super Squirrel ( edit ) </H3> <P> A squirrel superhero . He is a rather campy and flamboyant superhero who throws lightning bolts . He also speaks with a slight Minnesotan accent and appeared in the spin - off series Droopy , Master Detective . He was voiced by Charlie Adler . </P> <H2> Tom and Jerry Tales ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following characters were introduced in the television series Tom and Jerry Tales . </P> <H3> Morizzio ( edit ) </H3> <P> Morizzio is a very amorous octopus gentleman who first appeared in the 1953 musical film Dangerous When Wet . In Octo Sauve , Tom encounters him , who mistakes Tom for a mermaid . Morizzio wants to date Tom , and they end up getting lost in the sea . </P> <H3> Princess ( edit ) </H3> <P> Nicole Bouma voiced the princess in Tom and Jerry Tales . The princess appears in Medieval Menace where she kisses Tom - who has turned into a frog - thinking he is a prince transformed by a spell . </P> <H2> The Tom and Jerry Show ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following characters were introduced in the 2014 television series Tom and Jerry Show . </P> <H3> Rick and ginger ( edit ) </H3> <P> Tom 's new owners are Rick and Ginger , a middle - class couple similar to George and Joan . Much like the original couple , the husband is more sympathetic towards Spike while the wife favors Tom . Rick is stouter in appearance when compared to George . Unlike Joan and George , their faces are never seen . </P> <H3> Napoleon ( edit ) </H3> <P> Napoleon is a small rat with grey fur . He has light pink ears , light pink hands , feet and tail and has black eyes . </P> <H3> Hamster ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Hamster is a small `` anti-social , overachieving '' hamster with light brown fur . He wears glasses and is the smartest hamster in the lab . </P> <H3> Newt ( edit ) </H3> <P> Newt is a newt with orange skin . He has yellow spots and long feet . He wears a black eye - patch over his right eye and has green eyes with a black pupil . </P> <H3> Bot ( edit ) </H3> <P> Bot is a robot that cleans the lab with its vacuum cleaner and control arm . It has a red screen that spots trash all over the lab and most often mistakes Tom as such out of its programming . </P> <H3> Beatie and Hildie ( edit ) </H3> <P> Beatie and Hildie are witch sisters who act as Tom and Jerry 's medieval owners . </P> <H3> The detective ( edit ) </H3> <P> The detective is a detective who is the owner of Tom ( and presumably Jerry too ) . In his absence , Tom and Jerry work as sleuths themselves , in the process using his name and fame . He appeared in `` Feline Fatale '' , `` One of a Kind '' , `` Haunted Mouse '' , `` Sleuth or Consequences '' , `` Poof ! '' , `` Bone Dry '' , `` Cat Napped '' , and `` Curse Case Scenario '' . </P> <H3> Dr. Bigby ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dr. Bigby is an eccentric scientist whose experiments do n't always often go according to plan ( with Jerry and Napoleon usually being the only ones to see the results ) . </P> <H3> Skid ( edit ) </H3> <P> Skid is an orange cat that was always the great leader and also always makes the election of the Top cat . Both Tom and Butch compete for the Golden Fez in the United Mouse Catchers when they both attempt to capture Jerry . </P> <H2> Tom and Jerry movies ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following recurring characters were introduced in the various Tom and Jerry movies . </P> <H3> Biff Buzzard and Buzz Blister ( edit ) </H3> <P> Biff Buzzard and Buzz Blister are characters in Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry and Tom and Jerry : Blast Off to Mars . In Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry , they were news reporters . In Tom and Jerry : Blast Off to Mars , they were astronauts . Biff is voiced by Billy West and Buzz by Jess Harnell . </P> <H3> Tin , Pan and alley ( edit ) </H3> <P> Tin , Pan and Alley are a trio of male Siamese cats created especially for the new direct - to - video films , they are secondary antagonists in Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes , Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse , Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure , Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon and Tom and Jerry : Spy Quest . In their first appearance in Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes , they are local gravediggers who work for Professor Moriarty . In Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse , they work for Prince John . In Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon , they are the Hench - cats of Drizelda . In Tom and Jerry : Spy Quest , they are seen working for Doctor Zin . They also make an appearance in Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . They were named after the Warner Bros. 1943 short Tin Pan Alley Cats . Tin is voiced by Greg Ellis , Pan by Jess Harnell and Alley by Richard McGonagle . </P> <H3> Butch ( dog ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Butch Dog ( Tex Avery ) <P> Butch ( Originally known as Spike , until renamed as Butch to avoid confusion with Spike from the Tom and Jerry cartoons ) is the name of another bulldog from Tex Avery 's shorts in the 1940s and 1950s . He was one of the main antagonists in Droopy shorts ( although he was replaced by Hanna - Barbera 's Spike in the 1980s ) and also had a series of his own . He appears in a number of movies e.g. Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz and Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Deitch , Gene ( 2015 ) . Tom and Jerry ... and Gene in Tom and Jerry : The Gene Deitch Collection ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tom and Jerry </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tom Cat </Li> <Li> Jerry Mouse </Li> <Li> Butch </Li> <Li> Nibbles </Li> <Li> Spike and Tyke </Li> <Li> Mammy Two Shoes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theatrical releases </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tom and Jerry ( shorts ) </Li> <Li> Spike and Tyke ( shorts ) </Li> <Li> The Movie </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Cameos </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anchors Aweigh </Li> <Li> Dangerous When Wet </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> DVD releases of shorts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Spotlight Collection </Li> <Li> Golden Collection </Li> <Li> Chuck Jones Collection </Li> <Li> Classic Collection </Li> <Li> Deluxe Anniversary Collection </Li> <Li> Gene Deitch Collection </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Show ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Comedy Show </Li> <Li> Kids Show <Ul> <Li> episodes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tales </Li> <Li> Show ( 2014 ) <Ul> <Li> episodes </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television specials </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hanna - 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what's the dog's name on tom and jerry

What Ifs - wikipedia <H1> What Ifs </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` What Ifs '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Kane Brown featuring Lauren Alaina </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Kane Brown </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Digital download </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Country </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> RCA Nashville </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kane Brown </Li> <Li> Matthew McGinn </Li> <Li> Jordan Schmidt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Dann Huff </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Kane Brown singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Thunder in the Rain '' ( 2016 ) </Td> <Td> `` What Ifs '' ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> `` Heaven '' ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Thunder in the Rain '' ( 2016 ) </Td> <Td> `` What Ifs '' ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> `` Heaven '' ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Lauren Alaina singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Road Less Traveled '' ( 2016 ) Road Less Traveled 2016 </Td> <Td> `` What Ifs '' ( 2017 ) What Ifs2017 </Td> <Td> `` Doin ' Fine '' ( 2017 ) Doin ' Fine 2017 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` What Ifs '' is a song recorded by American country music singer Kane Brown featuring Lauren Alaina for his self - titled debut album . The song was released with the album through RCA Nashville and was serviced to radio as the third single on February 6 , 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Composition </Li> <Li> 3 Commercial performance </Li> <Li> 4 Music video </Li> <Li> 5 Chart performance <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 5.2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Certifications and sales </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song was written by Brown with Matthew McGinn and Jordan Schmidt . The song is about a couple where the question `` what if '' is asked repeatedly about what would happen in their relationship . It features a duet with Lauren Alaina , a school friend from Lakeview - Fort Oglethorpe High School when he was living in Fort Oglethorpe , Georgia . According to Brown , the song was initially not intended to be a duet , he said : `` Once we decided on adding a woman to `` What Ifs , '' I knew that I wanted Lauren to sing it , and , of course , she killed it . '' According to Brown , another song was going to be used in the album , however , he was asked so much about `` What Ifs '' on social media that it was then decided that the song should be included in the album . </P> <H2> Composition ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song is in the key of G minor with a moderately fast tempo of approximately 126 beats per minute . It follows the chord progression Gm - B ♭ - F. Brown 's vocals range from F - B ♭ . </P> <H2> Commercial performance ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song sold 6,000 downloads in the US the week the album was released on December 2 , 2016 , allowing it to chart at number 37 on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs chart . The song first entered the US Billboard Country Airplay chart for the week of March 4 , 2017 at number 60 . It reached No. 1 on Hot Country Songs in October 2017 , ending the record breaking 34 - week reign of Sam Hunt 's `` Body Like a Back Road '' . The song is the first No. 1 on the chart for both Brown and Alaina . The following week , for charts dated October 28 , 2017 , `` What Ifs '' stayed at number one , as well as topping the Country Airplay and Country Streaming Songs charts . Together with the release of the deluxe edition of the album which also reached number on Top Country Albums , and another number one for a new track `` Heaven '' on digital sales , Brown became the first artist to have simultaneous number ones on all five main country charts . </P> <P> The song was certified Platinum by the RIAA on October 2 , 2017 . It was the third most - consumed country song of 2017 , with 1,551,000 including streams ( 599,000 in pure sale ) sold in the year . It has sold 679,000 copies in the US as of March 2018 . </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> The official music video for the song was directed by P.R. Brown and produced by Steve Lamar . The video was filmed along the Californian coast at The Inn at Newport Ranch , a resort and cattle ranch to the north of San Francisco . It features Brown and his duet partner Lauren Alaina singing along the coast . It was released on May 14 , 2017 . An earlier lyric video was first released on May 4 , 2017 , and shows Brown and Alaina cruising down a road . </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2017 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Country ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2017 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Country Airplay </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot Country Songs </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot 100 </Th> <Td> 72 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Certifications and sales ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Music Canada ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 80,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 679,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Dukes , Billy ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Kane Brown ( Feat . Lauren Alaina ) , ' What Ifs ' ( Listen ) '' . Taste of Country . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Konicki , Lisa ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Kane Brown 's Current Single , `` What Ifs , '' With Lauren Alaina Almost Did n't Make The Album `` . Nash Country Daily . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Freeman , Jon ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Kane Brown on Personal New Album , Why He Wo n't Sing First Hit : Ram Report '' . Rolling Stone . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Asker , Jim ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Kane Brown Becomes First Artist To Simultaneously Lead Five Country Charts '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' What Ifs ' sheet music '' . MusicNotes.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart : December 13 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay '' . Billboard . March 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Asker , Jim ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Kane Brown 's ' What Ifs ' Featuring Lauren Alaina Tops Hot Country Songs , Stopping Sam Hunt 's Record Run '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Chart : October 17 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Kane Brown -- What Ifs '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rau , , Nate ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Revealed : Country music 's most listened to artists in 2017 '' . Tennessean . USA Today . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Top 30 Country Digital Singles Chart : January 3 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` The Top 30 Digital Country Singles : March 5 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Watch Kane Brown , Lauren Alaina 's Picturesque ' What Ifs ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . May 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kimble , Lindsay ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` From Middle School Chorus to Nashville , Kane Brown and Lauren Alaina Team Up for Duet ' What Ifs ' '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kane Brown Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kane Brown Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kane Brown Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kane Brown Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kane Brown Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Kane Brown -- What Ifs '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Body Like a Back Road '' by Sam Hunt </Td> <Td> Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single October 21 -- November 11 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` When It Rains It Pours '' by Luke Combs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` All the Pretty Girls '' by Kenny Chesney </Td> <Td> Billboard Country Airplay number - one single October 28 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Kane Brown </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kane Brown ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> EPs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Closer ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Chapter 1 ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Do n't Go City on Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Used to Love You Sober '' </Li> <Li> `` What Ifs '' </Li> <Li> `` Heaven '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lauren Alaina </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wildflower </Li> <Li> Road Less Traveled </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> EPs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lauren Alaina </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Like My Mother Does '' </Li> <Li> `` Georgia Peaches '' </Li> <Li> `` Eighteen Inches '' </Li> <Li> `` Barefoot and Buckwild '' </Li> <Li> `` Next Boyfriend '' </Li> <Li> `` Road Less Traveled '' </Li> <Li> `` Doin ' Fine '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` My Grown Up Christmas List '' </Li> <Li> `` What Ifs '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_Ifs&oldid=838232791 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2016 songs </Li> <Li> 2017 singles </Li> <Li> Kane Brown songs </Li> <Li> Lauren Alaina songs </Li> <Li> RCA Records Nashville singles </Li> <Li> Vocal duets </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Dann Huff </Li> <Li> Songs written by Jordan Schmidt </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Canada </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without song </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Canada </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 18 : 59 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

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Petroleum industry in Nigeria - wikipedia <H1> Petroleum industry in Nigeria </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Nigeria is the largest oil and gas producer in Africa . Crude oil from the delta basin comes in two types : light , and comparatively heavy -- the lighter around 36 gravity and the heavier , 20 -- 25 gravity . Both types are paraffinic and low in sulfur . </P> The gates of the oil refinery in Port Harcourt <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History of oil exploration </Li> <Li> 2 Production and exploration <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Offshore </Li> <Li> 2.2 Natural gas </Li> <Li> 2.3 Downstream </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Current manufacturing </Li> <Li> 4 History and politics <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Colonial legacy ( 1800s -- 1960s ) </Li> <Li> 4.2 Implications and causes of civil war ( 1966 -- 1970 ) </Li> <Li> 4.3 Industry nationalisation ( 1970 -- 1979 ) </Li> <Li> 4.4 Attempted democracy and debt ( 1979 -- 1983 ) </Li> <Li> 4.5 Return to military rule and electoral annulment ( 1983 -- 1993 ) </Li> <Li> 4.6 An environment of crisis ( 1993 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Operating agreements <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Joint venture companies </Li> <Li> 5.2 Current situation </Li> <Li> 5.3 Oil theft </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Environmental impact <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Oil spills and water contamination </Li> <Li> 6.2 Natural gas flaring </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Human rights impact <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Repression of protest and government corruption </Li> <Li> 7.2 Poverty and chronic underdevelopment </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History of oil exploration ( edit ) </H2> <P> The history of oil exploration in Nigeria dates back to 1907 when Nigerian Bitumen Corporation conducted exploratory work in the country , at the onset of World War I the firm 's operation were stopped . Thereafter , licenses were given to D'Arcy Exploration Company and Whitehall Petroleum but neither company found oil of commercial value and they returned their licenses in 1923 . A new license covering 920,000 square kilometres ( 357,000 square miles ) was given to Shell D'arcy Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria , a consortium of Shell and British Petroleum ( then known as Anglo - Iranian ) . The company began exploratory work in 1937 . The consortium was granted license to explore oil all over the territory of Nigeria but the acreage allotted to the company in the original license was reduced in 1951 and then between 1955 and 1957 . Drilling activities started in 1951 with the first test well drilled in Owerri area . Oil was discovered in non-commercial quantities at Akata , near Eket in 1953 . Prior to the Akata find , the company had spent around 6 million pounds in exploratory activities in the country . Shell - BP in the pursuit of commercially available petroleum found oil in Oloibiri , Nigeria in 1956 . Other important oil wells discovered during the period were Afam and Bomu in Ogoni territory . Production of crude oil began in 1957 and in 1960 , a total of 847,000 tonnes of crude oil was exported . Towards the end of the 1950s , non-British firms were granted license to explore for oil : Mobil in 1955 , Tenneco in 1960 , Gulf Oil and later Chevron in 1961 , Agip in 1962 , and Elf in 1962 . Prior to the discovery of oil , Nigeria ( like many other African countries ) strongly relied on agricultural exports to other countries to supply their economy . Many Nigerians thought the developers were looking for palm oil . But after nearly 50 years searching for oil in the country , Shell - BP discovered the oil at Oloibiri in the Niger Delta . The first oil field began production in 1958 . </P> <P> After that , the economy of Nigeria should have seemingly have experienced a strong increase . However , competition for the profits from oil created a great level of terror and conflict for those living in the region . Many citizens of Nigeria believe that they have n't been able to see the economic benefits of oil companies in the state . Additionally , Nigerian government officials have remained majority shareholders in the profits created by the production of Nigerian oil , leading to government capturing of nearly all oil production , and citizens are not seeing socioeconomic benefits , and insist that oil companies should compensate people . </P> <H2> Production and exploration ( edit ) </H2> Satellite image of Niger Delta <P> As of 2000 , oil and gas exports accounted for more than 98 % of export earnings and about 83 % of federal government revenue , as well as generating more than 14 % of its GDP . It also provides 95 % of foreign exchange earnings , and about 65 % of government budgetary revenues . </P> <P> Nigeria 's proven oil reserves are estimated by the United States Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) at between 16 and 22 billion barrels ( 2.5 × 10 and 3.5 × 10 m ) , but other sources claim there could be as much as 35.3 billion barrels ( 5.61 × 10 m ) . Its reserves make Nigeria the tenth most petroleum - rich nation , and by the far the most affluent in Africa . In mid-2001 its crude oil production was averaging around 2,200,000 barrels ( 350,000 m ) per day . It is expected that the industry will continue to be profitable based on an average bench mark oil price of $85 - $90 per barrel . </P> <P> Nearly all of the country 's primary reserves are concentrated in and around the delta of the Niger River , but off - shore rigs are also prominent in the well - endowed coastal region . Nigeria is one of the few major oil - producing nations still capable of increasing its oil output . Unlike most of the other OPEC countries , Nigeria is not projected to exceed peak production until at least 2009 . The reason for Nigeria 's relative unproductivity is primarily OPEC regulations on production to regulate prices on the international market . More recently , production has been disrupted intermittently by the protests of the Niger Delta 's inhabitants , who feel they are being exploited . </P> <P> Nigeria has a total of 159 oil fields and 1481 wells in operation according to the Department of Petroleum Resources . The most productive region of the nation is the coastal Niger Delta Basin in the Niger Delta or `` South - south '' region which encompasses 78 of the 159 oil fields . Most of Nigeria 's oil fields are small and scattered , and as of 1990 , these small unproductive fields accounted for 62.1 % of all Nigerian production . This contrasts with the sixteen largest fields which produced 37.9 % of Nigeria 's petroleum at that time . </P> <P> As a result of the numerous small fields , an extensive and well - developed pipeline network has been engineered to transport the crude oil . Also because of the lack of highly productive fields , money from the jointly operated ( with the federal government ) companies is constantly directed towards petroleum exploration and production . </P> <P> Nigeria 's petroleum is classified mostly as `` light '' and `` sweet '' , as the oil is largely free of sulphur . Nigeria is the largest producer of sweet oil in OPEC . This sweet oil is similar in composition to petroleum extracted from the North Sea . This crude oil is known as `` Bonny light '' . Names of other Nigerian crudes , all of which are named according to export terminal , are Qua Ibo , Escravos blend , Brass River , Forcados , and Pennington Anfan . </P> <P> As recently as 2010 , Nigeria provided about 10 % of overall U.S. oil imports and ranked as the fifth - largest source for oil imports in the U.S. However , Nigeria ceased exports to the US in July 2014 because of the impact of shale production in America ; India is now the largest consumer of Nigerian oil . </P> <P> There are six petroleum exportation terminals in the country . Shell owns two , while Mobil , Chevron , Texaco , and Agip own one each . Shell also owns the Forcados Terminal , which is capable of storing 13 million barrels ( 2,100,000 m ) of crude oil in conjunction with the nearby Bonny Terminal . Mobil operates primarily out of the Qua Iboe Terminal in Akwa Ibom State , while Chevron owns the Escravos Terminal located in Delta State and has a storage capacity of 3.6 million barrels ( 570,000 m ) . Agip operates the Brass Terminal in Brass , a town 113 kilometres ( 70 miles ) southwest of Port Harcourt and has a storage capacity of 3,558,000 barrels ( 565,700 m ) . Texaco operates the Pennington Terminal . </P> <H3> Offshore ( edit ) </H3> <P> Oil companies in Africa investigate offshore production as an alternative area of production . Deepwater production mainly involves underwater drilling that exists 400 metres ( 1,300 ft ) or more below the surface of the water . By expanding to deep water drilling the possible sources for finding new oil reserves is expanded . Through the introduction of deep water drilling 50 % more oil is extracted than before the new forms of retrieving the oil . </P> <P> Angola and Nigeria are the largest oil producers in Africa . In Nigeria , the deepwater sector still has a large avenue to expand and develop . The Agbami oilfields hit full production in 2005 , at 250,000 barrels ( 40,000 m ) a day . Operated by Chevron 's Star Deep and a company called Famfa , Agbami is only one off - shore concession ; there are others named Akpo , Bonga and Erha . The amount of oil extracted from Nigeria was expected to expand from 15,000 barrels per day ( 2,400 m / d ) in 2003 to 1.27 million barrels per day ( 202,000 m / d ) in 2010 . Deepwater drilling for oil is especially attractive to oil companies because the Nigerian government has very little share in these activities and it is more difficult for the government to regulate the offshore activities of the companies . </P> <P> The deepwater extraction plants are less disturbed by local militant attacks , seizures due to civil conflicts , and sabotage . These advancements offer more resources and alternatives to extract the oil from the Niger Delta , with less exposure to conflict than the operations on land . An open - air market for illegal crude oil operates off the Niger Delta , called the Togo Triangle . </P> <H3> Natural gas ( edit ) </H3> <P> Natural gas reserves are well over 5,300 km ( 187 × 10 ^ cu ft ) , the gas reserves are three times as substantial as the crude oil reserves . The biggest natural gas initiative is the Nigerian Liquified Natural Gas Company , which is operated jointly by several companies and the state . It began exploration and production in 1999 . Chevron is also attempting to create the Escravos Gas Utilization project which will be capable of producing 4,500,000 m ( 160 × 10 ^ cu ft ) per day . gas reserves . In 2008 , the government prepared a Gas Master Plan that was intended to promote natural gas production and encourage the supply of natural gas to domestic power stations so as to help alleviate the country 's electricity shortages . There is also an export gas pipeline , known as the West African Gas Pipeline , in the works but has encountered numerous setbacks . The pipeline would allow for transportation of natural gas to Benin , Ghana , Togo , and Cote d'Ivoire . The majority of Nigeria 's natural gas is flared off and it is estimated that Nigeria loses 18.2 million US $ daily from the loss of the flared gas . </P> <H3> Downstream ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : Petroleum industry in Nigeria . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( May 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Nigeria 's total petroleum refining capacity is 445,000 barrels ( 70,700 m ) per day , however , only 240,000 barrels ( 38,000 m ) per day was allotted during the 1990s . Subsequently , crude oil production for refineries was reduced further to as little as 75,000 barrels ( 11,900 m ) per day during the regime of Sanni Abacha . There are four major oil refineries : the Warri Refinery and Petrochemical Plant which can process 125,000 barrels ( 19,900 m ) of crude per day , the New Port Harcourt Refinery which can produce 150,000 barrels ( 24,000 m ) per day ( there is also an ' Old ' Port Harcourt Refinery with negligible production ) , as well as the now defunct Kaduna Refinery . The Port Harcourt and Warri Refineries both operate at only 30 % capacity . </P> <P> It is estimated that demand and consumption of petroleum in Nigeria grows at a rate of 12.8 % annually . However , petroleum products are unavailable to most Nigerians and are quite costly , because almost all of the oil extracted by the multinational oil companies is refined overseas , while only a limited quantity is supplied to Nigerians themselves . </P> <H2> Current manufacturing ( edit ) </H2> <P> Nigeria is Africa 's largest oil producer and has been a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries since 1971 . The Nigerian economy is heavily dependent on the oil sector , which , accounts for over 95 percent of export earnings and about 40 percent of government revenues , according to the International Monetary Fund . According to the International Energy Agency , Nigeria produced about 2.53 million barrels ( 402,000 m ) per day , well below its oil production capacity of over 3 million barrels ( 480,000 m ) per day , in 2011 . </P> <P> Nigeria is an important oil supplier to the United States . For the last nine years , the United States has imported between 9 - 11 percent of its crude oil from Nigeria ; however , United States import data for the first half of 2012 show that Nigerian crude is down to a 5 percent share of total United States crude imports . According to the International Energy Agency , in 2011 , approximately 33 percent of Nigeria 's crude exports were sent to the United States , making Nigeria its fourth largest foreign oil supplier . </P> <P> Although total crude imports into the United States are falling , imports from Nigeria have declined at a steeper rate , according to the International Energy Agency . The main reasons underlying this trend are that some Gulf Coast refiners have reduced Nigerian imports in favor of domestically - produced crude , and that two refineries in the U.S. East Coast , which were significant buyers of Nigerian crude , were idled in late 2011 . </P> <P> As a result , Nigerian crude as a share of total United States imports has fallen to 5 percent in the first half of 2012 , down from 10 and 11 percent in the first half of 2011 and 2010 , respectively , according to the International Energy Agency . According to the CIA World Factbook , Nigeria 's main export partners are the United States , India , Brazil , Spain , France and the Netherlands . Shell has been working in Nigeria since 1936 , and currently dominates gas production in the country , as the Niger Delta , which contains most of Nigeria 's gas resources , also houses most of Shell 's hydrocarbon assets . </P> <H2> History and politics ( edit ) </H2> See also : History of Nigeria and Niger Delta An Ethno - linguistic map of Nigeria . <P> Prior to its official amalgamation into the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria by the military forces of the British Empire in 1914 , the territory of Nigeria was a loose collection of autonomous states , villages , and ethnic communities . Many of these established themselves as pillars of art , trade , and politics in West Africa as late as the 19th century ; four of these cultural entities , the Hausa - Fulani , the Igbo ( sometimes spelled Ibo ) , the Yoruba and the Efik grew extremely prominent in the region before the arrival of foreigners , dictated British colonial policies , and dominate national politics in Nigeria to this day . </P> <P> The modern Hausa and Fulani societies in northern Nigeria are the cultural successors of the Sokoto Caliphate , a theocratic state founded by Muslim reformer empire - maker Uthman dan Fodio in 1817 . Geographically isolated in the north , the Caliphate was governed by Islamic laws as prescribed by dan Fodio 's Kitab al - Farq and maintained greater links commercially and culturally to North Africa and the Arab states than to West Africa and the Atlantic . </P> <P> By contrast , the Yoruba , the Igbo and the Efik in the south had regularly experienced contact with Europeans since at least the 16th century . A minority of southerners converted to Christianity even prior to the establishment of permanent British control , but the majority followed traditional indigenous religions , worshipping myriad deities with vast domains spanning both cosmic and terrestrial spheres . </P> <P> Coastal Nigerians established thriving trade both regionally and abroad , fashioning the coast into a hub for products like palm oil , a good sought after by rapidly industrialising Europe , while also serving as key source for the slave trade prior to its international banning ( the region came to be known as the Slave Coast as a result ) . </P> <P> The Niger Delta region , which is roughly synonymous with the Niger Delta province in location and the contemporary heart of the petroleum industry , is and was a zone of dense cultural diversity and is currently inhabited by roughly forty ethnic groups speaking an estimated 250 dialects . Some of the more relevant ethnic groups in the western part of the Niger Delta region include the Ijaw , Itsekiri , and Ogoni . The Ijaw ( sometimes spelled Ijo ) , the fourth most populous tribe in Nigeria and by far the largest in the Delta region , lived during late medieval times in small fishing villages within the inlets of the delta ; however by the 16th century , as the slave trade grew in importance , Ijaw port cities like Bonny and Brass developed into major trading states which served as major exporters of fish and other goods regionally . Other states such as those of Itsekiri domain of Warri sprang up at this time as well . </P> <P> The eastern Niger Delta region has the Efik people ( Annang / Efik / Ibibio who are all related with a common language and ancestors who were all referred to as Efik or Calabar people in early Nigerian history ) . Their capital city of Calabar , located at the coastal southeast of Nigeria ( eastern Niger Delta ) served as the major trading and shipping center during the pre-colonial and colonial period . Calabar also served as the first capital of Nigeria and the point of entry of Western religion and Western education into southeastern Nigeria . The combined population of the Ibibio , Annang and Efik people is the fourth largest language group in Nigeria . </P> <H3> Colonial legacy ( 1800s -- 1960s ) ( edit ) </H3> See also : Colonial Nigeria <P> Even before the consolidation of British control over all of present - day Nigeria 's borders in 1914 from the protectorates of Southern and Northern Nigeria , British forces had begun imposing drastic political and economic policies on the Nigerian people which would lead to important consequences in the future . Originally this was done primarily through the government - owned Royal Niger Company . The company was crucial in securing most of Nigeria 's major ports and monopolised coastal trade ; this resulted in the severing of the ties which had linked the area to the flourishing West African regional trade network , in favour of the exportation of cheap natural resources and cash crops to industrialising nations . Most of the population eventually abandoned food production for such market - dependent crops ( peanuts and cotton in the north , palm oil in the east , and cocoa in the west ) . From the beginning , divide and rule tactics were employed by both traders and administrators , highlighting ethno - religious differences and playing groups against one another . After 1914 , the north was permitted a system of indirect rule under authoritarian leaders , while in the south the British exercised control directly . </P> <P> Interest in Nigerian oil originated in 1914 with an ordinance making any oil and mineral under Nigerian soil legal property of the Crown . By 1938 the colonial government had granted the state - sponsored company , Shell ( then known as Shell D'Arcy ) a monopoly over the exploration of all minerals and petroleum throughout the entire colony . Commercially viable oil was discovered by Shell in 1956 roughly 90 kilometres ( 56 mi ) west of the soon - to - be oil capital of Port Harcourt at Oloibiri , now in Bayelsa State ; initially a 50 -- 50 profit sharing system was implemented between the company and the government . Until the late 1950s concessions on production and exploration continued to be the exclusive domain of the company , then known as Shell - British Petroleum . However , other firms became interested and by the early 1960s Mobil , Texaco , and Gulf had purchased concessions . </P> <P> In October 1960 Nigeria gained full independence from Britain with the British monarch continuing to preside as Head of State , but the country quickly altered its relationship with its former colonizers by declaring Nigeria a republic of three federated states ( the Eastern , Western and Northern Regions ) . But the flaring of ethnic tensions assured that this new republic would be short - lived , as on 15 January 1966 , a small group of army officers consisting mostly of southeastern Igbos , staged a successful coup d'état against the civilian government . The federal military government which assumed power under General Aguiyi - Ironsi was unable to quiet ethnic tensions or produce a constitution acceptable to all sections of the country . In fact , its efforts to abolish the federal structure exacerbated the growing unrest and led to another coup , led by largely northern officers in July of the same year . This second coup established the regime of Major General Yakubu Gowon . Subsequently , the massacre of thousands of Igbo in the north prompted hundreds of thousands to return to the southeast , where increasingly strong Igbo secessionist sentiment emerged under the leadership of the Igbo military governor Lieutenant Colonel Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu . </P> <P> With tensions stoked between the Eastern region and Gowon 's federal government , on 4 -- 5 January 1967 , in compliance with Ojukwu 's desire to meet for talks only on neutral soil , a summit attended by Gowon , Ojukwu and other members of the Supreme Military Council was held at Aburi in Ghana , the stated purpose of which was to resolve all outstanding conflicts and establish Nigeria as a confederation of regions . The outcome of this summit was the Aburi Accord , the differing interpretations of which would soon cause Ojukwu to declare Biafran independence and plunge Nigeria into civil war . </P> <H3> Implications and causes of civil war ( 1966 -- 1970 ) ( edit ) </H3> Map showing the location of the secessionist Republic of Biafra within Nigeria . See also : Biafra and Nigerian Civil War <P> Igbo secessionism arose in part from the pogroms in the North that were aimed at Eastern people , most specifically , the Igbo . However , since the southeast encompassed most of the petroleum - rich Niger Delta , the prospect emerged of the Eastern Region gaining self - sufficiency and increasing prosperity . The exclusion of easterners from power caused many in the east to fear that oil revenues would be used to benefit areas in the north and west rather than their own . The desire to accrue profits from oil revenues combined with ethnic tensions acted as a catalyst for the Igbo - spearheaded secession . Additionally , despite his denials in later years , it appears that Ojukwu 's insistence on secession at the time was heavily influenced by his knowledge of the extent of the area 's oil reserves . </P> <P> Recent evidence has suggested a tax battle waged by American oil companies contributed to the regional and ethnic tensions that would lead to the outbreak of war . It was also during this period that , again thanks to the Americans , the opacity and concomitant corruption of Nigerian oil began to crystallise . However , evidence from leaked US State Department documents have proven that Britain , through Shell - BP , still held the most influence over the Nigerian oil industry at the time the war broke out . The United States declared neutrality , with US Secretary of State Dean Rusk stating that `` America is not in a position to take action as Nigeria is an area under British influence , '' but nevertheless provided military assistance to the Nigeria government . </P> <P> On top of scores of deaths , the war had a largely negative impact on the oil industry . Strife caused production of crude to drop significantly , particularly in Biafra . Total crude output decreased from 420,000 barrels per day ( 67,000 cubic metres per day ) in 1966 at the start of the war , to only 140,000 barrels per day ( 22,000 cubic metres per day ) in 1968 . Shell alone saw a drop from 367,000 barrels per day ( 58,300 cubic metres per day ) in 1966 , to 43,000 ( 6,800 ) in 1968 . And in addition to concerns about production , oil companies began experiencing uncertainty as to the future of their investments depending on who prevailed in the war . This led to relations between oil companies and the federal government becoming strained , with the government at one point accusing the oil company Safrap ( now TotalFinaElf , but Elf until 1974 ) of favouring Biafra and enlisting the aid of France for the Biafran cause . Shell , the other major holder of concessions in the southeast , was concerned but placated and limited politically by Britain 's staunch support of the Nigerian government in the war effort . </P> <P> Despite oil 's prominent role in national affairs , up to this time , the Nigerian federal government had only limited involvement in the oil industry , and the government confined its financial involvement in the oil industry to taxes and royalties on the oil companies . The companies were subsequently able to set their own price on the petroleum they extracted , and dominated petroleum to such a point that laws governing the oil sector were having a negative effect on Nigerian interests . However , even during the conflict with Biafra would force changes to the relationship between federal government and the petroleum industry . Gowon 's military government instituted the 1969 Petroleum Decree which dismantled the existing revenue allocation system that had divided revenue from oil taxes equally between federal and state government , instead favouring an allocation formula in which the federal government controlled the dispensation of revenues to the states . </P> <P> After the loss of over 2,000,000 lives , the war concluded in 1970 and resulted in a victory for the Nigerian state , as the secessionist regions were subsequently brought back into the Nigerian fold . However , the former Eastern Region had been split into two new states , Rivers and South - Eastern ( now Cross River ) in order to discourage lingering ideas of independence . </P> <H3> Industry nationalisation ( 1970 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) </H3> See also : Corruption in Nigeria <P> In May 1971 the Nigerian federal government , then under the control of General Yakubu Gowon , nationalised the oil industry by creating the Nigerian National Oil Corporation via a decree . Following the war with Biafra , the government felt it necessary to secure and gain more control over the oil industry . Nationalization of the oil sector was also precipitated by Nigeria 's desire to join OPEC , which was encouraging member states to acquire 51 % stakes and become increasingly involved in the oil sector . Although the Nigerian government had maintained involvement in the industry prior to 1971 , this was accomplished mainly through business deals on concessions of the foreign firms in operation . The creation of the NNOC made government participation in the industry legally binding . The federal government would continue to consolidate its oil involvement throughout the next several decades . </P> <P> However , it was during the years of Gowon and his successors Murtala Mohammed and Olusegun Obasanjo known officially as the Heads of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria , who ruled amidst the oil boom of the 1970s that the political economy of petroleum in Nigeria truly became characterised by endemic patronage and corruption by the political elites , which plagues the nation to this day . At both state and federal government levels , power and therefore wealth has typically been monopolised by select lobby groups who maintain a strong tendency to ' look after their own ' by financially rewarding their political supporters . At the state or community level this means that interest groups in power will reward and protect their own ; this is typically based on ethnic / tribal or religious affiliation of the interest group . The heavy patronage based on tribal affiliation has fueled ethnic unrest and violence throughout Nigeria , but particularly in the Niger Delta states , where the stakes for control of the immense oil resources are very high . At the federal level , political elites have utilised patronage to consolidate power for the ruling government , not only by rewarding their political friends in the federal government , but also by paying off major interest groups at the state or tribal level in order to elicit their cooperation . Inevitably these financial favours are distributed unequally and inefficiently , resulting in concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a small minority . Nigeria is ranked by the Corruption Perceptions Index 136st out of 180 countries total ( for comparison , this is the same as Russia ) . </P> <P> Following the NNOC 's genesis , the Nigerian government continued to garner control over oil revenues . In 1972 it declared that all property not currently owned by a foreign entity was legally the property of the government , which gained jurisdiction over the sale and allocation of concessions to foreign investors . The military regime oversaw the implementation of a number of other important milestones related to oil : </P> <P> 1974 : Participation in oil industry by government increases to 55 % . </P> <P> 1975 : Decree 6 increases federal government share in oil sector to 80 % , with only 20 % going to the states . </P> <P> 1976 : First exploration and development venture by NNOC undertaken and drills to uncover commercial quantities of petroleum off - shore . </P> <P> 1978 : Perhaps most importantly , the federal government created the Land Use Act which vested control over state lands in military governors appointed by the federal military regime , and eventually led to Section 40 ( 3 ) of the 1979 constitution which declared all minerals , oil , natural gas , and natural resources found within the bounds of Nigeria to be legal property of the Nigerian federal government . </P> <P> 1979 : In an effort to establish further control over the industry , the government merges and restructures the NNOC and the Ministry of Petroleum to form the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation , an entity which would exert more power over the allocation and sale of concessions than the NNOC . By 1979 , the NNPC had also gained 60 % participation in the oil industry . </P> <H3> Attempted democracy and debt ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Despite the vast revenues accrued by Gowon and his heirs , the junta succumbed to the demands of the civilian population , and in 1979 military head of state Olusegun Obasanjo handed over power to elected National Party of Nigeria ( NPN ) candidate Shehu Shagari . This event coincided with the declaration of Nigeria 's Second Republic . At this juncture , the oil producing states of the Niger Delta were accounting for 82 % of all federal government revenue but the population of these areas received very little compensation and demands for adequate reimbursement for the black gold extracted from their land could be heard at this time . Overall , petroleum accounted for 96 % of all government external revenue but a mere 27 % of the nation 's GDP . However , the advent of democracy did not improve the situation . </P> <P> A 1982 Revenue Act implemented by the Shagari government would eventually be modified by yet another military regime in 1984 via Decree 36 which reduced the government share of oil revenue from 80 % to 55 % . States got 32.5 % and 10 % went to local governments . The remaining 1.5 % was earmarked as a special fund to new develop oil - producing areas , but during the Shagari regime the corruption in Nigerian governance reached its zenith and capital flight out of Nigeria peaked , while people in the oil - producing areas continued to receive little or none of the oil profits . Additionally , 1980 saw oil - generated revenues attain an all - time high of US $24.9 billion but Nigeria still managed an international debt of $9 billion . </P> <P> Shagari 's NPN government was viewed by the majority of Nigerians as incorrigibly corrupt by the time the national elections of 1983 came about . Shagari and his subordinates steadily transformed Nigeria into a police state where Nigerian military and police forces were permitted to utilise force quite liberally in order to control the civilian population . Such repressive measures were employed to ensure victory in the forthcoming elections , and this outcome was achieved largely through the bankrupting of the federal government 's treasury . </P> <P> Another disturbing trend had also been gaining steam in Nigeria since the early 1970s : a steep drop in agricultural production correlating roughly with the rise in federal revenues from petroleum extraction . Whereas previously Nigeria had been the world 's lead exporter of cocoa , production of this cash crop dropped by 43 % , while productivity in other important income generators like rubber ( 29 % ) , groundnuts ( 64 % ) , and cotton ( 65 % ) plummeted as well between 1972 and 1983 . The decline in agricultural production was not limited to cash crops amid the oil boom , and national output of staple foodstuffs also fell . This situation contrasts to Nigeria in 1960 just after independence , when despite British underdevelopment , the nation was more or less self - sufficient in terms of food supply , while crops made up 97 % of all revenue from exports . The drop in production was so substantial that by the early 1980s the NPN government was forced to implement a now notorious import license scheme which essentially involved Nigeria , for the first time in its history , importing basic food items . However , as Nigerian activist and Nobel Laureate Wole Soyinka asserts , `` the import license scam that was used by the party as a reward and enticement for party loyalists and would - be supporters cost the nation billions of dollars ... while food production in the country virtually ceased '' . </P> <H3> Return to military rule and electoral annulment ( 1983 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> For these reasons , seizure of power by General Muhammadu Buhari a short time after the NPN government was fraudulently re-elected was initially perceived as a positive development by civilians . Buhari charged out of the gate in December 1983 , declaring himself Head of the Supreme Military Council of Nigeria , he condemned the civilian government 's blatant corruption and instituted programs supposedly designed to eliminate the disease of corruption . However , these measures were largely transparent and the looting of federal coffers by Nigeria 's rulers continued largely unabated , `` as Shagari 's officers -- both within party and government -- left the country , came in and out as they pleased , while Burahi 's tribunal sentence opposition figures to spells of between a hundred and three hundred years in prison for every dubious kind of crime '' . The Buhari government neglected to punish even Shagari himself , a consistent trend in Nigerian 's long line of dictariorial rulers , who almost universally been spared any kind of justice . </P> <P> In 1985 , another general , this time General Ibrahim Babangida , stole power and again alleged that his predecessors were corrupt violators of human rights and promised to rectify the situation , committing to a return to democracy by 1990 . Nigeria had been saddled with a crushingly large international debt at this point . This was because , despite over 101 billion US dollars having been generated by the oil industry between 1958 and 1983 , nearly all of these funds had been siphoned into the private bank accounts and the state sponsored pet projects maintained by the succession of Nigerian governmental elites . </P> <P> Immediately prior to Babangida 's rise to power , which is viewed by some as having been orchestrated by international oil and banking interests , the International Monetary Fund was exerting increasingly acute pressure on the Nigerian government to repay its massive debts , of which 44 % of all federal revenue was already servicing . Therefore , it was unsurprising when Babangida implemented the IMF 's Structural Adjustment Program in October 1986 in order to facilitate debt repayment . The SAP was extremely controversial while it was in effect between 1986 and 1988 . While it did permit Nigerian exports to become more competitive internationally and spurred a degree of economic growth , the SAP also incurred a dramatic drop in real wages for the majority of Nigerians . This , combined with major cuts to important public services , incited public unrest so extreme that Babangida 's Armed Forces Ruling Council was obliged to partially reverse the SAP initiatives and return to inflationary economic policies . Babangida 's rule also oversaw the annihilation of the Nigerian economic middle class , and Nigeria 's entry to the Organisation of the Islamic Conference , despite Muslims accounting for less than 50 % of the Nigerian populace . </P> <P> The 1980s military juntas conducted several attempted re-organisations of the NNPC to increase its efficiency . However , according to most sources by the early 1990s the NNPC was characterised by chronic inefficiency and waste . Red tape and poor organisation are standard , with the NNPC being divided into several sub-entities , each fulfilling a particular function . This is despite the NNPC 's growing participation in the industry , including development and exploration of numerous off - shore wells . As a result , the functionality of the industry is dependent on foreign corporations , not the NNPC . </P> <P> The sudden jump in oil prices caused by the First Gulf War in 1990 and 1991 , as most researchers confirm , was at best squandered . The Babangida junta has been widely accused of `` mismanaging '' the oil windfall from the Gulf War price jump , which accounted for about $12.5 billion in revenues . Another alleges that the federal government siphoned off about $12.2 billion between 1988 and 1994 into private accounts or expenditures , `` clandestinely undertaken while the country was openly reeling with a crushing external debt '' . </P> <P> Under these circumstances , Babangida eventually allowed for nationwide elections on 12 June 1993 . These elections were declared universally free and fair ( at least in comparison to past elections ) by all major international election monitors , and the eventual winner of the presidential race was the Chief M.K.O. Abiola ( of the newly formed SDP ) . However , the military regime cynically pronounced the election , in which fourteen million Nigerians participated , to be null and void due to `` electoral irregularities '' . The Nigerian people took to the streets in large numbers to protest the election 's annulment . As civil unrest continued , Babangida was forced to cede power to the caretaker government of Ernest Shonekan . </P> <H3> An environment of crisis ( 1993 -- present ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Shonekan 's interim government would be short - lived , as on 17 November 1993 , Babangida 's former Chief of Army Staff and Minister of Defence Sani Abacha overthrew the caretaker regime and installed himself as Head of State . Popular opposition to the junta was widespread and public demonstrations were taking place on a regular basis . Immediately upon taking power , Abacha commenced the brutal repression of these subversive elements which would make his tenure notorious on a global basis . </P> <P> Throughout the early 1990s such popular unrest grew steadily , particularly in the Niger Delta region , where various ethnic groups began demanding compensation for years of ecological damage as well as control over their land 's oil resources . This unrest manifested itself at the outset as peaceful activist organisations that united their members on the basis of ethnicity . </P> <P> One of the most prominent of these organisations to emerge in the region was the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People ( MOSOP ) . The group declared that the Ogoni people , a small minority in Rivers state of Nigeria , were slowly being annihilated as the arable terrain of their homeland ( known as Ogoniland ) was degraded by pollution from oil production by Chevron and primarily Shell . </P> Main article : Conflict in the Niger Delta <P> Conflict in the Niger Delta arose in the early 1990s due to tensions between the foreign oil corporations , the Nigerian federal government , and a number of the Niger Delta 's ethnic groups who felt they were being exploited , particularly minority groups like the Ogoni as well as the Ijaw in the late 1990s . Ethnic and political unrest has continued throughout the 1990s and persists as of 2006 despite the conversion to a more democratic , civilian federal system under the Obasanjo government in 1999 ; democracy has to some degree fan the flames as politicians seeking office may now employ militia groups to coerce voters and generally disrupt the election process . Competition for oil wealth has fuelled violence between innumerable ethnic groups , causing the militarisation of nearly the entire region by ethnic militia groups as well as Nigerian military and police forces ( notably the Nigerian Mobile Police ) . Victims of crimes are fearful of seeking justice for crimes committed against them because of growing `` impunity from prosecution for individuals responsible for serious human rights abuses , ( which ) has created a devastating cycle of increasing conflict and violence '' . The regional and ethnic conflicts are so numerous that fully detailing each is impossible and impractical . </P> <P> On 30 January 2013 , a Dutch court ruled that Shell can be held accountable for the pollution in the Niger Delta . </P> <H2> Operating agreements ( edit ) </H2> <P> Details and nature of the relationship between the government and the operating companies are governed by three types of agreements , joint ventures , production sharing contracts and service contracts . </P> <H3> Joint venture companies ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dt> Royal Dutch Shell ( British / Dutch ) </Dt> <Dd> Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited ( SPDC ) , usually known simply as Shell Nigeria : A joint venture operated by Shell accounts for 50 % of Nigerian 's total oil production ( 899,000 barrels ( 142,900 m ) per day in 1997 ) from more than eighty oil fields . The joint venture is composed of NNPC ( 55 % ) , Shell ( 30 % ) , TotalFinaElf ( 10 % ) and Agip ( 5 % ) and operates largely onshore on dry land or in the mangrove swamp in the Niger Delta . `` The company has more than 100 producing oil fields , and a network of more than 6,000 kilometres of pipelines , flowing through 87 flowstations . SPDC operates 2 coastal oil export terminals '' . The Shell joint venture produces about 50 % of Nigeria 's total crude . Shell Nigeria owns concessions on four companies , they are : Shell Petroleum Development Company ( SPDC ) , Shell Nigeria Exploration and Production Company ( SNEPCO ) , Shell Nigeria Gas ( SNG ) , Shell Nigeria Oil Products ( SNOP ) , as well as holding a major stake in Nigeria Liquified Natural Gas ( NLNG ) . Shell formerly operated alongside British Petroleum as Shell - BP , but BP has since sold all of its Nigerian concessions . Most of Shell 's operations in Nigeria are conducted through the Shell Petroleum Development Company ( SPDC ) . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Chevron ( American ) </Dt> <Dd> Chevron Nigeria Limited ( CNL ) : A joint venture between NNPC ( 60 % ) and Chevron ( 40 % ) has in the past been the second largest producer ( approximately 400,000 barrels per day ( 64,000 cubic metres per day ) ) , with fields located in the Warri region west of the Niger river and offshore in shallow water . It is reported to aim to increase production to 600,000 barrels per day ( 95,000 cubic metres per day ) . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Exxon - Mobil ( American ) </Dt> <Dd> Mobil Producing Nigeria Unlimited ( MPNU ) : A joint venture between the NNPC ( 60 % ) and Exxon - Mobil ( 40 % ) operates in shallow water off Akwa Ibom state in the southeastern delta and averaged production of 632,000 barrels per day ( 100,500 cubic metres per day ) in 1997 , making it the second largest producer , as against 543,000 barrels per day ( 86,300 cubic metres per day ) in 1996 . Mobil also holds a 50 % interest in a Production Sharing Contract for a deep water block further offshore , and is reported to plan to increase output to 900,000 barrels per day ( 140,000 cubic metres per day ) by 2000 . Oil industry sources indicate that Mobil is likely to overtake Shell as the largest producer in Nigeria within the next five years , if current trends continue , mainly due to its offshore base allowing it refuge from the strife Shell has experienced onshore . It is headquartered in Eket and operates in Nigeria under the subsidiary of Mobil Producing Nigeria ( MPN ) . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Agip ( Italian ) </Dt> <Dd> Nigerian Agip Oil Company Limited ( NAOC ) : A joint venture operated by Agip and owned by the NNPC ( 60 % ) , Agip ( 20 % ) and ConocoPhillips ( 20 % ) produces 150,000 barrels per day ( 24,000 cubic metres per day ) mostly from small onshore fields . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Total ( French ) </Dt> <Dd> Total Petroleum Nigeria Limited ( TPNL ) : A joint venture between NNPC ( 60 % ) and Elf ( now Total ) produced approximately 125,000 barrels per day ( 19,900 cubic metres per day ) during 1997 , both on and offshore . Elf and Mobil are in dispute over operational control of an offshore field with a production capacity of 90,000 barrels per day ( 14,000 cubic metres per day ) . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Texaco ( now merged with Chevron ) </Dt> <Dd> NNPC Texaco - Chevron Joint Venture ( formerly Texaco Overseas Petroleum Company of Nigeria Unlimited ) : A joint venture operated by Texaco and owned by NNPC ( 60 % ) , Texaco ( 20 % ) and Chevron ( 20 % ) currently produces about 60,000 barrels per day ( 9,500 cubic metres per day ) from five offshore fields . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Current situation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Nigeria 's oil revenue has totaled $340 billion in exports since the 1970s and it is the fifth largest producer . Though Nigeria is a major oil exporter , it imports most of its gasoline , and when fuel subsidies were lifted in January 2012 , fuel increased from roughly $1.70 per gallon to $3.50 . Nigeria produces a form of oil ideal for the United States , has huge reserves , and has increased its production to 2.8 million barrels ( 450,000 m ) of oil a day . But this , some say , is all a resource curse that is hurting Nigeria and disadvantaging her people . </P> <H3> Oil theft ( edit ) </H3> <P> A report analysing the effect of oil theft in Nigeria revealed in July 2013 that Nigeria lost $10.9 billion in potential oil revenues between 2009 and 2011 . </P> <H2> Environmental impact ( edit ) </H2> See also : Environmental issues in Nigeria Map of vegetation in Nigeria <P> The Niger Delta comprises 70,000 square kilometres ( 27,000 square miles ) of wetlands formed primarily by sediment deposition . Home to more than 20 million people and 40 different ethnic groups , this floodplain makes up 7.5 % of Nigeria 's total land mass . It is the largest wetland and maintains the third - largest drainage area in Africa . The Delta 's environment can be broken down into four ecological zones : coastal barrier islands , mangrove swamp forests , freshwater swamps , and lowland rainforests . </P> <P> This incredibly well - endowed ecosystem , which contains one of the highest concentrations of biodiversity on the planet , in addition to supporting an abundant flora and fauna , arable terrain that can sustain a wide variety of crops , economic trees , and more species of freshwater fish than any ecosystem in West Africa . The region could experience a loss of 40 % of its inhabitable terrain in the next thirty years because of extensive dam construction in the region . The carelessness of the oil industry has also precipitated this situation , which can perhaps be best encapsulated by a report issued by the NNPC in 1983 , long before popular unrest surfaced : </P> <P> We witnessed the slow poisoning of the waters of this country and the destruction of vegetation and agricultural land by oil spills which occur during petroleum operations . But since the inception of the oil industry in Nigeria , more than twenty - five years ago , there has been no concerned and effective effort on the part of the government , let alone the oil operators , to control environmental problems associated with the industry . </P> <H3> Oil spills and water contamination ( edit ) </H3> <P> Oil spills in Nigeria are a common occurrence ; it has been estimated that between 9 and 13 million barrels ( 1,400,000 and 2,100,000 m ) have been spilled since oil drilling started in 1958 . The government estimates that about 7,000 spills occurred between 1970 and 2000 . Causes include corrosion of pipelines and tankers ( accounts for 50 % of all spills ) , sabotage ( 28 % ) , and oil production operations ( 21 % ) , with 1 % of the spills being accounted for by inadequate or non-functional production equipment . One reason that corrosion accounts for such a high percentage of all spills is that as a result of the small size of the oilfields in the Niger Delta , there is an extensive network of pipelines between the fields . Many facilities and pipelines were constructed to older standards , are poorly maintained and have outlived their estimated life span . Sabotage is performed primarily through what is known as `` bunkering '' , whereby the saboteur taps a pipeline , and in the process of extraction sometimes the pipeline is damaged . Oil extracted in this manner is often sold for cash compensation . </P> <P> Oil spills have a major impact on the ecosystem . Large tracts of mangrove forests have been desroyed . They are especially susceptible to oil spills because the oil is stored in the soil and re-released annually with each inundation . An estimated 5 -- 10 % of Nigerian mangrove ecosystems have been wiped out either by settlement or by oil . Spills also take out crops and aquacultures through contamination of groundwater and soils . Drinking water is frequently contaminated , and a sheen of oil is visible in many localised bodies of water . If the drinking water is contaminated , even if no immediate health effects are apparent , the numerous hydrocarbons and other chemicals present in oil represent a carcinogenic risk . Offshore spills , which are usually much greater in scale , contaminate coastal environments and cause a decline in local fishing production . </P> <P> Nigerian regulations are weak and rarely enforced allowing oil companies , in essence , to self - regulate . </P> <H3> Natural gas flaring ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dd> See also main article : Environmental issues in the Niger Delta </Dd> </Dl> <P> Nigeria flares more natural gas associated with oil extraction than any other country , with estimates suggesting that of the 99,000,000 m ( 3.5 × 10 ^ cu ft ) of associated gas ( AG ) produced annually , 71,000,000 m ( 2.5 × 10 ^ cu ft ) , or about 70 % is wasted via flaring . Statistical data associated with gas flaring is notoriously unreliable , but AG wasted during flaring is estimated to cost Nigeria US $2.5 billion on a yearly basis . Companies operating in Nigeria harvest natural gas for commercial purposes , however prefer to extract it gas from deposits where it is found in isolation as non-associated gas . It is costly to separate commercially viable associated gas from oil , hence gas flaring to increase crude production . </P> <P> Gas flaring is discouraged by the international community as it contributes to climate change . In fact , in western Europe 99 % of associated gas is used or re-injected into the ground . Gas flaring in Nigeria releases large amounts methane , which has very high global warming potential . The methane is accompanied by carbon dioxide , of which Nigeria is estimated to have emitted more than 34.38 million tons in 2002 , accounting for about 50 % of all industrial emissions in the country and 30 % of the total CO emissions . As flaring in the west has been minimised , in Nigeria it has grown proportionally with oil production . While the international community , the Nigerian government , and the oil corporations seem to agree that gas flaring need to be curtailed , efforts to do so have been slow and largely ineffective . </P> <P> Gas flares release a variety of potentially poisonous chemicals such as nitrogen dioxides , sulphur dioxide , volatile organic compounds like benzene , toluene , xylene and hydrogen sulfide , as well as carcinogens like benzapyrene and dioxins . Often gas flares are often close to local communities , and lack adequate fencing or protection for villagers who may risk nearing the heat of the flare in order to carry out their daily activities . Flares which are often older and inefficient are rarely relocated away from villages , and are known to coat the land and communities in the area with soot and damage adjacent vegetation . </P> <P> In November 2005 a judgment by , `` the Federal High Court of Nigeria ordered that gas flaring must stop in a Niger Delta community as it violates guaranteed constitutional rights to life and dignity . In a case brought against the Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria ( Shell ) , Justice C.V. Nwokorie ruled in Benin City that the damaging and wasteful practice of flaring can not lawfully continue . '' </P> <H2> Human rights impact ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Repression of protest and government corruption ( edit ) </H3> <P> One of the greatest threats facing the people of the Niger River Delta has actually been their own government . The Nigerian government has total control over property rights and they have the authority to seize any property for use by the oil companies . A majority of every dollar that comes out of the ground in the delta goes to the State and Federal governments . </P> <P> According to the World Bank , most of Nigeria 's oil wealth gets siphoned off by 1 % of the population . Corruption in the government is rampant , in fact since 1960 it is estimated that 300 to 400 billion dollars has been stolen by corrupt government officials . The corruption is found at the highest levels as well . For example , a former inspector general of the national police was accused of stealing 52 million dollars . He was sentenced to six years in prison for a lesser charge . </P> <P> Nigerians have on many occasions engaged in protests against oil - related corruption and environmental concerns in the past , but have been met with harsh suppression by government forces . For example , in February 2005 at a protest at Chevron 's Escravos oil terminal , soldiers opened fire on the protestors . One man was killed and 30 others were injured . The soldiers claimed that the protestors were armed , which the protestors denied . Another , more extreme example happened in 1994 . The Nigerian military moved into a region called Ogoniland in force . They razed 30 villages , arrested hundreds of protestors , and killed an estimated 2,000 people . </P> <P> One of the protestors they arrested was a man named Ken Saro - Wiwa , a Nigerian TV producer , writer and social activist . In 1990 he founded the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People ( MOSOP ) . Ken wrote and spoke out about the rampant corruption in the Nigerian government and he condemned Shell and British Petroleum . He was arrested by the Nigerian government and imprisoned for 17 months . Then in a show trial he and eight others were condemned to death . He and the others were hung in 1995 and he was buried in an unmarked common grave . </P> <H3> Poverty and chronic underdevelopment ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Previous pipeline explosions in Nigeria <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Casualties </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lagos </Td> <Td> 26 December 2007 </Td> <Td> at least 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lagos </Td> <Td> 26 December 2006 </Td> <Td> at least 260 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lagos </Td> <Td> 12 May 2006 </Td> <Td> at least 150 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lagos </Td> <Td> December 2004 </Td> <Td> at least 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lagos </Td> <Td> September 2004 </Td> <Td> at least 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abia </Td> <Td> June 2003 </Td> <Td> at least 105 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Warri </Td> <Td> July 2000 </Td> <Td> at least 300 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abia </Td> <Td> March 2000 </Td> <Td> at least 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jesse </Td> <Td> October 1998 </Td> <Td> at least 1000 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The people of the delta states live in extreme poverty even in the face of great material wealth found in the waters by their homes . According to Amnesty International in 2006 , 70 % of the people in the Niger River Delta live on less than US $1 per day . For many people , this means finding work in a labour market which is in many instances hostile to them . Much of the labour in the past has been imported . To a growing degree , the labour force for the oil companies is coming from Nigeria . But discrimination is rampant , and for the most part , locals are discriminated against . </P> <P> This leads to a situation where the men in the community have to search for temporary employment . This has two negative effects on the community . First it takes the men out of the community as they go in search of work . The second is the nature of temporary employment sets up unsustainable spending habits ) . They earn some money and spend it thinking it will be easy to earn more , when in many cases this does not turn out to be the case . </P> <P> As the government officials siphon off all the money generated from oil sales the infrastructure suffers . Most of the villages do not have electricity or even running water . They do not have good access to schools or medical clinics . For many , even clean drinking water is difficult to come by . The deterioration of the infrastructure in the delta states is so severe it is even a problem in the more urban areas . One example of this is the airport at Port Harcourt . Part of a fence was not properly maintained and an Air France flight hit a herd of cattle on the runway in 2005 . The airport was closed and still had not reopened by 2007 . </P> <P> The leadership of the Niger Delta region appears responsible for most of the underdevelopment in the region . There is large - scale corruption amongst the elected leaders especially governors , and the leaders have helped sponsor the militant groups kidnapping innocent people and sabotaging efforts by the federal government for infrastructure development . Indicted corrupt leaders are also cheered by the Niger Delta people . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ David Thomas ( 13 November 1995 ) . `` NIGER DELTA OIL PRODUCTION , RESERVES , FIELD SIZES ASSESSED '' . Industry Briefs . Oil and Gas Journal . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Frynas , J.G. ( 1999 ) . Oil in Nigeria : Conflict and litigation between oil companies and village communities . Münster : Lit Verlag . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7840310.stm Retrieved 26 November 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 10 April 2012 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . 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Vol. 103 , 6 ; ABI / INFORM Global . pg. 18 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Khadija Sharife . `` How Nigeria 's lucrative oil profits disappear '' . # Panama Papers . ANCIR . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Robert ; Simon , Julia ( 30 October 2014 ) . `` How To Steal A Million Barrels Of Oil '' . Planet Money . NPR . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Natural Gas ( Online Nigeria Portal ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ( corporate-nigeria.com ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Where Vultures Feast . ( Okonta and Douglas , 2001 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klieman , Kairn A. ( 2012 ) . `` U.S. Oil Companies , the Nigerian Civil War , and the Origins of Opacity in the Nigerian Oil Industry '' . Journal of American History . 1 ( 1 ) : 155 -- 165 . doi : 10.1093 / jahist / jas072 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Awoyokun , Damola ( 19 February 2013 ) . `` BIAFRA : The Untold Story of Nigeria 's civil war '' . P.M. News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Price of Oil : Corporate Responsibility and Human Rights Violations in Nigeria 's Oil Producing Communities ( Human Rights Watch , 1999 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Open Sore of a Continent . Soyinka , Wole . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Raymond Ridderhof ( 15 February 2013 ) . `` Shell and Ogoni People : ( s ) oil pollution in the Niger Delta '' . Peace Palace Library . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frynas , Jedrzej Georg ( 1999 ) . Oil in Nigeria : : conflict and litigation between oil companies and village communities . Münster : Lit Verlag . p. 81 . ISBN 3825839214 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=75700003&site=ehost-live Retrieved 26 November 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/10/world/africa/nigerians-protest-oil-price-rise-as-subsidies-end.html Retrieved 26 November 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/infomark.do?&source=gale&srcprod=AONE&prodId=AONE&userGroupName=uiuc_uc&tabID=T002&docId=A126748348&type=retrieve&contentSet=IAC-Documents&version=1.0 Retrieved 26 November 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=75700003&site=ehost-live Retrieved 26 November 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nigeria loses $10.9 bn to oil theft , South Africa : Fin24.com , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Quoted in Greenpeace International 's Shell Shocked , 11 ) ( Greenpeace ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Baird J ( 26 July 2010 ) . `` Oil 's Shame in Africa '' . Newsweek . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shell International Petroleum Company , Developments in Nigeria ( London : March 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nigeria to start rehabilitation of oil joint venture facilities ( NigeriaBusinessInfo.com ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Media Briefing : Gas flaring in Nigeria Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( Friends of the Earth ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : GAS FLARING IN NIGERIA : A HUMAN RIGHTS , ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC MONSTROSITY ( Climate Justice Programme and Environmental Rights Action / Friends of the Earth Nigeria ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Boele , R. , Fabig , H. , Wheeler , D. ( 2001 ) . Shell , Nigeria and the Ogoni : A Study in Unsustainable Development : I . The Story of Shell , Nigeria and the Ogoni People - Environment , Economy , Relationships : Conflict and Prospects for Resolution . Sustainable Development , 9 , 74 -- 86 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Junger , S. ( 2007 ) . Blood Oil . Vanity Fair.com . Retrieved 2 May 2007 , from http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2007/02/junger200702 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Amnesty International . ( 2006 ) . Nigeria : Oil , Poverty and Violence . Archived 19 August 2007 , at https://web.archive.org/web/20070819155442/http://www.web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR440172006?open&of=ENG-NGA </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Books and Writers . ( 2003 ) . Ken Saro - Wiwa ( 1941 -- 1945 ) . Retrieved 9 May 2007 from , http://www.kirjsto.sci.fi/saro.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nigeria mourns pipeline victims '' . BBC News . 27 December 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Egan , J. ( 1999 ) . Troubled Times in the Niger Delta . Retrieved 8 May 2007 , from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programes/crossing-continents/325300.stm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` More Corrupt Deals of Bayelsa Governor Uncovered '' . Elendu Reports . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TELL Magazine Details Allegations of Corruption Against Ex-Governor James Ibori '' . Waado.org . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.businessdayonline.com/index.php?news=13891 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ekeinde , Austin ( 31 August 2007 ) . `` Convicted governor cheered in Nigerian oil delta '' . Uk.reuters.com . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Nigeria portal </Li> <Li> Energy portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Premier source of information on the West Africa Energy sector </Li> <Li> International Museum of Women feature on Nigerian Women 's Activism Against Exploitation </Li> <Li> John Ghazvinian 's `` The Curse of Oil '' in the Virginia Quarterly Review </Li> <Li> Nigeria Oil Gas Online </Li> <Li> The Niger Delta Petroleum System : Niger Delta Province , Nigeria , Cameroon , and Equatorial Guinea , Africa , United States Geological Survey </Li> <Li> TIME article on the background to the 2006 increase in militant activity </Li> <Li> Remember Saro - Wiwa </Li> <Li> Amnesty International 's latest report on oil and injustice in Nigeria </Li> <Li> Blood Oil : report on the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta by Sebastian Juger for Vanity Fair , Feb 2007 </Li> <Li> Nigerian Oil -- `` Curse of the Black Gold : Hope and Betrayal in the Niger Delta '' -- article from National Geographic Magazine ( February 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Map of the oil and gas infrastructure in Nigeria </Li> <Li> Map of the production license holders in Nigeria </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Nigeria articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> <Ul> <Li> Kingdoms </Li> <Li> Empires </Li> </Ul> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aro </Li> <Li> Benin </Li> <Li> Fulani </Li> <Li> Kanem - 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Flinders Street railway station - Wikipedia <H1> Flinders Street railway station </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Flinders Street </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Commuter and regional rail station </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Main entrance to the station on the corner of Flinders & Swanston Streets in February 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Flinders Street , Melbourne , Victoria Australia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 37 ° 49 ′ 05 '' S 144 ° 58 ′ 01 '' E  /  37.818078 ° S 144.96681 ° E  / - 37.818078 ; 144.96681 Coordinates : 37 ° 49 ′ 05 '' S 144 ° 58 ′ 01 '' E  /  37.818078 ° S 144.96681 ° E  / - 37.818078 ; 144.96681 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owned by </Th> <Td> VicTrack </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operated by </Th> <Td> Metro Trains </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Line ( s ) </Th> <Td> Alamein ( weekday peaks only ) Belgrave Craigieburn Cranbourne Flemington Racecourse ( special events only ) Frankston Glen Waverley Hurstbridge Lilydale Pakenham Sandringham South Morang Sunbury Upfield Werribee Williamstown ( weekdays only ) Gippsland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distance </Th> <Td> 1.23 kilometres from Southern Cross </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platforms </Th> <Td> 13 ( plus one removed ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tracks </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Connections </Th> <Td> 14 tram routes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Construction </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Structure type </Th> <Td> At grade </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Disabled access </Th> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Other information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Status </Th> <Td> Premium station </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Station code </Th> <Td> FSS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fare zone </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> Public Transport Victoria </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opened </Th> <Td> 12 September 1854 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Electrified </Th> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Traffic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Passengers ( 2008 - 2009 ) </Th> <Td> 24.641 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Passengers ( 2009 - 2010 ) </Th> <Td> 24.670 million 0.12 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Passengers ( 2010 - 2011 ) </Th> <Td> 25.187 million 2.09 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Passengers ( 2011 - 2012 ) </Th> <Td> 26.187 million 3.97 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Passengers ( 2012 - 2013 ) </Th> <Td> Not measured </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Passengers ( 2013 - 2014 ) </Th> <Td> 27.960 million 6.77 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Services </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Direction of travel on metropolitan lines between stations on the City Loop changes to either Southern Cross or Parliament depending on the line and time of day . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceding station </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Metro Trains </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Following station </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Terminus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> South Morang line </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Southern Cross or Jolimont toward South Morang </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hurstbridge line </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Southern Cross or Jolimont toward Hurstbridge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lilydale line </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Southern Cross or Richmond toward Lilydale </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Belgrave line </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Southern Cross or Richmond toward Belgrave </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alamein line </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Southern Cross or Richmond toward Alamein </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Glen Waverley line </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Southern Cross or Richmond toward Glen Waverley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pakenham line </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Southern Cross or Richmond toward Pakenham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cranbourne line </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Southern Cross or Richmond toward Cranbourne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frankston line </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Southern Cross or Richmond toward Frankston </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sandringham line </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Southern Cross One - way operation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richmond toward Sandringham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Upfield line </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Southern Cross or Parliament toward Upfield </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Craigieburn line </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Southern Cross or Parliament toward Craigieburn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Flemington Racecourse line </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Southern Cross toward Flemington Racecourse </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sunbury line </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Southern Cross or Parliament toward Sunbury </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Werribee line </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Southern Cross toward Werribee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Parliament One - way operation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Williamstown line </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Southern Cross toward Williamstown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceding station </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> V / Line </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Following station </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Southern Cross Terminus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gippsland line </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Richmond toward Traralgon or Bairnsdale </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Flinders Street railway station is a railway station on the corner of Flinders and Swanston Streets in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia . It serves the entire metropolitan rail network . Backing onto the city reach of the Yarra River in the heart of the city , the complex covers two whole city blocks and extends from Swanston Street to Queen Street . </P> <P> Flinders Street is served by Metro 's suburban services , and V / Line regional services to Gippsland . It is the busiest station on Melbourne 's metropolitan network and the busiest railway station in Australia , with over 92,600 daily entries per weekday recorded in the 2011 / 12 fiscal year . It was the first railway station in an Australian city and the world 's busiest passenger station in the late 1920s . </P> <P> The main station building , completed in 1909 , is a cultural icon of Melbourne , with its prominent dome , arched entrance , tower and clocks -- one of the city 's most recognisable landmarks . It is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register . The Melburnian saying `` I 'll meet you under the clocks '' refers to the row of clocks above the main entrance , which indicate the time - tabled time of departure for trains on each line ; another saying , `` I 'll meet you on the steps '' , refers to the wide staircase underneath these clocks . Flinders Street Station is responsible for two of Melbourne 's busiest pedestrian crossings , both across Flinders Street , including one of Melbourne 's few pedestrian scrambles . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early terminus </Li> <Li> 1.2 Current building </Li> <Li> 1.3 Redevelopment plans </Li> <Li> 1.4 Refurbishment </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Clocks </Li> <Li> 3 Signal boxes </Li> <Li> 4 Platforms </Li> <Li> 5 Transport links </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early terminus ( edit ) </H3> Flinders Street Station , 1895 The Swanston Street Extension frontage of the pre-1910 station <P> The first railway station to occupy the Flinders Street site was called Melbourne Terminus , and was a collection of weatherboard train sheds . It was opened on 12 September 1854 by the Lieutenant - Governor , Charles Hotham . The terminus was the first city railway station in Australia , and the opening day saw the first steam train trip in the country . It travelled to Sandridge ( now Port Melbourne ) , over the now redeveloped Sandridge Bridge , travelling along the now light rail Port Melbourne line . </P> <P> The first terminus had a single platform 30 metres long , and was located beside the Fish Market building on the south - west corner of Swanston and Flinders Streets . An additional platform was provided in 1877 , along with two overhead bridges to provide passenger access , followed by additional timber and corrugated iron buildings and a telegraph station in 1879 . The first signal boxes were opened at the station in 1883 , one at each end of the platforms . By the 1890s a third island platform had been constructed . </P> <P> Melbourne 's two other early central - city stations , Spencer Street and Princes Bridge , opened in 1859 . Spencer Street served the lines to the west of the city , and was isolated from the eastern side of the network until a ground level railway was built connecting it to Flinders Street in 1879 , this track being replaced by the Flinders Street Viaduct in 1889 . </P> <P> Princes Bridge was originally separated from Flinders Street , even though it was only on the opposite side of Swanston Street . Once the railway line was extended under the street in 1865 to join the two , Princes Bridge was closed . It was not reopened until April 1879 , and from 1909 slowly became amalgamated into Flinders Street . Federation Square now occupies its site . Up until the 1880s a number of designs for a new station had been prepared , but none ever went any further . </P> <H3> Current building ( edit ) </H3> Flinders Street Station and the intersection of Flinders & Swanston Streets in 1927 Track 6 at Flinders Street Station <P> In 1882 , the government decided to build a new central passenger station to replace the existing ad - hoc construction . A design competition was finally held in 1899 with 17 entries received . The competition was essentially for the detailed design of the station building , since the location of the concourse , entrances , the track and platform layout , the type of platform roofing and even the room layout to some extent was already decided . </P> <P> The £ 500 first prize went to railway employees James Fawcett and HPC Ashworth of Fawcett and Ashworth in 1899 , whose design named Green Light was of French Renaissance style , and included a large dome and tall clock tower . The train shed over the platforms was intended to have many arched roofs running north - south , but only an alternative plan depicting impressively high three arched roof ( running east - west ) over the concourse survives . </P> <P> Work began in 1900 on the rearrangement of the station tracks , while the final design of the station building was still being worked on . Work on the central pedestrian subway started in 1901 , with the foundations of the main building completed by 1903 . </P> <P> The plans were extensively modified by Railway Commissioners in mid-construction in 1904 . The changes included replacing the proposed train shed with individual platform roofs and it was decided not to include a concourse roof . To increase office space a fourth storey was added to the main building , which resulted in the arches above each entrance on Flinders Street being lowered , decreasing their dominance . </P> <P> By 1907 , the station had eleven platforms , with the decision made to construct platforms 12 and 13 east of Swanston Street in 1909 . The same year platform 1 was extended eastwards for country traffic . One of the original platform verandas from the Melbourne Terminus building was dismantled and re-erected at Hawthorn station , in the inner - eastern suburbs . </P> <P> In 1905 , work began on the station building itself , starting at the west end and progressing towards the main dome . Ballarat builder Peter Rodger was awarded the £ 93,000 contract . The station was originally to have been faced in stone , but this was considered too costly , and red brick with cement render details was used for the main building instead . Grey granite from Harcourt was used for many details on the Flinders street side at ground level `` in view of the importance of this great public work '' . The southern facade of the main building above ground level was constructed of lightweight timber frame clad with zinc sheets scored into large blocks , and painted red , giving the appearance of large bricks . This was done in order to turn what would have been open access balconies inside the train shed into corridors . </P> Flinders Street Station in 1908 during construction of the current station building Flinders Street Station illuminated for the 1954 Royal Visit <P> Work on the dome started in 1906 . The structure required heavy foundations as it extended over railway tracks . In May 1908 work was progressing slower than expected , with the expected completion date of April 1909 slipping . Rodger 's contract was terminated in August 1908 . A Royal Commission was appointed in May 1910 , finding that Rodger could be held accountable for the slow progress in 1908 , but he should be compensated for the difficulties before then . The Way and Works Branch of the Victorian Railways took over the project , the station being essentially finished by mid-1909 . The verandah along Flinders Street and the concourse roof and verandah along Swanston Street were not completed until after the official opening in 1910 . </P> <P> The building is three levels at the concourse , or Swanston Street , end and four at the lower Elizabeth Street , or platform , end . Numerous shops and lettable spaces were provided , some on the concourse , but especially along the Flinders Street frontage , many at lower than street level , accessed by stairs , creating a fifth / basement level . The top three levels of the main building contain a large number of rooms , particularly along the Flinders Street frontage , mostly intended for railway use , but also many as lettable spaces . Numerous ticket windows were located at each entry , with services such as a restaurant , country booking office , lost luggage and visitors help booth at concourse or platform level . Much of the top floor was purpose built for the then new Victorian Railway Institute , including a library , gym and a lecture hall , later used as a ballroom ; these rooms have been abandoned and decaying for many years . In the 1930s and 1940s the building featured a creche next to the main dome on the top floor for a number of years , with an open - air playground on an adjoining roof . The basement store beside the main entrance has been occupied by a hat store since 1910 . Known as ' City Hatters ' since 1933 . </P> <P> The first electric train operated from Flinders Street to Essendon in 1919 , and by 1926 it was the world 's busiest passenger station . To cater for the increasing numbers of passengers , the Degraves Street subway from the station was extended to the north side of Flinders Street in 1954 . In March 1966 Platform One was extended to 2,322 feet ( 708 m ) long . </P> <H3> Redevelopment plans ( edit ) </H3> View from Flinders Street <P> Plans arose at various times from the 1960s to the 1970s for the demolition or redevelopment of the station , as well as the adjacent Jolimont Yard area . The station had fallen into disrepair , having not been cleaned in decades , and covered with advertising hoardings and light up signs . </P> <P> In 1962 the Minister for Transport and HKJ Pty Ltd signed an agreement for a £ 30 million redevelopment of the station that would have resulted in the demolition of the clock tower and replacement with an office building up to 60 stories high . Work was to begin in 1964 , but instead the Gas & Fuel Building was constructed over the Princes Bridge station . In 1967 a company purchased the option to lease the space above Flinders Street Station , planning to build a shopping plaza and two office towers , the dome and clock tower being kept as part of the design , but strong opposition saw this project lapse . </P> <P> In 1972 Victorian Premier Henry Bolte unveiled another redevelopment plan , to cover 27 acres ( 110,000 m ) of space above the Flinders Street Station and Jolimont Yard for a complex of shops , offices , theatres and other community facilities . A newspaper report of 1974 said that planning was still underway for the $250 million proposal , but by 1975 public perceptions had begun to turn towards retention of the station . </P> Close - up view of the ornate façade <P> In 1989 under the John Cain Government an agreement to construct the `` Festival Marketplace '' was signed . Designed by Daryl Jackson architects , it was to be built over the existing platforms in a style sympathetic to the existing station , and be completed by 1992 . Planned to feature shops , restaurants and cafes , the project was abandoned in 1991 after the inability of the financiers to come up with the $205 million required due to the early 1990s recession . </P> <P> In November 2011 , the Victorian Government launched a $1 million international design competition to rejuvenate and restore the station . In October 2012 , after receiving 118 submissions , six finalists were selected . The public could vote and the jury 's choice and people 's choice winner were announced on 8 August 2013 . The competition winner was Hassell + Herzog & de Meuron , while the people 's choice winner were University of Melbourne students Eduardo Velasquez , Manuel Pineda and Santiago Medina . </P> <H3> Refurbishment ( edit ) </H3> View of the station from the west Main concourse The station at night <P> The Swanston Street concourse has undergone the most change of any part of the station , and is now three times the depth of the original structure , and only the canopy and roofed area on Swanston Street remains of the original . After the first round of works in 1985 a City of Melbourne councillor , Trevor Huggard , described the renovation as `` vandalism of historically important sections of the station '' , and in 1997 the National Trust of Australia described the additions to the concourse as unsympathetic and detrimental to the station , having `` the character of a modern shopping centre '' . </P> <P> In 1982 a $7 million refurbishment was announced by the Ministry of Transport , divided into four phases . Completed by 1984 , the first escalators at the station provided to platforms 2 and 3 replacing the former ramps , and the current public toilets were provided , replacing those over the platforms . New ramps were also provided to platforms which were less steep than those previous , and overhead skylights added to provide better lighting . The television displays used to display next train information had been added to each platform in July 1980 . The main station concourse was tiled and extended westward over the tracks , 16 new shops opened on the concourse , and a restaurant was opened on the southern side along the river . The restaurant opened in October 1985 but closed soon after , the site becoming the `` Clocks on Flinders '' poker machine venue in 1994 . The main steps were embedded with electrical circuits to keep them dry in June 1985 . </P> <P> In 1993 the Elizabeth Street pedestrian subway opened at the Southbank end . Conservation work was also carried out to the main building , with the external facade painted in the original colours , exterior feature lighting installed , and the stained glass feature windows above each entry restored . Further changes were made though the late 1990s with the opening of access from the main Swanston Street concourse to platform 1 , platform resurfacing with tactile tiles , and the replacement of the remainder of the main platform access ramps with escalators and elevators . </P> <P> The tracks to the east of the station were rebuilt in 1997 / 98 to clear the way for the Federation Square project . Jolimont Yard was eliminated , with $40 million spent to reduce 53 operating lines between Flinders Street and Richmond Station to just 12 . The number of points was also reduced , from 164 to 48 . These changes also saw a reallocation of platform usage at the station , country trains being shifted from platform 1 to platform 10 , and Clifton Hill group trains being shifted from Princes Bridge Station to platform 1 . The platforms at the station had been renumbered in conjunction with the formal merger of Princes Bridge with Flinders Street on 29 June 1980 . </P> <P> The final round of changes were completed by 2007 . It included refurbishment of the building roof and concourse foundations , an upgrade of platform 10 with escalators and a lift replacing the ramp , the relocation of all ticket booking offices to the main entrance under the main dome and new LCD Passenger Information Displays installed on the platforms , subways and concourse . In March 2009 an escalator replaced the lift to platform 12 and 13 , with platform 13 also extended westwards into daylight along the alignment of the former platform 11 . </P> <P> In 2008 the retail pavilions on the concourse were rebuilt , increasing their area . An investigation of the potential of the abandoned spaces in the station , overseen by a taskforce comprising representatives from Connex , the Committee for Melbourne , Melbourne City Council , Heritage Victoria , was completed the same year , but the conclusions have not been made public . In January 2010 , one of the first announcements by the new Minister for Public Transport was that the government was investigating the refurbishment of the abandoned spaces for `` cultural uses '' . </P> <P> In mid-February 2015 Premier Daniel Andrews and Minister for Public Transport Jacinta Allan announced that $100 million will be spent for urgent refurbishment works to upgrade station platforms , entrances , toilets and information displays . By July 2017 , the station had been almost completely repainted in the original 1910 colours . The Premier announced that works were likely to continue for another 18 months . </P> <H2> Clocks ( edit ) </H2> Clocks at the main entrance <P> The distinctive clocks under the main dome that show the departure times of the next trains date back to the 1860s . Sixty Bathgate indicators were purchased from England for use at the Flinders Street , Spencer Street , Richmond and South Yarra stations . Those at Flinders Street were placed into storage when the old station was demolished in 1904 , with 28 placed into the new station in 1910 . They were located at the main entry under the dome , the southern side archway , and the Degraves and Elizabeth Street entrances . </P> View of the Elizabeth Street clock tower with an X'Trapolis 100 at Platform 1 <P> Manually operated by a railway officer using a long pole , during an 8 - hour period the clocks at the main entrance were changed an average of 900 times . The original indicator clocks were removed from service in 1983 as part of a redevelopment of the station , with their replacement by digital displays planned . An outpouring of public outrage and sentimentality saw the decision reversed within one day . The clocks at the main entrance were altered to automatic operation by computer , but those at the Degraves and Elizabeth Street entrances were replaced by large airport - style split - flap displays . </P> <P> A clock tower has also existed at end of Elizabeth Street since 1883 . The first clock was known as the ' Water Tower Clock ' , after a wooden framed water tower erected on the site in 1853 . This clock remained in place until 1905 when work begun on the new station , the clocktower being moved to outside Princes Bridge station . In 1911 it was moved to Spencer Street station , where it remained until the station redevelopment of 1967 . Sold to a private collector , it was returned to public ownership and in 1999 was put on display at the Scienceworks Museum , Spotswood . It was returned to Southern Cross station in 2014 . </P> <P> Today 's Elizabeth Street clock tower was constructed between August 1906 and November 1907 , the clock being built by Melbourne clockmaker F Ziegeler to an English design . Originally needed to be wound every day , it is now electrically operated . </P> <H2> Signal boxes ( edit ) </H2> Flinders Street `` A '' signal box circa 1913 <P> The first signal boxes were opened at the station in 1883 , one at each end of the platforms . By the 1890s a third island platform had been constructed . From the 1900s until 1983 five signal boxes controlled traffic into Flinders Street Station . Later replaced by Metrol , four of them were located to the west in Jolimont Yard . </P> <P> Flinders Street A was located at the western end of Flinders Street between the lines to St Kilda / Port Melbourne and Spencer Street , and controlled all traffic from the west . Constructed of brick it was of `` traditional '' Victorian Railways design , it had two mechanical lever frames of equal size , totalling 280 levers . The mechanical signals were decommissioned in October 1979 . The signal box has been burnt twice , the second time being in 2002 , destroying the timber and glass superstructure and slate roof . In 2009 it is now being rebuilt as Signal , a youth arts centre funded by the City of Melbourne . </P> <P> Flinders Street B was located at the Richmond end of Flinders Street platform 8 / 9 and controlled the southern tracks into and out of the station from Jolimont Yard . Constructed of brick it was of traditional Victorian Railways design , and was demolished when the Federation Square Deck was built . </P> <P> Flinders Street C was located beyond the Richmond end of Flinders Street platform 4 / 5 and controlled the northern tracks into and out of the station from the yard . Constructed of brick it was of ' traditional ' Victorian Railways design , and was demolished when the Federation Square Deck was built . </P> <P> Flinders Street D was located at the Richmond end of the Princes Bridge station island platform ( later renumber to Flinders Street 15 / 16 ) . Of utilitarian brick construction it remains in place today just outside the Federation Square Deck , but is unused as a signal box . </P> <P> Flinders Street E was located at Richmond Junction , and controlled the junction as well as access into the Richmond end of the stabling sidings . Of utilitarian brick construction it remains in place today underneath the William Barak Bridge , but is unused as a signal box . </P> <H2> Platforms ( edit ) </H2> Steps from platforms 12 & 13 View along Platform 2 Ticket barriers at eastern entrance , retail stores in the background <P> The eastern end of Platform number 1 is designated as Platform number 14 , located under the main concourse past the Platform number 1 escalators . Platform numbers 12 & 13 are located under the main concourse at the eastern end of platform numbers 10 & 11 . Platform number 11 is currently not in use and is trackless . Platform numbers 15 & 16 were part of the former Princes Bridge Station on the northern side of Platform number 14 , and were both demolished during the construction of Federation Square . </P> <P> Three concourses link the platforms . The main concourse is at the east end of the station , located off Swanston Street and the main dome , and has direct access to all platforms via escalators , stair and elevators . The Degraves Street subway runs under the centre of the station , exiting to Flinders Street at the north end , with stairs directly connecting to all platforms except for platform numbers 12 and 13 . The Elizabeth Street subway is at the west end , and has direct access via ramps to all platforms except for platform numbers 1 , 12 , 13 and 14 . </P> <P> Trains may use a different platform if the platform it is originally scheduled at is occupied . </P> <P> Platform 1 : </P> <Ul> <Li> South Morang line : all - stations and limited - stops services to South Morang </Li> <Li> Hurstbridge line : all - stations and limited - stops services to Hurstbridge </Li> </Ul> <P> Platform 2 & 3 : </P> <Ul> <Li> Lilydale line : all - stations and limited - stops services to Lilydale </Li> <Li> Belgrave line : all - stations and limited - stops services to Belgrave </Li> <Li> Glen Waverley line : all - stations and limited - stops services to Glen Waverley </Li> <Li> Alamein line : weekday all - stations and limited - stops services to Alamein </Li> </Ul> <P> Platform 4 & 5 : </P> <Ul> <Li> Craigieburn line : all - stations and limited - stops services to Craigieburn </Li> <Li> Upfield line : all - stations and limited - stops services to Upfield </Li> <Li> Sunbury line : all - stations and limited - stops services to Sunbury </Li> <Li> Werribee line : weekend all - stations and limited - stops services to Werribee , running via the City Loop and Altona </Li> <Li> Williamstown line : weekend Werribee services connect to a Williamstown service at Newport </Li> <Li> Alamein line ( platform 4 only ) : weekday peak all - stations and limited - stops direct services to Alamein </Li> <Li> Belgrave and Lilydale lines ( platform 4 only ) : weekday peak all - stations and limited - stops direct services to Blackburn </Li> </Ul> <P> Platform 6 & 7 : </P> <Ul> <Li> Frankston line : weekday peak and weekend all - stations and limited - stops services to Frankston , running via the City Loop </Li> <Li> Pakenham line : all - stations and limited - stops services to Pakenham </Li> <Li> Cranbourne line : all - stations and limited - stops services to Cranbourne </Li> <Li> Alamein line : weekday peak all - stations and limited - stops direct services to Alamein </Li> <Li> Belgrave and Lilydale lines : weekday peak all - stations and limited - stops direct services to Blackburn </Li> <Li> Gippsland line : V / Line limited - stops services to Southern Cross </Li> <Li> Gippsland line : V / Line limited - stops services to Traralgon & Bairnsdale </Li> </Ul> <P> Platform 8 & 9 : </P> <Ul> <Li> Frankston line : weekday all - stations and limited - stops direct services to Frankston , originating from Werribee / Williamstown </Li> <Li> Williamstown line : weekday all - stations and limited - stops services to Williamstown , originating from Frankston and running via Southern Cross </Li> <Li> Werribee line : weekday peak all - stations and limited - stops services to Laverton , originating from Frankston and running via Southern Cross and Altona </Li> <Li> Sandringham line : weekend all - stations services to Sandringham , running via the City Loop </Li> </Ul> <P> Platform 10 : </P> <Ul> <Li> Werribee line : weekday all - stations and limited - stops services to Werribee , originating from Frankston and running via Southern Cross </Li> <Li> Flemington Racecourse line : all - stations and limited - stops services to Flemington Racecourse </Li> </Ul> <P> Platform 11 : Disused , with track and signage removed . The platform edge is fenced off . </P> <P> Platform 12 : For trains that are not taking passengers , or for trains to multiple destinations when other platforms are in use . </P> <P> Platform 13 : </P> <Ul> <Li> Sandringham line : weekday all - stations and limited - stops direct services to Sandringham </Li> </Ul> <P> Platform 14 : Used only for terminating services on the South Morang and Hurstbridge lines when Platform 1 is occupied . Closed to the public at other times . </P> <H2> Transport links ( edit ) </H2> Western approach to Flinders Street station W - class Melbourne tram on the City Circle in August 2008 <P> CDC Melbourne operates one route via Flinders Street station : </P> <Ul> <Li> 605 : Gardenvale -- Lonsdale Street , City ( Ceased from 25 June 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Yarra Trams operate fourteen services via or to Flinders Street station : </P> <P> From May 2017 , Yarra Trams will operate fourteen services , on Swanston , Elizabeth , and Flinders Streets . </P> <P> Swanston Street </P> <Ul> <Li> 1 : East Coburg -- South Melbourne Beach </Li> <Li> 3 / 3a : Melbourne University -- Malvern East </Li> <Li> 5 : Melbourne University -- Malvern </Li> <Li> 6 : Moreland -- Glen Iris </Li> <Li> 16 : Melbourne University -- Kew </Li> <Li> 64 : Melbourne University -- Brighton East </Li> <Li> 67 : Melbourne University -- Carnegie </Li> <Li> 72 : Melbourne University -- Camberwell </Li> </Ul> <P> Elizabeth Street </P> <Ul> <Li> 19 : to North Coburg </Li> <Li> 57 : to West Maribyrnong </Li> <Li> 59 : to Airport West </Li> </Ul> <P> Flinders Street </P> <Ul> <Li> 35 City Circle </Li> <Li> 70 : Docklands -- Wattle Park </Li> <Li> 75 : Docklands Stadium -- Vermont South </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Jenny Davies ( 2008 ) . Beyond the Façade : Flinders Street , More than just a Railway Station . Publishing Solutions . ISBN 978 - 1 - 921488 - 03 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Victorian Department of Infrastructure article on Flinders Street Station </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Train Station Patronage FY2008 - 2014 '' ( XLS ) . Public Transport Victoria . 14 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . ( access from ( 1 ) ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Melbourne 's iconic Flinders Street Station to undergo changes '' . SBS. 21 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Davies , p. 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davies , p. 8 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Davies , p. 10 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ City of Melbourne : Roads > Spencer Street Archived 24 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Some Significant Dates in the History of the City of Melbourne Archived 19 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davies , p. 12 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davies , p. 28 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Davies , p. 20 - 21 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Davies , p. 24 - 31 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Davies , p. 38 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Google Books : Simone Egger , David McClymont ( 2004 ) Melbourne Lonely Planet </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Melbourne and scenes in Victoria 1925 - 1926 from Victorian Government Railways From the National Library of Australia </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vincent Adams Winter ( 1990 ) . VR and VicRail : 1962 - 1983 . pp. 204 , 206 . ISBN 0 - 9592069 - 3 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davies , p. 320 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Davies , p. 316 - 319 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davies , p. 322 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Flinders Street Station Design Competition Major Projects Victoria </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flinders Street redesign competition won by Hassell + Herzog & de meuron The Age 8 August 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flinders St station design has some raving and others railing Herald Sun 8 August 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davies , p. 182 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davies , p. 191 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` News '' . Newsrail . Australian Railway Heritage Society : 215 . September 1980 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` News '' . Newsrail . Australian Railway Heritage Society . 12 ( 10 ) : 315 . October 1984 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Davies , p. 192 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davies , p. 324 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Department of Infrastructure : Flinders Street Station Archived 29 October 2009 at Archive.is The latest works complement previous measures which began in the 1990s to improve the accessibility of the station . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ More Service Improvements for Public Transport Victorian Government 18 March 1996 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jodie Misiak . `` Federation Square : Masterpiece or Publicly - Funded Folly ? '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 September 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Leighton Contractors : Jolimont Rationalisation Project '' ( PDF ) . Leighton Contractors . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 August 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Media Release : State Government Moves to Save Melbourne 's Most Famous Dome Victorian Government 28 February 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Improved Access to Flinders Street Station for Sandringham Line Passengers '' . Media Replace : Premier of Victoria , Australia . www.premier.vic.gov.au. 19 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Media Release : Flinders Street Station to Get Major Upgrade 25 November 2005 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ At 100 , grand old station in line for arts refit The Age 22 January 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flinders Street Station redevelopment '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flinders Street Station to be repainted in its original colours '' . Broadsheet.com.au. 13 October 2016 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jefferson , Andrew . `` Commuters get their first look at newly painted Flinders St Station '' . Herald Sun ( 6 July 2017 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Davies , p. 48 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Davies , p. 46 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Original Flinders Street clock to be installed at Southern Cross '' Railway Digest February 2014 page 23 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davies , p. 44 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Victorian Railways signal diagram : Flinders Street 2 65 '' . www.signaldiagramsandphotos.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flinders Street `` A '' signal cabin `` . www.signalbox.org . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Market Street Signal Bridge '' . Signalling Record Society Victoria . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vicsig - Infrastructure - Flinders Street A '' . www.vicsig.net . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Invitation to Register : Expression of Interest for Signal Art Commission 2009 '' ( PDF ) . City of Melbourne . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Route 605 Gardenvale -- City timetable Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Public Transport Victoria </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Route 1 East Coburg -- South Melbourne Beach timetable Public Transport Victoria </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Route 3 / 3a Melbourne University -- Malvern East timetable Public Transport Victoria </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Route 5 Melbourne University -- Malvern timetable Public Transport Victoria </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Route 6 Melbourne University -- Glen Iris timetable Archived 11 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Public Transport Victoria </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Route 16 Melbourne University - Kew timetable Public Transport Victoria </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Route 64 Melbourne University -- East Brighton timetable Public Transport Victoria </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Route 67 Melbourne University -- Carnegie timetable Public Transport Victoria </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Route 72 Melbourne University -- Camberwell timetable Public Transport Victoria </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Route 19 North Coburg -- City Elizabeth St timetable Public Transport Victoria </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Route 57 West Maribyrnong -- City Elizabeth St timetable Public Transport Victoria </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Route 59 Airport West -- City Elizabeth St timetable Public Transport Victoria </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Route 35 City Circle timetable Public Transport Victoria </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Route 70 Waterfront City Docklands -- Wattle Park timetable Public Transport Victoria </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Route 75 Etihad Stadium Docklands -- Vermont South timetable Public Transport Victoria </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flinders Street Station . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Flinders Street Station , historic images and original architectural plans at Culture Victoria </Li> <Li> Melway </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Landmarks in the Melbourne City Centre </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Note : this includes landmarks in the Melbourne City Centre and its immediate surrounds , not the Greater Melbourne metropolitan area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Precincts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arts </Li> <Li> Chinatown </Li> <Li> Docklands </Li> <Li> East End </Li> <Li> Government </Li> <Li> Greek </Li> <Li> Little Italy </Li> <Li> Paris End </Li> <Li> RMIT Quarter </Li> <Li> Southbank / Wharf </Li> <Li> Sports and Entertainment </Li> <Li> University of Melbourne </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Entertainment </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 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Horatio Spafford - wikipedia <H1> Horatio Spafford </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Horatio Gates Spafford <P> Horatio Gates Spafford ( October 20 , 1828 , Troy , New York -- October 16 , 1888 , Jerusalem ) was a prominent American lawyer and Presbyterian church elder . He is best known for penning the Christian hymn It Is Well With My Soul , following a family tragedy in which his four daughters died aboard the S.S. Ville du Havre on a transatlantic voyage . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Life <Ul> <Li> 1.1 The wreck of the Ville du Havre </Li> <Li> 1.2 It Is Well with My Soul lyrics </Li> <Li> 1.3 Later years </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Death </Li> <Li> 3 Legacy </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Life ( edit ) </H2> Anna Spafford <P> He was the son of Gazetteer author Horatio Gates Spafford and Elizabeth Clark Hewitt Spafford . </P> <P> On September 5 , 1861 , he married Anna Larsen of Stavanger , Norway , in Chicago . The Spaffords were well known in 1860s Chicago . He was a prominent lawyer and a senior partner in a large and thriving law firm . </P> <P> The Spaffords were also prominent supporters and close friends of evangelist Dwight L. Moody . </P> <P> Spafford invested in real estate north of an expanding Chicago in the spring of 1871 . When the Great Fire of Chicago reduced the city to ashes in October of that same year , it also destroyed most of Spafford 's sizable investment . </P> <H3> The wreck of the Ville du Havre ( edit ) </H3> <P> Scarlet fever killed his four - year - old son . Two years later , in 1873 , Spafford decided his family should take a holiday somewhere in Europe , and chose England knowing that his friend D.L. Moody would be preaching there in the fall . He was delayed because of business , so he sent his family ahead : his wife and their four children , daughters eleven - year - old Anna `` Annie '' , nine - year - old Margaret Lee `` Maggie '' , five - year - old Elizabeth `` Bessie '' , and two - year - old Tanetta . </P> <P> On November 22 , 1873 , while crossing the Atlantic on the steamship Ville du Havre , their ship was struck by an iron sailing vessel and 226 people lost their lives , including all four of Spafford 's daughters . Only his wife , Anna Spafford , survived the tragedy . Upon arriving in England , she sent a telegram to Spafford beginning `` Saved alone . '' Spafford then sailed to England , going over the location of his daughters ' deaths . According to Bertha Spafford Vester , a daughter born after the tragedy , Spafford wrote `` It Is Well with My Soul '' on this journey . </P> <H3> It is well with my soul lyrics ( edit ) </H3> <P> The original manuscript has only four verses , but Spafford 's daughter states how later another verse ( the fourth in order below ) was added and the last line of the original was slightly modified . The music , written by Philip Bliss , was named after the ship on which Spafford 's daughters died , Ville du Havre . </P> <P> When peace , like a river , attendeth my way , When sorrows like sea billows roll ; Whatever my lot , Thou hast taught me to say , It is well , it is well with my soul . ( Refrain :) It is well ( it is well ) , with my soul ( with my soul ) , It is well , it is well with my soul . Though Satan should buffet , though trials should come , Let this blest assurance control , That Christ hath regarded my helpless estate , And hath shed His own blood for my soul . ( Refrain ) My sin , oh the bliss of this glorious thought ! My sin , not in part but the whole , Is nailed to His cross , and I bear it no more , Praise the Lord , praise the Lord , O my soul ! ( Refrain ) For me , be it Christ , be it Christ hence to live : If Jordan above me shall roll , No pain shall be mine , for in death as in life Thou wilt whisper Thy peace to my soul . ( Refrain ) And Lord haste the day , when the faith shall be sight , The clouds be rolled back as a scroll ; The trump shall resound , and the Lord shall descend , Even so , it is well with my soul . ( Refrain ) </P> <H3> Later years ( edit ) </H3> <P> Following the sinking of the Ville du Havre , Anna gave birth to three more children . On February 11 , 1880 , their son , Horatio Goertner Spafford , died at the age of three , of scarlet fever . Their daughters were Bertha Hedges Spafford ( born March 24 , 1878 ) and Grace Spafford ( born January 18 , 1881 ) . After the ordeal at sea , Anna and Horatio Spafford became religious outsiders . They left their Presbyterian congregation and held faith - based prayer meetings in their own home . Their Messianic sect was dubbed `` the Overcomers '' by the American press . </P> <P> In August 1881 , the Spaffords set out for Jerusalem as a party of thirteen adults and three children and set up the American Colony . Colony members , later joined by Swedish Christians , engaged in philanthropic work amongst the people of Jerusalem regardless of their religious affiliation and without proselytizing motives -- thereby gaining the trust of the local Muslim , Jewish , and Christian communities . </P> <P> In Jerusalem Horatio and Anna Spafford adopted teenager Jacob Eliahu , then Jacob Spafford ( 1864 -- 1932 ) , born in Ramallah into a Turkish Jewish family , who as a schoolboy , discovered by chance the Siloam inscription . </P> <H2> Death ( edit ) </H2> <P> Four days shy of his 60th birthday , Spafford died on October 16 , 1888 , of malaria , and was buried in Mount Zion Cemetery , Jerusalem . </P> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> <P> During and immediately after World War I , the American Colony played a critical role in supporting the Muslim , Jewish , and Christian communities of Jerusalem through the great suffering and deprivations of the Eastern front and the Armenian and Assyrian Genocides . The American Colony did this by running soup kitchens , hospitals , orphanages and other charitable ventures . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Source of middle name and birth / death information </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/americancolony/images/ac0004bs.jpg </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Library of Congress Exhibitions , https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/americancolony/amcolony-family.html , retrieved on 5 / 1 / 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/americancolony/images/ac0005s.jpg </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/americancolony/images/ac0006s.jpg </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Photo of manuscript </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bertha 's history Archived 2006 - 04 - 27 at the Wayback Machine ... Bertha Spafford Vester. ( 1988 ) . Our Jerusalem : An American Family in the Holy City , 1881 - 1949 . Jerusalem : American Colony , 364 pp. , ISBN 0 - 405 - 10296 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hancock , Sandy ( 2008 ) . Letting Go : Pathway to an Amazing Life . iUniverse . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 48624 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Library of Congress Exhibitions , https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/americancolony/amcolony-family.html , retrieved on 5 / 1 / 12 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Library of Congress Exhibitions , https://www.loc.gov/collections/american-colony-in-jerusalem/articles-and-essays/a-community-in-jerusalem/saved-alone/ , retrieved on 9 / 26 / 16 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jerusalem : The Biography , page 365 , Simon Sebag Montefiore , Weidenfeld & Nicholson , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 85265 - 0 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ How Strange Does the American Colony Story Get ? , on IsraelDailyPicture.com , 13th June 2012 , accessed July 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jacob Spafford 's grave at findagrave.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Library of Congress Exhibition Overview . See also Yaakov Ariel & Ruth Kark. ( 1996 , December ) . `` Messianism , Holiness , Charisma , and Community : The American - Swedish Colony in Jerusalem , 1881 - 1933 , '' Church History , 65 ( 4 ) , 641 - 657 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> SpaffordHymn.com : The original Hymn manuscript penned by Horatio Spafford </Li> <Li> Cyber Hymnal Photos of Horatio Spafford and a MIDI file of the hymn </Li> <Li> Elisabeth Elliot recalls tea with Horatio Spafford 's daughter </Li> <Li> Gospelcom.net </Li> <Li> Christianity.ca Many details on life of Spafford </Li> <Li> The Library of Congress Exhibition covering the start of The American Colony in Jerusalem , the Spafford Family tragedy , their move to Jerusalem , their time in the Holy Land , and the American Colony at work </Li> <Li> Works by or about Horatio Spafford at Internet Archive </Li> <Li> Works by Horatio Spafford at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Spafford&oldid=834430243 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> American Christian hymnwriters </Li> <Li> American lawyers </Li> <Li> American Protestants </Li> <Li> People from Troy , New York </Li> <Li> Deaths from malaria </Li> <Li> Burials at Mount Zion ( Protestant ) </Li> <Li> 1828 births </Li> <Li> 1888 deaths </Li> <Li> 19th - century American poets </Li> <Li> American male poets </Li> <Li> American emigrants to the Ottoman Empire </Li> <Li> 19th - century male writers </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Articles with Internet Archive links </Li> <Li> Articles with LibriVox links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikisource </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 18 : 01 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

horatio spafford story it is well with my soul

List of County roads in Lee County , Florida - wikipedia <H1> List of County roads in Lee County , Florida </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Standard route marker for county routes in Lee County </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Highway names </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Interstates : </Th> <Td> Interstate X ( I-X ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Highways : </Th> <Td> U.S. Route X ( US X ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State : </Th> <Td> State Road X ( NY X ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> County : </Th> <Td> County Road X ( CR X ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> System links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> County roads in Florida </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The following is a list of county roads in Lee County , Florida . As with most Florida counties , numbers are assigned in a statewide grid . Many roads are former state roads that have been truncated or eliminated . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 County Road 78 </Li> <Li> 2 County Road 78A </Li> <Li> 3 County Road 765 </Li> <Li> 4 County Road 767 </Li> <Li> 5 County Road 771 </Li> <Li> 6 County Road 810 </Li> <Li> 7 County Road 840 </Li> <Li> 8 County Road 850 </Li> <Li> 9 County Road 863 </Li> <Li> 10 County Road 865 </Li> <Li> 11 County Road 867 </Li> <Li> 12 County Road 867A </Li> <Li> 13 County Road 869 </Li> <Li> 14 County Road 876 </Li> <Li> 15 County Road 881 </Li> <Li> 16 County Road 884 </Li> <Li> 17 County Road 885 </Li> <Li> 18 County Road 887 </Li> <Li> 19 See also </Li> <Li> 20 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> County Road 78 ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Florida State Road 78 <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <P> </P> County Road 78 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location : </Th> <Td> Pine Island Center -- Cape Coral and North Fort Myers -- Alva </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length : </Th> <Td> 19 mi ( 31 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Existed : </Th> <Td> 1980 -- present </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> County Road 78 exists in two sections that were both formerly State Road 78 . The western section runs along Pine Island Road from SR 78 / CR 765 / CR 884 in Cape Coral to CR 767 in Pine Island Center , and the eastern section runs along North River Road from SR 31 in North Fort Myers to the Hendry County line in Alva , continuing east as County Road 78 . </P> <P> The entire route was once formerly SR 78 . </P> <H2> County Road 78A ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Florida State Road 78 § County Road 78A <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <P> </P> County Road 78A </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location : </Th> <Td> Cape Coral -- North Fort Myers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length : </Th> <Td> 3.6 mi ( 5.8 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Existed : </Th> <Td> 1980 -- present </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> County Road 78A is Pondella Road from SR 78 in Cape Coral to U.S. Route 41 Business in North Fort Myers . It provides a quicker way for motorists traveling east on SR 78 to access Downtown Fort Myers . The road was known as SR 78A before 1980 . </P> <H2> County Road 765 ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <P> </P> County Road 765 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location : </Th> <Td> Cape Coral -- Burnt Store Marina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length : </Th> <Td> 9.2 mi ( 14.8 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> County Road 765 is Burnt Store Road from SR 78 / CR 78 / CR 884 in Cape Coral to the Charlotte County line in Burnt Store Marina . The road continues north into Charlotte County and serves as a direct connection between Cape Coral and Punta Gorda . The road was formerly known as SR 765 . </P> <P> The road is named after the community of Burnt Store Marina , whose name refers to a general store and trading post operated by early settlers that once stood in the general vicinity . The trading post was burned down by a small group of Seminole Indians led by Chief Billy Bowlegs in protest to settlers taking their land . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Major intersections </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> mi </Th> <Th> km </Th> <Th> Destinations </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cape Coral </Td> <Th> 0.00 </Th> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> SR 78 east / CR 78 west ( Pine Island Road ) / CR 884 east ( Veterans Parkway ) </Td> <Td> Western terminus of CR 884 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burnt Store Marina </Td> <Th> 9.20 </Th> <Td> 14.81 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 765 north ( Burnt Store Road ) </Td> <Td> Continuation into Charlotte County </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> County Road 767 ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <P> </P> County Road 767 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location : </Th> <Td> St. James City -- Bokeelia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length : </Th> <Td> 14.6 mi ( 23.5 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> County Road 767 is Stringfellow Road ( also known as Pine Island Boulevard ) from York Street in St. James City to Main Street in Bokeelia . The entire route is on Pine Island . The road was formerly known as SR 767 . </P> <P> The road is named for Harry Stringfellow , a Lee County commissioner from Pine Island who served from 1926 to 1953 . He played a major role in the construction of the road and the Matlacha Bridge . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Major intersections </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> mi </Th> <Th> km </Th> <Th> Destinations </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> St. James City </Td> <Th> 0.00 </Th> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> York Road </Td> <Td> Southern terminus of county maintenance </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pine Island Center </Td> <Th> 7.50 </Th> <Td> 12.07 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 78 east ( Pine Island Road ) </Td> <Td> Western terminus of CR 78 ; former SR 78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bokeelia </Td> <Th> 14.60 </Th> <Td> 23.50 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Main Street </Td> <Td> Northern terminus at northern tip of Pine Island </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> County Road 771 ( edit ) </H2> <P> Unsigned CR 771 , formerly part of SR 771 , is Gasparilla Road extending north from Boca Grande to the Charlotte County line on Gasparilla Island . </P> <H2> County Road 810 ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <P> </P> County Road 810 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location : </Th> <Td> Fort Myers -- near Buckingham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length : </Th> <Td> 1.2 mi ( 1.9 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> County Road 810 exists along Luckett Road from CR 865 ( Ortiz Avenue ) in Fort Myers to Country Lakes Drive west of Buckingham . </P> <P> The road is maintained by the Lee County DOT , except for the interchange with I - 75 , which is maintained by Florida DOT . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Major intersections </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> mi </Th> <Th> km </Th> <Th> Destinations </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fort Myers </Td> <Th> 0.00 </Th> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 865 ( Ortiz Avenue ) to SR 80 / SR 82 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ​ </Td> <Th> 0.80 </Th> <Td> 1.29 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> I - 75 -- Tampa , Naples </Td> <Td> Exit 139 on I - 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ​ </Td> <Th> 1.20 </Th> <Td> 1.93 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Country Lakes Drive / Luckett Road east </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> County Road 840 ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <P> </P> County Road 840 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location : </Th> <Td> near San Carlos Park -- near Estero </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length : </Th> <Td> 11.1 mi ( 17.9 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> County Road 840 is Alico Road from US 41 ( Tamiami Trail ) just west of San Carlos Park to CR 850 ( Corkscrew Road ) east of Estero . It mostly runs in an east - west trajectory just north of San Carlos Park and Three Oaks , providing access to Florida Gulf Coast University , Gulf Coast Town Center , and Southwest Florida International Airport . The road is maintained by the Lee County DOT , except for the I - 75 interchange , which is maintained by Florida DOT . </P> <Dl> <Dt> History </Dt> </Dl> <P> It originally was a two - lane rural road connecting the Tamiami Trail to agricultural and industrial land owned by the Atlantic Land and Improvement Company ( later known as Alico , Inc. , the road 's namesake ) in east Lee County . In 1973 , a railroad spur was built along Alico Road to serve mines on Alico 's land , although the easternmost 3.5 miles of it were removed in 1994 . </P> <P> Alico Road has since become a major commuter thoroughfare . In the mid to late 2000s it was widened to six lanes , and the interchange with I - 75 was rebuilt as a partial cloverleaf interchange ( it was originally a folded diamond due to the railroad ) . In 2007 , the west end and the terminus at US 41 was realigned slightly north in preparation for the construction of the SR 739 extension and interchange ( which was built in 2012 ) . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Major intersections </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> mi </Th> <Th> km </Th> <Th> Destinations </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ​ </Td> <Th> 0.00 </Th> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> US 41 ( Tamiami Trail ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> San Carlos Park </Td> <Th> 0.40 </Th> <Td> 0.64 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> SR 739 north ( Michael G. Rippe Parkway ) </Td> <Td> Interchange ; westbound exit and eastbound entrance </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Three Oaks </Td> <Th> 3.10 </Th> <Td> 4.99 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 881 south ( Three Oaks Parkway ) </Td> <Td> Northern terminus of CR 881 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3.50 </Th> <Td> 5.63 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> I - 75 ( SR 93 ) -- Tampa , Naples </Td> <Td> Exit 128 on I - 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ​ </Td> <Th> 4.20 </Th> <Td> 6.76 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 885 ( Ben Hill Griffin Parkway ) -- Southwest Florida International Airport </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ​ </Td> <Th> 11.10 </Th> <Td> 17.86 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 850 ( Corkscrew Road ) to I - 75 / US 41 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi <Ul> <Li> Incomplete access </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> County Road 850 ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <P> </P> County Road 850 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location : </Th> <Td> Estero -- near Immokalee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length : </Th> <Td> 15.8 mi ( 25.4 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> County Road 850 is Corkscrew Road from US 41 ( Tamiami Trail ) in Estero to the Collier County line near Immokalee , where it continues east into Collier County towards Immokalee . East of Estero , it runs just to the north of Corkscrew Swamp . </P> <P> The route was first commissioned as a state road in 1935 with the designation State Road 276 . It became SR 850 ten years later during the 1945 Florida State Road renumbering . It was then transferred to Lee County control in the 1980s . All of CR 850 is maintained by Lee County DOT , except for the interchange with I - 75 , which is maintained by Florida DOT . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Major intersections </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> mi </Th> <Th> km </Th> <Th> Destinations </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estero </Td> <Th> 0.00 </Th> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> US 41 ( Tamiami Trail ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1.40 </Th> <Td> 2.25 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 881 ( Three Oaks Parkway ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2.00 </Th> <Td> 3.22 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> I - 75 -- Tampa , Naples </Td> <Td> Exit 123 on I - 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2.60 </Th> <Td> 4.18 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 885 north ( Ben Hill Griffin Parkway ) </Td> <Td> Southern terminus of CR 885 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ​ </Td> <Th> 7.00 </Th> <Td> 11.27 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 840 west ( Alico Road ) </Td> <Td> Eastern terminus of CR 840 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ​ </Td> <Th> 15.80 </Th> <Td> 25.43 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 850 east ( Corkscrew Road ) </Td> <Td> Continuation into Collier County </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> County Road 863 ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <P> </P> County Road 863 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location : </Th> <Td> Fort Myers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length : </Th> <Td> 1.8 mi ( 2.9 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> County Road 863 is the county - controlled segment of Fowler Street south of Metro Parkway within the city limits of Fort Myers . North of here , Fowler is designated State Road 739 , which continues south along Metro Parkway . </P> <P> The unsigned designation follows Fowler Street from Metro Parkway south and intersects State Road 884 ( Colonial Boulevard ) . It then turns southwest and winds around one of the runways at Page Field before terminating at US 41 . </P> <P> Fowler Street previously terminated at North Airport Road at the entrance to the former passenger terminal at Page Field ( which ceased operations in 1983 when commercial air service was relocated to Southwest Florida International Airport ) . In the mid 1990s , Fowler Street was realigned around Page Field and extended to connect directly to US 41 at Boy Scout Drive ( which continues a short distance to Summerlin Road ( CR 869 ) ) . </P> <P> Prior to the fall of 2015 , CR 863 's designation ended at Hanson Street ( which previously carried the SR 739 designation to Metro Parkway 's former alignment ) . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Major intersections </Dt> </Dl> <P> The entire route is in Fort Myers . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> mi </Th> <Th> km </Th> <Th> Destinations </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 0.00 </Th> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> US 41 ( Cleveland Avenue ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1.30 </Th> <Td> 2.09 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> SR 884 ( Colonial Boulevard ) to I - 75 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3.00 </Th> <Td> 4.83 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> SR 739 south ( Metro Parkway / Fowler Street ) </Td> <Td> Two - way street carries southbound direction of SR 739 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> County Road 865 ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Florida State Road 865 <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <P> </P> County Road 865 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location : </Th> <Td> Bonita Springs -- Fort Myers Beach , Iona -- Tice </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length : </Th> <Td> 35.9 mi ( 57.8 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> County Road 865 exists in three sections . The southernmost section begins in Bonita Springs where it is known as Bonita Beach Road , the main east - west route through Bonita Springs . When it reaches the Gulf of Mexico near Barefoot Beach , it turns north along Hickory Boulevard . It becomes Estero Boulevard as it crosses the Bonita Beach Causeway onto Fort Myers Beach . This section ends at the north end of Fort Myers Beach at SR 865 just south of the Matanzas Pass Bridge . </P> <P> The central section travels along Gladiolus Drive through Iona , Harlem Heights , and Biggar and passes Lakes Regional Park before ending at US 41 ( Tamiami Trail ). , </P> <P> The northern section runs along Ben C. Pratt Six Mile Cypress Parkway and Ortiz Avenue from SR 739 to SR 80 in Tice . </P> <P> The segments were once part of a continuous SR 865 and Ortiz Avenue was part of SR 80B . </P> <H2> County Road 867 ( edit ) </H2> Main article : McGregor Boulevard <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <P> </P> County Road 867 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location : </Th> <Td> Punta Rassa -- Iona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length : </Th> <Td> 4.8 mi ( 7.7 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> County Road 867 is McGregor Boulevard from the Sanibel Causeway in Punta Rassa to SR 867 in Iona . </P> <P> The road was formerly known as SR 867 , a designation which still exits on a section of McGregor Boulevard from Iona to McGregor . </P> <H2> County Road 867A ( edit ) </H2> Main article : McGregor Boulevard § County Road 867A <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <P> </P> County Road 867A </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location : </Th> <Td> Villas -- Cape Coral and North Fort Myers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length : </Th> <Td> 15.2 mi ( 24.5 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> County Road 867A is the main north - south route through Cape Coral , connecting it with North Fort Myers and South Fort Myers . </P> <P> It begins just south of Fort Myers at US 41 near Villas . From here , it is known as College Parkway , named for its proximity to Florida SouthWestern State College ( originally Edison Community College ) . </P> <P> After an interchange with McGregor Boulevard ( SR 867 ) , CR 867A crosses the Cape Coral Bridge , CR 867A continues as Cape Coral Parkway for 0.7 miles ( 1.1 km ) . Up to this point , it is unsigned , though a part of College Parkway near Summerlin Road is signed as CR 882 . At Cape Coral Parkway 's interchange with Del Prado Boulevard , the route turns north along the street , and is first signed as CR 867A here . The route continues north through much of Cape Coral . Veterans Parkway is one of Cape Coral 's major east -- west routes , and it travels into Fort Myers via the Midpoint Memorial Bridge . Del Prado Boulevard continues northward to Pine Island Road ( SR 78 ) . </P> <P> North of Pine Island Road , addresses on Del Prado Boulevard have the attached `` North '' suffix to the name of the road ; south of Pine Island Road uses `` South . '' After Pine Island Road , Del Prado Boulevard continues north as a city street , though the city of Cape Coral maintains the CR 867A designation . It intersects Diplomat Parkway and the Kismet Parkway , before intersecting with US 41 ( Tamiami Trail ) at the northern Cape Coral city limits . The extension into North Fort Myers was built in the 1990s . </P> <P> From US 41 , Del Prado Boulevard once again becomes a county road and continues east along the northern edge of North Fort Myers . Just past the Prairie Pines Preserve , it briefly becomes Mellow Drive before it terminates at Slater Road . Future plans call for Del Prado Boulevard to be extended north from Mellow Drive in North Fort Myers around the Prairie Pines Preserve to Interstate 75 with a new interchange near the Lee - Charlotte County border . </P> <P> Formerly State Road 867A between McGregor Boulevard and Pine Island Road , it became a major route when the Cape Coral Bridge opened in 1964 . </P> <H2> County Road 869 ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <P> </P> County Road 869 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location : </Th> <Td> Iona -- Fort Myers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length : </Th> <Td> 11.7 mi ( 18.8 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> County Road 869 is the designation for Summerlin Road which runs from CR 867 ( McGregor Boulevard ) in Iona east and north to CR 884 ( Colonial Boulevard ) in Fort Myers . It is the main route connecting Fort Myers with the islands of Fort Myers Beach , Sanibel and Captiva . The road is named for Jacob Summerlin , a prominent Punta Rassa cattleman . </P> <P> Built in the early 1980s , Summerlin Road was planned to be part of State Road 869 ( a designation which has since been reused for the Sawgrass Expressway near Fort Lauderdale ) , but the road was never added to the state highway system since it turned over to Lee County before it opened . It was originally intended to be an alternative to McGregor Boulevard ( SR 867 ) as a limited - access road , but development along the route has since hindered that intent . To better handle increasing traffic , the intersection with San Carlos Bouelvard ( SR 865 ) was upgraded to an interchange in 2007 along with being widened to six lanes . Elevated interchange ramps were also added at the Gladiolus Drive ( CR 865 ) intersection at the same time . The College Parkway ( CR 867A ) intersection was upgraded to an interchange in 2011 along with further widening . </P> <P> South of Fort Myers , Summerlin Road roughly follows the route of the abandoned Punta Rassa branch of the Seaboard Air Line Railroad , which was removed in 1952 . It runs along the former railroad corridor from just north of Gladiolus Drive to Bass Road . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Major intersections </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> mi </Th> <Th> km </Th> <Th> Destinations </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iona </Td> <Th> 0.00 </Th> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 867 ( McGregor Boulevard ) -- Sanibel , Captiva </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2.20 </Th> <Td> 3.54 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> SR 865 ( San Carlos Boulevard ) -- Cape Coral , Fort Myers Beach </Td> <Td> Interchange </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cypress Lake </Td> <Th> 6.10 </Th> <Td> 9.82 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 865 ( Gladiolus Drive ) to I - 75 / US 41 -- International Airport </Td> <Td> At - grade intersection with same - direction flyover ramps </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7.90 </Th> <Td> 12.71 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 876 ( Cypress Lake Drive ) -- International Airport </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8.70 </Th> <Td> 14.00 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 867A ( College Parkway ) </Td> <Td> Interchange </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fort Myers </Td> <Th> 10.50 </Th> <Td> 16.90 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Boy Scout Drive to US 41 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11.70 </Th> <Td> 18.83 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 884 ( Colonial Boulevard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> County Road 876 ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Daniels Parkway <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <P> </P> County Road 876 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location : </Th> <Td> McGregor -- Fort Myers Shores </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length : </Th> <Td> 23.0 mi ( 37.0 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> County Road 876 serves as a major east - west thoroughfare through Lee County just south of Fort Myers city limits before becoming a north - south route through Lehigh Acres and Buckingham . Beginning at SR 867 in McGregor , CR 876 travels east along Cypress Lake Drive through Cypress Lake to U.S. Route 41 ( Tamiami Trail ) . It continues east of US 41 as Daniels Parkway towards Interstate 75 and Southwest Florida International Airport . East of Gateway , CR 876 intersects State Road 82 , where it turns north and continues as Gunnery Road through Lehigh Acres before merging with Buckingham Road . Buckingham Road carries CR 876 north through Buckingham to its terminus with SR 80 in Fort Myers Shores . </P> <H2> County Road 881 ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <P> </P> County Road 881 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location : </Th> <Td> Bonita Springs -- Three Oaks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length : </Th> <Td> 13.6 mi ( 21.9 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> County Road 881 exists just west of Interstate 75 from the Collier County line in Bonita Springs to CR 840 ( Alico Road ) in Three Oaks . Locally , it is known as Three Oaks Parkway north of Coconut Road in Estero , and Imperial Parkway south of this point . The road continues past its southern terminus into Collier County as County Road 881 , which is known as Livingston Road . The entire route is controlled by Lee County , except for the short segment between Bonita Beach Road and East Terry Street which is controlled by the city of Bonita Springs ( though the city maintains the CR 881 designation ) . </P> <P> The corridor of CR 881 in Lee County was completed in early 2008 with the opening of Imperial Parkway between Coconut Road in Estero and East Terry Street in Bonita Springs . This made CR 881 a third major thoroughfare connecting Lee and Collier Counties along with U.S. Route 41 and Interstate 75 . </P> <P> Lee County plans to eventually extend Three Oaks Parkway north of its current terminus to Daniels Parkway ( CR 876 ) . A short segment of the extension was built by a private developer in the early 2010s . The rest of the extension , which would parallel Interstate 75 and connect to Daniels Parkway via Fiddlesticks Boulevard , is set to be completed around 2020 . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Major intersections </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> mi </Th> <Th> km </Th> <Th> Destinations </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bonita Springs </Td> <Th> 0.00 </Th> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 881 south ( Livingston Road ) </Td> <Td> Continuation into Collier County </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1.00 </Th> <Td> 1.61 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 865 ( Bonita Beach Road ) to I - 75 / US 41 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estero </Td> <Th> 9.10 </Th> <Td> 14.65 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 850 ( Corkscrew Road ) to I - 75 / US 41 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Three Oaks </Td> <Th> 13.60 </Th> <Td> 21.89 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 840 ( Alico Road ) to I - 75 / US 41 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> County Road 884 ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Florida State Road 884 <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <P> </P> County Road 884 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location : </Th> <Td> Cape Coral -- Fort Myers and Fort Myers -- Alva </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length : </Th> <Td> 32.5 mi ( 52.3 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> County Road 884 exists in two sections . The western section runs through Cape Coral along the Veterans Parkway and the Midpoint Bridge from SR 78 / CR 78 ( Pine Island Road ) / CR 765 ( Burnt Store Road ) in Cape Coral to SR 884 / US 41 ( Cleveland Avenue ) in Fort Myers . The eastern section travels through Lehigh Acres along Colonial , Lee , Leeland Heights , and Joel Boulevards from SR 884 / Dynasty Drive in Fort Myers to SR 80 in Alva . </P> <P> The eastern segment came into existence in the early 1980s when Colonial Boulevard ( SR 884 ) was extended from I - 75 to connect with State Road 82 at Lee Boulevard . Lee Boulevard was previously State Road 82B while Leeland Heights and Joel Boulevards were part of State Road 873 ( a designation which also continued south down Alabama Road ) . </P> <P> The western segment , which previously ended at State Road 867 ( McGregor Boulevard ) , was extended into Cape Coral in 1997 upon the completion of the Midpoint Memorial Bridge and Veterans Parkway . </P> <H2> County Road 885 ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <P> </P> County Road 885 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location : </Th> <Td> Estero -- Fort Myers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length : </Th> <Td> 13.00 mi ( 20.92 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> County Road 885 exists just east of Interstate 75 from CR 850 ( Corkscrew Road ) in Estero to CR 884 ( Colonial Boulevard ) in Fort Myers . As a major north - south corridor , it provides access to Florida Gulf Coast University , Gulf Coast Town Center , and Southwest Florida International Airport . It is known as Treeline Avenue north of the entrance to Southwest Florida International Airport , and Ben Hill Griffin Parkway south of it . </P> <Dl> <Dt> History </Dt> </Dl> <P> The first major segment of CR 885 to be completed was Ben Hill Griffin Parkway between Alico and Corkscrew Roads . It was named for Ben Hill Griffin , Jr. , former chairman of Alico Inc. , whose land was partially donated by Griffin 's son Ben Hill Griffin III to the state for the construction of Florida Gulf Coast University . Ben Hill Griffin Parkway was completed by 1997 in conjunction with the opening of the university , as it was the main access road . </P> <P> Treeline Avenue , which originally was a short local road off Daniels Parkway , was extended south and connected to Ben Hill Griffin Parkway in early 2005 in conjunction with the opening of the current terminal at Southwest Florida International Airport . Treeline Avenue was later extended to Colonial Boulevard in 2006 . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Major intersections </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> mi </Th> <Th> km </Th> <Th> Destinations </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estero </Td> <Th> 0.00 </Th> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 850 ( Corkscrew Road ) to I - 75 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ​ </Td> <Th> 4.30 </Th> <Td> 6.92 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 840 ( Alico Road ) to I - 75 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ​ </Td> <Th> 5.60 </Th> <Td> 9.01 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Terminal Access Road -- Southwest Florida International Airport </Td> <Td> Partial diamond interchange ; former at - grade intersection </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ​ </Td> <Th> 8.00 </Th> <Td> 12.87 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 876 ( Daniels Parkway ) to I - 75 -- Fort Myers , Cape Coral , Gateway , Lehigh Acres , Tampa , Naples </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fort Myers </Td> <Th> 13.00 </Th> <Td> 20.92 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 884 ( Colonial Boulevard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> County Road 887 ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <P> </P> County Road 887 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location : </Th> <Td> Bonita Springs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length : </Th> <Td> 5.3 mi ( 8.5 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> County Road 887 is the unsigned designation for Old 41 Road from the Collier County line north through Bonita Springs to US 41 . </P> <P> The road was originally a routing of Tamiami Trail ( US 41 ) through Downtown Bonita Springs . It became SR 887 when US 41 was moved to its present alignment in 1976 . It was turned over to Lee County in the early 1980s . Bonita Springs was incorporated in 1999 , and CR 887 has since come under city control . </P> <P> The SR 887 designation has since been reused for the Port Miami Tunnel since its opening on August 3 , 2014 . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Major intersections </Dt> </Dl> <P> The entire route is in Bonita Springs . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> mi </Th> <Th> km </Th> <Th> Destinations </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 0.00 </Th> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 887 south ( Old 41 Road ) </Td> <Td> Continuation into Collier County </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1.20 </Th> <Td> 1.93 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> CR 865 ( Bonita Beach Road ) to I - 75 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5.30 </Th> <Td> 8.53 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> US 41 ( Tamiami Trail ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Former state roads in Florida </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Road Maintenance System ( Map ) . Cartography by Lee County GIS. Lee County Department of Transportation . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Google ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` CR 78 ( Western Section ) '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Google ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` CR 78 ( Eastern Section ) '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : General Highway Map , Lee County , January 1976 , reprinted January 1980 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Google ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` CR 78A '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Google ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` CR 765 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Burnt Store '' . Burnt Store Marina - Century 21 Sunbelt Realty . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 767 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harry Stringfellow '' . Pine Island Info : Preserving Pine Island 's Past . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FDOT right of way map , section 12660 - 2601 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 810 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 840 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seminole Gulf Railway , L.P. -- Adverse Abandonment -- in Lee County , FL '' . Surface Transportation Board . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Curry , Chuck ( 13 January 2007 ) . `` Alico Road work slated to continue through 2008 '' . Naples Daily News . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 850 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lee , 1936 '' . Florida Center for Instructional Technology . University of South Florida . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Florida 261 - Florida 280 '' . Blue Diamonds : The Old Florida State Road System . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FDOT right of way map , section 12640 - 2601 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 863 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Google ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` CR 865 ( Southern Section ) '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Google ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` CR 865 ( Middle Section ) '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Google ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` CR 865 ( Northern Section ) '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 867 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FDOT right of way map , section 12040 - 2501 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 867A ( Southern Section ) '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 867A ( Northern Section ) '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Del Prado Extension Corridor Study '' ( PDF ) . Woodyard & Associates Commercial Real Estate . Woodyard & Associates , LLC . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 869 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williamson , Jenny ( 10 August 2013 ) . `` Southwest Florida road names have a rich history '' . The News - Press . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FDOT right of way map , section 12511 - 2601 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ochoa , Julio ( 19 June 2006 ) . `` Vote expected on road 's limited access designation '' . Naples Daily News . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Bridge Inventory Data : Lee County , Florida '' . Uglybridges.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Summerlin flyover at College opens to traffic '' . NBC - 2 ( WBBH - TV ) . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Turner , Gregg M. ( December 1 , 1999 ) . Railroads of Southwest Florida . Images of America . Arcadia Publishing . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee County Property Appraiser http://www.leepa.org/Display/DisplayParcel.aspx?folioid=10221085 . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 876 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 881 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kane , Brad ( 22 January 2008 ) . `` Imperial Parkway is now open '' . Naples Daily News . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oliver , Chad ( 5 February 2013 ) . `` Good Question : Road to nowhere '' . WBBH - TV . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Three Oaks Parkway Extension ~ Daniels Parkway to Oriole Road '' . Boylan Environmental Consultants , Inc . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 884 ( Western Section ) '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 884 ( Eastern Section ) '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Florida 884 - Colonial Boulevard '' . AA Roads . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ General Highway Map , Lee County , January 1976 , reprinted September 1981 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 885 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Silverstein , Adam . `` Florida vs. FGCU : The Griffin family connection '' . Only Gators Get Out Alive . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Google ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` CR 887 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Newland , Maggie ( August 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tunnel To PortMiami Opening Sunday Morning '' . WFOR - TV . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> County roads in Florida </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Alachua </Li> <Li> Baker </Li> <Li> Bay </Li> <Li> Bradford </Li> <Li> Brevard </Li> <Li> Broward </Li> <Li> Calhoun </Li> <Li> Charlotte </Li> <Li> Citrus </Li> <Li> Clay </Li> <Li> Collier </Li> <Li> Columbia </Li> <Li> DeSoto </Li> <Li> Dixie </Li> <Li> Duval </Li> <Li> Escambia </Li> <Li> Flagler </Li> <Li> Franklin </Li> <Li> Gadsden </Li> <Li> Gilchrist </Li> <Li> Glades </Li> <Li> Gulf </Li> <Li> Hamilton </Li> <Li> Hardee </Li> <Li> Hendry </Li> <Li> Hernando </Li> <Li> Highlands </Li> <Li> Hillsborough </Li> <Li> Holmes </Li> <Li> Indian River </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Lafayette </Li> <Li> Lake </Li> <Li> Lee </Li> <Li> Leon </Li> <Li> Levy </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Madison </Li> <Li> Manatee </Li> <Li> Marion </Li> <Li> Martin </Li> <Li> Miami - Dade </Li> <Li> Monroe </Li> <Li> Nassau </Li> <Li> Okaloosa </Li> <Li> Okeechobee </Li> <Li> Orange </Li> <Li> Osceola </Li> <Li> Palm Beach </Li> <Li> Pasco </Li> <Li> Pinellas </Li> <Li> Polk </Li> <Li> Putnam </Li> <Li> Santa Rosa </Li> <Li> Sarasota </Li> <Li> Seminole </Li> <Li> St. Johns </Li> <Li> St. Lucie </Li> <Li> Sumter </Li> <Li> Suwannee </Li> <Li> Taylor </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> Volusia </Li> <Li> Wakulla </Li> <Li> Walton </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_county_roads_in_Lee_County,_Florida&oldid=820199858 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> County roads in Lee County , Florida </Li> <Li> Lists of roads in Florida </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages with citations lacking titles </Li> <Li> Pages with citations having bare URLs </Li> <Li> Jctint template hatnote tracking category </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 16 : 35 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what is the string of 882 islands extending southwest from the southern tip of florida known as

Harper Valley PTA ( film ) - wikipedia <H1> Harper Valley PTA ( film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Harper Valley PTA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Richard Bennett </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> George Edwards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> George Edwards Barry Schneider </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Barbara Eden Nanette Fabray Ronny Cox Louis Nye Susan Swift Pat Paulsen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Nelson Riddle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Willy Kurant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Michael Economou </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> April Fools Productions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> May 23 , 1978 ( 1978 - 05 - 23 ) ( Midwest ) </Li> <Li> June 2 , 1978 ( 1978 - 06 - 02 ) ( Canada ) </Li> <Li> August 2 , 1978 ( 1978 - 08 - 02 ) ( Los Angeles ) </Li> <Li> January 12 , 1979 ( 1979 - 01 - 12 ) ( New York City ) </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 93 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $1 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $25 million ( USA ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Harper Valley PTA is a 1978 American comedy film inspired by the popular 1968 country song `` Harper Valley PTA '' written by Tom T. Hall and performed by country singer Jeannie C. Riley . The film starred Barbara Eden , Nanette Fabray , Ronny Cox , Louis Nye and Susan Swift , directed by Richard Bennett , and was mainly released to drive - in theaters throughout the summer of 1978 . The film has a cult following in fans of the original song . </P> <P> The film 's promotional tagline is : `` The song was scandalous . The movie is hilarious ! '' </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast and characters </Li> <Li> 3 Production and release <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Filming </Li> <Li> 3.2 Release </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 5 Television series </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Stella Johnson is a beautiful widowed single mother who lives in the town of Harper Valley , Ohio . She sells cosmetics door - to - door for the fictitious AngelGlo Cosmetics and is not afraid to enjoy life . Her fourteen - year - old daughter , Dee , is a student at Harper Valley Junior High School . </P> <P> After leaving school , Dee brings her mother a letter from the school 's Parent Teacher Association board , which is led by the pompous and snobbish Flora Simpson - Reilly . The letter denounces her for her not following the societal mores of the day and the community and further stating that if she does not change her ways more to the board 's liking , Dee will be punished for her mother 's `` sins '' by being expelled from school . </P> <P> Infuriated by the board 's supposed superiority and their glaring hypocrisy , Stella storms to the PTA meeting being held that day , and proceeds to tell most of the PTA members off by exposing their hidden skeletons for the town to see . </P> <P> After her house is TP'ed ( Toilet - Papered ) and a rock with a vile note attached is thrown through her window in retaliation , Stella prepares to get even with those who would want her driven out of town . She teams up with her friends , beautician Alice Finley and bartender Herbie Maddox , and ( along with Dee 's help ) wreaks hilarious and justified revenge on six of the hypocritical PTA members , with methods including : 1 ) tricking a married male board member who has repeatedly tried to date Stella into a disastrous rendezvous , 2 ) embarrassing Mrs. Simpson - Reilly at one of her grand social gatherings , 3 ) exposing the secret antics of a supposedly prim - and - proper female board member / teacher , and 4 ) sending a herd of pink - painted elephants into the bedroom of a alcoholic board member . </P> <P> During the course of the movie , she finds out that one of the male PTA members , wealthy Willis Newton ( who was not a party to the PTA letter ) , has fallen in love with her . </P> <P> Will and another male on the PTA board , Skeeter Duggan , the town 's Notary public , are sympathetic to Stella and do not agree with Flora and her cronies . After being informed by Will of the current PTA Board 's incompetence and mismanagement and with his help , Stella is convinced to make a run for President of the PTA , a move which infuriates Flora and her allies . </P> <P> After a makeover , which sees her braces removed and her hair styled , Dee also finds a boyfriend in handsome Carlyle , a popular school track star , which incurs the jealousy of Bettina Reilly , the equally snobbish granddaughter of Flora . Also shown are Edwina , Bettina 's identical twin sister who is just as snobbish as Bettina , and Dee 's best friend Mavis . </P> <P> Real estate agent Kirby Baker , a member of the PTA Board , plans to ruin Stella by foreclosing on her house ( which his company owns ) , but is arrested for assaulting Myrna Wong , an Asian - American martial arts expert helping Stella to set up the lecherous Baker . Now things become more and more desperate . </P> <P> The board finally decide to resort to criminal means to maintain the power they hold , which is fast slipping away thanks to Stella 's growing popularity . The board members then decide to hire a couple of kidnappers named Dutch and Tex to have Skeeter abducted so they can commit election fraud . </P> <P> The kidnappers snatch Skeeter as he is taking the trash out and take him in a nearby abbey , where he is imprisoned and made drunk on wine . </P> <P> Olive Glover , the PTA 's Recording Secretary who has a hardcore gambling addiction , has stolen money from the Milk Fund Rally , one of the PTA 's numerous fund raisers , and intends to having Mavis framed for the crime and arrested . Leaving Dee to stall the PTA Board meeting , Stella and Alice follow Olive to a racing stable and recover the stolen money , some of which had been marked by Will . </P> <P> As Stella and Alice race back to town , Will and Herbie spot the kidnappers and Skeeter outside the abbey from a helicopter and notify the girls . Disguised as nuns , Stella and Alice find Skeeter , free him and manage to escape with him after a wild car chase ending with the kidnappers crashing into a stream . </P> <P> Ultimately , Flora 's scheme to prevent Stella 's nomination fails miserably : Olive , who would have been the swing vote against Stella , is arrested for embezzlement just as the PTA Board is about to vote against Stella 's candidacy . Dutch and Tex , already in custody for the Skeeter Duggan kidnapping , tell the police that Flora was behind it all to keep Stella off the PTA Board . </P> <P> Stella decisively wins the election and becomes the new PTA president , with the whole town voting to get rid of Flora and her snobbish friends . Will and Stella then fly off in his helicopter ( which is trailing a sign saying `` Stella Johnson for Mayor '' ) to get married . </P> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Barbara Eden as Stella Johnson , a widowed cosmetics salesperson with a young daughter , whose joie de vivre , her principles , and her individuality anger most of the powerful people in town and on the Parent Teachers Association board . She inevitably becomes PTA president after embarrassing Flora , the snobby former President and her equally snobby friends . </Li> <Li> Ronny Cox as Willis `` Will '' Newton , a wealthy member of the PTA who does n't agree with Flora and her snobby allies and is in love with Stella . He and Stella get married at the end of the movie . </Li> <Li> Nanette Fabray as Alice Finley , Stella 's best friend and co-conspirator against the snobs of Harper Valley . She owns and operates the La Moderne Beauty Shop . </Li> <Li> Louis Nye as Kirby Baker , a local real estate agent who is allied with Flora and her friends . Notorious for being a lecherous playboy and infamous for impregnating his secretaries , one of whom , Gladys Wilmot , left town to see an abortionist in Cincinnati . As part of a plan to discredit Stella , he tries to foreclose on Stella 's house , which infuriates her . He then gets arrested and jailed for attacking Myrna Wong , a friend of Stella 's , who rebuffs his advances , throwing him by use of martial arts and destroying the office . </Li> <Li> John Fiedler as Bobby Taylor , a man on the PTA who lusts after Stella . Overly dominated by his wife , Holly . Although open to allow Stella to speak , he is not above having a fellow PTA board member kidnapped to commit election fraud . He was arrested for indecent exposure after being set up by Stella . </Li> <Li> Ron Masak as Herbie Maddox , the head bartender at Kelly 's bar , and Stella 's ally against Flora and her friends . He has a crush on Stella , and is one of her friends . </Li> <Li> Clint Howard as Corley , a young delivery person , who works for the local florist shop , who brings Stella flowers from Will . </Li> <Li> Susan Swift as Dee Johnson , Stella 's 14 - year - old daughter , who is threatened with expulsion from school if her mother does n't conform to the way the PTA wants her to behave . She has a hand in assisting her mother and Alice with one of their revenge schemes . She loses her braces , gets a makeover , and ends up with a boyfriend , Carlyle . </Li> <Li> Pat Paulsen as Otis Harper , the descendant of the founding family of Harper Valley . A PTA member who is allied with Flora and her friends . Has a tendency to drink all the time , which annoys his wife , Bertha . He had a stampede of elephants , painted pink , stormed through his house , destroying it . </Li> <Li> Amzie Strickland as Shirley Thompson , a member of the PTA board who tends to drink a lot of gin . Though she is allied with Flora and her friends , she is one of four PTA members ( Will , Skeeter and Holly Taylor are the others ) who are spared any retribution from Stella . She was seen as the most sympathetic of the board , as she tended to be more manipulated as opposed to being manipulative . It was never revealed whether or not she retained her seat on the PTA , but it is presumed that she became more sympathetic towards Stella as she was seen waving goodbye at Olive as she was being arrested . </Li> <Li> Bob Hastings as Skeeter Duggan , a member of the PTA board , and the town 's Notary public who is sympathetic to Stella . He is kidnapped by Dutch and Tex at Flora Simpson Reilly 's orders . </Li> <Li> Audrey Christie as Flora Simpson - Reilly , The movie 's main antagonist . She is the pompous and extremely snobbish president of the PTA board who thoroughly despises Stella ( who defeats her for president at the end of the movie ) and all she stands for . So desperate is she to retain her power and prestige in the community that she has a fellow member of the PTA ( Skeeter Duggan ) kidnapped so she and her allies can commit election fraud . She is embarrassed when her permanent set is destroyed by a hair depilatory at the beauty salon . </Li> <Li> Molly Dodd as Olive Glover , the recording secretary of the PTA who is a gambling addict . Clearly the most corrupt and most vindictive member of the PTA board , she is eventually arrested for embezzlement after having a load of hay and horse manure dumped on top of her . She is the one who initially angers Stella by sending her the letter denouncing her , and tries to get Dee 's friend , Mavis , arrested for embezzlement . </Li> <Li> Fay DeWitt as Willamae Jones , a snide biology teacher at the junior high school who is also a member of the PTA . She makes no secret of the fact that she favors the Reilly twins , due to the connections between her and Flora . Notorious for being a nymphomaniac ( though she hides it under a prim - and - proper façade ) , she is caught in flagrante delicto with Barney Crunk , the town 's mailman , on film . </Li> <Li> DeVera Marcus as Holly Taylor , Bobby 's obviously overbearing wife , who tends to drink a lot when Bobby is out of town , and does n't approve of Bobby 's lusting , or of anything else he does ( this is different from the character in the song , who `` seems to use a lot of ice whenever ( her husband ) 's away '' , implying adultery with the iceman ) . However , despite her ties to Flora and her scheming friends , she , like Shirley Thompson , is spared any retribution from Stella , due to Stella refusing to date Bobby . </Li> <Li> Louise Foley as Mavis , Dee Johnson 's best friend , who is nearly framed for a crime she did not commit by the vindictive Olive Glover . </Li> <Li> Brian Cook as Carlyle , a popular track star who chooses Dee , after she gets a makeover , and angers Bettina Reilly in the process . </Li> <Li> Laura Teige as Bettina Reilly , One of Flora 's twin granddaughters , who wants to be with Carlyle , and is jealous when he chooses Dee over her . She tends to be as snotty as her grandmother . </Li> <Li> Jan Teige as Edwina Reilly , Bettina 's twin sister , who is just as snotty as her . </Li> <Li> Irene Yah - Ling Sun as Myrna Wong , a friend of Stella 's who is a judo expert ; she is assaulted by Kirby Baker ( after leading him on ; she destroys him and his office in retaliation ) and has him sent to jail for assault . </Li> <Li> Tobias Anderson as `` Cranky '' Barney Crunk , the town 's nosy mailman who had the bad habit of peeking in everyone 's mail . He is caught in flagrante delicto on film with Willamae Jones . </Li> <Li> Royce D. Applegate as Dutch , one of two kidnappers who abduct Skeeter Duggan at Flora Simpson - Reilly 's orders . </Li> <Li> J.J. Barry as Tex , the mastermind of the kidnap plot to get Skeeter Duggan out of the way so Flora Simpson - Reilly and her friends could commit election fraud . He and his accomplice Dutch are arrested and the two of them rat out Flora and her friends on their scheme . </Li> <Li> Pitt Herbert as Henry Reilly , Flora 's overly dominated husband and grandfather to Edwina and Bettina . Henry is wealthy , but is very weak - willed and is known for acquiescing to his wife 's schemes . </Li> <Li> Arlen Stuart as Bertha Harper , wife of Otis Harper , who gets annoyed by her husband 's continual drinking . She is terrified when her house is destroyed by pink - painted elephants . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production and release ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> Harper Valley PTA was filmed in twenty - seven days from October 3 , 1977 to December 8 , 1977 . It was filmed on location for one week in the town of Lebanon , Ohio and then continued in Los Angeles , California . The track meet scene was filmed at Simi Valley High School </P> <P> On October 31 , 1977 , production ceased temporarily when Nanette Fabray was knocked to the ground by a spooked elephant while shooting a scene involving pink elephants in the Hancock Park neighborhood of Los Angeles , California ; she suffered a severe concussion , bruises and back sprains and was taken to Cedars - Sinai Medical Center where her condition was reported as serious but stable . Following her recovery , filming resumed on November 30 . </P> <H3> Release ( edit ) </H3> <P> Harper Valley PTA opened in six theaters in Lebanon , Cincinnati and Dayton , Ohio on May 23 , 1978 in accordance with executive producer Phil Borack 's plan to release the film first in smaller markets , where regional success could encourage exhibitors in bigger cities to book the film . The film grossed over $2 million its opening weekend , $5.8 million in its first three weeks and over $16 million after twelve weeks . The film opened in Los Angeles on August 2 , 1978 and in New York City on January 12 , 1979 . </P> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Harper Valley PTA : Original Soundtrack Recording </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by various artists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> June 1978 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> Singleton Sound Studios Nashville , Tennessee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soundtrack </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 29 : 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Plantation Records </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> Shelby S. Singleton , Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Singles from Harper Valley PTA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> `` Harper Valley PTA ( re-issue ) '' Released : July 1978 </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In June 1978 , a soundtrack album was released on vinyl , cassette and 8 - track tape by Plantation Records . To promote the film 's release and its soundtrack , the title song by Jeannie C. Riley was re-issued as a single . The album made its compact disc premiere through Varèse Sarabande on October 27 , 2017 . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Side 1 </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` Harper Valley PTA '' -- performed by Jeannie C. Riley </Li> <Li> `` Dee 's Visit '' ( instrumental ) -- performed by Nelson Riddle </Li> <Li> `` Mr. Harper '' -- performed by Barbara Eden </Li> <Li> `` Alice 's Place '' ( instrumental ) -- performed by Nelson Riddle </Li> <Li> `` High School Confidential '' -- performed by Jerry Lee Lewis </Li> <Li> `` Willie Mae '' ( instrumental ) -- performed by Nelson Riddle </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Side 2 </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` Harper Valley PTA '' ( instrumental ) -- performed by Nelson Riddle </Li> <Li> `` Widow Jones '' -- performed by Barbara Eden </Li> <Li> `` Twin Tune '' ( instrumental ) -- performed by Nelson Riddle </Li> <Li> `` Ballad of a Teenage Queen '' -- performed by Johnny Cash </Li> <Li> `` Ice Cream Disco '' ( instrumental ) -- performed by Nelson Riddle </Li> <Li> `` Whatever Happened to Charlie Brown '' -- performed by Rita Remington & Carol Channing </Li> <Li> `` Ending ( Reprise : Harper Valley PTA ) '' ( instrumental ) -- performed by Nelson Riddle </Li> </Ol> <H2> Television series ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Harper Valley PTA ( TV series ) <P> In 1981 , Harper Valley PTA was made into a television sitcom ( created by Sherwood Schwartz ) which aired on NBC from January 1981 to May 1982 . Barbara Eden reprised her role as Stella Johnson for the series which lasted two seasons and a total of 30 episodes were produced . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ St. Petersburg Times </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Milwaukee Sentinel : Elephant injures Nanette Fabray </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Observer Reporter </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Harper Valley PTA on IMDb </Li> <Li> Harper Valley PTA at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> Harper Valley PTA at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Harper Valley PTA at the American Film Institute Catalog </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harper_Valley_PTA_(film)&oldid=818590841 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1978 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 1970s comedy films </Li> <Li> American comedy films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American independent films </Li> <Li> Feminist films </Li> <Li> Films about revenge </Li> <Li> Films adapted into television programs </Li> <Li> Films based on songs </Li> <Li> Films set in Ohio </Li> <Li> Films shot in Ohio </Li> <Li> Films shot in Los Angeles </Li> <Li> 1978 soundtracks </Li> <Li> Film soundtracks </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Album infoboxes lacking a cover </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 12 : 58 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

who played in the movie harper valley pta

Pearl - Wikipedia <H1> Pearl </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Pearl ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Pearl </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Various pearls </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> General </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Carbonate mineral , protein </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formula ( repeating unit ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Calcium carbonate , CaCO </Li> <Li> Conchiolin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Strunz classification </Th> <Td> 05. AB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Crystal system </Th> <Td> Orthorhombic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Identification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Color </Th> <Td> white , pink , silver , cream , brown , green , blue , black , yellow , orange , gold , purple , iridescent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cleavage </Th> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fracture </Th> <Td> Uneven </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mohs scale hardness </Th> <Td> 2.5 -- 4.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Streak </Th> <Td> white </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Specific gravity </Th> <Td> 2.60 -- 2.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Refractive index </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Common pearl : 1.52 - 1.66 </Li> <Li> Black pearl : 1.53 - 1.69 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Birefringence </Th> <Td> 0.156 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pleochroism </Th> <Td> Absent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dispersion </Th> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ultraviolet fluorescence </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> White pearls : light blue to light yellow ; </Li> <Li> Yellow and golden pearls : yellow - green , greenish brown to dark brown ; </Li> <Li> Black pearls : commonly pink to orange - red </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Georgian seed pearl gold ring <P> A pearl is a hard glistening object produced within the soft tissue ( specifically the mantle ) of a living shelled mollusk or another animal , such as a conulariid . Just like the shell of a mollusk , a pearl is composed of calcium carbonate ( mainly aragonite or a mixture of aragonite and calcite ) in minute crystalline form , which has been deposited in concentric layers . The ideal pearl is perfectly round and smooth , but many other shapes , known as baroque pearls , can occur . The finest quality natural pearls have been highly valued as gemstones and objects of beauty for many centuries . Because of this , pearl has become a metaphor for something rare , fine , admirable and valuable . </P> <P> The most valuable pearls occur spontaneously in the wild , but are extremely rare . These wild pearls are referred to as natural pearls . Cultured or farmed pearls from pearl oysters and freshwater mussels make up the majority of those currently sold . Imitation pearls are also widely sold in inexpensive jewelry , but the quality of their iridescence is usually very poor and is easily distinguished from that of genuine pearls . Pearls have been harvested and cultivated primarily for use in jewelry , but in the past were also used to adorn clothing . They have also been crushed and used in cosmetics , medicines and paint formulations . </P> <P> Whether wild or cultured , gem - quality pearls are almost always nacreous and iridescent , like the interior of the shell that produces them . However , almost all species of shelled mollusks are capable of producing pearls ( technically `` calcareous concretions '' ) of lesser shine or less spherical shape . Although these may also be legitimately referred to as `` pearls '' by gemological labs and also under U.S. Federal Trade Commission rules , and are formed in the same way , most of them have no value except as curiosities . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 Definition </Li> <Li> 3 Physical properties </Li> <Li> 4 Freshwater and saltwater pearls </Li> <Li> 5 Creation <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Natural pearls </Li> <Li> 5.2 Cultured pearls </Li> <Li> 5.3 Imitation pearls </Li> <Li> 5.4 Gemological identification </Li> <Li> 5.5 Value of a natural pearl </Li> <Li> 5.6 Origin of a natural pearl </Li> <Li> 5.7 Types of cultured pearls </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 From other species </Li> <Li> 7 History <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Pearl hunting <Ul> <Li> 7.1. 1 British Isles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.2 Pearl farming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Timeline of pearl production </Li> <Li> 9 Freshwater pearl farming </Li> <Li> 10 Momme weight </Li> <Li> 11 In jewelry <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Gallery </Li> <Li> 11.2 Shapes </Li> <Li> 11.3 Lengths of pearl necklaces </Li> <Li> 11.4 Colors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Religious references <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Hindu scriptures </Li> <Li> 12.2 Hebrew scriptures </Li> <Li> 12.3 New Testament scriptures </Li> <Li> 12.4 Islamic scriptures </Li> <Li> 12.5 Additional references </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 See also </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology ( edit ) </H2> <P> The English word pearl comes from the French perle , originally from the Latin perna meaning leg , after the ham - or mutton leg - shaped bivalve . </P> <H2> Definition ( edit ) </H2> A black pearl and a shell of the black - lipped pearl oyster . The iridescent colors originate from nacre layers . <P> All shelled mollusks can , by natural processes , produce some kind of `` pearl '' when an irritating microscopic object becomes trapped within its mantle folds , but the great majority of these `` pearls '' are not valued as gemstones . Nacreous pearls , the best - known and most commercially significant , are primarily produced by two groups of molluskan bivalves or clams . A nacreous pearl is made from layers of nacre , by the same living process as is used in the secretion of the mother of pearl which lines the shell . </P> <P> Natural ( or wild ) pearls , formed without human intervention , are very rare . Many hundreds of pearl oysters or mussels must be gathered and opened , and thus killed , to find even one wild pearl ; for many centuries , this was the only way pearls were obtained , and why pearls fetched such extraordinary prices in the past . Cultured pearls are formed in pearl farms , using human intervention as well as natural processes . </P> <P> One family of nacreous pearl bivalves -- the pearl oyster -- lives in the sea , while the other -- a very different group of bivalves -- lives in freshwater ; these are the river mussels such as the freshwater pearl mussel . Saltwater pearls can grow in several species of marine pearl oysters in the family Pteriidae . Freshwater pearls grow within certain ( but by no means all ) species of freshwater mussels in the order Unionida , the families Unionidae and Margaritiferidae . </P> <H2> Physical properties ( edit ) </H2> Structure of nacre layers , wherein aragonite plates are separated by biopolymers , such as chitin , lustrin and silk - like proteins Electron microscopy image of a fractured surface of nacre <P> The unique luster of pearls depends upon the reflection , refraction , and diffraction of light from the translucent layers . The thinner and more numerous the layers in the pearl , the finer the luster . The iridescence that pearls display is caused by the overlapping of successive layers , which breaks up light falling on the surface . In addition , pearls ( especially cultured freshwater pearls ) can be dyed yellow , green , blue , brown , pink , purple , or black . The very best pearls have a metallic mirror - like luster . </P> <P> Because pearls are made primarily of calcium carbonate , they can be dissolved in vinegar . Calcium carbonate is susceptible to even a weak acid solution because the crystals of calcium carbonate react with the acetic acid in the vinegar to form calcium acetate and carbon dioxide . </P> <H2> Freshwater and saltwater pearls ( edit ) </H2> <P> Freshwater and saltwater pearls may sometimes look quite similar , but they come from different sources . </P> <P> Freshwater pearls form in various species of freshwater mussels , family Unionidae , which live in lakes , rivers , ponds and other bodies of fresh water . These freshwater pearl mussels occur not only in hotter climates , but also in colder more temperate areas such as Scotland ( where they are protected under law ) . Most freshwater cultured pearls sold today come from China . </P> <P> Saltwater pearls grow within pearl oysters , family Pteriidae , which live in oceans . Saltwater pearl oysters are usually cultivated in protected lagoons or volcanic atolls . </P> <H2> Creation ( edit ) </H2> Diagram comparing a cross-section of a cultured pearl , upper , with a natural pearl , lower <P> Pearls are formed inside the shell of certain mollusks as a defense mechanism against a potentially threatening irritant such as a parasite inside the shell , or an attack from outside that injures the mantle tissue . The mollusk creates a pearl sac to seal off the irritation . Pearls are thus the result of an immune response analogous in the human body to the capture of an antigen by a phagocyte ( phagocytosis ) . </P> <P> The mollusk 's mantle ( protective membrane ) deposits layers of calcium carbonate ( CaCO ) in the form of the mineral aragonite or a mixture of aragonite and calcite ( polymorphs with the same chemical formula , but different crystal structures ) held together by an organic horn - like compound called conchiolin . The combination of aragonite and conchiolin is called nacre , which makes up mother - of - pearl . The commonly held belief that a grain of sand acts as the irritant is in fact rarely the case . Typical stimuli include organic material , parasites , or even damage that displaces mantle tissue to another part of the mollusk 's body . These small particles or organisms gain entry when the shell valves are open for feeding or respiration . In cultured pearls , the irritant is typically an introduced piece of the mantle epithelium , with or without a spherical bead ( beaded or beadless cultured pearls ) . </P> <H3> Natural pearls ( edit ) </H3> <P> Natural pearls are nearly 100 % calcium carbonate and conchiolin . It is thought that natural pearls form under a set of accidental conditions when a microscopic intruder or parasite enters a bivalve mollusk and settles inside the shell . The mollusk , irritated by the intruder , forms a pearl sac of external mantle tissue cells and secretes the calcium carbonate and conchiolin to cover the irritant . This secretion process is repeated many times , thus producing a pearl . Natural pearls come in many shapes , with perfectly round ones being comparatively rare . </P> <P> Typically , the build - up of a natural pearl consists of a brown central zone formed by columnar calcium carbonate ( usually calcite , sometimes columnar aragonite ) and a yellowish to white outer zone consisting of nacre ( tabular aragonite ) . In a pearl cross-section such as the diagram , these two different materials can be seen . The presence of columnar calcium carbonate rich in organic material indicates juvenile mantle tissue that formed during the early stage of pearl development . Displaced living cells with a well - defined task may continue to perform their function in their new location , often resulting in a cyst . Such displacement may occur via an injury . The fragile rim of the shell is exposed and is prone to damage and injury . Crabs , other predators and parasites such as worm larvae may produce traumatic attacks and cause injuries in which some external mantle tissue cells are disconnected from their layer . Embedded in the conjunctive tissue of the mantle , these cells may survive and form a small pocket in which they continue to secrete calcium carbonate , their natural product . The pocket is called a pearl sac , and grows with time by cell division . The juvenile mantle tissue cells , according to their stage of growth , secrete columnar calcium carbonate from pearl sac 's inner surface . In time , the pearl sac 's external mantle cells proceed to the formation of tabular aragonite . When the transition to nacre secretion occurs , the brown pebble becomes covered with a nacreous coating . During this process , the pearl sac seems to travel into the shell ; however , the sac actually stays in its original relative position the mantle tissue while the shell itself grows . After a couple of years , a pearl forms and the shell may be found by a lucky pearl fisher . </P> <H3> Cultured pearls ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Cultured pearl Nuclei from Toba Pearl Island , Japan <P> Cultured pearls are the response of the shell to a tissue implant . A tiny piece of mantle tissue ( called a graft ) from a donor shell is transplanted into a recipient shell , causing a pearl sac to form into which the tissue precipitates calcium carbonate . There are a number of methods for producing cultured pearls : using freshwater or seawater shells , transplanting the graft into the mantle or into the gonad , and adding a spherical bead as a nucleus . Most saltwater cultured pearls are grown with beads . Tradenames of cultured pearls are Akoya , white or golden South sea , and black Tahitian . Most beadless cultured pearls are mantle - grown in freshwater shells in China , and are known as freshwater cultured pearls . </P> <P> Cultured pearls can be distinguished from natural pearls by X-ray examination . Nucleated cultured pearls are often ' preformed ' as they tend to follow the shape of the implanted shell bead nucleus . After a bead is inserted into the oyster , it secretes a few layers of nacre around the bead ; the resulting cultured pearl can then be harvested in as few as six months . </P> <P> When a cultured pearl with a bead nucleus is X-rayed , it reveals a different structure to that of a natural pearl ( see diagram ) . A beaded cultured pearl shows a solid center with no concentric growth rings , whereas a natural pearl shows a series of concentric growth rings . A beadless cultured pearl ( whether of freshwater or saltwater origin ) may show growth rings , but also a complex central cavity , witness of the first precipitation of the young pearl sac . </P> <H3> Imitation pearls ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Imitation pearl <P> Some imitation pearls ( also called shell pearls ) are simply made of mother - of - pearl , coral or conch shell , while others are made from glass and are coated with a solution containing fish scales called essence d'Orient . Although imitation pearls look the part , they do not have the same weight or smoothness as real pearls , and their luster will also dim greatly . </P> <H3> Gemological Identification ( edit ) </H3> <P> A well - equipped gem testing laboratory can distinguish natural pearls from cultured pearls by using gemological X-ray equipment to examine the center of a pearl . With X-rays it is possible to see the growth rings of the pearl , where the layers of calcium carbonate are separated by thin layers of conchiolin . The differentiation of natural pearls from non-beaded cultured pearls can be very difficult without the use of this X-ray technique . </P> <P> Natural and cultured pearls can be distinguished from imitation pearls using a microscope . Another method of testing for imitations is to rub two pearls against each other . Imitation pearls are completely smooth , but natural and cultured pearls are composed of nacre platelets , making both feel slightly gritty . </P> <H3> Value of a natural pearl ( edit ) </H3> Pearl tiara of Empress Eugénie ( 1853 ) featuring 212 natural pearls , Louvre , Paris . <P> Fine quality natural pearls are very rare jewels . Their values are determined similarly to those of other precious gems , according to size , shape , color , quality of surface , orient and luster . </P> <P> Single natural pearls are often sold as collectors ' items , or set as centerpieces in unique jewelry . Very few matched strands of natural pearls exist , and those that do often sell for hundreds of thousands of dollars . ( In 1917 , jeweler Pierre Cartier purchased the Fifth Avenue mansion that is now the New York Cartier store in exchange for a matched double strand of natural pearls Cartier had been collecting for years ; at the time , it was valued at US $1 million . ) </P> <P> The introduction and advance of the cultured pearl hit the pearl industry hard . Pearl dealers publicly disputed the authenticity of these new cultured products , and left many consumers uneasy and confused about their much lower prices . Essentially , the controversy damaged the images of both natural and cultured pearls . By the 1950s , when a significant number of women in developed countries could afford their own cultured pearl necklace , natural pearls were reduced to a small , exclusive niche in the pearl industry . </P> <H3> Origin of a natural pearl ( edit ) </H3> Mary , Queen of Scots wearing a rope of black pearls <P> Previously , natural pearls were found in many parts of the world . Present day natural pearling is confined mostly to seas off Bahrain . Australia also has one of the world 's last remaining fleets of pearl diving ships . Australian pearl divers dive for south sea pearl oysters to be used in the cultured south sea pearl industry . The catch of pearl oysters is similar to the numbers of oysters taken during the natural pearl days . Hence significant numbers of natural pearls are still found in the Australian Indian Ocean waters from wild oysters . X-ray examination is required to positively verify natural pearls found today . </P> <H3> Types of cultured pearls ( edit ) </H3> A blister pearl , a half - sphere , formed flush against the shell of the pearl oyster . <P> Keshi pearls , although they often occur by chance , are not considered natural . They are a byproduct of the culturing process , and hence do not happen without human intervention . They are quite small , typically only a few millimeters . Keshi pearls are produced by many different types of marine mollusks and freshwater mussels in China . Keshi pearls are actually a mistake in the cultured pearl seeding process . In seeding the cultured pearl , a piece of mantle muscle from a sacrificed oyster is placed with a bead of mother of pearl within the oyster . If the piece of mantle should slip off the bead , a pearl forms of baroque shape about the mantle piece which is entirely nacre . Therefore , a Keshi pearl could be considered superior to cultured pearls with a mother of pearl bead center . In the cultured pearl industry , the resources used to create a mistaken all nacre baroque pearl is a drain on the production of round cultured pearls . Therefore , they are trying to improve culturing technique so that keshi pearls do not occur . All nacre pearls may one day be limited to natural found pearls . Today many `` keshi '' pearls are actually intentional , with post-harvest shells returned to the water to regenerate a pearl in the existing pearl sac . </P> <P> Tahitian pearls , frequently referred to as black pearls , are highly valued because of their rarity ; the culturing process for them dictates a smaller volume output and they can never be mass - produced because , in common with most sea pearls , the oyster can only be nucleated with one pearl at a time , while freshwater mussels are capable of multiple pearl implants . Before the days of cultured pearls , black pearls were rare and highly valued for the simple reason that white pearl oysters rarely produced naturally black pearls , and black pearl oysters rarely produced any natural pearls at all . </P> <P> Since the development of pearl culture technology , the black pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera found in Tahiti and many other Pacific islands including the Cook Islands and Fiji are being extensively used for producing cultured pearls . The rarity of the black cultured pearl is now a `` comparative '' issue . The black cultured pearl is rare when compared to Chinese freshwater cultured pearls , and Japanese and Chinese akoya cultured pearls , and is more valuable than these pearls . However , it is more abundant than the South Sea pearl , which is more valuable than the black cultured pearl . This is simply because the black pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera is far more abundant than the elusive , rare , and larger south sea pearl oyster Pinctada maxima , which can not be found in lagoons , but which must be dived for in a rare number of deep ocean habitats or grown in hatcheries . </P> <P> Black pearls are very rarely black : they are usually shades of green , purple , aubergine , blue , grey , silver or peacock ( a mix of several shades , like a peacock 's feather ) . </P> <P> Black cultured pearls from the black pearl oyster -- Pinctada margaritifera -- are not South Sea pearls , although they are often mistakenly described as black South Sea pearls . In the absence of an official definition for the pearl from the black oyster , these pearls are usually referred to as `` black pearls '' . </P> <P> The correct definition of a South Sea pearl -- as described by CIBJO and GIA -- is a pearl produced by the Pinctada maxima pearl oyster . South Sea pearls are the color of their host Pinctada maxima oyster -- and can be white , silver , pink , gold , cream , and any combination of these basic colors , including overtones of the various colors of the rainbow displayed in the pearl nacre of the oyster shell itself . </P> <P> South Sea pearls are the largest and rarest of the cultured pearls -- making them the most valuable . Prized for their exquisitely beautiful ' orient ' or lustre , South Sea pearls are now farmed in various parts of the world where the Pinctada maxima oysters can be found , with the finest South Sea pearls being produced by Paspaley along the remote coastline of North - Western Australia . White and silver colored South Sea pearls tend to come from the Broome area of Australia , while golden colored ones are more prevalent in the Philippines and Indonesia . </P> <P> A farm in the Gulf of California , Mexico , is culturing pearls from the black lipped Pinctada mazatlanica oysters and the rainbow lipped Pteria sterna oysters . Also called Concha Nácar , the pearls from these rainbow lipped oysters fluoresce red under ultraviolet light . </P> <H2> From other species ( edit ) </H2> A shell of the Indian volute , Melo melo , surrounded by a number of pearls from this species Conch pearl pendant <P> Biologically speaking , under the right set of circumstances , almost any shelled mollusk can produce some kind of pearl . However , most of these molluskan pearls have no luster or iridescence . The great majority of mollusk species produce pearls which are not attractive , and are sometimes not even very durable , such that they usually have no value at all , except perhaps to a scientist or collector , or as a curiosity . These objects used to be referred to as `` calcareous concretions '' by some gemologists , even though a malacologist would still consider them to be pearls . Valueless pearls of this type are sometimes found in edible mussels , edible oysters , escargot snails , and so on . The GIA and CIBJO now simply use the term ' pearl ' ( or , where appropriate , the more descriptive term ' non-nacreous pearl ' ) when referring to such items and , under Federal Trade Commission rules , various mollusk pearls may be referred to as ' pearls ' , without qualification . </P> <P> A few species produce pearls that can be of interest as gemstones . These species include the bailer shell Melo , the giant clam Tridacna , various scallop species , Pen shells Pinna , and the Haliotis iris species of abalone . Pearls of abalone , or pāua , are mabe pearls , or blister pearls , unique to New Zealand waters and are commonly referred to as ' blue pearls ' . They are admired for their incredible luster and naturally bright vibrant colors that are often compared to opal . Another example is the conch pearl ( sometimes referred to simply as the ' pink pearl ' ) , which is found very rarely growing between the mantle and the shell of the queen conch or pink conch , Strombus gigas , a large sea snail or marine gastropod from the Caribbean Sea . These pearls , which are often pink in color , are a by - product of the conch fishing industry , and the best of them display a shimmering optical effect related to chatoyance known as ' flame structure ' . </P> <P> Somewhat similar gastropod pearls , this time more orange in hue , are ( again very rarely ) found in the horse conch Pleuroploca gigantea . </P> <P> The second largest pearl known was found in the Philippines in 1934 and is known as the Pearl of Lao Tzu . It is a naturally occurring , non-nacreous , calcareous concretion ( pearl ) from a giant clam . Because it did not grow in a pearl oyster it is not pearly ; instead the surface is glossy like porcelain . Other pearls from giant clams are known to exist , but this is a particularly large one weighing 14 lb ( 6.4 kg ) . </P> <P> The largest known pearl ( also from a giant clam ) was found in the Philippines as well by a fisherman from Puerto Princesa , Palawan Island . The enormous pearl is 30 cm wide ( 1 ft ) , 67 cm long ( 2.2 ft ) and weighs 75 lb ( 34 kg ) . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Pearl hunting ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pearl hunting A 14th - century piece of clothing used by Kuwaiti divers searching for pearls in the Persian Gulf <P> The ancient chronicle Mahavamsa mentions of the thriving pearl industry in the port of Oruwella in the Gulf of Mannar in Sri Lanka . It also records that eight varieties of pearls accompanied Prince Vijaya 's embassy to the Pandyan king as well as king Devanampiya Tissa 's embassy to Emperor Ashoka . Pliny the Elder ( 23 -- 79AD ) praised the pearl fishery of the Gulf as most productive in the world . </P> <P> For thousands of years , seawater pearls were retrieved by divers in the Indian Ocean in areas such as the Persian Gulf , the Red Sea and the Gulf of Mannar . Evidence also suggest a prehistoric origin to pearl diving in these regions . Starting in the Han Dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) , the Chinese hunted extensively for seawater pearls in the South China Sea . In the 14th - century Arabian Sea , the traveller Ibn Battuta provided the earliest known description of pearl diving by means of attaching a cord to the diver 's waist . </P> Catching of pearls , Bern Physiologus ( 9th century ) <P> When Spanish conquistadors arrived in the Western Hemisphere , they discovered that around the islands of Cubagua and Margarita , some 200 km north of the Venezuelan coast , was an extensive pearl bed ( a bed of pearl oysters ) . One discovered and named pearl , La Peregrina pearl , was offered to the Spanish queen . According to Garcilasso de la Vega , who says that he saw La Peregrina at Seville in 1607 , this was found at Panama in 1560 by a slave worker who was rewarded with his liberty , and his owner with the office of alcalde of Panama . </P> <P> Margarita pearls are extremely difficult to find today and are known for their unique yellowish color . The most famous Margarita necklace that anyone can see today is the one that then Venezuelan President Romulo Betancourt gave to Jacqueline Kennedy when she and her husband , President John F. Kennedy paid an official visit to Venezuela . </P> <P> Before the beginning of the 20th century , pearl hunting was the most common way of harvesting pearls . Divers manually pulled oysters from ocean floors and river bottoms and checked them individually for pearls . Not all mussels and oysters produce pearls . In a haul of three tons , only three or four oysters will produce perfect pearls . </P> British isles ( edit ) <P> Pearls were one of the attractions which drew Julius Caesar to Britain . They are , for the most part , freshwater pearls from mussels . Pearling was banned in the U.K. in 1998 due to the endangered status of river mussels . Discovery and publicity about the sale for a substantial sum of the Abernethy pearl in the River Tay had resulted in heavy exploitation of mussel colonies during the 1970s and 80s by weekend warriors . When it was permitted it was carried on mainly by Scottish Travellers who found pearls varied from river to river with the River Oykel in the Highlands being noted for the finest rose - pink pearls . There are two firms in Scotland that are licensed to sell pre-1998 freshwater pearls . </P> <H3> Pearl farming ( edit ) </H3> A pearl being extracted from an akoya pearl oyster . See also : Oyster farming <P> Today , the cultured pearls on the market can be divided into two categories . The first category covers the beaded cultured pearls , including Akoya , South Sea and Tahiti . These pearls are gonad grown , and usually one pearl is grown at a time . This limits the number of pearls at a harvest period . The pearls are usually harvested after one year for akoya , 2 -- 4 years for Tahitian and South Sea , and 2 -- 7 years for freshwater . This perliculture process was first developed by the British biologist William Saville - Kent who passed the information along to Tatsuhei Mise and Tokichi Nishikawa from Japan . The second category includes the non-beaded freshwater cultured pearls , like the Biwa or Chinese pearls . As they grow in the mantle , where on each wing up to 25 grafts can be implanted , these pearls are much more frequent and saturate the market completely . An impressive improvement in quality has taken place in the last ten years when the former rice - grain - shaped pebbles are compared with the near round pearls of today . In the last two years large near perfect round bead nucleated pearls up to 15mm in diameter have been produced with metallic luster . </P> <P> The nucleus bead in a beaded cultured pearl is generally a polished sphere made from freshwater mussel shell . Along with a small piece of mantle tissue from another mollusk ( donor shell ) to serve as a catalyst for the pearl sac , it is surgically implanted into the gonad ( reproductive organ ) of a saltwater mollusk . In freshwater perliculture , only the piece of tissue is used in most cases , and is inserted into the fleshy mantle of the host mussel . South Sea and Tahitian pearl oysters , also known as Pinctada maxima and Pinctada margaritifera , which survive the subsequent surgery to remove the finished pearl , are often implanted with a new , larger beads as part of the same procedure and then returned to the water for another 2 -- 3 years of growth . </P> <P> Despite the common misperception , Mikimoto did not discover the process of pearl culture . The accepted process of pearl culture was developed by the British Biologist William Saville - Kent in Australia and brought to Japan by Tokichi Nishikawa and Tatsuhei Mise . Nishikawa was granted the patent in 1916 , and married the daughter of Mikimoto . Mikimoto was able to use Nishikawa 's technology . After the patent was granted in 1916 , the technology was immediately commercially applied to akoya pearl oysters in Japan in 1916 . Mise 's brother was the first to produce a commercial crop of pearls in the akoya oyster . Mitsubishi 's Baron Iwasaki immediately applied the technology to the south sea pearl oyster in 1917 in the Philippines , and later in Buton , and Palau . Mitsubishi was the first to produce a cultured south sea pearl -- although it was not until 1928 that the first small commercial crop of pearls was successfully produced . </P> <P> The original Japanese cultured pearls , known as akoya pearls , are produced by a species of small pearl oyster , Pinctada fucata martensii , which is no bigger than 6 to 8 cm ( 2.4 to 3.1 in ) in size , hence akoya pearls larger than 10 mm in diameter are extremely rare and highly priced . Today , a hybrid mollusk is used in both Japan and China in the production of akoya pearls . </P> <P> Cultured Pearls were sold in cans for the export market . These were packed in Japan by the I.C.P. Canning Factory ( International Pearl Company L.T.D. ) in Nagasaki Pref . Japan . </P> <H2> Timeline of pearl production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Mitsubishi commenced pearl culture with the South Sea pearl oyster in 1916 , as soon as the technology patent was commercialized . By 1931 this project was showing signs of success , but was upset by the death of Tatsuhei Mise . Although the project was recommenced after Tatsuhei 's death , the project was discontinued at the beginning of WWII before significant productions of pearls were achieved . </P> <P> After WWII , new south sea pearl projects were commenced in the early 1950s at Kuri Bay and Port Essington in Australia , and Burma . Japanese companies were involved in all projects using technicians from the original Mitsubishi South Sea pre-war projects . Kuri Bay is now the location of one of the largest and most well - known pearl farms owned by Paspaley , the biggest producer of South Sea pearls in the world . </P> <P> In 2010 , China overtook Japan in akoya pearl production . Japan has all but ceased its production of akoya pearls smaller than 8 mm . Japan maintains its status as a pearl processing center , however , and imports the majority of Chinese akoya pearl production . These pearls are then processed ( often simply matched and sorted ) , relabeled as product of Japan , and exported . </P> <P> In the past two decades , cultured pearls have been produced using larger oysters in the south Pacific and Indian Ocean . The largest pearl oyster is the Pinctada maxima , which is roughly the size of a dinner plate . South Sea pearls are characterized by their large size and warm luster . Sizes up to 14 mm in diameter are not uncommon . In 2013 , Indonesia Pearl supplied 43 percent of South Sea Pearls international market . The other significant producers are Australia , Philippines , Myanmar and Malaysia . </P> <H2> Freshwater pearl farming ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1914 , pearl farmers began growing cultured freshwater pearls using the pearl mussels native to Lake Biwa . This lake , the largest and most ancient in Japan , lies near the city of Kyoto . The extensive and successful use of the Biwa Pearl Mussel is reflected in the name Biwa pearls , a phrase which was at one time nearly synonymous with freshwater pearls in general . Since the time of peak production in 1971 , when Biwa pearl farmers produced six tons of cultured pearls , pollution has caused the virtual extinction of the industry . Japanese pearl farmers recently cultured a hybrid pearl mussel -- a cross between Biwa Pearl Mussels and a closely related species from China , Hyriopsis cumingi , in Lake Kasumigaura . This industry has also nearly ceased production , due to pollution . </P> <P> Japanese pearl producers also invested in producing cultured pearls with freshwater mussels in the region of Shanghai , China . China has since become the world 's largest producer of freshwater pearls , producing more than 1,500 metric tons per year ( in addition to metric measurements , Japanese units of measurement such as the kan and momme are sometimes encountered in the pearl industry ) . </P> <P> Led by pearl pioneer John Latendresse and his wife Chessy , the United States began farming cultured freshwater pearls in the mid-1960s . National Geographic magazine introduced the American cultured pearl as a commercial product in their August 1985 issue . The Tennessee pearl farm has emerged as a tourist destination in recent years , but commercial production of freshwater pearls has ceased . </P> <H2> Momme weight ( edit ) </H2> <P> For many cultured pearl dealers and wholesalers , the preferred weight measure used for loose pearls and pearl strands is the momme . Momme is a weight measure used by the Japanese for centuries . Today , momme weight is still the standard unit of measure used by most pearl dealers to communicate with pearl producers and wholesalers . One momme corresponds to 1 / 1000 kan . Reluctant to give up tradition , the Japanese government formalized the kan measure in 1891 as being exactly 3.75 kilograms or 8.28 pounds . Hence , 1 momme = 3.75 grams or 3750 milligrams . </P> <P> In the United States , during the 19th and 20th centuries , through trade with Japan in silk cloth the momme became a unit indicating the quality of silk cloth . </P> <P> Though millimeter size range is typically the first factor in determining a cultured pearl necklace 's value , the momme weight of pearl necklace will allow the buyer to quickly determine if the necklace is properly proportioned . This is especially true when comparing the larger south sea and Tahitian pearl necklaces . </P> <H2> In jewelry ( edit ) </H2> <P> The value of the pearls in jewelry is determined by a combination of the luster , color , size , lack of surface flaw and symmetry that are appropriate for the type of pearl under consideration . Among those attributes , luster is the most important differentiator of pearl quality according to jewelers . </P> <P> All factors being equal , however , the larger the pearl the more valuable it is . Large , perfectly round pearls are rare and highly valued . Teardrop - shaped pearls are often used in pendants . </P> <H3> Gallery ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> <P> A necklace of white pearls </P> </Li> <Li> <P> George Villiers , 1st Duke of Buckingham wearing white pearls </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Queen of Italy , Margherita of Savoy , owned one of the most famous collections of natural pearls . She is wearing a multi-strand choker and a rope of pearls </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Pearl bracelet from the 1840s </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Pearl earrings </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Shapes ( edit ) </H3> <P> Pearls come in eight basic shapes : round , semi-round , button , drop , pear , oval , baroque , circled and double bouldered . Perfectly round pearls are the rarest and most valuable shape . Semi-rounds are also used in necklaces or in pieces where the shape of the pearl can be disguised to look like it is a perfectly round pearl . Button pearls are like a slightly flattened round pearl and can also make a necklace , but are more often used in single pendants or earrings where the back half of the pearl is covered , making it look like a larger , rounder pearl . </P> <P> Drop and pear shaped pearls are sometimes referred to as teardrop pearls and are most often seen in earrings , pendants , or as a center pearl in a necklace . Baroque pearls have a different appeal ; they are often highly irregular with unique and interesting shapes . They are also commonly seen in necklaces . Circled pearls are characterized by concentric ridges , or rings , around the body of the pearl . </P> <P> In general , cultured pearls are less valuable than natural pearls , whereas imitation pearls have almost no value . One way that jewelers can determine whether a pearl is cultured or natural is to have a gemlab perform an X-ray examination of the pearl . If X-rays reveals a nucleus , the pearl is likely a bead - nucleated saltwater pearl . If no nucleus is present , but irregular and small dark inner spots indicating a cavity are visible , combined with concentric rings of organic substance , the pearl is likely a cultured freshwater . Cultured freshwater pearls can often be confused for natural pearls which present as homogeneous pictures which continuously darken toward the surface of the pearl . Natural pearls will often show larger cavities where organic matter has dried out and decomposed . </P> <H3> Lengths of pearl necklaces ( edit ) </H3> <P> There is a special vocabulary used to describe the length of pearl necklaces . While most other necklaces are simply referred to by their physical measurement , pearl necklaces are named by how low they hang when worn around the neck . A collar , measuring 10 to 13 inches or 25 to 33 cm in length , sits directly against the throat and does not hang down the neck at all ; collars are often made up of multiple strands of pearls . Pearl chokers , measuring 14 to 16 inches or 35 to 41 cm in length , nestle just at the base of the neck . A strand called a princess length , measuring 17 to 19 inches or 43 to 48 cm in length , comes down to or just below the collarbone . A matinee length , measuring 20 to 24 inches or 50 to 60 cm in length , falls just above the breasts . An opera length , measuring 28 to 35 inches or 70 to 90 cm in length , will be long enough to reach the breastbone or sternum of the wearer ; and longer still , a pearl rope , measuring more than 45 inches or 115 cm in length , is any length that falls down farther than an opera . </P> <P> Necklaces can also be classified as uniform , or graduated . In a uniform strand of pearls , all pearls are classified as the same size , but actually fall in a range . A uniform strand of akoya pearls , for example , will measure within 0.5 mm . So a strand will never be 7 mm , but will be 6.5 -- 7 mm . Freshwater pearls , Tahitian pearls , and South Sea pearls all measure to a full millimeter when considered uniform . </P> <P> A graduated strand of pearls most often has at least 3 mm of differentiation from the ends to the center of the necklace . Popularized in the United States during the 1950s by the GIs bringing strands of cultured akoya pearls home from Japan , a 3.5 momme , 3 mm to 7 mm graduated strand was much more affordable than a uniform strand because most of the pearls were small . </P> <H3> Colors ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Earrings and necklaces can also be classified on the grade of the color of the pearl : saltwater and freshwater pearls come in many different colors . While white , and more recently black , saltwater pearls are by far the most popular , other color tints can be found on pearls from the oceans . Pink , blue , champagne , green , black and even purple saltwater pearls can be encountered , but to collect enough of these rare colors to form a complete string of the same size and same shade can take years . </P> <H2> Religious references ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Hindu scriptures ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Hindu tradition describes the sacred Nine Pearls which were first documented in the Garuda Purana , one of the books of the Hindu mythology . Ayurveda contains references to pearl powder as a stimulant of digestion and to treat mental ailments . According to Marco Polo , the kings of Malabar wore a necklace of 104 rubies and pearls which was given from one generation of kings to the next . The reason was that every king had to say 104 prayers every morning and every evening . At least until the beginning of the 20th century it was a Hindu custom to present a completely new , undrilled pearl and pierce it during the wedding ceremony . </P> <P> The Pearl , which can be transliterated to `` Moti '' , a type of `` Mani '' from Sanskrit , is also associated with many Hindu deities , the most famous being the Kaustubha that Lord Vishnu wears on his chest . </P> <H3> Hebrew scriptures ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to Rebbenu Bachya , the word Yahalom in the verse Exodus 28 : 18 means `` pearl '' and was the stone on the Hoshen representing the tribe of Zebulun . This is generally disputed among scholars , particularly since the word in question in most manuscripts is actually Yasepheh -- the word from which jasper derives ; scholars think that refers to green jasper ( the rarest and most prized form in early times ) rather than red jasper ( the most common form ) . Yahalom is usually translated by the Septuagint as an `` onyx '' , but sometimes as `` beryl '' or as `` jasper '' ; onyx only started being mined after the Septuagint was written , so the Septuagint 's term `` onyx '' probably does not mean onyx -- onyx is originally an Assyrian word meaning ring , and so could refer to anything used for making rings . Yahalom is similar to a Hebrew word meaning hit hard , so some people think that it means diamond . The variation in possibilities of meaning for this sixth stone in the Hoshen is reflected in different translations of the Bible -- the King James Version translates the sixth stone as diamond , the New International Version translates it as emerald , and the Vulgate translates it as jaspis -- meaning jasper . There is a wide range of views among traditional sources about which tribe the stone refers to . </P> <H3> New Testament scriptures ( edit ) </H3> Religious pendant showing Christ blessing , framed with rubies and pearls , from the Byzantine empire , 12th or 13th century <P> In a Christian New Testament parable ( Matthew 13 : 45 -- 46 ) , Jesus compared the Kingdom of Heaven to a `` pearl of great price '' . `` Again , the kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man , seeking goodly ( fine ) pearls : Who , when he had found one pearl of great price , went and sold all that he had , and bought it . '' </P> <P> The twelve gates of the New Jerusalem are reportedly each made of a single pearl in Revelation 21 : 21 , that is , the Pearly Gates . `` And the twelve gates were twelve pearls ; every gate was of one pearl : and the streets of the city were pure gold , as if transparent glass . '' </P> <P> Holy things are compared to pearls in Matthew 7 : 6 : `` Do not give dogs what is holy , and do not throw your pearls before pigs , lest they trample them underfoot and turn to attack you . '' </P> <P> Pearls are also found in numerous references showing the wickedness and pride of a people , as in Revelation 18 : 16 . `` And saying , Alas , alas , that great city , that was clothed in fine linen , in purple and scarlet , and decked with gold , and precious stones , and pearls ! '' </P> <H3> Islamic scriptures ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Qur'an often mentions that dwellers of paradise will be adorned with pearls : </P> <P> 22 : 23 God will admit those who believe and work righteous deeds , to Gardens beneath which rivers flow : they shall be adorned therein with bracelets of gold and pearls ; and their garments there will be of silk . </P> <P> 35 : 33 Gardens of Eternity will they enter : therein will they be adorned with bracelets of gold and pearls ; and their garments there will be of silk . </P> <P> 52 : 24 Round about them will serve , ( devoted ) to them , youths ( handsome ) as pearls well - guarded . </P> <H3> Additional references ( edit ) </H3> <P> The metaphor of a pearl appears in the longer Hymn of the Pearl , a poem respected for its high literary quality , and use of layered theological metaphor , found within one of the texts of Gnosticism . </P> <P> The Pearl of Great Price is a book of scripture in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) and some other Latter Day Saint denominations . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Amber </Li> <Li> Ammolite -- another organic gemstone formed primarily of fossil aragonite mollusk shells </Li> <Li> Bahrain Pearling Trail , a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Muharraq , Bahrain </Li> <Li> Broome , Western Australia , a pearling town </Li> <Li> Cave pearl </Li> <Li> La Pelegrina pearl </Li> <Li> La Peregrina pearl </Li> <Li> Les pêcheurs de perles , The Pearl Fishers , an opera by Georges Bizet </Li> <Li> Mary Tudor pearl </Li> <Li> Oriental Pride </Li> <Li> Pearl Maxima , one of the largest nacreous pearls ever found </Li> <Li> Pearl of Lao Tzu </Li> <Li> Pearl of Puerto , largest pearl in the world </Li> <Li> Pearl powder , used in Traditional Chinese Medicine </Li> <Li> Precious coral </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schumann , Walter ( 2001 ) . Gemstones of the World . Robert Hale . p. 230 . ISBN 0 - 7198 - 0301 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lazzarelli , Herve Nicolas ( 2010 ) . Blue Chart Gem Identification . p. 8 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pearl '' . Gemdat.org . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Guides for the Jewelry , Precious Metals , and Pewter Industries '' . Ftc.gov . May 30 , 1996 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ( 6th ed . ) , Oxford University Press , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920687 - 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sima , Petr. ( 1990 ) . Evolution of Immune Reactions . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0849365937 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neil H. Landman , et al. ( 2001 ) Pearls : A Natural History , Harry Abrams , Inc. , ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4495 - 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pearl oyster farming and pearl culture '' . Fao.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenneth Scarratt , The Pearl and the Dragon , Houlton ; 1st edition ( 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 935681 - 07 - 8 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Farn , Alexander E. ( 2013 ) . Pearls : Natural , Cultured and Imitation . Burlington : Elsevier Science . pp. 90 -- 108 . ISBN 9781483162737 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Strack , Elisabeth . `` Pearls '' . Ruhle - Diebener - Verlag , 2006 , p. 38 ISBN 3981084802 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Pearl Book , pp. 47 -- 49 , 4th edition , Matlins , Antoinette , Gemstone Press , copyright 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Pearl Story , Gemstone Adventure Series , volume 2 , copyright 2007 America 's Collectibles Network , </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hanni , HA ( June 2006 ) . `` Keshi Perlen : Ein Erklarungbedurftiger Begriff ( Keshi Pearls : a term in need of explanation ) '' . Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft . DGemG. 55 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 39 -- 50 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pouvreau , Stéphane ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Ecophysiological model of growth and reproduction of the black pearl oyster , Pinctada margaritifera : potential applications for pearl farming in French Polynesia '' . Aquaculture. 186 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 117 -- 144 . doi : 10.1016 / S0044 - 8486 ( 99 ) 00373 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pinctada maxima Archived August 20 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine ... MissJoaquim.com Retrieved on 2017 - 05 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ How To Buy Pearls Archived September 28 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Nature.berkeley.edu . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Scarratt , Kenneth ( 2012 ) . `` Natural Pearls from Australian Pinctada maxima '' . Gems & Gemology. 48 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jewel of the South Sea '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 30 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Concha Nacar The Sea of Cortez Pearl Blog Archived February 25 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Perlas.com.mx ( 2010 - 11 - 22 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CIBJO ' Pearl Book ' '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GIA ' Gems & Gemology ' magazine news archive '' . Gia.edu . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fisherman hands in giant pearl he kept under the bed for 10 years '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Senaveratna , John M ( 1930 ) . The story of the Sinhalese : From the most ancient times up to the end of `` The Mahavasna '' , or great dynasty ; Vijaya to Maha Sena ( B.C. 543 to A.D. 302 ) . W.M.A. Wahid . pp. 16 -- 9 , 46,130,144 -- 8,161 -- 3,213 . ASIN B000874SS0 . ISBN 9788120612716 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kunz , George F. ; Stevenson , Charles ( 1908 ) . The book of the pearl . New York : The Century Co. p. 2 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R. Raghu Prasad and P.V. Ramachandran Nair ( 1973 ) . `` India and the Indian Ocean Fisheries '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India . 15 : 1 -- 19 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 18 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arnold Wright ( 1999 ) . Twentieth century impressions of Ceylon : its history , people , commerce , industries , and resources . p. 227 . ISBN 81 - 206 - 1335 - X . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Hornell ( 2009 ) . The Indian Pearl Fisheries of the Gulf of Manar and Palk Bay . BiblioBazaar . p. 6 . ISBN 1 - 110 - 87096 - 5 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ De Silva , K.M. ( 1995 ) . Volume 2 of History of Ceylon , History of Ceylon : History of Sri Lanka . Peradeniya : Ceylon University Press . p. 56 . ISBN 955 - 589 - 004 - 8 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Discovery and Appreciation of Pearls - the Organic Gem Perfected by Nature '' . internetstones.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ROBERT CARTER ( 2005 ) . `` THE HISTORY AND PREHISTORY OF PEARLING IN THE PERSIAN GULF '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garcilasso , `` Historie des Incas , Rois du Perou , '' Amsterdam , 1704 , Vol. II , P. 352 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It was not only Britain 's mineral resources or her pretty slaves that had persuaded Caesar to make his military move across the Channel that summer : according to his biographer Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus it was something quite different . It was her pearls . '' Finlay , Victoria . Jewels : A Secret History ( Kindle Locations 1264 - 1267 ) . Random House Publishing Group . Kindle Edition . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Unlike sea pearls , which come from oysters , freshwater pearls come from mussels . And although farmed mussels are common throughout the world , wild colonies are now so endangered that in 1998 pearling was forbidden in the UK river system . Finlay , Victoria . Jewels : A Secret History ( Kindle Locations 1289 - 1290 ) . Random House Publishing Group . Kindle Edition . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The new weekend pearl - fishers were `` mostly middle - aged men driving big cars with beer coolers in the back '' and they would spend afternoons pulling hundreds of live mussels out of the rivers , opening them , and throwing away the shells , with not a care for conservation or the breeding season . All they cared about was finding another Abernethy pearl . Finlay , Victoria . Jewels : A Secret History ( Kindle Locations 1375 - 1377 ) . Random House Publishing Group . Kindle Edition . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pearlers were mostly Highland traveling people ... '' Finlay , Victoria . Jewels : A Secret History ( Kindle Location 1296 ) . Random House Publishing Group . Kindle Edition . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pearls from the Oykel River , northwest of Inverness , for example , are a sweet rose pink , and have always been the most valuable . '' Finlay , Victoria . Jewels : A Secret History ( Kindle Location 1341 ) . Random House Publishing Group . Kindle Edition . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scottish Freshwater Pearls accessed January 19 , 2018 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Travel more . Create better memories . `` Welcome to Kuri Bay Paspaley Pearl Farm '' . Ytravelblog.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pearl Guide : comparison Japan -- China akoya production Archived September 2 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... pearl-guide.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ward , Fred ( 2002 ) Pearls ( Fred Ward Gem Book ) , 3rd Edition , Gem Guides Book Company , pp. 35 -- 36 , ISBN 1 - 887651 - 08 - X </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Special Virtues Indonesian South Sea Pearls '' . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Indonesian Pearls Figures '' . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Indonesia Pasok 43 Persen Mutiara Dunia '' . August 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kunz , George F. ; Stevenson , Charles ( 1908 ) . The book of the pearl . New York : The Century Co. p. 412 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kunz , George F. ; Stevenson , Charles ( 1908 ) . The book of the pearl . New York : The Century Co. p. 350 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Pearl ( category ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier 's Encyclopedia article Pearl . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The History of Pearls . PBS Pearl History Special . </Li> <Li> Recover the major pearl produce country by aquaculture in UAE ( Japanese page with English narration ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Jewellery </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Forms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anklet </Li> <Li> Barrette </Li> <Li> Belt buckle </Li> <Li> Belly chain </Li> <Li> Bindi </Li> <Li> Bolo tie </Li> <Li> Bracelet </Li> <Li> Brooch </Li> <Li> Chatelaine </Li> <Li> Collar pin </Li> <Li> Crown </Li> <Li> Cufflink </Li> <Li> Earring </Li> <Li> Ferronnière </Li> <Li> Lapel pin </Li> <Li> Necklace </Li> <Li> Pectoral </Li> <Li> Pendant </Li> <Li> Ring </Li> <Li> Tiara </Li> <Li> Tie chain </Li> <Li> Tie clip </Li> <Li> Tie pin </Li> <Li> Toe ring </Li> <Li> Watch <Ul> <Li> pocket </Li> <Li> strap </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Making </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bench jeweler </Li> <Li> Clockmaker </Li> <Li> Goldsmith </Li> <Li> Silversmith </Li> <Li> Jewelry designer </Li> <Li> Lapidary </Li> <Li> Watchmaker </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Processes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carving </Li> <Li> Casting <Ul> <Li> centrifugal </Li> <Li> lost - 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in which sea pearl is found in india

List of National Animals - wikipedia <H1> List of National Animals </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( June 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> This is a list of national animals . </P> <H2> National animals </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Name of animal </Th> <Th> Scientific name </Th> <Th> Pictures </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> Fennec fox </Td> <Td> Vulpes zerda </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angola </Td> <Td> Red - crested turaco ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Tauraco erythrolophus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anguilla </Td> <Td> Zenaida dove </Td> <Td> Zenaida aurita </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antigua and Barbuda </Td> <Td> Fallow deer ( national animal ) </Td> <Td> Dama dama </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frigate ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Fregata magnificens </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hawksbill turtle ( national sea creature ) </Td> <Td> Eretmochelys imbricata </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Rufous hornero </Td> <Td> Furnarius rufus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Red kangaroo ( national animal ) </Td> <Td> Macropus rufus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emu ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Dromaius novaehollandiae </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> Black eagle </Td> <Td> Ictinaetus malaiensis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> Karabakh horse </Td> <Td> Equus ferus caballus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> Royal Bengal tiger ( national animal ) </Td> <Td> Panthera tigris tigris </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Magpie robin ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Copsychus saularis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ilish ( national fish ) </Td> <Td> Tenualosa ilisha </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> European bison </Td> <Td> Bison bonasus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Lion ( heraldic Leo Belgicus ) </Td> <Td> Panthera leo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belize </Td> <Td> Baird 's tapir ( national animal ) </Td> <Td> Tapirus bairdii </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Keel - billed toucan ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Ramphastos sulfuratus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bhutan </Td> <Td> Druk </Td> <Td> Mythical </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Takin </Td> <Td> Budorcas taxicolor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Rufous - bellied thrush </Td> <Td> Turdus rufiventris </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cambodia </Td> <Td> Kouprey </Td> <Td> Bos sauveli </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> North American beaver ( sovereignty animal symbol ) </Td> <Td> Castor canadensis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian horse ( national horse ) </Td> <Td> Equus ferus caballus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Giant panda ( national animal ) </Td> <Td> Ailuropoda melanoleuca </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chinese dragon ( national animal ) </Td> <Td> Mythical </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Red - crowned crane ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Grus japonensis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> Okapi </Td> <Td> Okapia johnstoni </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> Andean condor </Td> <Td> Vultur gryphus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> Yigüirro ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Turdus grayi </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> White - tailed deer ( national animal ) </Td> <Td> Odocoileus virginianus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Indian manatee ( national aquatic animal ) </Td> <Td> Trichechus manatus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Pine marten </Td> <Td> Martes martes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cuba </Td> <Td> Cuban trogon </Td> <Td> Priotelus temnurus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cyprus </Td> <Td> Cypriot mouflon </Td> <Td> Ovis orientalis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> Double - tailed lion </Td> <Td> Mythical </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> Mute swan ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Cygnus olor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Small tortoiseshell ( national butterfly ) </Td> <Td> Aglais urticae </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Egypt </Td> <Td> Steppe eagle </Td> <Td> Aquila nipalensis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estonia </Td> <Td> Barn swallow ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Hirundo rustica </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eritrea </Td> <Td> Arabian camel </Td> <Td> Camelus dromedarius </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> Lion </Td> <Td> Panthera leo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Faroe Islands </Td> <Td> Eurasian oystercatcher ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Haematopus ostralgus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Brown bear ( national animal ) </Td> <Td> Ursus arctos </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Whooper swan ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Cygnus cygnus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Holly blue ( national butterfly ) </Td> <Td> Celastrina argiolus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> European perch ( national fish ) </Td> <Td> Perca fluviatilis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seven - spot ladybird ( national insect ) </Td> <Td> Coccinella septempunctata </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Gallic rooster </Td> <Td> Gallus gallus domesticus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Unspecified Eagle </Td> <Td> Members of Accipitridae </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> Mythical </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dolphins </Td> <Td> Delphinus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> Quetzal </Td> <Td> Pharomachrus mocinno </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Haiti </Td> <Td> Hispaniolan Trogan </Td> <Td> Priotelus roseigaster </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> White - tailed deer </Td> <Td> Odocoileus virginianus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> Turul </Td> <Td> Mythical ( most probably Falco cherrug ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iceland </Td> <Td> Gyrfalcon </Td> <Td> Falco rusticolus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Bengal tiger ( National predator ) </Td> <Td> Panthera tigris tigris </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indian peafowl ( National bird ) </Td> <Td> Pavo cristatus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> King cobra ( National reptile ) </Td> <Td> Ophiophagus hannah </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ganges river dolphin ( National aquatic animal ) </Td> <Td> Platanista gangetica gangetica </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indian elephant ( National heritage animal ) </Td> <Td> Elephas maximus indicus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> Komodo dragon ( national animal ) </Td> <Td> Varanus komodoensis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Garuda ( historic national animal ) </Td> <Td> Mythical </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> Persian lion </Td> <Td> Panthera leo persica </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iraq </Td> <Td> Chukar partridge </Td> <Td> Alectoris chukar </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goat ( KRG ) </Td> <Td> Capra aegagrus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> Hoopoe ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Upupa epops </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jamaica </Td> <Td> Red - billed streamertail </Td> <Td> Trochilus polytmus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Green pheasant ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Phasianus versicolor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carp ( national fish ) </Td> <Td> Cyprinus carpio </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> White wagtail ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Motacilla alba </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Two - spotted ladybird ( national insect ) </Td> <Td> Adalia bipunctata </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lithuania </Td> <Td> White stork </Td> <Td> Ciconia ciconia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macedonia </Td> <Td> Lion ( in Macedonian heraldry ) </Td> <Td> Panthera leo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madagascar </Td> <Td> Zebu ( in Malagasy heraldry ) </Td> <Td> Bos primigenius indicus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ring - tailed lemur ( national animal ) </Td> <Td> Lemur catta </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> Malayan tiger ( national animal ) </Td> <Td> Panthera tigris jacksoni </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> Pharaoh Hound ( national animal ) </Td> <Td> Canis lupus familiaris </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moldova </Td> <Td> Aurochs ( national animal ) </Td> <Td> Bos primigenius </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mauritius </Td> <Td> Dodo </Td> <Td> Raphus cucullatus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> Golden eagle ( national animal ) </Td> <Td> Aquila chrysaetos </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Xoloitzcuintli ( national dog ) </Td> <Td> Canis lupus familiaris </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jaguar ( national mammal ) </Td> <Td> Panthera onca </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grasshopper ( national arthropod ) </Td> <Td> Sphenarium purpurascens </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vaquita ( national marine mammal ) </Td> <Td> Phocoena sinus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nepal </Td> <Td> Cow ( national animal ) </Td> <Td> Bos taurus indicus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Danphe ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Lophophorus impejanus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Lion ( heraldic symbol ) </Td> <Td> Panthera leo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Black - tailed godwit ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Limosa limosa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> Kiwi </Td> <Td> Apteryx sp . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Korea </Td> <Td> Chollima </Td> <Td> Mythical </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Lion ( royal national animal ) </Td> <Td> Panthera leo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> White - throated dipper ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Cinclus cinclus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fjord horse ( national horse ) </Td> <Td> Equus ferus caballus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oman </Td> <Td> Arabian oryx ( national animal ) </Td> <Td> Oryx leucoryx </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Markhor ( National animal ) </Td> <Td> Capra falconeri </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indus river dolphin ( National aquatic mammal ) </Td> <Td> Platanista indicus minor minor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chukar ( National bird ) </Td> <Td> Alectoris chukar </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indus crocodile ( National reptile ) </Td> <Td> Crocodylus palustris </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shaheen falcon ( Heritage bird ) </Td> <Td> Falco peregrinus peregrinator </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Snow leopard ( National predator ) </Td> <Td> Panthera uncia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panama </Td> <Td> Harpy eagle </Td> <Td> Harpia harpyja </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Papua New Guinea </Td> <Td> Dugong ( national marine mammal ) </Td> <Td> Dugong dugon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peru </Td> <Td> Vicuña ( national animal ) </Td> <Td> Vicugna vicugna </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> Carabao ( national animal ) </Td> <Td> Bubalus bubalis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philippine eagle ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Pithecophaga jefferyi </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> White - tailed eagle ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Haliaeetus albicilla </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> White stork ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Ciconia ciconia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> European bison ( national animal ) </Td> <Td> Bison bonasus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Qatar </Td> <Td> Arabian oryx </Td> <Td> Oryx leucoryx </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> Lynx </Td> <Td> Lynx lynx </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> Eurasian brown bear </Td> <Td> Ursus arctos arctos </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rwanda </Td> <Td> Leopard </Td> <Td> Panthera pardus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Td> <Td> Saint Vincent amazon </Td> <Td> Amazona guildingii </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> Wolf </Td> <Td> Canis lupus lupus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> White eagle </Td> <Td> Mythical </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lynx </Td> <Td> Lynx lynx </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Somalia </Td> <Td> Leopard ( national animal ) </Td> <Td> Panthera pardus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Springbok ( national animal ) </Td> <Td> Antidorcas marsupialis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue crane ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Anthropoides paradiseus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Galjoen ( national fish ) </Td> <Td> Dichistius capensis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> Siberian tiger </Td> <Td> Panthera tigris altaica </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Korean magpie ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Pica ( pica ) sericea </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> Sri Lankan junglefowl ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Gallus lafayettii </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tanzania </Td> <Td> Giraffe </Td> <Td> Giraffa camelopardalis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> Elephant </Td> <Td> Elephas maximus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Arab Emirates </Td> <Td> Arabian oryx ( national animal ) </Td> <Td> Oryx leucoryx </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peregrine falcon ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Falco peregrinus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Lion ( United Kingdom , England , Scotland , Wales ) </Td> <Td> Panthera leo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulldog ( Britain as `` British Bulldog '' ) </Td> <Td> Canis lupus familiaris </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Red kite ( Wales ) </Td> <Td> Milvus milvus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Unicorn ( Scotland ) </Td> <Td> Mythical </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Y Ddraig Goch ( Welsh Dragon Wales ) </Td> <Td> Mythical </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Bald eagle ( national bird ) </Td> <Td> Haliaeetus leucocephalus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> American bison ( national mammal ) </Td> <Td> Bison bison </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Animals portal </Li> <Li> Lists portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> State animal </Li> <Li> List of national birds </Li> <Li> Animals as heraldic charges </Li> <Li> Floral emblem </Li> <Li> National personification </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Fennec Fox : Algeria 's National Animal '' . algeria.com . 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The Journal of American Culture . 13 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 69 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1542 - 734X. 1990.1301 _63. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Symbols of U.S. Government : The Bald Eagle '' . Ben 's Guide to U.S. Government For Kids . United States Government Printing Office . 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panda is a national animal of which country

Sub-Saharan Africa - wikipedia <H1> Sub-Saharan Africa </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Dark and lighter green : Definition of `` Sub-Saharan Africa '' as used in the statistics of the United Nations institutions . Lighter green : However , Sudan is classified as North Africa by the United Nations Statistics Division . Red : Arab states in Africa ( Arab League and UNESCO ) . Simplified climatic map of Africa : Sub-Saharan Africa consists of the Sahel and the Horn of Africa in the north ( yellow ) , the tropical savannas ( light green ) and the tropical rainforests ( dark green ) of Equatorial Africa , and the arid Kalahari Basin ( yellow ) and the `` Mediterranean '' south coast ( olive ) of Southern Africa . The numbers shown correspond to the dates of all Iron Age artifacts associated with the Bantu expansion . <P> Sub-Saharan Africa is , geographically , the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara . According to the United Nations , it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara . It contrasts with North Africa , whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world . Somalia , Djibouti , Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa , but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world . </P> <P> The Sahel is the transitional zone in between the Sahara and the tropical savanna of the Sudan region and farther south the forest - savanna mosaic of tropical Africa . </P> <P> Since probably 3500 BCE , the Saharan and Sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara , forming an effective barrier interrupted by only the Nile in Sudan , though the Nile was blocked by the river 's cataracts . The Sahara pump theory explains how flora and fauna ( including Homo sapiens ) left Africa to penetrate the Middle East and beyond . African pluvial periods are associated with a `` wet Sahara '' phase during which larger lakes and more rivers existed . </P> <P> The use of the term has been criticized because it refers to the South only by cartography conventions and projects a connotation of inferiority ; a vestige of colonialism , which some say , divided Africa into European terms of homogeneity . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 Climate zones and ecoregions </Li> <Li> 3 History <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Prehistory </Li> <Li> 3.2 Central Africa </Li> <Li> 3.3 Horn of Africa </Li> <Li> 3.4 Southern Africa </Li> <Li> 3.5 Southeast Africa </Li> <Li> 3.6 Sudan </Li> <Li> 3.7 Western Africa </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Demographics <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Population </Li> <Li> 4.2 Languages and ethnic groups <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Afroasiatic </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Khoisan </Li> <Li> 4.2. 3 Niger -- Congo </Li> <Li> 4.2. 4 Nilo - Saharan </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Economy <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Energy and power </Li> <Li> 5.2 Media </Li> <Li> 5.3 Infrastructure </Li> <Li> 5.4 Oil and minerals </Li> <Li> 5.5 Agriculture </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Education </Li> <Li> 7 Health </Li> <Li> 8 Religion </Li> <Li> 9 Culture </Li> <Li> 10 Music </Li> <Li> 11 Art </Li> <Li> 12 Cuisine </Li> <Li> 13 Clothing </Li> <Li> 14 Sports </Li> <Li> 15 Tourism </Li> <Li> 16 List of countries and regional organization <Ul> <Li> 16.1 Central Africa </Li> <Li> 16.2 East Africa <Ul> <Li> 16.2. 1 Horn of Africa </Li> <Li> 16.2. 2 Southeast Africa </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 16.3 Southern Africa </Li> <Li> 16.4 Sudan </Li> <Li> 16.5 West Africa </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 17 See also </Li> <Li> 18 Notes </Li> <Li> 19 References </Li> <Li> 20 Further reading </Li> <Li> 21 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology ( edit ) </H2> Ethnographic map of Africa , from Meyers Blitz - Lexikon ( 1932 ) . <P> Geographers historically divided the region into several distinct ethnographic sections based on each area 's respective inhabitants . </P> <P> Commentators in Arabic in the medieval period used the general term bilâd as - sûdân ( `` Land of the Blacks '' ) for the vast Sudan region ( an expression denoting West and Central Africa ) , or sometimes extending from the coast of West Africa to Western Sudan . Its equivalent in Southeast Africa was Zanj ( `` Country of the Blacks '' ) , which was situated in the vicinity of the Great Lakes region . </P> <P> The geographers drew an explicit ethnographic distinction between the Sudan region and its analogue Zanj , from the area to their extreme east on the Red Sea coast in the Horn of Africa . In modern - day Ethiopia and Eritrea was Al - Habash or Abyssinia , which was inhabited by the Habash or Abyssinians , who were the forebears of the Habesha . In northern Somalia was Barbara or the Bilad al - Barbar ( `` Land of the Berbers '' ) , which was inhabited by the Eastern Baribah or Barbaroi , as the ancestors of the Somalis were referred to by medieval Arab and ancient Greek geographers , respectively . </P> <P> In the 19th and 20th centuries , the populations south of the Sahara were divided into three broad ancestral groups : Hamites and Semites in the Horn of Africa and Sahel related to those in North Africa , who spoke languages belonging to the Afroasiatic family ; Negroes in most of the rest of the subcontinent ( hence , the former toponym Black Africa for Tropical Africa ) , who spoke languages belonging to the Niger - Congo and Nilo - Saharan families ; and Khoisan in Southern Africa , who spoke languages belonging to the Khoisan family . </P> <H2> Climate zones and ecoregions ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Afrotropic ecozone ; Tropical and subtropical grasslands , savannas , and shrublands ; and List of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregions Climate zones of Africa , showing the ecological break between the hot desert climate of North Africa and the Horn of Africa ( red ) , the hot semi-arid climate of the Sahel and areas surrounding deserts ( orange ) and the tropical climate of Central and Western Africa ( blue ) . Southern Africa has a transition to semi-tropical or temperate climates ( green ) , and more desert or semi-arid regions , centered on Namibia and Botswana . <P> Sub-Saharan Africa has a wide variety of climate zones or biomes . South Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in particular are considered Megadiverse countries . It has a dry winter season and a wet summer season . </P> <Ul> <Li> The Sahel shoots across all of Africa at a latitude of about 10 ° to 15 ° N. Countries that include parts of the Sahara Desert proper in their northern territories and parts of the Sahel in their southern region include Mauritania , Mali , Niger , Chad and Sudan . The Sahel has a hot semi-arid climate . </Li> <Li> South of the Sahel , there is a belt of savanna ( Guinean forest - savanna mosaic , Northern Congolian forest - savanna mosaic ) , widening to include most of South Sudan and Ethiopia in the east ( East Sudanese savanna ) . </Li> <Li> The Horn of Africa globally includes hot desert climate along the coast but hot semi-arid climate can be found much more in the interior , contrasting with savannah and moist broadleaf forests in the interior of Ethiopia . </Li> <Li> Tropical Africa encompasses tropical rainforest stretching along the southern coast of West Africa and across most of Central Africa ( the Congo ) west of the African Great Lakes </Li> <Li> The Eastern Miombo woodlands are an ecoregion of Tanzania , Malawi , and Mozambique . </Li> <Li> The Serengeti ecosystem is located in northwestern Tanzania and extends to southwestern Kenya . </Li> <Li> The Kalahari Basin includes the Kalahari Desert , which is surrounded by a belt of semi-desert . </Li> <Li> The Bushveld is a tropical savanna ecoregion of Southern Africa . </Li> <Li> The Karoo is a semi-desert in western South Africa . </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of Africa <H3> Prehistory ( edit ) </H3> Stone chopping tool from Olduvai Gorge <P> According to paleontology , early hominid skull anatomy was similar to that of their close cousins , the great African forest apes , gorilla and chimpanzee , but they had adopted a bipedal locomotion and freed hands , giving them a crucial advantage enabling them to live in both forested areas and on the open savanna at a time when Africa was drying up , with savanna encroaching on forested areas . This occurred 10 million to 5 million years ago . </P> <P> By 3 million years ago several australopithecine hominid species had developed throughout southern , eastern and central Africa . They were tool users rather than tool manufacturers . The next major evolutionary step occurred around 2.3 million BCE , when primitive stone tools were used to scavenge the carcasses of animals killed by other predators , both for their meat and their marrow . In hunting , H. habilis was most likely not capable of competing with large predators and was more prey than hunter , although H. habilis probably did steal eggs from nests and may have been able to catch small game and weakened larger prey such as cubs and older animals . The tools were classed as Oldowan . </P> <P> Roughly 1.8 million years ago , Homo ergaster first appeared in the fossil record in Africa . From Homo ergaster , Homo erectus ( upright man ) evolved 1.5 million years ago . Some of the earlier representatives of this species were small - brained and used primitive stone tools , much like H. habilis . The brain later grew in size , and H. erectus eventually developed a more complex stone tool technology called the Acheulean . Potentially the first hominid to engage in hunting , H. erectus mastered the art of making fire . They were the first hominids to leave Africa , going on to colonize the entire Old World , and perhaps later on giving rise to Homo floresiensis . Although some recent writers suggest that H. georgicus , a H. habilis descendant , was the first and most primitive hominid to ever live outside Africa , many scientists consider H. georgicus to be an early and primitive member of the H. erectus species . </P> <P> The fossil record shows Homo sapiens living in southern and eastern Africa anywhere from 100,000 to 150,000 years ago . Between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago , their expansion out of Africa launched the colonization of the planet by modern humans . By 10,000 BCE , Homo sapiens had spread to all corners of the world . This dispersal of the human species is suggested by linguistic , cultural and genetic evidence . </P> <P> After the Sahara became a desert , it did not present a totally impenetrable barrier for travelers between north and south because of the application of animal husbandry towards carrying water , food , and supplies across the desert . Prior to the introduction of the camel , the use of oxen , mule , and horses for desert crossing was common , and trade routes followed chains of oases that were strung across the desert . The trans - saharan trade was in full motion by 500 BCE with Carthage being a major economic force for its establishment . It is thought that the camel was first brought to Egypt after the Persian Empire conquered Egypt in 525 BCE , although large herds did not become common enough in North Africa for camels to be the pack animal of choice for the trans - saharan trade . </P> <H3> Central Africa ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Central Africa Nzinga Mbande , queen of the Bantu Ndongo and Matamba kingdoms <P> Archaeological finds in Central Africa provide evidence of human settlement that may date back over 10 000 years . According to Zangato and Holl , there is evidence of iron - smelting in the Central African Republic and Cameroon that may date back to 3000 to 2500 BCE . Extensive walled sites and settlements have recently been found in Zilum , Chad . The area is located approximately 60 km ( 37 mi ) southwest of Lake Chad , and has been radiocarbon dated to the first millennium BCE . </P> <P> Trade and improved agricultural techniques supported more sophisticated societies , leading to the early civilizations of Sao , Kanem , Bornu , Shilluk , Baguirmi , and Wadai . </P> <P> Following the Bantu Migration into Central Africa , during the 14th century , the Luba Kingdom in southeast Congo came about under a king whose political authority derived from religious , spiritual legitimacy . The kingdom controlled agriculture and regional trade of salt and iron from the north and copper from the Zambian / Congo copper belt . </P> <P> Rival kingship factions which split from the Luba Kingdom later moved among the Lunda people , marrying into its elite and laying the foundation of the Lunda Empire in the 16th century . The ruling dynasty centralised authority among the Lunda under the Mwata Yamyo or Mwaant Yaav . The Mwata Yamyo 's legitimacy , like that of the Luba king , came from being viewed as a spiritual religious guardian . This imperial cult or system of divine kings was spread to most of central Africa by rivals in kingship migrating and forming new states . Many new states received legitimacy by claiming descent from the Lunda dynasties . </P> <P> The Kingdom of Kongo existed from the Atlantic west to the Kwango river to the east . During the 15th century , the Bakongo farming community was united with its capital at M'banza - Kongo , under the king title , Manikongo . Other significant states and peoples included the Kuba Kingdom , producers of the famous raffia cloth , the Eastern Lunda , Bemba , Burundi , Rwanda , and the Kingdom of Ndongo . </P> <H3> Horn of Africa ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Horn of Africa § History Further information : History of Ethiopia , History of Somalia , History of Eritrea , History of Djibouti , and Ethiopian historiography Stone city of Gondershe , Somalia <P> The Axumite Empire spanned the southern Sahara , south Arabia and the Sahel along the western shore of the Red Sea . Located in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea , Aksum was deeply involved in the trade network between India and the Mediterranean . Growing from the proto - Aksumite Iron Age period circa the 4th century BCE , it rose to prominence by the 1st century CE . The Aksumites constructed monolithic stelae to cover the graves of their kings , such as King Ezana 's Stele . The later Zagwe dynasty , established in the 12th century , built churches out of solid rock . These rock - hewn structures include the Church of St. George at Lalibela . </P> Fasilides Castle , Ethiopia <P> In ancient Somalia , city - states flourished such as Opone , Mosyllon and Malao that competed with the Sabaeans , Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo -- Greco -- Roman trade . </P> <P> In the Middle Ages , several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate , which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building , the Sultanate of Adal , whose General Ahmed Gurey was the first African commander in history to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal 's conquest of the Ethiopian Empire , and the Geledi Sultanate , whose military dominance forced governors of the Omani empire north of the city of Lamu to pay tribute to the Somali Sultan Ahmed Yusuf . In the late 19th century after the Berlin conference had ended , European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa . The imperial armies in Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan , who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti-colonial wars known as the Somaliland Campaign . </P> <H3> Southern Africa ( edit ) </H3> Main article : History of Southern Africa Further information : Kingdom of Mutapa Great Zimbabwe : Tower in the Great Enclosure <P> Settlements of Bantu - speaking peoples , who were iron - using agriculturists and herdsmen , were already present south of the Limpopo River by the 4th or 5th century displacing and absorbing the original Khoisan speakers . They slowly moved south , and the earliest ironworks in modern - day KwaZulu - Natal Province are believed to date from around 1050 . The southernmost group was the Xhosa people , whose language incorporates certain linguistic traits from the earlier Khoisan inhabitants . They reached the Fish River in today 's Eastern Cape Province . </P> <P> Monomotapa was a medieval kingdom ( c. 1250 -- 1629 ) , which existed between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers of Southern Africa in the territory of modern - day Zimbabwe and Mozambique . Its old capital was located at Great Zimbabwe . </P> <P> In 1487 , Bartolomeu Dias became the first European to reach the southernmost tip of Africa . In 1652 , a victualling station was established at the Cape of Good Hope by Jan van Riebeeck on behalf of the Dutch East India Company . For most of the 17th and 18th centuries , the slowly expanding settlement was a Dutch possession . </P> <P> Great Britain seized the Cape of Good Hope area in 1795 , ostensibly to prevent it from falling into the hands of the French but also to use Cape Town in particular as a stop on the route to Australia and India . It was later returned to the Dutch in 1803 , but soon afterwards the Dutch East India Company declared bankruptcy , and the British annexed the Cape Colony in 1806 . </P> <P> The Zulu Kingdom was a Southern African tribal state in what is now KwaZulu - Natal in southeastern South Africa . The small kingdom gained world fame during and after the Anglo - Zulu War . </P> <P> During the 1950s and early 1960s , most Sub-Saharan African nations achieved independence from colonial rule . </P> <H3> Southeast Africa ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Southeast Africa <P> According to the theory of recent African origin of modern humans , the mainstream position held within the scientific community , all humans originate from either Southeast Africa or the Horn of Africa . During the first millennium CE , Nilotic and Bantu - speaking peoples moved into the region , and the latter now account for three - quarters of Kenya 's population . </P> The Tongoni Ruins south of Tanga in Tanzania <P> On the coastal section of Southeast Africa , a mixed Bantu community developed through contact with Muslim Arab and Persian traders , leading to the development of the mixed Arab , Persian and African Swahili City States . The Swahili culture that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture , as do the many Afro - Arab members of the Bantu Swahili people . With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of Tanzania ( particularly Zanzibar ) and Kenya -- a seaboard referred to as the Swahili Coast -- the Bantu Swahili language contains many Arabic loan - words as a consequence of these interactions . </P> <P> The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the Southeast coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered by these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of Rhapta , Azania and Menouthias referenced in early Greek and Chinese writings from 50 CE to 500 CE , ultimately giving rise to the name for Tanzania . These early writings perhaps document the first wave of Bantu settlers to reach Southeast Africa during their migration . </P> <P> Between the 14th and 15th centuries , large medieval Southeast African kingdoms and states emerged , such as the Buganda and Karagwe kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania . </P> <P> During the early 1960s , the Southeast African nations achieved independence from colonial rule . </P> <H3> Sudan ( edit ) </H3> Further information : History of Sudan Sphinx of the Nubian Emperor Taharqa <P> Nubia in present - day Northern Sudan and southernmost of Egypt , was referred to as `` Aethiopia '' ( `` land of the burnt face '' ) by the Greeks . </P> <P> Nubia at her greatest phase is considered Sub-Saharan Africa 's oldest urban civilisation . Nubia was a major source of gold for the ancient world . Nubians built famous structures and numerous pyramids . Sudan , the site of ancient Nubia , has more pyramids than anywhere in the world . </P> <H3> Western Africa ( edit ) </H3> Main article : History of West Africa Further information : Ghana Empire , Mali Empire , Songhay Empire , Kingdom of Benin , and Kingdom of Nri Nok sculpture , terracotta , Louvre <P> The Bantu expansion is a major migration movement originating in West Africa around 2500 BCE , reaching East and Central Africa by 1000 BCE and Southern Africa by the early centuries CE . </P> <P> The Djenné - Djenno city - state flourished from 250 BCE to 900 CE and was influential to the development of the Ghana Empire . </P> <P> The Nok culture is known from a type of terracotta figure found in Nigeria , dating to between 500 BCE and 200 CE . </P> <P> There were a number of medieval empires of the southern Sahara and the Sahel , based on trans - Saharan trade , including the Ghana Empire and the Mali Empire , Songhai Empire , the Kanem Empire and the subsequent Bornu Empire . They built stone structures like in Tichit , but mainly constructed in adobe . The Great Mosque of Djenne is most reflective of Sahelian architecture and is the largest adobe building in the world . </P> <P> In the forest zone , several states and empires emerged . The Ashanti Empire arose in the 16th century in modern - day Ghana and Ivory Coast . The Kingdom of Nri , was established by the Igbo in the 11th century . Nri was famous for having a priest - king who wielded no military power . Nri was a rare African state which was a haven for freed slaves and outcasts who sought refuge in their territory . Other major states included the kingdoms of Ifẹ and Oyo in the western block of Nigeria which became prominent about 700 -- 900 and 1400 respectively , and center of Yoruba culture . The Yoruba 's built massive mud walls around their cities , the most famous being Sungbo 's Eredo . Another prominent kingdom in southwestern Nigeria was the Kingdom of Benin 9th -- 11th century whose power lasted between the 15th and 19th century and was one of the greatest Empires of African history documented all over the world . Their dominance reached as far as the well - known city of Eko which was named Lagos by the Portuguese traders and other early European settlers . The Edo speaking people of Benin are known for their famous bronze casting and rich coral , wealth , ancient science and technology and the Walls of Benin , which is the largest man - made structure in the world . </P> <P> In the 18th century , the Oyo and the Aro confederacy were responsible for most of the slaves exported from Nigeria , with Great Britain , France and Portugal shipping the majority of the slaves . Following the Napoleonic Wars , the British expanded trade with the Nigerian interior . In 1885 , British claims to a West African sphere of influence received international recognition , and in the following year the Royal Niger Company was chartered under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie . In 1900 , the company 's territory came under the control of the British Government , which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria . On 1 January 1901 , Nigeria became a British protectorate , part of the British Empire , the foremost world power at the time . </P> <P> By 1960 , most of the region achieved independence from colonial rule . </P> <H2> Demographics ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Demographics of Africa <H3> Population ( edit ) </H3> Population density in Africa , 2006 Fertility rates and life expectancy in Sub-Saharan Africa <P> According to the 2017 revision of the World Population Prospects , the population of sub-Saharan Africa was 995,694,907 in 2016 . The current growth rate is 2.3 % . The UN predicts for the region a population between 1.5 and 2 billion by 2050 with a population density of 80 per km compared to 170 for Western Europe , 140 for Asia and 30 for the Americas . </P> <P> Sub-Saharan African countries top the list of countries and territories by fertility rate with 40 of the highest 50 , all with TFR greater than 4 in 2008 . All are above the world average except South Africa and Seychelles . More than 40 % of the population in sub-Saharan countries is younger than 15 years old , as well as in Sudan , with the exception of South Africa . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Population </Th> <Th> Area ( km ) </Th> <Th> Literacy ( M / F ) </Th> <Th> GDP per Capita </Th> <Th> Trans ( Rank / Score ) </Th> <Th> Life ( Exp . ) </Th> <Th> HDI </Th> <Th> EODBR / SAB </Th> <Th> PFI ( RANK / MARK ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angola </Td> <Td> 18,498,000 </Td> <Td> 1,246,700 </Td> <Td> 82.9 % / 54.2 % </Td> <Td> 6000 </Td> <Td> 168 / 2 </Td> <Td> 42.4 </Td> <Td> 0.486 </Td> <Td> 172 / 171 </Td> <Td> 132 / 58 , 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burundi </Td> <Td> 8,988,091 </Td> <Td> 27,830 </Td> <Td> 67.3 % / 52.2 % </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 168 / 1.8 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 0.316 </Td> <Td> 176 / 130 </Td> <Td> 103 / 29 , 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> 68,692,542 </Td> <Td> 2,345,410 </Td> <Td> 80.9 % / 54.1 % </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 162 / 11.9 </Td> <Td> 46.1 </Td> <Td> 0.286 </Td> <Td> 182 / 152 </Td> <Td> 146 / 53 , 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cameroon </Td> <Td> 18,879,301 </Td> <Td> 475,440 </Td> <Td> 77 % / 59.8 % </Td> <Td> 687 </Td> <Td> 146 / 2.2 </Td> <Td> 50.3 </Td> <Td> 0.482 </Td> <Td> 171 / 174 </Td> <Td> 109 / 30 , 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Central African Republic </Td> <Td> 4,511,488 </Td> <Td> 622,984 </Td> <Td> 64.8 % / 33.5 % </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 158 / 2.8 </Td> <Td> 44.4 </Td> <Td> 0.343 </Td> <Td> 183 / 159 </Td> <Td> 80 / 17 , 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chad </Td> <Td> 10,329,208 </Td> <Td> 1,284,000 </Td> <Td> 40.8 % / 12.8 % </Td> <Td> 266 </Td> <Td> 175 / 1.6 </Td> <Td> 50.6 </Td> <Td> 0.328 </Td> <Td> 178 / 182 </Td> <Td> 132 / 44 , 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> 3,700,000 </Td> <Td> 342,000 </Td> <Td> 90.5 % / 79.0 % </Td> <Td> 1,145 </Td> <Td> 162 / 1.9 </Td> <Td> 54.8 </Td> <Td> 0.533 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 116 / 34 , 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Equatorial Guinea </Td> <Td> 633,441 </Td> <Td> 28,051 </Td> <Td> 93.4 % / 80.3 % </Td> <Td> 7,470 </Td> <Td> 168 / 1.8 </Td> <Td> 51.1 </Td> <Td> 0.537 </Td> <Td> 170 / 178 </Td> <Td> 158 / 65 , 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gabon </Td> <Td> 1,514,993 </Td> <Td> 267,667 </Td> <Td> 88.5 % / 79.7 % </Td> <Td> 4,263 </Td> <Td> 106 / 2.9 </Td> <Td> 56.7 </Td> <Td> 0.674 </Td> <Td> 158 / 152 </Td> <Td> 129 / 43 , 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kenya </Td> <Td> 39,002,772 </Td> <Td> 582,650 </Td> <Td> 77.7 % / 70.2 </Td> <Td> 976 </Td> <Td> 146 / 2.2 </Td> <Td> 57.8 </Td> <Td> 0.519 </Td> <Td> 95 / 124 </Td> <Td> 96 / 25 , 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> 174,507,539 </Td> <Td> 923,768 </Td> <Td> 84.4 % / 72.7 % </Td> <Td> 6,204 </Td> <Td> 136 / 27 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 0.504 </Td> <Td> 131 / 120 </Td> <Td> 112 / 34.24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rwanda </Td> <Td> 10,473,282 </Td> <Td> 26,338 </Td> <Td> 71.4 % / 59.8 % </Td> <Td> 263 </Td> <Td> 89 / 3.3 </Td> <Td> 46.8 </Td> <Td> 0.429 </Td> <Td> 67 / 11 </Td> <Td> 157 / 64 , 67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> São Tomé and Príncipe </Td> <Td> 212,679 </Td> <Td> 1,001 </Td> <Td> 92.2 % / 77.9 % </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 111 / 2.8 </Td> <Td> 65.2 </Td> <Td> 0.509 </Td> <Td> 180 / 140 </Td> <Td> NA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tanzania </Td> <Td> 44,928,923 </Td> <Td> 945,087 </Td> <Td> 77.5 % / 62.2 % </Td> <Td> 339 </Td> <Td> 126 / 2.6 </Td> <Td> 51.9 </Td> <Td> 0.466 </Td> <Td> 131 / 120 </Td> <Td> NA / 15 , 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uganda </Td> <Td> 32,369,558 </Td> <Td> 236,040 </Td> <Td> 76.8 % / 57.7 </Td> <Td> 274 </Td> <Td> 130 / 2.5 </Td> <Td> 50.7 </Td> <Td> 0.446 </Td> <Td> 112 / 129 </Td> <Td> 86 / 21 , 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sudan </Td> <Td> 31,894,000 </Td> <Td> 1,886,068 </Td> <Td> 79.6 % / 60.8 % </Td> <Td> 2,500 </Td> <Td> 176 / 1.5 </Td> <Td> 62.57 </Td> <Td> 0.408 </Td> <Td> 154 / 118 </Td> <Td> 148 / 54 , 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Sudan </Td> <Td> 8,260,490 </Td> <Td> 619,745 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Djibouti </Td> <Td> 516,055 </Td> <Td> 23,000 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 817 </Td> <Td> 111 / 2.8 </Td> <Td> 54.5 </Td> <Td> 0.430 </Td> <Td> 163 / 177 </Td> <Td> 110 / 31 , 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eritrea </Td> <Td> 5,647,168 </Td> <Td> 121,320 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 160 </Td> <Td> 126 / 2.6 </Td> <Td> 57.3 </Td> <Td> 0.349 </Td> <Td> 175 / 181 </Td> <Td> 175 / 115 , 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> 85,237,338 </Td> <Td> 1,127,127 </Td> <Td> 50 % / 28.8 % </Td> <Td> 161 </Td> <Td> 120 / 2.7 </Td> <Td> 52.5 </Td> <Td> 0.363 </Td> <Td> 107 / 93 </Td> <Td> 140 / 49 , 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Somalia </Td> <Td> 9,832,017 </Td> <Td> 637,657 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 180 / 1.1 </Td> <Td> 47.7 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 164 / 77 , 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Botswana </Td> <Td> 1,990,876 </Td> <Td> 600,370 </Td> <Td> 80.4 % / 81.8 % </Td> <Td> 8,532 </Td> <Td> 37 / 5.6 </Td> <Td> 49.8 </Td> <Td> 0.633 </Td> <Td> 45 / 83 </Td> <Td> 62 / 15 , 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Comoros </Td> <Td> 752,438 </Td> <Td> 2,170 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 382 </Td> <Td> 143 / 2.3 </Td> <Td> 63.2 </Td> <Td> 0.433 </Td> <Td> 162 / 168 </Td> <Td> 82 / 19 , 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lesotho </Td> <Td> 2,130,819 </Td> <Td> 30,355 </Td> <Td> 73.7 % / 90.3 % </Td> <Td> 528 </Td> <Td> 89 / 3.3 </Td> <Td> 42.9 </Td> <Td> 0.450 </Td> <Td> 130 / 131 </Td> <Td> 99 / 27 , 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madagascar </Td> <Td> 19,625,000 </Td> <Td> 587,041 </Td> <Td> 76.5 % / 65.3 % </Td> <Td> 238 </Td> <Td> 99 / 3.0 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 0.480 </Td> <Td> 134 / 12 </Td> <Td> 134 / 45 , 83 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malawi </Td> <Td> 14,268,711 </Td> <Td> 118,480 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 145 </Td> <Td> 89 / 3.3 </Td> <Td> 47.6 </Td> <Td> 0.400 </Td> <Td> 132 / 128 </Td> <Td> 62 / 15 , 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mauritius </Td> <Td> 1,284,264 </Td> <Td> 2,040 </Td> <Td> 88.2 % / 80.5 % </Td> <Td> 4,522 </Td> <Td> 42 / 5.4 </Td> <Td> 73.2 </Td> <Td> 0.728 </Td> <Td> 17 / 10 </Td> <Td> 51 / 14 , 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mozambique </Td> <Td> 21,669,278 </Td> <Td> 801,590 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 330 </Td> <Td> 130 / 2.5 </Td> <Td> 42.5 </Td> <Td> 0.322 </Td> <Td> 135 / 96 </Td> <Td> 82 / 19 , 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Namibia </Td> <Td> 2,108,665 </Td> <Td> 825,418 </Td> <Td> 86.8 % / 83.6 % </Td> <Td> 2166 </Td> <Td> 56 / 4.5 </Td> <Td> 52.5 </Td> <Td> 0.625 </Td> <Td> 66 / 123 </Td> <Td> 35 / 9 , 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seychelles </Td> <Td> 87,476 </Td> <Td> 455 </Td> <Td> 91.4 % / 92.3 % </Td> <Td> 7,005 </Td> <Td> 54 / 4.8 </Td> <Td> 72.2 </Td> <Td> 0.773 </Td> <Td> 111 / 81 </Td> <Td> 72 / 16 , 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 52,981,991 </Td> <Td> 1,219,912 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 3,562 </Td> <Td> 55 / 4.7 </Td> <Td> 50.7 </Td> <Td> 0.619 </Td> <Td> 34 / 67 </Td> <Td> 33 / 8 , 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swaziland </Td> <Td> 1,123,913 </Td> <Td> 17,363 </Td> <Td> 80.9 % / 78.3 % </Td> <Td> 1,297 </Td> <Td> 79 / 3.6 </Td> <Td> 40.8 </Td> <Td> 0.522 </Td> <Td> 115 / 158 </Td> <Td> 144 / 52 , 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zambia </Td> <Td> 11,862,740 </Td> <Td> 752,614 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 371 </Td> <Td> 99 / 3.0 </Td> <Td> 41.7 </Td> <Td> 0.430 </Td> <Td> 90 / 94 </Td> <Td> 97 / 26 , 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> 11,392,629 </Td> <Td> 390,580 </Td> <Td> 92.7 % / 86.2 % </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 146 / 2.2 </Td> <Td> 42.7 </Td> <Td> 0.376 </Td> <Td> 159 / 155 </Td> <Td> 136 / 46 , 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benin </Td> <Td> 8,791,832 </Td> <Td> 112,620 </Td> <Td> 47.9 % / 42.3 % </Td> <Td> 323 </Td> <Td> 106 / 2.9 </Td> <Td> 56.2 </Td> <Td> 0.427 </Td> <Td> 172 / 155 </Td> <Td> 97 / 26 , 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mali </Td> <Td> 12,666,987 </Td> <Td> 1,240,000 </Td> <Td> 32.7 % / 15.9 % </Td> <Td> 290 </Td> <Td> 111 / 2.8 </Td> <Td> 53.8 </Td> <Td> 0.359 </Td> <Td> 156 / 139 </Td> <Td> 38 / 8 , 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burkina Faso </Td> <Td> 15,730,977 </Td> <Td> 274,200 </Td> <Td> 25.3 % </Td> <Td> 1,360 </Td> <Td> 79 / 3.6 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 0.331 </Td> <Td> 150 / 116 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cape Verde </Td> <Td> 499,000 </Td> <Td> 322,462 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ivory Coast </Td> <Td> 20,617,068 </Td> <Td> 322,463 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gambia </Td> <Td> 1,782,893 </Td> <Td> 11,295 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ghana </Td> <Td> 24,200,000 </Td> <Td> 238,535 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guinea </Td> <Td> 10,057,975 </Td> <Td> 245,857 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guinea - Bissau </Td> <Td> 1,647,000 </Td> <Td> 36,125 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liberia </Td> <Td> 4,128,572 </Td> <Td> 111,369 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mauritania </Td> <Td> 3,359,185 </Td> <Td> 1,030,700 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Niger </Td> <Td> 17,129,076 </Td> <Td> 1,267,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Senegal </Td> <Td> 12,855,153 </Td> <Td> 196,712 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sierra Leone </Td> <Td> 6,190,280 </Td> <Td> 71,740 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Togo </Td> <Td> 7,154,237 </Td> <Td> 56,785 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> GDP per Capita ( 2006 in dollars ( US $ ) ) , Life ( Exp . ) ( Life Expectancy 2006 ) , Literacy ( Male / Female 2006 ) , Trans ( Transparency 2009 ) , HDI ( Human Development Index ) , EODBR ( Ease of Doing Business Rank June 2008 through May 2009 ) , SAB ( Starting a Business June 2008 through May 2009 ) , PFI ( Press Freedom Index 2009 ) </P> <H3> Languages and ethnic groups ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Languages of Africa and List of African ethnic groups Map showing the traditional language families spoken in Africa : Afroasiatic Austronesian Indo - European Khoisan Niger - Congo Nilo - Saharan A San man ( Khoisan ) An Afrikaner family ( Indo - European ) Saho women ( Afroasiatic ) Maasai women and children ( Nilo - Saharan ) Yoruba drummers ( Niger - Congo ) <P> Sub-Saharan Africa contains over 1,000 languages , which is around 1 / 6 of the world 's total . </P> Afroasiatic ( edit ) <P> With the exception of the extinct Sumerian ( a language isolate ) of Mesopotamia , Afro - Asiatic has the oldest documented history of any language family in the world . Egyptian was recorded as early as 3200 BCE . The Semitic branch was recorded as early as 2900 BCE in the form of the Akkadian language of Mesopotamia ( Assyria and Babylonia ) and circa 2500 BCE in the form of the Eblaite language of north eastern Syria . </P> <P> The distribution of the Afroasiatic languages within Africa is principally concentrated in North Africa and the Horn of Africa . Languages belonging to the family 's Berber branch are mainly spoken in the north , with its speech area extending into the Sahel ( northern Mauritania , northern Mali , northern Niger ) . The Cushitic branch of Afroasiatic is centered in the Horn , and is also spoken in the Nile Valley and parts of the African Great Lakes region . Additionally , the Semitic branch of the family , in the form of Arabic , is widely spoken in the parts of Africa that are within the Arab world . South Semitic languages are also spoken in parts of the Horn of Africa ( Ethiopia , Eritrea ) . The Chadic branch is distributed in Central and West Africa . Hausa , its most widely spoken language , serves as a lingua franca in West Africa ( Niger , Ghana , Togo , Benin , Cameroon , and Chad ) . </P> Khoisan ( edit ) <P> The several families lumped under the term Khoi - San include languages indigenous to Southern Africa and Tanzania , though some , such as the Khoi languages , appear to have moved to their current locations not long before the Bantu expansion . In Southern Africa , their speakers are the Khoikhoi and San ( Bushmen ) , in Southeast Africa , the Sandawe and Hadza . </P> Niger -- Congo ( edit ) <P> The Niger -- Congo family is the largest in the world in terms of the number of languages ( 1,436 ) it contains . The vast majority of languages of this family are tonal such as Yoruba , and Igbo , However , others such as Fulani and Wolof are not . A major branch of Niger -- Congo languages is the Bantu family , which covers a greater geographic area than the rest of the family put together . Bantu speakers represent the majority of inhabitants in southern , central and southeastern Africa , though San , Pygmy , and Nilotic groups , respectively , can also be found in those regions . Bantu - speakers can also be found in parts of Central Africa such as the Gabon , Equatorial Guinea and southern Cameroon . Swahili , a Bantu language with many Arabic , Persian and other Middle Eastern and South Asian loan words , developed as a lingua franca for trade between the different peoples in southeastern Africa . In the Kalahari Desert of Southern Africa , the distinct people known as Bushmen ( also `` San '' , closely related to , but distinct from `` Hottentots '' ) have long been present . The San evince unique physical traits , and are the indigenous people of southern Africa . Pygmies are the pre-Bantu indigenous peoples of Central Africa . </P> Nilo - Saharan ( edit ) <P> The Nilo - Saharan languages are concentrated in the upper parts of the Chari and Nile rivers of Central Africa and Southeast Africa . They are principally spoken by Nilotic peoples and are also spoken in Sudan among the Fur , Masalit , Nubian and Zaghawa peoples and in West and Central Africa among the Songhai , Zarma and Kanuri . The Old Nubian language is also a member of this family . </P> <P> Major languages of Africa by region , family and number of primary language speakers in millions : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Central Africa </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Niger -- Congo , Bantu <Ul> <Li> Lingala </Li> <Li> Kinyarwanda : 12 </Li> <Li> Kongo : 5 + </Li> <Li> Tshiluba </Li> <Li> Kirundi </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nilo - Saharan <Ul> <Li> Nubian : 5 + </Li> <Li> Fur : 5 + </Li> <Li> Zaghawa </Li> <Li> Masalit </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Niger -- Congo <Ul> <Li> Kordofanian languages <Ul> <Li> Nuba </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Horn of Africa </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Afro - Asiatic <Ul> <Li> Semitic <Ul> <Li> Amharic : 20 + </Li> <Li> Tigrinya : 5 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cushitic <Ul> <Li> Somali : 10 -- 15 </Li> <Li> Oromo : 30 -- 35 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nilo - Saharan : < 1 <Ul> <Li> Gumuz </Li> <Li> Anuak </Li> <Li> Kunama </Li> <Li> Nara </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Niger -- Congo : < 1 <Ul> <Li> Zigula </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Southeast Africa </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Niger -- Congo , Bantu : <Ul> <Li> Swahili : 5 -- 10 </Li> <Li> Gikuyu : 9 </Li> <Li> Ganda : 6 </Li> <Li> Luhya : 6 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Austronesian <Ul> <Li> Malagasy : 20 + </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Niger - Congo , Ubangian <Ul> <Li> Gbaya : 2 </Li> <Li> Banda : 1 -- 2 </Li> <Li> Zande </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nilo - Saharan <Ul> <Li> Kanuri : 10 </Li> <Li> Luo : 5 </Li> <Li> Sara : 3 -- 4 </Li> <Li> Kalenjin : 5 </Li> <Li> Dinka </Li> <Li> Nuer </Li> <Li> Shilluk </Li> <Li> Maasai : 1 -- 2 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Southern Africa </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Niger -- Congo , Bantu <Ul> <Li> Zulu : 10 </Li> <Li> Xhosa : 8 </Li> <Li> Shona : 7 </Li> <Li> Sotho : 5 </Li> <Li> Tswana : 4 </Li> <Li> Umbundu : 4 </Li> <Li> Northern Sotho : 4 </Li> <Li> Chichewa : 8 </Li> <Li> Makua : 8 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Indo - European <Ul> <Li> Germanic <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans : 7 -- 10 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Romance <Ul> <Li> Portuguese : 14 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> West Africa </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Niger -- Congo <Ul> <Li> Benue -- Congo <Ul> <Li> Ibibio ( Nigeria ) : 7 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Volta -- Niger <Ul> <Li> Igbo ( Nigeria ) : 30 -- 35 </Li> <Li> Yoruba : 40 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kwa : <Ul> <Li> Akan ( Ghana , Ivory Coast ) : 20 -- 25 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gur <Ul> <Li> More : 5 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Senegambian <Ul> <Li> Fula ( West Africa ) : 40 </Li> <Li> Wolof : 8 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Afro - Asiatic <Ul> <Li> Chadic <Ul> <Li> Hausa : 50 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nilo - Saharan <Ul> <Li> Saharan <Ul> <Li> Kanuri : 10 </Li> <Li> Songhai : 5 </Li> <Li> Zarma : 5 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Economy ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Economy of Africa The Athlone Power Station in Cape Town , South Africa <P> In the mid-2010s , private capital flows to Sub-Saharan Africa -- primarily from the BRICs , private - sector investment portfolios , and remittances -- began to exceed official development assistance . </P> <P> As of 2011 , Africa is one of the fastest developing regions in the world . Six of the world 's ten fastest - growing economies over the previous decade were situated below the Sahara , with the remaining four in East and Central Asia . Between 2011 and 2015 , the economic growth rate of the average nation in Africa is expected to surpass that of the average nation in Asia . Sub-Saharan Africa is by then projected to contribute seven out of the ten fastest growing economies in the world . According to the World Bank , the economic growth rate in the region had risen to 4.7 % in 2013 , with a rate of 5.2 % forecasted for 2014 . This continued rise was attributed to increasing investment in infrastructure and resources as well as steady expenditure per household . </P> <H3> Energy and power ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Mineral industry of Africa <Table> Oil production by country ( with other key actors of African or oil economy ) <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Area </Th> <Th> bb / day </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Like ... </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> _ </Th> <Th> W : World </Th> <Th> 85540000 </Th> <Th> 2007 est . </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 01 </Td> <Td> E : Russia </Td> <Td> 9980000 </Td> <Td> 2007 est . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 02 </Td> <Td> Ar : Saudi Arb </Td> <Td> 9200000 </Td> <Td> 2008 est . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 04 </Td> <Td> As : Libya </Td> <Td> 4725000 </Td> <Td> 2008 est . </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Af : Nigeria / Africa </Td> <Td> 2352000 </Td> <Td> 2011 est . </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Af : Algeria </Td> <Td> 2173000 </Td> <Td> 2007 est . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Af : Angola </Td> <Td> 1910000 </Td> <Td> 2008 est . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Af : Egypt </Td> <Td> 1845000 </Td> <Td> 2007 est . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Af : Tunisia </Td> <Td> 664000 </Td> <Td> 2007 est . </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Af : Sudan </Td> <Td> 466100 </Td> <Td> 2007 est . </Td> <Td> Ecuador </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Af : Eq. Guinea </Td> <Td> 368500 </Td> <Td> 2007 est . </Td> <Td> Vietnam </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Af : DR Congo </Td> <Td> 261000 </Td> <Td> 2008 est . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Af : Gabon </Td> <Td> 243900 </Td> <Td> 2007 est . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Af : Sth Africa </Td> <Td> 199100 </Td> <Td> 2007 est . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Af : Chad </Td> <Td> 156000 </Td> <Td> 2008 est . </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Af : Cameroon </Td> <Td> 87400 </Td> <Td> 2008 est . </Td> <Td> France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> E : France </Td> <Td> 71400 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Af : Ivory Coast </Td> <Td> 54400 </Td> <Td> 2008 est . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> _ </Th> <Th> Af : Africa </Th> <Th> 10780400 </Th> <Th> 2011 </Th> <Th> Russia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> Source : CIA.gov , World Facts Book > Oil exporters . </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> As of 2009 , fifty percent of Africa is rural with no access to electricity . Africa generates 47 GW of electricity , less than 0.6 % of the global market share . Many countries are affected by power shortages . </P> <P> Because of rising prices in commodities such as coal and oil , thermal sources of energy are proving to be too expensive for power generation . Sub-Saharan Africa is expected to build additional hydropower generation capacity of at least 20,165 MW by 2014 . The region has the potential to generate 1,750 TWh of energy , of which only 7 % has been explored . The failure to exploit its full energy potential is largely due to significant underinvestment , as at least four times as much ( approximately $23 billion a year ) and what is currently spent is invested in operating high cost power systems and not on expanding the infrastructure . </P> <P> African governments are taking advantage of the readily available water resources to broaden their energy mix . Hydro Turbine Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa generated revenues of $120.0 million in 2007 and is estimated to reach $425.0 million . Asian countries , notably China , India , and Japan , are playing an active role in power projects across the African continent . The majority of these power projects are hydro - based because of China 's vast experience in the construction of hydro - power projects and part of the Energy & Power Growth Partnership Services programme . </P> <P> With electrification numbers , Sub-Saharan Africa with access to the Sahara and being in the tropical zones has massive potential for solar photovoltaic electrical potential . Six hundred million people could be served with electricity based on its photovoltaic potential . China is promising to train 10,000 technicians from Africa and other developing countries in the use of solar energy technologies over the next five years . Training African technicians to use solar power is part of the China - Africa science and technology cooperation agreement signed by Chinese science minister Xu Guanhua and African counterparts during premier Wen Jiabao 's visit to Ethiopia in December 2003 . </P> <P> The New Partnership for Africa 's Development ( NEPAD ) is developing an integrated , continent - wide energy strategy . This has been funded by , amongst others , the African Development Bank ( AfDB ) and the EU - Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund . These projects must be sustainable , involve a cross-border dimension and / or have a regional impact , involve public and private capital , contribute to poverty alleviation and economic development , involve at least one country in Sub-Saharan Africa . </P> <H3> Media ( edit ) </H3> <P> Radio is the major source of information in Sub-Saharan Africa . Average coverage stands at more than a third of the population . Countries such as Gabon , Seychelles , and South Africa boast almost 100 % penetration . Only five countries -- Burundi , Djibouti , Eritrea , Ethiopia , and Somalia -- still have a penetration of less than 10 % . Broadband penetration outside of South Africa has been limited where it is exorbitantly expensive . Access to the internet via cell phones is on the rise . </P> <P> Television is the second major source of information . Because of power shortages , the spread of television viewing has been limited . Eight percent have television , a total of 62 million . But those in the television industry view the region as an untapped green market . Digital television and pay for service are on the rise . </P> <H3> Infrastructure ( edit ) </H3> See also : Water supply and sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa Skyline of Libreville , Gabon <P> According to researchers at the Overseas Development Institute , the lack of infrastructure in many developing countries represents one of the most significant limitations to economic growth and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) . Less than 40 % of rural Africans live within two kilometers of an all - season road , the lowest level of rural accessibility in the developing world . Spending on roads averages just below 2 % of GDP with varying degree among countries . This compares with 1 % of GDP that is typical in industrialised countries , and 2 -- 3 % of GDP found in fast - growing emerging economies . Although the level of effort is high relative to the size of Africa 's economies , it remains little in absolute terms , with low - income countries spending an average of about US $7 per capita per year . Infrastructure investments and maintenance can be very expensive , especially in such as areas as landlocked , rural and sparsely populated countries in Africa . </P> Downtown Luanda , Angola <P> Infrastructure investments contributed to Africa 's growth , and increased investment is necessary to maintain growth and tackle poverty . The returns to investment in infrastructure are very significant , with on average 30 -- 40 % returns for telecommunications ( ICT ) investments , over 40 % for electricity generation and 80 % for roads . </P> <P> In Africa , it is argued that in order to meet the MDGs by 2015 infrastructure investments would need to reach about 15 % of GDP ( around $93 billion a year ) . Currently , the source of financing varies significantly across sectors . Some sectors are dominated by state spending , others by overseas development aid ( ODA ) and yet others by private investors . In Sub-Saharan Africa , the state spends around $9.4 billion out of a total of $24.9 billion . In irrigation , SSA states represent almost all spending ; in transport and energy a majority of investment is state spending ; in ICT and water supply and sanitation , the private sector represents the majority of capital expenditure . Overall , aid , the private sector and non-OECD financiers between them exceed state spending . The private sector spending alone equals state capital expenditure , though the majority is focused on ICT infrastructure investments . External financing increased from $7 billion ( 2002 ) to $27 billion ( 2009 ) . China , in particular , has emerged as an important investor . </P> <H3> Oil and Minerals ( edit ) </H3> Phenakite from the Jos Plateau , Plateau State , Nigeria <P> The region is a major exporter to the world of gold , uranium , chrome , vanadium , antimony , coltan , bauxite , iron ore , copper and manganese . South Africa is a major exporter of manganese as well as Chromium . A 2001 estimate is that 42 % of the world 's reserves of chromium may be found in South Africa . South Africa is the largest producer of platinum , with 80 % of the total world 's annual mine production and 88 % of the world 's platinum reserve . Sub-Saharan Africa produces 33 % of the world 's bauxite with Guinea as the major supplier . Zambia is a major producer of copper . Democratic Republic of Congo is a major source of coltan . Production from Congo is very small but has 80 % of proven reserves . Sub-saharan Africa is a major producer of gold , producing up to 30 % of global production . Major suppliers are South Africa , Ghana , Zimbabwe , Tanzania , Guinea , and Mali . South Africa had been first in the world in terms of gold production since 1905 , but in 2007 it moved to second place , according to GFMS , the precious metals consultancy . Uranium is major commodity from the region . Significant suppliers are Niger , Namibia , and South Africa . Namibia was the number one supplier from Sub-Saharan Africa in 2008 . The region produces 49 % of the world 's diamonds . </P> <P> By 2015 , it is estimated that 25 % of North American oil will be from Sub-Saharan Africa , ahead of the Middle East . Sub-Saharan Africa has been the focus of an intense race for oil by the West , China , India , and other emerging economies , even though it holds only 10 % of proven oil reserves , less than the Middle East . This race has been referred to as the second Scramble for Africa . All reasons for this global scramble come from the reserves ' economic benefits . Transportation cost is low and no pipelines have to be laid as in Central Asia . Almost all reserves are offshore , so political turmoil within the host country will not directly interfere with operations . Sub-Saharan oil is viscous , with a very low sulfur content . This quickens the refining process and effectively reduces costs . New sources of oil are being located in Sub-Saharan Africa more frequently than anywhere else . Of all new sources of oil , 1⁄3 are in Sub-Saharan Africa . </P> <H3> Agriculture ( edit ) </H3> Agricultural fields in Rwanda 's Eastern Province <P> Sub-Saharan Africa has more variety of grains than anywhere in the world . Between 13,000 and 11,000 BCE wild grains began to be collected as a source of food in the cataract region of the Nile , south of Egypt . The collecting of wild grains as source of food spread to Syria , parts of Turkey , and Iran by the eleventh millennium BCE . By the tenth and ninth millennia southwest Asians domesticated their wild grains , wheat , and barley after the notion of collecting wild grains spread from the Nile . </P> <P> Numerous crops have been domesticated in the region and spread to other parts of the world . These crops included sorghum , castor beans , coffee , cotton okra , black - eyed peas , watermelon , gourd , and pearl millet . Other domesticated crops included teff , enset , African rice , yams , kola nuts , oil palm , and raffia palm . </P> <P> Domesticated animals include the guinea fowl and the donkey . </P> The Naute Fruit Farm at the Naute Dam outside of Keetmanshoop , Namibia <P> Agriculture represents 20 % to 30 % of GDP and 50 % of exports . In some cases , 60 % to 90 % of the labor force are employed in agriculture . Most agricultural activity is subsistence farming . This has made agricultural activity vulnerable to climate change and global warming . Biotechnology has been advocated to create high yield , pest and environmentally resistant crops in the hands of small farmers . The Bill and Melinda Gates foundation is a strong advocate and donor to this cause . Biotechnology and GM crops have met resistance both by natives and environmental groups . </P> <P> Cash crops include cotton , coffee , tea , cocoa , sugar , and tobacco . </P> <P> The OECD says Africa has the potential to become an agricultural superbloc if it can unlock the wealth of the savannahs by allowing farmers to use their land as collateral for credit . There is such international interest in Sub-Saharan agriculture , that the World Bank increased its financing of African agricultural programs to $1.3 billion in the 2011 fiscal year . Recently , there has been a trend to purchase large tracts of land in Sub-Sahara for agricultural use by developing countries . Early in 2009 , George Soros highlighted a new farmland buying frenzy caused by growing population , scarce water supplies and climate change . Chinese interests bought up large swathes of Senegal to supply it with sesame . Aggressive moves by China , South Korea and Gulf states to buy vast tracts of agricultural land in Sub-Saharan Africa could soon be limited by a new global international protocol . </P> <H2> Education ( edit ) </H2> The University of Botswana 's Earth Science building in Gaborone , Botswana <P> Forty percent of African scientists live in OECD countries , predominantly in Europe , the United States and Canada . This has been described as an African brain drain . According to Naledi Pandor , the South African Minister of Science and Technology , even with the drain enrollments in Sub-Saharan African universities tripled between 1991 and 2005 , expanding at an annual rate of 8.7 % , which is one of the highest regional growth rates in the world . In the last 10 to 15 years interest in pursuing university level degrees abroad has increased . In some OECD countries , like the United States , Sub-Saharan Africans are the most educated immigrant group . </P> The University of Antananarivo in Antananarivo , Madagascar <P> According to the CIA , low global literacy rates are concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa , West Asia and South Asia . However , the literacy rates in Sub-Saharan Africa vary significantly between countries . The highest registered literacy rate in the region is in Zimbabwe ( 90.7 % ; 2003 est . ) , while the lowest literacy rate is in South Sudan ( 27 % ) . </P> <P> Sub-Saharan African countries spent an average of 0.3 % of their GDP on science and technology on in 2007 . This represents an increase from US $1.8 billion in 2002 to US $2.8 billion in 2007 , a 50 % increase in spending . </P> <H2> Health ( edit ) </H2> Further information : HIV / AIDS in Africa The Komfo Anokye Hospital in Kumasi , Ghana <P> In 1987 , the Bamako Initiative conference organised by the World Health Organization was held in Bamako , the capital of Mali , and helped reshape the health policy of Sub-Saharan Africa . The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community - based healthcare reform , resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services . A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care , with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost . </P> <P> In 2011 , Sub-Saharan Africa was home to 69 % of all people living with HIV / AIDS worldwide . In response , a number of initiatives have been launched to educate the public on HIV / AIDS . Among these are combination prevention programmes , considered to be the most effective initiative , the abstinence , be faithful , use a condom campaign , and the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation 's outreach programs . According to a 2013 special report issued by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS ( UNAIDS ) , the number of HIV positive people in Africa receiving anti-retroviral treatment in 2012 was over seven times the number receiving treatment in 2005 , with an almost 1 million added in the last year alone . The number of AIDS - related deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2011 was 33 percent less than the number in 2005 . The number of new HIV infections in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2011 was 25 percent less than the number in 2001 . </P> Estimated prevalence in % of HIV among young adults ( 15 -- 49 ) per country as of 2011 . <P> Malaria is an endemic illness in Sub-Saharan Africa , where the majority of malaria cases and deaths worldwide occur . Routine immunization has been introduced in order to prevent measles . Onchocerciasis ( `` river blindness '' ) , a common cause of blindness , is also endemic to parts of the region . More than 99 % of people affected by the illness worldwide live in 31 countries therein . In response , the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control ( APOC ) was launched in 1995 with the aim of controlling the disease . Maternal mortality is another challenge , with more than half of maternal deaths in the world occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa . However , there has generally been progress here as well , as a number of countries in the region have halved their levels of maternal mortality since 1990 . Additionally , the African Union in July 2003 ratified the Maputo Protocol , which pledges to prohibit female genital mutilation ( FGM ) . </P> <P> National health systems vary between countries . In Ghana , most health care is provided by the government and largely administered by the Ministry of Health and Ghana Health Services . The healthcare system has five levels of providers : health posts which are first level primary care for rural areas , health centers and clinics , district hospitals , regional hospitals and tertiary hospitals . These programs are funded by the government of Ghana , financial credits , Internally Generated Fund ( IGF ) , and Donors - pooled Health Fund . </P> <H2> Religion ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Religion in Africa , Christianity in Africa , Islam in Africa , Hinduism in Africa , and African traditional religion The Bujumbura Cathedral in Bujumbura , Burundi Mosque in Nouakchott , Mauritania <P> African countries below the Sahara are largely Christian , while those above the Sahara , in North Africa , are predominantly Islamic . There are also Muslim majorities in parts of the Horn of Africa ( Djibouti and Somalia ) and in the Sahel and Sudan regions ( the Gambia , Sierra Leone , Guinea , Mali , Niger and Senegal ) , as well as significant Muslim communities in Ethiopia and Eritrea , and on the Swahili Coast ( Tanzania and Kenya ) . Mauritius is the only country in Africa to have a Hindu majority . </P> <P> Traditional African religions can be broken down into linguistic cultural groups , with common themes . Among Niger -- Congo - speakers is a belief in a creator God ; ancestor spirits ; territorial spirits ; evil caused by human ill will and neglecting ancestor spirits ; priest of territorial spirits . New world religions such as Santería , Vodun , and Candomblé , would be derived from this world view . Among Nilo - Saharan speakers is the belief in Divinity ; evil is caused by divine judgement and retribution ; prophets as middlemen between Divinity and man . Among Afro - Asiatic - speakers is henotheism , the belief in one 's own gods but accepting the existence of other gods ; evil here is caused by malevolent spirits . The Semitic Abrahamic religion of Judaism is comparable to the latter world view . San religion is non-theistic but a belief in a Spirit or Power of existence which can be tapped in a trance - dance ; trance - healers . </P> <P> Traditional religions in Sub-Saharan Africa often display complex ontology , cosmology and metaphysics . Mythologies , for example , demonstrated the difficulty fathers of creation had in bringing about order from chaos . Order is what is right and natural and any deviation is chaos . Cosmology and ontology is also neither simple or linear . It defines duality , the material and immaterial , male and female , heaven and earth . Common principles of being and becoming are widespread : Among the Dogon , the principle of Amma ( being ) and Nummo ( becoming ) , and among the Bambara , Pemba ( being ) and Faro ( becoming ) . </P> Ifá divination and its four digit binary code <Dl> <Dt> West Africa </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Akan mythology </Li> <Li> Ashanti mythology ( Ghana ) </Li> <Li> Dahomey ( Fon ) mythology </Li> <Li> Efik mythology ( Nigeria , Cameroon ) </Li> <Li> Igbo mythology ( Nigeria , Cameroon ) </Li> <Li> Serer religion and Serer creation myth ( Senegal , Gambia and Mauritania ) </Li> <Li> Yoruba mythology ( Nigeria , Benin ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Central Africa </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Dinka mythology ( South Sudan ) </Li> <Li> Lotuko mythology ( South Sudan ) </Li> <Li> Bushongo mythology ( Congo ) </Li> <Li> Bambuti ( Pygmy ) mythology ( Congo ) </Li> <Li> Lugbara mythology ( Congo ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Southeast Africa </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Akamba mythology ( eastern Kenya ) </Li> <Li> Masai mythology ( Kenya , Tanzania ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Southern Africa </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Khoisan religion </Li> <Li> Lozi mythology ( Zambia ) </Li> <Li> Tumbuka mythology ( Malawi ) </Li> <Li> Zulu mythology ( South Africa ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Sub-Saharan traditional divination systems display great sophistication . For example , the bamana sand divination uses well established symbolic codes that can be reproduced using four bits or marks . A binary system of one or two marks are combined . Random outcomes are generated using a fractal recursive process . It is analogous to a digital circuit but can be reproduced on any surface with one or two marks . This system is widespread in Sub-Saharan Africa . </P> <H2> Culture ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sub-Saharan Africa is diverse , with many communities , villages and cities , each with their own beliefs and traditions . Traditional African Societies are communal , they believe that the needs of the many far out weigh an individual needs and achievements . Basically , an individual 's keep must be shared with other extended family members . Extended families are made up of various individuals and families who have shared responsibilities within the community . This extended family is one of the core aspects of every African community . `` An African will refer to an older person as auntie or uncle . Siblings of parents will be called father or mother rather than uncle and aunt . Cousins will be called brother or sister '' . This system can be very difficult for outsiders to understand ; however , it is no less important . `` Also reflecting their communal ethic , Africans are reluctant to stand out in a crowd or to appear different from their neighbors or colleagues , a result of social pressure to avoid offense to group standards and traditions . '' Women also have a very important role in African culture because they take care of the house and children . Traditionally `` men do the heavy work of clearing and plowing the land , women sow the seeds , tend the fields , harvest the crops , haul the water , and bear the major burden for growing the family 's food '' . Despite their work in the fields women are expected to be subservient to men in some African cultures . `` When young women migrate to cities , this imbalance between the sexes , as well as financial need , often causes young women of lower economic status , who lack education and job training , to have sexual relationships with older men who are established in their work or profession and can afford to support a girlfriend or two '' . </P> <H2> Music ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Music of Africa and African popular music A traditional polyrhythmic kalimba <P> Traditional Sub-Saharan African music is as diverse as the region 's various populations . The common perception of Sub-Saharan African music is that it is rhythmic music centered around the drums . It is partially true . A large part of Sub-Saharan music , mainly among speakers of Niger -- Congo and Nilo - Saharan languages , is rhythmic and centered around the drum . Sub-Saharan music is polyrhythmic , usually consisting of multiple rhythms in one composition . Dance involves moving multiple body parts . These aspect of Sub-Saharan music has been transferred to the new world by enslaved Sub-Saharan Africans and can be seen in its influence on music forms as Samba , Jazz , Rhythm and Blues , Rock & Roll , Salsa , Reggae and Rap music . </P> <P> But Sub-Saharan music involves a lot of music with strings , horns , and very little poly - rhythms . Music from the eastern sahel and along the nile , among the Nilo - Saharan , made extensive use of strings and horns in ancient times . Among the Afro - Asiatics , we see extensive use of string instruments . Dancing involve swaying body movements and footwork . Among the San is extensive use of string instruments with emphasis on footwork . </P> <P> Modern Sub-Saharan African music has been influence by music from the New World ( Jazz , Salsa , Rhythm and Blues etc . ) vice versa being influenced by enslaved Sub-Saharan Africans . Popular styles are Mbalax in Senegal and Gambia , Highlife in Ghana , Zoblazo in Ivory Coast , Makossa in Cameroon , Soukous in the Democratic Republic of Congo , Kizomba in Angola , and Mbaqanga in South Africa . New World styles like Salsa , R&B / Rap , Reggae , and Zouk also have widespread popularity . </P> <H2> Art ( edit ) </H2> Further information : African art Two Bambara Chiwara c. late 19th early 20th centuries . Female ( left ) and male Vertical styles . <P> The oldest abstract art in the world is a shell necklace , dated to 82,000 years in the Cave of Pigeons in Taforalt , eastern Morocco . The second oldest abstract form of art and the oldest rock art is found in the Blombos Cave at the Cape in South Africa , dated 77,000 years . Sub-Saharan Africa has some of the oldest and most varied style of rock art in the world . </P> <P> Although Sub-Saharan African art is very diverse there are some common themes . One is the use of the human figure . Second , there is a preference for sculpture . Sub-Saharan African art is meant to be experienced in three dimensions , not two . A house is meant to be experienced from all angles . Third , art is meant to be performed . Sub-Saharan Africans have specific name for masks . The name incorporates the sculpture , the dance , and the spirit that incorporates the mask . The name denotes all three elements . Fourth , art that serves a practical function , utilitarian . The artist and craftsman are not separate . A sculpture shaped like a hand can be used as a stool . Fifth , the use of fractals or non-linear scaling . The shape of the whole is the shape of the parts at different scales . Before the discovery of fractal geometry ) , Leopold Sedar Senghor , Senegal 's first president , referred to this as `` dynamic symmetry . '' William Fagg , the British art historian , compared it to the logarithmic mapping of natural growth by biologist D'Arcy Thompson . Lastly , Sub-Saharan African art is visually abstract , instead of naturalistic . Sub-Saharan African art represents spiritual notions , social norms , ideas , values , etc . An artist might exaggerated the head of a sculpture in relations to the body not because he does not know anatomy but because he wants to illustrate that the head is the seat of knowledge and wisdom . The visual abstraction of African art was very influential in the works of modernist artist like Pablo Picasso , Henri Matisse , and Jacques Lipchitz . </P> <H2> Cuisine ( edit ) </H2> Further information : African cuisine A plate of fufu accompanied with peanut soup <P> Sub-Saharan African cuisine like everything about Africa is very diverse . A lot of regional overlapping occurs , but there are dominant elements region by region . </P> <P> West African cuisine can be described as starchy , flavorfully spicey . Dishes include fufu , kenkey , couscous , garri , foutou , and banku . Ingredients are of native starchy tubers , yams , cocoyams , and cassava . Grains include millet , sorghum , and rice , usually in the sahel , are incorporated . Oils include palm oil and shea butter ( sahel ) . One finds recipes that mixes fish and meat . Beverages are palm wine ( sweet or sour ) and millet beer . Roasting , baking , boiling , frying , mashing , and spicing are all cooking techniques . </P> Ugali and cabbage <P> Southeast African cuisine especially those of the Swahilis reflects its Islamic , geographical Indian Ocean cultural links . Dishes include ugali , sukumi wiki , and halva . Spices such as curry , saffron , cloves , cinnamon , pomegranate juice , cardamon , ghee , and sage are used , especially among Muslims . Meat includes cattle , sheep , and goats , but is rarely eaten since its viewed as currency and wealth . </P> <P> In the Horn of Africa , pork and non-fish seafood is avoided by Christians and Muslims . Dairy products and all meats are avoided during lent by Ethiopians . Maize ( corn ) is a major staple . Cornmeal is used to make ugali , a popular dish with different names . Teff is used to make injera or canjeero ( Somali ) bread . Other important foods include enset , noog , lentils , rice , banana , leafy greens , chiles , peppers , coconut milk and tomatoes . Beverages are coffee ( domesticated in Ethiopia ) , chai tea , fermented beer from banana or millet . Cooking techniques include roasting and marinating . </P> This meal , consisting of injera and several kinds of wat ( stew ) , is typical of Ethiopian and Eritrean cuisine . <P> Central African cuisine connects with all major regions of Sub-Saharan Africa : Its cuisine reflects that . Ugali and fufu are eaten in the region . Central African cuisine is very starchy and spicy hot . Dominant crops include plantains , cassava , peanuts , chillis , and okra . Meats include beef , chicken , and sometimes exotic meats called bush meat ( antelope , warthog , crocodile ) . Widespread spicy hot fish cuisine is one of the differentiating aspects . Mushroom is sometimes used as a meat substitute . </P> <P> Traditional Southern African cuisine surrounds meat . Traditional society typically focused on raising , sheep , goats , and especially cattle . Dishes include braai ( barbecue meat ) , sadza , bogobe , pap ( fermented cornmeal ) , milk products ( buttermilk , yoghurt ) . Crops utilised are sorghum , maize ( corn ) , pumpkin beans , leafy greens , and cabbage . Beverages include ting ( fermented sorghum or maize ) , milk , chibuku ( milky beer ) . Influences from the Indian and Malay community can be seen its use of curries , sambals , pickled fish , fish stews , chutney , and samosa . European influences can be seen in cuisines like biltong ( dried beef strips ) , potjies ( stews of maize , onions , tomatoes ) , French wines , and crueler or koeksister ( sugar syrup cookie ) . </P> <H2> Clothing ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Clothing in Africa The Ashanti Kente cloth patterns <P> Like most of the world , Sub-Saharan Africans have adopted Western - style clothing . In some country like Zambia , used Western clothing has flooded markets , causing great angst in the retail community . Sub-Saharan Africa boasts its own traditional clothing style . Cotton seems to be the dominant material . </P> <P> In East Africa , one finds extensive use of cotton clothing . Shemma , shama , and kuta are types of Ethiopian clothing . Kanga are Swahili cloth that comes in rectangular shapes , made of pure cotton , and put together to make clothing . Kitenges are similar to kangas and kikoy , but are of a thicker cloth , and have an edging only on a long side . Kenya , Uganda , Tanzania , and South Sudan are some of the African countries where kitenge is worn . In Malawi , Namibia and Zambia , kitenge is known as Chitenge . One of the unique materials , which is not a fiber and is used to make clothing is barkcloth , an innovation of the Baganda people of Uganda . It came from the Mutuba tree ( Ficus natalensis ) . On Madagascar a type of draped cloth called lamba is worn . </P> Kangas <P> In West Africa , again cotton is the material of choice . In the Sahel and other parts of West Africa the boubou and kaftan style of clothing are featured . Kente cloth is created by the Akan people of Ghana and Ivory Coast , from silk of the various moth species in West Africa . Kente comes from the Ashanti twi word kenten which means basket . It is sometimes used to make dashiki and kufi . Adire is a type of Yoruba cloth that is starch resistant . Raffia cloth and barkcloth are also utilised in the region . </P> <P> In Central Africa , the Kuba people developed raffia cloth from the raffia plant fibers . It was widely used in the region . Barkcloth was also extensively used . </P> <P> In Southern Africa one finds numerous uses of animal hide and skins for clothing . The Ndau in central Mozambique and the Shona mix hide with barkcloth and cotton cloth . Cotton cloth is referred to as machira . Xhosa , Tswana , Sotho , and Swazi also made extensive use of hides . Hides come from cattle , sheep , goat , and elephant . Leopard skins were coveted and were a symbol of kingship in Zulu society . Skins were tanned to form leather , dyed , and embedded with beads . </P> <H2> Sports ( edit ) </H2> The Stade Félix Houphouët - Boigny in Abidjan , Ivory Coast <P> Football ( soccer ) is the most popular sport in Sub-Saharan Africa . Sub-Saharan men are its main patrons . Major competitions include the African Champions League , a competition for the best clubs on the continent and the Confederation Cup , a competition primarily for the national cup winner of each African country . The Africa Cup of Nations is a competition of 16 national teams from various African countries held every two years . South Africa hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup , a first for a Sub-Saharan country . In 2010 , Cameroon played in the World Cup for the sixth time , which is the current record for a Sub-Saharan team . In 1996 Nigeria won the Olympic gold for football . In 2000 Cameroon maintained the continent 's supremacy by winning the title too . Momentous achievements for Sub-Saharan African football . Famous Sub-Saharan football stars include Abedi Pele , Emmanuel Adebayor , George Weah , Michael Essien , Didier Drogba , Roger Milla , Nwankwo Kanu , Jay - Jay Okocha , Bruce Grobbelaar , Samuel Eto'o , Kolo Touré , Yaya Touré , Sadio Mané and Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang . The most talented Sub-Saharan African football players find themselves courted and sought after by European leagues . There are currently more than 1000 Africans playing for European clubs . Sub-Saharan Africans have found themselves the target of racism by European fans . FIFA has been trying hard to crack down on racist outburst during games . </P> The Namibia rugby team <P> Rugby is also popular in Sub-Saharan Africa . The Confederation of African Rugby governs rugby games in the region . South Africa is a major force in the game and won the Rugby World Cup in 1995 and in 2007 . Africa is also allotted one guaranteed qualifying place in the Rugby World Cup . </P> <P> Boxing is also a popular sport . Battling Siki the first world champion to come out of Sub-Saharan Africa . Countries such as Nigeria , Ghana and South Africa have produced numerous professional world champions such as Dick Tiger , Hogan Bassey , Gerrie Coetzee , Samuel Peter , Azumah Nelson and Jake Matlala . </P> <P> Cricket has a following . The African Cricket Association is an international body which oversees cricket in African countries . South Africa and Zimbabwe have their own governing bodies . In 2003 the Cricket World Cup was held in South Africa , first time it was held in Sub-Saharan Africa . </P> <P> Over the years , Ethiopia and Kenya have produced many notable long - distance athletes . Each country has federations that identify and cultivate top talent . Athletes from Ethiopia and Kenya hold , save for two exceptions , all the men 's outdoor records for Olympic distance events from 800m to the marathon . Famous runners include Haile Gebrselassie , Kenenisa Bekele , Paul Tergat , and John Cheruiyot Korir . </P> <H2> Tourism ( edit ) </H2> <P> The development of tourism in this region has been identified as having the ability to create jobs and improve the economy . South Africa , Namibia , Mauritius , Botswana , Ghana , Cape Verde , Tanzania , and Kenya have been identified as having well developed tourism industries . Cape Town and the surrounding area is very popular with tourists . </P> <H2> List of countries and regional organization ( edit ) </H2> Geo - political map of Africa divided for ethnomusicological purposes , after Alan P. Merriam , 1959 . <P> Only seven African countries are not geopolitically a part of Sub-Saharan Africa : Algeria , Egypt , Libya , Morocco , Tunisia , Western Sahara ( claimed by Morocco ) and Sudan ; they form the UN subregion of Northern Africa , which also makes up the largest bloc of the Arab World . Nevertheless , some international organisations include Sudan as part of Sub-Saharan Africa . Although a long - standing member of the Arab League , Sudan has around 30 % non-Arab populations in the west ( Darfur , Masalit , Zaghawa ) , far north ( Nubian ) and south ( Kordofan , Nuba ) . Mauritania and Niger only include a band of the Sahel along their southern borders . All other African countries have at least significant portions of their territory within Sub-Saharan Africa . </P> <H3> Central Africa ( edit ) </H3> Central Africa Middle Africa ( UN subregion ) Central African Federation ( defunct ) <Ul> <Li> South Sudan cap . Juba cur . Sudanese pound ( SDG ) lang . English </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> ECCAS ( Economic Community of Central African States ) </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Angola ( also in SADC ) cap . Luanda cur . Angolan kwanza ( Kz ) lang . Portuguese </Li> <Li> Burundi ( also in EAC ) cap . Bujumbura cur . Burundian franc ( FBu ) lang. French </Li> <Li> Democratic Republic of the Congo ( also in SADC ) cap . Kinshasa cur . Congolese franc ( FC ) lang. French </Li> <Li> Rwanda ( also in EAC ) cap . Kigali cur . Rwandan franc ( RF ) lang . Kinyarwanda , French , English </Li> <Li> São Tomé and Príncipe cap . São Tomé cur . São Tomé and Príncipe dobra ( Db ) lang . Portuguese </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> CEMAC ( Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa ) </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Cameroon cap . Yaoundé cur . Central African CFA franc ( FCFA ) lang . English , French </Li> <Li> Central African Republic cap . Bangui cur . Central African CFA franc ( FCFA ) lang . Sango , French </Li> <Li> Chad cap . N'Djamena cur . Central African CFA franc ( FCFA ) lang. French , Arabic </Li> <Li> Republic of the Congo cap . Brazzaville cur . Central African CFA franc ( FCFA ) lang. French </Li> <Li> Equatorial Guinea cap . Malabo cur . Central African CFA franc ( FCFA ) lang . Spanish , French </Li> <Li> Gabon cap . Libreville cur . Central African CFA franc ( FCFA ) lang. French </Li> </Ul> <H3> East Africa ( edit ) </H3> Eastern Africa ( UN subregion ) East African Community Central African Federation ( defunct ) Geographic East Africa , including the UN subregion and East African Community Horn of Africa ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Djibouti cap . Djibouti cur . Djiboutian franc ( Fdj ) lang . Arabic , French </Li> <Li> Eritrea cap . Asmara cur . Eritrean nakfa ( Nfk ) ' lang . ' Tigrinya , Arabic , Italian , English </Li> <Li> Ethiopia cap . Addis Ababa cur . Ethiopian birr ( Br ) lang . Amharic </Li> <Li> Somalia cap . Mogadishu cur . Somali shilling ( So.Sh ) lang . Somali , Arabic </Li> </Ul> Southeast Africa ( edit ) <Dl> <Dt> EAC </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Burundi ( also in ECCAS ) cap . Bujumbura cur . Burundian franc ( FBu ) lang . Kirundi , French </Li> <Li> Kenya cap . Nairobi cur . Kenyan shilling ( KSh ) lang . Swahili , English </Li> <Li> Rwanda ( also in ECCAS ) cap . Kigali cur . Rwandan franc ( RF ) lang . Kinyarwanda , French , English </Li> <Li> Tanzania ( also in SADC ) cap . Dodoma cur . Tanzanian shilling ( x / y ) lang . Swahili , English </Li> <Li> Uganda cap . Kampala cur . Ugandan shilling ( USh ) lang . Swahili , English </Li> </Ul> <H3> Southern Africa ( edit ) </H3> Southern Africa ( UN subregion ) geographic , including above Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) <Dl> <Dt> SADC ( Southern African Development Community ) </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Angola ( also in ECCAS ) cap . Luanda cur . Angolan kwanza ( Kz ) lang . Portuguese </Li> <Li> Botswana cap . Gaborone cur . Botswana pula ( P ) lang . Tswana , English </Li> <Li> Comoros cap . Moroni cur . Comorian franc ( CF ) lang . Comorian , Arabic , French </Li> <Li> Lesotho cap . Maseru cur . Lesotho loti ( L ) ( M ) lang . Sesotho , English </Li> <Li> Madagascar cap . Antananarivo cur . Malagasy ariary ( MGA ) lang . Malagasy , French </Li> <Li> Malawi cap . Lilongwe cur . Malawian kwacha ( MK ) lang . English </Li> <Li> Mauritius cap . Port Louis cur . Mauritian rupee ( R ) lang . English </Li> <Li> Mozambique cap . Maputo cur . Mozambican metical ( MTn ) lang . Portuguese </Li> <Li> Namibia cap . Windhoek cur . Namibian dollar ( N $ ) lang . English </Li> <Li> Seychelles cap . Victoria cur . Seychellois rupee ( SR ) ( SRe ) lang . Seychellois Creole , English , French </Li> <Li> South Africa cap . Bloemfontein , Cape Town , Pretoria cur . South African rand ( R ) lang. 11 official languages </Li> <Li> Swaziland cap . Mbabane cur . Swazi lilangeni ( L ) ( E ) lang . SiSwati , English </Li> <Li> Zambia cap . Lusaka cur . Zambian kwacha ( ZK ) lang . English </Li> <Li> Zimbabwe cap . Harare cur . Zimbabwean dollar ( $ ) lang . English </Li> </Ul> <H3> Sudan ( edit ) </H3> <P> Depending on classification Sudan is often not considered part of Sub-Saharan Africa , as it is considered part of North Africa . </P> <Ul> <Li> Sudan cap . Khartoum cur . Sudanese pound ( SDG ) lang . Arabic and English </Li> </Ul> <H3> West Africa ( edit ) </H3> Western Africa ( UN subregion ) Maghreb <Ul> <Li> Mauritania cap . Nouakchott cur . Mauritanian ouguiya ( UM ) ( sometimes , like Sudan , considered part of North Africa ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> ECOWAS ( Economic Community of West African States ) </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Ivory Coast cap . Abidjan , Yamoussoukro cur . West African CFA franc ( CFA ) </Li> <Li> The Gambia cap . Banjul cur . Gambian dalasi ( D ) </Li> <Li> Ghana ' cap . Accra cur . Ghanaian cedi ( GH ₵ ) </Li> <Li> Guinea cap . Conakry cur . Guinean franc ( FG ) </Li> <Li> Liberia cap . Monrovia cur . Liberian dollar ( L $ ) </Li> <Li> Nigeria cap . Abuja cur . Nigerian naira ( N ) </Li> <Li> Sierra Leone cap . Freetown cur . Sierra Leonean leone ( Le ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> UEMOA ( West African Economic and Monetary Union ) </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Benin cap . Porto - Novo cur . West African CFA franc ( CFA ) </Li> <Li> Burkina Faso cap . Ouagadougou cur . West African CFA franc ( CFA ) </Li> <Li> Ivory Coast cap . Abidjan , Yamoussoukro cur . West African CFA franc ( CFA ) </Li> <Li> Guinea - Bissau cap . Bissau cur . West African CFA franc ( CFA ) </Li> <Li> Mali cap . Bamako cur . West African CFA franc ( CFA ) </Li> <Li> Niger cap . Niamey cur . West African CFA franc ( CFA ) </Li> <Li> Senegal cap . Dakar cur . West African CFA franc ( CFA ) </Li> <Li> Togo cap . Lomé cur . West African CFA franc ( CFA ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Geography of Africa </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Composition of macro geographical ( continental ) regions , geographical sub-regions , and selected economic and other groupings '' . United Nations Statistics Division . 11 February 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . `` The designation sub-Saharan Africa is commonly used to indicate all of Africa except northern Africa , with the Sudan included in sub-Saharan Africa . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Political definition of `` Major regions '' , according to the UN `` . Archived from the original on 20 April 2010 . Retrieved 15 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ League of Arab States <P> `` Arab States '' . UNESCO . </P> <P> Infosamak . `` Centre for Marketing , Information and Advisory Services for Fishery Products in the Arab Region '' . 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Geophysical Research Letters. 26 ( 14 ) : 2037 -- 40 . Bibcode : 1999GeoRL ... 26.2037 C . doi : 10.1029 / 1999GL900494 . <P> `` Sahara 's Abrupt Desertification Started By Changes In Earth 's Orbit , Accelerated By Atmospheric And Vegetation Feedbacks '' . Science Daily . Science Daily . 12 July 1999 . </P> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ van Zinderen - Bakker E.M. ( 14 April 1962 ) . `` A Late - Glacial and Post-Glacial Climatic Correlation between East Africa and Europe '' . Nature . 194 ( 4824 ) : 201 -- 03 . Bibcode : 1962Natur. 194 ... 201V . doi : 10.1038 / 194201a0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Herbert Ekwe - Ekwe ( 2 May 2014 ) . `` What exactly does ' sub-Sahara Africa ' mean ? '' . Pambazuka News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Contemptuousness Of A `` Sub-Saharan Africa '' By Chika Onyeani `` . Africannewsworld . Archived from the original on 27 September 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Raunig , Walter ( 2005 ) . Afrikas Horn : Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann - Konferenz 2 . bis 5 . Mai 2002 in München . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag . p. 130 . ISBN 3 - 447 - 05175 - 2 . ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean : These are al - Misr ( Egypt ) -- al - Muqurra ( or other designations for Nubian kingdoms ) -- al - Habasha ( Abyssinia ) -- Barbara ( Berber , i.e. the Somali coast ) -- Zanj ( Azania , i.e. the country of the `` blacks '' ) . Correspondingly almost all these terms ( or as I believe : all of them ! ) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ International Association for the History of Religions ( 1959 ) , Numen , Leiden : EJ Brill , p. 131 , West Africa may be taken as the country stretching from Senegal in the west , to the Cameroons in the east ; sometimes it has been called the central and western Sudan , the Bilad as - Sūdan , ' Land of the Blacks ' , of the Arabs </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nehemia Levtzion , Randall Lee Pouwels , The History of Islam in Africa , ( Ohio University Press , 2000 ) , p. 255 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sven Rubenson , The survival of Ethiopian independence , ( Tsehai , 2003 ) , p. 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jonah Blank , Mullahs on the mainframe : Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras , ( University of Chicago Press , 2001 ) , p. 163 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ F.R.C. 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Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ According to the CIA Factbook : Angola , Benin , Burundi , Burkina Faso , the Central African Republic , Cameroon , Chad , the Republic of Congo , the Democratic Republic of Congo , Djibouti , Equatorial Guinea , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Gabon , the Gambia , Ghana , Guinea , Guinea - Bissau , Kenya , Liberia , Madagascar , Malawi , Mali , Mauritania , Mozambique , Namibia , Nigeria , Rwanda , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Somalia , Sudan , Swaziland , Tanzania , Togo , Uganda , and Zambia </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( 2009 ) . Africa Development Indicators 2008 / 2009 : From the World Bank Africa Database African Development Indicators . World Bank Publications , p. 28 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8213 - 7787 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Research -- CPI -- Overview '' . Transparency.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Bank . Doing Business 2010 , Economy Ranking </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Literacy Survey '' . 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Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East . p. 333 . `` The Zaghawa is one of the major divisions of the Beri peoples who live in western Sudan and eastern Chad , and their language , also called Zaghawa , belongs to the Saharan branch of the Nilo - Saharan language group . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sudan '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 : Population and Housing Census Results '' ( PDF ) . New York City : United Nations Population Fund . 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 March 2009 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eritrea '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Report on minority groups in Somalia '' ( PDF ) . somraf.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Somalia '' . CIA World Factbook . 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Saul and Colin Leys , Sub-Saharan Africa in Global Capitalism , Monthly Review , 1999 , Volume 51 , Issue 03 ( July -- August ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fred Magdoff , Twenty - First - Century Land Grabs : Accumulation by Agricultural Dispossession , Monthly Review , 2013 , Volume 65 , Issue 06 ( November ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ken Gwilliam , Vivien Foster , Rodrigo Archondo - Callao , Cecilia Briceño - Garmendia , Alberto Nogales , and Kavita Sethi ( 2008 ) . Africa infrastructure country diagnostic , Roads in Sub-Saharan Africa . World Bank and the SSATP : p. 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lisa A. Corathers ( January 2009 ) . `` Manganese '' ( PDF ) . Minerals.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . Land - based manganese resources are large but irregularly distributed ; those of the United States are very low grade and have potentially high extraction costs . South Africa accounts for about 80 % of the world 's identified manganese resources , and Ukraine accounts for 10 % . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John F. Papp ( 2001 ) . `` Chromium '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook . Minerals.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . About 42 % of world reserves and about 75 % of the world reserve base are located in South Africa . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vronsky ( May 1 , 1997 ) . `` Platinum : The Rich Man 's Gold '' . Gold-Eagle.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ E. Lee Bray ( January 2009 ) . `` Bauxite and Alumina '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey , Mineral Commodity Summaries . Minerals.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daniel L. Edelstein ( January 2009 ) . `` Copper '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey , Mineral Commodity Summaries . Minerals.usgs.gov . 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Board on Science and Technology for International Development ( 1996 ) . Lost Crops of Africa : Grains . National Academy Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 04990 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WorldDefenseReview.com '' . WorldDefenseReview.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Business24-7.ae Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Evans , Ambrose ( 12 October 2009 ) . `` Blogspot.com '' . Tradeafrica.blogspot.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Africa Regional Brief '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mathiason , Nick ( 2 November 2009 ) . `` Global protocol could limit Sub-Saharan land grab '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 9 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gabara , Nthambeleni ( 12 November 2009 ) . `` Developed nations should invest in African universities '' . buanews.gov.za . BuaNews Online . Archived from the original on 23 February 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World '' . CIA Factbook . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nordling , Linda ( 29 October 2009 ) . `` Africa Analysis : Progress on science spending ? '' . scidev.net . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` South Africa 's Investment in Research and Development on the Rise '' ( Press release ) . Department of Science and Technology . 22 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` User fees for health : a background '' . Archived from the original on 28 November 2006 . Retrieved 28 December 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knippenberg R , Alihonou E , Soucat A , et al. ( June 1997 ) . `` Implementation of the Bamako Initiative : strategies in Benin and Guinea '' . The International Journal of Health Planning and Management . 12 ( Suppl 1 ) : S29 -- 47 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1099 - 1751 ( 199706 ) 12 : 1 + < S29 : : AID - HPM465 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - U . PMID 10173105 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Manageable Bamako Initiative schemes '' . Archived from the original on 8 October 2007 . Retrieved 28 December 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Aids Day 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Unaids.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation : What we do '' . Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UNAIDS reports more than 7 million people now on HIV treatment across Africa -- with nearly 1 million added in the last year -- while new HIV infections and deaths from AIDS continue to fall '' . Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS . 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Special Report : How Africa Turned AIDS Around '' ( PDF ) . Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS . 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AIDSinfo '' . UNAIDS . Retrieved 4 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WHO Malaria '' . Who.int . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Verguet S , Jassat W , Hedberg C , Tollman S , Jamison DT , Hofman KJ ( February 2012 ) . `` Measles control in Sub-Saharan Africa : South Africa as a case study '' . Vaccine. 30 ( 9 ) : 1594 -- 600 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2011.12. 123 . PMID 22230581 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` WHO Onchocerciasis '' . Who.int . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` WHO Maternal mortality '' . Who.int . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Emma Bonino , `` A brutal custom : Join forces to banish the mutilation of women '' , The New York Times , 15 September 2004 ; Charlotte Feldman - Jacobs , `` Commemorating International Day of Zero Tolerance to Female Genital Mutilation '' , Population Reference Bureau , February 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Canagarajah , Sudharshan ; Ye , Xiao ( April 2001 ) . Public Health and Education Spending in Ghana in 1992 - 98 ( PDF ) . World Bank Publication . p. 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . Britannica Book of the Year 2003 . Encyclopædia Britannica , ( 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 85229 - 956 - 2 p. 306 However , Southern Africa is predominantly Christian . According to the Encyclopædia Britannica , as of mid-2002 , there were 376,453,000 Christians , 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa . Ian S. Markham , ( A World Religions Reader . Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishers , 1996 . ) is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa , but still as 40.8 % of the total . These numbers are estimates and remain a matter of conjecture . See Amadu Jacky Kaba . The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa : a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians , Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions . The Western Journal of Black Studies , Vol 29 , Number 2 , June 2005 . Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium , placing Britannica 's estimate as the most agreed figure . Notes the figure presented at the World Christian Encyclopedia , summarised here , as being an outlier . On rates of growth , Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest , see : The List : The World 's Fastest - Growing Religions , Foreign Policy , May 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baldick , Julian ( 1997 ) . Black God : the Afroasiatic roots of the Jewish , Christian , and Muslim religions . Syracuse University Press : ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0522 - 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christopher Ehret , ( 2002 ) . The Civilizations of Africa . Charlottesville : University of Virginia , pp. 102 -- 03 , ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2085 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davidson , Basil ( 1969 ) . The African Genius , An Introduction to African Social and Cultural History . Little Brown and Company : Boston , pp. 168 -- 80 . LCCN 70 - 80751 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eglash , Ron : `` African Fractals : Modern computing and indigenous design . '' Rutgers 1999 ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2613 - 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richmond , Yale ; Gestrin , Phyllis ( 2009 ) . Into Africa : a guide to Sub-Saharan culture and diversity . Boston : Intercultural Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931930 - 91 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowden , Rob ( 2007 ) . Africa South of the Sahara . Coughlan Publishing : p. 40 , ISBN 1 - 4034 - 9910 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christopher Ehret , ( 2002 ) . The Civilizations of Africa . Charlottesville : University of Virginia , p. 103 , ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2085 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ScienceDaily.com '' . ScienceDaily.com. 18 June 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Oldest ' prehistoric art unearthed '' . BBC News . 10 January 2002 . Retrieved 9 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` > TARA -- Trust for African Rock Art : Rock Art in Africa '' . 6 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` African Influences in Modern Art Thematic Essay Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art '' . Metmuseum.org. 2014 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alexandre , Marc ( 1998 ) . World Bank Publication : DC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8213 - 4195 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Intangible Heritage Home -- - intangible heritage -- Culture Sector '' . UNESCO . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yoshida , Reiko . Proclamation 2005 : Barcloth making in Uganda Unesco : Intangible Cultural Heritage ( Uganda ) 13 May 2009 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/11/sfc/ho_1999.522.15.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About.com '' . Goafrica.about.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AllAfrica.com '' . AllAfrica.com. 16 November 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` European Soccer 's Racism Problem '' . Deutsche Welle . Deutsche Welle. 2 December 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Men 's outdoor world records '' . iaaf.org . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . As can be seen : 800m is Kenya ; 5000m is Ethiopia ; 10000m is Ethiopia ; marathon is Kenya . The two exceptions are the 1500m and 3000m steeplechase records , though the latter is held by Stephen Cherono , who was born and raised in Kenya . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tucker , Ross and Dugas , Jonathan . Sport 's great rivalries : Kenya vs. Ethiopia , and a one - sided battle ( at least on the track ) , The Science of Sport , 14 July 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tourism in Africa : Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods '' ( PDF ) . Worldbank.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` South Africa : Political Issues : Constitution : Provincial Government '' . BBC . 2014 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Malik , Nesrine ( 23 November 2009 ) . `` ' Nubian monkey ' song and Arab racism '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 9 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Towson.edu Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Worldbank.org '' . Web.worldbank.org. 27 October 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CDCdevelopmentSolutions.org '' . CDCdevelopmentSolutions.org . Archived from the original on 20 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Where We Work U.S. Agency for International Development '' . Usaid.gov. 2012 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Transparency.org Archived 13 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.N. doubles force in turbulent South Sudan ( UPDATE 2 '' . UPI.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Taking Action to Reduce Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa , World Bank Publications ( 1997 ) , ISBN 0 - 8213 - 3698 - 3 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Chido , Diane E. From Chaos to Cohesion : A Regional Approach to Security , Stability , and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa . Carlisle , Pa. : Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Petringa , Maria : Brazza , A Life for Africa . Bloomington , Indiana : AuthorHouse , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4259 - 1198 - 0 </Li> <Li> Wm . Roger Louis and Jean Stengers : E.D. Morel 's History of the Congo Reform Movement , Clarendon Press Oxford , 1968 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> African People Website </Li> <Li> 50 Factoids about Sub-Saharan Africa </Li> <Li> The Story of Africa -- BBC World Service </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of the world </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of Africa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Guinea region <Ul> <Li> Gulf of Guinea </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cape Lopez </Li> <Li> Mayombe </Li> <Li> Igboland <Ul> <Li> Mbaise </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Maputaland </Li> <Li> Pool Malebo </Li> <Li> Congo Basin </Li> <Li> Chad Basin </Li> <Li> Congolese rainforests </Li> <Li> Ouaddaï highlands </Li> <Li> Ennedi Plateau </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> African Great Lakes <Ul> <Li> Albertine Rift </Li> <Li> East African Rift </Li> <Li> Great Rift Valley </Li> <Li> Gregory Rift </Li> <Li> Rift Valley lakes </Li> <Li> Swahili coast </Li> <Li> Virunga Mountains </Li> <Li> Zanj </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Horn of Africa <Ul> <Li> Afar Triangle </Li> <Li> Al - Habash </Li> <Li> Barbara </Li> <Li> Danakil Alps </Li> <Li> Danakil Desert </Li> <Li> Ethiopian Highlands </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aden </Li> <Li> Gulf of Tadjoura </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Indian Ocean islands <Ul> <Li> Comoros Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Maghreb <Ul> <Li> Barbary Coast </Li> <Li> Bashmur </Li> <Li> Ancient Libya </Li> <Li> Atlas Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nile Valley <Ul> <Li> Cataracts of the Nile </Li> <Li> Darfur </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aqaba </Li> <Li> Lower Egypt </Li> <Li> Lower Nubia </Li> <Li> Middle Egypt </Li> <Li> Nile Delta </Li> <Li> Nuba Mountains </Li> <Li> Nubia </Li> <Li> The Sudans </Li> <Li> Upper Egypt </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Western Sahara </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pepper Coast </Li> <Li> Gold Coast </Li> <Li> Slave Coast </Li> <Li> Ivory Coast </Li> <Li> Cape Palmas </Li> <Li> Cape Mesurado </Li> <Li> Guinea region <Ul> <Li> Gulf of Guinea </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Niger Basin </Li> <Li> Guinean Forests of West Africa </Li> <Li> Niger Delta </Li> <Li> Inner Niger Delta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southern Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Madagascar <Ul> <Li> Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) </Li> <Li> Northern Highlands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rhodesia <Ul> <Li> North </Li> <Li> South </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Thembuland </Li> <Li> Succulent Karoo </Li> <Li> Nama Karoo </Li> <Li> Bushveld </Li> <Li> Highveld </Li> <Li> Fynbos </Li> <Li> Cape Floristic Region </Li> <Li> Kalahari Desert </Li> <Li> Okavango Delta </Li> <Li> False Bay </Li> <Li> Hydra Bay </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Macro-regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aethiopia </Li> <Li> Arab world </Li> <Li> Commonwealth realm </Li> <Li> East African montane forests </Li> <Li> Eastern Desert </Li> <Li> Equatorial Africa </Li> <Li> Françafrique </Li> <Li> Gibraltar Arc </Li> <Li> Greater Middle East </Li> <Li> Islands of Africa </Li> <Li> List of countries where Arabic is an official language </Li> <Li> Mediterranean Basin </Li> <Li> MENA </Li> <Li> MENASA </Li> <Li> Middle East </Li> <Li> Mittelafrika </Li> <Li> Negroland </Li> <Li> Northeast Africa </Li> <Li> Portuguese - speaking African countries </Li> <Li> Sahara </Li> <Li> Sahel </Li> <Li> Sub-Saharan Africa </Li> <Li> Sudan ( region ) </Li> <Li> Sudanian Savanna </Li> <Li> Tibesti Mountains </Li> <Li> Tropical Africa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of Asia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greater Middle East </Li> <Li> Aral Sea <Ul> <Li> Aralkum Desert </Li> <Li> Caspian Sea </Li> <Li> Dead Sea </Li> <Li> Sea of Galilee </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Transoxiana <Ul> <Li> Turan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Greater Khorasan </Li> <Li> Ariana </Li> <Li> Khwarezm </Li> <Li> Sistan </Li> <Li> Kazakhstania </Li> <Li> Eurasian Steppe <Ul> <Li> Asian Steppe </Li> <Li> Kazakh Steppe </Li> <Li> Pontic -- Caspian steppe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mongolian - Manchurian grassland </Li> <Li> Wild Fields <Ul> <Li> Yedisan </Li> <Li> Muravsky Trail </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ural <Ul> <Li> Ural Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Volga region </Li> <Li> Idel - Ural </Li> <Li> Kolyma </Li> <Li> Transbaikal </Li> <Li> Pryazovia </Li> <Li> Bjarmaland </Li> <Li> Kuban </Li> <Li> Zalesye </Li> <Li> Ingria </Li> <Li> Novorossiya </Li> <Li> Gornaya Shoriya </Li> <Li> Tulgas </Li> <Li> Iranian Plateau </Li> <Li> Altai Mountains </Li> <Li> Pamir Mountains </Li> <Li> Tian Shan </Li> <Li> Badakhshan </Li> <Li> Wakhan Corridor </Li> <Li> Wakhjir Pass </Li> <Li> Mount Imeon </Li> <Li> Mongolian Plateau </Li> <Li> Western Regions </Li> <Li> Taklamakan Desert </Li> <Li> Karakoram <Ul> <Li> Trans - Karakoram Tract </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Siachen Glacier </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inner Asia </Li> <Li> Northeast </Li> <Li> Far East <Ul> <Li> Russian Far East </Li> <Li> Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Extreme North </Li> <Li> Siberia <Ul> <Li> Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) </Li> <Li> Transbaikal </Li> <Li> Khatanga Gulf </Li> <Li> Baraba steppe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kamchatka Peninsula </Li> <Li> Amur Basin </Li> <Li> Yenisei Gulf </Li> <Li> Yenisei Basin </Li> <Li> Beringia </Li> <Li> Sikhote - Alin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Japanese archipelago <Ul> <Li> Northeastern Japan Arc </Li> <Li> Sakhalin Island Arc </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Korean Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gobi Desert </Li> <Li> Taklamakan Desert </Li> <Li> Greater Khingan </Li> <Li> Mongolian Plateau </Li> <Li> Inner Asia </Li> <Li> Inner Mongolia </Li> <Li> Outer Mongolia </Li> <Li> China proper </Li> <Li> Manchuria <Ul> <Li> Outer Manchuria </Li> <Li> Inner Manchuria </Li> <Li> Northeast China Plain </Li> <Li> Mongolian - Manchurian grassland </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> North China Plain <Ul> <Li> Yan Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kunlun Mountains </Li> <Li> Liaodong Peninsula </Li> <Li> Himalayas </Li> <Li> Tibetan Plateau <Ul> <Li> Tibet </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tarim Basin </Li> <Li> Northern Silk Road </Li> <Li> Hexi Corridor </Li> <Li> Nanzhong </Li> <Li> Lingnan </Li> <Li> Liangguang </Li> <Li> Jiangnan </Li> <Li> Jianghuai </Li> <Li> Guanzhong </Li> <Li> Huizhou </Li> <Li> Wu </Li> <Li> Jiaozhou </Li> <Li> Zhongyuan </Li> <Li> Shaannan </Li> <Li> Ordos Loop <Ul> <Li> Loess Plateau </Li> <Li> Shaanbei </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hamgyong Mountains </Li> <Li> Central Mountain Range </Li> <Li> Japanese Alps </Li> <Li> Suzuka Mountains </Li> <Li> Leizhou Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gulf of Tonkin </Li> <Li> Yangtze River Delta </Li> <Li> Pearl River Delta </Li> <Li> Yenisei Basin </Li> <Li> Altai Mountains </Li> <Li> Wakhan Corridor </Li> <Li> Wakhjir Pass </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greater Middle East <Ul> <Li> MENA </Li> <Li> MENASA </Li> <Li> Middle East </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Red Sea </Li> <Li> Caspian Sea </Li> <Li> Mediterranean Sea </Li> <Li> Zagros Mountains </Li> <Li> Persian Gulf <Ul> <Li> Pirate Coast </Li> <Li> Strait of Hormuz </Li> <Li> Greater and Lesser Tunbs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Al - Faw Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gulf of Oman </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aqaba </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aden </Li> <Li> Balochistan </Li> <Li> Arabian Peninsula <Ul> <Li> Najd </Li> <Li> Hejaz </Li> <Li> Tihamah </Li> <Li> Eastern Arabia </Li> <Li> South Arabia <Ul> <Li> Hadhramaut </Li> <Li> Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tigris -- Euphrates </Li> <Li> Mesopotamia <Ul> <Li> Upper Mesopotamia </Li> <Li> Lower Mesopotamia </Li> <Li> Sawad </Li> <Li> Nineveh plains </Li> <Li> Akkad ( region ) </Li> <Li> Babylonia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Canaan </Li> <Li> Aram </Li> <Li> Eber - Nari </Li> <Li> Suhum </Li> <Li> Eastern Mediterranean </Li> <Li> Mashriq </Li> <Li> Kurdistan </Li> <Li> Levant <Ul> <Li> Southern Levant </Li> <Li> Transjordan </Li> <Li> Jordan Rift Valley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Levantine Sea </Li> <Li> Golan Heights </Li> <Li> Hula Valley </Li> <Li> Galilee </Li> <Li> Gilead </Li> <Li> Judea </Li> <Li> Samaria </Li> <Li> Arabah </Li> <Li> Anti-Lebanon Mountains </Li> <Li> Sinai Peninsula </Li> <Li> Arabian Desert </Li> <Li> Syrian Desert </Li> <Li> Fertile Crescent </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Syria </Li> <Li> Palestine </Li> <Li> Iranian Plateau </Li> <Li> Armenian Highlands </Li> <Li> Caucasus <Ul> <Li> Caucasus Mountains <Ul> <Li> Greater Caucasus </Li> <Li> Lesser Caucasus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> North Caucasus </Li> <Li> South Caucasus <Ul> <Li> Kur - Araz Lowland </Li> <Li> Lankaran Lowland </Li> <Li> Alborz </Li> <Li> Absheron Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Anatolia </Li> <Li> Cilicia </Li> <Li> Cappadocia </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greater India </Li> <Li> Indian subcontinent </Li> <Li> Himalayas </Li> <Li> Hindu Kush </Li> <Li> Western Ghats </Li> <Li> Eastern Ghats </Li> <Li> Ganges Basin </Li> <Li> Ganges Delta </Li> <Li> Pashtunistan </Li> <Li> Punjab </Li> <Li> Balochistan </Li> <Li> Kashmir <Ul> <Li> Kashmir Valley </Li> <Li> Pir Panjal Range </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Thar Desert </Li> <Li> Indus Valley </Li> <Li> Indus River Delta </Li> <Li> Indus Valley Desert </Li> <Li> Indo - Gangetic Plain </Li> <Li> Eastern coastal plains </Li> <Li> Western Coastal Plains </Li> <Li> Meghalaya subtropical forests </Li> <Li> MENASA </Li> <Li> Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests </Li> <Li> Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows </Li> <Li> Doab </Li> <Li> Bagar tract </Li> <Li> Great Rann of Kutch </Li> <Li> Little Rann of Kutch </Li> <Li> Deccan Plateau </Li> <Li> Coromandel Coast </Li> <Li> Konkan </Li> <Li> False Divi Point </Li> <Li> Hindi Belt </Li> <Li> Ladakh </Li> <Li> Aksai Chin </Li> <Li> Gilgit - Baltistan <Ul> <Li> Baltistan </Li> <Li> Shigar Valley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Karakoram <Ul> <Li> Saltoro Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Siachen Glacier </Li> <Li> Bay of Bengal </Li> <Li> Gulf of Khambhat </Li> <Li> Gulf of Kutch </Li> <Li> Gulf of Mannar </Li> <Li> Trans - Karakoram Tract </Li> <Li> Wakhan Corridor </Li> <Li> Wakhjir Pass </Li> <Li> Lakshadweep </Li> <Li> Andaman and Nicobar Islands <Ul> <Li> Andaman Islands </Li> <Li> Nicobar Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Maldive Islands </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southeast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mainland <Ul> <Li> Indochina </Li> <Li> Malay Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Maritime <Ul> <Li> Peninsular Malaysia </Li> <Li> Sunda Islands </Li> <Li> Greater Sunda Islands </Li> <Li> Lesser Sunda Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Indonesian Archipelago </Li> <Li> Timor </Li> <Li> New Guinea <Ul> <Li> Bonis Peninsula </Li> <Li> Papuan Peninsula </Li> <Li> Huon Peninsula </Li> <Li> Huon Gulf </Li> <Li> Bird 's Head Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gazelle Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Philippine Archipelago <Ul> <Li> Luzon </Li> <Li> Visayas </Li> <Li> Mindanao </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Leyte Gulf </Li> <Li> Gulf of Thailand </Li> <Li> East Indies </Li> <Li> Nanyang </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Asia - Pacific </Li> <Li> Tropical Asia </Li> <Li> Ring of Fire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of Europe </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nordic </Li> <Li> Northwestern </Li> <Li> Scandinavia </Li> <Li> Scandinavian Peninsula </Li> <Li> Fennoscandia </Li> <Li> Baltoscandia </Li> <Li> Sápmi </Li> <Li> West Nordic </Li> <Li> Baltic </Li> <Li> Baltic Sea </Li> <Li> Gulf of Bothnia </Li> <Li> Gulf of Finland </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Faroe Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Danubian countries </Li> <Li> Prussia </Li> <Li> Galicia </Li> <Li> Volhynia </Li> <Li> Donbass </Li> <Li> Sloboda Ukraine </Li> <Li> Sambia Peninsula <Ul> <Li> Amber Coast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Curonian Spit </Li> <Li> Izyum Trail </Li> <Li> Lithuania Minor </Li> <Li> Nemunas Delta </Li> <Li> Baltic </Li> <Li> Baltic Sea </Li> <Li> Vyborg Bay </Li> <Li> Karelia <Ul> <Li> East Karelia </Li> <Li> Karelian Isthmus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lokhaniemi </Li> <Li> Southeastern <Ul> <Li> Balkans </Li> <Li> Aegean Islands </Li> <Li> Gulf of Chania </Li> <Li> North Caucasus </Li> <Li> Greater Caucasus </Li> <Li> Kabardia </Li> <Li> European Russia <Ul> <Li> Southern Russia </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baltic </Li> <Li> Baltic Sea </Li> <Li> Alpine states </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> <Li> Mitteleuropa </Li> <Li> Visegrád Group </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Benelux </Li> <Li> Low Countries </Li> <Li> Northwest </Li> <Li> British Isles </Li> <Li> English Channel </Li> <Li> Channel Islands </Li> <Li> Cotentin Peninsula </Li> <Li> Normandy </Li> <Li> Brittany </Li> <Li> Gulf of Lion </Li> <Li> Iberia <Ul> <Li> Al - Andalus </Li> <Li> Baetic System </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pyrenees </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Italian Peninsula </Li> <Li> Insular Italy </Li> <Li> Tuscan Archipelago </Li> <Li> Aegadian Islands </Li> <Li> Iberia <Ul> <Li> Al - Andalus </Li> <Li> Baetic System </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gibraltar Arc </Li> <Li> Southeastern </Li> <Li> Mediterranean </Li> <Li> Crimea </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Germanic </Li> <Li> Celtic </Li> <Li> Slavic countries </Li> <Li> Uralic </Li> <Li> European Plain </Li> <Li> Eurasian Steppe </Li> <Li> Pontic -- Caspian steppe </Li> <Li> Wild Fields </Li> <Li> Pannonian Basin <Ul> <Li> Great Hungarian Plain </Li> <Li> Little Hungarian Plain </Li> <Li> Eastern Slovak Lowland </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of North America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Northern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eastern Canada </Li> <Li> Western Canada </Li> <Li> Canadian Prairies </Li> <Li> Central Canada </Li> <Li> Northern Canada </Li> <Li> Atlantic Canada </Li> <Li> The Maritimes </Li> <Li> French Canada </Li> <Li> English Canada </Li> <Li> Acadia <Ul> <Li> Acadian Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor </Li> <Li> Peace River Country </Li> <Li> Cypress Hills </Li> <Li> Palliser 's Triangle </Li> <Li> Canadian Shield </Li> <Li> Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga </Li> <Li> Newfoundland ( island ) </Li> <Li> Vancouver Island </Li> <Li> Gulf Islands </Li> <Li> Strait of Georgia </Li> <Li> Canadian Arctic Archipelago </Li> <Li> Labrador Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gaspé Peninsula </Li> <Li> Avalon Peninsula <Ul> <Li> Bay de Verde Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Brodeur Peninsula </Li> <Li> Melville Peninsula </Li> <Li> Bruce Peninsula </Li> <Li> Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) </Li> <Li> Cook Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gulf of Boothia </Li> <Li> Georgian Bay </Li> <Li> Hudson Bay </Li> <Li> James Bay </Li> <Li> Greenland </Li> <Li> Pacific Northwest </Li> <Li> Inland Northwest </Li> <Li> Northeast <Ul> <Li> New England </Li> <Li> Mid-Atlantic </Li> <Li> Commonwealth </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> West <Ul> <Li> Midwest </Li> <Li> Upper Midwest </Li> <Li> Mountain States </Li> <Li> Intermountain West </Li> <Li> Basin and Range Province </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Oregon Trail </Li> <Li> Mormon Corridor </Li> <Li> Calumet Region </Li> <Li> Southwest <Ul> <Li> Old Southwest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Llano Estacado </Li> <Li> Central United States <Ul> <Li> Tallgrass prairie </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> South <Ul> <Li> South Central </Li> <Li> Deep South </Li> <Li> Upland South </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Four Corners </Li> <Li> East Coast </Li> <Li> West Coast </Li> <Li> Gulf Coast </Li> <Li> Third Coast </Li> <Li> Coastal states </Li> <Li> Eastern United States <Ul> <Li> Appalachia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Trans - Mississippi </Li> <Li> Great North Woods </Li> <Li> Great Plains </Li> <Li> Interior Plains </Li> <Li> Great Lakes </Li> <Li> Great Basin <Ul> <Li> Great Basin Desert </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Acadia </Li> <Li> Ozarks </Li> <Li> Ark - La - Tex </Li> <Li> Waxhaws </Li> <Li> Siouxland </Li> <Li> Twin Tiers </Li> <Li> Driftless Area </Li> <Li> Palouse </Li> <Li> Piedmont </Li> <Li> Atlantic coastal plain </Li> <Li> Outer Lands </Li> <Li> Black Dirt Region </Li> <Li> Blackstone Valley </Li> <Li> Piney Woods </Li> <Li> Rocky Mountains </Li> <Li> Mojave Desert </Li> <Li> The Dakotas </Li> <Li> The Carolinas </Li> <Li> Shawnee Hills </Li> <Li> San Fernando Valley </Li> <Li> Tornado Alley </Li> <Li> North Coast </Li> <Li> Lost Coast </Li> <Li> Emerald Triangle </Li> <Li> San Francisco Bay Area <Ul> <Li> San Francisco Bay </Li> <Li> North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) </Li> <Li> East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) </Li> <Li> Silicon Valley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga </Li> <Li> Gulf of Mexico </Li> <Li> Lower Colorado River Valley </Li> <Li> Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta </Li> <Li> Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta </Li> <Li> Colville Delta </Li> <Li> Arkansas Delta </Li> <Li> Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta </Li> <Li> Mississippi Delta </Li> <Li> Mississippi River Delta </Li> <Li> Columbia River Estuary </Li> <Li> Great Basin </Li> <Li> High Desert </Li> <Li> Monterey Peninsula </Li> <Li> Upper Peninsula of Michigan </Li> <Li> Lower Peninsula of Michigan </Li> <Li> Virginia Peninsula </Li> <Li> Keweenaw Peninsula </Li> <Li> Middle Peninsula </Li> <Li> Delmarva Peninsula </Li> <Li> Alaska Peninsula </Li> <Li> Kenai Peninsula </Li> <Li> Niagara Peninsula </Li> <Li> Beringia </Li> <Li> Belt regions <Ul> <Li> Bible Belt </Li> <Li> Black Belt </Li> <Li> Corn Belt </Li> <Li> Cotton Belt </Li> <Li> Frost Belt </Li> <Li> Rice Belt </Li> <Li> Rust Belt </Li> <Li> Sun Belt </Li> <Li> Snow Belt </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Northern Mexico </Li> <Li> Baja California Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gulf of California <Ul> <Li> Colorado River Delta </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gulf of Mexico </Li> <Li> Soconusco </Li> <Li> Tierra Caliente </Li> <Li> La Mixteca </Li> <Li> La Huasteca </Li> <Li> Bajío </Li> <Li> Valley of Mexico </Li> <Li> Mezquital Valley </Li> <Li> Sierra Madre de Oaxaca </Li> <Li> Yucatán Peninsula </Li> <Li> Basin and Range Province </Li> <Li> Western Caribbean Zone </Li> <Li> Isthmus of Panama </Li> <Li> Gulf of Panama <Ul> <Li> Pearl Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Azuero Peninsula </Li> <Li> Mosquito Coast </Li> <Li> West Indies </Li> <Li> Antilles <Ul> <Li> Greater Antilles </Li> <Li> Lesser Antilles <Ul> <Li> Leeward </Li> <Li> Leeward Antilles </Li> <Li> Windward </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lucayan Archipelago </Li> <Li> Southern Caribbean </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Aridoamerica </Li> <Li> Mesoamerica </Li> <Li> Oasisamerica </Li> <Li> Northern </Li> <Li> Middle </Li> <Li> Anglo </Li> <Li> Latin <Ul> <Li> French </Li> <Li> Hispanic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American Cordillera </Li> <Li> Ring of Fire </Li> <Li> LAC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of Oceania </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australasia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gulf of Carpentaria </Li> <Li> New Guinea <Ul> <Li> Bonis Peninsula </Li> <Li> Papuan Peninsula </Li> <Li> Huon Peninsula </Li> <Li> Huon Gulf </Li> <Li> Bird 's Head Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gazelle Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> New Zealand <Ul> <Li> South Island </Li> <Li> North Island <Ul> <Li> Coromandel Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Zealandia </Li> <Li> New Caledonia </Li> <Li> Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) </Li> <Li> Vanuatu <Ul> <Li> Kula Gulf </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Australia <Ul> <Li> Capital Country </Li> <Li> Eastern Australia </Li> <Li> Lake Eyre basin </Li> <Li> Murray -- Darling basin </Li> <Li> Northern Australia </Li> <Li> Nullarbor Plain </Li> <Li> Outback </Li> <Li> Southern Australia <Ul> <Li> Maralinga </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sunraysia </Li> <Li> Great Victoria Desert </Li> <Li> Gulf of Carpentaria </Li> <Li> Gulf St Vincent </Li> <Li> Lefevre Peninsula </Li> <Li> Fleurieu Peninsula </Li> <Li> Yorke Peninsula </Li> <Li> Eyre Peninsula </Li> <Li> Mornington Peninsula </Li> <Li> Bellarine Peninsula </Li> <Li> Mount Henry Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Melanesia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Islands Region <Ul> <Li> Bismarck Archipelago </Li> <Li> Solomon Islands Archipelago </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fiji </Li> <Li> New Caledonia </Li> <Li> Papua New Guinea </Li> <Li> Vanuatu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Micronesia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Caroline Islands <Ul> <Li> Federated States of Micronesia </Li> <Li> Palau </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Guam </Li> <Li> Kiribati </Li> <Li> Marshall Islands </Li> <Li> Nauru </Li> <Li> Northern Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> Wake Island </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Polynesia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Easter Island </Li> <Li> Hawaiian Islands </Li> <Li> Cook Islands </Li> <Li> French Polynesia <Ul> <Li> Austral Islands </Li> <Li> Gambier Islands </Li> <Li> Marquesas Islands </Li> <Li> Society Islands </Li> <Li> Tuamotu </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kermadec Islands </Li> <Li> Mangareva Islands </Li> <Li> Samoa </Li> <Li> Tokelau </Li> <Li> Tonga </Li> <Li> Tuvalu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Ring of Fire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of South America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amazon basin </Li> <Li> Atlantic Forest </Li> <Li> Caatinga </Li> <Li> Cerrado </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Caribbean South America </Li> <Li> West Indies </Li> <Li> Los Llanos </Li> <Li> The Guianas </Li> <Li> Amazon basin <Ul> <Li> Amazon rainforest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gulf of Paria </Li> <Li> Paria Peninsula </Li> <Li> Paraguaná Peninsula </Li> <Li> Orinoco Delta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tierra del Fuego </Li> <Li> Patagonia </Li> <Li> Pampas </Li> <Li> Pantanal </Li> <Li> Gran Chaco </Li> <Li> Chiquitano dry forests </Li> <Li> Valdes Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andes <Ul> <Li> Tropical Andes </Li> <Li> Wet Andes </Li> <Li> Dry Andes </Li> <Li> Pariacaca mountain range </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Altiplano </Li> <Li> Atacama Desert </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Latin </Li> <Li> Hispanic </Li> <Li> American Cordillera </Li> <Li> Ring of Fire </Li> <Li> LAC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Polar regions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Antarctic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antarctic Peninsula </Li> <Li> East Antarctica </Li> <Li> West Antarctica </Li> <Li> Eklund Islands </Li> <Li> Ecozone </Li> <Li> Extreme points </Li> <Li> Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arctic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arctic Alaska </Li> <Li> British Arctic Territories </Li> <Li> Canadian Arctic Archipelago </Li> <Li> Finnmark </Li> <Li> Greenland </Li> <Li> Northern Canada </Li> <Li> Northwest Territories </Li> <Li> Nunavik </Li> <Li> Nunavut </Li> <Li> Russian Arctic </Li> <Li> Sakha </Li> <Li> Sápmi </Li> <Li> Yukon </Li> <Li> North American Arctic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Earth 's oceans and seas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arctic Ocean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amundsen Gulf </Li> <Li> Barents Sea </Li> <Li> Beaufort Sea </Li> <Li> Chukchi Sea </Li> <Li> East Siberian Sea </Li> <Li> Greenland Sea </Li> <Li> Gulf of Boothia </Li> <Li> Kara Sea </Li> <Li> Laptev Sea </Li> <Li> Lincoln Sea </Li> <Li> Prince Gustav Adolf Sea </Li> <Li> Pechora Sea </Li> <Li> Queen Victoria Sea </Li> <Li> Wandel Sea </Li> <Li> White Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Atlantic Ocean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adriatic Sea </Li> <Li> Aegean Sea </Li> <Li> Alboran Sea </Li> <Li> Archipelago Sea </Li> <Li> Argentine Sea </Li> <Li> Baffin Bay </Li> <Li> Balearic Sea </Li> <Li> Baltic Sea </Li> <Li> Bay of Biscay </Li> <Li> Bay of Bothnia </Li> <Li> Bay of Campeche </Li> <Li> Bay of Fundy </Li> <Li> Black Sea </Li> <Li> Bothnian Sea </Li> <Li> Caribbean Sea </Li> <Li> Celtic Sea </Li> <Li> English Channel </Li> <Li> Foxe Basin </Li> <Li> Greenland Sea </Li> <Li> Gulf of Bothnia </Li> <Li> Gulf of Finland </Li> <Li> Gulf of Lion </Li> <Li> Gulf of Guinea </Li> <Li> Gulf of Maine </Li> <Li> Gulf of Mexico </Li> <Li> Gulf of Saint Lawrence </Li> <Li> Gulf of Sidra </Li> <Li> Gulf of Venezuela </Li> <Li> Hudson Bay </Li> <Li> Ionian Sea </Li> <Li> Irish Sea </Li> <Li> Irminger Sea </Li> <Li> James Bay </Li> <Li> Labrador Sea </Li> <Li> Levantine Sea </Li> <Li> Libyan Sea </Li> <Li> Ligurian Sea </Li> <Li> Marmara Sea </Li> <Li> Mediterranean Sea </Li> <Li> Myrtoan Sea </Li> <Li> North Sea </Li> <Li> Norwegian Sea </Li> <Li> Sargasso Sea </Li> <Li> Sea of Åland </Li> <Li> Sea of Azov </Li> <Li> Sea of Crete </Li> <Li> Sea of the Hebrides </Li> <Li> Thracian Sea </Li> <Li> Tyrrhenian Sea </Li> <Li> Wadden Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Indian Ocean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andaman Sea </Li> <Li> Arabian Sea </Li> <Li> Bali Sea </Li> <Li> Bay of Bengal </Li> <Li> Flores Sea </Li> <Li> Great Australian Bight </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aden </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aqaba </Li> <Li> Gulf of Khambhat </Li> <Li> Gulf of Kutch </Li> <Li> Gulf of Oman </Li> <Li> Gulf of Suez </Li> <Li> Java Sea </Li> <Li> Laccadive Sea </Li> <Li> Mozambique Channel </Li> <Li> Persian Gulf </Li> <Li> Red Sea </Li> <Li> Timor Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pacific Ocean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arafura Sea </Li> <Li> Banda Sea </Li> <Li> Bering Sea </Li> <Li> Bismarck Sea </Li> <Li> Bohai Sea </Li> <Li> Bohol Sea </Li> <Li> Camotes Sea </Li> <Li> Celebes Sea </Li> <Li> Ceram Sea </Li> <Li> Chilean Sea </Li> <Li> Coral Sea </Li> <Li> East China Sea </Li> <Li> Gulf of Alaska </Li> <Li> Gulf of Anadyr </Li> <Li> Gulf of California </Li> <Li> Gulf of Carpentaria </Li> <Li> Gulf of Fonseca </Li> <Li> Gulf of Panama </Li> <Li> Gulf of Thailand </Li> <Li> Gulf of Tonkin </Li> <Li> Halmahera Sea </Li> <Li> Koro Sea </Li> <Li> Mar de Grau </Li> <Li> Molucca Sea </Li> <Li> Moro Gulf </Li> <Li> Philippine Sea </Li> <Li> Salish Sea </Li> <Li> Savu Sea </Li> <Li> Sea of Japan </Li> <Li> Sea of Okhotsk </Li> <Li> Seto Inland Sea </Li> <Li> Shantar Sea </Li> <Li> Sibuyan Sea </Li> <Li> Solomon Sea </Li> <Li> South China Sea </Li> <Li> Sulu Sea </Li> <Li> Tasman Sea </Li> <Li> Visayan Sea </Li> <Li> Yellow Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southern Ocean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amundsen Sea </Li> <Li> Bellingshausen Sea </Li> <Li> Cooperation Sea </Li> <Li> Cosmonauts Sea </Li> <Li> Davis Sea </Li> <Li> D'Urville Sea </Li> <Li> King Haakon VII Sea </Li> <Li> Lazarev Sea </Li> <Li> Mawson Sea </Li> <Li> Riiser - Larsen Sea </Li> <Li> Ross Sea </Li> <Li> Scotia Sea </Li> <Li> Somov Sea </Li> <Li> Weddell Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Landlocked seas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aral Sea </Li> <Li> Caspian Sea </Li> <Li> Dead Sea </Li> <Li> Salton Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Articles related to Sub-Saharan Africa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> History of Africa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Angola </Li> <Li> Benin </Li> <Li> Botswana </Li> <Li> Burkina Faso </Li> <Li> Burundi </Li> <Li> Cameroon </Li> <Li> Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) </Li> <Li> Central African Republic </Li> <Li> Chad </Li> <Li> Comoros </Li> <Li> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Djibouti </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> Equatorial Guinea </Li> <Li> Eritrea </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> Gabon </Li> <Li> The Gambia </Li> <Li> Ghana </Li> <Li> Guinea </Li> <Li> Guinea - Bissau </Li> <Li> Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) </Li> <Li> Kenya </Li> <Li> Lesotho </Li> <Li> Liberia </Li> <Li> Libya </Li> <Li> Madagascar </Li> <Li> Malawi </Li> <Li> Mali </Li> <Li> Mauritania </Li> <Li> Mauritius </Li> <Li> Morocco </Li> <Li> Mozambique </Li> <Li> Namibia </Li> <Li> Niger </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> Rwanda </Li> <Li> São Tomé and Príncipe </Li> <Li> Senegal </Li> <Li> Seychelles </Li> <Li> Sierra Leone </Li> <Li> Somalia </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> South Sudan </Li> <Li> Sudan </Li> <Li> Swaziland </Li> <Li> Tanzania </Li> <Li> Togo </Li> <Li> Tunisia </Li> <Li> Uganda </Li> <Li> Zambia </Li> <Li> Zimbabwe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States with limited recognition </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic </Li> <Li> Somaliland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dependencies and other territories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) </Li> <Li> Madeira ( Portugal ) </Li> <Li> Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) </Li> <Li> Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) </Li> <Li> Western Sahara </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Geography of Africa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Angola </Li> <Li> Benin </Li> <Li> Botswana </Li> <Li> Burkina Faso </Li> <Li> Burundi </Li> <Li> Cameroon </Li> <Li> Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) </Li> <Li> Central African Republic </Li> <Li> Chad </Li> <Li> Comoros </Li> <Li> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Djibouti </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> Equatorial Guinea </Li> <Li> Eritrea </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> Gabon </Li> <Li> The Gambia </Li> <Li> Ghana </Li> <Li> Guinea </Li> <Li> Guinea - Bissau </Li> <Li> Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) </Li> <Li> Kenya </Li> <Li> Lesotho </Li> <Li> Liberia </Li> <Li> Libya </Li> <Li> Madagascar </Li> <Li> Malawi </Li> <Li> Mali </Li> <Li> Mauritania </Li> <Li> Mauritius </Li> <Li> Morocco </Li> <Li> Mozambique </Li> <Li> Namibia </Li> <Li> Niger </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> Rwanda </Li> <Li> São Tomé and Príncipe </Li> <Li> Senegal </Li> <Li> Seychelles </Li> <Li> Sierra Leone </Li> <Li> Somalia </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> South Sudan </Li> <Li> Sudan </Li> <Li> Swaziland </Li> <Li> Tanzania </Li> <Li> Togo </Li> <Li> Tunisia </Li> <Li> Uganda </Li> <Li> Zambia </Li> <Li> Zimbabwe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States with limited recognition </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic </Li> <Li> Somaliland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dependencies and other territories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) </Li> <Li> Madeira ( Portugal ) </Li> <Li> Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) </Li> <Li> Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) </Li> <Li> Western Sahara </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Languages of Africa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Angola </Li> <Li> Benin </Li> <Li> Botswana </Li> <Li> Burkina Faso </Li> <Li> Burundi </Li> <Li> Cameroon </Li> <Li> Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) </Li> <Li> Central African Republic </Li> <Li> Chad </Li> <Li> Comoros </Li> <Li> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Djibouti </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> Equatorial Guinea </Li> <Li> Eritrea </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> Gabon </Li> <Li> The Gambia </Li> <Li> Ghana </Li> <Li> Guinea </Li> <Li> Guinea - Bissau </Li> <Li> Ivory 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which biome is characteristic of central sub saharan africa nearest the equator

Kylo Ren - wikipedia <H1> Kylo Ren </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Kylo '' redirects here . For the web browser , see Kylo ( web browser ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Kylo Ren Ben Solo </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Star Wars character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Kylo Ren 's costume displayed on a mannequin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lawrence Kasdan </Li> <Li> J.J. Abrams </Li> <Li> Michael Arndt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Adam Driver </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voiced by </Th> <Td> Adam Driver ( Disney Infinity 3.0 , Lego Star Wars : The Force Awakens , Lego Star Wars : The Resistance Rises ) Matthew Wood ( Star Wars Battlefront II ) Roger Craig Smith ( Star Wars Battlefront II ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Full name </Th> <Td> Ben Solo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Species </Th> <Td> Human </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Male </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Supreme Leader of the First Order </Li> <Li> Master of the Knights of Ren </Li> <Li> Former Jedi Padawan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Affiliation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> First Order </Li> <Li> Knights of Ren </Li> <Li> New Jedi Order ( formerly ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Han Solo ( father ) </Li> <Li> Leia Organa ( mother ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Relatives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Luke Skywalker ( maternal uncle ) </Li> <Li> Anakin Skywalker ( maternal grandfather ) </Li> <Li> Padmé Amidala ( maternal grandmother ) </Li> <Li> Bail Organa ( adopted maternal grandfather ) </Li> <Li> Breha Organa ( adopted maternal grandmother ) </Li> <Li> Shmi Skywalker ( maternal great - grandmother ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Homeworld </Th> <Td> Chandrila </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Kylo Ren is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise . Introduced in the 2015 film Star Wars : The Force Awakens , he is portrayed by Adam Driver . Kylo Ren is the chosen name of Ben Solo , the son of original Star Wars trilogy characters Han Solo and Leia Organa . Though trained by his uncle Luke Skywalker as a Jedi , he has been seduced to the dark side of the Force by Supreme Leader Snoke and aspires to be as powerful as his grandfather , Darth Vader . Kylo Ren is also the master of the Knights of Ren , as well as a commander and later the supreme leader of the First Order , an organization spawned from the fallen Galactic Empire . He is featured in The Force Awakens media and merchandising and appears in the film 's sequel , Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Concept and creation </Li> <Li> 2 Character </Li> <Li> 3 Appearances <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Feature films <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Related works and promotional material </Li> <Li> 3.3 Novels </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Reception </Li> <Li> 5 Family tree </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Concept and creation ( edit ) </H2> <P> After Lucasfilm was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2012 , the script for The Force Awakens was written by Lawrence Kasdan , J.J. Abrams and Michael Arndt , with no direct participation from Star Wars creator George Lucas . According to director Abrams , the First Order is inspired by ODESSA , a theoretical network of SS officers who fled to Argentina following World War II . </P> <P> Driver 's casting in the film in an unnamed role was first announced on April 29 , 2014 . Kylo Ren was first seen , but still not named , in the 88 - second The Force Awakens teaser trailer released by Lucasfilm on November 28 , 2014 , wielding a jagged red lightsaber with a crossguard . The name Kylo Ren was revealed by Entertainment Weekly in a Lucasfilm - designed Topps - style trading card mockup in December 2014 . A May 2015 Vanity Fair photo shoot by Annie Leibovitz confirmed that Driver would be portraying Kylo . </P> <P> In an interview with Time , The Force Awakens costume designer Michael Kaplan said that Abrams requested that Ren 's mask be designed to be memorable for a child . After numerous attempts to gain Abrams ' approval , the final design was selected . Kaplan said : </P> <P> I do n't know if it was the kind of spaghetti type lines on it or what , but the next time J.J. came by that was what we presented to him and he loved it . Also the silver in those lines kind of reflects and changes color with the action . You know , if he 's standing in front of fire you see that , so it almost brings you into the mask . </P> <P> Abrams told Entertainment Weekly in August 2015 , `` The movie explains the origins of the mask and where it 's from , but the design was meant to be a nod to the Vader mask . '' </P> <P> According to other cast members , Driver is a method actor , which meant that he sometimes stayed in character on set as Ren and left his mask on between scenes . Driver explained that his goal was `` to forget you 're in Star Wars and treat it like any other job that 's filled with moments and problems '' , because from the perspective of the characters living within the film 's universe , `` Darth Vader is real '' . </P> <P> Ren 's character arc shares similarities with that of the Star Wars expanded universe character Jacen Solo , the son of Han Solo and Princess Leia who threatens the galaxy as a fallen Jedi . Additionally , critics have noted a resemblance between Ren 's character design and that of Revan , the protagonist of Knights of the Old Republic . </P> <H2> Character ( edit ) </H2> <P> Abrams told Empire in August 2015 , `` Kylo Ren is not a Sith . He works under Supreme Leader Snoke , who is a powerful figure on the Dark Side of the Force . '' Abrams had previously told Entertainment Weekly that the character , `` came to the name Kylo Ren when he joined a group called the Knights of Ren . '' Robbie Collin of The Telegraph described Ren as `` a hot - headed , radicalised Dark Side jihadi , whose red lightsaber splutters and crackles as violently as his temper '' . Abrams noted , `` The lightsaber is something that he built himself , and is as dangerous and as fierce and as ragged as the character . '' The Telegraph also explains that Ren 's wild and erratic temper and `` angsty '' instability make him dangerous . Melissa Leon of The Daily Beast describes Ren 's use of the Force as `` formidable '' , citing his ability to stop a blaster shot mid-air , immobilize victims and probe their minds against their will . </P> <P> Kasdan told Entertainment Weekly in August 2015 , `` I 've written four Star Wars movies now , and there 's never been a character quite like the one that Adam plays . I think you 're going to see something that 's brand new to the saga , '' noting that the character is `` full of emotion '' . Abrams explained , `` I think that what makes Ren so unique is that he is n't as fully formed as when we meet a character such as Darth Vader ... He is not your prototypical mustache - twirling bad guy . He is a little bit more complex than that . '' Driver said in December 2015 that , despite the visual similarities to Darth Vader , Ren is `` unlike any villain the franchise has seen before '' . He explained : </P> <P> I feel there 's a recklessness about him that 's maybe not normally associated with the Dark Side . You normally think of order , and structure , and full commitment and no hesitation ... he 's just a little bit more unpolished . It 's in his costume , in his lightsaber -- how you kind of get the sense that it could just not work at any moment ; that it could just blow up . That 's kind of like a big metaphor for him . </P> <H2> Appearances ( edit ) </H2> Model of Kylo 's cross-bladed lightsaber on display at Star Wars Launch Bay at Disney 's Hollywood Studios ( 2015 ) . <H3> Feature films ( edit ) </H3> The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : The Force Awakens <P> Kylo Ren first appears in The Force Awakens as the commander of the First Order , a sinister regime that has risen from the remains of the old Galactic Empire . After arriving at Jakku to retrieve a map containing the coordinates for the location of Luke Skywalker , Ren kills an old vicar known as Lor San Tekka and captures Resistance pilot Poe Dameron , who has also been sent to recover the map by General Leia Organa . Ren soon learns that the pilot had entrusted his astromech droid , BB - 8 , with the map . Poe flees with the help of rogue stormtrooper Finn , who later finds BB - 8 , and the scavenger Rey . Finn , Rey , and BB - 8 escape Jakku in the Millennium Falcon , and are soon intercepted by the ship 's former owner , Han Solo , and his co-pilot Chewbacca . </P> <P> It is revealed that Ren is the son of Han and Leia , and was once one of Luke 's Jedi pupils . He was drawn to the dark side of the Force by the First Order 's Supreme Leader Snoke . He then helped to destroy his uncle Luke 's new Jedi Academy . However , Ren still feels the pull of the light side of the Force and seeks the strength to overcome this weakness from his grandfather Darth Vader , whose burnt helmet is in Ren 's possession . Arriving at the Maz Kanata castle , Ren captures Rey , who he senses has seen the map . While interrogating her with the Force , he realizes that she is strong with the Force herself , though unaware of it . Rey finds herself able to experience Ren 's emotions and confronts him on his fear that he will never be as powerful as Vader . She later uses the `` Jedi mind trick '' to compel her stormtrooper guard to let her escape . Han arrives at the First Order 's battle station , Starkiller Base , as part of the Resistance 's plan to destroy it . </P> <P> After Han plants explosives to destroy the base , he confronts Ren , calling him by his real name , Ben , and implores him to abandon the dark side , warning him that Snoke will kill him once he accomplishes his goal to seize control of the galaxy . Ren refuses and kills his father , enraging Chewbacca , Han 's copilot , who fires , injuring Ren . As Finn and Rey flee the damaged base , a badly injured Ren follows and confronts them . Finn fights Ren with Luke 's recovered lightsaber , but Ren overpowers and severely wounds him . Rey then takes up the lightsaber and , using the Force , begins to overcome Ren , as well as striking him on the face with the lightsaber , leaving Ren with a scar on the right side of his face . Before the duel is finished , they are separated by a seismic fissure created by the collapsing base . Rey and the others escape as Snoke orders General Hux to evacuate the base and bring Ren to him to complete his training . </P> The last Jedi ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : The Last Jedi <P> Ren 's inner conflict continues into The Last Jedi , specifically through his conversations with Rey , with whom he connects through the Force . Rey believes that his conflict will ultimately bring him back to the light side . Ren captures her and brings her before Snoke , who orders Ren to kill her . However , Ren uses the Force to ignite a lightsaber at Snoke 's side and cut him in half , killing him . Ren beseeches Rey to join him in creating a new order , separate from the legacies created by Snoke and Luke . When Rey refuses , Ren declares himself Supreme Leader of the First Order , and orders his forces to attack the Resistance base on Crait . Ren engages Luke in battle and appears to blow him up and cut him in half , but Luke remains standing ; `` Luke '' is revealed to be simply a vision projected from the real Luke on Ahch - To , serving as a distraction which allows the Resistance to escape from the First Order . When Luke vanishes , the First Order storms the base , but Resistance has already evacuated ; he shares a final look with Rey through the Force before Rey closes the door to the Millennium Falcon and escapes with the Resistance . </P> <H3> Related works and promotional material ( edit ) </H3> <P> He is a playable character in the 2015 Force Awakens add - on to the Disney Infinity 3.0 video game , with an Infinity character figurine available separately . He is also a character in the strategy video game Star Wars : Force Arena . </P> <P> Hasbro has released a 3 ⁄ - inch ( 9.5 cm ) Kylo Ren action figure , and a 6 - inch ( 15 cm ) figure in their Black Series line . He is also featured in the Lego Star Wars playsets Kylo Ren 's Command Shuttle ( 2015 ) and Battle on Takodana ( 2016 ) , as well as a Lego Buildable Figure . The Lego version of Kylo also appears in the 2016 short form animated series Lego Star Wars : The Resistance Rises . </P> <P> In January 2016 , Driver reprised the role for a Star Wars / Undercover Boss sketch on Saturday Night Live , with Kylo Ren disguising himself as a radar technician named `` Matt '' to determine what the Starkiller Base employees really think of him . </P> <P> Kylo Ren appears in Star Wars Battlefront II , voiced by Matthew Wood and Roger Craig Smith , masked and unmasked respectively . In the game , Kylo interrogates Del Meeko about Lor San Tekka 's location ( who possess the map to Luke Skywalker ) using his Force abilities . When Del finally relents and reveals the map and Lor San Tekka 's location , Kylo leaves him for Hask , Del 's former comrade in Inferno Squad . </P> <H3> Novels ( edit ) </H3> <P> Kylo Ren is a point of view character in the 2015 novelization of The Force Awakens by Alan Dean Foster . </P> <P> In the 2017 Chuck Wendig novel Star Wars : Aftermath : Empire 's End , Ben Solo is stated as having been born on the planet Chandrila on the same day as a peace treaty is signed between the remnants of the Empire and the New Galactic Republic . Kylo Ren is additionally mentioned in the 2017 novel Star Wars : Phasma . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> Adam Driver received positive reviews for his performance as Kylo Ren . <P> Both the character of Kylo Ren and Driver 's performance have been positively received . Many complimented Ren 's conflicted nature and depth , as well as his costume design , and noted there were many places the character could be taken in future installments . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised the character and the actor alike , saying , `` He is gorgeously cruel , spiteful and capricious -- and unlike the Vader of old , he is given to petulant temper tantrums , with his lightsaber drawn . '' Terri Schwartz of IGN also called Driver 's performance `` spectacular '' , noting that `` his performance adds great depth to a character who could have come off as one - dimensional , and the implications of his arc leave a viewer with plenty to think about after they leave the theater . '' Collin wrote , `` To describe Kylo Ren as this film 's Vader would be accurate in a sense ... But it would also be to undersell the deep ingenuity with which this astonishing character has been crafted by Abrams , Kasdan and Arndt , and also the wells of emotional tumult Driver invests in him . '' Comparing the character to the one - note Vader of the 1977 film , Leon calls Ren `` a living battleground between darkness and light , making him a far more resonant and familiar portrayal of that struggle than we 've ever seen in Star Wars ... ( which ) makes him a far more interesting villain . '' Abrams told Entertainment Weekly , `` it was a great joy to work with Adam Driver on this role , because he threw himself into it in a deep and remarkable way . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter noted , `` Ren is given a pronounced inferiority complex , a clever bad guy twist that could be taken to interesting places both in the writing and performance . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote , `` The bald - faced attempt to clone Vader , one of the greatest badasses in film history , is clankingly obvious , but Driver , masked and unmasked , gives him hypnotic and haunting contours . '' Kyle Buchanan of Vulture.com was underwhelmed by the reveal of Driver under the mask . Leon , however , argued : </P> <P> But that face -- that of a normal , vulnerable young man -- is the most subversively terrifying thing about J. J. Abrams ' reimagining of A New Hope . Rather than pure evil , Ren is something far more familiar : He is human . Just like the real - life young men with minds clouded by fear , hate , and anger who commit unspeakable acts in our world every day ... all the visual cues that leave the character open to criticisms of not being `` evil '' enough -- are all signs of Ren 's struggle between the Dark Side and the Light . </P> <P> Driver won a 2016 Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal . In January 2018 , Kylo was voted seventh greatest movie villain of all time by the readers of Empire . </P> <H2> Family tree ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Solo family <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Skywalker family tree </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="6"> Aika Lars </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="6"> Cliegg Lars </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="6"> Shmi Skywalker </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="6"> Jobal Naberrie </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="6"> Ruwee Naberrie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 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colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="6"> Bail Organa </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="6"> Breha Organa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 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colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="6"> Ben Solo </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> References : <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2016 ) . Star Wars Character Encyclopedia : Updated and Expanded . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Databank : Cliegg Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Databank : Shmi Skywalker Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Databank : Beru Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Databank : Owen Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Databank : Anakin Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Databank : Darth Vader '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Databank : Padmé Amidala '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Databank : Bail Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Databank : Luke Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) , Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son , Ben Skywalker . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Databank : Princess Leia Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Force Awakens. 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) continuity , Han and Leia have three children : Jaina , Jacen and Anakin Solo . </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Wendig , Chuck ( 2017 ) . Star Wars : Aftermath : Empire 's End . Del Rey . ISBN 9781101966976 . What is known is this : The child 's name is Ben , and he takes his father 's last name , even as Leia keeps only her own family name , Organa . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( Little Golden Book ) . Golden Books . April 12 , 2016 . ISBN 9780736434911 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dennis , Catrina ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Legacy of My Mother : 5 Women Who Changed the Star Wars Galaxy '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dyer , James ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` JJ Abrams Spills Details On Kylo Ren '' . Empire . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode VII Cast Announced '' . StarWars.com. April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Watch the Incredible Star Wars : The Force Awakens Trailer '' . Rolling Stone . November 28 , 2014 . 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Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Digital Trading Cards '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Driver 's and Lupita Nyong'o's Characters Revealed in Exclusive Star Wars : The Force Awakens Photos '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How Kylo Ren 's Terrifying Mask Was Designed to Be Unforgettable to Kids '' . Time . December 11 , 2015 . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : Kylo Ren 's shroud is pulled back at last , but ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hiatt , Brian ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Strikes Back : Behind the Scenes of the Biggest Movie of the Year '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` How the Abandoned Star Wars Expanded Universe Inspired Force Awakens '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bouie , Jamelle ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` How The Force Awakens Remixes the Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . Slate . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kendrick , Ben ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars 7 : Kylo Ren Backstory Explained '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saavedra , John ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Easter Eggs and Reference Guide ( Kylo Ren / Ben Solo and the Knights of Ren ) '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens , Donna ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Kylo Ren Looks An Awful Lot Like This Other Star Wars Character '' . HitFix . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chung , Frank ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` Who is the new Star Wars villain ? '' . News.com.au . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Collin , Robbie ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens review : ' the magic is back ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 14 things Star Wars fans will love about The Force Awakens '' . The Telegraph . December 17 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Leon , Melissa ( December 27 , 2015 ) . `` Emo Kylo Ren : Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Polarizing Villain '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hawkes , Rebecca ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Driver : why Kylo Ren is nothing like Vader '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robertson , Andy ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Infinity : The Force Awakens Dated , Adds Kylo Ren And Poe Dameron '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Valdes , Giancarlo ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Infinity 's Star Wars : The Force Awakens lets John Boyega play with himself '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Play Set for Disney Infinity 3.0 Edition Now Available '' . StarWars.com . December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Infinity adds to Force Awakens experience '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Compendio , Chris ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Kylo Ren and Rey Finally Join Mobile Game Star Wars : Force Arena '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spry , Jeff ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Leaked peek at Hasbro 's Kylo Ren , Captain Phasma and 10 more The Force Awakens action figures '' . Blastr . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Myatt , D. Martin . `` 03 Kylo Ren from Hasbro 's The Black Series '' . Rebelscum.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 75104 - 1 : Kylo Ren 's Command Shuttle '' . Brickset.com. 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Minifigs : sw663 : Kylo Ren ( 75104 ) '' . Brickset.com. 2015 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 75139 - 1 : Battle on Takodana '' . Brickset.com. 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Minifigs : sw717 : Kylo Ren ( 75139 ) '' . Brickset.com. 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 75117 - 1 : Kylo Ren '' . Brickset.com. 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Force Awakens characters to appear in new LEGO Star Wars series '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LEGO Star Wars : The Resistance Rises to Debut on Disney XD February 15 '' . Oh My Disney . February 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watercutter , Angela ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` This New Animated Lego Star Wars Short Looks Legit '' . Wired . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Poe Dameron Stages a Daring Rescue in the First The Force Awakens Lego Short '' . io9 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGee , Ryan ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Adam Driver on ' SNL ' : 3 Sketches You Have to See '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mroz , Guillaume ( @ guillaume_mroz ) ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sorry , incomplete information : Matthew Woods : Masked Kylo Ren Roger Craig Smith : Unmasked Kylo Ren '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foster , Alan Dean ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter I '' . The Force Awakens ( e-book ) . ISBN 9781101965504 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Everything That Aftermath : Empire 's End Reveals About the New Star Wars Universe '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Review ( Or How I Might Just Like Kylo Ren ) '' . thebiglead.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Force Awakens Thrilling If Not Familiar Adventure '' . thereeldeal.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What Happened To Kylo Ren After The Force Awakens ? The Villian Could Make A Return '' . Bustle.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens review -- ' a spectacular homecoming ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Let 's Discuss the Ending of Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cohen , David S. ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Force Awakens Rings Up Eight Saturn Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Agar , Chris ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Kylo Ren Voted Seventh - Greatest Movie Villain '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kylo Ren . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Kylo Ren in the StarWars.com Databank </Li> <Li> Kylo Ren on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki </Li> <Li> Kylo Ren on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Star Wars characters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of The Clone Wars characters </Li> <Li> List of Rebels characters </Li> <Li> List of Legends characters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Canon </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Admiral Ackbar </Li> <Li> Padmé Amidala </Li> <Li> Cassian Andor </Li> <Li> Wedge Antilles </Li> <Li> Cad Bane </Li> <Li> Darth Bane </Li> <Li> BB - 8 </Li> <Li> Jar Jar Binks </Li> <Li> C - 3PO </Li> <Li> Lando Calrissian </Li> <Li> Chewbacca </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Connix </Li> <Li> Poe Dameron </Li> <Li> Count Dooku </Li> <Li> Jyn Erso </Li> <Li> Boba Fett </Li> <Li> Jango Fett </Li> <Li> Finn </Li> <Li> Saw Gerrera </Li> <Li> Greedo </Li> <Li> Tag Greenley </Li> <Li> General Grievous </Li> <Li> Jabba the Hutt </Li> <Li> General Hux </Li> <Li> Kanan Jarrus </Li> <Li> Qui - Gon Jinn </Li> <Li> K - 2SO </Li> <Li> Maz Kanata </Li> <Li> Obi - Wan Kenobi </Li> <Li> Orson Krennic </Li> <Li> Princess Leia </Li> <Li> Darth Maul </Li> <Li> Nien Nunb </Li> <Li> Bink Otauna </Li> <Li> Palpatine </Li> <Li> Captain Phasma </Li> <Li> Admiral Piett </Li> <Li> R2 - D2 </Li> <Li> Kylo Ren </Li> <Li> Rey </Li> <Li> Captain Rex </Li> <Li> Bodhi Rook </Li> <Li> Bail Organa </Li> <Li> Luke Skywalker </Li> <Li> Supreme Leader Snoke </Li> <Li> Han Solo </Li> <Li> Ahsoka Tano </Li> <Li> Grand Moff Tarkin </Li> <Li> Grand Admiral Thrawn </Li> <Li> Rose Tico </Li> <Li> Darth Vader </Li> <Li> Asajj Ventress </Li> <Li> Iden Versio </Li> <Li> Watto </Li> <Li> Wicket W. 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where does kylo ren's name come from

OPEC - wikipedia <H1> OPEC </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Flag </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Vienna , Austria </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> International cartel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Membership </Th> <Td> 14 states ( May 2017 ) ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Angola </Li> <Li> Ecuador </Li> <Li> Equatorial Guinea </Li> <Li> Gabon </Li> <Li> Iran * </Li> <Li> Iraq * </Li> <Li> Kuwait * </Li> <Li> Libya </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> Qatar </Li> <Li> Saudi Arabia * </Li> <Li> United Arab Emirates </Li> <Li> Venezuela * </Li> <Li> * founding member </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Secretary General </Th> <Td> Mohammed Barkindo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Establishment </Th> <Td> Baghdad , Iraq </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Statute </Th> <Td> September 1960 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In effect </Th> <Td> January 1961 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Currency </Th> <Td> Indexed as USD per barrel ( US $ / bbl ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Website OPEC.org </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC , / ˈoʊpɛk / OH - pek , or OPEP in several other languages ) is an intergovernmental organization of 14 nations as of February 2018 , founded in 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members ( Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , and Venezuela ) , and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna , Austria . As of 2016 , the 14 countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 73 percent of the world 's `` proven '' oil reserves , giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by American - dominated multinational oil companies . </P> <P> OPEC 's stated mission is `` to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets , in order to secure an efficient , economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers , a steady income to producers , and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry . '' The organization is also a significant provider of information about the international oil market . As of May 2017 , OPEC 's members are Algeria , Angola , Ecuador , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Libya , Nigeria , Qatar , Saudi Arabia ( the de facto leader ) , United Arab Emirates , and Venezuela , while Indonesia is a former member . Two - thirds of OPEC 's oil production and reserves are in its six Middle Eastern countries that surround the oil - rich Persian Gulf . </P> <P> The formation of OPEC marked a turning point toward national sovereignty over natural resources , and OPEC decisions have come to play a prominent role in the global oil market and international relations . The effect can be particularly strong when wars or civil disorders lead to extended interruptions in supply . In the 1970s , restrictions in oil production led to a dramatic rise in oil prices and OPEC 's revenue and wealth , with long - lasting and far - reaching consequences for the global economy . In the 1980s , OPEC started setting production targets for its member nations ; and generally when the production targets are reduced , oil prices increase , most recently from the organization 's 2008 and 2016 decisions to trim oversupply . </P> <P> Economists often cite OPEC as a textbook example of a cartel that cooperates to reduce market competition , but whose consultations are protected by the doctrine of state immunity under international law . In December 2014 , `` OPEC and the oil men '' ranked as # 3 on Lloyd 's list of `` the top 100 most influential people in the shipping industry '' . However , their influence on international trade is periodically challenged by the expansion of non-OPEC energy sources , and by the recurring temptation for individual OPEC countries to exceed production ceilings and pursue conflicting self - interests . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Membership <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Current member countries </Li> <Li> 1.2 Lapsed members </Li> <Li> 1.3 Observers </Li> <Li> 1.4 Leadership and decision - making </Li> <Li> 1.5 International cartel </Li> <Li> 1.6 Conflicts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Market information <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Publications and research </Li> <Li> 2.2 Crude oil benchmarks </Li> <Li> 2.3 Spare capacity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 History and impact <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Post-WWII situation </Li> <Li> 3.2 1959 -- 1960 anger from exporting countries </Li> <Li> 3.3 1960 -- 1975 founding and expansion </Li> <Li> 3.4 1973 -- 1974 oil embargo </Li> <Li> 3.5 1975 -- 1980 Special Fund , now OFID </Li> <Li> 3.6 1975 hostage siege </Li> <Li> 3.7 1979 -- 1980 oil crisis and 1980s oil glut </Li> <Li> 3.8 1990 -- 2003 ample supply and modest disruptions </Li> <Li> 3.9 2003 -- 2011 volatility </Li> <Li> 3.10 2008 production dispute </Li> <Li> 3.11 2014 -- 2017 oil glut </Li> <Li> 3.12 2017 - 2018 Production cut </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Membership ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Current member countries ( edit ) </H3> <P> As of May 2017 , OPEC has 14 member countries : six in the Middle East ( Western Asia ) , six in Africa , and two in South America . According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) , OPEC 's combined rate of oil production ( including gas condensate ) represented 44 percent of the world 's total in 2016 , and OPEC accounted for 73 percent of the world 's `` proven '' oil reserves , including 48 percent from just the six Middle Eastern members : </P> <P> Approval of a new member country requires agreement by three - quarters of OPEC 's existing members , including all five of the founders . In October 2015 , Sudan formally submitted an application to join , but it is not yet a member . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Membership Years </Th> <Th> Population ( 2016 est . ) </Th> <Th> Area ( km ) </Th> <Th> Oil Production ( bbl / day , 2016 ) </Th> <Th> Proven Reserves ( bbl , 2016 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> North Africa </Td> <Td> 1969 -- </Td> <Td> 40,606,052 </Td> <Td> 2,381,740 </Td> <Td> 1,348,361 </Td> <Td> 12,200,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angola </Td> <Td> Southern Africa </Td> <Td> 2007 -- </Td> <Td> 28,813,463 </Td> <Td> 1,246,700 </Td> <Td> 1,769,615 </Td> <Td> 8,423,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ecuador </Td> <Td> South America </Td> <Td> 1973 -- 1992 , 2007 -- </Td> <Td> 16,385,068 </Td> <Td> 283,560 </Td> <Td> 548,421 </Td> <Td> 8,273,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Equatorial Guinea </Td> <Td> Central Africa </Td> <Td> 2017 -- </Td> <Td> 1,221,490 </Td> <Td> 28,051 </Td> <Td> 227,000 </Td> <Td> 1,100,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gabon </Td> <Td> Central Africa </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 1995 , 2016 -- </Td> <Td> 1,979,786 </Td> <Td> 267,667 </Td> <Td> 210,820 </Td> <Td> 2,000,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> Middle East </Td> <Td> 1960 -- </Td> <Td> 80,277,428 </Td> <Td> 1,648,000 </Td> <Td> 3,990,956 </Td> <Td> 157,530,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iraq </Td> <Td> Middle East </Td> <Td> 1960 -- </Td> <Td> 37,202,572 </Td> <Td> 437,072 </Td> <Td> 4,451,516 </Td> <Td> 143,069,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kuwait </Td> <Td> Middle East </Td> <Td> 1960 -- </Td> <Td> 4,052,584 </Td> <Td> 17,820 </Td> <Td> 2,923,825 </Td> <Td> 101,500,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Libya </Td> <Td> North Africa </Td> <Td> 1962 -- </Td> <Td> 6,293,253 </Td> <Td> 1,759,540 </Td> <Td> 384,686 </Td> <Td> 48,363,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> West Africa </Td> <Td> 1971 -- </Td> <Td> 185,989,640 </Td> <Td> 923,768 </Td> <Td> 1,999,885 </Td> <Td> 37,070,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Qatar </Td> <Td> Middle East </Td> <Td> 1961 -- </Td> <Td> 2,569,804 </Td> <Td> 11,437 </Td> <Td> 1,522,902 </Td> <Td> 25,244,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> Middle East </Td> <Td> 1960 -- </Td> <Td> 32,275,687 </Td> <Td> 2,149,690 </Td> <Td> 10,460,710 </Td> <Td> 266,578,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Arab Emirates </Td> <Td> Middle East </Td> <Td> 1967 -- </Td> <Td> 9,269,612 </Td> <Td> 83,600 </Td> <Td> 3,106,077 </Td> <Td> 97,800,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venezuela </Td> <Td> South America </Td> <Td> 1960 -- </Td> <Td> 31,568,179 </Td> <Td> 912,050 </Td> <Td> 2,276,967 </Td> <Td> 299,953,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> OPEC Total </Th> <Th> 478,498,000 </Th> <Th> 12,150,695 </Th> <Th> 35,221,740 </Th> <Th> 1,209,103,000,000 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> World Total </Th> <Th> 7,618,511,000 </Th> <Th> 510,072,000 </Th> <Th> 80,622,287 </Th> <Th> 1,650,585,000,000 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> OPEC Percent </Th> <Th> 6 % </Th> <Th> 2 % </Th> <Th> 44 % </Th> <Th> 73 % </Th> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : One petroleum barrel ( bbl ) is approximately 42 U.S. gallons , or 159 liters , or 0.159 m , varying slightly with temperature . To put the production numbers in context , a supertanker typically holds 2,000,000 barrels ( 320,000 m ) , and the world 's current production rate would take approximately 56 years to exhaust the world 's current proven reserves . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The five founding members attended the first OPEC conference in September 1960 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The UAE was founded in December 1971 . Its OPEC membership originated with the Emirate of Abu Dhabi . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Lapsed members ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Membership Years </Th> <Th> Population ( 2016 est . ) </Th> <Th> Area ( km ) </Th> <Th> Oil Production ( bbl / day , 2016 ) </Th> <Th> Proven Reserves ( bbl , 2016 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> Southeast Asia </Td> <Td> 1962 -- 2008 , Jan - Nov 2016 </Td> <Td> 261,115,456 </Td> <Td> 1,904,569 </Td> <Td> 833,667 </Td> <Td> 3,692,500,000 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> For countries that export petroleum at relatively low volume , their limited negotiating power as OPEC members would not necessarily justify the burdens imposed by OPEC production quotas and membership costs . Ecuador withdrew from OPEC in December 1992 , because it was unwilling to pay the annual US $2 million membership fee and felt that it needed to produce more oil than it was allowed under its OPEC quota at the time , although it rejoined in October 2007 . Similar concerns prompted Gabon to suspend membership in January 1995 ; it rejoined in July 2016 . In May 2008 , Indonesia announced that it would leave OPEC when its membership expired at the end of that year , having become a net importer of oil and being unable to meet its production quota . It rejoined the organization in January 2016 , but announced another `` temporary suspension '' of its membership at year - end when OPEC requested a 5 percent production cut . </P> <P> Some commentators consider that the United States was a de facto member of OPEC during its formal occupation of Iraq , due to its leadership of the Coalition Provisional Authority in 2003 -- 2004 . But this is not borne out by the minutes of OPEC meetings , as no US representative attended in an official capacity . </P> <H3> Observers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since the 1980s , representatives from Egypt , Mexico , Norway , Oman , Russia , and other oil - exporting nations have attended many OPEC meetings as observers . This arrangement serves as an informal mechanism for coordinating policies . </P> <H3> Leadership and decision - Making ( edit ) </H3> OPEC Conference delegates at Swissotel , Quito , Ecuador , December 2010 See also : List of Secretaries General of OPEC <P> The OPEC Conference is the supreme authority of the organization , and consists of delegations normally headed by the oil ministers of member countries . The chief executive of the organization is the OPEC Secretary General . The Conference ordinarily meets at the Vienna headquarters , at least twice a year and in additional extraordinary sessions when necessary . It generally operates on the principles of unanimity and `` one member , one vote '' , with each country paying an equal membership fee into the annual budget . However , since Saudi Arabia is by far the largest and most - profitable oil exporter in the world , with enough capacity to function as the traditional swing producer to balance the global market , it serves as `` OPEC 's de facto leader '' . </P> <H3> International cartel ( edit ) </H3> <P> At various times , OPEC members have displayed apparent anti-competitive cartel behavior through the organization 's agreements about oil production and price levels . In fact , economists often cite OPEC as a textbook example of a cartel that cooperates to reduce market competition , as in this definition from OECD 's Glossary of Industrial Organisation Economics and Competition Law : </P> <P> International commodity agreements covering products such as coffee , sugar , tin and more recently oil ( OPEC : Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ) are examples of international cartels which have publicly entailed agreements between different national governments . </P> <P> OPEC members strongly prefer to describe their organization as a modest force for market stabilization , rather than a powerful anti-competitive cartel . In its defense , the organization was founded as a counterweight against the previous `` Seven Sisters '' cartel of multinational oil companies , and non-OPEC energy suppliers have maintained enough market share for a substantial degree of worldwide competition . Moreover , because of an economic `` prisoner 's dilemma '' that encourages each member nation individually to discount its price and exceed its production quota , widespread cheating within OPEC often erodes its ability to influence global oil prices through collective action . </P> <P> OPEC has not been involved in any disputes related to the competition rules of the World Trade Organization , even though the objectives , actions , and principles of the two organizations diverge considerably . A key US District Court decision held that OPEC consultations are protected as `` governmental '' acts of state by the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act , and are therefore beyond the legal reach of US competition law governing `` commercial '' acts . Despite popular sentiment against OPEC , legislative proposals to limit the organization 's sovereign immunity , such as the NOPEC Act , have so far been unsuccessful . </P> <H3> Conflicts ( edit ) </H3> <P> OPEC often has difficulty agreeing on policy decisions because its member countries differ widely in their oil export capacities , production costs , reserves , geological features , population , economic development , budgetary situations , and political circumstances . Indeed , over the course of market cycles , oil reserves can themselves become a source of serious conflict , instability and imbalances , in what economists call the `` natural resource curse '' . A further complication is that religion - linked conflicts in the Middle East are recurring features of the geopolitical landscape for this oil - rich region . Internationally important conflicts in OPEC 's history have included the Six - Day War ( 1967 ) , Yom Kippur War ( 1973 ) , a hostage siege directed by Palestinian militants ( 1975 ) , the Iranian Revolution ( 1979 ) , Iran -- Iraq War ( 1980 -- 1988 ) , Iraqi occupation of Kuwait ( 1990 -- 1991 ) , September 11 attacks by mostly Saudi hijackers ( 2001 ) , American occupation of Iraq ( 2003 -- 2011 ) , Conflict in the Niger Delta ( 2004 -- present ) , Arab Spring ( 2010 -- 2012 ) , Libyan Crisis ( 2011 -- present ) , and international Embargo against Iran ( 2012 -- 2016 ) . Although events such as these can temporarily disrupt oil supplies and elevate prices , the frequent disputes and instabilities tend to limit OPEC 's long - term cohesion and effectiveness . </P> <H2> Market Information ( edit ) </H2> <P> As one area in which OPEC members have been able to cooperate productively over the decades , the organization has significantly improved the quality and quantity of information available about the international oil market . This is especially helpful for a natural - resource industry whose smooth functioning requires months and years of careful planning . </P> <H3> Publications and research ( edit ) </H3> Logo for JODI , in which OPEC is a founding member <P> In April 2001 , OPEC collaborated with five other international organizations ( APEC , Eurostat , IEA , OLADE ( es ) , UNSD ) to improve the availability and reliability of oil data . They launched the Joint Oil Data Exercise , which in 2005 was joined by IEF and renamed the Joint Organisations Data Initiative ( JODI ) , covering more than 90 percent of the global oil market . GECF joined as an eighth partner in 2014 , enabling JODI also to cover nearly 90 percent of the global market for natural gas . </P> <P> Since 2007 , OPEC has published the `` World Oil Outlook '' ( WOO ) annually , in which it presents a comprehensive analysis of the global oil industry including medium - and long - term projections for supply and demand . OPEC also produces an `` Annual Statistical Bulletin '' ( ASB ) , and publishes more - frequent updates in its `` Monthly Oil Market Report '' ( MOMR ) and `` OPEC Bulletin '' . </P> <H3> Crude oil benchmarks ( edit ) </H3> Sulfur content and API gravity of different types of crude oil See also : Benchmark ( crude oil ) <P> A `` crude oil benchmark '' is a standardized petroleum product that serves as a convenient reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil , including standardized contracts in major futures markets since 1983 . Benchmarks are used because oil prices differ ( usually by a few dollars per barrel ) based on variety , grade , delivery date and location , and other legal requirements . </P> <P> The OPEC Reference Basket of Crudes has been an important benchmark for oil prices since 2000 . It is calculated as a weighted average of prices for petroleum blends from the OPEC member countries : Saharan Blend ( Algeria ) , Girassol ( Angola ) , Oriente ( Ecuador ) , Rabi Light ( Gabon ) , Iran Heavy ( Islamic Republic of Iran ) , Basra Light ( Iraq ) , Kuwait Export ( Kuwait ) , Es Sider ( Libya ) , Bonny Light ( Nigeria ) , Qatar Marine ( Qatar ) , Arab Light ( Saudi Arabia ) , Murban ( UAE ) , and Merey ( Venezuela ) . </P> <P> North Sea Brent Crude Oil is the leading benchmark for Atlantic basin crude oils , and is used to price approximately two - thirds of the world 's traded crude oil . Other well - known benchmarks are West Texas Intermediate ( WTI ) , Dubai Crude , Oman Crude , and Urals oil . </P> <H3> Spare capacity ( edit ) </H3> <P> The US Energy Information Administration , the statistical arm of the US Department of Energy , defines spare capacity for crude oil market management `` as the volume of production that can be brought on within 30 days and sustained for at least 90 days ... OPEC spare capacity provides an indicator of the world oil market 's ability to respond to potential crises that reduce oil supplies . '' </P> <P> In November 2014 , the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) estimated that OPEC 's `` effective '' spare capacity , adjusted for ongoing disruptions in countries like Libya and Nigeria , was 3.5 million barrels per day ( 560,000 m / d ) and that this number would increase to a peak in 2017 of 4.6 million barrels per day ( 730,000 m / d ) . By November 2015 , the IEA changed its assessment `` with OPEC 's spare production buffer stretched thin , as Saudi Arabia -- which holds the lion 's share of excess capacity -- and its ( Persian ) Gulf neighbours pump at near - record rates . '' </P> <H2> History and impact ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Post-WWII situation ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1949 , Venezuela and Iran took the earliest steps in the direction of OPEC , by inviting Iraq , Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to improve communication among petroleum - exporting nations as the world recovered from World War II . At the time , some of the world 's largest oil fields were just entering production in the Middle East . The United States had established the Interstate Oil Compact Commission to join the Texas Railroad Commission in limiting overproduction . The US was simultaneously the world 's largest producer and consumer of oil ; and the world market was dominated by a group of multinational companies known as the `` Seven Sisters '' , five of which were headquartered in the US following the breakup of John D. Rockefeller 's original Standard Oil monopoly . Oil - exporting countries were eventually motivated to form OPEC as a counterweight to this concentration of political and economic power . </P> <H3> 1959 -- 1960 anger from exporting countries ( edit ) </H3> <P> In February 1959 , as new supplies were becoming available , the multinational oil companies ( MOCs ) unilaterally reduced their posted prices for Venezuelan and Middle Eastern crude oil by 10 percent . Weeks later , the Arab League 's first Arab Petroleum Congress convened in Cairo , Egypt , where the influential journalist Wanda Jablonski introduced Saudi Arabia 's Abdullah Tariki to Venezuela 's observer Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo , representing the two then - largest oil - producing nations outside the United States and the Soviet Union . Both oil ministers were angered by the price cuts , and the two led their fellow delegates to establish the Maadi Pact or Gentlemen 's Agreement , calling for an `` Oil Consultation Commission '' of exporting countries , to which MOCs should present price - change plans . Jablonski reported a marked hostility toward the West and a growing outcry against `` absentee landlordism '' of the MOCs , which at the time controlled all oil operations within the exporting countries and wielded enormous political influence . In August 1960 , ignoring the warnings , and with the US favoring Canadian and Mexican oil for strategic reasons , the MOCs again unilaterally announced significant cuts in their posted prices for Middle Eastern crude oil . </P> <H3> 1960 -- 1975 founding and expansion ( edit ) </H3> OPEC headquarters in Vienna ( 2009 building ) <P> The following month , during 10 -- 14 September 1960 , the Baghdad Conference was held at the initiative of Tariki , Pérez Alfonzo , and Iraqi prime minister Abd al - Karim Qasim , whose country had skipped the 1959 congress . Government representatives from Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia and Venezuela met in Baghdad to discuss ways to increase the price of crude oil produced by their countries , and ways to respond to unilateral actions by the MOCs . Despite strong US opposition : `` Together with Arab and non-Arab producers , Saudi Arabia formed the Organization of Petroleum Export Countries ( OPEC ) to secure the best price available from the major oil corporations . '' The Middle Eastern members originally called for OPEC headquarters to be in Baghdad or Beirut , but Venezuela argued for a neutral location , and so the organization chose Geneva , Switzerland . On 1 September 1965 , OPEC moved to Vienna , Austria , after Switzerland declined to extend diplomatic privileges . </P> <P> During 1961 -- 1975 , the five founding nations were joined by Qatar ( 1961 ) , Indonesia ( 1962 -- 2008 , rejoined 2014 - 2016 ) , Libya ( 1962 ) , United Arab Emirates ( originally just the Emirate of Abu Dhabi , 1967 ) , Algeria ( 1969 ) , Nigeria ( 1971 ) , Ecuador ( 1973 -- 1992 , rejoined 2007 ) , and Gabon ( 1975 -- 1994 , rejoined 2016 ) . By the early 1970s , OPEC 's membership accounted for more than half of worldwide oil production . Indicating that OPEC is not averse to further expansion , Mohammed Barkindo , OPEC 's Acting Secretary General in 2006 , urged his African neighbors Angola and Sudan to join , and Angola did in 2007 , followed by Equatorial Guinea in 2017 . Since the 1980s , representatives from Egypt , Mexico , Norway , Oman , Russia , and other oil - exporting nations have attended many OPEC meetings as observers , as an informal mechanism for coordinating policies . </P> <H3> 1973 -- 1974 oil embargo ( edit ) </H3> An undersupplied US gasoline station , closed during the oil embargo in 1973 Main article : 1973 oil crisis <P> In October 1973 , the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OAPEC , consisting of the Arab majority of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria ) declared significant production cuts and an oil embargo against the United States and other industrialized nations that supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War . A previous embargo attempt was largely ineffective in response to the Six - Day War in 1967 . However , in 1973 , the result was a sharp rise in oil prices and OPEC revenues , from US $3 / bbl to US $12 / bbl , and an emergency period of energy rationing , intensified by panic reactions , a declining trend in US oil production , currency devaluations , and a lengthy UK coal - miners dispute . For a time , the UK imposed an emergency three - day workweek . Seven European nations banned non-essential Sunday driving . US gas stations limited the amount of gasoline that could be dispensed , closed on Sundays , and restricted the days when gasoline could be purchased , based on license plate numbers . Even after the embargo ended in March 1974 following intense diplomatic activity , prices continued to rise . The world experienced a global economic recession , with unemployment and inflation surging simultaneously , steep declines in stock and bond prices , major shifts in trade balances and petrodollar flows , and a dramatic end to the post-WWII economic boom . </P> <P> The 1973 -- 1974 oil embargo had lasting effects on the United States and other industrialized nations , which established the International Energy Agency in response , as well as national emergency stockpiles designed to withstand months of future supply disruptions . Oil conservation efforts included lower speed limits on highways , smaller and more energy - efficient cars and appliances , year - round daylight saving time , reduced usage of heating and air - conditioning , better insulation , increased support of mass transit , and greater emphasis on coal , natural gas , ethanol , nuclear and other alternative energy sources . These long - term efforts became effective enough that US oil consumption would rise only 11 percent during 1980 -- 2014 , while real GDP rose 150 percent . But in the 1970s , OPEC nations demonstrated convincingly that their oil could be used as both a political and economic weapon against other nations , at least in the short term . </P> <H3> 1975 -- 1980 Special Fund , now OFID ( edit ) </H3> Main article : OPEC Fund for International Development <P> OPEC 's international aid activities date from well before the 1973 -- 1974 oil price surge . For example , the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development has operated since 1961 . </P> <P> In the years after 1973 , as an example of so - called `` checkbook diplomacy '' , certain Arab nations have been among the world 's largest providers of foreign aid , and OPEC added to its goals the selling of oil for the socio - economic growth of poorer nations . The OPEC Special Fund was conceived in Algiers , Algeria , in March 1975 , and was formally established the following January . `` A Solemn Declaration ' reaffirmed the natural solidarity which unites OPEC countries with other developing countries in their struggle to overcome underdevelopment , ' and called for measures to strengthen cooperation between these countries ... ( The OPEC Special Fund 's ) resources are additional to those already made available by OPEC states through a number of bilateral and multilateral channels . '' The Fund became an official international development agency in May 1980 and was renamed the OPEC Fund for International Development ( OFID ) , with Permanent Observer status at the United Nations . </P> <H3> 1975 hostage siege ( edit ) </H3> Main article : OPEC siege <P> On 21 December 1975 , Saudi Arabia 's Ahmed Zaki Yamani , Iran 's Jamshid Amuzegar , and the other OPEC oil ministers were taken hostage at their semi-annual conference in Vienna , Austria . The attack , which killed three non-ministers , was orchestrated by a six - person team led by Venezuelan terrorist `` Carlos the Jackal '' , and which included Gabriele Kröcher - Tiedemann and Hans - Joachim Klein . The self - named `` Arm of the Arab Revolution '' group declared its goal to be the liberation of Palestine . Carlos planned to take over the conference by force and hold for ransom all eleven attending oil ministers , except for Yamani and Amuzegar who were to be executed . </P> <P> Carlos arranged bus and plane travel for his team and 42 of the original 63 hostages , with stops in Algiers and Tripoli , planning to fly eventually to Baghdad , where Yamani and Amuzegar were to be killed . All 30 non-Arab hostages were released in Algiers , excluding Amuzegar . Additional hostages were released at another stop in Tripoli before returning to Algiers . With only 10 hostages remaining , Carlos held a phone conversation with Algerian President Houari Boumédienne , who informed Carlos that the oil ministers ' deaths would result in an attack on the plane . Boumédienne must also have offered Carlos asylum at this time and possibly financial compensation for failing to complete his assignment . Carlos expressed his regret at not being able to murder Yamani and Amuzegar , then he and his comrades left the plane . All the hostages and terrorists walked away from the situation , two days after it began . </P> <P> Some time after the attack , Carlos 's accomplices revealed that the operation was commanded by Wadie Haddad , a founder of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine . They also claimed that the idea and funding came from an Arab president , widely thought to be Muammar al - Gaddafi of Libya , itself an OPEC member . Fellow militants Bassam Abu Sharif and Klein claimed that Carlos received and kept a ransom between US $20 million and US $50 million from `` an Arab president '' . Carlos claimed that Saudi Arabia paid ransom on behalf of Iran , but that the money was `` diverted en route and lost by the Revolution '' . He was finally captured in 1994 and is serving life sentences for at least 16 other murders . </P> <H3> 1979 -- 1980 oil Crisis and 1980s oil glut ( edit ) </H3> Fluctuations of OPEC net oil export revenues since 1972 Main articles : 1979 oil crisis and 1980s oil glut <P> In response to a wave of oil nationalizations and the high prices of the 1970s , industrial nations took steps to reduce their dependence on OPEC oil , especially after prices reached new peaks approaching US $40 / bbl in 1979 -- 1980 when the Iranian Revolution and Iran -- Iraq War disrupted regional stability and oil supplies . Electric utilities worldwide switched from oil to coal , natural gas , or nuclear power ; national governments initiated multibillion - dollar research programs to develop alternatives to oil ; and commercial exploration developed major non-OPEC oilfields in Siberia , Alaska , the North Sea , and the Gulf of Mexico . By 1986 , daily worldwide demand for oil dropped by 5 million barrels , non-OPEC production rose by an even - larger amount , and OPEC 's market share sank from approximately 50 percent in 1979 to less than 30 percent in 1985 . Illustrating the volatile multi-year timeframes of typical market cycles for natural resources , the result was a six - year decline in the price of oil , which culminated by plunging more than half in 1986 alone . As one oil analyst summarized succinctly : `` When the price of something as essential as oil spikes , humanity does two things : finds more of it and finds ways to use less of it . '' </P> <P> To combat falling revenue from oil sales , in 1982 Saudi Arabia pressed OPEC for audited national production quotas in an attempt to limit output and boost prices . When other OPEC nations failed to comply , Saudi Arabia first slashed its own production from 10 million barrels daily in 1979 -- 1981 to just one - third of that level in 1985 . When even this proved ineffective , Saudi Arabia reversed course and flooded the market with cheap oil , causing prices to fall below US $10 / bbl and higher - cost producers to become unprofitable . Faced with increasing economic hardship ( which ultimately contributed to the collapse of the Soviet bloc in 1989 ) , the `` free - riding '' oil exporters that had previously failed to comply with OPEC agreements finally began to limit production to shore up prices , based on painstakingly negotiated national quotas that sought to balance oil - related and economic criteria since 1986 . ( Within their sovereign - controlled territories , the national governments of OPEC members are able to impose production limits on both government - owned and private oil companies . ) Generally when OPEC production targets are reduced , oil prices increase . </P> <H3> 1990 -- 2003 ample supply and modest disruptions ( edit ) </H3> See also : 1990 oil price shock One of the hundreds of Kuwaiti oil fires set by retreating Iraqi troops in 1991 Fluctuations of Brent crude oil price , 1988 -- 2015 <P> Leading up to his August 1990 Invasion of Kuwait , Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was pushing OPEC to end overproduction and to send oil prices higher , in order to help OPEC members financially and to accelerate rebuilding from the 1980 -- 1988 Iran -- Iraq War . But these two Iraqi wars against fellow OPEC founders marked a low point in the cohesion of the organization , and oil prices subsided quickly after the short - term supply disruptions . The September 2001 Al Qaeda attacks on the US and the March 2003 US invasion of Iraq had even milder short - term impacts on oil prices , as Saudi Arabia and other exporters again cooperated to keep the world adequately supplied . </P> <P> In the 1990s , OPEC lost its two newest members , who had joined in the mid-1970s . Ecuador withdrew in December 1992 , because it was unwilling to pay the annual US $2 million membership fee and felt that it needed to produce more oil than it was allowed under the OPEC quota , although it rejoined in October 2007 . Similar concerns prompted Gabon to suspend membership in January 1995 ; it rejoined in July 2016 . Iraq has remained a member of OPEC since the organization 's founding , but Iraqi production was not a part of OPEC quota agreements from 1998 to 2016 , due to the country 's daunting political difficulties . </P> <P> Lower demand triggered by the 1997 -- 1998 Asian financial crisis saw the price of oil fall back to 1986 levels . After oil slumped to around US $10 / bbl , joint diplomacy achieved a gradual slowing of oil production by OPEC , Mexico and Norway . </P> <P> In June 2003 , the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) and OPEC held their first joint workshop on energy issues . They have continued to meet regularly since then , `` to collectively better understand trends , analysis and viewpoints and advance market transparency and predictability . '' </P> <H3> 2003 -- 2011 volatility ( edit ) </H3> See also : Oil price increases of 2003 -- 2008 <P> Widespread insurgency and sabotage occurred during the 2003 -- 2008 height of the American occupation of Iraq , coinciding with rapidly increasing oil demand from China and commodity - hungry investors , recurring violence against the Nigerian oil industry , and dwindling spare capacity as a cushion against potential shortages . This combination of forces prompted a sharp rise in oil prices to levels far higher than those previously targeted by OPEC . Price volatility reached an extreme in 2008 , as WTI crude oil surged to a record US $147 / bbl in July and then plunged back to US $32 / bbl in December , during the worst global recession since World War II . OPEC 's annual oil export revenue also set a new record in 2008 , estimated around US $1 trillion , and reached similar annual rates in 2011 -- 2014 ( along with extensive petrodollar recycling activity ) before plunging again . By the time of the 2011 Libyan Civil War and Arab Spring , OPEC started issuing explicit statements to counter `` excessive speculation '' in oil futures markets , blaming financial speculators for increasing volatility beyond market fundamentals . </P> <P> In May 2008 , Indonesia announced that it would leave OPEC when its membership expired at the end of that year , having become a net importer of oil and being unable to meet its production quota . A statement released by OPEC on 10 September 2008 confirmed Indonesia 's withdrawal , noting that OPEC `` regretfully accepted the wish of Indonesia to suspend its full membership in the organization , and recorded its hope that the country would be in a position to rejoin the organization in the not - too - distant future . '' </P> <H3> 2008 production dispute ( edit ) </H3> Countries by net oil exports ( 2008 ) <P> The differing economic needs of OPEC member states often affect the internal debates behind OPEC production quotas . Poorer members have pushed for production cuts from fellow members , to increase the price of oil and thus their own revenues . These proposals conflict with Saudi Arabia 's stated long - term strategy of being a partner with the world 's economic powers to ensure a steady flow of oil that would support economic expansion . Part of the basis for this policy is the Saudi concern that overly expensive oil or unreliable supply will drive industrial nations to conserve energy and develop alternative fuels , curtailing the worldwide demand for oil and eventually leaving unneeded barrels in the ground . To this point , Saudi Oil Minister Yamani famously remarked in 1973 : `` The Stone Age did n't end because we ran out of stones . '' </P> <P> On 10 September 2008 , with oil prices still near US $100 / bbl , a production dispute occurred when the Saudis reportedly walked out of a negotiating session where rival members voted to reduce OPEC output . Although Saudi delegates officially endorsed the new quotas , they stated anonymously that they would not observe them . The New York Times quoted one such delegate as saying : `` Saudi Arabia will meet the market 's demand . We will see what the market requires and we will not leave a customer without oil . The policy has not changed . '' Over the next few months , oil prices plummeted into the $30 s , and did not return to $100 until the Libyan Civil War in 2011 . </P> <H3> 2014 -- 2017 oil glut ( edit ) </H3> See also : 2010s oil glut Countries by oil production ( 2013 ) Top oil - producing countries ( million barrels per day , 1973 -- 2016 ) Gusher well in Saudi Arabia : conventional source of OPEC production Shale `` fracking '' in the US : important new challenge to OPEC market share <P> During 2014 -- 2015 , OPEC members consistently exceeded their production ceiling , and China experienced a slowdown in economic growth . At the same time , US oil production nearly doubled from 2008 levels and approached the world - leading `` swing producer '' volumes of Saudi Arabia and Russia , due to the substantial long - term improvement and spread of shale `` fracking '' technology in response to the years of record oil prices . These developments led in turn to a plunge in US oil import requirements ( moving closer to energy independence ) , a record volume of worldwide oil inventories , and a collapse in oil prices that continued into early 2016 . </P> <P> In spite of global oversupply , on 27 November 2014 in Vienna , Saudi Oil Minister Ali Al - Naimi blocked appeals from poorer OPEC members for production cuts to support prices . Naimi argued that the oil market should be left to rebalance itself competitively at lower price levels , strategically rebuilding OPEC 's long - term market share by ending the profitability of high - cost US shale oil production . As he explained in an interview : </P> <P> Is it reasonable for a highly efficient producer to reduce output , while the producer of poor efficiency continues to produce ? That is crooked logic . If I reduce , what happens to my market share ? The price will go up and the Russians , the Brazilians , US shale oil producers will take my share ... We want to tell the world that high - efficiency producing countries are the ones that deserve market share . That is the operative principle in all capitalist countries ... One thing is for sure : Current prices ( roughly US $60 / bbl ) do not support all producers . </P> <P> A year later , when OPEC met in Vienna on 4 December 2015 , the organization had exceeded its production ceiling for 18 consecutive months , US oil production had declined only slightly from its peak , world markets appeared to be oversupplied by at least 2 million barrels per day despite war - torn Libya pumping 1 million barrels below capacity , oil producers were making major adjustments to withstand prices as low as the $40 s , Indonesia was rejoining the export organization , Iraqi production had surged after years of disorder , Iranian output was poised to rebound with the lifting of international sanctions , hundreds of world leaders at the Paris Climate Agreement were committing to limit carbon emissions from fossil fuels , and solar technologies were becoming steadily more competitive and prevalent . In light of all these market pressures , OPEC decided to set aside its ineffective production ceiling until the next ministerial conference in June 2016 . By 20 January 2016 , the OPEC Reference Basket was down to US $22.48 / bbl -- less than one - fourth of its high from June 2014 ( $110.48 ) , less than one - sixth of its record from July 2008 ( $140.73 ) , and back below the April 2003 starting point ( $23.27 ) of its historic run - up . </P> <P> As 2016 continued , the oil glut was partially trimmed with significant production offline in the US , Canada , Libya , Nigeria and China , and the basket price gradually rose back into the $40 s . OPEC regained a modest percentage of market share , saw the cancellation of many competing drilling projects , maintained the status quo at its June conference , and endorsed `` prices at levels that are suitable for both producers and consumers '' , although many producers were still experiencing serious economic difficulties . </P> <H3> 2017 - 2018 production cut ( edit ) </H3> <P> As OPEC members grew weary of a multi-year supply contest with diminishing returns and shrinking financial reserves , the organization finally attempted its first production cut since 2008 . Despite many political obstacles , a September 2016 decision to trim approximately 1 million barrels per day was codified by a new quota agreement at the November 2016 OPEC conference . The agreement ( which exempted disruption - ridden members Libya and Nigeria ) covered the first half of 2017 -- alongside promised reductions from Russia and ten other non-members , offset by expected increases in the US shale sector , Libya , Nigeria , spare capacity , and surging late - 2016 OPEC production before the cuts took effect . Indonesia announced another `` temporary suspension '' of its OPEC membership , rather than accepting the organization 's requested 5 percent production cut . Prices fluctuated around US $50 / bbl , and OPEC in May 2017 decided to extend the new quotas through March 2018 , with the world waiting to see if and how the oil inventory glut might be fully siphoned - off by then . Longtime oil analyst Daniel Yergin `` described the relationship between OPEC and shale as ' mutual coexistence ' , with both sides learning to live with prices that are lower than they would like . '' </P> <P> In December 2017 , Russia and OPEC agreed to extend the production cut of 1.8 million barrels / day until the end of 2018 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of country groupings </Li> <Li> List of intergovernmental organizations </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Glossary of Industrial Organisation Economics and Competition Law '' ( PDF ) . OECD. 1993 . p. 19 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Member Countries '' . OPEC . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC 172nd Meeting concludes '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 25 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Our Mission '' . OPEC . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Most Influential People in the Shipping Industry : 3 . OPEC and the oil men '' . Lloyd 's List . 12 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Production of Crude Oil including Lease Condensate 2016 '' ( CVS download ) . US Energy Information Administration . 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ISBN 978 - 0810862883 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Styan , David ( 2006 ) . France and Iraq : Oil , Arms and French Policy Making in the Middle East . I.B. Tauris . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 1845110451 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Citino , Nathan J. ( 2002 ) . From Arab Nationalism to OPEC : Eisenhower , King Sa'ud , and the Making of US - Saudi Relations . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34095 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Skeet , Ian ( 1988 ) . OPEC : Twenty - Five Years of Prices and Politics . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 24 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Denning , Liam ( 1 June 2016 ) . `` How OPEC Won the Battle and Lost the War '' . Bloomberg News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Angola , Sudan to ask for OPEC membership '' . Associated Press . 3 December 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kumins , Lawrence ( 1975 ) . `` Oil and the Economy '' . Energy Shock : 189 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Maugeri , Leonardo ( 2006 ) . The Age of Oil : The Mythology , History , and Future of the World 's Most Controversial Resource . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 112 -- 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99008 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foreign Relations of the United States , 1964 -- 1968 , Vol . XXXIV : Energy Diplomacy and Global Issues , Document 266 . US Department of State . 1999 . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British Economics and Trade Union politics 1973 -- 1974 '' . The National Archives ( UK ) . January 2005 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Europe car ban becoming a real traffic stopper '' . Chicago Tribune . 26 November 1973 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . Basic Books . pp. 313 -- 318 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 04195 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gas Fever : Happiness Is a Full Tank '' . Time . 18 February 1974 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Skidelsky , Robert ( 2009 ) . Keynes : The Return of the Master . Allen Lane . pp. 116 -- 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84614 - 258 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Masouros , Pavlos E. ( 2013 ) . Corporate Law and Economic Stagnation : How Shareholder Value and Short - Termism Contribute to the Decline of the Western Economies . Eleven International Publishing . pp. 60 -- 62 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Energy Crisis ( 1970s ) '' . The History Channel . 2010 . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horton , Sarah ( October 2000 ) . `` The 1973 Oil Crisis '' ( PDF ) . Pennsylvania Envirothon . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Oil Shock : The role of OPEC '' . Socialism Today ( 51 ) . October 2000 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aven , Petr ; Nazarov , Vladimir ; Lazaryan , Samvel ( 17 May 2016 ) . `` Twilight of the Petrostate '' . The National Interest . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . Kuwait Fund . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oweiss , Ibrahim M. ( 1990 ) . `` Economics of Petrodollars '' . In Esfandiari , Haleh ; Udovitch , A.L. The Economic Dimensions of Middle Eastern History . Darwin Press . pp. 179 -- 199 . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hubbard , Ben ( 21 June 2015 ) . `` Cables Released by WikiLeaks Reveal Saudis ' Checkbook Diplomacy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . OFID . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Agreement Establishing the OPEC Fund for International Development '' ( PDF ) . OPEC . 27 May 1980 . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Intergovernmental Organizations '' . United Nations . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bellamy , Patrick . `` Carlos the Jackal : Trail of Terror '' . truTV . Archived from the original on 7 January 2012 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Follain , John ( 1998 ) . Jackal : The Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist , Carlos the Jackal . Arcade Publishing . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 1559704663 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson , Gary ( 28 March 2017 ) . `` ' Carlos the Jackal ' jailed over 1974 Paris grenade attack '' . Sky News . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet '' . US Energy Information Administration . 10 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2008 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet '' . US Energy Information Administration . 15 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mouawad , Jad ( 3 March 2008 ) . `` Oil Prices Pass Record Set in ' 80s , but Then Recede '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Denning , Liam ( 18 May 2016 ) . `` It 's Saudi Arabia 's World . Big Oil Just Lives In It '' . Bloomberg News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Toth , Ferenc L. ; Rogner , Hans - Holger ( January 2006 ) . `` Oil and nuclear power : Past , present , and future '' ( PDF ) . Energy Economics . 28 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Renewables in Global Energy Supply : An IEA Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . International Energy Agency . January 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Renewable Energy : World Invests $244 billion in 2012 , Geographic Shift to Developing Countries '' ( Press release ) . United Nations Environment Programme. 12 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bromley , Simon ( 2013 ) . American Power and the Prospects for International Order . John Wiley & Sons . p. 95 . ISBN 9780745658414 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Robert , Paul ( 2004 ) . The End of Oil : The Decline of the Petroleum Economy and the Rise of a New Energy Order . New York : Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 23977 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hershey Jr. , Robert D. ( 30 December 1989 ) . `` Worrying Anew Over Oil Imports '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gaidar , Yegor ( April 2007 ) . `` The Soviet Collapse : Grain and Oil '' ( PDF ) . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Oil production in Saudi Arabia increased fourfold , while oil prices collapsed by approximately the same amount in real terms . As a result , the Soviet Union lost approximately $20 billion per year , money without which the country simply could not survive . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McMaken , Ryan ( 7 November 2014 ) . `` The Economics Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall '' . Mises Institute . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . High oil prices in the 1970s propped up the regime so well , that had it not been for Soviet oil sales , it 's quite possible the regime would have collapsed a decade earlier . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brief History '' . OPEC . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Libya orders oil cuts of 270K bpd '' . Associated Press . 30 December 2008 . Libya has asked oil companies to slash production by 270,000 barrels per day . Abu Dhabi National Oil Co. told customers in letters dated Dec. 25 that it was cutting ... 10 to 15 percent of all types of ADNOC crude in February . Ecuadorean President Rafael Correa said the South American nation would suspend crude production by Italy 's Agip and reduce quotas for other companies to comply with new OPEC cuts . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Report to Congress : United States Gulf Environmental Technical Assistance '' . US Environmental Protection Agency . 1991 . p. 14 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Europe Brent Crude Oil Spot Price FOB ( DOE ) '' . Quandl . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ibrahim , Youssef M. ( 18 July 1990 ) . `` Iraq Threatens Emirates and Kuwait on Oil Glut '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Iraq heads for OPEC clash over quota '' . UPI. 5 February 2010 . Iraq , a founding member of OPEC , has not had a production quota since 1998 , when it was pegged at 1.3 million bpd to allow Saddam Hussein 's regime to sell oil for food during U.N. sanctions imposed in 1990 ... Despite the success of the 2009 auctions , problems remain -- mounting violence in the run - up to March 7 parliamentary elections , uncertainty over their outcome , and , probably more importantly , the absence of a long - delayed oil law that will define revenue - sharing and regulation of the industry . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Putting a Price on Energy ( PDF ) . Energy Charter Secretariat. 2007 . p. 90 . ISBN 9059480465 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dialogue replaces OPEC -- IEA Mistrust '' ( PDF ) . IEA Energy ( 7 ) : 7 . November 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simmons , Greg ( 7 December 2005 ) . `` Dems Doubt Iraq Progress '' . Fox News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Oil price ' may hit $200 a barrel ' '' . BBC News . 7 May 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Masters , Michael W. ( 20 May 2008 ) . `` Testimony '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tuttle , Robert ; Galal , Ola ( 10 May 2010 ) . `` Oil Ministers See Demand Rising '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Opening address to the 159th Meeting of the OPEC Conference '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 149th Meeting of the OPEC Conference '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 10 September 2008 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Owen , Nick A. ; Inderwildi , Oliver R. ; King , David A. ( August 2010 ) . `` The status of conventional world oil reserves : Hype or cause for concern ? '' . Energy Policy . 38 ( 8 ) : 4743 -- 4749 . doi : 10.1016 / j. enpol. 2010.02. 026 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Al - Naimi , Ali ( 20 October 1999 ) . `` Saudi oil policy : stability with strength '' . Saudi Embassy . Archived from the original on 26 April 2009 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldman , Peter ( 12 April 2015 ) . `` Saudi Arabia 's Plan to Extend the Age of Oil '' . Bloomberg News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frei , Matt ( 3 July 2008 ) . `` Washington diary : Oil addiction '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC Basket Daily Archives '' . OPEC . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monthly Energy Review '' ( PDF ) . US Energy Information Administration . 25 May 2017 . Figure 11.1 a . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Krassnov , Clifford ( 3 November 2014 ) . `` US Oil Prices Fall Below $80 a Barrel '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Smith , Grant ; Rascouet , Angelina ; Mahdi , Wael ( 4 December 2015 ) . `` OPEC Wo n't Cut Production to Stop Oil 's Slump '' . Bloomberg News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inside OPEC room , Naimi declares price war on US shale oil '' . Reuters. 28 November 2014 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Country Analysis Brief : Libya '' ( PDF ) . US Energy Information Administration . 19 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Despite Climate Concerns , OPEC Plans to Keep Pumping Oil While It Can '' . The New York Times . 5 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` OPEC ceiling falls in '' . Argus Media . 7 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kalantari , Hashem ; Sergie , Mohammed ( 2 January 2016 ) . `` Iran Says Post-Sanctions Crude Output Boost Wo n't Hurt Prices '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` OPEC 169th Meeting concludes '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 2 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Halligan , Liam ( 4 June 2016 ) . `` OPEC is very much alive as Saudis learn to tread softly '' . The Telegraph . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` OPEC Has Its Way as China Oil Output Cut by Most in 15 Years '' . Bloomberg News . 13 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` North America Rig Count '' . Baker Hughes . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` OPEC Agrees to Cut Production in Drive to End Record Glut '' . Bloomberg News . 30 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` OPEC 171st Meeting concludes '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 30 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blas , Javier ( 20 October 2016 ) . `` The World 's Biggest Oil Kingdom Reverses Course '' . Bloomberg News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hume , Neil ( 28 September 2016 ) . `` OPEC agrees on need for output cut '' . The Financial Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Russian Energy Minister Says Oil Cuts to Start in January '' . Bloomberg News . 11 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` OPEC Said to Break Bread With Shale in Rare Show of Detente '' . Bloomberg News . 7 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Russia backs gradual , managed exit from oil cuts with OPEC '' . Reuters. 2017 - 12 - 22 . 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Jeep - wikipedia <H1> Jeep </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. motor manufacturing company . For the original World War II Jeep , see Willys MB . For other uses , see Jeep ( disambiguation ) . <Table> Jeep <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Division </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> Automotive </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 1943 trademark application 1945 first civilian Jeep launched </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Toledo , Ohio , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area served </Th> <Td> Worldwide </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key people </Th> <Td> Michael Manley ( CEO of Jeep division ) Sergio Marchionne ( CEO of FCA US LLC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Products </Th> <Td> Sport utility vehicles Luxury vehicles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> Fiat Chrysler Automobiles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parent </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Willys - Overland ( 1943 - 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Kaiser - Jeep ( 1953 - 1970 ) </Li> <Li> American Motors Corporation ( 1970 - 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Chrysler ( 1987 - present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> jeep.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Jeep is a brand of American automobiles that is a division of FCA US LLC ( formerly Chrysler Group , LLC ) , a wholly owned subsidiary of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles . Jeep has been a part of Chrysler since 1987 , when Chrysler acquired the Jeep brand , along with remaining assets , from its previous owner : American Motors Corporation ( AMC ) . </P> <P> Jeep 's current product range consists solely of sport utility vehicles and off - road vehicles , but has also included pickup trucks in the past . Some of Jeep 's vehicles , such as the Grand Cherokee and the Wagoneer , reach into the luxury segment . Jeep sold 1.4 million SUVs globally in 2016 , up from 500,000 in 2008 , two - thirds of which in North America , and was Fiat - Chrysler 's best selling brand in the U.S. during the first half of 2017 . In the U.S. alone , over 2400 dealerships hold franchise rights to sell Jeep - branded vehicles , and if Jeep were spun off into a separate company , it is estimated to be worth between $22 and $33.5 billion -- slightly more than all of FCA ( US ) . </P> <P> Prior to 1940 the term `` jeep '' had been used as U.S. Army slang for new recruits or vehicles , but the World War II `` jeep '' that went into production in 1941 specifically tied the name to this light military 4x4 , arguably making them the oldest four - wheel drive mass - production vehicles now known as SUVs . The Jeep became the primary light 4 - wheel - drive vehicle of the United States Army and the Allies during World War II , as well as the postwar period . The term became common worldwide in the wake of the war . Doug Stewart noted : `` The spartan , cramped , and unstintingly functional jeep became the ubiquitous World War II four - wheeled personification of Yankee ingenuity and cocky , can - do determination . '' </P> <P> The Jeep marque has been headquartered in Toledo , Ohio , ever since Willys - Overland launched production of the first CJ or Civilian Jeep branded models there in 1945 . Its replacement , the conceptually consistent Jeep Wrangler series , remains in production since 1986 . With its solid axles and open top , the Wrangler has been called the Jeep model that is as central to the brand 's identity as the rear - engined 911 is to Porsche . </P> <P> At least two Jeep models ( the CJ - 5 and the SJ Wagoneer ) enjoyed extraordinary three - decade production runs of a single body generation . Jeeps have since the war inspired a number of other light utility vehicles , such as the Land Rover . Many Jeep variants serving similar military and civilian roles have since been designed in other nations . In lowercase the term `` jeep '' continues to be used as a generic term for vehicles inspired by the Jeep that are suitable for use on rough terrain . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 World War II Jeeps <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Development -- 1 . Bantam Reconnaissance Car </Li> <Li> 1.2 Development -- 2 . Enter Willys and Ford </Li> <Li> 1.3 Full production -- Willys MB and Ford GPW </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Post-war military Jeeps <Ul> <Li> 2.1 CJ - V35 / U </Li> <Li> 2.2 M715 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Jeep etymology </Li> <Li> 4 Brand , trademarks and image <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Off - road abilities </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Company history and ownership <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Ownership chronology </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Military Jeeps model list </Li> <Li> 7 Civilian Jeeps model list <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Jeep CJ </Li> <Li> 7.2 Willys Jeep Station Wagon and Truck </Li> <Li> 7.3 Willys / Jeep Jeepster & ( Jeepster ) Commando </Li> <Li> 7.4 Jeep Forward Control </Li> <Li> 7.5 Jeep DJ and Fleetvan </Li> <Li> 7.6 SJ Wagoneer , Cherokee and pickups </Li> <Li> 7.7 Jeep Cherokee ( XJ ) and Comanche </Li> <Li> 7.8 Jeep Wrangler </Li> <Li> 7.9 Grand Cherokee </Li> <Li> 7.10 Jeep Liberty / Cherokee </Li> <Li> 7.11 Jeep Commander </Li> <Li> 7.12 Jeep Compass and Patriot platform </Li> <Li> 7.13 Concepts and prototypes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Current models </Li> <Li> 9 Future models </Li> <Li> 10 Jeeps built outside the USA </Li> <Li> 11 Jeep apparel and sponsorships </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> World War II Jeeps </H2> Main article : Willys MB Bantam BRC 40 Ford Pygmy Dashboard of World War II era jeep . Jeep with 50 cal . Browning machine gun <H3> Development -- 1 . Bantam reconnaissance Car </H3> <P> When it became clear that the United States would be involved in the European theatre of World War II , the U.S. Army contacted 135 companies to create working prototypes of a four - wheel - drive reconnaissance car . Only two companies responded : American Bantam Car Company and Willys - Overland . The Army set a seemingly impossible deadline of 49 days to supply a working prototype . Willys asked for more time , but was refused . The broke American Bantam Car Company had only a skeleton staff left on the payroll and solicited Karl Probst , a talented freelance designer from Detroit . After turning down Bantam 's initial request , Probst responded to an Army request and began work on July 17 , 1940 , initially without salary . </P> <P> Probst laid out full plans for the Bantam prototype , known as the BRC or Bantam Reconnaissance Car , in just two days , working up a cost estimate the next day . Bantam 's bid was submitted , complete with blueprints , on July 22 . While much of the vehicle could be assembled from off - the - shelf automotive parts , custom four - wheel drivetrain components were to be supplied by Spicer . The hand - built prototype was completed in Butler , Pennsylvania , and driven to Camp Holabird , Maryland , delivered for Army testing on September 23 . The vehicle met all the Army 's criteria except engine torque . </P> <P> World War II had already begun in Asia , with Japan expanding in China , Manchuria and Southeast Asia . The Imperial Japanese Army used a small four - wheel - drive car for reconnaissance and troop movements , having introduced the Kurogane Type 95 in 1936 . </P> <H3> Development -- 2 . Enter Willys and Ford </H3> <P> The Army thought that the Bantam company was too small to supply the required number of vehicles , so it supplied the Bantam design to Willys and Ford , and encouraged them to modify the design . The resulting Ford `` Pygmy '' and Willys `` Quad '' prototypes looked very similar to the Bantam BRC prototype , and Spicer supplied very similar four - wheel drivetrain components to all three manufacturers . </P> <P> 1,500 of each model ( Bantam BRC - 40 , Ford GP , and Willys MA ) were built and extensively field - tested . After the weight specification was revised from 1,275 lb ( 578 kg ) to a maximum of 2,450 lb ( 1,110 kg ) including oil and water , Willys - Overland 's chief engineer Delmar `` Barney '' Roos modified the design in order to use Willys 's heavy but powerful `` Go Devil '' engine , and won the initial production contract . The Willys version became the standard Jeep design , designated the model MB and was built at their plant in Toledo , Ohio . The familiar pressed - metal Jeep grille was a Ford design feature and incorporated in the final design by the Army . </P> <P> Because the US War Department required a large number of vehicles in a short time , Willys - Overland granted the US Government a non-exclusive license to allow another company to manufacture vehicles using Willys ' specifications . The Army chose Ford as a second supplier , building Jeeps to the Willys ' design . Willys supplied Ford with a complete set of plans and specifications . American Bantam , the creators of the first Jeep , built approximately 2,700 of them to the BRC - 40 design , but spent the rest of the war building heavy - duty trailers for the Army . </P> <H3> Full production -- Willys MB and Ford GPW </H3> 1943 Willys Jeep <P> Final production version Jeeps built by Willys - Overland were the Model MB , while those built by Ford were the Model GPW ( G = government vehicle , P designated the 80 '' wheelbase , and W = the Willys engine design ) . There were subtle differences between the two . The versions produced by Ford had every component ( including bolt heads ) marked with an `` F '' . Willys also followed the Ford pattern by stamping its name into some body parts , but stopped this in 1942 . The cost per vehicle trended upwards as the war continued from the price under the first contract from Willys at US $648.74 ( Ford 's was $782.59 per unit ) . Willys - Overland and Ford , under the direction of Charles E. Sorensen ( Vice-President of Ford during World War II ) , produced about 640,000 Jeeps towards the war effort , which accounted for approximately 18 % of all the wheeled military vehicles built in the U.S. during the war . </P> <P> Jeeps were used by every service of the U.S. military . An average of 145 were supplied to every Army infantry regiment . Jeeps were used for many purposes , including cable laying , saw milling , as firefighting pumpers , field ambulances , tractors and , with suitable wheels , would even run on railway tracks . An amphibious jeep , the model GPA , or `` seep '' ( Sea Jeep ) was built for Ford in modest numbers but it could not be considered a huge success -- it was neither a good off - road vehicle nor a good boat . As part of the war effort , nearly 30 % of all Jeep production was supplied to Great Britain and to the Soviet Red Army . </P> <H2> Postwar military Jeeps </H2> <P> The Jeep has been widely imitated around the world , including in France by Delahaye and by Hotchkiss et Cie ( after 1954 , Hotchkiss manufactured Jeeps under license from Willys ) , and in Japan by Mitsubishi Motors and Toyota . The utilitarian good looks of the original Jeep have been hailed by industrial designers and museum curators alike . The Museum of Modern Art described the Jeep as a masterpiece of functionalist design , and has periodically exhibited the Jeep as part of its collection . Pulitzer Prize - winning war correspondent Ernie Pyle called the jeep , along with the Coleman G.I. Pocket Stove , `` the two most important pieces of noncombat equipment ever developed . '' Jeeps became even more famous following the war , as they became available on the surplus market . Some ads claimed to offer `` Jeeps still in the factory crate . '' This legend persisted for decades , despite the fact that Jeeps were never shipped from the factory in crates ( although Ford did `` knock down '' Jeeps for easier shipping , which may have perpetuated the myth ) . </P> <P> The Jeepney is a unique type of taxi or bus created in the Philippines . The first Jeepneys were military - surplus MBs and GPWs , left behind in the war - ravaged country following World War II and Filipino independence . Jeepneys were built from Jeeps by lengthening and widening the rear `` tub '' of the vehicle , allowing them to carry more passengers . Over the years , Jeepneys have become the most ubiquitous symbol of the modern Philippines , even as they have been decorated in more elaborate and flamboyant styles by their owners . Most Jeepneys today are scratch - built by local manufacturers , using different powertrains . Some are even constructed from stainless steel . </P> <P> In the United States military , the Jeep has been supplanted by a number of vehicles ( e.g. Ford 's M151 ) of which the latest is the Humvee . </P> <H3> CJ - V35 / U </H3> <P> After World War II , Jeep began to experiment with new designs , including a model that could drive under water . On February 1 , 1950 , contract N8ss - 2660 was approved for 1,000 units `` especially adapted for general reconnaissance or command communications '' and `` constructed for short period underwater operation such as encountered in landing and fording operations . '' The engine was modified with a snorkel system so that the engine could properly breathe under water . </P> Jeep M715 <H3> M715 </H3> <P> In 1965 , Jeep developed the M715 1.25 - ton army truck , a militarized version of the civilian J - series Jeep truck , which served extensively in the Vietnam War . It had heavier full - floating axles and a foldable , vertical , flat windshield . Today , it serves other countries , and is still being produced by Kia under license . </P> <H2> Jeep etymology </H2> See also : Willys MB § How the jeep got its name <P> Many explanations of the origin of the word jeep have proven difficult to verify . The most widely held theory is that the military designation GP ( for Government Purposes or General Purpose ) was slurred into the word Jeep in the same way that the contemporary HMMWV ( for High - Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle ) has become known as the Humvee . Joe Frazer , Willys - Overland President from 1939 to 1944 , claimed to have coined the word jeep by slurring the initials G.P. There are no contemporaneous uses of `` GP '' before later attempts to create a `` backronym . '' </P> <P> A more detailed view , popularized by R. Lee Ermey on his television series Mail Call , disputes this `` slurred GP '' origin , saying that the vehicle was designed for specific duties , and was never referred to as `` General Purpose '' and it is highly unlikely that the average jeep - driving GI would have been familiar with this designation . The Ford GPW abbreviation actually meant G for government use , P to designate its 80 - inch ( 2,000 mm ) wheelbase and W to indicate its Willys - Overland designed engine . Ermey suggests that soldiers at the time were so impressed with the new vehicles that they informally named it after Eugene the Jeep , a character in the Thimble Theatre comic strip and cartoons created by E.C. Segar , as early as mid-March 1936 . Eugene the Jeep was Popeye 's `` jungle pet '' and was `` small , able to move between dimensions and could solve seemingly impossible problems . '' </P> <P> The word `` jeep '' however , was used as early as World War I , as US Army slang for new uninitiated recruits , or by mechanics to refer to new unproven vehicles . In 1937 , tractors which were supplied by Minneapolis Moline to the US Army were called jeeps . A precursor of the Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress was also referred to as the jeep . </P> <P> Words of the Fighting Forces by Clinton A. Sanders , a dictionary of military slang , published in 1942 , in the library at The Pentagon gives this definition : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Jeep : A four - wheel drive vehicle of one - half - to one - and - one - half - ton capacity for reconnaissance or other army duty . A term applied to the bantam - cars , and occasionally to other motor vehicles ( U.S.A. ) in the Air Corps , the Link Trainer ; in the armored forces , the 1⁄2 - ton command vehicle . Also referred to as `` any small plane , helicopter , or gadget . '' </Dd> </Dl> <P> This definition is supported by the use of the term `` jeep carrier '' to refer to the Navy 's small escort carriers . </P> <P> Early in 1941 , Willys - Overland demonstrated the vehicle 's off - road capability by having it drive up the steps of the United States Capitol , driven by Willys test driver Irving `` Red '' Hausmann , who had recently heard soldiers at Fort Holabird calling it a `` jeep . '' When asked by syndicated columnist Katharine Hillyer for the Washington Daily News ( or by a bystander , according to another account ) what it was called , Hausmann answered , `` It 's a jeep . '' </P> <P> Katharine Hillyer 's article was published nationally on February 19 , 1941 , and included a picture of the vehicle with the caption : </P> <Dl> <Dd> LAWMAKERS TAKE A RIDE - With Senator Meade , of New York , at the wheel , and Representative Thomas , of New Jersey , sitting beside him , one of the Army 's new scout cars , known as `` jeeps '' or `` quads '' , climbs up the Capitol steps in a demonstration yesterday . Soldiers in the rear seat for gunners were unperturbed . </Dd> </Dl> <P> Although the term was also military slang for vehicles that were untried or untested , this exposure caused all other jeep references to fade , leaving the 4x4 with the name . </P> <H2> Brand , trademarks and image </H2> Willys wartime advertisement promoting its Jeeps ' contribution to the war effort <P> The `` Jeep '' brand has gone through many owners , starting with Willys - Overland , which filed the original trademark application for the `` Jeep '' brand - name in February 1943 . To help establish the term as a Willys brand , the firm campaigned with advertisements emphasizing Willys ' prominent contribution to the Jeep that helped win the war . Willys ' application initially met with years of opposition , primarily from Bantam , but also from Minneapolis - Moline . The Federal Trade Commission initially ruled in favor of Bantam in May 1943 , largely ignoring Minneapolis - Moline 's claim , and continued to scold Willys - Overland after the war for its advertising . The FTC even slapped the company with a formal complaint , to cease and desist any claims that it `` created or designed '' the Jeep -- Willys was only allowed to advertise its contribution to the jeep 's development . Willys however proceeded to produce the first Civilian Jeep ( CJ ) branded vehicles in 1945 , and simply copyrighted the Jeep name in 1946 . Being the only company that continually produced `` Jeep '' vehicles after the war , Willys - Overland was eventually granted the name `` Jeep '' as a registered trademark in June 1950 . </P> <P> Willys had also seriously considered the brand name AGRIJEEP , and was granted the trademark for it in December of 1944 , but instead the civilian production models as of 1945 were marketed as the `` Universal Jeep , '' which reflected a wider range of uses outside of farming . </P> <P> A division of FCA US LLC , the most recent successor company to the Jeep brand , now holds trademark status on the name `` Jeep '' and the distinctive 7 - slot front grille design . The original 9 - slot grille associated with all World War II jeeps was designed by Ford for their GPW , and because it weighed less than the original `` Slat Grille '' of Willys ( an arrangement of flat bars ) , was incorporated into the `` standardized jeep '' design . </P> <P> The history of the HMMWV ( Humvee ) has ties with Jeep . In 1971 , Jeep 's Defense and Government Products Division was turned into AM General , a wholly owned subsidiary of American Motors Corporation , which also owned Jeep . In 1979 , while still owned by American Motors , AM General began the first steps toward designing the Humvee . AM General also continued manufacturing the two - wheel - drive DJ , which Jeep created in 1953 . The General Motors Hummer and Chrysler Jeep have been waging battle in U.S. courts over the right to use seven slots in their respective radiator grilles . Chrysler Jeep claims it has the exclusive rights to use the seven vertical slits since it is the sole remaining assignee of the various companies since Willys gave their postwar jeeps seven slots instead of Ford 's nine - slot design for the Jeep . </P> <H3> Off - road abilities </H3> Jeep Wrangler off - roading . <P> Jeep advertising has always emphasized the brand 's vehicles ' off - road capabilities . Today , the Wrangler is one of the few remaining four - wheel - drive vehicles with solid front and rear axles . These axles are known for their durability , strength , and articulation . New Wranglers come with a Dana 44 rear differential and a Dana 30 front differential . The upgraded Rubicon model of the JK Wrangler is equipped with electronically activated locking differentials , Dana 44 axles front and rear with 4.10 gears , a 4 : 1 transfer case , electronic sway bar disconnect and heavy duty suspension . </P> <P> Another benefit of solid axle vehicles is they tend to be easier and cheaper to `` lift '' with aftermarket suspension systems . This increases the distance between the axle and chassis of the vehicle . By increasing this distance , larger tires can be installed , which will increase the ground clearance , allowing it to traverse even larger and more difficult obstacles . In addition to higher ground clearance , many owners aim to increase suspension articulation or `` flex '' to give their Jeeps greatly improved off - road capabilities . Good suspension articulation keeps all four wheels in contact with the ground and maintains traction . </P> <P> Useful features of the smaller Jeeps are their short wheelbases , narrow frames , and ample approach , breakover , and departure angles , allowing them to fit into places where full - size four - wheel drives have difficulty . </P> <H2> Company History and ownership </H2> <P> After the war , Willys did not resume production of its passenger - car models , choosing instead to concentrate on Jeeps and Jeep - branded vehicles , launching the Jeep Station Wagon in 1946 , the Jeep Truck in 1947 , and the Jeepster in 1948 . An attempt to re-enter the passenger - car market in 1952 with the Willys Aero sedan proved unsuccessful , and ended with the company 's acquisition by Kaiser Motors in 1953 , for $60 million . Kaiser initially called the merged company `` Willys Motors '' , but renamed itself Kaiser - Jeep in 1963 . By the end of 1955 , Kaiser - Frazer had dropped the Willys Aero , as well as its own passenger cars to sell Jeeps exclusively . </P> <P> American Motors Corporation ( AMC ) in turn purchased Kaiser 's money - losing Jeep operations in 1970 . This time $70 million changed hands . The utility vehicles complemented AMC 's passenger car business by sharing components , achieving volume efficiencies , as well as capitalizing on Jeep 's international and government markets . In 1971 AMC spun off Jeep 's commercial , postal and military vehicle lines into a separate subsidiary , AM General -- the company that later developed the M998 Humvee . In 1976 Jeep introduced the CJ - 7 , replacing the CJ - 6 in North America , as well as crossing 100,000 civilian units in annual global sales for the first time . </P> <P> The French automaker Renault began investing in AMC in 1979 . During this period Jeep introduced the XJ Cherokee , its first unibody SUV ; and global sales top 200,000 for the first time in 1985 . However , the replacement of the CJ Jeeps by the new Wrangler line in 1986 marked the start of a different era . By 1987 , the automobile markets had changed and Renault itself was experiencing financial troubles . </P> <P> At the same time , Chrysler Corporation wanted to capture the Jeep brand , as well as other assets of AMC . So Chrysler bought out AMC in 1987 , shortly after the Jeep CJ - 7 had been replaced with the AMC - designed Wrangler YJ . After more than 40 years , the four - wheel drive utility vehicles brand that had been a profitable niche for smaller automakers , fell into the hands of one of the Big Three ; and Jeep was the only AMC brand continued by Chrysler after the acquisition . But Chrysler subsequently merged with Daimler - Benz in 1998 and folded into DaimlerChrysler . DaimlerChrysler eventually sold most of their interest in Chrysler to a private equity company in 2007 . Chrysler and the Jeep division operated under Chrysler Group LLC , until December 15 , 2014 , when Chrysler folded into Fiat Chrysler Automobiles , with the stateside division operating under ' FCA US LLC ' . </P> <P> Jeeps have been built under licence by various manufacturers around the world , including Mahindra in India , EBRO in Spain , and several in South America . Mitsubishi built more than 30 models in Japan between 1953 and 1998 . Most were based on the CJ - 3B model of the original Willys - Kaiser design . </P> <P> Toledo , Ohio has been the headquarters of the Jeep brand since its inception , and the city has always been proud of this heritage . Although no longer produced in the same Toledo Complex as the World War II originals , two streets in the vicinity of the old plant are named Willys Parkway and Jeep Parkway . The Jeep Wrangler and Jeep Cherokee are built in the city currently , in separate facilities , not far from the site of the original Willys - Overland plant . </P> <P> American Motors set up the first automobile - manufacturing joint venture in the People 's Republic of China on January 15 , 1984 . The result was Beijing Jeep Corporation , Ltd. , in partnership with Beijing Automobile Industry Corporation , to produce the Jeep Cherokee ( XJ ) in Beijing . Manufacture continued after Chrysler 's buyout of AMC . This joint venture is now part of DaimlerChrysler and DaimlerChrysler China Invest Corporation . The original 1984 XJ model was updated and called the `` Jeep 2500 '' toward the end of its production that ended after 2005 . </P> <P> While Jeeps have been built in India under licence by Mahindra & Mahindra since the 1960s , Jeep has entered the Indian market directly in 2016 , starting with release of the Wrangler and Grand Cherokee in the country . </P> <H3> Ownership chronology </H3> <Ul> <Li> 1944 -- 1953 : Willys - Overland </Li> <Li> 1953 -- 1964 : Kaiser Jeep ( calling themselves `` Willys Motors '' ) </Li> <Li> 1964 -- 1970 : Kaiser Jeep </Li> <Li> 1970 -- 1987 : AMC ( w / Renault controlling production in 1986 ) </Li> <Li> 1987 -- 1998 : Chrysler </Li> <Li> 1998 -- 2007 : Daimler Chrysler AG </Li> <Li> 2007 -- 2009 : Chrysler LLC </Li> <Li> 2009 -- 2013 : Chrysler Group LLC - Fiat Group Automobiles </Li> <Li> 2014 -- present : Fiat Chrysler Automobiles </Li> </Ul> <H2> Military Jeeps model list </H2> This is a list of military light utility vehicles , made under the Jeep brand , by the Jeep company , or its corporate forebears , beginning with Willys - Overland , the first company to officially market `` Jeep '' branded cars and light trucks . For a full list of U.S. military jeeps , that includes models built by other brands and companies , see : List of U.S. military jeeps Willys MA on assembly line , 1941 . 1942 Willys MB slat grille . 1952 -- 1957 Willys / Kaiser MD Jeep M715 truck <Ul> <Li> 1940 Willys Quad -- Willys ' first prototype , competing for the U.S. Army contract for a 1⁄4 - ton light reconnaissance vehicle </Li> <Li> 1941 Willys MA -- Willys ' low - volume preproduction model , preceding the standardized World War II jeep </Li> <Li> 1941 - 1944 Willys MT `` Super Jeep '' -- 6x6 , 3 ⁄ 4 - ton prototype -- a small number were built in various configurations </Li> <Li> 1942 Willys MB -- slat grille </Li> <Li> 1942 -- 1945 Willys MB -- stamped grille </Li> <Li> 1943 Willys WAC ( for ' Willys Air Cooled ' ) `` Jeeplet '' -- prototype for a super light - weight , fulltime 4WD with front and rear independent suspension </Li> <Li> 1944 Willys MLW - 1 ( for ' Military Long Wheelbase ' ) -- prototype ( never finished ) </Li> <Li> 1944 Willys MLW - 2 ( for ' Military Long Wheelbase ' ) or `` Jungle Jeep '' -- prototype for a half - ton , jungle - suited jeep </Li> <Li> 1948 Willys Jungle Burden Carrier -- a medical litter , personnel and cargo carrier , built in small numbers for testing in jungle warfare and with airborne forces . </Li> <Li> 1949 -- 1952 Willys MC / M38 </Li> <Li> 1950 CJ V - 35 ( / U ) -- deep water fording CJ - 3A ; 1000 units built for the USMC </Li> <Li> 1952 -- 1971 Willys / Kaiser MD / M38A1 <Ul> <Li> 1952 -- 1957 Willys M38A1C -- fitted with 105 / 106mm anti-tank recoilless rifle </Li> <Li> 1950s / 1960s Willys M38A1D -- a small number of M38A1s carried the M28 or M29 `` Davy Crockett Weapon System '' , the US ' smallest tactical nuclear weapon , fired from a 120mm or 155mm recoilless rifle </Li> <Li> M170 Ambulance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1953 Willys BC Bobcat aka `` Aero Jeep '' -- prototype for a very small , lightweight ( 1475 lbs ) jeep , for easier lifting by helicopters of the day . </Li> <Li> 1958 - 1960 Willys XM443 / M443E1 `` Super Mule '' -- prototypes for 3 ⁄ 4 - ton , underfloor mid-engined platform - trucks , comparable to , but larger than the M274 `` Mechanical Mule '' </Li> <Li> 1959 -- 1982 M151 jeep -- Although the M151 was developed and initially produced by Ford , production contracts for the M151A2 were later also awarded to Kaiser Jeep and AM General Corp , a Jeep sister company , once Jeep had become part of AMC . <Ul> <Li> 1970 -- 1982 M151A2 <Ul> <Li> M718A1 Ambulance </Li> <Li> M825 Weapons Platform </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1960 -- 1968 Jeep M606 </Li> <Li> 1964 US Navy and USMC variants of the Forward Control FC - 170 , labeled `` Truck , Diesel engine , 7000 - pound GVW , 4x4 '' : <Ul> <Li> M676 Truck , Cargo Pickup </Li> <Li> M677 Truck , Cargo Pickup w / 4 Dr. Cab </Li> <Li> M678 Truck , Carry All </Li> <Li> M679 Truck , Ambulance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1967 -- 1969 Kaiser Jeep M715 truck -- based on the civilian Jeep Gladiator </Li> </Ul> <H2> Civilian Jeeps model list </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section may be too long and excessively detailed . Please consider summarizing the material while citing sources as needed . ( December 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Main article : List of Jeep vehicles <H3> Jeep CJ </H3> Main article : Jeep CJ ( Civilian Jeep ) 1982 Jeep Scrambler <P> The CJ ( for `` Civilian Jeep '' ) series were literally the first `` Jeep '' branded vehicles produced for the civilian public , beginning in 1945 with the CJ - 2A , followed by the CJ - 3A in 1949 and the CJ - 3B in 1953 . These early Jeeps are commonly referred to as `` flatfenders '' because their front fenders were flat and rectangular across , like on their military forebears , the Willys MB and identical Ford GPW models . The CJ - 4 exists only as a 1951 prototype , and is the `` missing link '' between the flat - fendered CJ - 2A and CJ - 3B and the round - fendered CJ - 5 first introduced in 1955 . </P> <Ul> <Li> 1944 -- 1945 CJ - 2 </Li> <Li> 1945 -- 1949 CJ - 2A </Li> <Li> 1949 -- 1953 CJ - 3 A </Li> <Li> 1953 -- 1968 CJ - 3B </Li> <Li> 1954 -- 1983 CJ - 5 </Li> <Li> 1955 -- 1975 CJ - 6 </Li> <Li> 1964 -- 1967 CJ - 5A / CJ - 6A Tuxedo Park </Li> <Li> 1976 -- 1986 CJ - 7 </Li> <Li> 1981 -- 1985 CJ - 8 Scrambler </Li> <Li> 1981 -- 1985 CJ - 10 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Willys Jeep Station Wagon and Truck </H3> <Ul> <Li> The 1946 -- 1965 Willys Jeep Station Wagon and the </Li> <Li> 1947 -- 1965 Willys Jeep Truck shared much in terms of styling and engineering . </Li> </Ul> <P> With over 300,000 wagons and its variants built in the U.S. , it was one of Willys ' most successful post-World War II models . Its production coincided with consumers moving to the suburbs . </P> <H3> Willys / Jeep Jeepster & ( Jeepster ) commando </H3> Main articles : Willys / Jeep Jeepster and Jeepster Commando <P> The 1948 introduced Jeepster was directly based on the rear - wheel - drive Jeep Station Wagon chassis , and shared many of the same parts . </P> <Ul> <Li> 1948 -- 1950 Willys VJ Jeepster </Li> <Li> 1948 -- 1949 VJ2 Jeepster </Li> <Li> 1949 -- 1951 VJ3 Jeepster </Li> </Ul> <P> ( Jeepster ) Commando </P> <Ul> <Li> 1966 -- 1971 C101 -- Jeepster Commando <Ul> <Li> Hurst Jeepster ( only 100 produced ) </Li> <Li> Hurst Half Cab </Li> <Li> Revival Jeepster </Li> <Li> Commando convertible </Li> <Li> open body roadster </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1972 -- 1973 C104 -- Jeep Commando <Ul> <Li> Commando Half Cab </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Jeep Forward Control </H3> Main article : Jeep Forward Control <Ul> <Li> The 1956 -- 1965 Jeep Forward Control was built in both civilian and military models . The civilian versions were : <Ul> <Li> FC - 150 </Li> <Li> FC - 160 -- Spain , India </Li> <Li> FC - 170 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Jeep DJ and Fleetvan </H3> Main articles : Jeep DJ ( Dispatcher Jeep ) and Fleetvan A USPS mail delivery vehicle made by Jeep <P> From 1955 onwards Willys offered two - wheel drive versions of their CJ Jeeps for commercial use , called DJ models ( for ' Dispatcher Jeep ' ) , in both open and closed body - styles . A well - known version was the right - hand drive model with sliding side - doors , used by the US Postal service . In 1961 the range was expanded with the ' Fleetvan ' delivery - van , based on DJ Jeeps . </P> <Ul> <Li> 1955 USAF DJ </Li> <Li> 1955 -- 1964 DJ - 3A </Li> <Li> 1965 -- 1975 DJ - 5 </Li> <Li> 1965 -- 1973 DJ - 6 </Li> <Li> 1967 -- 1975 DJ - 5A </Li> <Li> 1970 -- 1972 DJ - 5B </Li> <Li> 1973 -- 1974 DJ - 5C </Li> <Li> 1975 -- 1976 DJ - 5D </Li> <Li> 1976 DJ - 5E Electruck </Li> <Li> 1977 -- 1978 DJ - 5F </Li> <Li> 1979 DJ - 5G </Li> <Li> 1982 DJ - 5L </Li> </Ul> <P> Fleetvan Jeep </P> <Ul> <Li> 1961 -- 1975 Fleetvan <Ul> <Li> FJ - 3 </Li> <Li> FJ - 3A </Li> <Li> FJ - 6 </Li> <Li> FJ - 6A </Li> <Li> FJ - 8 </Li> <Li> FJ - 9 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> `` Full - Size Jeeps '' Jeep Wagoneer ca . 1968 J20 pickup , Honcho package <H3> SJ Wagoneer , Cherokee and pickups </H3> Main article : Jeep SJ ( aka Full Size Jeep ) <P> SUV models ( 1962 - 1991 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> 1962 -- 1983 SJ Wagoneer </Li> <Li> 1966 -- 1969 SJ Super Wagoneer </Li> <Li> 1974 -- 1983 SJ Cherokee </Li> <Li> 1984 -- 1991 SJ Grand Wagoneer </Li> </Ul> <P> Pickup models ( 1962 - 1988 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> 1962 -- 1971 Jeep Gladiator </Li> <Li> 1971 -- 1988 Jeep pickup truck ( J - ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Jeep Cherokee ( XJ ) and Comanche </H3> 1988 Jeep Cherokee 2.5 Main articles : Jeep Cherokee ( XJ ) and Jeep Comanche <Ul> <Li> 1984 -- 2001 XJ Cherokee </Li> <Li> 1984 -- 1990 XJ Wagoneer <Ul> <Li> 1984 -- 1985 Broughwood </Li> <Li> 1984 -- 1990 Limited </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1986 -- 1992 Jeep Comanche ( MJ ) </Li> </Ul> Jeep Wrangler 1989 Jeep Wrangler YJ Islander 1997 Jeep Wrangler TJ 2016 Jeep Wrangler JK Unlimited ( MIAS ' 16 ) <H3> Jeep Wrangler </H3> Main article : Jeep Wrangler <Ul> <Li> 1987 -- 1995 Jeep Wrangler YJ <Ul> <Li> 1991 -- 1993 Renegade </Li> <Li> 1988 -- 1995 Wrangler Long -- Venezuela </Li> <Li> 1995 Wrangler Rio Grande </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1997 -- 2006 Wrangler TJ <Ul> <Li> 2002 TJ Se , X , Sport , Sahara models </Li> <Li> 2003 TJ Rubicon , Rubicon Tomb Raider Edition , Sahara , Sport , X , Se models , Freedom Edition </Li> <Li> 2004 -- 2006 TJ Long Wheel Base ( LJ ) Unlimited ( 15 '' Longer than a standard TJ ) Rubicon , Sport , X , Se models </Li> <Li> 2004 -- 2005 Willys Edition ( 2004 -- 1997 made , 2005 -- 2001 made ) </Li> <Li> 2004 Columbia Edition </Li> <Li> 2005 Rubicon Sahara Unlimited TJ LWB ( LJ ) ( 1000 made ) </Li> <Li> 2006 Golden Eagle Edition , 65 Year Anniversary Edition ( 1,675 Black 65th Anniversary Editions made ) </Li> <Li> 2007 - 2011 TJL AEV Brute : Compact pickup truck , 2 - door version ; produced by AEV with the Jeep logo . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2007 -- 2018 Wrangler JK <Ul> <Li> 2007 -- 2009 JK Rubicon , Sahara , X </Li> <Li> 2010 JK Rubicon , Sahara , Mountain , Islander , and Sport Editions </Li> <Li> 2011 70th Anniversary , Call of Duty : Black Ops , Mojave , and Oscar Mike Military ( 200 made ) Editions </Li> <Li> 2011 JK - 8 Independence -- a MOPAR JK pick - up conversion kit , mirroring the 1980s CJ - 8 Scrambler pick - up </Li> <Li> 2013 Rubicon 10th Anniversary Edition </Li> <Li> 2013 - 2017 Brute Double Cab : Pickup truck , 4 - door version , produced by American Expedition Vehicles </Li> <Li> 2014 Willys Wheeler Edition </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2017 -- Jeep Wrangler JL </Li> </Ul> <H3> Grand Cherokee </H3> Main article : Jeep Grand Cherokee 1st generation Grand Cherokee ZJ . 2008 - 2010 WK Grand Cherokee . <Ul> <Li> 1993 -- 1998 Grand Cherokee ZJ <Ul> <Li> 1993 -- 1995 Base SE </Li> <Li> 1993 -- 1998 Laredo </Li> <Li> 1993 -- 1998 Limited </Li> <Li> 1995 -- 1997 Orvis `` Limited Edition '' </Li> <Li> 1997 -- 1998 TSi </Li> <Li> 1998 5.9 Limited </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1993 ZJ Jeep Grand Wagoneer </Li> <Li> 1999 -- 2004 Grand Cherokee WJ Grand Cherokee <Ul> <Li> 2002 -- 2003 Sport </Li> <Li> 2002 -- 2004 Special edition </Li> <Li> 2002 -- 2004 Overland </Li> <Li> 2004 Columbia Edition </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2005 - 2010 Grand Cherokee WK : Five - passenger family - oriented SUV -- `` WK '' is the designator for the 2005 -- 2010 Grand Cherokee , marks the beginning of the - K designation compared to the - J designation </Li> <Li> 2011 -- present Jeep Grand Cherokee WK2 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Jeep Liberty / Cherokee </H3> Main article : Jeep Liberty 2008 - 2009 Jeep Liberty <Ul> <Li> 2002 -- 2007 Jeep Liberty KJ or Jeep Cherokee ( KJ ) outside North America <Ul> <Li> Sport </Li> <Li> Limited </Li> <Li> Renegade </Li> <Li> 2003 Freedom Edition </Li> <Li> 2004 -- 05 Rocky Mountain Edition </Li> <Li> 2004 Columbia Edition </Li> <Li> 2006 65th Anniversary Edition </Li> <Li> 2007 Latitude Edition ( replaced Renegade ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2008 -- 2012 Jeep Liberty KK or Jeep Cherokee ( KK ) outside North America </Li> </Ul> <H3> Jeep Commander </H3> <Ul> <Li> 2006 -- 2010 Jeep Commander ( XK ) <Ul> <Li> 2006 Base </Li> <Li> 2007 -- 2010 Sport </Li> <Li> 2006 -- 2010 Limited </Li> <Li> 2007 -- 2009 Overland </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Jeep Compass and Patriot platform </H3> Main articles : Jeep Compass and Jeep Patriot <Ul> <Li> 2007 -- 2017 Jeep Compass MK49 </Li> <Li> 2017 -- present Jeep Compass MP / 552 </Li> <Li> 2006 - 2017 Jeep Patriot ( MK74 ) : Compact sport utility vehicle </Li> </Ul> <H3> Concepts and prototypes </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section may be too long and excessively detailed . Please consider summarizing the material while citing sources as needed . ( April 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> 1944 CJ - 1 prototype </Li> <Li> 1949 Alcoa Aluminum - bodied Jeepster Coupe ( prototype ) </Li> <Li> 1949 / 1950 X-98 prototype ; with flat fenders , but a rounded hood and grille like the CJ - 5 , it may have been the first F - head - powered Jeep </Li> <Li> 1950 CJ - 4 prototype </Li> <Li> 1950 CJ - 4 M prototype </Li> <Li> 1950 CJ - 4 MA prototype </Li> <Li> 1952 CJ Coiler : experimental design for an all independent suspension , with portal - hub swing - axles and coil - springs </Li> <Li> 1958 DJ - 3A Pickup : Prototype pickup truck version of the DJ - 3A </Li> <Li> 1958 Jeep Creep : prototype utility vehicle ; several versions built for tests , including a Postal rig and an aircraft tug </Li> <Li> 1959 Jeep J - 100 Malibu and Berkeley : Later developed into the Wagoneer </Li> <Li> 1960 Jeep Wide - Trac : Concept for developing a low - cost vehicle for third - world countries </Li> <Li> 1962 The Brazilian Jeepster ( prototype ) </Li> <Li> 1963 Jeep XM - 200 : J200 based concept for developing a low - cost vehicle for third - world countries </Li> <Li> 1965 Jeep / Renault Model H : A light 4x4 prototype based on the Renault 16 </Li> <Li> 1966 FWD Concept Jeepvair : Similar to the Model H but with a Chevrolet Corvair powertrain </Li> <Li> 1970 XJ001 </Li> <Li> 1970 XJ002 </Li> <Li> 1971 Jeep Cowboy : A design study using AMC 's `` compact '' automobile platform </Li> <Li> 1977 Jeep II </Li> <Li> 1979 Jeep Jeepster II </Li> <Li> 1986 Cherokee Targa : A two - door Cherokee convertible ( later revised as Jeep Freedom show car ) </Li> <Li> 1987 Comanche Thunderchief : This vehicle was put into production later as the Comanche Eliminator </Li> <Li> 1989 Jeep Concept 1 : Evolved into the ZJ Grand Cherokee </Li> <Li> 1989 Jeep Rubicon Wrangler : This vehicle was later put in production </Li> <Li> 1990 Jeep JJ : Essentially what would later be called the Icon </Li> <Li> 1990 Jeep Freedom : A revised Cherokee Targa </Li> <Li> 1991 Jeep Wagoneer 2000 : A large design concept </Li> <Li> 1993 Jeep Ecco </Li> <Li> 1997 Jeep Cherokee Casablanca : A special edition of Cherokee , never produced </Li> <Li> 1997 Jeep Wrangler Ultimate Rescue : A tuned version of a regular TJ Wrangler developed for SEMA show </Li> <Li> 1997 Fender Jeep Wrangler </Li> <Li> 1997 Jeep Dakar : A fused version of a XJ Cherokee and TJ Wrangler </Li> <Li> 1997 Jeep Icon : A design study for the next - generation Wrangler </Li> <Li> 1999 Jeep Commander : methanol fuel cell drive train with electric motors </Li> <Li> 1999 Jeep Journey </Li> <Li> 1999 Jeep Jeepster Concept </Li> <Li> 2000 Jeep Cherokee Total Exposure </Li> <Li> 2000 Jeep Varsity : Subsequently , put into production as the Compass </Li> <Li> 2000 Jeep Commander Concept : Subsequently , put into production as the XK </Li> <Li> 2000 Jeep Willys </Li> <Li> 2001 Jeep Willys2 </Li> <Li> 2002 Jeep Wrangler Tabasco </Li> <Li> 2002 Jeep Wrangler Patriot : A special decal package for the Wrangler X / Sport </Li> <Li> 2002 Jeep Wrangler Mountain Biker </Li> <Li> 2004 Jeep Grand Cherokee ( WJ ) Concierge </Li> <Li> 2004 Jeep Treo </Li> <Li> 2004 Jeep Rescue </Li> <Li> 2004 Jeep Liberator CRD </Li> <Li> 2005 Jeep Hurricane : The 4 - wheel steering system allows the vehicle to have both a zero turning circle , and `` crab '' sideways . Its engine was later put in the Grand Cherokee ( WK ) SRT - 8 </Li> <Li> 2005 Jeep Gladiator Concept </Li> <Li> 2005 Jeep Aggressor ( the Rezo ) </Li> <Li> 2007 Jeep Trailhawk </Li> <Li> 2008 Jeep Renegade </Li> <Li> 2010 Jeep J8 </Li> <Li> 2010 Jeep Nukizer : Design study inspired by the Military Kaiser M - 715 </Li> <Li> 2011 Jeep Wrangler Pork Chop </Li> <Li> 2011 Jeep Compass Canyon : uses a 2 1 / 8 inch lift </Li> <Li> 2011 Jeep Cherokee Overland </Li> <Li> 2012 Jeep Mighty FC : inspired by the 1956 to 1965 Forward Control vehicles Jeep sold </Li> <Li> 2012 Jeep J - 12 Concept : recalling the 1962 - 1971 Gladiator pickups </Li> <Li> 2013 Jeep Wrangler Mopar Recon </Li> <Li> 2013 Jeep Grand Cherokee Trailhawk EcoDiesel </Li> <Li> 2013 Jeep Wrangler Stitch </Li> <Li> 2013 Jeep Wrangler Flattop : featuring a one - piece , windowless hardtop </Li> <Li> 2014 Jeep Wrangler Level Red </Li> <Li> 2014 Jeep Cherokee Dakar </Li> <Li> 2014 Jeep Wrangler MOJO </Li> <Li> 2015 Jeep Chief </Li> <Li> 2015 Jeep Wrangler Africa </Li> <Li> 2015 Jeep Wrangler Red Rock Responder </Li> <Li> 2015 Jeep Staff Car : a tribute to Jeep 's military history starting with WWII </Li> </Ul> <H2> Current models </H2> <P> The Jeep brand currently produces five models , but 8 vehicles are under the brand name or use the Jeep logo : </P> <Ul> <Li> Jeep Renegade BU : Subcompact Sport Utility Vehicle </Li> <Li> Jeep Wrangler <Ul> <Li> JK : Standard wheelbase Compact Sport utility vehicle , 2 - door version </Li> <Li> JK Unlimited : Long wheelbase Mid-Size sport utility vehicle , 4 - door version </Li> <Li> J8 : Mid-Size military sport utility vehicle ; Produced by AIL , AAV , and AEV . </Li> <Li> TJL : Compact pickup truck , 2 - door version ; Produced by AAV . </Li> <Li> JL : Short ( 2 - door ) and long ( 4 - door ) wheelbase SUV ; in production since November 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jeep Grand Cherokee : Mid-size sport utility vehicle </Li> <Li> Jeep Compass : Compact sport utility vehicle </Li> <Li> Jeep Cherokee KL : Mid-size sport utility vehicle </Li> </Ul> <H2> Future models </H2> <Ul> <Li> Jeep Wagoneer / Grand Wagoneer : Full - Size SUVs expected for 2021 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Jeeps built outside the U.S.A. </H2> The Troller T4 Mahindra & Mahindra Limited Indian Jeep <P> Jeeps have been built and / or assembled around the world by various companies . </P> <Ul> <Li> Argentina -- IKA Jeeps 1956 -- current ; now owned by Chrysler </Li> <Li> Australia -- Willys Motors Australia -- 1940s -- 1980s </Li> <Li> Brazil -- Willys Overland do Brasil , purchased by Ford to become Ford do Brasil -- 1957 -- 1985 built the Jeep Rural from 1960 -- 1977 , and the Troller T4 is a fiberglass bodied Jeep version built in Brazil . Troller was purchased by Ford do Brasil in 2007 . </Li> <Li> Burma / Myanmar -- Two Burmese companies produce unlicensed copies of jeeps ; Myanmar Jeeps and Chin Dwin Star Jeeps . </Li> <Li> Canada -- Kaiser Jeep -- 1959 -- 1969 </Li> <Li> China -- Beijing Jeep Corporation -- 1983 to 2009 as Beijing - Benz DaimlerChrysler Automotive . Fiat - Chrysler plans to re-open Jeep production in China through joint venture with Guangzhou Automobile Industry Group ( GAIG ) . </Li> <Li> Colombia -- Willys Colombia -- at least until 1999 </Li> <Li> Egypt -- Arab Organization for Industrialization subsidiary Arab American Vehicles based in Cairo produces the Jeep Cherokee ; the open - top , Wrangler - based Jeep AAV TJL . </Li> <Li> France -- Licence produced jeeps : Hotchkiss M201 and by Cournil ( now Auverland ) -- 1952 -- 1962 </Li> <Li> India -- Mahindra & Mahindra Limited -- 1960s - current </Li> <Li> Iran -- Pars Khodro , ShahBaaz , Sahra , and Ahoo -- ShahBaaz based on DJ series , Sahra based on Jeep Wrangler and CJ series , and Ahoo based on Wagoneer </Li> <Li> Israel -- Automotive Industries which produces the AIL Storm ( Sufa ) series of Jeep Wrangler - derivatives </Li> <Li> Italy -- 1950s </Li> <Li> Japan -- Mitsubishi Jeeps -- 1953 -- 1998 </Li> <Li> Korea -- Asia Motors , Ltd , Dong A Motors ( SsangYong Motor Company ) and Kia . ( do n't use Jeep name ) -- 1980s - current </Li> <Li> Mexico -- VAM Jeeps -- 1946 -- 1987 </Li> <Li> Netherlands -- NEKAF - JEEP Nederlandse Kaiser - Frazer -- 1954 - 1990s </Li> <Li> Philippines -- Jeepneys ; MD Juan Willys MB. ; `` E-jeepneys '' or minibuses , LSV ( low - speed vehicles ) which uses electricity . </Li> </Ul> Spanish - built long - wheelbase CJ - 3B <Ul> <Li> Portugal -- Bravia Sarl -- 1960s to 1980s This Lisbon company assembled a number of Kaiser Jeep M - 201 models from several Spanish EBRO and VIASA parts built to order for the USAF airfields & the US Army based at the time in Portugal , of the 500 vehicles made , most had American running gear . </Li> <Li> Spain -- Vehículos Industriales y Agrícolas , S.A ( VIASA ) , absorbed by Ebro trucks , and later sold to Nissan -- 1960 - 1990s For instance built a long - wheelbase version of the CJ - 3B from 1955 -- 1968 . </Li> <Li> Turkey -- Tuzla -- 1954 - 1970s </Li> <Li> Venezuela - Valencia Carabobo 1962 -- 2011 , 1962 Tejerias Edo Aragua Willys de Venezuela , S.A , 1979 -- 2011 Ensambladora Carabobo C.A Valencia Edo Carabobo </Li> </Ul> <H2> Jeep apparel and sponsorships </H2> <P> Jeep is also a brand of apparel of outdoor lifestyle sold under license . It is reported that there are between 600 and 1,500 such outlets in China , vastly outnumbering the number of Jeep auto dealers in the country . </P> <P> In April 2012 Jeep signed a shirt sponsorship deal worth € 35m ( $45 m ) with Italian football club Juventus . </P> <P> In August 2014 Jeep signed a sponsorship deal with Greek football club AEK Athens F.C. . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> AMC and Jeep transmissions </Li> <Li> Criticism of sport utility vehicles </Li> <Li> Jeep four - wheel - drive systems </Li> <Li> Jeep Jamboree : Off Road Adventure , a video game based on the then - current Jeep Wrangler YJ model </Li> <Li> Jeep Thrills </Li> <Li> Jeep parade </Li> <Li> Jeep trail </Li> <Li> Jeepney </Li> <Li> List of automobile manufacturers of the United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Inline </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Statham , Steve ( 2002 ) . Jeep Color History . MBI Publishing . pp. 26 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 0636 - 9 . Retrieved 28 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chrysler 8 - K / A SEC filing '' ( PDF ) . secdatabase.com. 3 December 2012 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 ... served as the auditor for Fiat S.p.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries , which include Chrysler Group </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC '' . InsideView company data . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Chrysler Group LLC operates as a subsidiary of Fiat North America LLC </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeep Guns For 2 Million In Annual Sales -- Forbes , Feb 24 , 2017 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Could Fiat Chrysler spin off Jeep , Ram ? ' Yes ' -- Detroit Free Press </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : China 's Great Wall sets sights on Jeep -- AutoNews.com , August 21 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marchionne Is Betting Big on Rugged Jeep to Steer Fiat - Bloomberg , 24 augustus 2017 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Zaloga , Steven J. ( 2011 ) . Jeeps 1941 -- 45 . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 9781780961477 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Origin of the Term Jeep -- Olive - Drab </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russell , Philip ( 2013 ) . 100 Military Inventions that Changed the World . Little , Brown Book Group . ISBN 9781472106704 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stewart , Doug ( 1992 ) . `` Hail to the jeep ! Could we have won without it ? '' . Smithsonian. 23 ( 8 ) : 60 -- 69 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allen , Jim ( 2004 ) . Jeep Collector 's Library . MBI Publishing . pp. 49 -- 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1979 - 6 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Curbside Classic : Kaiser Jeep CJ - 5 -- Transcendent Independent </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gunn , Richard ( 2006 ) . Trucks & Off - Road Vehicles . Motorbooks . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 2569 - 8 . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robson , Graham ( 1981 ) . The Rover Story . Stephens . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85059 - 543 - 7 . The first Land - Rover owed a lot to the Jeep . Designer Gordon Bashford , who laid out the basic concept , makes no secret of that . It was also his job to go off to an ex-WD surplus vehicle dump in the Cotswolds , buy a couple of roadworthy Jeeps ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morr , Tom ; Brubaker , Ken ( 2007 ) . The Joy of Jeep . MBI Publishing . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3061 - 6 . Retrieved 28 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Military Jeep '' . Cossor.com.au . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Invention of the Jeep - Pennsylvania Historical Markers '' . Waymarking.com. 2006 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ford Manufacturers a Jeep '' . Jeep History . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Notman , Robert ( 2006 ) . Bantam , Ford and Willys - 1 / 4 - Ton Reconnaissance Cars . Lulu.com . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84728 - 188 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide ( 14 December 2007 ) . `` 1940 -- 1941 Jeep '' . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allen , Jim ( 2003 ) . Jeep : Collector 's Library . MBI Publishing . pp. 36 -- 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1486 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott , Graham ( 1996 ) . Essential Military Jeep : Willys , Ford & Bantam models 1941 -- 45 . MBI Publishing . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 870979 - 76 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zaloga , Steven J. ( 2005 ) . Jeeps 1941 -- 45 . Osprey Publishing . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 888 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The History of Jeep '' . Gear Heads. 17 May 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Borth , Christy . Masters of Mass Production , pp. 208 - 36 , Bobbs - Merrill Co. , Indianapolis , IN , 1945 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Herman , Arthur . Freedom 's Forge : How American Business Produced Victory in World War II , pp. 214 , 218 , 342 , Random House , New York , NY , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6964 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leigh Brown , Patricia , `` Where Do You Hang The 747 ? '' , The New York Times , December 13 , 1998 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Acquisitions -- Smart Car , Volkswagen `` Beetle , '' and Willys - Overland Jeep -- Join Three Other Automobiles in MoMA 's Collection '' ( PDF ) . The Museum of Modern Art . June 2002 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R. Cole , `` Chairman Offers to Buy Coleman '' , The New York Times , Page D1 , Feb. 15 , 1989 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeep in a crate $50 ! - The legend of Jeep Body Tubs '' . motorcitymusclecars. 7 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2015 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 3A 's Navy Cousin - The CJ - V35 / U '' . Cj3apage.com. 1950 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brown , Arch ( 2001 ) . Jeep : The Unstoppable Legend . Publications International . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 7853 - 5562 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wordorigins.org '' . Wordorigins.org . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Borth , Christy . Masters of Mass Production , pp. 208 - 236 , Bobbs - Merrill Co. , Indianapolis , IN , 1945 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sfetcu , Nicolae ( 2014 ) . The Car Show . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Industrial Jeep - 1943 NTX - Minneapolis - Moline 's -- Hemmings Motor News </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pulos , Arthur J. ( 1988 ) . The American Design Adventure , 1940 -- 1975 . MIT Press . p. 20 . ISBN 9780262161060 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ How the Jeep got its name -- Allpar </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allen , Jim ( 27 July 2015 ) . `` The Oldest Restored Civilian Jeep '' . FourWheeler.com . Extreme Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Toledo - built Jeeps ' sales results abroad mirror those in North American market '' . News.top100.biz. 2007 - 11 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cranswick , Marc ( 2001 ) . Cars of American Motors : An Illustrated History . McFarland . pp. 239 -- 240 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4672 - 8 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jeep 's climb to the top : A year - by - year history -- Autoweek </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mitsubishi Jeep Photos on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2002 - 08 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mann , Jim ( 1997 ) . Beijing Jeep : A Case Study of Western Business in China . Perseus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 3327 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dunne , Timothy ( 2007 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Can Chrysler Rebound in China ? '' . Business Week . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Will Jeep storm India despite ' exorbitant ' price tag ? Fiat has fingers crossed '' . Hindustan Times . 2 September 2016 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cool Jeeps You Never Saw - 4 - Wheel & Off - Road Magazine </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jungle Buggy Packs A Load '' . Popular Science . Bonnier Corporation . 152 ( 5 ) : 122 . May 1948 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Evolution Of Deep Water Fording and the Jeep </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Built to Fly - Army Tests Aluminum Jeep -- Popular Science , Feb 1954 , p. 162 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick R. ( 2014 ) . Jeep : The History of America 's Greatest Vehicle . Motorbooks . p. 63 . ISBN 9780760345856 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 3 / 4 ton 4x4 - G503 Military Vehicle Forums </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' Jeep ' Truck , Diesel engine , 7000 - pound GVW , 4x4 ( SM - 1020 ) ( PDF ) . Service Manual . Toledo , Ohio : Kaiser Jeep Corporation . May 1964 . p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1948 Willys Jeepster Introduction -- HowStuffWorks </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeepster VJ '' . Jeep.off-road.com . Archived from the original on 13 October 2007 . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.encs.com/vehicles.aspx?id=2210 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.aev-conversions.com/vehicles/brute-double-cab </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeepster fixed roof coupe '' . americanjeepsterclub.org . Archived from the original on 24 February 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prototype X-98 on CJ3B.info </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 196X Jeepster front '' . americanjeepsterclub.org . Archived from the original on 24 February 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 196X Jeepster top view '' . americanjeepsterclub.org . Archived from the original on 24 February 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cranswick , Marc ( 2001 ) . Cars of American Motors : An Illustrated History . McFarland . pp. 146 -- 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4672 - 8 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Statham , Steve ( 2002 ) . Jeep Color History . MBI Publishing . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 0636 - 9 . Retrieved 11 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Orlove , Raphael ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` The 1991 Jeep Wagoneer 2000 Was Large Enough To Eat The Moon '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1999 Jeep Commander Concept Car '' . Test Drive Junkie . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jewett , Dale . `` 2005 Detroit : Jeep blows into auto show with twin - Hemi Hurricane '' . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.caranddriver.com/features/the-2021-jeep-wagoneer-and-grand-wagoneer-are-cars-worth-waiting-for-feature </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeeps Around the World on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2009 - 01 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Argentina on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2005 - 02 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Australia on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Brasil on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kaiser Jeep in Canada 1959 -- 69 on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fiat to Re-introduce Jeep to China '' . ChinaAutoWeb.com . May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Colombia on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2010 - 03 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in France on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2008 - 09 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mahindra Jeeps on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2007 - 01 - 31 . Archived from the original on 1999 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Italy on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2009 - 03 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Japan on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2009 - 01 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Korea on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2006 - 11 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Mexico on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2002 - 07 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in the Netherlands on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeepneys of the Philippines on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2005 - 04 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Philippine firm brings old WWII jeeps back to life '' . Afp.google.com. 2008 - 06 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Electric minibuses start commercial operations in Philippines '' . Gulf-Times.com. 2008 - 07 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fabella , Ferdinand ( 2008 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Enforcers to drive E-jeeps '' . ManilaStandardToday.com . Archived from the original on 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Spain on CJ3B.info '' . 14 January 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Turkey on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2005 - 11 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frost , Laurence ( 27 April 2012 ) . `` China auto market laggards chase premium profile '' . Chicago Tribune . Reuters . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Higgins , Tim ( 21 May 2012 ) . `` Jeeps Sell for $189,750 as China Demand Offsets Tariffs '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on 25 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Juventus nets Jeep Deal '' . Football-Italia.net. 2002 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 23 . </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> General </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Allen , Jim ( 2004 ) . Jeep . MBI Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1979 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Foster , Patrick R. ( 2003 ) . Standard Catalog of Jeep 1940 -- 2003 . Krause Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87349 - 522 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Ludel , Moses ( 1992 ) . Jeep Owner 's Bible : A Hands - On Guide to Getting the Most from Your Jeep . Robert Bentley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8376 - 0154 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Hartwell , Dickson ( December 1960 ) . `` The Mighty Jeep '' . American Heritage Magazine . 12 ( 1 ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jeep , Jeep vehicles and Willys vehicles . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up jeep in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> `` Leeping Lena Joins the Army '' , October 1941 first detailed article on what became known as the Jeep </Li> <Li> Autobiography of a Jeep ( 1943 ) . United Films , Prelinger Archives , Historical Public Domain video . </Li> <Li> Meet the Postwar Jeep August 1945 Popular Science </Li> <Li> Story of the Jeep and the American Story are Intertwined A Visual History </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="36"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Jeep road vehicle timeline , 1945 -- 1970s -- next '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Type </Td> <Td colspan="5"> 1940s </Td> <Td colspan="10"> 1950s </Td> <Td colspan="10"> 1960s </Td> <Td colspan="10"> 1970s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Traditional </Td> <Td colspan="4"> CJ - 2A </Td> <Td colspan="5"> CJ - 3A </Td> <Td colspan="26"> CJ - 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> <Td colspan="17"> CJ - 3B </Td> <Td colspan="6"> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> CJ - 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> <Td colspan="21"> CJ - 6 </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dispatcher </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> DJ - 3A </Td> <Td colspan="6"> DJ - 5 / 6 </Td> <Td colspan="9"> AM General </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Compact SUV </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Jeepster ( VJ ) </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="6"> </Td> <Td colspan="6"> Jeepster Commando </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Commando </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SUV </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="20"> Willys Jeep Station Wagon </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td colspan="6"> Cherokee ( SJ ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> <Td colspan="17"> Wagoneer ( SJ ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Compact pickup </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> </Td> <Td colspan="5"> Jeepster Commando </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Commando </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Full - size pickup </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="19"> Willys Jeep Truck </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> <Td colspan="8"> Gladiator </Td> <Td colspan="9"> J - Series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Truck </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> <Td colspan="6"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> Forward Control </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Van </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="5"> FJ - 3 / 3A </Td> <Td colspan="10"> FJ - 6 / 6A </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="40"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> `` previous -- Jeep road vehicle timeline , 1980s -- present </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Type </Td> <Td colspan="10"> 1980s </Td> <Td colspan="10"> 1990s </Td> <Td colspan="10"> 2000s </Td> <Td colspan="9"> 2010s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Traditional </Td> <Td colspan="4"> CJ - 5 </Td> <Td colspan="6"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> CJ - 7 </Td> <Td colspan="9"> Wrangler ( YJ ) </Td> <Td colspan="11"> Wrangler ( TJ ) </Td> <Td colspan="11"> Wrangler ( JK ) </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Wrangler ( JL ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Wrangler Unlimited ( LJ ) </Td> <Td colspan="11"> Wrangler Unlimited ( JKU ) </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Wrangler Unlimited ( JLU ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Subcompact crossover </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Renegade ( BU ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Compact crossover </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> Compass ( MK49 ) </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Compass ( MP ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> Patriot ( MK74 ) </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mid-size crossover </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td colspan="5"> Cherokee ( KL ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Compact SUV </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td colspan="18"> Cherokee / Wagoneer ( XJ ) </Td> <Td colspan="6"> Liberty / Cherokee ( KJ ) </Td> <Td colspan="6"> Liberty / Cherokee ( KK ) </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mid-size SUV </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> <Td colspan="6"> Grand Cherokee / Grand Wagoneer ( ZJ ) </Td> <Td colspan="6"> Grand Cherokee ( WJ ) </Td> <Td colspan="6"> Grand Cherokee ( WK ) </Td> <Td colspan="8"> Grand Cherokee ( WK2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="6"> </Td> <Td colspan="5"> Commander ( XK ) </Td> <Td colspan="8"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Full - size SUV </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Cherokee ( SJ ) </Td> <Td colspan="6"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="12"> Wagoneer / Grand Wagoneer ( SJ ) </Td> <Td colspan="8"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Compact pickup </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="5"> CJ - 8 ( Scrambler ) </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Comanche ( MJ ) </Td> <Td colspan="7"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Midsize pickup </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="5"> CJ - 10 </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="8"> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Scrambler ( JT ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Full - size pickup </Td> <Td colspan="9"> J - Series </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> FCA US LLC </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Marques </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chrysler </Li> <Li> Dodge </Li> <Li> Jeep </Li> <Li> Ram </Li> <Li> Fiat Automobiles ( USA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AMC ( 1966 -- 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Commer ( 1905 -- 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Barreiros ( 1959 -- 1978 ) </Li> <Li> DeSoto ( 1928 -- 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Eagle ( 1988 -- 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Fargo ( 1920 -- 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Hillman ( 1907 -- 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Humber ( 1898 -- 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Imperial ( 1955 -- 1975 , 1981 -- 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Karrier ( 1908 -- 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Plymouth ( 1928 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Singer ( 1905 -- 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Simca ( 1934 -- 1977 ) </Li> <Li> SRT ( 2013 -- 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Sunbeam ( 1901 -- 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Valiant ( 1960 -- 1966 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Divisions and subsidiaries </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chrysler Australia </Li> <Li> Chrysler Capital </Li> <Li> Chrysler Canada </Li> <Li> Dodge </Li> <Li> Jeep </Li> <Li> Mopar </Li> <Li> Ram Trucks </Li> <Li> Street & Racing Technology ( SRT ) </Li> <Li> Road Track ( R / T ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chrysler - Plymouth ( 1928 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> American Motors Corporation ( 1954 -- 88 ) </Li> <Li> Chrysler Australia ( 1951 -- 81 ) </Li> <Li> Chrysler Europe ( 1967 -- 81 ) </Li> <Li> Chrysler UK ( 1970 -- 81 ) </Li> <Li> Envi ( 2007 -- 09 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eurostar Automobilwerk </Li> <Li> Global Electric Motorcars </Li> <Li> Chrysler First Financial Services Corporation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Joint ventures and alliances </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States Council for Automotive Research </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Diamond - Star Motors </Li> <Li> DaimlerChrysler -- Mitsubishi alliance </Li> <Li> Global Engine Alliance </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Walter Chrysler </Li> <Li> Lee Iacocca </Li> <Li> Bob Lutz </Li> <Li> C. Robert Kidder </Li> <Li> Thomas W. LaSorda </Li> <Li> Sergio Marchionne </Li> <Li> Louis Rhodes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Places </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chrysler Building </Li> <Li> Chrysler Headquarters and Technology Center </Li> <Li> Factories </Li> <Li> Proving grounds </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Products </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Engines ( Hemi , Pentastar , WGE ) </Li> <Li> Platforms </Li> <Li> Transmissions </Li> <Li> Vehicles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Big Three </Li> <Li> Cerberus Capital Management </Li> <Li> Chrysler Classic Racing </Li> <Li> Daimler - Chrysler ( 1998 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> History ( Chapter 11 reorganization ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <Dl> <Dt> Parent </Dt> <Dd> Fiat Chrysler Automobiles </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Fiat Chrysler Automobiles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Marques </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abarth </Li> <Li> Alfa Romeo </Li> <Li> Chrysler </Li> <Li> Dodge </Li> <Li> FIAT </Li> <Li> Fiat Professional </Li> <Li> Jeep </Li> <Li> Lancia </Li> <Li> Maserati </Li> <Li> Ram </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AMC </Li> <Li> Autobianchi </Li> <Li> Barreiros </Li> <Li> Ceirano </Li> <Li> Commer </Li> <Li> DeSoto </Li> <Li> Eagle </Li> <Li> Fargo </Li> <Li> Hillman </Li> <Li> Humber </Li> <Li> Imperial </Li> <Li> Innocenti </Li> <Li> Karrier </Li> <Li> Pegaso </Li> <Li> Plymouth </Li> <Li> SCAT </Li> <Li> Seddon Atkinson </Li> <Li> Singer </Li> <Li> Simca </Li> <Li> S.P.A. ( Società Piemontese Automobili ) </Li> <Li> SRT </Li> <Li> Sunbeam </Li> <Li> Valiant </Li> <Li> Zastava Automobiles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subsidiaries </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> FCA Italy </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Subsidiaries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abarth & C . </Li> <Li> Alfa Romeo Automobiles </Li> <Li> Fiat Automobiles </Li> <Li> Fiat Professional </Li> <Li> Lancia Automobiles </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> FCA Argentina </Li> <Li> FCA Auto Poland </Li> <Li> FCA Brasil </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current JV </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FCA Srbija ( 67 % ) </Li> <Li> FCA India Automobiles ( 50 % ) </Li> <Li> GAC FCA ( 50 % ) </Li> <Li> Sevel ( 50 % ) </Li> <Li> Tofaş ( 37.8 % ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct JV </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nanjing Fiat Automobile </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FCA US </Th> <Td> see own template for a list of marques , divisions and joint ventures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Comau </Li> <Li> Fiat Powertrain Technologies ( VM Motori ) </Li> <Li> Italiana Editrice ( 77 % ) <Ul> <Li> La Stampa </Li> <Li> Il Secolo XIX </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Magneti Marelli </Li> <Li> Maserati </Li> <Li> Teksid ( 84.8 % ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Facilities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of assembly sites </Li> <Li> Lingotto ( former ) </Li> <Li> Nardò Ring ( former ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Giovanni Agnelli </Li> <Li> Gianni Agnelli </Li> <Li> Andrea Agnelli </Li> <Li> John Elkann </Li> <Li> Sergio Marchionne </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fiat S.p.A. </Li> <Li> CNH Industrial <Ul> <Li> Iveco </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> EXOR </Li> <Li> Fiat Aviazione </Li> <Li> Fiat Ferroviaria </Li> <Li> Fiat Industrial </Li> <Li> Ferrari </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Automotive industry in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Automotive industry </Li> <Li> Economy of the United States </Li> <Li> Transportation in the United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> American vehicle manufacturers ( list ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AGCO <Ul> <Li> Challenger Tractor </Li> <Li> Massey Ferguson </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> AM General </Li> <Li> American Expedition Vehicles </Li> <Li> American Growler </Li> <Li> Amp Electric Vehicles </Li> <Li> Anteros Coachworks </Li> <Li> Arcimoto </Li> <Li> Armour Group , Inc . </Li> <Li> ATK motorcycles </Li> <Li> Aurica Motors </Li> <Li> Autocar </Li> <Li> Blue Bird </Li> <Li> Boulder Electric Vehicle </Li> <Li> Brammo </Li> <Li> Brunton Stalker </Li> <Li> Caterpillar </Li> <Li> FCA US <Ul> <Li> Chrysler </Li> <Li> Dodge </Li> <Li> Jeep </Li> <Li> Ram </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> CNH Industrial <Ul> <Li> Case CE </Li> <Li> Case IH </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Commuter Cars </Li> <Li> Cushman </Li> <Li> Cummins </Li> <Li> Cycle - Scoot </Li> <Li> DeLorean </Li> <Li> Chenowth Racing Products </Li> <Li> Eagle Bus </Li> <Li> Environmental Performance Vehicles </Li> <Li> Equus </Li> <Li> Elio Motors </Li> <Li> Faraday Future </Li> <Li> Fisker Inc . </Li> <Li> Ford <Ul> <Li> Lincoln </Li> <Li> SVT </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> General Dynamics Land Systems </Li> <Li> General Motors <Ul> <Li> Buick </Li> <Li> Cadillac </Li> <Li> Chevrolet </Li> <Li> GMC </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gillig </Li> <Li> Glaval Bus </Li> <Li> GreenTech </Li> <Li> Harley - Davidson </Li> <Li> HDT Global </Li> <Li> Hennessey </Li> <Li> HME </Li> <Li> John Deere </Li> <Li> Karma Automotive </Li> <Li> Legacy </Li> <Li> Nikola </Li> <Li> Local Motors </Li> <Li> Lockheed Martin </Li> <Li> Lingenfelter </Li> <Li> Lenco Industries </Li> <Li> Mack Trucks </Li> <Li> Millennium Luxury Coaches </Li> <Li> Morgan Olson </Li> <Li> Mosler Automotive </Li> <Li> MotoCzysz </Li> <Li> Motor Coach Industries </Li> <Li> Myers Motors </Li> <Li> Navistar International <Ul> <Li> IC Bus </Li> <Li> International </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nissan Commercial Vehicles </Li> <Li> Oshkosh <Ul> <Li> Pierce </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Paccar <Ul> <Li> Kenworth </Li> <Li> Peterbilt </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Panoz </Li> <Li> Phoenix Motorcars </Li> <Li> Polaris Industries <Ul> <Li> Global Electric Motorcars </Li> <Li> Indian </Li> <Li> Victory </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Proterra </Li> <Li> REV Group <Ul> <Li> Champion Bus </Li> <Li> Collins </Li> <Li> ElDorado National </Li> <Li> E-One </Li> <Li> Fleetwood </Li> <Li> Goshen Coach </Li> <Li> Holiday Rambler </Li> <Li> Laymor </Li> <Li> Wheeled Coach </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Saleen </Li> <Li> Shelby American </Li> <Li> SSC North America </Li> <Li> Starcraft Bus </Li> <Li> Superformance </Li> <Li> Tesla </Li> <Li> Textron Marine & Land Systems </Li> <Li> Trans Tech </Li> <Li> TranStar Racing </Li> <Li> Ultimaster </Li> <Li> VIA Motors </Li> <Li> Visionary Vehicles </Li> <Li> Wheego Electric Cars </Li> <Li> ZAP </Li> <Li> Zimmer Motorcars </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Foreign vehicle manufacturers with US operations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AB Volvo USA </Li> <Li> BMW US Manufacturing Company </Li> <Li> BYD Auto America </Li> <Li> Changan USA </Li> <Li> Daimler North America <Ul> <Li> Daimler Trucks North America <Ul> <Li> Thomas </Li> <Li> Freightliner </Li> <Li> Western Star </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> FAW Group USA </Li> <Li> Fiat USA </Li> <Li> FHI America </Li> <Li> Honda of America <Ul> <Li> Acura </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hyundai USA </Li> <Li> Isuzu America </Li> <Li> Kia Motors America </Li> <Li> Mazda America </Li> <Li> Mitsubishi Motors North America </Li> <Li> New Flyer Industries ( 1 ) <Ul> <Li> New Flyer </Li> <Li> NABI </Li> <Li> Motor Coach Industries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nissan USA </Li> <Li> Peugeot USA </Li> <Li> SAIC Motor USA </Li> <Li> Suzuki America </Li> <Li> Toyota Motor Sales , U.S.A. <Ul> <Li> Lexus </Li> <Li> Scion </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Volkswagen Group of America </Li> <Li> Wanxiang America </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Active factories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> BMW US Manufacturing Company </Li> <Li> Fiat Chrysler factories </Li> <Li> Ford factories </Li> <Li> General Motors factories </Li> <Li> Honda of America factories </Li> <Li> Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama </Li> <Li> Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia </Li> <Li> Mercedes - Benz U.S. International </Li> <Li> Nissan North America </Li> <Li> Subaru of Indiana Automotive , Inc . </Li> <Li> Tesla Factory </Li> <Li> Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America </Li> <Li> Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Components companies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Allison </Li> <Li> BorgWarner </Li> <Li> Caterpillar </Li> <Li> Cummins </Li> <Li> Delphi </Li> <Li> Detroit Diesel </Li> <Li> Ingersoll Rand </Li> <Li> Eaton </Li> <Li> Firestone </Li> <Li> Goodyear </Li> <Li> Nexteer </Li> <Li> Remy International </Li> <Li> Timken </Li> <Li> Torrington </Li> <Li> Visteon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Insurance and finance companies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Allstate <Ul> <Li> Ecompass Insurance </Li> <Li> Esurance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ally Financial </Li> <Li> Erie Insurance Group </Li> <Li> Farmers Insurance Group <Ul> <Li> 21st Century Insurance </Li> <Li> Farmers Insurance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> GM Financial </Li> <Li> GMAC Insurance </Li> <Li> Kemper Direct </Li> <Li> Progressive </Li> <Li> Safe Auto </Li> <Li> State Farm </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Design studios </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Calty Design Research </Li> <Li> Designworks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By state </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Massachusetts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former manufacturers ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Coda </Li> <Li> FMC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct vehicle manufacturers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Allis - Chalmers </Li> <Li> American Austin </Li> <Li> American LaFrance </Li> <Li> American Motors <Ul> <Li> Hudson <Ul> <Li> Essex </Li> <Li> Terraplane </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nash </Li> <Li> Rambler </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Armor Holdings </Li> <Li> Armored Motor Car Company </Li> <Li> Auburn Automobile </Li> <Li> Avanti Motor Corporation </Li> <Li> Avery </Li> <Li> BMC </Li> <Li> Carbon Motors Corporation </Li> <Li> Checker Motors Corporation </Li> <Li> Clydesdale Motor Truck Company </Li> <Li> Commonwealth </Li> <Li> Cord </Li> <Li> Case </Li> <Li> CNH Global </Li> <Li> Duesenberg </Li> <Li> Durant <Ul> <Li> Flint </Li> <Li> Locomobile </Li> <Li> Mason </Li> <Li> Rugby </Li> <Li> Star </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Excalibur </Li> <Li> FCA US <Ul> <Li> Eagle </Li> <Li> Plymouth </Li> <Li> Street & Racing Technology ( still used as a trim for dodge vehicles ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fiberfab </Li> <Li> Fitch Four Drive </Li> <Li> Fisker Automotive </Li> <Li> Fisker Coachbuild </Li> <Li> Force Protection </Li> <Li> Ford <Ul> <Li> Continental </Li> <Li> Edsel </Li> <Li> Mercury </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> General Motors <Ul> <Li> Cartercar </Li> <Li> Elmore </Li> <Li> GM Diesel </Li> <Li> Geo </Li> <Li> Hummer </Li> <Li> LaSalle </Li> <Li> Marquette </Li> <Li> McLaughlin </Li> <Li> Oakland </Li> <Li> Oldsmobile </Li> <Li> Pontiac </Li> <Li> Saturn </Li> <Li> Scripps - Booth </Li> <Li> Sheridan </Li> <Li> Viking </Li> <Li> Yellow Coach </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Green Vehicles </Li> <Li> Grumman </Li> <Li> Henney </Li> <Li> International Harvester </Li> <Li> Jeffery </Li> <Li> Kaiser - Frazer <Ul> <Li> Allstate </Li> <Li> Frazer </Li> <Li> Henry J </Li> <Li> Kaiser </Li> <Li> Willys </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Marathon Motor Works </Li> <Li> Marmon <Ul> <Li> Roosevelt </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Marvel Motors </Li> <Li> Matbro </Li> <Li> Mercer </Li> <Li> Monaco Coach </Li> <Li> Muntz Car Company </Li> <Li> North American Bus Industries </Li> <Li> Oliver Farm Equipment </Li> <Li> Packard </Li> <Li> Peerless Motor Company </Li> <Li> Pierce - Arrow </Li> <Li> Sebring Vanguard </Li> <Li> Sterling Trucks </Li> <Li> Studebaker <Ul> <Li> Erskine </Li> <Li> Rockne </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Stutz </Li> <Li> Twentieth Century Motor Car Corporation </Li> <Li> United Defense </Li> <Li> VL </Li> <Li> White </Li> <Li> Wildfire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct factories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brampton Assembly ( AMC ) </Li> <Li> Diamond - Star Motors </Li> <Li> Fiat Chrysler factories closed </Li> <Li> Ford factories closed </Li> <Li> General Motors factories closed </Li> <Li> NUMMI </Li> <Li> Packard Automotive Plant </Li> <Li> Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AAA </Li> <Li> Chicago Auto Show </Li> <Li> Interstate Highway System </Li> <Li> National Highway Traffic Safety Administration </Li> <Li> New York International Auto Show </Li> <Li> North American International Auto Show </Li> <Li> SAE International </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ( 1 ) Although New Flyer is Canadian , their Subsidiaries , NABI and Motor Coach Industries , are headquartered in the U.S. </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> ( 2 ) Former meaning the company is no longer in the automotive manufacturing business </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NDL : 00575508 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeep&oldid=837725447 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Jeep </Li> <Li> Off - 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Foreign relations of Australia - Wikipedia <H1> Foreign relations of Australia </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Foreign relations of Australia are influenced by its position as a leading trading nation and as a significant donor of humanitarian aid . Australia 's foreign policy is guided by a commitment to multilateralism and regionalism , as well as to strong bilateral relations with its allies . Key concerns include free trade , terrorism , refugees , economic co-operation with Asia and stability in the Asia - Pacific . Australia is active in the United Nations and the Commonwealth of Nations . Given its history of starting and supporting important regional and global initiatives , it has been described as a regional middle power par excellence . </P> <P> Australia 's imports of major weapons increased 65 per cent between 2005 -- 2009 and 2010 -- 14 , making it the sixth largest importer in the world according to SIPRI . </P> <P> It has become steadfastly allied with New Zealand , through long - standing ties dating back to the 1800s , as well as the United States , throughout the Cold War and since . Over recent decades Australia has sought to strengthen its relationship with Asian countries , with this becoming the focus of the country 's network of diplomatic missions . </P> RG Casey House , Canberra , is the headquarters of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 International agencies , treaties , and agreements <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Security treaties </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Trade <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Armaments </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Foreign missions </Li> <Li> 5 Oceania <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Fiji </Li> <Li> 5.2 Nauru </Li> <Li> 5.3 New Zealand </Li> <Li> 5.4 Papua New Guinea </Li> <Li> 5.5 Solomon Islands </Li> <Li> 5.6 Tonga </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Southeast and East Asia </Li> <Li> 7 Americas </Li> <Li> 8 Europe </Li> <Li> 9 South Asia and Central Asia </Li> <Li> 10 Western Asia </Li> <Li> 11 Africa </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 Further reading </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Diplomatic history of Australia <P> Before the Second World War , the British Government handled most of Australia 's foreign policy . The critical decision during the war was to more closely align the military and the diplomacy with the United States . The first accredited diplomat sent to any foreign country was Richard Casey , appointed in January 1940 . Since 1941 , United States has been the most important ally and trading partner . Australian concluded an agreement in 1944 with New Zealand dealing with the security , welfare , and advancement of the people of the independent territories of the Pacific ( the ANZAC pact ) . After the war , Australia played a role in the Far Eastern Commission in Japan and supported Indonesian independence during that country 's revolt against the Dutch ( 1945 -- 49 ) . </P> <P> Australia was one of the founders of both the United Nations and the South Pacific Commission ( 1947 ) , and in 1950 , it proposed the Colombo Plan to assist developing countries in Asia . In addition to contributing to UN forces in the Korean War -- it was the first country to announce it would do so after the United States -- Australia sent troops to assist in putting down the communist revolt in Malaya in 1948 -- 60 and later to combat the Indonesian - supported invasion of Sarawak in 1963 -- 65 . </P> <P> Australia sent troops to repel communism and assist South Vietnamese and American forces in the Vietnam War , in a move that stirred up antiwar activism at home . It joined coalition forces in the Persian Gulf War in 1991 . Australia has been active in the Australia -- New Zealand -- United Kingdom agreement and the Five Power Defence Arrangement -- successive arrangements with Britain and New Zealand to ensure the security of Singapore and Malaysia . </P> <P> In 1999 Australian peace keeping forces intervened in East Timor following its referendum to secede from Indonesia . In 2006 Australia sent a contingent of Australian troops to the state to assist in the 2006 East Timor crisis . </P> <H2> International agencies , treaties , and agreements ( edit ) </H2> See also : Australia and the United Nations <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> One of the drafters of the UN Charter , Australia has given firm support to the United Nations and its specialised agencies . It was a member of the Security Council in 1986 -- 87 , a member of the Economic and Social Council in 1986 -- 89 , and a member of the UN Commission on Human Rights in 1994 -- 96 . Australia takes a prominent part in many other UN activities , including peacekeeping , disarmament negotiations , and narcotics control . </P> <P> Australia also is active in meetings of the Commonwealth Heads of Government and the Pacific Islands Forum , and has been a leader in the Cairns Group -- countries pressing for agricultural trade reform in the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) negotiations -- and in the APEC forum . In September 1999 , acting under a UN Security Council mandate , Australia led an international coalition to restore order in East Timor upon Indonesia 's withdrawal from that territory . </P> <P> Australia has devoted particular attention to relations between developed and developing nations , with emphasis on the countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) -- Indonesia , Singapore , Malaysia , Thailand , the Philippines , and Brunei -- and the island states of the South Pacific . Australia is an active participant in the ASEAN Regional Forum ( ARF ) , which promotes regional co-operation on security issues . Australia was a participant at the inaugural ASEAN sponsored East Asia Summit in 2005 . Australia 's place at the summit was only secured after it agreed to reverse its policy and accede to ASEAN 's Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia . Australia had been reluctant to sign the treaty out of concerns regarding how it would affect Australia 's obligation under other treaty arrangements including ANZUS . </P> <P> Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) , a former Australian territory , is the largest recipient of Australian assistance . Starting in 1997 -- 99 Australia contributed to the IMF program for Thailand and assisted Indonesia and PNG with regional environmental crisis and drought relief efforts . </P> <H3> Security treaties ( edit ) </H3> <P> Australia is party to the Australia , New Zealand , United States security treaty . </P> <P> It has also been a party of the Australia , New Zealand , United Kingdom force . </P> <H2> Trade ( edit ) </H2> <P> Overall Australia 's largest trading partners are the United States , Korea , Japan , China , and the United Kingdom . Australia currently has bilateral Free Trade Agreements with New Zealand , the United States , Thailand and Singapore as of 2007 . As well as this , Australia is in the process undertaking studies on Free Trade Agreements with ASEAN , China , Chile , India , Indonesia , and Malaysia . </P> <Ul> <Li> Australia -- Chile Free Trade Agreement </Li> <Li> Australia -- China Free Trade Agreement </Li> <Li> Australia -- Korea Free Trade Agreement </Li> <Li> Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement </Li> <Li> Australia -- United States Free Trade Agreement </Li> <Li> Australia - Fiji Free Trade Agreement </Li> </Ul> <H3> Armaments ( edit ) </H3> <P> To bolster its foreign policy , Australia maintains a very well - equipped military , According to SIPRI , Australia is the sixth largest importer of major weapons in the world . The US supplied 68 per cent of Australia 's imports and Spain 19 per cent . Australia is modernising its armed forces but also acquiring weapons that significantly increase its long - range capabilities . Among the weapons imported in 2010 -- 14 were 5 tanker aircraft and the first of 2 amphibious assault ships from Spain , along with 2 large transport aircraft and 4 airborne early warning ( AEW ) aircraft from the USA . Australia also received 26 combat aircraft from the USA , with 82 more on order ( see box 3 ) , as well as 8 anti-submarine warfare aircraft from the USA and 3 Hobart destroyers from Spain . </P> <H2> Foreign missions ( edit ) </H2> Embassy of Australia in Washington Australia House , Canada , is an example of an Australian mission ( it serves as the ambassadorial residence ) . As Canada is a fellow Commonwealth nation , Australia maintains a High Commission there . <P> Australia has diplomatic representatives in over 90 locations . Australia has official relations with a number of countries . In a number of countries , Australia maintains an embassy , or in the case of Commonwealth countries , a high commission . Australia has consulates in many countries where there are no official government ties in existence , and these serve primarily to assist Australian travellers and business people visiting those countries . A number of Canadian missions provide consular assistance to Australians in countries in Africa where Australia does not maintain an office ( and Australia reciprocates this arrangement for Canada in some other countries ) through the Canada - Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement . </P> <P> Due to the One China Policy of the People 's Republic of China , the Australian Office in Taiwan ( formerly the Australian Commerce and Industry Office ) unofficially represents Australia 's interest in Taiwan , serving a function similar to other Australian Consulates . </P> <H2> Oceania ( edit ) </H2> See also : Arc of Instability , Pacific Solution , and RAMSI <P> Australia is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum and other regional organisations . It has High Commissions in Fiji , Kiribati , Nauru , New Zealand , Papua New Guinea , Samoa , the Solomon Islands , Tonga and Vanuatu . It has an embassy in the Federated States of Micronesia . Australia provides aid to many of its developing Pacific Islands neighbours , and to Papua New Guinea . </P> <P> Australia 's approach to the Pacific has included frequent references to what it has perceived as an `` Arc of Instability '' among its island neighbours . In August 2006 Australian Defence Minister Brendan Nelson stated to the Australian Parliament : </P> <P> We can not afford to have failing states in our region . The so - called ' arc of instability ' , which basically goes from East Timor through to the south - west Pacific states , means that not only does Australia have a responsibility in preventing and indeed assisting with humanitarian and disaster relief , but also that we can not allow any of these countries to become havens for transnational crime , nor indeed havens for terrorism . </P> <P> As from early 2008 , the Australian government led by Kevin Rudd began what it called a `` new approach '' to relations between Australia and the Pacific , appointing a Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Island Affairs , Duncan Kerr . In February , Kerr and fellow Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs , Bob McMullan visited Samoa , Tonga and Kiribati in February , and stated : </P> <Dl> <Dd> `` Broadly , the approach is one of much more partnership and engagement on the basis of mutual respect . We 're not going to be lecturing or hectoring , we 're going to try and work together with them and I think we set a pretty good standard with the way we started . The relationships we 've established with ministers and leaders in those countries ( Kiribati , Tonga and Samoa ) is very positive . '' </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Fiji ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Australia -- Fiji relations <P> Relations with Fiji are strained due to Australia 's condemnation of the military coup which overthrew the government of Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase in December 2006 . Military leader and `` interim Prime Minister '' Voreqe Bainimarama accused Australia of `` bullying '' Fiji by applying sanctions and insisting on a swift return to a democratic government . In March 2008 the Fiji Human Rights Commission published a report which alleged that Australia might have been planning an armed intervention in Fiji in late 2006 . Australian Foreign Minister Stephen Smith dismissed the allegations , and stated : `` The best thing that can happen in Fiji is not spurious suggestions about Australian activity but having an election , returning Fiji to democracy , respecting human rights '' . </P> <P> On 4 November 2009 , Fijian military leader , Voreqe ( Frank ) Bainimarama , expelled the Australian high commissioner James Batley and his New Zealand counterpart . He said that Australia and New Zealand had tried to undermine Fiji 's judiciary and weaken its economy . New Zealand and Australia disputed key aspects of Fiji 's claims . In response , Australia quickly expelled Fiji 's acting high commissioner , Kamlesh Kumar Arya . </P> <H3> Nauru ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Australia -- Nauru relations <P> Australian - Nauruan relations go back almost a century . Australia administered Nauru as a dependent territory from 1914 to 1968 , and has remained one of Nauru 's foremost economic and aid partners thereafter . </P> <P> Relations between Australia and Nauru were essentially framed by the Pacific Solution , whereby Nauru housed a detention centre for unauthorised refugee applicants who had attempted to enter Australia , and Australia provided financial aid in return . The detention centre was closed by Australia in February 2008 , causing Nauru to express concern regarding the future of its economy . </P> <H3> New Zealand ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Australia -- New Zealand relations <P> The relationship between Australia and New Zealand is exceptionally close on both the national and interpersonal scales . This close relationship goes back to the time of the first World War and the ANZAC Spirit forged at Gallipoli . Former New Zealand Prime Minister Mike Moore declared that Australians and New Zealanders have more in common than New Yorkers and Californians . </P> <H3> Papua New Guinea ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Australia -- Papua New Guinea relations <P> Papua New Guinea is Australia 's closest neighbour , and former dependent territory . Relations between Canberra and Port Moresby are close , although there have been tensions in recent years . Papua New Guinea has developed much closer relations with Australia than with Indonesia , the only country it shares a border with . The two countries are Commonwealth realms , and Papua New Guinea benefits from economic development aid from Australia . </P> <P> Under the government of John Howard , Australia 's relations with Michael Somare 's Papua New Guinea worsened , primarily because of the `` Julian Moti affair '' , but also because of the `` shoes episode '' . </P> <H3> Solomon Islands ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Australia -- Solomon Islands relations <P> Under the government of John Howard , Australia 's relations with Manasseh Sogavare 's Solomon Islands were strained , primarily because of the `` Julian Moti affair '' . Sogavare notably accused Australia of conducting neo-colonialism in the Solomons via RAMSI . On 1 October 2007 , the Solomon Islands ' Foreign Affairs Minister Patteson Oti addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations , and accused Australia of undermining his country 's sovereignty : </P> <P> Mine is too nationalistic a government to become captive to the fortunes which justify our perpetual retention under siege . My ( country 's government ) remain ( s ) unmoved by Australian resistance to our attempts to reclaim our sovereignty and independence . </P> <P> This led Australia to exercise its right of reply , denying the accusation . Relations subsequently improved when both Howard and Sogavare lost office in December 2007 , and their successors - Kevin Rudd and Derek Sikua - immediately set out to improve relations between Canberra and Honiara . </P> <P> Australia currently leads the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands , at the request of the Governor - General of the Solomon Islands . </P> <H3> Tonga ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Australia -- Tonga relations <P> Following the 2006 riots in Tonga , Australia sent police officers , at Tonga 's request , to help stabilise the situation in the kingdom . </P> <H2> Southeast and East Asia ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Formal Relations Began </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> East Timor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- East Timor relations <P> Australia and East Timor are near neighbours with close political and trade ties . East Timor , one of the poorest countries in Asia , lies about 610 kilometres ( 380 mi ) northwest of the Australian city of Darwin and Australia has played a prominent role in the young republic 's history . Australia led the military force that helped stabilise the country after it chose independence from Indonesia in 1999 and has been a major source of aid since . </P> <Ul> <Li> Australia has an embassy in Dili . </Li> <Li> East Timor has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate general in Sydney . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brunei </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Brunei relations <Ul> <Li> Australia 's High commission is situated in Brunei 's capital Bandar Seri Begawan while Brunei 's High commission is located in Australia 's capital Canberra . </Li> <Li> Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cambodia </Td> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Cambodia relations <Ul> <Li> Australia 's embassy is situated in the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh and Cambodia 's embassy is located in Australia 's capital Canberra . </Li> <Li> Australia played a major role in the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia in the 1990s . </Li> <Li> Cambodia and Australia signed a controversial refugee resettlement deal in September 2014 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Indonesia relations <P> Since Indonesian independence , the two countries have maintained mutual diplomatic relations , formalised co-operation ( especially in the fields of fisheries conservation , law enforcement , and justice co-operation ) , a measure of security co-operation , broadening treaty relationships , co-membership of regional forums , and co-participation in several multilateral Treaties of significance . </P> <P> Recent years have seen a deepening of Australia 's aid commitment to Indonesia , and Australia has become a popular venue for Indonesian students . </P> <P> In 2008 -- 09 Indonesia is the largest recipient of Australian aid at a value of $462 million . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Japan relations <P> Australia - Japan relations are generally warm , substantial and driven by mutual interests , and have expanded beyond strong economic and commercial links to other spheres , including culture , tourism , defence and scientific co-operation . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Malaysia relations <Ul> <Li> Australia has a high commission in Kuala Lumpur . </Li> <Li> Malaysia has a high commission in Canberra . </Li> <Li> Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations . </Li> <Li> Both Australia and Malaysia are members of the Five Power Defence Arrangements and often participate in military exercises together . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mongolia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> See Australia -- Mongolia relations Australia and Mongolia established relations in 1972 . Relations have grown stronger in recent years with free - market reforms in Mongolia and high - profile visits from leaders of both countries . Trade between the two countries is small but mainly based on mining and there have been steps to grow this . Australia provides foreign aid to Mongolia . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Myanmar </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Foreign relations of Myanmar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nepal </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Australia and Nepal have had diplomatic relations for over 50 years . They have a modest trade relationship but Australia provides more foreign aid than exports . Australia has a few points of interest such as in tourism , commerce and education . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Korea </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Foreign relations of North Korea <P> Diplomatic relations are stressed due to North Korea 's nuclear weapons program . Since October 2006 visas have not been issued for North Korean citizens and North Korean ships have been banned from Australia 's ports . Economically , relations are more modest ; North Korea ranks 125th in the order of Australia 's trade partners , with two - way trade valued between A $6 -- 11 million . On 22 April , North Korea threatened Australia with a nuclear strike . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> People 's Republic of China </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- China relations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Philippines relations <Ul> <Li> Australia has an embassy in Manila . </Li> <Li> Philippines has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate general in Sydney . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taiwan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Taiwan relations <Ul> <Li> Australia does not have diplomatic relations with Taiwan , in conjunction with its recognition of People 's Republic of China , as the sole legitimate government of China . </Li> <Li> Nevertheless , Australia supports Taiwan 's participation in international organisations and encourages private investment . </Li> <Li> Taiwan has four economic and cultural offices in Australia . </Li> <Li> The two countries have a large trade relationship , with exports to Taiwan in 2011 worth over $9 billion and imports from Taiwan worth $3.8 billion . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Singapore relations <Ul> <Li> Australia has a high commission in Singapore . </Li> <Li> Singapore has a high commission in Canberra . </Li> <Li> Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations . </Li> <Li> Both Australia and Singapore are members of the Five Power Defence Arrangements and often participate in military exercises together . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> October 1961 </Td> <Td> See Australia -- South Korea relations <Ul> <Li> The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) and the Commonwealth of Australia ( Australia ) began in October 1961 . </Li> <Li> Both are a member state of the MIKTA . </Li> <Li> The Republic of Korea has a Consulate General in Sydney and an embassy in Canberra Australia . </Li> <Li> The Commonwealth of Australia has an embassy in Seoul Republic of Korea . </Li> <Li> During the Korean War Australia sent 17,000 soldiers to offer military co-operation with South Korea . </Li> <Li> Economic ties has been strengthened while trade value between the two reached $18 billion in 2007 Australia -- Korea Free Trade Agreement ( KAFTA ) . </Li> <Li> Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relations with South Korea </Li> <Li> South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relations with the Commonwealth of Australia </Li> <Li> Foreign relations of South Korea # Europe Foreign relations of South Korea Foreign relations of the Republic of Korea . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Thailand relations <Ul> <Li> Thailand is represented through its embassy in Canberra and a consulate general in Sydney . </Li> <Li> Australia has an embassy in Bangkok . </Li> <Li> Thailand - Australia Free Trade Agreement </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia has an embassy in Hanoi and a consulate general in Ho Chi Minh City . </Li> <Li> Vietnam has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate general in Sydney and Perth . </Li> <Li> There are around 295,000 people of Vietnamese descent living in Australia . </Li> <Li> Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Vietnam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Americas ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Formal Relations Began </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Foreign relations of Argentina # Australia <P> Australia and Argentina both have embassies in each other 's capitals . They are both members of multi-national groups such as the G20 and Cairns Group and share common interests in many issues such as Antarctica and international peacekeeping . There is significant trade and investment between the two countries . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barbados </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Barbados relations <Ul> <Li> The Australian High Commissioner to Barbados is accredited from Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago . </Li> <Li> Barbados is represented in Australia through its High Commission in Ottawa , Ontario , ( Canada ) . Barbados maintains an honorary consul in Australia . Barbados and Australia established diplomatic relations on 7 January 1974 . Both Barbados and Australia are current members of the United Nations , Commonwealth of Nations , and comprised as former parts of the British Empire . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belize </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia is represented in Belize by its High Commission in Trinidad and Tobago . </Li> <Li> Both countries are members of Commonwealth of Nations . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bolivia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Bolivia and Australia work together on a wide variety of issues . There is investment in mining services and technology . Bolivia and Australia are part of the Cairns Group . Still trade is quite small , In 2002 The Hon Mark Vaile visited Santa Cruz for the Cairns Group meeting . Bolivia has an embassy in Canberra . Australia has a Consulate in La Paz . Australia -- Bolivia bilateral treaties include two extradition treaties . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Brazil relations <P> Brazil has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate general in Sydney . Australia has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate in São Paulo . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Canada relations <P> Canada 's and Australia 's militaries have fought alongside each other numerous times including the Second Boer War , World War I , World War II , the Korean War and many United Nations Security Council - sanctioned missions . To maintain this military alliance , a Canadian Defence Advisor is stationed at the High Commission in Canberra to share intelligence . Australia and Canada both contributed the International force in East Timor and both worked closely together to fight terrorism in Afghanistan </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Chile relations <P> During the Australian gold rush of the 1850s , Chile became one of Australia 's major food suppliers . After 1866 , however , interaction and trade was minimal . Today both are members of the APEC the Cairns Group . </P> <P> Australia and Chile signed the Australia - Chile Free Trade Agreement on 30 July 2008 . The agreement came into effect in the first quarter of 2009 . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> September 1975 </Td> <Td> <P> Australia and Colombia are part of the Cairns Group . Colombia reopened its embassy in Canberra in 2008 , Australia established an honorary consulate in Bogota in 1989 and is due to open a resident embassy in 2017 . Colombia and Australia have a growing trade relationship in mining and Agriculture . Both armies fought alongside each other in the Korean war . A total of 6 Australia -- Colombia bilateral treaties , all extended to Australia by the British Empire , are in force with Columbia , covering trade , arbitration and extradition . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cuba </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Official relations began in January 1989 . Cuba opened an embassy in Australia on 24 October 2008 . The relations between the countries were given a fresh new start in 2009 , When the foreign minister at the time Stephen Smith visited Cuba . Foreign Minister of Cuba Bruno Rodriguez , visited Australia as a guest of government in 2010 . There are only two Australia -- Cuba bilateral treaties , extended to Australia by the British Empire covering extradition . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ecuador </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Ecuador has an embassy in Canberra . Australia 's embassy in Santiago , Chile is accredited to Ecuador . Trade between the two countries is small but is increasing and there are future opportunities to strengthen trade and investment . A number of Australia -- Ecuador bilateral treaties have been agreed between the two countries - such as extradition . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> El Salvador </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> There is a large Salvadoran community in Australia , many of whom migrated after the Salvadoran Civil War . There are some old Australia -- El Salvador bilateral treaties covering trade and extradition . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> There are 4 Australia -- Guatemala bilateral treaties extended to Australia by the British Empire . Guatemala has an embassy in Canberra , Australia . The Australian embassy in Mexico has consular responsibility for Guatemala . Trade between the two countries is A $ 32 Million . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grenada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia is represented in Grenada by its High Commission in Trinidad and Tobago . </Li> <Li> Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jamaica </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Both countries members of the Commonwealth of nations and have sporting ties , particularly cricket . Trade is modest , with the balance heavily in Australia 's favour . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Mexico relations <P> The two APEC members Australia and Mexico celebrated the 40th anniversary of diplomatic relations in 2006 . Cooperation expansions recently has resulted in several commercial outcomes , including bilateral double taxation agreements signed in 2004 , a memorandum of understanding on mining ( MOU ) in 2002 , an MOU on Training and Education signed in 2003 an MOU on energy in 2005 and in August 2005 an MOU on investment protection and promotion agreement . Two - way trade is worth A $2.5 billion . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paraguay </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Paraguay relations <P> Australia 's relations with Paraguay are growing . In 2011 , Paraguay opened an embassy in Canberra , Australia opened a consulate in Asunción . As agricultural producers and exporters , they work together to achieve fairer international trade in agricultural products through membership of the Cairns Group and co-operation in other multilateral fora . Australia is also increasing its engagement with Paraguay through development co-operation and people - to - people exchanges . An increasing number of Paraguayan students are pursuing their education at Australian institutions . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peru </Td> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> See Foreign relations of Peru # Australia <P> The two APEC members have worked together on a wide range of issues . The two countries have mutual interests . In 2006 the Australian Bureau of Meteorology has signed a memorandum of understanding to help with the El Niño and La Niña weather patterns . Another memorandum of understanding was signed on co-operation with education . With goodwill the Peruvian congress signed a Peru Australia Friendship league in 2004 . Trade ties are strong and are growing . Many big mining companies have offices in Peru . Peru has an embassy in Canberra . Australia has an embassy in Lima . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia is represented in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines by its High Commission in Trinidad and Tobago . </Li> <Li> Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Prime Minister of Australia , John Howard , with US President George W. Bush on 16 May 2006 , during Howard 's seventh official visit to the White House as Prime Minister . From left to right : the Prime Minister 's wife Janette Howard , former US First Lady Laura Bush , Howard and Bush . <P> See Australia -- United States relations </P> <P> While Australia has emphasised its relationship with the United States since 1942 , as Britain 's influence in Asia declined . At the governmental level , United - States - Australia relations are formalised by the ANZUS treaty and the Australia - United States Free Trade Agreement . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Uruguay relations <Ul> <Li> Australia is represented in Uruguay through its embassy in Buenos Aires ( Argentina ) and an honorary consulate in Montevideo . </Li> <Li> Uruguay has an embassy in Canberra and a general consulate in Sydney . </Li> <Li> Australia and Uruguay share an interest in the Antarctic waters and the fisheries therein . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venezuela </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia is represented in Venezuela through its embassy in Chile . Venezuela has an embassy in Canberra </Li> <Li> Bilateral trade is modest , in particular the mining sectors of both countries . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Europe ( edit ) </H2> See also : Australia -- European Union relations <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Formal Relations Began </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Albania </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania has a consulate in Adelaide and Australia 's embassy in Greece is accredited to Albania </Li> <Li> Albania 's foreign minister Edmond Panariti visited Australia in August 2012 , following on from a visit to Albania from Richard Marles , parliamentary secretary for foreign affairs . </Li> <Li> There are approximately 11,000 people in Australia of Albanian descent . </Li> <Li> In recent years , the Australian Government has provided financial and humanitarian assistance to Albania . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Armenia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> The first Armenians migrated to Australia in the 1850s , during the gold rush . The majority came to Australia in the 1960s , starting with the Armenians of Egypt after Nasser came to power then , in the early 1970s , from Cyprus after the Turkish occupation of the island and from 1975 until 1992 , a period of civil unrest in Lebanon . Person - to - person governmental links are increasing although they are still modest . In September 2003 , The Hon Mr Philip Ruddock MP visited Armenia in his former capacity as Australian Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs . In October 2005 , the Armenian Foreign Minister , H.E. Mr Vardan Oskanyan , visited Australia . In November 2005 , The Hon Mr Joe Hockey MP , Minister for Human Services , visited Armenia . The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia has not passed a motion recognising the mass murder of Armenians in 1915 as genocide , although the State of NSW has done so . The Australian Government elections of 2007 created an atmosphere in which the Opposition Labor party declared it will push for the Recognition of the Armenian Genocide in Australian Parliament if Labor wins the Elections . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Foreign relations of Austria # Bilateral relationships </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> 9 January 1992 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Moscow , Russia . </Li> <Li> Belarus has an embassy in Canberra . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Both countries have a growing bilateral commercial relationship , going back to World War One when they entered after Belgium was invaded by Germany . </Li> <Li> They share similar approaches to many international issues , including arms control , whaling and Antarctica . </Li> <Li> Trade and investment relations are very significant . In 2012 , total Belgian investment in Australia was valued at A $6.4 billion , and Australian investment in Belgium totalled $2 billion . In 2012 , Belgium was ranked as Australia 's 24th largest merchandise trading partner . </Li> <Li> Almost 30 Australia -- Belgium bilateral treaties cover extradition , trade , taxation , and social security . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia recognised Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 and established diplomatic relations in 1994 . </Li> <Li> Australia has a consulate in Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Canberra . </Li> <Li> Australia has a continuing interest in efforts to maintain peace and build prosperity in Bosnia and Herzegovina . Since 1993 -- 94 , Australia has contributed humanitarian assistance worth over A $17 million to countries in the Balkans , including to Bosnia and Herzegovina . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia is represented in Bulgaria through its embassy in Athens ( Greece ) . Australia has an honorary consulate in Sofia . </Li> <Li> Bulgaria has an embassy in Canberra . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> <P> Australia gave recognition of Croatia in January 1992 </P> <Ul> <Li> Australia has an embassy in Zagreb , Croatia have an embassy in Canberra in addition to consulates in Melbourne , Sydney and Perth </Li> <Li> Over 118,000 Australians are of Croatian descent , the largest of the former Yugoslav nations . </Li> <Li> The two nations have signed a few bilateral agreements such as a social security agreement in May 2003 to give greater protection to people who have lived or worked in Australia and / or Croatia . </Li> <Li> Bilateral trade is worth A $42 million . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cyprus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Since 1964 , Australia has provided personnel and equipment to the UNFICYP . </Li> <Li> Australia has a High Commission in Nicosia . </Li> <Li> Cyprus has High Commission in Canberra . </Li> <Li> Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Cyprus </Li> <Li> Cypriot Ministry of Foreign Affairs : list of bilateral treaties with Australia ( PDF ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia is represented in the Czech Republic through its embassy in Warsaw ( Poland ) and through an honorary consulate in Prague . </Li> <Li> The Czech Republic has an embassy in Canberra , a consulate in Sydney and five honorary consulates ( in Melbourne , Perth , Adelaide , Hobart and Brisbane ) . </Li> <Li> There are around 21,000 people of Czech descent living in Australia . </Li> <Li> A number of Australia -- Czech Republic bilateral treaties have been agreed between the two countries , covering extradition , trade , nuclear energy and other matters . </Li> <Li> Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relation with the Czech Republic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Denmark relations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estonia </Td> <Td> 000000001921 - 09 - 22 - 0000 22 September 1921 </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Estonia relations <P> Australia was among the first countries to re-recognise Estonia 's independence on 27 August 1991 . Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 21 November 1991 . </P> <P> Australia is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Stockholm ( Sweden ) , and through an honorary consulate in Tallinn . Estonia is represented in Australia through its embassy in Canberra and four honorary consulates ( in Claremont , Hobart , Melbourne and Sydney ) . Australia is host to one of the largest communities of Estonians abroad , with 8,232 people identifying as Estonian in the 2006 Australian Census . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Finland relations <P> Diplomatic relations were established on 31 May 1949 . Australia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm , Sweden , and through an honorary consulate in Helsinki . Finland has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate in Sydney . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- France relations <P> France and Australia have a close relationship founded on historical contacts , shared values of democracy and human rights , substantial commercial links , and a keen interest in each other 's culture . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Germany relations <Ul> <Li> Australia has an embassy in Berlin and a general consulate in Frankfurt . </Li> <Li> Germany has an embassy in Canberra . </Li> <Li> Trade between the 2 countries is sizeable but heavily weighted to imports from Germany . In 2008 , total two - way merchandise trade was valued at over A $13.4 billion , of which A $11.4 billion ( 85 per cent ) were imports from Germany . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> There is a large Greek community in Australia ( dating back from the 1950s and 1960s ) . See Greek Australian . </Li> <Li> Australia has an embassy in Athens . </Li> <Li> Australia and Greece were Allies during WWII and Australian forces took part in the Battle of Greece and Battle of Crete . </Li> <Li> Greece also has Consulates General in Sydney , Melbourne and Adelaide , as well as a Consulate in Perth , honorary consulates general in Brisbane and Darwin , and honorary Consulates in Newcastle and Hobart . </Li> <Li> Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Greece </Li> <Li> Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Australia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia has an embassy in Budapest . </Li> <Li> Hungary has an embassy in Canberra , a consulate general in Sydney and four honorary consulate ( in Adelaide , Brisbane , Melbourne and Perth ) . </Li> <Li> There are 67,000 people of Hungarian ancestry living in Australia , many Hungarian - Australians have been active in the fields of business , academia , politics and the arts such as Nick Greiner , Frank Lowy , Judy Cassab , and Les Murray </Li> <Li> In recent years there have been several high - level visits to strengthen relations . </Li> <Li> Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Hungary </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iceland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia 's Danish consulate is accredited to Iceland and Iceland has 3 consulates in Australia . </Li> <Li> Trade between the two countries is modest . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Ireland relations <Ul> <Li> Australia and Ireland share a close historical relationship with strong cultural links between the two nations . </Li> <Li> Australia has an embassy in Dublin . </Li> <Li> Ireland has an embassy in Canberra , a Consulate General in Sydney and an honorary consulate in Victoria , and both nations are former British colonies . </Li> <Li> About 20 % of the Australian population have Irish ancestry , which often predates Irish Independence in 1922 . </Li> <Li> Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Ireland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia has an embassy in Rome and a general consulate in Milan . </Li> <Li> Italy has an embassy in Canberra , two general consulates ( in Melbourne and Sydney ) and three consulates ( in Adelaide , Brisbane and Perth ) . </Li> <Li> Italy and Australia have for long years , sustained a muscular and positively friendly relationship in the categories of immigration , political strategism , and commercial trade . </Li> <Li> There are around 850,000 people of Italian descent living in Australia . </Li> <Li> Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relation with Italy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kosovo </Td> <Td> 21 May 2008 </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Kosovo relations <Ul> <Li> Australia recognised the Republic of Kosovo on 19 February 2008 . </Li> <Li> Australia 's Ambassador to Kosovo is subordinate to the Embassy in Vienna . </Li> <Li> Kosovo has an embassy in Canberra . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kyrgyzstan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Australia is represented in Kyrgyzstan by its embassy in Moscow . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxembourg </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia is represented in Luxembourg through its embassy in Brussels ( Belgium ) . </Li> <Li> Luxembourg is represented in Australia through the embassy of the Netherlands in Canberra and through an honorary consulate in East Lindfield . </Li> <Li> Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relation with Luxembourg </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macedonia </Td> <Td> 15 February 1994 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 February 1994 . </Li> <Li> Australia is represented in Macedonia by its embassy in Belgrade , Serbia and an honorary consulate in Skopje . </Li> <Li> Macedonia has and embassy in Canberra . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> <P> See Australia -- Malta relations </P> <Ul> <Li> Australia has a High Commission in Valletta . </Li> <Li> Malta has a High Commission in Canberra , two Consulates - General ( in Melbourne and Sydney ) , and four honorary consulates ( in Adelaide , Ascot Vale , Melbourne and Perth ) . </Li> <Li> Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Malta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moldova </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Australia is represented in Moldova by its embassy in Moscow . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montenegro </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2006 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia recognised the Republic of Montenegro on 27 June 2006 . </Li> <Li> Australia is represented in Montenegro through a non-resident ambassador based in the Australian embassy in Belgrade ( Serbia ) . </Li> <Li> Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Montenegro </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> See Australia -- Netherlands relations </P> <Ul> <Li> Australia has an embassy in The Hague </Li> <Li> The Netherlands has an embassy in Canberra . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia has an honorary consulate in Oslo , and is represented in Norway through its embassy in Stockholm ( Sweden ) . </Li> <Li> Norway has an embassy in Canberra . </Li> </Ul> <P> See Australia -- Norway relations </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> February 1972 </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Poland relations <Ul> <Li> Australia has an embassy in Warsaw . </Li> <Li> Poland has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate - general in Sydney . </Li> <Li> 170,000 people of Polish ancestry live in Australia . The Polish community is active in promoting people - to - people contact and commercial and academic ties through a number of community organisations , bilateral business councils and institutes . </Li> <Li> Australian investment in Poland is valued at around A $570 million . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia has an embassy in Lisbon while Portugal have an embassy in Canberra and a consulate in Sydney </Li> <Li> Both countries disagreed on East Timor during the twentieth century but today work closely in ensuring stability there and giving foreign aid . </Li> <Li> There are 40,000 people of Portuguese descent in Australia . </Li> <Li> Australia had a strong trade relationship with Portugal but recently has diminished due to the European sovereign - debt crisis </Li> <Li> They have signed a few bilateral agreements on social security and Visas . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> 000000001968 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 March 1968 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia has a non-resident ambassador in its embassy in Belgrade ( Serbia ) , and has a consulate general in Bucharest . </Li> <Li> Romania has an embassy in Canberra and a general consulate in Sydney . </Li> <Li> Romania and Australia have concluded an Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement , signed in 1994 , a Trade and Economic Agreement ( signed with full effect for Australia in July 2002 and for Romania in January 2003 ) and an Agreement for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion , signed in 2001 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 1942 </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Russia relations <Ul> <Li> The first Australian embassy in Moscow opened in 1943 . Australia has an embassy in Moscow and two honorary consulates ( in Saint Petersburg and Vladivostok ) . </Li> <Li> Russia has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate - general in Sydney . </Li> <Li> Australian Department of Foreign Affaires and Trade about the relation with Russia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Serbia relations <Ul> <Li> Australia has an embassy in Belgrade . The Australian Ambassador to Serbia is Dr Helena Studdert . </Li> <Li> Serbia has an embassy in Canberra and a general consulate in Sydney . Serbian Ambassador to Australia is due to arrive in late 2010 and Consul - General in Sydney is Aleksandar Besarabić . </Li> <Li> The European office of the Australian Federal Police is located in Belgrade as of 2003 . </Li> <Li> In the 2006 Australian Census , 95,364 people identified themselves as having Serbian origin . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia 's embassy in Vienna is accredited to Slovakia . </Li> <Li> Serbia has an embassy in Canberra and consulates in Brisbane and Melbourne . </Li> <Li> Two - way trade between the countries stands at $115 million . </Li> <Li> There are approximately 10,000 people of Slovak origin living in Australia . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> 000000001992 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 1992 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia recognised Slovenia as an independent state on 16 January 1992 . </Li> <Li> Australia is represented in Slovenian through its embassy in Vienna , Austria , and through an honorary consulate in Ljubljana . </Li> <Li> Slovenia has an embassy in Canberra and an honorary consulate in Camperdown , New South Wales . </Li> <Li> There are between 20,000 and 25,000 Slovenians who live in Australia . </Li> <Li> Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Slovenia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Spain has an embassy in Canberra as well as consulates in every mainland state capital city </Li> <Li> Australia has an embassy in Madrid </Li> <Li> The two countries signed a Joint Action Agreement in June 2009 in conjunction with increased Spanish engagement in the Asia - Pacific and in addition to many other bilateral agreements </Li> <Li> 84,000 Australians claim Spanish descent </Li> <Li> Trade in 2010 -- 11 reached around A $2.56 billion </Li> <Li> Many Australian developers have invested in projects in Spain and in turn Spanish companies have invested in Australian projects </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Sweden relations <P> Australia has an embassy in Stockholm . Sweden has an embassy in Canberra as well as a Consulate - General in Sydney . Sweden is also represented by consulates in Adelaide , Brisbane , Cairns , Darwin , Hobart , Melbourne and Perth . </P> <Ul> <Li> Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Sweden </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Switzerland opened a consulate in Sydney in 1855 and one in Melbourne in 1856 . </Li> <Li> Australia is represented to Switzerland through its embassy in Berlin ( Germany ) and Australia also has a consulate - general in Geneva . </Li> <Li> Switzerland has an embassy in Canberra , a consulate - general in Sydney and six honorary consulates in Adelaide , Brisbane , Darwin , Hobart , Melbourne and Perth . </Li> <Li> Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Switzerland </Li> <Li> Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with Australia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ukraine opened an Embassy in Canberra in March 2003 . </Li> <Li> Australia 's Ambassador in Vienna is accredited to Ukraine . </Li> <Li> The 2006 Census recorded 13,665 Ukrainian - born persons in Australia . Most Ukrainian migrants to Australia arrived in the post-World War II period . </Li> </Ul> <P> The small but active Ukrainian community in Australia plays an important role in developing bilateral relations . In 2002 the Australian Federation of Ukrainian Organisations helped establish Ukrainian - Australian House in Kyiv to promote commercial ties . </P> <Ul> <Li> Trade relations are modest . </Li> <Li> Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Ukraine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- United Kingdom relations <P> British - Australian relations are close , marked by shared history , culture , institutions and language , extensive people - to - people links , aligned security interests , and vibrant trade and investment co-operation . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vatican City </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Since the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Holy See in 1973 , Australia has maintained a non-resident Head of Mission , based in another European capital , as well as an office at the Holy See , headed by a Counsellor . </Li> <Li> The Holy See has maintained an Apostolic Nunciature in Canberra since 1973 . </Li> <Li> On 21 July 2008 , the Australian Government announced that it would appoint for the first time a resident Ambassador to the Holy See -- the Hon Tim Fischer AC . According to the Australian Foreign Ministry , this marked a significant deepening of Australia 's relations with the Vatican since it would allow Australia to expand dialogue with the Vatican in areas including human rights , political and religious freedom , inter-faith dialogue , food security , arms control , refugees and anti-people trafficking , and climate change . Mr Fischer commenced his appointment on 30 January 2009 and presented credentials to Pope Benedict XVI on 12 February 2009 . </Li> <Li> The Australian Prime Minister , Mr Rudd , visited the Pope Benedict XVI and met the Vatican 's Secretary of State on 9 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> The Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs , the Hon Stephen Smith MP , met HE Archbishop Dominique Mamberti , the Holy See 's Secretary for Relations with States on 3 December 2008 during his visit to Oslo to sign the Convention on Cluster Munitions . The Holy See played a facilitating role in relation to the Oslo process as a member of the Core Group of States . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> South Asia and central Asia ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Formal Relations Began </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Afghanistan </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia has had relations with Afghanistan since the 1860s when Afghan camel riders came to Australia . The Ghan train is named after them . </Li> <Li> Australia has been fighting against the Taliban in the Afghanistan war since 2001 . </Li> <Li> In late 2001 , the Australian Defence Force commenced Operation Slipper as Australia 's contribution to assist the NATO - led International Security Assistance Force mission in the War in Afghanistan and the War on Terror to combat the Taliban and their allied groups . The operation ended on 31 December 2014 and was replaced with Operation Highroad , which commenced on 1 January 2015 to assist the NATO - led Resolute Support Mission engaging in the War in Afghanistan . </Li> <Li> Australia has contributed nearly $500 million in assistance to Afghanistan since they entered the war and has accepted many Afghan refugees . </Li> <Li> In January 2016 , Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull visited the Australian troops stationed at Camp Qargha in Kabul , Afghanistan , where he also met with Afghan President Ashraf Ghani and chief executive officer Abdullah Abdullah . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Bangladesh relations <Ul> <Li> Australia was the fourth country , and the first in the developed world , to recognise Bangladesh 's independence in 1971 . A high commission was opened in Dhaka and relations have been warm since then . </Li> <Li> In 2008 , Bangladesh signed a bilateral counter-terrorism MOU with Australia , their first with any country . </Li> <Li> The number of Bangladeshis in Australia has increased in recent years . </Li> <Li> Bangladesh is a significant recipient of foreign aid from Australia . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 1941 </Td> <Td> See Australia -- India relations <Ul> <Li> India established diplomatic relations with Australia in 1941 , six years before its independence . The Australian Government subsequently supported the independence of India and Pakistan from the British Empire . </Li> <Li> India and Australia share close historical ties , with both countries being former British colonies and members of the Commonwealth of Nations . They also share close sporting ties , with both countries sharing their passion for cricket . They also compete against each other in field hockey and in the Commonwealth Games . </Li> <Li> Economic relations between the two nations is strong , with India being Australia 's fourth largest export partner and the eighth largest trading partner . </Li> <Li> In 1963 Australia provide defence aid to India in the face of Chinese action . </Li> <Li> In 2009 , relations were strained between the two nations by attacks on Indian students ( termed Curry Bashings ) in Melbourne . Police denied any racial motivation , but this was viewed differently by the Government of India leading to high - level meetings with Australian officials . </Li> <Li> The persistent refusal of Australia to sell uranium to India due to the latter not being a signatory to the NPT has also hampered bilateral relations . However , this policy was reversed in 2011 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kazakhstan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Australia and Kazakhstan relations began in 1992 . Since then Kazakhstan has opened a consulate in Sydney in 1996 , but it closed in 2003 due to resource constraints . There have been a number of high level visits taken place between the two countries to sign co-operation agreements between the two countries . Trade relations are modest . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Pakistan relations <Ul> <Li> Relations with Pakistan started before partition . Australia supported India and Pakistan 's independence . </Li> <Li> In 1960 , Australia provided A £ 11 million in aid to Pakistan as part of the Indus Waters Treaty . </Li> <Li> The relations between the two countries have been friendly , with former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf having visited Australia in 2005 and the former Prime Minister of Australia , John Howard , also having extended a visit to Pakistan in 2005 as well , following the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which had immensely targeted the northern areas of Pakistan . He also announced 500 new scholarships for students in Pakistan to study in Australia . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bilateral relations are generally warm , supported by trade , investment flows , education , immigration and other development co-operations . Australia is also a member in helping the economic and social development of Sri Lanka . </Li> <Li> In 2007 a two - way trade agreement was created between Australia and Sri Lanka valued at $232 million a year . The trade agreement includes exports from Australia such as vegetables and dairy products . Tea and other foods , textiles , clothing , rubber , iron and steel which are the main imports from Sri Lanka . </Li> <Li> In 2008 -- 09 the estimated budget for aid to Sri Lanka is $27 million . </Li> </Ul> <P> Sri Lanka Country Brief </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tajikistan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Australia is represented in Tajikistan by its embassy in Moscow . </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Western Asia ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Formal relations began </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia and Azerbaijan established diplomatic contacts in June 1992 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia recognised Georgia 's independence in 1992 . </Li> <Li> Australia 's embassy in Turkey is accredited to Georgia , Georgia has a consulate in Australia . </Li> <Li> In 2008 Australia provided $1 million in humanitarian aid to Georgia in the aftermath of the Russo - Georgian War . </Li> <Li> There are modest trade relations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia opened an embassy in Tehran in 1968 and Iran have had an embassy in Canberra since 1971 . </Li> <Li> Two - way trade has diminished in recent years but was still over $200 million as of 2011 . </Li> <Li> Australia , like most Western countries , have expressed concerns about Iran 's human - rights record and its nuclear - weapons program . </Li> <Li> 25,000 people of Iranian descent live in Australia . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iraq </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia and Iraq have had varying relations since 1938 , improving following the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003 . </Li> <Li> Australia provides foreign aid ; there is also a modest trade relationship that both countries strive to enlarge in the coming years . </Li> <Li> A sizeable Iraqi community lives in Australia . </Li> <Li> In 2009 Nouri al - Maliki became the first Iraqi prime minister to visit Australia . He and then Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd signed a declaration to increase co-operation and to strengthen trade and investment ties . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Israel relations <Ul> <Li> Australia has an embassy in Tel Aviv . </Li> <Li> Israel has an embassy in Canberra . </Li> <Li> 120,000 Jews live in Australia . </Li> <Li> Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Israel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia has an embassy in Amman and Jordan has an embassy in Canberra . </Li> <Li> Trade relations are significant , valued at over $150 million . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia enjoys friendly relations with Lebanon . Australia has an embassy in Beirut and Lebanon has an embassy in Canberra . </Li> <Li> 74,000 Lebanese - born people live in Australia , mainly in Sydney , and there are more people of Lebanese descent including Marie Bashir , Steve Bracks and Hazem El Masri . </Li> <Li> Australia has a modest trade relationship with Lebanon and has also given foreign aid in the aftermath of the Lebanese civil war of 1975 -- 1990 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Saudi Arabia is one of Australia 's most important trading partners in the Middle East ; two - way trade was valued at $1.9 billion in 2011 . </Li> <Li> Australia has an embassy in Riyadh and Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Canberra . </Li> <Li> A large number of Saudi students choose to study in Australia , mostly under the King Abdullah Scholarship Program . In 2009 , 12,500 Saudi students enrolled in Australian educational institutions . </Li> <Li> Australians in Saudi Arabia are a sizeable community consisting mainly of up to 5,000 with the majority based in major commercial centres such as Riyadh and Jeddah . </Li> <Li> A Memorandum of Understanding was signed in Canberra between Australia - Saudi Business Council </Li> <Li> Official Press Agency stated on Apr , 14 , 2015 that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Australia are Discussing Developing Cooperation Ties </Li> <Li> Bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Australia have improved and progressed significantly in recent years and moved from normal relations to relations of mutual trust and partnership in various fields . </Li> <Li> Saudi Arabia 's Foreign Affairs statement on Australian - Saudi Arabian relations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Turkey relations <Ul> <Li> Australia has had an embassy in Ankara since 1968 , a consulate - general in Istanbul and a consulate in Çanakkale . </Li> <Li> Turkey has had an embassy in Canberra since 1967 and two consulates - general -- in Melbourne and in Sydney . </Li> <Li> Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Australia </Li> <Li> Australian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Turkey </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Arab Emirates </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate in Dubai . The UAE have an embassy in Canberra . </Li> <Li> Both countries have extensive trade relations . In 2009 trade was worth over A $4.25 billion . </Li> <Li> There are 91 flights per week between the two countries , and roughly 12,000 to 15,000 Australians live and work in the UAE . </Li> <Li> The countries have a shared strategic view on regional security , thanks to high - level dialogue between them . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Africa ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Formal Relations Began </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cape Verde </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Australia and Cape Verde are represented to each other 's country through their respective embassies in Lisbon , Portugal . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Comoros </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Australia is represented in Comoros by its embassy in Port Louis . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Egypt </Td> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia has an embassy in Cairo . </Li> <Li> Egypt has an embassy in Canberra and two Consulates - General ( in Melbourne and Sydney ) . </Li> <Li> Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Egypt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ghana </Td> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia has an embassy in Accra and Ghana have an embassy in Canberra and a Consulate - General in Sydney . </Li> <Li> Australia 's trade relations are modest , valued at A $113 million in 2007 , most of that exports to Ghana . Australian mining investment in Ghana has grown in recent years , primarily in the gold mining sector . </Li> <Li> Australia also provides foreign aid to Ghana to alleviate poverty , improve the environment and promote human rights . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kenya </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia 's relations with Kenya are based on Kenya 's key role and position in East Africa and its importance in multilateral bodies such as the United Nations , the Commonwealth and the World Trade Organization . Australia and Kenya maintain High Commissions in Nairobi and Canberra respectively . </Li> <Li> Australia has limited commercial interest in Kenya but the mining sector has grown in recent years and in 2007 Australian exports to Kenya were worth over $52 million . </Li> <Li> Australia is a significant donor of foreign aid to Kenya </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Libya </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia was a major non-military backer of the revolutionaries during the Libyan Civil War , sending more humanitarian aid to Libya than any other single country after the United States . It was relatively early to recognise the NTC , doing so on 9 June 2011 , months before the capture of Tripoli . </Li> <Li> This was after years of stressed relations with Libya under the Gaddafi regime . Relations are now improving as a consequence . This was evident in December 2011 , when then Australian Foreign Affairs Minister Kevin Rudd travelled to Libya to meet with Libyan Prime Minister Abdurrahim El - Keib . Rudd ceremonially hoisted the flag of Australia at his country 's consul - general in Tripoli and pledged Canberra 's support for efforts to remove unexploded landmines in Libya , as well as advice on Libya 's planned transition to democratic governance . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madagascar </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Australia 's diplomatic representation to Madagascar is from the High Commission in Port Louis , Mauritius . Madagascar is represented by an Honorary Consul - General based in Sydney . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malawi </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia is represented in Malawi by its embassy in Harare . </Li> <Li> Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morocco </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Morocco relations <Ul> <Li> Morocco has had an embassy in Canberra since 2004 , the Australian Embassy in Paris is accredited to Morocco . </Li> <Li> Australian Parliamentary Delegations have visited Morocco in 1993 , 2011 and 2013 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia has a high commission in Abuja and Nigeria have an embassy in Canberra </Li> <Li> Both are members of the Commonwealth of Nations </Li> <Li> Australia provides foreign aid to Nigeria in addition to exports such as plastics , dairy products and wine . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Somalia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia has modest relations with Somalia despite there not being a central government since 1991 . </Li> <Li> Australia provided over $61 million to Somalia in 2011 in response to the Horn of Africa humanitarian crisis . </Li> <Li> In September 2012 following the election of Hassan Sheikh Ahmed Mohamoud , foreign minister Bob Carr said , '' Australia shares the cautious optimism of the international community about Somalia 's future prospects . '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- South Africa relations <Ul> <Li> Australia has a High Commission in Pretoria . </Li> <Li> South Africa has a High Commission in Canberra . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zambia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Australian Ambassador to Zimbabwe is accredited to Zambia as Australian High Commissioner . He is assisted by an Honorary Consul in Lusaka . </Li> <Li> Zambia has a High Commission in Canberra . </Li> <Li> Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> See Australia -- Zimbabwe relations <P> Both countries have full embassy level diplomatic relations . Australia currently manintains an embassy in Harare , and Zimbabwe maintains an embassy in Canberra . </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Australia and the United Nations </Li> <Li> Australia House ( Ottawa ) </Li> <Li> Australian contribution to the 2003 Gulf War </Li> <Li> Defence of Australia Policy </Li> <Li> List of Australians imprisoned or executed abroad </Li> <Li> List of diplomatic missions in Australia </Li> <Li> List of diplomatic missions of Australia </Li> <Li> Visa requirements for Australian citizens </Li> <Li> Quadrilateral Security Dialogue </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook document `` 2000 edition '' . </Li> <Li> 2003 US Department of State website </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Fels , Enrico ( 2017 ) . Shifting Power in Asia - Pacific ? The Rise of China , Sino - US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance . Springer . p. 365 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 45689 - 8 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 25 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Trends in International Arms Transfer , 2014 '' . www.sipri.org . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . Archived from the original on 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Margaret MacMillan ( 2003 ) . Parties Long Estranged : Canada and Australia in the Twentieth Century . UBC Press . p. 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roger John Bell , Unequal allies : Australian - American relations and the Pacific war ( Melbourne University Press , 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joseph Gabriel Starke , The ANZUS Treaty Alliance ( Melbourne University Press , 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ E.G. Whitlam , `` Australia , Indonesia and Europe 's empires . '' Australian Journal of International Affairs ( 1980 ) 34 # 1 pp : 3 -- 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Percy Claude Spender , Exercises in diplomacy ; the ANZUS treaty and the Colombo Plan ( 1969 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Geoffrey Edwards , A Nation at War : Australian Politics , society and diplomacy during the Vietnam War 1965 -- 1975 ( Allen & Unwin , 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Cotton , East Timor , Australia and regional order : intervention and its aftermath in Southeast Asia ( Routledge , 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dobell , Graeme ( 20 August 2006 ) . `` The Pacific ' arc of instability ' '' . 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Embassy -- Canberra , Australia -- Philippine Embassy -- Canberra , Australia '' . philembassy.org.au . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of Korea . `` Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of Korea - Asia Pacific '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of Korea . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Embassy of the Republic of Korea to the Commonwealth of Australia '' . Aus-act.mofa.go.kr ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Southkorea.embassy.gov.au. 15 October 2016 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 February 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vietnam -- Australia Relations '' . Mofa.gov.vn . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Australian High Commission to Trinidad and Tobago ( Accredited to Barbados ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Belize '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australia - Canada bilateral relations '' . Government of Canada . Archived from the original on 12 September 2008 . Retrieved 12 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Jupp ( 2001 ) . The Australian People : An Encyclopedia of the Nation , Its People and Their Origins . p. 196 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ President of Colombia ( 20 June 2011 ) . `` Decreto 2182 de 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Diario Oficial ( decree ) ( in Spanish ) . Bogotá : Colombia , National Printing Office ( 48,107 ) . ISSN 0122 - 2112 . OCLC 500057889 . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Search results '' . protocol.dfat.gov.au . Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guatemala '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guatemala Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . dfat.gov.au . Dept Foreign Affairs and Trade . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 3 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Paraguay '' . dfat.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Saint Vincent and the Grenadines '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . `` Albanian Foreign Minister visits Australia '' . foreignminister.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cooperation between the Republic of Belarus and Australia '' . mfa.gov.by . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Belarus '' . dfat.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Посол , Сотрудники , Адрес и время работы '' . mfa.gov.by . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Belgium '' . dfat.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bosnia and Herzegovina '' . dfat.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria '' . dfat.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Embassy of the Republic of Bulgaria in Canberra '' . Bulgaria.org.au . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Croatia '' . dfat.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Home -- Australian High Commission '' . embassy.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` HIGH COMMISSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS IN CANBERRA -- High Commissioner '' . cyprus.org.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Strona główna -- Australian Embassy '' . australia.pl . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Czech embassy in Canberra '' . mzv.cz . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Czech consulate in Sydney '' . mzv.cz . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Estonia '' . Dfat.gov.au . Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Honorary Consuls in Australia and New Zealand '' . Canberra.vm.ee . Estonian Embassy in Canberra . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Australia '' . Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Germany '' . dfat.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Home -- Australian Embassy '' . embassy.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Finckh , Gemma ( 17 April 2016 ) . `` Why Visiting A Dentist Is Important - Dentist Appointment Points To Remember '' . Greekembassy.org.au . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia . `` About the Australian Embassy in Hungary '' . Retrieved 23 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 25 January 2010 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Home -- Australian Embassy '' . embassy.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 1 December 2009 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Home -- Australian Embassy '' . embassy.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ambasciata d'Italia - Canberra '' . Ambcanberra.esteri.it . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consolato Generale - Sydney '' . Conssydney.esteri.it . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consolato - Perth '' . Consperth.esteri.it . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kosovo Country Brief '' . Australian Government -- Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . 3 October 2008 . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australia Recognises the Republic of Kosovo '' . Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . 19 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australia 's International Relations '' . Australian Embassy and Permanent Mission to the United Nations , Austria , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Kosovo , Slovakia , and Slovenia . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flamuri i Kosovës shpaloset në Canberra të Australisë '' . Kosovo MFA. 15 February 2013 . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kyrgyzstan '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia country brief '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian Consulate in Skopje , Macedonia , Former Yugoslav Republic of '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1111 , Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade , R.G. Casey Building , John McEwen Crescent , Barton ACT 0221 Australia Tel : + 61 2 6261 . `` Search results '' . protocol.dfat.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Home -- Australian High Commission '' . embassy.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sorry . The page you are looking for does not exist '' ( PDF ) . gov.mt . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Moldova '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trade , corporateName = Department of Foreign Affairs and . `` Australian Embassy in '' . australia.pl . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Strona niedostępna '' . www.canberra.msz.gov.pl . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Poland '' . dfat.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Portugal '' . dfat.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AMBASADA ROMÂNIEI în Australia '' . mae.ro . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Romania '' . dfat.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Homepage -- Australian Embassy '' . embassy.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Посольство России в Австралии '' . Australia.mid.ru . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Slovak Republic '' . dfat.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Diplomatic relations '' . Embassy of the Republic of Slovenia Canberra . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 February 2012 . 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Archived from the original on 9 July 2009 . Retrieved 26 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clare , Nelson ( 7 January 2008 ) . `` Harbhajan Singh handed lengthy ban '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vinay Kamath , Swetha Kannan . `` India - Australia trade on new pitch '' . The Hindu Business Line . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Exchange of Notes constituting an Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of India on Defence Aid to India ATS 27 of 1963 `` . Australasian Legal Information Institute , Australian Treaties Library . Retrieved on 15 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 4 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS -- Asia - Pacific -- ' Race ' attacks spark Indian rally '' . bbc.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Labor ends ban on uranium exports to India '' . ABC News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Indus Basin Development Fund ( Supplemental ) Agreement , 1964 ATS 14 of 1964 `` . Australasian Legal Information Institute , Australian Treaties Library . Retrieved on 15 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS -- South Asia -- Musharraf on key Australia visit '' . bbc.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australia 's aid program '' . ausaid.gov.au . Archived from the original on 17 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka '' . dfat.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tajikistan '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan -- Australia relations '' . Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the Commonwealth of Australia , New Zealand and Republic of Fiji . Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the Commonwealth of Australia , New Zealand and Republic of Fiji. 2013 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Diplomatic contacts between two countries have been established on June 19 , 1992 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nina Markovic ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` It 's complicated : a timeline of Australia -- Iran relations in a historical perspective '' . Parliament of Australia . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Iran '' . dfat.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Iraq '' . dfat.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Home -- Australian Embassy '' . embassy.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Error - 2010 - f3 '' . mfa.gov.il . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lebanon '' . dfat.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . `` Australia strengthens Middle East relations '' . foreignminister.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia '' . dfat.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ESTIMATES OF AUSTRALIAN CITIZENS LIVING OVERSEAS ( as at December 2001 ) '' ( PDF ) . Southern-cross-group.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 July 2008 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Memorandum of Understanding was signed in Canberra between Australia - Saudi Business Council Australia Saudi Business CouncilAustralia Saudi Business Council '' . Australiasaudicouncil.com.au . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , Australia Discuss Developing Cooperation Ties , Saudi Press Agency Australia Saudi Business CouncilAustralia Saudi Business Council '' . Australiasaudicouncil.com.au. 14 April 2015 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Saudi Relations with Australia kingdom of Saudi Arabia - Ministry of Foreign Affairs '' . Embassies.mofa.gov.sa . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Home -- Australian Embassy '' . embassy.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Turkish Embassy -- Arts , Music , Recreation and Travel '' . The Turkish Embassy . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates '' . dfat.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 5 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Comoros '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Home -- Australian Embassy '' . embassy.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 6 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 June 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Foreign embassies and consulates in Australia -- Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade '' . dfat.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ghana Visas , Passports , Travel Advice -- Ghana Consulate , Sydney '' . ghana.org.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 June 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australia Supports the New Libya at International Conference '' . Australian Minister of Trade . 1 September 2011 . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Willingham , Richard ( 28 April 2011 ) . `` Australia Funding Libyan Evacuation Ship , Reveals Rudd '' . The Age . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australia 's FM says Libyan opposition NTC only representative of Libya '' . Xinhua. 9 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oakes , Dan ( 10 June 2011 ) . `` Canberra backs new Libya '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 10 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pollard , Ruth ( 10 December 2011 ) . `` Australia extends a helping hand to Libya '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Madagascar '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Malawi '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . `` Election of Somalia 's President '' . foreignminister.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Zambia '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1111 , Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade , R.G. Casey Building , John McEwen Crescent , Barton ACT 0221 Australia Tel : + 61 2 6261 . `` Search results '' . protocol.dfat.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe -- Country Brief '' . Archived from the original on 6 August 2007 . Retrieved 9 May 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian Embassy , Zimbabwe '' . Retrieved 9 May 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe Details '' . Archived from the original on 15 April 2008 . Retrieved 9 May 2008 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Abbondanza , Gabriele . The Geopolitics of Australia in the New Millennium : the Asia - Pacific Context ( Aracne , 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Beeson , Mark . `` Issues in Australian Foreign Policy , '' The Australian Journal of Politics and History ( 2002 ) 48 # 2 online </Li> <Li> Bisley , Nick . `` Issues in Australian Foreign Policy : July to December 2011 , '' Australian Journal of Politics & History ( 2012 ) 58 # 2 pp 268 -- 82 DOI : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8497.2012. 01636. x </Li> <Li> Chieocharnpraphan , Thosaphon . Australian Foreign Policy under the Howard Government : Australia as a Middle Power ? ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Curley , Melissa , and Dane Moores . `` Issues in Australian Foreign Policy , January to June 2011 , '' Australian Journal of Politics & History ( 2011 ) 57 # 4 pp 597 -- 613 DOI : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8497.2011. 01617. x </Li> <Li> Dalrymple , Rawdon . Continental Drift : Australia 's Search for a Regional Identity ( Aldershot , England : Ashgate , 2003 ) . ISBN 0754634469 . </Li> <Li> Fels , Enrico . Shifting Power in Asia - Pacific ? The Rise of China , Sino - US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance . ( Springer , 2017 ) , pp. 365 -- 436 . </Li> <Li> Firth , Stewart . Australia in International Politics : An Introduction to Australian Foreign Policy ( 3rd ed. 2011 ) online 2005 edition </Li> <Li> Gyngell ; Allan , and Michael Wesley . Making Australian Foreign Policy ( Cambridge University Press , 2003 ) online </Li> <Li> Hundt , David . `` Issues in Australian Foreign Policy : July to December 2010 , '' Australian Journal of Politics & History ( 2011 ) DOI : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8497.2011. 01597. x </Li> <Li> Lockyer , Adam , Australia 's Defence Strategy : Evaluating Alternatives for a Contested Asia , ( Melbourne : Melbourne University Press , 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Ungerer , Carl . `` The ' middle power ' concept in Australian foreign policy . 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with which regions does australia have historical ties

Eastern coastal plains - Wikipedia <H1> Eastern coastal plains </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( May 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> View of Fields at Biccavolu , Eastern coastal plains , Andhra Pradesh <P> The Eastern Coastal Plains refers to a wide stretch of landmass of India , lying between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal . It is wider and leveled than the western coastal plains and stretches from Tamil Nadu in the south to West Bengal in the north through Andhra Pradesh and Odisha . Chilka Lake is a brackish water lake along the eastern coastal plain . It lies in the state of Odisha and stretches to the south of the Mahanadi Delta . </P> <P> Deltas of many of India 's rivers form a major portion of these plains . The Mahanadi , Godavari , Kaveri and Krishna rivers drain these plains . The region receives both the Northeast & Southwest monsoon rains with its annual rainfall averaging between 1,000 and 3,000 mm ( 39 and 118 in ) . The width of the plains varies between 100 and 130 km ( 62 to 80 miles ) . </P> <P> It is locally known as Utkal Plains in the Northern part between Cossye and Rushikulya Rivers , Northern Circars in the Central part between Rushikulya and Krishna Rivers and , as Coromandel Coast in the Southern part from the south of river Krishna till the Southern tip of Mainland India at Cape Comorin where it merges with the Western Coastal Plains . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Western Coastal Plains </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Sr. Bimcy ; Sr. Sisily ; Charlotte . Bibliographic information . Scholar Publishing House . pp. 20 -- 21 . 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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_coastal_plains&oldid=812520937 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Plains of India </Li> <Li> Coasts of India </Li> <Li> India geography stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from May 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> India articles missing geocoordinate data </Li> <Li> All articles needing coordinates </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 08 : 32 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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where are the coastal plains of india situated

Deion Sanders - wikipedia <H1> Deion Sanders </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Deion Sanders <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Sanders in 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> No. 21 , 37 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Position : </Th> <Td> Cornerback </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date of birth : </Th> <Td> ( 1967 - 08 - 09 ) August 9 , 1967 ( age 50 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Place of birth : </Th> <Td> Fort Myers , Florida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Height : </Th> <Td> 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Weight : </Th> <Td> 198 lb ( 90 kg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Career information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> High school : </Th> <Td> North Fort Myers ( FL ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> College : </Th> <Td> Florida State </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NFL Draft : </Th> <Td> 1989 / Round : 1 / Pick : 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Career history </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Atlanta Falcons ( 1989 -- 1993 ) </Li> <Li> San Francisco 49ers ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Dallas Cowboys ( 1995 -- 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Washington Redskins ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Baltimore Ravens ( 2004 -- 2005 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Career highlights and awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 2 × Super Bowl champion ( XXIX , XXX ) </Li> <Li> 8 × Pro Bowl ( 1991 -- 1994 , 1996 -- 1999 ) </Li> <Li> 8 × First - team All - Pro ( 1991 -- 1994 , 1996 -- 1999 ) </Li> <Li> NFL Defensive Player of the Year ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> NFL 1990s All - Decade Team </Li> <Li> Atlanta Falcons Ring of Honor </Li> <Li> Jim Thorpe Award ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> 2 × Unanimous All - American ( 1987 , 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Florida State Seminoles No. 2 retired </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Career NFL statistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Interceptions : </Th> <Td> 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defensive touchdowns : </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Return touchdowns : </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Receptions : </Th> <Td> 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Receiving yards : </Th> <Td> 784 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Receiving touchdowns : </Th> <Td> 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Player stats at NFL.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Player stats at PFR </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Pro Football Hall of Fame </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> College Football Hall of Fame </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Deion Luywnn Sanders Sr. ( / ˈdiːɒn / ; born August 9 , 1967 ) , nicknamed Primetime , is a former American football and baseball player who works as an analyst for CBS Sports and the NFL Network . He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2011 . </P> <P> Sanders played football primarily at cornerback , but also as a kick returner , punt returner and occasionally wide receiver . He played in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Atlanta Falcons , the San Francisco 49ers , the Dallas Cowboys , the Washington Redskins and the Baltimore Ravens , winning the Super Bowl with both the 49ers and the Cowboys . An outfielder in baseball , he played professionally for the New York Yankees , the Atlanta Braves , the Cincinnati Reds and the San Francisco Giants , and participated in the 1992 World Series with the Braves . He attended Florida State University , where he was recognized as a two - time All - American in football , and also played baseball and ran track . </P> <P> Sanders founded the Prime Prep Academy charter school in 2012 and has coached at the school . The school was closed January 30 , 2015 , due to financial insolvency . In 2014 , he debuted his new show , the Deion Family Playbook . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life <Ul> <Li> 1.1 High school </Li> <Li> 1.2 College career </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Professional baseball career </Li> <Li> 3 Professional football career <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Draft and Atlanta Falcons </Li> <Li> 3.2 San Francisco 49ers </Li> <Li> 3.3 Dallas Cowboys </Li> <Li> 3.4 Washington Redskins </Li> <Li> 3.5 Baltimore Ravens </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Legacy </Li> <Li> 5 Media appearances and pop culture fame </Li> <Li> 6 Other business and entertainment ventures </Li> <Li> 7 Discography </Li> <Li> 8 Personal life </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life ( edit ) </H2> <H3> High school ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sanders was born in Fort Myers , Florida . He attended North Fort Myers High School in North Fort Myers , and was a letterman and All - State honoree in football , basketball and baseball . In 1985 , Sanders was named to the Florida High School Association All - Century Team which selected the top 33 players in the 100 - year history of high school football in the state . </P> <P> The Kansas City Royals selected Sanders out of North Fort Myers High School in the sixth round of the 1985 Major League Baseball draft . He did not sign with the Royals . </P> <H3> College career ( edit ) </H3> Sanders at Florida State <P> Sanders enrolled at Florida State University and played three sports for the Florida State Seminoles : football , baseball , and track . Beginning his freshman year , he started in the Seminoles ' secondary , played outfield for the baseball team that finished fifth in the nation , and helped lead the track and field team to a conference championship . </P> <P> Under head coach Bobby Bowden , Sanders was a two - time consensus All - American cornerback in 1987 and 1988 , and a third team All - American in 1986 , intercepting 14 passes in his career , including three in bowl games , and managed to return one interception 100 yards for a touchdown breaking Fred Biletnikoff 's interception return record by one yard . He won the Jim Thorpe Award in 1988 . He was also a standout punt returner for Florida State , leading the nation in 1988 with his punt return average , and breaking the school 's record for career punt return yards . Sanders made an interception with 5 seconds left to seal Florida State 's 13 - 7 win over Auburn in the 1989 Sugar Bowl , during the 1988 postseason . Based on those accolades , his jersey at Florida State , # 2 , was retired in 1995 . He finished his career with 126 punt returns for 1,429 yards . </P> <P> While playing baseball under head coach Mike Martin at Florida State , Sanders hit . 331 in 1986 ; he was known more for base stealing , compiling 27 stolen bases in 1987 . </P> <P> Sanders once played the first game of a baseball doubleheader , ran a leg of a 4 × 100 relay , then returned to play another baseball game . </P> <H2> Professional baseball career ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Deion Sanders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Left fielder / Center fielder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Born : ( 1967 - 08 - 09 ) August 9 , 1967 ( age 50 ) Fort Myers , Florida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Batted : Left </Td> <Td> Threw : Left </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> MLB debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> May 31 , 1989 , for the New York Yankees </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Last MLB appearance </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> June 14 , 2001 , for the Cincinnati Reds </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> MLB statistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Batting average </Th> <Td> . 263 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hits </Th> <Td> 558 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Home runs </Th> <Td> 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stolen bases </Th> <Td> 186 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Teams </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> New York Yankees ( 1989 -- 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Atlanta Braves ( 1991 -- 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Cincinnati Reds ( 1994 -- 1995 ) </Li> <Li> San Francisco Giants ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Cincinnati Reds ( 1997 , 2001 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Career highlights and awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> NL Triples champion ( 1992 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Sanders played a nine - year , part - time baseball career , playing left and center field in 641 games with 4 teams . He was originally drafted by the Kansas City Royals in the 6th round of the 1985 draft , but did not sign with them . The New York Yankees selected Sanders in the 30th round of the 1988 Major League Baseball draft , and he signed with the team on June 22 . He opened the 1989 season with the Albany - Colonie Yankees of the Class AA Eastern League . Though he planned to leave the Yankees in July to attend NFL training camp , he became embroiled in a contract dispute with the Falcons , and used the Yankees as leverage . He received a promotion to the major leagues , and spent the summer with the Columbus Clippers of the Class AAA International League . He made his major league baseball debut on May 31 , 1989 . </P> <P> Sanders made the Yankees ' Opening Day roster for the 1990 season . On May 22 , 1990 , Sanders became involved in a dispute with Chicago White Sox ' catcher Carlton Fisk . Sanders started by stepping up to the plate with one out and a runner on third , drawing a dollar sign in the dirt before the pitch and then failed to run to first base after hitting a routine pop fly to shortstop , trotting back to the dugout instead . The Yankee fans booed , and Fisk told Sanders to `` run the fucking ball out '' and called Sanders a `` piece of shit . '' Later in the game , Sanders told Fisk that `` the days of slavery are over . '' Fisk was furious . `` He comes up and wants to make it a racial issue , there 's no racial issue involved . There is a right way and a wrong way to play this game . '' </P> <P> By mid-July , Sanders expressed that he was unsure if he would remain with the Yankees or report to NFL training camp for the upcoming NFL season . He requested a $1 million salary for the 1991 season , and the Yankees ended negotiations on a contract extension with Sanders . He left the team , finishing the 1990 season with a . 158 batting average and three home runs in 57 games . In September 1990 , the Yankees placed Sanders on waivers with the intention of giving him his release , as Yankees ' general manager Gene Michael said that Sanders ' football career was stunting his baseball development . </P> <P> Sanders later signed with the Atlanta Braves for the 1991 MLB season . On July 31 , Sanders hit a key three - run homer to spark a comeback win against the Pittsburgh Pirates during the Braves ' run to the National League West Division title . However , he had to leave the Braves the very next day to report to the Atlanta Falcons because of a clause in his NFL contract and missed the postseason . Before the 1992 season , Sanders reworked his NFL deal whereby he still reported to the Falcons for training camp in August , but was allowed to rejoin the Braves for the postseason . </P> <P> During his most productive year in the majors , the 1992 season , he hit . 304 for the team , stole 26 bases , and led the NL with 14 triples in 97 games . During the 1989 season , he hit a major league home run and scored a touchdown in the NFL in the same week , the only player ever to do so . Sanders is also the only man to play in both a Super Bowl and a World Series . </P> Sanders batting for the Braves in 1993 . <P> In four games of the 1992 World Series , Sanders batted . 533 with 4 runs , 8 hits , 2 doubles , and 1 RBI while playing with a broken bone in his foot . Despite Sanders 's performance , the Braves ultimately lost to the Toronto Blue Jays in six games . In Game 3 , he narrowly avoided being a victim of what would have been only the second triple play in World Series history ( following Bill Wambsganss 's unassisted triple play in 1920 ) . With Sanders on second base and Terry Pendleton on first , David Justice hit a deep fly ball to center field that Blue Jays center fielder Devon White unexpectedly caught with a leaping effort . Pendleton passed Sanders on the bases for the second out , but umpire Bob Davidson called Sanders safe after he scampered back to second base . Replays showed that Toronto third baseman Kelly Gruber tagged him on the heel before he returned to second . </P> <P> In 1997 , Sanders finished 2nd in the NL with 56 stolen bases in 115 games while with the Cincinnati Reds before leaving baseball for three years . </P> <P> Sanders returned to the Reds in 2001 , but was released after playing in only 29 games and batting just . 173 . Following his release from the Reds he signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays triple - A affiliate , Syracuse Chiefs . Sanders was hitting . 252 for Syracuse before the Washington Redskins found a loophole in his contract which compelled him to return to the Redskins . His football contract had been negotiated to allow for Sanders to play both baseball and football , but the terms of the contract stated that Sanders could miss NFL training camp and the first few games of the season only if he were playing Major League Baseball . Since he was not then on an MLB roster , Sanders had to leave Syracuse and return to the Redskins so he would not violate his NFL contract . But before arriving at training camp , Sanders informed Redskins personnel he was retiring from professional baseball . In his final professional baseball game , Sanders hit a solo home run and an RBI single in Syracuse 's 12 - 6 win over the Toledo Mud Hens . As those in MLB and the NFL urged Sanders to concentrate on only one sport , he would often explain , `` football is my wife and baseball is my mistress . '' </P> <H2> Professional football career ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Draft and Atlanta Falcons ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the 1989 NFL Scouting Combine , Sanders ran a 4.27 second 40 - yard dash . He was the fifth pick overall in the 1989 NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons , where he played until 1993 . Despite fumbling ( and recovering ) his first NFL punt ( which was re-kicked on a penalty ) , Sanders ran for a touchdown on his second attempt of his first game . During his time in Atlanta , he intercepted 24 passes ( including a career - high 7 in 1993 ) , three of which he returned for touchdowns . In 1992 , he also led the league in kickoff return yards ( 1,067 ) , yards per return ( 26.7 ) and return touchdowns ( 2 ) . On October 11 , 1992 , Sanders played in a Falcons game at Miami and then flew to Pittsburgh , hoping to play in the Braves ' League Championship Series game against the Pirates that evening and become the first athlete to play in two professional leagues in the same day . Sanders ultimately did not , however , appear in the baseball game that night . Over his five years with the Falcons , Sanders scored ten touchdowns ( three defensive , three kick returns , two punt returns , and two receptions ) . </P> <H3> San Francisco 49ers ( edit ) </H3> <P> After five seasons Sanders signed on to play the 1994 season with the San Francisco 49ers , where he had arguably his best season as a professional football player , recording six interceptions and returning them for an NFL best and a then - NFL record 303 yards and three touchdowns . Two of his interceptions were returned for a gain of at least 90 yards , making him the first player to do this in NFL history . On October 16 , 1994 , Sanders made his dramatic return to the Georgia Dome in a 49er uniform . After getting into a scuffle with his former Falcon teammate Andre Rison , Sanders intercepted a pass from quarterback Jeff George and returned it 93 yards while mockingly staring down the entire Falcons sideline before high - stepping into the end zone . Sanders was later voted the 1994 NFL Defensive Player of the Year and recorded an interception in the 49ers 49 -- 26 victory over the San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX , earning him his first championship ring . </P> <H3> Dallas Cowboys ( edit ) </H3> <P> Following his successful season with the 49ers , Sanders , along with his agent Eugene Parker , courted numerous teams in need of a cornerback . The several teams in the `` Deion Sweepstakes '' , as it was called by the media , were the Philadelphia Eagles , Oakland Raiders , Miami Dolphins , New Orleans Saints , San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys , who had lost their starting cornerback Kevin Smith to injury for the rest of the season . </P> <P> On September 9 , 1995 ( which fell in Week 2 of that NFL season ) , Sanders signed a lucrative contract with the Dallas Cowboys ( seven years , $35 million with a $12.999 million signing bonus , because owner Jerry Jones was superstitious of the number 13 ) , essentially making him , at the time , the highest - paid defensive player in the NFL . Sanders later stated in his book Power , Money & Sex : How Success Almost Ruined My Life that the Oakland Raiders offered him more money than any other team , but he chose to play in Dallas for more time on the offensive side of the ball , a chance to win back - to - back Super Bowls , and because of his friendship with Cowboys wide receiver Michael Irvin . Arthroscopic surgery kept him sidelined until his debut in Week 9 , which was once again in Atlanta against the Falcons ; the Cowboys won , 28 - 13 . He went on to help the Cowboys win their third title in four years in Super Bowl XXX against the Pittsburgh Steelers , where he returned a punt for 11 yards and caught a 47 - yard reception on offense , setting up Dallas ' first touchdown of the game and a 27 -- 17 victory . Sanders played four more seasons with Dallas , earning Pro Bowl selection in all of them . On June 2 , 2000 , he was released in a salary cap move . </P> <H3> Washington Redskins ( edit ) </H3> <P> Soon after being released by the Cowboys , the Washington Redskins and Daniel Snyder signed Sanders to a hefty $56 million , 7 - year contract . At the end of the 2000 season and an above - average statistical year , Sanders abruptly retired after only playing one year with the Redskins . </P> <H3> Baltimore Ravens ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2004 , Sanders announced that he was going to end his retirement , after being lured back to football by Ravens cornerback Corey Fuller , linebacker Ray Lewis and best friend Joe Zorovich . A major reason for doing so was to play with Ray Lewis . He signed a 1 - year deal with the Baltimore Ravens to be a nickelback . Sanders chose to wear the number 37 , which matched his age at the time , to preemptively let people know that he was well aware of his relative senior status as an NFL player ( additionally , the number 21 , used by Sanders throughout his career , was already being worn by Ravens Pro Bowl cornerback Chris McAlister ) . Against the Buffalo Bills in Week 7 of 2004 , Sanders scored his ninth career interception return touchdown , moving him into a tie for second place with Ken Houston and Aeneas Williams , and behind Rod Woodson ( with 12 ) for all - time in the statistical category . </P> Sanders in 2008 . <P> In January 2006 , after playing two seasons as a corner and safety for Baltimore in which the Ravens did not qualify for the postseason , Sanders once again retired from the NFL and became an analyst for the NFL Network . </P> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> <P> During his 14 - year NFL career , Sanders was a perennial All - Pro and one of the strongest pass defenders ever . He was known for being a relatively poor tackler and he was not much of a factor in run support . </P> <P> Sanders also occasionally lined up with his team 's offense . During the 1996 season , Sanders skipped the baseball season , concentrating on football , and attended the first NFL training camp of his career to better familiarize himself with the nuances of the wide receiver position . He became only the second two - way starter ( after the Cardinals ' Roy Green ) in the NFL since Chuck Bednarik for the first half of the season due . </P> <P> Sanders is the only man to play in both a Super Bowl and a World Series , to hit an MLB home run and score an NFL touchdown in the same week , and to have both a reception and an interception in the Super Bowl . He is one of two players to score an NFL touchdown six different ways . </P> <P> During his career , Sanders intercepted 53 passes for 1,331 yards ( a 25.1 yards per return average ) , recovered four fumbles for 15 yards , returned 155 kickoffs for 3,523 yards , gained 2,199 yards on 212 punt returns , and caught 60 passes for 784 yards . Sanders amassed 7,838 all - purpose yards and scored 22 touchdowns : nine interception returns , six punt returns , three kickoff returns , three receiving , and one fumble recovery . His 19 defensive and return touchdowns was an NFL record ( now held by Devin Hester ) . In the postseason , Sanders added 5 more interceptions , as well as 3 receptions for 95 yards , 4 carries for 39 yards , and two touchdowns ( one rushing and one receiving ) . He was selected to eight Pro Bowls and won the NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award in 1994 . </P> <Ul> <Li> College Football News named Sanders # 8 in its list of 100 Greatest College Football Players of All - Time . </Li> <Li> The Sporting News named Sanders # 37 in their Top 100 Football Players of the Century released in 1999 . </Li> <Li> ESPN named Sanders # 74 in its list of the 100 Great Athletes of the Century released in 1999 . </Li> <Li> NFL.com named Sanders # 34 on NFL 's Top 100 list released in late 2010 </Li> <Li> On November 11 , 2010 , Sanders was inducted into the Atlanta Falcons ' Ring of Honor . </Li> <Li> On February 5 , 2011 , Sanders was announced as a Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee in his first year of eligibility . </Li> <Li> On May 17 , 2011 , Sanders was announced as a College Football Hall of Fame inductee . </Li> <Li> On August 6 , 2011 , Sanders was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . </Li> </Ul> <P> Sanders also had a rushing TD in the playoffs ( against the Philadelphia Eagles in January 1996 ) . This makes him ( including post season ) one of only two players in NFL history ( Bill Dudley being the other ) to score a touchdown six different ways ( interception return , punt return , kickoff return , receiving , rushing , and a fumble recovery ) . </P> <P> On February 6 , 2011 , at Super Bowl XLV in Arlington , Texas , Sanders performed the pre-game coin toss . </P> <P> Sanders did not attend classes or take final exams during the fall semester of his senior year at Florida State , yet played in the Sugar Bowl against Auburn . This caused the Florida State Legislature to create the ' Deion Sanders rule ' , whereby a football athlete at any state university could not play in a bowl game if he failed to successfully complete the previous semester . </P> <P> In 1995 , he signed with the Dallas Cowboys for a minimum yearly base salary and a nearly $13 million signing bonus in an attempt to circumvent the NFL 's salary cap . This caused the NFL to institute its own ' Deion Sanders rule ' whereby a prorated portion of a player 's signing bonus counted against the salary cap . </P> <H2> Media appearances and pop culture Fame ( edit ) </H2> See also : Leon Sandcastle <P> Sanders became known for sporting a `` do - rag '' or bandana and for his high - stepping into the end zone followed by his touchdown dance celebrations . At the end of his Hall of Fame speech , he put a bandana on his bust . </P> <P> His `` Prime Time '' nickname was given to him by a friend and high - school teammate , Florida Gators defensive back Richard Fain . The two played pickup basketball games together during the prime time television hour , and Sanders ' athletic display during those games earned him the nickname . His other nickname is `` Neon Deion '' . </P> <P> Following his first Super Bowl victory with the San Francisco 49ers , Sanders hosted Saturday Night Live , broadcast on February 18 , 1995 . </P> <P> In January 1995 , Sanders became the official spokesman of the Sega Sports line of video games . Sanders has also appeared in television commercials for such companies as Nike , Pepsi , Burger King , Pizza Hut , and American Express . These included a Road Runner Pepsi ad , with Sanders as Wile E. Coyote , and a Pizza Hut commercial in which he appeared with Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones . He also makes a cameo as himself in the film Celtic Pride . </P> <P> Sanders , known for his custom - made showy suits and flashy jewelry , frequently capitalized on his image . On December 26 , 1994 , Sanders released Prime Time , a rap album on Bust It Records ( MC Hammer 's label , of whom Sanders is a friend ) that featured the singles `` Must Be the Money '' and `` Prime Time Keeps on Tickin ' '' . The album was universally panned by critics , and despite Sanders ' fame , neither the album nor its singles charted in the Top 40 . </P> <P> Sanders also appeared in Hammer 's `` Too Legit to Quit '' music video , and his alter - ego `` Prime Time '' showed up in Hammer 's `` Pumps and a Bump '' video . Hammer , a big sports fan , had launched a new enterprise during his career called Roll Wit It Entertainment & Sports Management and boasted such clients as Evander Holyfield , Deion Sanders and Reggie Brooks . In 1995 , Hammer released `` Straight to My Feet '' ( with Deion Sanders ) from the Street Fighter soundtrack ( released in December 1994 ) . The song charted # 57 in the UK . </P> <P> After retiring from the NFL , Sanders worked as a pre-game commentator for CBS ' The NFL Today until 2004 , when contract negotiations failed . Sanders turned down a 30 % salary increase demanding to be paid $2.5 million , the highest of any NFL TV analyst . He was replaced by Shannon Sharpe . During Sanders ' run , he participated in several sketches . The first was `` Primetime and 21st '' , a mock street corner where Sanders ( not yet a regular panelist ) would give his opinions . Another was his `` Sanders Claus '' persona , one of numerous sketches that involved young kids in football jerseys , representing NFL players , receiving a sarcastic gift from Sanders . Deion actually debuted as `` Sanders Claus '' in a set of Nike commercials . Sanders still takes presents at Christmas time to local children 's hospitals in his area dressed as `` Sanders Claus '' . </P> Sanders as an NFL Network analyst in 2008 . <P> Sanders frequently made guest appearances on ESPN , especially on the ESPN Radio Dallas affiliate , and briefly hosted a show called The New American Sportsman . He also hosted the 2002 Miss USA pageant . </P> <P> Sanders also was co-host of the 2004 GMA Music Awards broadcast , taped in late April 2004 , and slated for air on UPN in May 2004 . When negotiations with fellow Viacom property CBS failed ( see above ) two weeks before the broadcast , and he signed a deal with ESPN , UPN promptly canceled the broadcast , and the show aired on the i Network in December 2004 ( both UPN and CBS are now owned by CBS Corporation ) . </P> <P> Sanders works at NFL Network as an analyst on a number of the network 's shows . Prior to the Sunday night game , Sanders , alongside host Rich Eisen and Steve Mariucci , breaks down all the action from the afternoon games on NFL GameDay . At the conclusion of all the action on Sunday , Sanders , Mariucci , Michael Irvin and host Fran Charles recap the day 's action with highlights , analysis and postgame interviews . For the 2010 season , Sanders joined Eisen , Mariucci and Marshall Faulk on the road for Thursday Night Kickoff presented by Lexus , NFL Network 's two - hour pregame show leading into Thursday Night Football . The group broadcasts live from the stadium two hours prior to all eight live Thursday Night Football games and returns for the Sprint halftime show and Kay Jewelers postgame show . Sanders also has a segment called `` Let 's Go Primetime '' on NFL Network . </P> <P> In 2008 , Sanders and his wife starred in the reality show Deion & Pilar : Prime Time Love , centering on them and their five children living in the small town of Prosper , Texas . </P> <P> Sanders appeared as himself in the fourth season of The League , playing a prospective buyer of Andre 's apartment . </P> <P> In 2014 , Sanders was featured in an episode of Running Wild with Bear Grylls , where he and Grylls hiked in the desert of southern Utah for two days , rappelling down canyon walls and later climbing up a mesa . </P> <P> Sanders served as an alumni captain for Team Sanders in the 2014 Pro Bowl . </P> <P> In 2014 , he rejoined CBS Sports as a studio analyst for Thursday games only . He still works for the NFL Network on Sundays . </P> <P> Sanders and his girlfriend Tracey Edmonds were featured together on an episode of Tiny House Nation that first aired on January 21 , 2017 . </P> <H2> Other business and Entertainment ventures ( edit ) </H2> <P> In addition to his sports career , Sanders also had a career in music as a rapper . He released his debut album , Prime Time , through Hammer 's Bust It Records label via Capitol Records , in 1994 . </P> <P> Sanders moved on to other ventures after his retirement . In 2003 , Sanders took interest in Devin Hester , a return specialist from Miami . Sanders mentored Hester , counseling and advising him during various points of his collegiate career . The Chicago Bears drafted Hester in the second round of the 2006 NFL Draft . Since then , Hester has broken the record for the most total returns for touchdowns in NFL history with 15 punt returns and 5 kick off returns . Hester has cited Sanders as one of his major inspirations and idols , and thanked him for his training and advice . Hester , also known as `` Anytime '' , occasionally performs Sanders ' signature touchdown dance and high - steps in homage to his mentor . </P> <P> Sanders also tried to adopt a high school running back , Noel Devine , who was one of the top recruits in 2007 . Sanders was advised against this , but responded , `` He does n't have parents ; they died . God put this young man in my heart . This is not about sports . This is about a kid 's life . '' He now mentors Devine , and was a factor in Devine 's extended wait to sign a letter - of - intent to West Virginia University . Devine eventually signed to play football for the Mountaineers . Sanders has also been a mentor to Oakland Raiders wide receiver Michael Crabtree , as well as Dallas Cowboys wide receiver , Dez Bryant . </P> <P> In January 2004 , Sanders was hired as an assistant coach to the Dallas Fury , a women 's professional basketball team in the National Women 's Basketball League , even though Sanders had never played organized basketball either in college or the professional level . </P> <P> On September 2 , 2005 , in response to the after - effects of Hurricane Katrina , Sanders challenged all professional athletes in the four major sports to donate $1,000 each to relief efforts , hoping to raise between $1.5 and $3 million total . Sanders said `` Through unity , we can touch thousands ... I have friends and relatives that feel this pain . Help in any way you can . '' In April 2006 , Sanders became an owner of the Austin Wranglers , an Arena Football League team . </P> <P> Sanders has occasionally served as a celebrity spokesperson , such as representing Monitronics , a security system firm , at an industry conference in the spring of 2010 . </P> <P> In 2012 , he co-founded Prime Prep Academy , a grouping of charter schools in Texas . The school was plagued by ethical , legal and financial issues , and closed on January 30 , 2015 , due to financial insolvency . </P> <H2> Discography ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Album </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Chart Positions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Hip - Hop </Th> <Th> US Heatseekers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Prime Time </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> The Encore Remix </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> `` -- '' denotes the album failed to chart or not released </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Personal life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sanders has been married twice -- to Carolyn Chambers ( 1989 -- 1998 ) , with whom he has two children ( Deion Jr. and Deiondra ) , and Pilar Biggers - Sanders ( 1999 -- 2013 ) with whom he has three children ( Shilo , Shelomi Golenzer and Shedeur ) . </P> <P> Sanders , along with J.M. Black , published his autobiography , Power , Money & Sex : How Success Almost Ruined My Life . World Publishing 1998 . The book was inspired after he began counseling with Bishop T.D. Jakes . He notes his agent Eugene E. Parker as another person who influenced his life . </P> <P> He appeared with his family on the NBC show Celebrity Family Feud which premiered on June 24 , 2008 . </P> <P> On September 22 , 2011 , he served Pilar Biggers - Sanders with divorce papers . He then backed away from the story and denied he and Pilar would be divorcing . By December 17 , 2011 , he had followed through with filing for divorce . On March 12 , 2013 , he was awarded primary custody of his two sons , Shilo and Shedeur , and Pilar was awarded primary custody of their daughter Shelomi . However , one week later , a judge awarded custody of Shelomi to him as well . During the divorce battle , Pilar made several accusations of abuse against him on social media and in interviews , leading him to file a Defamation of Character lawsuit against her . In 2015 , he was vindicated when the court awarded him a $2.2 million judgment against his ex-wife in the case . </P> <P> Sanders is a devout Christian . He has been in a relationship with Tracey Edmonds since 2012 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Biography portal </Li> <Li> National Football League portal </Li> <Li> Baseball portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders </Li> <Li> List of athletes who played in Major League Baseball and the National Football League </Li> <Li> Leon Sandcastle </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Mosier , Jeff ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Prime Prep Academy troubles continue after closing '' . Dallasnews.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Deion Sanders Fired By His Own School , Again '' . ThePostGame . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Deion enough to njoyed ' Prime ' moments on diamond '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Florida State Football Guide '' . Issuu.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ESPN Classic - Prime Time '' . www.espn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Football Flash No Flash In Pan '' . The New York Times . May 18 , 1989 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SPORTS PEOPLE -- FOOTBALL -- Sanders N.F.L. Bound -- NYTimes.com '' . The New York Times . April 14 , 1989 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SPORTS PEOPLE -- FOOTBALL -- Deion Sanders ' Fed Up ' -- NYTimes.com '' . The New York Times . August 29 , 1989 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sanders Dives Into Prime Time as He Makes Yankee Debut '' . The New York Times . June 1 , 1989 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yankees , Sanders Have a Parting '' . The New York Times . July 31 , 1990 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kass , John . When it comes to heart , truth hurts Sanders . Chicago Tribune . January 30 , 2011 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Donnelly , Joe . Fisk 's Outburst at Sanders Was One for Yankee Pride . Newsday . May 24 , 1990 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Forum Clip : `` Carlton Fisk on Deion Sanders '' . The Forum Channel . February 2005 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Is Sanders Staying ? He 's Puzzled '' . The New York Times . July 18 , 1990 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yankees , Sanders Have a Parting '' . The New York Times . July 31 , 1990 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BASEBALL -- Deion Sanders Placed On Waivers by Yanks -- NYTimes.com '' . The New York Times . September 25 , 1990 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ESPN Classic -- Where Sanders goes , teams win '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Series champ speaks about tomahawks and triple plays '' Archived November 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Western Wheel , August 20 , 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Deion 's contract presents major dilemma '' . USA Today . July 27 , 2001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Houston Chronicle '' . Sanders knows Bo 's woes . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Prime 's Time : The True Story of Deion 's Mythical 40 - Yard Dash '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hessler , Warner ( April 23 , 1989 ) . `` NFL General Managers Moan About Another Diluted Draft '' . Daily Press . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Draft History '' . Football.about.com . June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` October 11 , 1992 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) Game 5 , Braves at Pirates '' . Baseball-Reference.com . October 11 , 1992 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Taking Big Hacks In Free Agency Can Produce Foul Balls '' . DallasCowboys.com . March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Make Deion Free Man '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . June 3 , 2000 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How $100 Million Becomes $62.2 Million '' . The Washington Post . June 2000 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brandt , Gil . `` Ten things you did n't know about Deion Sanders '' . NFL . National Football League . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Deion Sanders HOF Speech '' . Video Entry . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kallestad , Brent . `` Deion Changes the Rules Again : Pro football : This time , however , it 's for better education of athletes with new standards in Florida . '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trex , Ethan . `` Two Rules Named After Deion Sanders '' . mental_floss . Mental Floss , Inc . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Videos : 2011 HOF : Deion Sanders '' . Nfl.com . August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frohman , Jimmy . `` 11 Most Awesome NFL Player Nicknames '' . Phactual . Phactual , LLC . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CES ProNews Flashes ! '' . GamePro . IDG ( 68 ) : 156 . March 1995 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ebony -- Google Books . Books.google.com . October 1990 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' The League '' 12.12. 12 ( TV Episode 2012 ) `` . IMDb . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Running Wild with Bear Grylis -- Deion Sanders '' . NBC . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 Pro Bowl features new format for NFL all - star game '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Deion Sanders Goes Tiny '' . FYI , . A & E Television Networks , LLC . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pilot episode is prime - time '' . Chicago Tribune . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hester wins second straight player of week award '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Devin Hester '' . Chicago Tribune . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : Where Sanders goes , teams win '' . Espn.go.com . August 9 , 1967 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prime Time joins Wranglers -- ArenaFootball.com -- The Official Web site of the Arena Football League AFL Archived January 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Street . `` Monitronics Welcomes NFL Stars At ISC West '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Deion Sanders Files for Divorce from Wife , Pilar '' . Essence.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Deion Sanders -- WINS Child Custody War with Estranged Wife Pilar Sanders '' . tmz.com . March 12 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pilar Sanders In Tears Over Visitation Schedule Of Her Children '' . RumorFix -- The Anti Tabloid . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gabrielle McMillen . `` Deion Sanders wins $2.2 million in defamation lawsuit against ex-wife '' . Sporting News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.christianspeakers360.com/speaker/deion-sanders.php </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Deion Sanders Talks Relationship With Tracey Edmonds : ' Every Night Is A Date Night ' '' . xonecole . xonecole.com . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Deion Sanders </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deion Sanders . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Baltimore Ravens profile ( archived from 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Career statistics and player information from Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Career statistics and player information from Pro-Football - Reference Databasefootball.com </Li> <Li> Deion Sanders on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Links to related articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 1987 College Football All - America Team consensus selections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Offense </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> QB Don McPherson </Li> <Li> RB Lorenzo White </Li> <Li> RB Craig Heyward </Li> <Li> WR Tim Brown </Li> <Li> WR Wendell Davis </Li> <Li> TE Keith Jackson </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> OL Mark Hutson </Li> <Li> OL Dave Cadigan </Li> <Li> OL John Elliott </Li> <Li> OL Randall McDaniel </Li> <Li> C Nacho Albergamo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defense </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DL Daniel Stubbs </Li> <Li> DL Chad Hennings </Li> <Li> DL Tracy Rocker </Li> <Li> DL Ted Gregory </Li> <Li> DL John Roper </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> LB Chris Spielman </Li> <Li> LB Aundray Bruce </Li> <Li> LB Dante Jones </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> DB Bennie Blades </Li> <Li> DB Deion Sanders </Li> <Li> DB Rickey Dixon </Li> <Li> DB Chuck Cecil </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Special teams </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> PK David Treadwell </Li> <Li> P Tom Tupa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 1988 College Football All - America Team consensus selections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Offense </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> QB Steve Walsh & Troy Aikman </Li> <Li> RB Barry Sanders </Li> <Li> RB Anthony Thompson </Li> <Li> RB Tim Worley </Li> <Li> WR Jason Phillips </Li> <Li> WR Hart Lee Dykes </Li> <Li> TE Marv Cook </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> OL Tony Mandarich </Li> <Li> OL Anthony Phillips </Li> <Li> OL Mike Utley </Li> <Li> OL Mark Stepnoski </Li> <Li> C Jake Young </Li> <Li> C John Vitale </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defense </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DL Mark Messner </Li> <Li> DL Tracy Rocker </Li> <Li> DL Wayne Martin </Li> <Li> DL Frank Stams </Li> <Li> DL Bill Hawkins </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> LB Derrick Thomas </Li> <Li> LB Broderick Thomas </Li> <Li> LB Mike Stonebreaker </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> DB Deion Sanders </Li> <Li> DB Donnell Woolford </Li> <Li> DB Louis Oliver </Li> <Li> DB Darryl Henley </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Special teams </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> PK Kendall Trainor </Li> <Li> P Keith English </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Jim Thorpe Award winners </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1986 : Everett </Li> <Li> 1987 : Blades & Dixon </Li> <Li> 1988 : Sanders </Li> <Li> 1989 : Carrier </Li> <Li> 1990 : Lewis </Li> <Li> 1991 : Buckley </Li> <Li> 1992 : Figures </Li> <Li> 1993 : Langham </Li> <Li> 1994 : Hudson </Li> <Li> 1995 : Myers </Li> <Li> 1996 : Wright </Li> <Li> 1997 : Woodson </Li> <Li> 1998 : Winfield </Li> <Li> 1999 : Carter </Li> <Li> 2000 : Fletcher </Li> <Li> 2001 : Williams </Li> <Li> 2002 : Newman </Li> <Li> 2003 : Strait </Li> <Li> 2004 : Rogers </Li> <Li> 2005 : Huff </Li> <Li> 2006 : Ross </Li> <Li> 2007 : Cason </Li> <Li> 2008 : Jenkins </Li> <Li> 2009 : Berry </Li> <Li> 2010 : Peterson </Li> <Li> 2011 : Claiborne </Li> <Li> 2012 : Banks </Li> <Li> 2013 : Dennard </Li> <Li> 2014 : Holliman </Li> <Li> 2015 : King </Li> <Li> 2016 : Jackson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> FWAA 1969 -- 1994 Quarter - century All - America Team </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Offense : QB John Elway </Li> <Li> RB Tony Dorsett </Li> <Li> RB Herschel Walker </Li> <Li> WR Jerry Rice </Li> <Li> WR Anthony Carter </Li> <Li> TE Keith Jackson </Li> <Li> G John Hannah </Li> <Li> G Dean Steinkuhler </Li> <Li> T Jerry Sisemore </Li> <Li> T Bill Fralic </Li> <Li> C Dave Rimington </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Defense : DE Jack Youngblood </Li> <Li> DE Lee Roy Selmon </Li> <Li> DT Steve Emtman </Li> <Li> DT Randy White </Li> <Li> OLB Hugh Green </Li> <Li> OLB Lawrence Taylor </Li> <Li> MLB Mike Singletary </Li> <Li> CB Deion Sanders </Li> <Li> CB Jack Tatum </Li> <Li> SS Kenny Easley </Li> <Li> FS Ronnie Lott </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Special Teams P Ray Guy </Li> <Li> PK Tony Franklin </Li> <Li> KR Johnny Rodgers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 1989 NFL draft first - round selections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Troy Aikman </Li> <Li> Tony Mandarich </Li> <Li> Barry Sanders </Li> <Li> Derrick Thomas </Li> <Li> Deion Sanders </Li> <Li> Broderick Thomas </Li> <Li> Tim Worley </Li> <Li> Burt Grossman </Li> <Li> Sammie Smith </Li> <Li> Eric Hill </Li> <Li> Donnell Woolford </Li> <Li> Trace Armstrong </Li> <Li> Eric Metcalf </Li> <Li> Jeff Lageman </Li> <Li> Andy Heck </Li> <Li> Hart Lee Dykes </Li> <Li> Joe Wolf </Li> <Li> Brian Williams </Li> <Li> Wayne Martin </Li> <Li> Steve Atwater </Li> <Li> Bill Hawkins </Li> <Li> Andre Rison </Li> <Li> David Williams </Li> <Li> Tom Ricketts </Li> <Li> Louis Oliver </Li> <Li> Cleveland Gary </Li> <Li> Shawn Collins </Li> <Li> Keith DeLong </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Atlanta Falcons first - round draft picks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Nobis </Li> <Li> Johnson </Li> <Li> Humphrey </Li> <Li> Kunz </Li> <Li> Small </Li> <Li> Profit </Li> <Li> Ellis </Li> <Li> Bartkowski </Li> <Li> Bean </Li> <Li> Bryant </Li> <Li> Faumuina </Li> <Li> Kenn </Li> <Li> D. Smith </Li> <Li> J. Miller </Li> <Li> Butler </Li> <Li> Riggs </Li> <Li> Pitts </Li> <Li> Bryan </Li> <Li> Fralic </Li> <Li> Casillas </Li> <Li> Green </Li> <Li> C. Miller </Li> <Li> Bruce </Li> <Li> Sanders </Li> <Li> Collins </Li> <Li> Broussard </Li> <Li> Pickens </Li> <Li> Pritchard </Li> <Li> Whitfield </Li> <Li> T. Smith </Li> <Li> Kennedy </Li> <Li> Bush </Li> <Li> Booker </Li> <Li> Brooking </Li> <Li> Kerney </Li> <Li> Vick </Li> <Li> Duckett </Li> <Li> Hall </Li> <Li> Jenkins </Li> <Li> White </Li> <Li> Anderson </Li> <Li> Ryan </Li> <Li> Baker </Li> <Li> Jerry </Li> <Li> Weatherspoon </Li> <Li> Jones </Li> <Li> Trufant </Li> <Li> Matthews </Li> <Li> Beasley </Li> <Li> Neal </Li> <Li> McKinley </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Atlanta Falcons 1989 NFL draft selections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Deion Sanders </Li> <Li> Shawn Collins </Li> <Li> Ralph Norwood </Li> <Li> Keith Jones </Li> <Li> Troy Sadowski </Li> <Li> Undra Johnson </Li> <Li> Paul Singer </Li> <Li> Chris Dunn </Li> <Li> Greg Paterra </Li> <Li> Tony Bowick </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> San Francisco 49ers Super Bowl XXIX champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 4 Doug Brien </Li> <Li> 8 Steve Young ( MVP ) </Li> <Li> 10 Klaus Wilmsmeyer </Li> <Li> 14 Bill Musgrave </Li> <Li> 18 Elvis Grbac </Li> <Li> 20 Derek Loville </Li> <Li> 21 Deion Sanders </Li> <Li> 22 Tyronne Drakeford </Li> <Li> 25 Eric Davis </Li> <Li> 27 Adam Walker </Li> <Li> 28 Dana Hall </Li> <Li> 32 Ricky Watters </Li> <Li> 33 Dedrick Dodge </Li> <Li> 35 Dexter Carter </Li> <Li> 36 Merton Hanks </Li> <Li> 40 William Floyd </Li> <Li> 41 Toi Cook </Li> <Li> 43 Marc Logan </Li> <Li> 45 Adrian Hardy </Li> <Li> 46 Tim McDonald </Li> <Li> 50 Gary Plummer </Li> <Li> 51 Ken Norton Jr . </Li> <Li> 53 Tony Peterson </Li> <Li> 54 Lee Woodall </Li> <Li> 55 Kevin Mitchell </Li> <Li> 57 Rickey Jackson </Li> <Li> 58 Todd Kelly </Li> <Li> 61 Jesse Sapolu </Li> <Li> 63 Derrick Deese </Li> <Li> 64 Ralph Tamm </Li> <Li> 65 Harry Boatswain </Li> <Li> 66 Bart Oates </Li> <Li> 67 Chris Dalman </Li> <Li> 69 Rod Milstead </Li> <Li> 71 Charles Mann </Li> <Li> 72 Mark Thomas </Li> <Li> 74 Steve Wallace </Li> <Li> 75 Frank Pollack </Li> <Li> 77 Brian Bollinger </Li> <Li> 79 Harris Barton </Li> <Li> 80 Jerry Rice </Li> <Li> 81 Ed McCaffrey </Li> <Li> 82 John Taylor </Li> <Li> 84 Brent Jones </Li> <Li> 85 Ted Popson </Li> <Li> 86 Brett Carolan </Li> <Li> 88 Nate Singleton </Li> <Li> 90 Darin Jordan </Li> <Li> 91 Rhett Hall </Li> <Li> 92 Troy Wilson </Li> <Li> 94 Dana Stubblefield </Li> <Li> 95 Richard Dent </Li> <Li> 96 Dennis Brown </Li> <Li> 97 Bryant Young </Li> <Li> 98 Antonio Goss </Li> <Li> 99 Tim Harris </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Head coach : George Seifert </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Coaches : Dwaine Board </Li> <Li> Neal Dahlen </Li> <Li> Tom Holmoe </Li> <Li> Carl Jackson </Li> <Li> Larry Kirksey </Li> <Li> Gary Kubiak </Li> <Li> Alan Lowry </Li> <Li> John Marshall </Li> <Li> Bobb McKittrick </Li> <Li> Bill McPherson </Li> <Li> Brian Pariani </Li> <Li> Bo Pelini </Li> <Li> Ray Rhodes </Li> <Li> Mike Shanahan </Li> <Li> Mike Solari </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl XXX champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 8 Troy Aikman </Li> <Li> 10 Jon Baker </Li> <Li> 11 Wade Wilson </Li> <Li> 17 Jason Garrett </Li> <Li> 18 Chris Boniol </Li> <Li> 19 John Jett </Li> <Li> 20 Sherman Williams </Li> <Li> 21 Deion Sanders </Li> <Li> 22 Emmitt Smith </Li> <Li> 23 Robert Bailey </Li> <Li> 24 Larry Brown ( MVP ) </Li> <Li> 25 Scott Case </Li> <Li> 26 Kevin Smith </Li> <Li> 27 Greg Tremble </Li> <Li> 28 Darren Woodson </Li> <Li> 29 Alundis Brice </Li> <Li> 31 Brock Marion </Li> <Li> 36 Dominique Ross </Li> <Li> 38 David Lang </Li> <Li> 40 Bill Bates </Li> <Li> 42 Charlie Williams </Li> <Li> 43 Greg Briggs </Li> <Li> 47 Clayton Holmes </Li> <Li> 48 Daryl Johnston </Li> <Li> 52 Jim Schwantz </Li> <Li> 53 Ray Donaldson </Li> <Li> 54 Darryl Hardy </Li> <Li> 54 Anthony Fieldings </Li> <Li> 55 Robert Jones </Li> <Li> 56 Reggie Barnes </Li> <Li> 58 Dixon Edwards </Li> <Li> 59 Darrin Smith </Li> <Li> 60 Derek Kennard </Li> <Li> 61 Nate Newton </Li> <Li> 65 Ron Stone </Li> <Li> 67 Russell Maryland </Li> <Li> 68 Michael Batiste </Li> <Li> 69 George Hegamin </Li> <Li> 70 Dale Hellestrae </Li> <Li> 71 Mark Tuinei </Li> <Li> 73 Larry Allen </Li> <Li> 78 Leon Lett </Li> <Li> 79 Erik Williams </Li> <Li> 81 Ed Hervey </Li> <Li> 82 Cory Fleming </Li> <Li> 83 Kendell Watkins </Li> <Li> 84 Jay Novacek </Li> <Li> 85 Kevin Williams </Li> <Li> 86 Eric Bjornson </Li> <Li> 87 Billy Davis </Li> <Li> 88 Michael Irvin </Li> <Li> 90 Oscar Sturgis </Li> <Li> 91 Darren Benson </Li> <Li> 92 Tony Tolbert </Li> <Li> 94 Charles Haley </Li> <Li> 95 Chad Hennings </Li> <Li> 96 Shante Carver </Li> <Li> 98 Godfrey Myles </Li> <Li> 99 Hurvin McCormack </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Head coach : Barry Switzer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Coaches : Hubbard Alexander </Li> <Li> Joe Avezzano </Li> <Li> Craig Boller </Li> <Li> Joe Brodsky </Li> <Li> Dave Campo </Li> <Li> Jim Eddy </Li> <Li> Robert Ford </Li> <Li> Steve Hoffman </Li> <Li> Hudson Houck </Li> <Li> Ernie Zampese </Li> <Li> Mike Zimmer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Associated Press NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award winners </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1971 : Page </Li> <Li> 1972 : Greene </Li> <Li> 1973 : Anderson </Li> <Li> 1974 : Greene </Li> <Li> 1975 : Blount </Li> <Li> 1976 : Lambert </Li> <Li> 1977 : Martin </Li> <Li> 1978 : Gradishar </Li> <Li> 1979 : Selmon </Li> <Li> 1980 : Hayes </Li> <Li> 1981 : Taylor </Li> <Li> 1982 : Taylor </Li> <Li> 1983 : Betters </Li> <Li> 1984 : Easley </Li> <Li> 1985 : Singletary </Li> <Li> 1986 : Taylor </Li> <Li> 1987 : White </Li> <Li> 1988 : Singletary </Li> <Li> 1989 : Millard </Li> <Li> 1990 : Smith </Li> <Li> 1991 : Swilling </Li> <Li> 1992 : Kennedy </Li> <Li> 1993 : R. Woodson </Li> <Li> 1994 : D. Sanders </Li> <Li> 1995 : Paup </Li> <Li> 1996 : Smith </Li> <Li> 1997 : Stubblefield </Li> <Li> 1998 : White </Li> <Li> 1999 : Sapp </Li> <Li> 2000 : Lewis </Li> <Li> 2001 : Strahan </Li> <Li> 2002 : Brooks </Li> <Li> 2003 : Lewis </Li> <Li> 2004 : Reed </Li> <Li> 2005 : Urlacher </Li> <Li> 2006 : Taylor </Li> <Li> 2007 : B. Sanders </Li> <Li> 2008 : Harrison </Li> <Li> 2009 : C. Woodson </Li> <Li> 2010 : Polamalu </Li> <Li> 2011 : Suggs </Li> <Li> 2012 : Watt </Li> <Li> 2013 : Kuechly </Li> <Li> 2014 : Watt </Li> <Li> 2015 : Watt </Li> <Li> 2016 : Mack </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> National Football League NFL 's 1990s All - Decade Team </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Brett Favre </Li> <Li> John Elway </Li> <Li> Barry Sanders </Li> <Li> Emmitt Smith </Li> <Li> Terrell Davis </Li> <Li> Thurman Thomas </Li> <Li> Cris Carter </Li> <Li> Jerry Rice </Li> <Li> Tim Brown </Li> <Li> Michael Irvin </Li> <Li> Shannon Sharpe </Li> <Li> Ben Coates </Li> <Li> Willie Roaf </Li> <Li> Gary Zimmerman </Li> <Li> Tony Boselli </Li> <Li> Richmond Webb </Li> <Li> Bruce Matthews </Li> <Li> Randall McDaniel </Li> <Li> Larry Allen </Li> <Li> Steve Wisniewski </Li> <Li> Dermontti Dawson </Li> <Li> Mark Stepnoski </Li> <Li> Bruce Smith </Li> <Li> Reggie White </Li> <Li> Chris Doleman </Li> <Li> Neil Smith </Li> <Li> Cortez Kennedy </Li> <Li> John Randle </Li> <Li> Warren Sapp </Li> <Li> Bryant Young </Li> <Li> Kevin Greene </Li> <Li> Junior Seau </Li> <Li> Derrick Thomas </Li> <Li> Cornelius Bennett </Li> <Li> Hardy Nickerson </Li> <Li> Levon Kirkland </Li> <Li> Deion Sanders </Li> <Li> Rod Woodson </Li> <Li> Darrell Green </Li> <Li> Aeneas Williams </Li> <Li> Steve Atwater </Li> <Li> LeRoy Butler </Li> <Li> Carnell Lake </Li> <Li> Ronnie Lott </Li> <Li> Darren Bennett </Li> <Li> Sean Landeta </Li> <Li> Morten Andersen </Li> <Li> Gary Anderson </Li> <Li> Mel Gray </Li> <Li> Michael Bates </Li> <Li> Bill Parcells </Li> <Li> Marv Levy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> NFL Network </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> On - air talent </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kay Adams </Li> <Li> Brian Baldinger </Li> <Li> Judy Battista </Li> <Li> Brian Billick </Li> <Li> Tiffany Blackmon </Li> <Li> Kyle Brandt </Li> <Li> Albert Breer </Li> <Li> Bucky Brooks </Li> <Li> Nate Burleson </Li> <Li> Charley Casserly </Li> <Li> Erin Coscarelli </Li> <Li> Stacey Dales </Li> <Li> Dave Dameshek </Li> <Li> Charles Davis </Li> <Li> Terrell Davis </Li> <Li> Jamie Dukes </Li> <Li> Rich Eisen </Li> <Li> Heath Evans </Li> <Li> Michael Fabiano </Li> <Li> Marshall Faulk </Li> <Li> Alex Flanagan </Li> <Li> Jay Glazer </Li> <Li> Rebecca Haarlow </Li> <Li> Scott Hanson </Li> <Li> Elliot Harrison </Li> <Li> Michael Irvin </Li> <Li> Daniel Jeremiah </Li> <Li> Kimberly Jones </Li> <Li> Aditi Kinkhabwala </Li> <Li> Andrea Kremer </Li> <Li> Rhett Lewis </Li> <Li> Steve Mariucci </Li> <Li> Mike Mayock </Li> <Li> Willie McGinest </Li> <Li> Randy Moss </Li> <Li> Adam Rank </Li> <Li> Ian Rapoport </Li> <Li> Lindsay Rhodes </Li> <Li> Deion Sanders </Li> <Li> Peter Schrager </Li> <Li> Sterling Sharpe </Li> <Li> Andrew Siciliano </Li> <Li> Jane Slater </Li> <Li> Jason Smith </Li> <Li> Matt Smith </Li> <Li> Melissa Stark </Li> <Li> Amber Theoharis </Li> <Li> Kurt Warner </Li> <Li> Solomon Wilcots </Li> <Li> Ari Wolfe </Li> <Li> Cole Wright </Li> <Li> Steve Wyche </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jennifer Allen </Li> <Li> Marcus Allen </Li> <Li> Bobby Beathard </Li> <Li> Michelle Beisner </Li> <Li> Paul Burmeister </Li> <Li> Fran Charles </Li> <Li> Jeff Darlington </Li> <Li> Butch Davis </Li> <Li> Spero Dedes </Li> <Li> Dennis Green </Li> <Li> Kara Henderson </Li> <Li> Derrin Horton </Li> <Li> Seth Joyner </Li> <Li> Lincoln Kennedy </Li> <Li> Jason La Canfora </Li> <Li> Michael Lombardi </Li> <Li> Mike Martz </Li> <Li> Jim E. 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by - play ) </Li> <Li> Tony Romo ( Color commentary ) </Li> <Li> Tracy Wolfson ( Sideline reporter ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NBC </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mike Tirico ( Play - by - play ) </Li> <Li> Cris Collinsworth ( Color commentary ) </Li> <Li> Heather Cox ( Sideline reporter ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bryant Gumbel </Li> <Li> Dick Vermeil </Li> <Li> Tom Hammond </Li> <Li> Scott Hanson </Li> <Li> Adam Schefter </Li> <Li> Warren Sapp </Li> <Li> Bob Papa </Li> <Li> Matt Millen </Li> <Li> Joe Theismann </Li> <Li> Fran Charles </Li> <Li> Jim Mora </Li> <Li> Kara Henderson </Li> <Li> Sterling Sharpe </Li> <Li> Kurt Warner </Li> <Li> Jay Glazer </Li> <Li> Brad Nessler </Li> <Li> Mike Mayock </Li> <Li> Alex Flanagan </Li> <Li> Phil Simms </Li> <Li> Al Michaels </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable broadcasts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bills Toronto Series </Li> <Li> World Bowl </Li> <Li> 2007 New England Patriots -- New York Giants game </Li> <Li> `` The Miracle in Motown '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The NFL Today team </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> James Brown ( host ) </Li> <Li> Bill Cowher ( analyst ) </Li> <Li> Phil Simms ( analyst -- Sundays ) </Li> <Li> Nate Burleson ( analyst -- Sundays ) </Li> <Li> Boomer Esiason ( analyst -- Sundays ) </Li> <Li> Deion Sanders ( analyst -- Thursdays ) </Li> <Li> Jason La Canfora ( NFL insider ) </Li> <Li> Jim Rome ( contributor ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marcus Allen </Li> <Li> Terry Bradshaw </Li> <Li> Dick Butkus </Li> <Li> Charlsie Cantey </Li> <Li> Charley Casserly </Li> <Li> Irv Cross </Li> <Li> Randy Cross </Li> <Li> Mike Ditka </Li> <Li> Phyllis George </Li> <Li> Jerry Glanville </Li> <Li> Tony Gonzalez </Li> <Li> Greg Gumbel </Li> <Li> Craig James </Li> <Li> Brent Jones </Li> <Li> Jayne Kennedy </Li> <Li> Michael Lombardi </Li> <Li> Dan Marino </Li> <Li> Will McDonough </Li> <Li> Brent Musburger </Li> <Li> Jim Nantz </Li> <Li> Pat O'Brien </Li> <Li> Bart Scott </Li> <Li> George Seifert </Li> <Li> Shannon Sharpe </Li> <Li> Jimmy `` The Greek '' Snyder </Li> <Li> Lesley Visser </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> CBS Sports </Li> <Li> NFL on CBS </Li> <Li> The NFL Today </Li> <Li> List of NFL Today personalities </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Atlanta Falcons Ring of Honor inductees </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> William Andrews </Li> <Li> Steve Bartkowski </Li> <Li> Tommy Nobis </Li> <Li> Deion Sanders </Li> <Li> Jessie Tuggle </Li> <Li> Jeff Van Note </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Pro Football Hall of Fame Class of 2011 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Richard Dent </Li> <Li> Marshall Faulk </Li> <Li> Chris Hanburger </Li> <Li> Les Richter </Li> <Li> Ed Sabol </Li> <Li> Deion Sanders </Li> <Li> Shannon Sharpe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Quarterbacks </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pre-modern era </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baugh </Li> <Li> Clark </Li> <Li> Conzelman </Li> <Li> Driscoll </Li> <Li> Friedman </Li> <Li> Herber </Li> <Li> Luckman </Li> <Li> A. 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who did deion sanders go in the hall of fame as

Manchester United F.C. - Wikipedia <H1> Manchester United F.C. </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` MUFC '' and `` Manchester United '' redirect here . For other uses , see MUFC ( disambiguation ) . For the basketball team , see Manchester Eagles . Not to be confused with F.C. United of Manchester . <Table> Manchester United <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Full name </Th> <Td> Manchester United Football Club </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nickname ( s ) </Th> <Td> The Red Devils </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Short name </Th> <Td> MUFC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 1878 ; 140 years ago ( 1878 ) , as Newton Heath LYR F.C. 1902 ; 116 years ago ( 1902 ) , as Manchester United F.C. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ground </Th> <Td> Old Trafford </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ground Capacity </Th> <Td> 74,994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> Manchester United plc ( NYSE : MANU ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Co-chairmen </Th> <Td> Joel and Avram Glazer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manager </Th> <Td> José Mourinho </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> League </Th> <Td> Premier League </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2016 -- 17 </Th> <Td> Premier League , 6th of 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> Club website </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Home colours </Td> <Td> Away colours </Td> <Td> Third colours </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Current season </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed `` the Red Devils '' , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 . </P> <P> Manchester United have won a record 20 League titles , 12 FA Cups , 5 League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . The club has also won three UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998 -- 99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the treble of the Premier League , the FA Cup and the UEFA Champions League . In 2016 -- 17 , by winning the UEFA Europa League , they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions . In addition , they became the only professional English club to have won every ongoing honour available to the first team that is organised by a national or international governing body . </P> <P> The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . José Mourinho is the club 's current manager , having been appointed on 27 May 2016 . </P> <P> Manchester United was the highest - earning football club in the world for 2016 -- 17 , with an annual revenue of € 676.3 million , and the world 's most valuable football club in 2017 , valued at £ 2.86 billion . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £ 800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange . Manchester United is one of the most widely supported football clubs in the world , and has its strongest rivalries with Liverpool , Manchester City and Leeds United . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early years ( 1878 -- 1945 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 Busby years ( 1945 -- 1969 ) </Li> <Li> 1.3 1969 -- 1986 </Li> <Li> 1.4 Ferguson years ( 1986 -- 2013 ) </Li> <Li> 1.5 2013 -- present </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Crest and colours <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Kit evolution </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Grounds </Li> <Li> 4 Support <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Rivalries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Global brand <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Sponsorship </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Ownership and finances </Li> <Li> 7 Players <Ul> <Li> 7.1 First - team squad <Ul> <Li> 7.1. 1 Out on loan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.2 Reserves and academy </Li> <Li> 7.3 Former players </Li> <Li> 7.4 Club captains </Li> <Li> 7.5 Player records </Li> <Li> 7.6 Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Club officials <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Managerial history </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Honours <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Domestic <Ul> <Li> 9.1. 1 League </Li> <Li> 9.1. 2 Cups </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9.2 European </Li> <Li> 9.3 Worldwide </Li> <Li> 9.4 Doubles and Trebles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 Further reading </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History </H2> <H3> Early years ( 1878 -- 1945 ) </H3> Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1878 -- 1945 ) A chart showing the progress of Manchester United through the English football league system from joining as Newton Heath in 1892 -- 93 to the present <P> Manchester United was formed in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR Football Club by the Carriage and Wagon department of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway ( LYR ) depot at Newton Heath . The team initially played games against other departments and railway companies , but on 20 November 1880 , they competed in their first recorded match ; wearing the colours of the railway company -- green and gold -- they were defeated 6 -- 0 by Bolton Wanderers ' reserve team . By 1888 , the club had become a founding member of The Combination , a regional football league . Following the league 's dissolution after only one season , Newton Heath joined the newly formed Football Alliance , which ran for three seasons before being merged with the Football League . This resulted in the club starting the 1892 -- 93 season in the First Division , by which time it had become independent of the railway company and dropped the `` LYR '' from its name . After two seasons , the club was relegated to the Second Division . </P> The Manchester United team at the start of the 1905 -- 06 season , in which they were runners - up in the Second Division <P> In January 1902 , with debts of £ 2,670 -- equivalent to £ 270,000 in 2018 -- the club was served with a winding - up order . Captain Harry Stafford found four local businessmen , including John Henry Davies ( who became club president ) , each willing to invest £ 500 in return for a direct interest in running the club and who subsequently changed the name ; on 24 April 1902 , Manchester United was officially born . Under Ernest Mangnall , who assumed managerial duties in 1903 , the team finished as Second Division runners - up in 1906 and secured promotion to the First Division , which they won in 1908 -- the club 's first league title . The following season began with victory in the first ever Charity Shield and ended with the club 's first FA Cup title . Manchester United won the First Division for the second time in 1911 , but at the end of the following season , Mangnall left the club to join Manchester City . </P> <P> In 1922 , three years after the resumption of football following the First World War , the club was relegated to the Second Division , where it remained until regaining promotion in 1925 . Relegated again in 1931 , Manchester United became a yo - yo club , achieving its all - time lowest position of 20th place in the Second Division in 1934 . Following the death of principal benefactor John Henry Davies in October 1927 , the club 's finances deteriorated to the extent that Manchester United would likely have gone bankrupt had it not been for James W. Gibson , who , in December 1931 , invested £ 2,000 and assumed control of the club . In the 1938 -- 39 season , the last year of football before the Second World War , the club finished 14th in the First Division . </P> <H3> Busby years ( 1945 -- 1969 ) </H3> Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1945 -- 1969 ) The Busby Babes in Denmark in 1955 <P> In October 1945 , the impending resumption of football led to the managerial appointment of Matt Busby , who demanded an unprecedented level of control over team selection , player transfers and training sessions . Busby led the team to second - place league finishes in 1947 , 1948 and 1949 , and to FA Cup victory in 1948 . In 1952 , the club won the First Division , its first league title for 41 years . With an average age of 22 , the back - to - back title winning side of 1956 were labelled `` the Busby Babes '' by the media , a testament to Busby 's faith in his youth players . In 1957 , Manchester United became the first English team to compete in the European Cup , despite objections from The Football League , who had denied Chelsea the same opportunity the previous season . En route to the semi-final , which they lost to Real Madrid , the team recorded a 10 -- 0 victory over Belgian champions Anderlecht , which remains the club 's biggest victory on record . </P> A plaque at Old Trafford in memory of those who died in the Munich air disaster , including players ' names <P> The following season , on the way home from a European Cup quarter - final victory against Red Star Belgrade , the aircraft carrying the Manchester United players , officials and journalists crashed while attempting to take off after refuelling in Munich , Germany . The Munich air disaster of 6 February 1958 claimed 23 lives , including those of eight players -- Geoff Bent , Roger Byrne , Eddie Colman , Duncan Edwards , Mark Jones , David Pegg , Tommy Taylor and Billy Whelan -- and injured several more . </P> Manchester United ( 1963 ) <P> Assistant manager Jimmy Murphy took over as manager while Busby recovered from his injuries and the club 's makeshift side reached the FA Cup final , which they lost to Bolton Wanderers . In recognition of the team 's tragedy , UEFA invited the club to compete in the 1958 -- 59 European Cup alongside eventual League champions Wolverhampton Wanderers . Despite approval from the FA , the Football League determined that the club should not enter the competition , since it had not qualified . Busby rebuilt the team through the 1960s by signing players such as Denis Law and Pat Crerand , who combined with the next generation of youth players -- including George Best -- to win the FA Cup in 1963 . The following season , they finished second in the league , then won the title in 1965 and 1967 . In 1968 , Manchester United became the first English ( and second British ) club to win the European Cup , beating Benfica 4 -- 1 in the final with a team that contained three European Footballers of the Year : Bobby Charlton , Denis Law and George Best . Matt Busby resigned as manager in 1969 and was replaced by the reserve team coach , former Manchester United player Wilf McGuinness . </P> <H3> 1969 -- 1986 </H3> Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Bryan Robson was the captain of Manchester United for 12 years , longer than any other player . <P> Following an eighth - place finish in the 1969 -- 70 season and a poor start to the 1970 -- 71 season , Busby was persuaded to temporarily resume managerial duties , and McGuinness returned to his position as reserve team coach . In June 1971 , Frank O'Farrell was appointed as manager , but lasted less than 18 months before being replaced by Tommy Docherty in December 1972 . Docherty saved Manchester United from relegation that season , only to see them relegated in 1974 ; by that time the trio of Best , Law , and Charlton had left the club . The team won promotion at the first attempt and reached the FA Cup final in 1976 , but were beaten by Southampton . They reached the final again in 1977 , beating Liverpool 2 -- 1 . Docherty was dismissed shortly afterwards , following the revelation of his affair with the club physiotherapist 's wife . </P> <P> Dave Sexton replaced Docherty as manager in the summer of 1977 . Despite major signings , including Joe Jordan , Gordon McQueen , Gary Bailey , and Ray Wilkins , the team failed to achieve any significant results ; they finished in the top two in 1979 -- 80 and lost to Arsenal in the 1979 FA Cup Final . Sexton was dismissed in 1981 , even though the team won the last seven games under his direction . He was replaced by Ron Atkinson , who immediately broke the British record transfer fee to sign Bryan Robson from West Bromwich Albion . Under Atkinson , Manchester United won the FA Cup twice in three years -- in 1983 and 1985 . In 1985 -- 86 , after 13 wins and two draws in its first 15 matches , the club was favourite to win the league , but finished in fourth place . The following season , with the club in danger of relegation by November , Atkinson was dismissed . </P> <H3> Ferguson years ( 1986 -- 2013 ) </H3> Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1986 -- 2013 ) Alex Ferguson managed the team between 1986 and 2013 . <P> Alex Ferguson and his assistant Archie Knox arrived from Aberdeen on the day of Atkinson 's dismissal , and guided the club to an 11th - place finish in the league . Despite a second - place finish in 1987 -- 88 , the club was back in 11th place the following season . Reportedly on the verge of being dismissed , victory over Crystal Palace in the 1990 FA Cup Final replay ( after a 3 -- 3 draw ) saved Ferguson 's career . The following season , Manchester United claimed its first Cup Winners ' Cup title and competed in the 1991 UEFA Super Cup , beating European Cup holders Red Star Belgrade 1 -- 0 in the final at Old Trafford . A second consecutive League Cup final appearance followed in 1992 , in which the team beat Nottingham Forest 1 -- 0 at Wembley . In 1993 , the club won its first league title since 1967 , and a year later , for the first time since 1957 , it won a second consecutive title -- alongside the FA Cup -- to complete the first `` Double '' in the club 's history . </P> Ryan Giggs is the most decorated player in English football history . <P> In the 1998 -- 99 season , Manchester United became the first team to win the Premier League , FA Cup and UEFA Champions League -- `` The Treble '' -- in the same season . Losing 1 -- 0 going into injury time in the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final , Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær scored late goals to claim a dramatic victory over Bayern Munich , in what is considered one of the greatest comebacks of all time . The club also won the Intercontinental Cup after beating Palmeiras 1 -- 0 in Tokyo . Ferguson was subsequently knighted for his services to football . </P> <P> Manchester United won the league again in the 1999 -- 2000 and 2000 -- 01 seasons . The team finished third in 2001 -- 02 , before regaining the title in 2002 -- 03 . They won the 2003 -- 04 FA Cup , beating Millwall 3 -- 0 in the final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff to lift the trophy for a record 11th time . In the 2005 -- 06 season , Manchester United failed to qualify for the knockout phase of the UEFA Champions League for the first time in over a decade , but recovered to secure a second - place league finish and victory over Wigan Athletic in the 2006 Football League Cup Final . The club regained the Premier League in the 2006 -- 07 and 2007 -- 08 seasons , and completed the European double by beating Chelsea 6 -- 5 on penalties in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final in Moscow 's Luzhniki Stadium . Ryan Giggs made a record 759th appearance for the club in this game , overtaking previous record holder Bobby Charlton . In December 2008 , the club won the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup and followed this with the 2008 -- 09 Football League Cup , and its third successive Premier League title . That summer , Cristiano Ronaldo was sold to Real Madrid for a world record £ 80 million . In 2010 , Manchester United defeated Aston Villa 2 -- 1 at Wembley to retain the League Cup , its first successful defence of a knockout cup competition . </P> <P> After finishing as runner - up to Chelsea in the 2009 -- 10 season , United achieved a record 19th league title in 2010 -- 11 , securing the championship with a 1 -- 1 away draw against Blackburn Rovers on 14 May 2011 . This was extended to 20 league titles in 2012 -- 13 , securing the championship with a 3 -- 0 home win against Aston Villa on 22 April 2013 . </P> <H3> 2013 -- Present </H3> <P> On 8 May 2013 , Ferguson announced that he was to retire as manager at the end of the football season , but would remain at the club as a director and club ambassador . The club announced the next day that Everton manager David Moyes would replace him from 1 July , having signed a six - year contract . Ryan Giggs took over as interim player - manager 10 months later , on 22 April 2014 , when Moyes was sacked after a poor season in which the club failed to defend their Premier League title and failed to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the first time since 1995 -- 96 . They also failed to qualify for the Europa League , meaning that it was the first time Manchester United had n't qualified for a European competition since 1990 . On 19 May 2014 , it was confirmed that Louis van Gaal would replace Moyes as Manchester United manager on a three - year deal , with Giggs as his assistant . Malcolm Glazer , the patriarch of the Glazer family that owns the club , died on 28 May 2014 . </P> <P> Although Van Gaal 's first season saw United once again qualify for the Champions League through a fourth - place finish in the Premier League , his second season saw United go out of the same tournament in the group stage . United also fell behind in the title race for the third consecutive season , finishing in 5th place , in spite of several expensive signings during Van Gaal 's tenure . However , that same season , Manchester United won the FA Cup for a 12th time . Despite this victory , Van Gaal was sacked as manager just two days later , with José Mourinho appointed in his place on 27 May , signing a three - year contract . That season , United finished in sixth place while winning the EFL Cup for the fifth time and the Europa League for the first time , as well as the FA Community Shield for a record 21st time . Wayne Rooney scored his 250th goal with United , surpassing Sir Bobby Charlton as United 's all - time top scorer , before leaving the club at the end of the season to return to Everton . </P> <H2> Crest and colours </H2> Manchester United badge in the 1960s <P> The club crest is derived from the Manchester City Council coat of arms , although all that remains of it on the current crest is the ship in full sail . The devil stems from the club 's nickname `` The Red Devils '' ; it was included on club programmes and scarves in the 1960s , and incorporated into the club crest in 1970 , although the crest was not included on the chest of the shirt until 1971 . </P> <P> Newton Heath 's uniform in 1879 , four years before the club played its first competitive match , has been documented as ' white with blue cord ' . A photograph of the Newton Heath team , taken in 1892 , is believed to show the players wearing red - and - white quartered jerseys and navy blue knickerbockers . Between 1894 -- 96 , the players wore distinctive green and gold jerseys which were replaced in 1896 by white shirts , which were worn with navy blue shorts . </P> <P> After the name change in 1902 , the club colours were changed to red shirts , white shorts , and black socks , which has become the standard Manchester United home kit . Very few changes were made to the kit until 1922 when the club adopted white shirts bearing a deep red `` V '' around the neck , similar to the shirt worn in the 1909 FA Cup Final . They remained part of their home kits until 1927 . For a period in 1934 , the cherry and white hooped change shirt became the home colours , but the following season the red shirt was recalled after the club 's lowest ever league placing of 20th in the Second Division and the hooped shirt dropped back to being the change . The black socks were changed to white from 1959 to 1965 , where they were replaced with red socks up until 1971 , when the club reverted to black . Black shorts and / or white socks are sometimes worn with the home strip , most often in away games , if there is a clash with the opponent 's kit . Since 1997 -- 98 , white socks have been the preferred choice for European games , which are typically played on weeknights , to aid with player visibility . The current home kit is a red Henley shirt , with black - and - white - banded cuffs and the trademark Adidas three stripes in white across the shoulders . </P> <P> The Manchester United away strip has often been a white shirt , black shorts and white socks , but there have been several exceptions . These include an all - black strip with blue and gold trimmings between 1993 and 1995 , the navy blue shirt with silver horizontal pinstripes worn during the 1999 -- 2000 season , and the 2011 -- 12 away kit , which had a royal blue body and sleeves with hoops made of small midnight navy blue and black stripes , with black shorts and blue socks . An all - grey away kit worn during the 1995 -- 96 season was dropped after just five games , most notoriously against Southampton where Alex Ferguson forced the team to change into the third kit during half - time of its final outing . The reason for dropping it being that the players claimed to have trouble finding their teammates against the crowd , United failed to win a competitive game in the kit . In 2001 , to celebrate 100 years as `` Manchester United '' , a reversible white / gold away kit was released , although the actual match day shirts were not reversible . </P> <P> The club 's third kit is often all - blue , this was most recently the case during the 2014 -- 15 season . Exceptions include a green - and - gold halved shirt worn between 1992 and 1994 , a blue - and - white striped shirt worn during the 1994 -- 95 and 1995 -- 96 seasons and once in 1996 -- 97 , an all - black kit worn during the Treble - winning 1998 -- 99 season , and a white shirt with black - and - red horizontal pinstripes worn between 2003 -- 04 and 2005 -- 06 . From 2006 -- 07 to 2013 -- 14 , the third kit was the previous season 's away kit , albeit updated with the new club sponsor in 2006 -- 07 and 2010 -- 11 , apart from 2008 -- 09 when an all - blue kit was launch to mark the 40th anniversary of the 1967 -- 68 European Cup success . </P> <H3> Kit evolution </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1879 -- 1880 , 1896 -- 1902 </Td> <Td> 1880 -- 1887 </Td> <Td> 1887 -- 1893 </Td> <Td> 1893 -- 1894 </Td> <Td> 1894 -- 1896 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1902 -- 1920 , 1921 -- 1922 , 1927 -- 1934 , 1934 -- 1960 , 1971 -- present </Td> <Td> 1920 -- 1921 , 1963 -- 1971 </Td> <Td> 1922 -- 1927 </Td> <Td> 1934 </Td> <Td> 1960 -- 1963 ( 1997 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Notes </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> ^ Since 1997 this combination is primarily used in domestic competitions and friendlies . </Li> <Li> ^ Since 1997 this combination is primarily used in European and international competitions . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Grounds </H2> Old Trafford after its expansion completed in 2006 <P> Newton Heath initially played on a field on North Road , close to the railway yard ; the original capacity was about 12,000 , but club officials deemed the facilities inadequate for a club hoping to join The Football League . Some expansion took place in 1887 , and in 1891 , Newton Heath used its minimal financial reserves to purchase two grandstands , each able to hold 1,000 spectators . Although attendances were not recorded for many of the earliest matches at North Road , the highest documented attendance was approximately 15,000 for a First Division match against Sunderland on 4 March 1893 . A similar attendance was also recorded for a friendly match against Gorton Villa on 5 September 1889 . </P> <P> In June 1893 , after the club was evicted from North Road by its owners , Manchester Deans and Canons , who felt it was inappropriate for the club to charge an entry fee to the ground , secretary A.H. Albut procured the use of the Bank Street ground in Clayton . It initially had no stands , by the start of the 1893 -- 94 season , two had been built ; one spanning the full length of the pitch on one side and the other behind the goal at the `` Bradford end '' . At the opposite end , the `` Clayton end '' , the ground had been `` built up , thousands thus being provided for '' . Newton Heath 's first league match at Bank Street was played against Burnley on 1 September 1893 , when 10,000 people saw Alf Farman score a hat - trick , Newton Heath 's only goals in a 3 -- 2 win . The remaining stands were completed for the following league game against Nottingham Forest three weeks later . In October 1895 , before the visit of Manchester City , the club purchased a 2,000 - capacity stand from the Broughton Rangers rugby league club , and put up another stand on the `` reserved side '' ( as distinct from the `` popular side '' ) . However , weather restricted the attendance for the Manchester City match to just 12,000 . </P> <P> When the Bank Street ground was temporarily closed by bailiffs in 1902 , club captain Harry Stafford raised enough money to pay for the club 's next away game at Bristol City and found a temporary ground at Harpurhey for the next reserves game against Padiham . Following financial investment , new club president John Henry Davies paid £ 500 for the erection of a new 1,000 - seat stand at Bank Street . Within four years , the stadium had cover on all four sides , as well as the ability to hold approximately 50,000 spectators , some of whom could watch from the viewing gallery atop the Main Stand . </P> <P> However , following Manchester United 's first league title in 1908 and the FA Cup a year later , it was decided that Bank Street was too restrictive for Davies ' ambition ; in February 1909 , six weeks before the club 's first FA Cup title , Old Trafford was named as the home of Manchester United , following the purchase of land for around £ 60,000 . Architect Archibald Leitch was given a budget of £ 30,000 for construction ; original plans called for seating capacity of 100,000 , though budget constraints forced a revision to 77,000 . The building was constructed by Messrs Brameld and Smith of Manchester . The stadium 's record attendance was registered on 25 March 1939 , when an FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town drew 76,962 spectators . </P> <P> Bombing in the Second World War destroyed much of the stadium ; the central tunnel in the South Stand was all that remained of that quarter . After the war , the club received compensation from the War Damage Commission in the amount of £ 22,278 . While reconstruction took place , the team played its `` home '' games at Manchester City 's Maine Road ground ; Manchester United was charged £ 5,000 per year , plus a nominal percentage of gate receipts . Later improvements included the addition of roofs , first to the Stretford End and then to the North and East Stands . The roofs were supported by pillars that obstructed many fans ' views , and they were eventually replaced with a cantilevered structure . The Stretford End was the last stand to receive a cantilevered roof , completed in time for the 1993 -- 94 season . First used on 25 March 1957 and costing £ 40,000 , four 180 - foot ( 55 m ) pylons were erected , each housing 54 individual floodlights . These were dismantled in 1987 and replaced by a lighting system embedded in the roof of each stand , which remains in use today . </P> <P> The Taylor Report 's requirement for an all - seater stadium lowered capacity at Old Trafford to around 44,000 by 1993 . In 1995 , the North Stand was redeveloped into three tiers , restoring capacity to approximately 55,000 . At the end of the 1998 -- 99 season , second tiers were added to the East and West Stands , raising capacity to around 67,000 , and between July 2005 and May 2006 , 8,000 more seats were added via second tiers in the north - west and north - east quadrants . Part of the new seating was used for the first time on 26 March 2006 , when an attendance of 69,070 became a new Premier League record . The record was pushed steadily upwards before reaching its peak on 31 March 2007 , when 76,098 spectators saw Manchester United beat Blackburn Rovers 4 -- 1 , with just 114 seats ( 0.15 per cent of the total capacity of 76,212 ) unoccupied . In 2009 , reorganisation of the seating resulted in a reduction of capacity by 255 to 75,957 . Manchester United has the second highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund . </P> <H2> Support </H2> <P> Manchester United is one of the most popular football clubs in the world , with one of the highest average home attendance in Europe . The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the Manchester United Supporters Club ( MUSC ) , in at least 24 countries . The club takes advantage of this support through its worldwide summer tours . Accountancy firm and sports industry consultants Deloitte estimate that Manchester United has 75 million fans worldwide , while other estimates put this figure closer to 333 million . The club has the third highest social media following in the world among sports teams ( after Barcelona and Real Madrid ) , with over 71 million Facebook fans as of September 2016 . A 2014 study showed that Manchester United had the loudest fans in the Premier League . </P> <P> Supporters are represented by two independent bodies ; the Independent Manchester United Supporters ' Association ( IMUSA ) , which maintains close links to the club through the MUFC Fans Forum , and the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust ( MUST ) . After the Glazer family 's takeover in 2005 , a group of fans formed a splinter club , F.C. United of Manchester . The West Stand of Old Trafford -- the `` Stretford End '' -- is the home end and the traditional source of the club 's most vocal support . </P> <H3> Rivalries </H3> Main articles : Arsenal F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry , Manchester derby , Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry , and Leeds United F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry <P> Manchester United has rivalries with Arsenal , Leeds United , Liverpool , and Manchester City , against whom they contest the Manchester derby . </P> <P> The rivalry with Liverpool is rooted in competition between the cities during the Industrial Revolution when Manchester was famous for its textile industry while Liverpool was a major port . Manchester United and Liverpool are also the two most successful teams in England and , at many points in their history , they have battled each other for the league title ( most recently in the 2008 -- 09 season ) . Their matches are usually considered by the players and their fans as the biggest in any given season . </P> <P> The `` Roses Rivalry '' with Leeds stems from the Wars of the Roses , fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York , with Manchester United representing Lancashire and Leeds representing Yorkshire . </P> <P> The rivalry with Arsenal arises from the numerous times the two teams , as well as managers Alex Ferguson and Arsène Wenger , have battled for the Premier League title . With 33 titles between them ( 20 for Manchester United , 13 for Arsenal ) this fixture has become known as one of the finest Premier League match - ups in history . </P> <H2> Global brand </H2> Aeroflot is an official carrier of the club . <P> Manchester United has been described as a global brand ; a 2011 report by Brand Finance , valued the club 's trademarks and associated intellectual property at £ 412 million -- an increase of £ 39 million on the previous year , valuing it at £ 11 million more than the second best brand , Real Madrid -- and gave the brand a strength rating of AAA ( Extremely Strong ) . In July 2012 , Manchester United was ranked first by Forbes magazine in its list of the ten most valuable sports team brands , valuing the Manchester United brand at $2.23 billion . The club is ranked third in the Deloitte Football Money League ( behind Real Madrid and Barcelona ) . In January 2013 , the club became the first sports team in the world to be valued at $3 billion . Forbes Magazine valued the club at $3.3 billion -- $1.2 billion higher than the next most valuable sports team . They were overtaken by Real Madrid for the next four years , but Manchester United returned to the top of the Forbes list in June 2017 , with a valuation of $3.689 billion . </P> <P> The core strength of Manchester United 's global brand is often attributed to Matt Busby 's rebuilding of the team and subsequent success following the Munich air disaster , which drew worldwide acclaim . The `` iconic '' team included Bobby Charlton and Nobby Stiles ( members of England 's World Cup winning team ) , Denis Law and George Best . The attacking style of play adopted by this team ( in contrast to the defensive - minded `` catenaccio '' approach favoured by the leading Italian teams of the era ) `` captured the imagination of the English footballing public '' . Busby 's team also became associated with the liberalisation of Western society during the 1960s ; George Best , known as the `` Fifth Beatle '' for his iconic haircut , was the first footballer to significantly develop an off - the - field media profile . </P> <P> As the second English football club to float on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club raised significant capital , with which it further developed its commercial strategy . The club 's focus on commercial and sporting success brought significant profits in an industry often characterised by chronic losses . The strength of the Manchester United brand was bolstered by intense off - the - field media attention to individual players , most notably David Beckham ( who quickly developed his own global brand ) . This attention often generates greater interest in on - the - field activities , and hence generates sponsorship opportunities -- the value of which is driven by television exposure . During his time with the club , Beckham 's popularity across Asia was integral to the club 's commercial success in that part of the world . </P> <P> Because higher league placement results in a greater share of television rights , success on the field generates greater income for the club . Since the inception of the Premier League , Manchester United has received the largest share of the revenue generated from the BSkyB broadcasting deal . Manchester United has also consistently enjoyed the highest commercial income of any English club ; in 2005 -- 06 , the club 's commercial arm generated £ 51 million , compared to £ 42.5 million at Chelsea , £ 39.3 million at Liverpool , £ 34 million at Arsenal and £ 27.9 million at Newcastle United . A key sponsorship relationship was with sportswear company Nike , who managed the club 's merchandising operation as part of a £ 303 million 13 - year partnership between 2002 and 2015 . Through Manchester United Finance and the club 's membership scheme , One United , those with an affinity for the club can purchase a range of branded goods and services . Additionally , Manchester United - branded media services -- such as the club 's dedicated television channel , MUTV -- have allowed the club to expand its fan base to those beyond the reach of its Old Trafford stadium . </P> <H3> Sponsorship </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Period </Th> <Th> Kit manufacturer </Th> <Th> Shirt sponsor </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1945 -- 1975 </Td> <Td> Umbro </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1975 -- 1980 </Td> <Td> Admiral </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 -- 1982 </Td> <Td> Adidas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> Sharp Electronics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Umbro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 -- 2002 </Td> <Td> Vodafone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> Nike </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> AIG </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> Aon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Chevrolet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 -- </Td> <Td> Adidas </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In an initial five - year deal worth £ 500,000 , Sharp Electronics became the club 's first shirt sponsor at the beginning of the 1982 -- 83 season , a relationship that lasted until the end of the 1999 -- 2000 season , when Vodafone agreed a four - year , £ 30 million deal . Vodafone agreed to pay £ 36 million to extend the deal by four years , but after two seasons triggered a break clause in order to concentrate on its sponsorship of the Champions League . </P> <P> To commence at the start of the 2006 -- 07 season , American insurance corporation AIG agreed a four - year £ 56.5 million deal which in September 2006 became the most valuable in the world . At the beginning of the 2010 -- 11 season , American reinsurance company Aon became the club 's principal sponsor in a four - year deal reputed to be worth approximately £ 80 million , making it the most lucrative shirt sponsorship deal in football history . Manchester United announced their first training kit sponsor in August 2011 , agreeing a four - year deal with DHL reported to be worth £ 40 million ; it is believed to be the first instance of training kit sponsorship in English football . The DHL contract lasted for over a year before the club bought back the contract in October 2012 , although they remained the club 's official logistics partner . The contract for the training kit sponsorship was then sold to Aon in April 2013 for a deal worth £ 180 million over eight years , which also included purchasing the naming rights for the Trafford Training Centre . </P> <P> The club 's first kit manufacturer was Umbro , until a five - year deal was agreed with Admiral Sportswear in 1975 . Adidas received the contract in 1980 , before Umbro started a second spell in 1992 . Umbro 's sponsorship lasted for ten years , followed by Nike 's record - breaking £ 302.9 million deal that lasted until 2015 ; 3.8 million replica shirts were sold in the first 22 months with the company . In addition to Nike and Chevrolet , the club also has several lower - level `` platinum '' sponsors , including Aon and Budweiser . </P> <P> On 30 July 2012 , United signed a seven - year deal with American automotive corporation General Motors , which replaced Aon as the shirt sponsor from the 2014 -- 15 season . The new $80 m-a - year shirt deal is worth $559 m over seven years and features the logo of General Motors brand Chevrolet . Nike announced that they would not renew their kit supply deal with Manchester United after the 2014 -- 15 season , citing rising costs . Since the start of the 2015 -- 16 season , Adidas has manufactured Manchester United 's kit as part of a world - record 10 - year deal worth a minimum of £ 750 million . </P> <H2> Ownership and finances </H2> See also : Glazer ownership of Manchester United <P> Originally funded by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company , the club became a limited company in 1892 and sold shares to local supporters for £ 1 via an application form . In 1902 , majority ownership passed to the four local businessmen who invested £ 500 to save the club from bankruptcy , including future club president John Henry Davies . After his death in 1927 , the club faced bankruptcy yet again , but was saved in December 1931 by James W. Gibson , who assumed control of the club after an investment of £ 2,000 . Gibson promoted his son , Alan , to the board in 1948 , but died three years later ; the Gibson family retained ownership of the club through James ' wife , Lillian , but the position of chairman passed to former player Harold Hardman . </P> <P> Promoted to the board a few days after the Munich air disaster , Louis Edwards , a friend of Matt Busby , began acquiring shares in the club ; for an investment of approximately £ 40,000 , he accumulated a 54 per cent shareholding and took control in January 1964 . When Lillian Gibson died in January 1971 , her shares passed to Alan Gibson who sold a percentage of his shares to Louis Edwards ' son , Martin , in 1978 ; Martin Edwards went on to become chairman upon his father 's death in 1980 . Media tycoon Robert Maxwell attempted to buy the club in 1984 , but did not meet Edwards ' asking price . In 1989 , chairman Martin Edwards attempted to sell the club to Michael Knighton for £ 20 million , but the sale fell through and Knighton joined the board of directors instead . </P> <P> Manchester United was floated on the stock market in June 1991 ( raising £ 6.7 million ) , and received yet another takeover bid in 1998 , this time from Rupert Murdoch 's British Sky Broadcasting Corporation . This resulted in the formation of Shareholders United Against Murdoch -- now the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust -- who encouraged supporters to buy shares in the club in an attempt to block any hostile takeover . The Manchester United board accepted a £ 623 million offer , but the takeover was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission at the final hurdle in April 1999 . A few years later , a power struggle emerged between the club 's manager , Alex Ferguson , and his horse - racing partners , John Magnier and J.P. McManus , who had gradually become the majority shareholders . In a dispute that stemmed from contested ownership of the horse Rock of Gibraltar , Magnier and McManus attempted to have Ferguson removed from his position as manager , and the board responded by approaching investors to attempt to reduce the Irishmen 's majority . </P> <P> In May 2005 , Malcolm Glazer purchased the 28.7 per cent stake held by McManus and Magnier , thus acquiring a controlling interest through his investment vehicle Red Football Ltd in a highly leveraged takeover valuing the club at approximately £ 800 million ( then approx . $1.5 billion ) . Once the purchase was complete , the club was taken off the stock exchange . In July 2006 , the club announced a £ 660 million debt refinancing package , resulting in a 30 per cent reduction in annual interest payments to £ 62 million a year . In January 2010 , with debts of £ 716.5 million ( $1.17 billion ) , Manchester United further refinanced through a bond issue worth £ 504 million , enabling them to pay off most of the £ 509 million owed to international banks . The annual interest payable on the bonds -- which mature on 1 February 2017 -- is approximately £ 45 million per annum . Despite restructuring , the club 's debt prompted protests from fans on 23 January 2010 , at Old Trafford and the club 's Trafford Training Centre . Supporter groups encouraged match - going fans to wear green and gold , the colours of Newton Heath . On 30 January , reports emerged that the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust had held meetings with a group of wealthy fans , dubbed the `` Red Knights '' , with plans to buying out the Glazers ' controlling interest . </P> <P> In August 2011 , the Glazers were believed to have approached Credit Suisse in preparation for a $1 billion ( approx. £ 600 million ) initial public offering ( IPO ) on the Singapore stock exchange that would value the club at more than £ 2 billion . However , in July 2012 , the club announced plans to list its IPO on the New York Stock Exchange instead . Shares were originally set to go on sale for between $16 and $20 each , but the price was cut to $14 by the launch of the IPO on 10 August , following negative comments from Wall Street analysts and Facebook 's disappointing stock market debut in May . Even after the cut , Manchester United was valued at $2.3 billion , making it the most valuable football club in the world . </P> <H2> Players </H2> <H3> First - team squad </H3> <Dl> <Dd> As of 22 March 2018 </Dd> </Dl> <P> Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Player </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> GK </Td> <Td> David de Gea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Victor Lindelöf </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Eric Bailly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Phil Jones </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Marcos Rojo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Paul Pogba </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> Alexis Sánchez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Juan Mata </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> Romelu Lukaku </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> Anthony Martial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Chris Smalling </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Jesse Lingard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Michael Carrick ( captain ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Player </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Daley Blind </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Ashley Young </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> Marcus Rashford </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> GK </Td> <Td> Sergio Romero </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Ander Herrera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Luke Shaw </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Antonio Valencia ( vice-captain ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Marouane Fellaini </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Nemanja Matić </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Matteo Darmian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Scott McTominay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> GK </Td> <Td> Joel Castro Pereira </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Cameron Borthwick - Jackson </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Out on loan <P> Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Player </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> Andreas Pereira ( at Valencia until 30 June 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Timothy Fosu - Mensah ( at Crystal Palace until 30 June 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Player </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> GK </Td> <Td> Sam Johnstone ( at Aston Villa until 30 June 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> Axel Tuanzebe ( at Aston Villa until 30 June 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Reserves and academy </H3> Further information : Manchester United F.C. Reserves and Academy <H3> Former players </H3> Further information : List of Manchester United F.C. players and Category : Manchester United F.C. players <H3> Club captains </H3> Further information : List of Manchester United F.C. players § Club captains <H3> Player records </H3> Further information : List of Manchester United F.C. records and statistics <H3> Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year </H3> Further information : Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year <H2> Club officials </H2> <Ul> <Li> Owner : Glazer family via Red Football Shareholder Limited </Li> <Li> Honorary president : Martin Edwards </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Manchester United Limited </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Co-chairmen : Avram Glazer and Joel Glazer </Li> <Li> Executive vice chairman : Ed Woodward </Li> <Li> Group managing director : Richard Arnold </Li> <Li> Chief financial officer : Cliff Baty </Li> <Li> Non-executive directors : Bryan Glazer , Kevin Glazer , Edward Glazer , Darcie Glazer Kassewitz , Robert Leitão , John Hooks and Manu Sawhney </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Manchester United Football Club </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Directors : David Gill , Michael Edelson , Sir Bobby Charlton , Sir Alex Ferguson </Li> <Li> Club secretary : John Alexander </Li> <Li> Club ambassadors : Andy Cole , Gary Neville , Bryan Robson , Peter Schmeichel , Bobby Charlton , Alex Ferguson , Park Ji - sung , Dwight Yorke , Nemanja Vidić </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Senior club staff </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Director of Group Operations : Alan Dawson MBE </Li> <Li> Director of Communications : Phil Townsend </Li> <Li> Director of Legal and Business Affairs : Patrick Stewart </Li> <Li> Director of Finance and IT : Steve Deaville </Li> <Li> Director of Venue : David French </Li> <Li> Director of Partnerships : Sean Jefferson </Li> <Li> CEO of Media : Phil Lynch </Li> <Li> Ticket office manager : Sam Kelleher </Li> <Li> Safety officer : Charlie Coxon </Li> <Li> Stadium manager : Ian Collins </Li> <Li> Grounds manager : Anthony Sinclair </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Coaching staff </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Manager : José Mourinho </Li> <Li> Assistant manager : Rui Faria </Li> <Li> Coach : Silvino Louro </Li> <Li> Coach : Ricardo Formosinho </Li> <Li> Goalkeeping coach : Emilio Alvarez </Li> <Li> Fitness coach : Carlos Lalin </Li> <Li> Tactical analyst : Giovanni Cerra </Li> <Li> Head of first - team development : John Murtough </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Scouting Staff </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Chief scout : Jim Lawlor </Li> <Li> Head of global scouting : Marcel Bout </Li> <Li> Scouts : Gerado Guzmán , Sandro Orlandelli , Tommy Møller Nielsen , Javier Ribalta </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Academy coaching staff </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Director of youth academy : Nicky Butt </Li> <Li> Academy operations manager : Nick Cox </Li> <Li> Under - 23 manager : Ricky Sbragia </Li> <Li> Under - 23s team assistant manager : Tommy Martin </Li> <Li> Under - 18 head coach : Kieran McKenna </Li> <Li> Under - 18s coach : John Cooke </Li> <Li> Under - 18s coach : Colin Little </Li> <Li> Head of Academy Coaching : Tony Whelan </Li> <Li> Under - 16 Head Coach : Neil Ryan </Li> <Li> Under - 12 - 14 Head Coach : Hasney Aljofree </Li> <Li> Under 12s Head Coach : Lee Unsworth </Li> <Li> Under 10s Head Coach : Eamon Mulvey </Li> <Li> Under 9s Head Coach : Eddie Leach </Li> <Li> Academy goalkeeping coach : Alan Fettis </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Medical and sports science staff </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Head of sports medicine and science / club doctor : Dr. Steve McNally </Li> <Li> Assistant club doctor : Dr. Tony Gill </Li> <Li> Head first - team physiotherapist : Richard Merron </Li> <Li> Assistant first team physiotherapist : Jon Picot </Li> <Li> Head of academy physiotherapy : Neil Hough </Li> <Li> Senior academy physiotherapist : Mandy Johnson </Li> <Li> Academy physiotherapist : John Davin </Li> <Li> Masseurs : Gary Armer , Rod Thornley and Andy Caveney </Li> <Li> Club dietician : Trevor Lea </Li> <Li> Head of performance : Tony Strudwick </Li> <Li> Head of strength and conditioning : Dr. Gary Walker </Li> <Li> Head of human performance : Dr. Richard Hawkins </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Managerial history </H3> Main article : List of Manchester United F.C. managers <Table> <Tr> <Th> Dates </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1878 -- 1892 </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1892 -- 1900 </Td> <Td> A.H. Albut </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1900 -- 1903 </Td> <Td> James West </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1903 -- 1912 </Td> <Td> Ernest Mangnall </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1912 -- 1914 </Td> <Td> John Bentley </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1914 -- 1921 </Td> <Td> Jack Robson </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1921 -- 1926 </Td> <Td> John Chapman </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1926 -- 1927 </Td> <Td> Lal Hilditch </Td> <Td> Player - manager </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1927 -- 1931 </Td> <Td> Herbert Bamlett </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1931 -- 1932 </Td> <Td> Walter Crickmer </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1932 -- 1937 </Td> <Td> Scott Duncan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1937 -- 1945 </Td> <Td> Walter Crickmer </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1945 -- 1969 </Td> <Td> Matt Busby </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 -- 1970 </Td> <Td> Wilf McGuinness </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 -- 1971 </Td> <Td> Matt Busby </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 -- 1972 </Td> <Td> Frank O'Farrell </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 -- 1977 </Td> <Td> Tommy Docherty </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 -- 1981 </Td> <Td> Dave Sexton </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> Ron Atkinson </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 -- 2013 </Td> <Td> Alex Ferguson </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> David Moyes </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Ryan Giggs </Td> <Td> Interim player - manager </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> Louis van Gaal </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 -- </Td> <Td> José Mourinho </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Honours </H2> Winners ' and runners - up medals from Manchester United 's UEFA Champions League final appearances in 2008 , 2009 and 2011 <P> Manchester United are one of the most successful clubs in Europe . The club 's first trophy was the Manchester Cup , which it won as Newton Heath LYR in 1886 . In 1908 , the club won its first league title , and won the FA Cup for the first time the following year . Manchester United won the most trophies in the 1990s ; five league titles , four FA Cups , one League Cup , five Charity Shields ( one shared ) , one UEFA Champions League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup and one Intercontinental Cup . </P> <P> The club holds the record for most top - division titles ( 20 ) -- including a record 13 Premier League titles -- and FA Community Shields ( 21 ) . It was also the first English club to win the European Cup in 1968 , and , as of 2017 , is the only British club to have won the Club World Cup , in 2008 . United also became the sole British club to win the Intercontinental Cup , in 1999 . The club 's most recent trophy came in May 2017 , with the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League . </P> <P> In winning the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League , United became the fifth club in history to have won the `` European Treble '' of European Cup / UEFA Champions League , European Cup Winners ' Cup / UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , and UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League after Juventus , Ajax , Bayern Munich and Chelsea . </P> <H3> Domestic </H3> League <Ul> <Li> First Division / Premier League <Ul> <Li> Winners ( 20 ) : 1907 -- 08 , 1910 -- 11 , 1951 -- 52 , 1955 -- 56 , 1956 -- 57 , 1964 -- 65 , 1966 -- 67 , 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 ( record ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Second Division <Ul> <Li> Winners ( 2 ) : 1935 -- 36 , 1974 -- 75 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> Cups <Ul> <Li> FA Cup <Ul> <Li> Winners ( 12 ) : 1908 -- 09 , 1947 -- 48 , 1962 -- 63 , 1976 -- 77 , 1982 -- 83 , 1984 -- 85 , 1989 -- 90 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2015 -- 16 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Football League Cup <Ul> <Li> Winners ( 5 ) : 1991 -- 92 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2016 -- 17 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> FA Charity / Community Shield <Ul> <Li> Winners ( 21 ) : 1908 , 1911 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1965 * , 1967 * , 1977 * , 1983 , 1990 * , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 ( * shared ) ( record ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> European </H3> <Ul> <Li> European Cup / UEFA Champions League <Ul> <Li> Winners ( 3 ) : 1967 -- 68 , 1998 -- 99 , 2007 -- 08 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> European Cup Winners ' Cup <Ul> <Li> Winners ( 1 ) : 1990 -- 91 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> UEFA Europa League <Ul> <Li> Winners ( 1 ) : 2016 -- 17 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> European Super Cup <Ul> <Li> Winners ( 1 ) : 1991 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Worldwide </H3> <Ul> <Li> Intercontinental Cup <Ul> <Li> Winners ( 1 ) : 1999 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> FIFA Club World Cup <Ul> <Li> Winners ( 1 ) : 2008 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Doubles and trebles </H3> <Ul> <Li> Doubles <Ul> <Li> League and FA Cup : 2 <Ul> <Li> 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> European Double ( League and European Cup ) : 1 <Ul> <Li> 2007 -- 08 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> League and League Cup : 1 <Ul> <Li> 2008 -- 09 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> League Cup and Europa League : 1 <Ul> <Li> 2016 -- 17 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Trebles <Ul> <Li> Continental Treble ( League , FA Cup and European Cup ) : 1 <Ul> <Li> 1998 -- 99 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> Especially short competitions such as the Charity / Community Shield , Intercontinental Cup ( now defunct ) , FIFA Club World Cup or UEFA Super Cup are not generally considered to contribute towards a Double or Treble . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Book : Manchester United F.C. </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> List of Manchester United F.C. records and statistics </Li> <Li> List of Manchester United F.C. players </Li> <Li> List of Manchester United F.C. seasons </Li> <Li> List of Manchester United F.C. managers </Li> <Li> Manchester derby </Li> <Li> Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Association football portal </Li> <Li> English football portal </Li> <Li> Greater Manchester portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> Footnotes </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sources are divided on the exact date of the meeting and subsequent name change . Whilst official club sources claim that it occurred on 26 April , the meeting was reported by the Manchester Evening Chronicle in its edition of 25 April , suggesting it was indeed on 24 April . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Upon its formation in 1992 , the Premier League became the top tier of English football ; the First and Second Divisions then became the second and third tiers , respectively . The First Division is now known as the Football League Championship and the Second Division is now known as Football League One . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Premier League Handbook Season 2015 / 16 '' ( PDF ) . Premier League . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Manchester United -- Stadium '' ( PDF ) . premierleague.com . Premier League . 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Retrieved 1 March 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 16 May 2009 ) . `` Man Utd 0 -- 0 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 12 June 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo transfer : World - record deal shows football is booming , says Sepp Blatter '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rooney the hero as United overcome Villa '' . ESPNsoccernet. 28 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2010 . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone , Simon ( 14 May 2011 ) . `` Manchester United clinch record 19th English title '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How Manchester United won the 2012 -- 13 Barclays Premier League '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 22 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2013 . 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Retrieved 16 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid becomes the first sports team in the world to generate € 400m in revenues as it tops Deloitte Football Money League '' . Deloitte . 2 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike ( 27 January 2013 ) . `` Manchester United Becomes First Team Valued At $3 Billion '' . Forbes . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike ( 6 June 2017 ) . `` The World 's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 116 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 124 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 121 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beckham fever grips Japan '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 18 June 2003 . 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Retrieved 22 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Manchester United unveils two new commercial deals '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Manchester United buy back training kit sponsorship rights from DHL '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . 26 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 7 April 2013 ) . `` Manchester United to sign £ 180m Aon deal to change name of Carrington training base '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Admiral : Heritage '' . Admiral Sportswear . Archived from the original on 28 February 2009 . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Devlin ( 2005 ) , p. 149 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Devlin ( 2005 ) , p. 148 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 127 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Man Utd in £ 300m Nike deal '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 3 November 2000 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wachman , Richard ( 24 April 2010 ) . `` Manchester United fans call on corporate sponsors to back fight against Glazers '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edgecliffe , Andrew ( 4 August 2012 ) . `` GM in record Man Utd sponsorship deal '' . FT.com . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chevrolet signs seven year deal '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 30 July 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Premier League : Sportswear giants Nike to end Manchester United sponsorship '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bray , Chad ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Nike and Manchester United Set to End Equipment Partnership '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Manchester United sign record 10 - year kit deal with Adidas worth £ 750m '' . theguardian.com . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ De Menezes , Jack ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Manchester United and adidas announce record £ 75m - per - year deal after Nike pull out '' . independent.co.uk . Independent Print . Archived from the original on 1 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crick & Smith ( 1990 ) , p. 181 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crick & Smith ( 1990 ) , p. 92 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White , Jim ( 2008 ) , p. 92 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dobson & Goddard ( 2004 ) , p. 190 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 1989 : Man U sold in record takeover deal '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 18 August 1989 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dobson & Goddard ( 2004 ) , p. 191 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bose ( 2007 ) , p. 157 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bose ( 2007 ) , p. 175 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bose ( 2007 ) , pp. 234 -- 235 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Glazer Man Utd stake exceeds 75 % '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 16 May 2005 . Retrieved 11 August 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Glazer gets 98 % of Man Utd shares '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 23 June 2005 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Glazers Tighten Grip On United With Debt Refinancing '' . The Political Economy of Football . 8 July 2006 . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Manchester United reveal refinancing plans '' . RTÉ ( Raidió Teilifís Éireann ) . 18 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2010 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Manchester United debt hits £ 716m '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 20 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Manchester United to raise £ 500m '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 11 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilson , Bill ( 22 January 2010 ) . `` Manchester United raise £ 504m in bond issue '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hughes , Ian ( 23 January 2010 ) . `` Man Utd 4 -- 0 Hull '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister Gordon Brown warns football over debts '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 25 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hassan , Nabil ; Roan , Dan ( 30 January 2010 ) . `` Wealthy Man Utd fans approach broker about takeover '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 4 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 16 August 2011 ) . `` Manchester United eyes a partial flotation on Singapore stock exchange '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1Hrishikesh , Sharanya ; Pandey , Ashutosh ( 3 July 2012 ) . `` Manchester United picks NYSE for U.S. public offering '' . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rushe , Dominic ( 10 August 2012 ) . `` Manchester United IPO : share prices cut before US stock market flotation '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Players and Staff - First Team '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Froggatt , Mark ( 2 September 2017 ) . `` Pereira joins Valencia on season - long loan '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fosu - Mensah joins Crystal Palace on loan '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 14 July 2017 ) . `` Johnstone to spend season at Villa '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.manutd.com/en/News-And-Features/Football-News/2018/Jan/Manchester-United-defender-Axel-Tuanzebe-joins-Aston-Villa-on-loan-for-the-rest-of-the-season.aspx </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Red Football Shareholder Limited : Group of companies ' accounts made up to 30 June 2009 . Downloaded from Companies House UK </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gardner , Neil ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` Martin Edwards voices concerns over Manchester United 's future '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers . Retrieved 11 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Board of Directors '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Manchester United appoints Cliff Baty as Chief Financial Officer '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 26 October 2015 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sale , Charles ( 21 May 2013 ) . `` Fergie lands £ 100k - a-day deal as United ambassador ... with help from son who champions once vowed never to work with '' . Mail Online . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reds ' new Club Secretary '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 20 December 2009 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tuck , James ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Cole enjoying club role '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nev 's new role '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 8 April 2011 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Manchester United appoint Bryan Robson as global ambassador '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers. 20 March 2008 . Retrieved 11 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New role for Schmeichel '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 27 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Sir Alex Ferguson earned more than £ 2m in eight months for £ 100,000 - a-day Manchester United ambassador role and David Moyes was handed pay - off of almost £ 5m '' . Daily Mail . 26 January 2015 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Park Ji - sung appointed Manchester United club ambassador as retired South Korean returns to Old Trafford for Everton clash '' . Daily Mail . 2 October 2014 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Former Manchester United striker Dwight Yorke denied entry to the United States '' . The Independent . 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nemanja Vidic returns to Manchester United in an ambassadorial role '' . The Independent . 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Club Directory : Manchester United Football Club Limited '' . Premier League . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho : Man Utd confirm former Chelsea boss as new manager '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 27 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Marshall , Adam ( 7 July 2016 ) . `` Mourinho 's coaching team confirmed '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why Manchester United will not appoint a director of football '' . manchestereveningnews.co.uk . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Interview : Jim Lawlor '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Manchester United name Marcel Bout as head of global scouting for transfer policy '' . manchestereveningnews.co.uk . MEN Media . 6 October 2016 . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AS , Diario ( 31 August 2016 ) . `` Mourinho signs Atlético Madrid 's chief scout Gerardo Guzmán '' . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Manchester United boss Jose Mourinho hires Brazilian scout Sandro Orlandelli '' . ibtimes.co.uk . IB Times . 26 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Manchester United kick off massive overhaul of scouting department by bringing in former Rangers coach Tommy Moller Nielsen '' . dailymail.co.uk . Daily Mail . 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Manchester United sign Juventus scout Javier Ribalta to boost transfer search '' . Manchester Evening News . 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nicky Butt appointed head of academy '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Archived from the original on 16 February 2016 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United Appoint Ricky Sbragia '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 1 September 2016 ) . `` McKenna appointed United Under 18s coach '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bartram , Steve ( 5 November 2015 ) . `` United provide a higher education '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 28 July 2014 ) . `` Keeper focus : Joel Pereira '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reds appoint new club doctor '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 4 July 2006 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Man Utd stars given home comforts by Jose Mourinho '' . 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Neil Hough takes up Academy role '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Club confirm new responsibilities for Strudwick '' . www.ManUtd.com . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shergold , Adam ( 15 July 2013 ) . `` United 's coaches get tough in training as De Gea and Van Persie return ... so it 's no wonder they needed a sit down afterwards ! '' . Mail Online . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Coaching Staff : Richard Hawkins '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Archived from the original on 9 December 2010 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , pp. 54 -- 57 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bloomfield , Craig ( 13 August 2015 ) . `` Which club has won the most trophies in Europe ? The most successful clubs from the best leagues revealed '' . talkSPORT . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shury & Landamore ( 2005 ) , p. 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Manchester United win the UEFA Europa League '' . manutd.com. 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Europa League final : Manchester United on the brink of unique achievement no other English club could ever match '' . talkSPORT. 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 20 May 2010 ) . `` Treble treble : The teams that won the treble '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Andrews , David L. , ed. ( 2004 ) . Manchester United : A Thematic Study . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 33333 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Barnes , Justyn ; Bostock , Adam ; Butler , Cliff ; Ferguson , Jim ; Meek , David ; Mitten , Andy ; Pilger , Sam ; Taylor , Frank OBE ; Tyrrell , Tom ( 2001 ) ( 1998 ) . The Official Manchester United Illustrated Encyclopedia ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Manchester United Books . ISBN 0 - 233 - 99964 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Bose , Mihir ( 2007 ) . Manchester Disunited : Trouble and Takeover at the World 's Richest Football Club . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 1 - 84513 - 121 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Crick , Michael ; Smith , David ( 1990 ) . Manchester United -- The Betrayal of a Legend . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 31440 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Devlin , John ( 2005 ) . True Colours : Football Kits from 1980 to the Present Day . London : A & C Black . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 7389 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Dobson , Stephen ; Goddard , John ( 2004 ) . `` Ownership and Finance of Professional Soccer in England and Europe '' . In Fort , Rodney ; Fizel , John . International Sports Economics Comparisons . Westport , CT : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98032 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Dunning , Eric ( 1999 ) . Sport Matters : Sociological Studies of Sport , Violence and Civilisation . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09378 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Hamil , Sean ( 2008 ) . `` Case 9 : Manchester United : the Commercial Development of a Global Football Brand '' . In Chadwick , Simon ; Arth , Dave . International Cases in the Business of Sport . Oxford : Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8543 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Inglis , Simon ( 1996 ) ( 1985 ) . Football Grounds of Britain ( 3rd ed . ) . London : CollinsWillow . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218426 - 5 . </Li> <Li> James , Gary ( 2008 ) . Manchester : A Football History . Halifax : James Ward . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9558127 - 0 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Morgan , Steve ( March 2010 ) . McLeish , Ian , ed . `` Design for life '' . Inside United . Haymarket Network ( 212 ) . ISSN 1749 - 6497 . </Li> <Li> Murphy , Alex ( 2006 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United . London : Orion Books . ISBN 0 - 7528 - 7603 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Rollin , Glenda ; Rollin , Jack . Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2008 -- 2009 . London : Headline Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1820 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Shury , Alan ; Landamore , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Definitive Newton Heath F.C . SoccerData . ISBN 1 - 899468 - 16 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Tyrrell , Tom ; Meek , David ( 1996 ) ( 1988 ) . The Hamlyn Illustrated History of Manchester United 1878 -- 1996 ( 5th ed . ) . London : Hamlyn . ISBN 0 - 600 - 59074 - 7 . </Li> <Li> White , Jim ( 2008 ) . Manchester United : The Biography . London : Sphere . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84744 - 088 - 4 . </Li> <Li> White , John ( 2007 ) ( 2005 ) . The United Miscellany ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Carlton Books . 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Blackburn Rovers </Li> <Li> Blackpool </Li> <Li> Bolton Wanderers </Li> <Li> Bradford City </Li> <Li> Cardiff City </Li> <Li> Charlton Athletic </Li> <Li> Coventry City </Li> <Li> Derby County </Li> <Li> Fulham </Li> <Li> Hull City </Li> <Li> Ipswich Town </Li> <Li> Leeds United </Li> <Li> Middlesbrough </Li> <Li> Norwich City </Li> <Li> Nottingham Forest </Li> <Li> Oldham Athletic </Li> <Li> Portsmouth </Li> <Li> Queens Park Rangers </Li> <Li> Reading </Li> <Li> Sheffield United </Li> <Li> Sheffield Wednesday </Li> <Li> Sunderland </Li> <Li> Swindon Town </Li> <Li> Wigan Athletic </Li> <Li> Wimbledon ( defunct ) </Li> <Li> Wolverhampton Wanderers ( returning in 2018 - 19 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Competition </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Teams <Ul> <Li> winners </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Players <Ul> <Li> foreign </Li> <Li> foreign scorers </Li> <Li> winners </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Managers <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Stadia </Li> <Li> Founding </Li> <Li> Broadcasting foundation </Li> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> <Li> Referees </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Statistics and awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> All - time table </Li> <Li> Hat - tricks </Li> <Li> Highest scores </Li> <Li> Golden Boot </Li> <Li> Golden Glove </Li> <Li> Manager of the Season </Li> <Li> Player of the Season </Li> <Li> Manager of the Month </Li> <Li> Player of the Month </Li> <Li> Goal of the Month </Li> <Li> Players with 500 + appearances </Li> <Li> Players with 100 + goals </Li> <Li> Top scorers by season </Li> <Li> Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets </Li> <Li> 10 Seasons Awards </Li> <Li> 20 Seasons Awards </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finances </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Richest clubs : <Ul> <Li> Deloitte list </Li> <Li> Forbes ' list </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Team owners </Li> <Li> Transfer records </Li> <Li> Game 39 </Li> <Li> Premier League -- Football League gulf </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Associated competitions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Asia Trophy </Li> <Li> FA Community Shield </Li> <Li> FA Cup </Li> <Li> EFL Cup </Li> <Li> UEFA Champions League </Li> <Li> UEFA Europa League </Li> <Li> Premier League 2 </Li> <Li> U18 Premier League </Li> <Li> Premier League International Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Former members of the G - 14 ( 2000 -- 2008 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000 -- 2008 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ajax </Li> <Li> Barcelona </Li> <Li> Bayern Munich </Li> <Li> Borussia Dortmund </Li> <Li> Internazionale </Li> <Li> Juventus </Li> <Li> Liverpool </Li> <Li> Manchester United </Li> <Li> Marseille </Li> <Li> Milan </Li> <Li> Paris Saint - Germain </Li> <Li> Porto </Li> <Li> PSV Eindhoven </Li> <Li> Real Madrid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2002 -- 2008 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arsenal </Li> <Li> Bayer Leverkusen </Li> <Li> Lyon </Li> <Li> Valencia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Founding members of the ECA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Ajax </Li> <Li> Anderlecht </Li> <Li> Barcelona </Li> <Li> Bayern Munich </Li> <Li> Birkirkara </Li> <Li> Chelsea </Li> <Li> Copenhagen </Li> <Li> Dinamo Zagreb </Li> <Li> Juventus </Li> <Li> Olympique Lyonnais </Li> <Li> Manchester United </Li> <Li> Milan </Li> <Li> Olympiacos </Li> <Li> Porto </Li> <Li> Rangers </Li> <Li> Real Madrid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> European Cup and UEFA Champions League winners </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> European Cup </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1950s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1955 -- 56 : Real Madrid </Li> <Li> 1956 -- 57 : Real Madrid </Li> <Li> 1957 -- 58 : Real Madrid </Li> <Li> 1958 -- 59 : Real Madrid </Li> <Li> 1959 -- 60 : Real Madrid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960 -- 61 : Benfica </Li> <Li> 1961 -- 62 : Benfica </Li> <Li> 1962 -- 63 : Milan </Li> <Li> 1963 -- 64 : Internazionale </Li> <Li> 1964 -- 65 : Internazionale </Li> <Li> 1965 -- 66 : Real Madrid </Li> <Li> 1966 -- 67 : Celtic </Li> <Li> 1967 -- 68 : Manchester United </Li> <Li> 1968 -- 69 : Milan </Li> <Li> 1969 -- 70 : Feyenoord </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1970 -- 71 : Ajax </Li> <Li> 1971 -- 72 : Ajax </Li> <Li> 1972 -- 73 : Ajax </Li> <Li> 1973 -- 74 : Bayern Munich </Li> <Li> 1974 -- 75 : Bayern Munich </Li> <Li> 1975 -- 76 : Bayern Munich </Li> <Li> 1976 -- 77 : Liverpool </Li> <Li> 1977 -- 78 : Liverpool </Li> <Li> 1978 -- 79 : Nottingham Forest </Li> <Li> 1979 -- 80 : Nottingham Forest </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1980 -- 81 : Liverpool </Li> <Li> 1981 -- 82 : Aston Villa </Li> <Li> 1982 -- 83 : Hamburg </Li> <Li> 1983 -- 84 : Liverpool </Li> <Li> 1984 -- 85 : Juventus </Li> <Li> 1985 -- 86 : Steaua București </Li> <Li> 1986 -- 87 : Porto </Li> <Li> 1987 -- 88 : PSV </Li> <Li> 1988 -- 89 : Milan </Li> <Li> 1989 -- 90 : Milan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1990 -- 91 : Red Star Belgrade </Li> <Li> 1991 -- 92 : Barcelona </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UEFA Champions League </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1992 -- 93 : Marseille </Li> <Li> 1993 -- 94 : Milan </Li> <Li> 1994 -- 95 : Ajax </Li> <Li> 1995 -- 96 : Juventus </Li> <Li> 1996 -- 97 : Borussia Dortmund </Li> <Li> 1997 -- 98 : Real Madrid </Li> <Li> 1998 -- 99 : Manchester United </Li> <Li> 1999 -- 2000 : Real Madrid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2000 -- 01 : Bayern Munich </Li> <Li> 2001 -- 02 : Real Madrid </Li> <Li> 2002 -- 03 : Milan </Li> <Li> 2003 -- 04 : Porto </Li> <Li> 2004 -- 05 : Liverpool </Li> <Li> 2005 -- 06 : Barcelona </Li> <Li> 2006 -- 07 : Milan </Li> <Li> 2007 -- 08 : Manchester United </Li> <Li> 2008 -- 09 : Barcelona </Li> <Li> 2009 -- 10 : Internazionale </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2010 -- 11 : Barcelona </Li> <Li> 2011 -- 12 : Chelsea </Li> <Li> 2012 -- 13 : Bayern Munich </Li> <Li> 2013 -- 14 : Real Madrid </Li> <Li> 2014 -- 15 : Barcelona </Li> <Li> 2015 -- 16 : Real Madrid </Li> <Li> 2016 -- 17 : Real Madrid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Finals </Li> <Li> Winning managers </Li> <Li> Winning players </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UEFA Cup and UEFA Europa League winners </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UEFA Cup </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1971 -- 72 : Tottenham Hotspur </Li> <Li> 1972 -- 73 : Liverpool </Li> <Li> 1973 -- 74 : Feyenoord </Li> <Li> 1974 -- 75 : Borussia Mönchengladbach </Li> <Li> 1975 -- 76 : Liverpool </Li> <Li> 1976 -- 77 : Juventus </Li> <Li> 1977 -- 78 : PSV </Li> <Li> 1978 -- 79 : Borussia Mönchengladbach </Li> <Li> 1979 -- 80 : Eintracht Frankfurt </Li> <Li> 1980 -- 81 : Ipswich Town </Li> <Li> 1981 -- 82 : IFK Göteborg </Li> <Li> 1982 -- 83 : Anderlecht </Li> <Li> 1983 -- 84 : Tottenham Hotspur </Li> <Li> 1984 -- 85 : Real Madrid </Li> <Li> 1985 -- 86 : Real Madrid </Li> <Li> 1986 -- 87 : IFK Göteborg </Li> <Li> 1987 -- 88 : Bayer Leverkusen </Li> <Li> 1988 -- 89 : Napoli </Li> <Li> 1989 -- 90 : Juventus </Li> <Li> 1990 -- 91 : Internazionale </Li> <Li> 1991 -- 92 : Ajax </Li> <Li> 1992 -- 93 : Juventus </Li> <Li> 1993 -- 94 : Internazionale </Li> <Li> 1994 -- 95 : Parma </Li> <Li> 1995 -- 96 : Bayern Munich </Li> <Li> 1996 -- 97 : Schalke 04 </Li> <Li> 1997 -- 98 : Internazionale </Li> <Li> 1998 -- 99 : Parma </Li> <Li> 1999 -- 2000 : Galatasaray </Li> <Li> 2000 -- 01 : Liverpool </Li> <Li> 2001 -- 02 : Feyenoord </Li> <Li> 2002 -- 03 : Porto </Li> <Li> 2003 -- 04 : Valencia </Li> <Li> 2004 -- 05 : CSKA Moscow </Li> <Li> 2005 -- 06 : Sevilla </Li> <Li> 2006 -- 07 : Sevilla </Li> <Li> 2007 -- 08 : Zenit St. Petersburg </Li> <Li> 2008 -- 09 : Shakhtar Donetsk </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UEFA Europa League </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2009 -- 10 : Atlético Madrid </Li> <Li> 2010 -- 11 : Porto </Li> <Li> 2011 -- 12 : Atlético Madrid </Li> <Li> 2012 -- 13 : Chelsea </Li> <Li> 2013 -- 14 : Sevilla </Li> <Li> 2014 -- 15 : Sevilla </Li> <Li> 2015 -- 16 : Sevilla </Li> <Li> 2016 -- 17 : Manchester United </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup winners </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winners </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960 -- 61 : Fiorentina </Li> <Li> 1961 -- 62 : Atlético Madrid </Li> <Li> 1962 -- 63 : Tottenham Hotspur </Li> <Li> 1963 -- 64 : Sporting CP </Li> <Li> 1964 -- 65 : West Ham United </Li> <Li> 1965 -- 66 : Borussia Dortmund </Li> <Li> 1966 -- 67 : Bayern Munich </Li> <Li> 1967 -- 68 : Milan </Li> <Li> 1968 -- 69 : Slovan Bratislava </Li> <Li> 1969 -- 70 : Manchester City </Li> <Li> 1970 -- 71 : Chelsea </Li> <Li> 1971 -- 72 : Rangers </Li> <Li> 1972 -- 73 : Milan </Li> <Li> 1973 -- 74 : Magdeburg </Li> <Li> 1974 -- 75 : Dynamo Kyiv </Li> <Li> 1975 -- 76 : Anderlecht </Li> <Li> 1976 -- 77 : Hamburg </Li> <Li> 1977 -- 78 : Anderlecht </Li> <Li> 1978 -- 79 : Barcelona </Li> <Li> 1979 -- 80 : Valencia </Li> <Li> 1980 -- 81 : Dinamo Tbilisi </Li> <Li> 1981 -- 82 : Barcelona </Li> <Li> 1982 -- 83 : Aberdeen </Li> <Li> 1983 -- 84 : Juventus </Li> <Li> 1984 -- 85 : Everton </Li> <Li> 1985 -- 86 : Dynamo Kyiv </Li> <Li> 1986 -- 87 : Ajax </Li> <Li> 1987 -- 88 : Mechelen </Li> <Li> 1988 -- 89 : Barcelona </Li> <Li> 1989 -- 90 : Sampdoria </Li> <Li> 1990 -- 91 : Manchester United </Li> <Li> 1991 -- 92 : Werder Bremen </Li> <Li> 1992 -- 93 : Parma </Li> <Li> 1993 -- 94 : Arsenal </Li> <Li> 1994 -- 95 : Real Zaragoza </Li> <Li> 1995 -- 96 : Paris Saint - Germain </Li> <Li> 1996 -- 97 : Barcelona </Li> <Li> 1997 -- 98 : Chelsea </Li> <Li> 1998 -- 99 : Lazio </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UEFA Super Cup winners </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UCL vs. CWC </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1973 : Ajax </Li> <Li> 1975 : Dynamo Kyiv </Li> <Li> 1976 : Anderlecht </Li> <Li> 1977 : Liverpool </Li> <Li> 1978 : Anderlecht </Li> <Li> 1979 : Nottingham Forest </Li> <Li> 1980 : Valencia </Li> <Li> 1982 : Aston Villa </Li> <Li> 1983 : Aberdeen </Li> <Li> 1984 : Juventus </Li> <Li> 1986 : Steaua București </Li> <Li> 1987 : Porto </Li> <Li> 1988 : Mechelen </Li> <Li> 1989 : Milan </Li> <Li> 1990 : Milan </Li> <Li> 1991 : Manchester United </Li> <Li> 1992 : Barcelona </Li> <Li> 1993 : Parma </Li> <Li> 1994 : Milan </Li> <Li> 1995 : Ajax </Li> <Li> 1996 : Juventus </Li> <Li> 1997 : Barcelona </Li> <Li> 1998 : Chelsea </Li> <Li> 1999 : Lazio </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UCL vs. UEL </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2000 : Galatasaray </Li> <Li> 2001 : Liverpool </Li> <Li> 2002 : Real Madrid </Li> <Li> 2003 : Milan </Li> <Li> 2004 : Valencia </Li> <Li> 2005 : Liverpool </Li> <Li> 2006 : Sevilla </Li> <Li> 2007 : Milan </Li> <Li> 2008 : Zenit St. Petersburg </Li> <Li> 2009 : Barcelona </Li> <Li> 2010 : Atlético Madrid </Li> <Li> 2011 : Barcelona </Li> <Li> 2012 : Atlético Madrid </Li> <Li> 2013 : Bayern Munich </Li> <Li> 2014 : Real Madrid </Li> <Li> 2015 : Barcelona </Li> <Li> 2016 : Real Madrid </Li> <Li> 2017 : Real Madrid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Intercontinental Cup winners </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Two - legged editions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960 : Real Madrid </Li> <Li> 1961 : Peñarol </Li> <Li> 1962 : Santos </Li> <Li> 1963 : Santos </Li> <Li> 1964 : Internazionale </Li> <Li> 1965 : Internazionale </Li> <Li> 1966 : Peñarol </Li> <Li> 1967 : Racing </Li> <Li> 1968 : Estudiantes de La Plata </Li> <Li> 1969 : Milan </Li> <Li> 1970 : Feyenoord </Li> <Li> 1971 : Nacional </Li> <Li> 1972 : Ajax </Li> <Li> 1973 : Independiente </Li> <Li> 1974 : Atlético Madrid </Li> <Li> 1976 : Bayern Munich </Li> <Li> 1977 : Boca Juniors </Li> <Li> 1979 : Olimpia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Single match editions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1980 : Nacional </Li> <Li> 1981 : Flamengo </Li> <Li> 1982 : Peñarol </Li> <Li> 1983 : Grêmio </Li> <Li> 1984 : Independiente </Li> <Li> 1985 : Juventus </Li> <Li> 1986 : River Plate </Li> <Li> 1987 : Porto </Li> <Li> 1988 : Nacional </Li> <Li> 1989 : Milan </Li> <Li> 1990 : Milan </Li> <Li> 1991 : Red Star Belgrade </Li> <Li> 1992 : São Paulo </Li> <Li> 1993 : São Paulo </Li> <Li> 1994 : Vélez Sársfield </Li> <Li> 1995 : Ajax </Li> <Li> 1996 : Juventus </Li> <Li> 1997 : Borussia Dortmund </Li> <Li> 1998 : Real Madrid </Li> <Li> 1999 : Manchester United </Li> <Li> 2000 : Boca Juniors </Li> <Li> 2001 : Bayern Munich </Li> <Li> 2002 : Real Madrid </Li> <Li> 2003 : Boca Juniors </Li> <Li> 2004 : Porto </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> FIFA Club World Cup winners </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 2000 : Corinthians </Li> <Li> 2005 : São Paulo </Li> <Li> 2006 : Internacional </Li> <Li> 2007 : Milan </Li> <Li> 2008 : Manchester United </Li> <Li> 2009 : Barcelona </Li> <Li> 2010 : Internazionale </Li> <Li> 2011 : Barcelona </Li> <Li> 2012 : Corinthians </Li> <Li> 2013 : Bayern Munich </Li> <Li> 2014 : Real Madrid </Li> <Li> 2015 : Barcelona </Li> <Li> 2016 : Real Madrid </Li> <Li> 2017 : Real Madrid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Football in Greater Manchester </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Manchester FA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Clubs ( List of ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Premier League & Football League ( tiers 1 -- 4 ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Manchester City </Li> <Li> Manchester United </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bolton Wanderers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bury </Li> <Li> Oldham Athletic </Li> <Li> Rochdale </Li> <Li> Wigan Athletic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> None </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-League ( tiers 5 -- 11 ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> None </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Curzon Ashton </Li> <Li> F.C. United of Manchester </Li> <Li> Salford City </Li> <Li> Stockport County </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Altrincham </Li> <Li> Ashton United </Li> <Li> Stalybridge Celtic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atherton Collieries </Li> <Li> Droylsden </Li> <Li> Hyde United </Li> <Li> Mossley </Li> <Li> Radcliffe Borough </Li> <Li> Ramsbottom United </Li> <Li> Trafford </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abbey Hey </Li> <Li> Ashton Athletic </Li> <Li> Irlam </Li> <Li> Maine Road </Li> <Li> West Didsbury & Chorlton </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atherton Laburnum Rovers </Li> <Li> Chadderton </Li> <Li> Cheadle Town </Li> <Li> Daisy Hill </Li> <Li> Prestwich Heys </Li> <Li> Stockport Town </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ashton Town </Li> <Li> Eagley </Li> <Li> Wythenshawe Amateurs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Competitions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Manchester Premier Cup </Li> <Li> Manchester Senior Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Boundary Park </Li> <Li> Bower Fold </Li> <Li> Broadhurst Park </Li> <Li> Butcher 's Arms Ground </Li> <Li> City of Manchester Stadium </Li> <Li> DW Stadium </Li> <Li> Edgeley Park </Li> <Li> Ewen Fields </Li> <Li> Gigg Lane </Li> <Li> Macron Stadium </Li> <Li> Moss Lane </Li> <Li> Old Trafford </Li> <Li> Spotland Stadium </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Manchester derby </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year winners </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 2000 : Manchester United F.C. </Li> <Li> 2001 : France national football team </Li> <Li> 2002 : Australia national cricket team </Li> <Li> 2003 : Brazil national football team </Li> <Li> 2004 : England national rugby union team </Li> <Li> 2005 : Greece national football team </Li> <Li> 2006 : Renault F1 </Li> <Li> 2007 : Italy national football team </Li> <Li> 2008 : South Africa national rugby union team </Li> <Li> 2009 : Chinese Olympic team </Li> <Li> 2010 : Brawn GP </Li> <Li> 2011 : Spain national football team </Li> <Li> 2012 : FC Barcelona </Li> <Li> 2013 : European Ryder Cup team </Li> <Li> 2014 : Bayern Munich </Li> <Li> 2015 : Germany national football team </Li> <Li> 2016 : New Zealand national rugby union team </Li> <Li> 2017 : Chicago Cubs </Li> <Li> 2018 : Mercedes F1 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 167809407 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n82237215 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0001 2300 2509 </Li> <Li> GND : 6509184 - X </Li> <Li> SELIBR : 380906 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 081854099 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb14607076p ( data ) </Li> <Li> NDL : 01189794 </Li> <Li> NKC : pna2005285575 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchester_United_F.C.&oldid=838521139 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Manchester United F.C. </Li> <Li> 1878 establishments in England </Li> <Li> Association football clubs established in 1878 </Li> <Li> Association football clubs established in 1902 </Li> <Li> Companies established in 1878 </Li> <Li> Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange </Li> <Li> Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange </Li> <Li> FA Cup winners </Li> <Li> Football clubs in England </Li> <Li> Football clubs in Trafford </Li> <Li> EFL Cup winners </Li> <Li> Former Football League clubs </Li> <Li> G - 14 clubs </Li> <Li> Laureus World Sports Awards winners </Li> <Li> Premier League clubs </Li> <Li> Publicly traded sports companies </Li> <Li> Sport in Manchester </Li> <Li> UEFA Champions League winning clubs </Li> <Li> UEFA Europa League winning clubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages containing links to subscription - 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Vascular tissue - wikipedia <H1> Vascular tissue </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Cross section of celery stalk , showing vascular bundles , which include both phloem and xylem . Detail of the vasculature of a bramble leaf . This article is about vascular tissue in plants . For transport in animals , see Circulatory system . <P> Vascular tissue is a complex conducting tissue , formed of more than one cell type , found in vascular plants . The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem . These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally . There are also two meristems associated with vascular tissue : the vascular cambium and the cork cambium . All the vascular tissues within a particular plant together constitute the vascular tissue system of that plant . </P> <P> The cells in vascular tissue are typically long and slender . Since the xylem and phloem function in the conduction of water , minerals , and nutrients throughout the plant , it is not surprising that their form should be similar to pipes . The individual cells of phloem are connected end - to - end , just as the sections of a pipe might be . As the plant grows , new vascular tissue differentiates in the growing tips of the plant . The new tissue is aligned with existing vascular tissue , maintaining its connection throughout the plant . The vascular tissue in plants is arranged in long , discrete strands called vascular bundles . These bundles include both xylem and phloem , as well as supporting and protective cells . In stems and roots , the xylem typically lies closer to the interior of the stem with phloem towards the exterior of the stem . In the stems of some Asterales dicots , there may be phloem located inwardly from the xylem as well . </P> <P> Between the xylem and phloem is a meristem called the vascular cambium . This tissue divides off cells that will become additional xylem and phloem . This growth increases the girth of the plant , rather than its length . As long as the vascular cambium continues to produce new cells , the plant will continue to grow more stout . In trees and other plants that develop wood , the vascular cambium allows the expansion of vascular tissue that produces woody growth . Because this growth ruptures the epidermis of the stem , woody plants also have a cork cambium that develops among the phloem . The cork cambium gives rise to thickened cork cells to protect the surface of the plant and reduce water loss . Both the production of wood and the production of cork are forms of secondary growth . </P> <P> In leaves , the vascular bundles are located among the spongy mesophyll . The xylem is oriented toward the adaxial surface of the leaf ( usually the upper side ) , and phloem is oriented toward the abaxial surface of the leaf . This is why aphids are typically found on the underside of the leaves rather than on the top , since the phloem transports sugars manufactured by the plant and they are closer to the lower surface . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Xylem </Li> <Li> Phloem </Li> <Li> Cork cambium </Li> <Li> Vascular cambium </Li> <Li> Vascular plant </Li> <Li> Stele ( biology ) </Li> <Li> Circulatory system </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Intro to Plant Structure Contains diagrams of the plant tissues , listed as an outline . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Biological tissues </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Animals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Epithelial </Li> <Li> Connective </Li> <Li> Muscular </Li> <Li> Nervous </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plants </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dermal tissue <Ul> <Li> Epidermis : Cuticle </Li> <Li> Pavement cell </Li> <Li> Guard cell </Li> <Li> Subsidiary cell </Li> <Li> Periderm : Phellem </Li> <Li> Phelloderm </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Vascular tissue <Ul> <Li> Phloem : Sieve tube </Li> <Li> Companion cell </Li> <Li> Phloem fiber </Li> <Li> Phloem parenchyma </Li> <Li> Xylem : Tracheid </Li> <Li> Vessel element </Li> <Li> Xylem fiber </Li> <Li> Xylem parenchyma </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Ground tissue <Ul> <Li> Parenchyma : Chlorenchyma </Li> <Li> Aerenchyma </Li> <Li> Collenchyma </Li> <Li> Sclerenchyma : Sclereid </Li> <Li> Fiber </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Meristematic tissue <Ul> <Li> Primary : Protoderm </Li> <Li> Procambium </Li> <Li> Ground meristem </Li> <Li> Secondary : Cork cambium </Li> <Li> Vascular cambium </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Botany </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> History of botany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subdisciplines </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Plant systematics </Li> <Li> Ethnobotany </Li> <Li> Paleobotany </Li> <Li> Plant anatomy </Li> <Li> Plant 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where is most vascular tissue found in plants

Most common words in English - wikipedia <H1> Most common words in English </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Studies that estimate and rank the most common words in English examine texts written in English . Perhaps the most comprehensive such analysis is one that was conducted against the Oxford English Corpus ( OEC ) , a very large collection of texts from around the world that are written in the English language . A text corpus is a large collection of written works that are organised in a way that makes such analysis easier . </P> <P> In total , the texts in the Oxford English Corpus contain more than 2 billion words . The OEC includes a wide variety of writing samples , such as literary works , novels , academic journals , newspapers , magazines , Hansard 's Parliamentary Debates , blogs , chat logs , and emails . </P> <P> Another English corpus that has been used to study word frequency is the Brown Corpus , which was compiled by researchers at Brown University in the 1960s . The researchers published their analysis of the Brown Corpus in 1967 . Their findings were similar , but not identical , to the findings of the OEC analysis . </P> <P> According to The Reading Teacher 's Book of Lists , the first 25 words in the OEC make up about one - third of all printed material in English , and the first 100 words make up about half of all written English . According to a study cited by Robert McCrum in The Story of English , all of the first hundred of the most common words in English are of Anglo - Saxon origin . </P> <P> Some lists of common words distinguish between word forms , while others rank all forms of a word as a single lexeme ( the form of the word as it would appear in a dictionary ) . For example , the lexeme be ( as in to be ) comprises all its conjugations ( is , was , are , were , etc . ) , and contractions of those conjugations . Note also that these top 100 lemmas listed below account for 50 % of all the words in the Oxford English Corpus . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 100 most common words <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Parts of speech <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Nouns </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Verbs </Li> <Li> 1.1. 3 Adjectives </Li> <Li> 1.1. 4 Prepositions </Li> <Li> 1.1. 5 Others </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 See also <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Word lists </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> 100 most common words </H2> <P> Based on an analysis of the Oxford English Corpus ( a large collection of texts in the English language ) , the 100 words that occur most frequently in written English is given below . </P> <P> The table also includes frequencies from other corpora , note that as well as usage differences , lemmatisation may differ from corpus to corpus - for example splitting the prepositional use of `` to '' from the use as a particle . Also the COCA list includes dispersion as well as frequency to calculate rank . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Word </Th> <Th> Parts of speech </Th> <Th> OEC rank </Th> <Th> COCA rank </Th> <Th> Dolch level </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> the </Td> <Td> Article </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> be </Td> <Td> Verb </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> to </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 , 9 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> of </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Grade 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and </Td> <Td> Conjunction </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Article </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> in </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 , 128 , 3038 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> that </Td> <Td> Conjunction et al . </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 12 , 27 , 903 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> have </Td> <Td> Verb </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pronoun </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> it </Td> <Td> Pronoun </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> for </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 13 , 2339 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> not </Td> <Td> Adverb et al . </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 28 , 2929 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> on </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 17 , 155 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> with </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> he </Td> <Td> Pronoun </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> as </Td> <Td> Adverb , conjunction , et al . </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 33 , 49 , 129 </Td> <Td> Grade 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> you </Td> <Td> Pronoun </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> do </Td> <Td> Verb , noun </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> at </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> this </Td> <Td> Determiner , adverb , noun </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 20 , 4665 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> but </Td> <Td> Preposition , adverb , conjunction </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 23 , 1715 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> his </Td> <Td> Possessive pronoun </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 25 , 1887 </Td> <Td> Grade 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> by </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 30 , 1190 </Td> <Td> Grade 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> from </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Grade 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> they </Td> <Td> Pronoun </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> we </Td> <Td> Pronoun </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> say </Td> <Td> Verb et al . </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> her </Td> <Td> Possessive pronoun </Td> <Td> 29 , 106 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Grade 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> she </Td> <Td> Pronoun </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> or </Td> <Td> Conjunction </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Grade 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> an </Td> <Td> Article </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> ( a ) </Td> <Td> Grade 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> will </Td> <Td> Verb , noun </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 48 , 1506 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> my </Td> <Td> Possessive pronoun </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> one </Td> <Td> Noun , adjective , et al . </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 51 , 104 , 839 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> all </Td> <Td> Adjective </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 43 , 222 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> would </Td> <Td> Verb </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Grade 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> there </Td> <Td> Adverb , pronoun , et al . </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 53 , 116 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> their </Td> <Td> Possessive pronoun </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Grade 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> what </Td> <Td> Pronoun , adverb , et al . </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> so </Td> <Td> Conjunction , adverb , et al . </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 55 , 196 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> up </Td> <Td> Adverb , preposition , et al . </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 50 , 456 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> out </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 64 , 149 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> if </Td> <Td> Conjunction </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Grade 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> about </Td> <Td> Preposition , adverb , et al . </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 46 , 179 </Td> <Td> Grade 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> who </Td> <Td> Pronoun , noun </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> get </Td> <Td> Verb </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> which </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> Grade 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> go </Td> <Td> Verb , noun </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> me </Td> <Td> Pronoun </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> when </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 57 , 136 </Td> <Td> Grade 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> make </Td> <Td> Verb , noun </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> can </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 37 , 2973 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> like </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 74 , 208 , 1123 , 1684 , 2702 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> time </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> no </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 93 , 699 , 916 , 1111 , 4555 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> just </Td> <Td> Adjective </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 66 , 1823 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> him </Td> <Td> Pronoun </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> know </Td> <Td> Verb , noun </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> take </Td> <Td> Verb , noun </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> people </Td> <Td> Noun </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> into </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> year </Td> <Td> Noun </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> your </Td> <Td> Possessive pronoun </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> good </Td> <Td> Adjective </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 110 , 2280 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> some </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> could </Td> <Td> Verb </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> them </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> see </Td> <Td> Verb </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> other </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 75 , 715 , 2355 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> than </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 73 , 712 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> then </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> now </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 72 , 1906 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> look </Td> <Td> Verb </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 85 , 604 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> only </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 101 , 329 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> come </Td> <Td> Verb </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> its </Td> <Td> Possessive pronoun </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> over </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 124 , 182 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> think </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> also </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> back </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> 108 , 323 , 1877 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> after </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 120 , 260 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> use </Td> <Td> Verb , noun </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 92 , 429 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> two </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> how </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> our </Td> <Td> Possessive pronoun </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> work </Td> <Td> Verb , noun </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 117 , 199 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> first </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> 86 , 2064 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> well </Td> <Td> Adverb </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> 100 , 644 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> way </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> 84 , 4090 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> even </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 107 , 484 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> new </Td> <Td> Adjective et al . </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> want </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> because </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> 89 , 509 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> any </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> 109 , 4720 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> these </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> give </Td> <Td> Verb </Td> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> day </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> most </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> 144 , 187 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> us </Td> <Td> Pronoun </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 113 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Parts of speech </H3> <P> The following is the same list subdivided by part of speech . The list labeled `` Others '' includes pronouns , possessives , articles , modal verbs , adverbs , and conjunctions . </P> Nouns <Ol> <Li> time </Li> <Li> person </Li> <Li> year </Li> <Li> way </Li> <Li> day </Li> <Li> thing </Li> <Li> man </Li> <Li> world </Li> <Li> life </Li> <Li> hand </Li> <Li> part </Li> <Li> child </Li> <Li> eye </Li> <Li> woman </Li> <Li> place </Li> <Li> work </Li> <Li> week </Li> <Li> case </Li> <Li> point </Li> <Li> government </Li> <Li> company </Li> <Li> number </Li> <Li> group </Li> <Li> problem </Li> <Li> fact </Li> </Ol> Verbs <Ol> <Li> be </Li> <Li> have </Li> <Li> do </Li> <Li> say </Li> <Li> get </Li> <Li> make </Li> <Li> go </Li> <Li> know </Li> <Li> take </Li> <Li> see </Li> <Li> come </Li> <Li> think </Li> <Li> look </Li> <Li> want </Li> <Li> give </Li> <Li> use </Li> <Li> find </Li> <Li> tell </Li> <Li> ask </Li> <Li> work </Li> <Li> seem </Li> <Li> feel </Li> <Li> try </Li> <Li> leave </Li> <Li> call </Li> </Ol> Adjectives <Ol> <Li> good </Li> <Li> new </Li> <Li> first </Li> <Li> last </Li> <Li> long </Li> <Li> great </Li> <Li> little </Li> <Li> own </Li> <Li> other </Li> <Li> old </Li> <Li> right </Li> <Li> big </Li> <Li> high </Li> <Li> different </Li> <Li> small </Li> <Li> large </Li> <Li> next </Li> <Li> early </Li> <Li> young </Li> <Li> important </Li> <Li> few </Li> <Li> public </Li> <Li> bad </Li> <Li> same </Li> <Li> able </Li> </Ol> Prepositions <Ol> <Li> to </Li> <Li> of </Li> <Li> in </Li> <Li> for </Li> <Li> on </Li> <Li> with </Li> <Li> at </Li> <Li> by </Li> <Li> from </Li> <Li> up </Li> <Li> about </Li> <Li> into </Li> <Li> over </Li> <Li> after </Li> </Ol> Others <Ol> <Li> the </Li> <Li> and </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> that </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> it </Li> <Li> not </Li> <Li> he </Li> <Li> as </Li> <Li> you </Li> <Li> this </Li> <Li> but </Li> <Li> his </Li> <Li> they </Li> <Li> her </Li> <Li> she </Li> <Li> or </Li> <Li> an </Li> <Li> will </Li> <Li> my </Li> <Li> one </Li> <Li> all </Li> <Li> would </Li> <Li> there </Li> <Li> their </Li> </Ol> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Languages portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Basic English </Li> <Li> Frequency analysis , the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters </Li> <Li> Letter frequencies </Li> <Li> Oxford English Corpus </Li> <Li> Swadesh list , a compilation of basic concepts for the purpose of historical - comparative linguistics </Li> <Li> Zipf 's law , a theory stating that the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in a frequency table </Li> </Ul> <H3> Word lists </H3> <Ul> <Li> Dolch Word List , a list of frequently used English words </Li> <Li> General Service List </Li> <Li> Word lists by frequency </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Oxford English Corpus : Facts about the language '' . OxfordDictionaries.com . Oxford University Press . What is the commonest word ? . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2011 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Oxford English Corpus '' . AskOxford.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The First 100 Most Commonly Used English Words . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bill Bryson , The Mother Tongue : English and How It Got That Way , Harper Perennial , 2001 , page 58 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benjamin Zimmer . June 22 , 2006 . Time after time after time ... Language Log . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Word frequency : based on 450 million word COCA corpus '' . www.wordfrequency.info . 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how common is the word in the english language

The Black stallion ( film ) - wikipedia <H1> The Black stallion ( film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Black Stallion </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 1979 poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Carroll Ballard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fred Roos </Li> <Li> Francis Ford Coppola </Li> <Li> Tom Sternberg </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Melissa Mathison </Li> <Li> Jeanne Rosenberg </Li> <Li> William D. Wittliff </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> The Black Stallion by Walter Farley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kelly Reno </Li> <Li> Mickey Rooney </Li> <Li> Teri Garr </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Carmine Coppola </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Caleb Deschanel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Robert Dalva </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> American Zoetrope </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> United Artists </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> October 17 , 1979 ( 1979 - 10 - 17 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 118 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $2.7 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $37.8 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Black Stallion is a 1979 American adventure film based on the 1941 classic children 's novel The Black Stallion by Walter Farley . But the film starts in 1946 , five years after the book was published . It tells the story of Alec Ramsey , who is shipwrecked on a deserted island with a wild Arabian stallion whom he befriends . After being rescued , they are set on entering a race challenging two champion horses . </P> <P> The film is adapted by Melissa Mathison , Jeanne Rosenberg and William D. Wittliff . It is directed by Carroll Ballard . The movie stars Kelly Reno , Mickey Rooney , Teri Garr , Hoyt Axton , and the Arabian horse Cass Ole . The film features music by Carmine Coppola , the father of Hollywood producer Francis Ford Coppola , who was the executive producer of the film . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Horses </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Awards and honors <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Academy Awards </Li> <Li> 3.2 Golden Globe Awards </Li> <Li> 3.3 British Academy Awards </Li> <Li> 3.4 LA Film Critics Awards </Li> <Li> 3.5 Others </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Sequel , prequel and television series </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1946 Alec Ramsey is aboard the steamer Drake off the coast of North Africa , where he sees a wild black stallion being forced into a makeshift stable compartment and heavily restrained by ropes leading to his halter . Captivated by the horse , Alec later sneaks to the horse to feed him some sugar cubes , but he is caught by the horse 's supposed owner , who tells him in Arabic to stay away from Shetan and shoves the boy away . </P> <P> Later in their cabin , Alec 's father shows Alec his winnings from a card game and gives him a pocket knife and a small statue of Bucephalus , and tells the story of how Alexander the Great became Bucephalus ' master . Later that night , Alec is thrown out of his bunk ; he grabs his knife and his Bucephalus statue and joins his father on the other side of the cabin . His father puts Alec into a life jacket and they struggle with the rest of the passengers to get on deck . The ship is in flames and has started to sink . Alec 's father leaves him by the compartment holding The Black to go help the crew . In the chaos , Alec opens the compartment hatch but is attacked by Shetan 's owner who cuts Alec 's life jacket off him so he can take it for himself . Alec 's father rescues Alec from his attacker but the life jacket is lost and father & son are separated . The black stallion breaks free from his compartment and then jumps into the sea . Alec himself is swept overboard by a gigantic wave . Once in the water , he swims toward the stallion and managed to grab hold of the ropes that were previously restraining the stallion . </P> <P> Alec wakes on the shore of a deserted island and starts to explore . He finds the stallion caught in his restraints with the ropes stuck between the rocks . With his knife , Alec manages to free the stallion once again and the stallion runs away . For a time , the two keep their distance . Alec discovers means to survive by catching fish and seaweed . As Alec suddenly faces a cobra eye to eye , the Black comes to the rescue and kills the snake , only to run off again . </P> <P> By now , Alec decides to try to get closer to the horse and offer him some seaweed . The hungry stallion finds himself unable to resist , but visibly struggles with his distrust for humans . Eventually , the hunger wins and he takes Alec 's offer ; their bond has been sealed and the two are now inseparable . Alec even manages to ride the unbroken horse , after many times falling off the horse . One day , a fishing ship arrives , rescuing both Alec and the stallion . </P> <P> Back home in Flushing , NY , Alec is given a hero 's welcome . The Black has a temporary home in Alec 's backyard , but a garbage man not knowing that there is a wild horse in the backyard is chased by the Black , who races off down the street after being spooked by a passing car . Alec chases after him through every part of town , but loses track of him . The next day , Alec meets Snoe ( and Napoleon ) who tell him where the Black is . Alec finds the stallion in the barn of Henry Dailey , a retired jockey and racehorse trainer , who apparently spent all night catching the Black . Henry allows Alec to keep the Black in his barn . </P> <P> When Alec wonders how fast the Black is , Alec and Henry decide to train the Black for the racetrack , while Henry teaches Alec how to be a jockey . The Black surprises Henry with his speed . Henry immediately starts plotting to get the Black into a match race between two of the country 's current champions , to be held at Santa Anita , California . To do that , he sets up a secret demonstration at night where the press can witness his speed , keeping the identity of Alec and the Black secret . The news about the mystery horse is soon widespread and the Black is entered into the race . </P> <P> The race is the most anticipated horse - racing event of the year . Before the two champions and the Black enter the starting gate , the Black gets into a fight with one of his opponents , wounding his leg . Alec does not see the wound until he is in the gate . As he dismounts , the bell rings and the horses take off . Alec desperately tries to stay on his horse and trying to stop him . He falls behind , but the Black wo n't stop . When Alec regains his balance , the Black is well on his way to catch up with his opponents . Alec now encourages the Black to run as fast as he can , remembering the wild rides on the island , as they catch up . The Black eventually wins by two lengths . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Kelly Reno as Alec Ramsay </Li> <Li> Mickey Rooney as Henry Dailey </Li> <Li> Teri Garr as Mrs. Ramsay , Alec 's mother </Li> <Li> Hoyt Axton as Mr. Ramsay , Alec 's father </Li> <Li> Clarence Muse as Snoe </Li> <Li> Michael Higgins as Jim Neville </Li> <Li> Ed McNamara as Jake </Li> <Li> Doghmi Larbi as Arab </Li> <Li> John Burton as Jockey No. 1 </Li> <Li> John Buchanan as Jockey No. 2 </Li> <Li> Kristen Vigard as Becky </Li> <Li> Fausto Tozzi as Rescue Captain </Li> <Li> John Karlsen as Archeologist </Li> <Li> Leopoldo Trieste as Priest </Li> <Li> Frank Cousins as African Chieftain </Li> <Li> Don Hudson as Zaurog </Li> <Li> Marne Maitland as Drake Captain </Li> <Li> Tom Dahlgren as Veterinarian </Li> </Ul> <H3> Horses ( edit ) </H3> <P> Cass Ole , a champion Arabian stallion , was featured in most of the movie 's scenes , with Fae Jur , another black Arabian stallion , being his main double . Fae Jur 's main scene is the one where Alec is trying to gain the trust of the Black on the beach . Two other stunt doubles were used for running , fighting and swimming scenes . </P> <P> El Mokhtar , an Egyptian Arabian racehorse , was the producers ' first choice to portray the Black , but they were unable to secure his services for the film from his owners , who declined any offers . He does appear in The Black Stallion Returns , alongside Cass Ole , by which time the studio bought out the syndicate of owners in order to secure El Mokhtar 's services . </P> <P> Napoleon was portrayed by Junior , who previously appeared in National Lampoon 's Animal House as Trooper , Niedermeyer 's horse . </P> <H2> Awards and honors ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Academy Awards ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film received two nominations for the Academy Awards : </P> <Ul> <Li> Mickey Rooney was nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role . </Li> <Li> Robert Dalva was nominated for Best Film Editing . </Li> </Ul> <P> In addition , Alan Splet was awarded with a Special Achievement Award for sound editing . </P> <H3> Golden Globe Awards ( edit ) </H3> <P> Carmine Coppola was nominated for Best Original Score at the Golden Globe Awards . He later won the award in this category for his score of Apocalypse Now . </P> <H3> British Academy Awards ( edit ) </H3> <P> Caleb Deschanel was nominated for Best Cinematography by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards . </P> <H3> La film Critics Awards ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film received two awards from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards for Best Cinematography ( Caleb Deschanel ) and Best Music ( Carmine Coppola ) . </P> <H3> Others ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film also won the 1979 National Society of Film Critics award for Best Cinematography . </P> <P> In 2002 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . </P> <P> Also , the film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : </P> <Ul> <Li> 2001 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- Nominated </Li> <Li> 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- Nominated </Li> <Li> 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 64 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Sequel , prequel and television series ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film was followed in 1983 by a sequel , The Black Stallion Returns , which also starred Reno . There was also a television series called The Adventures of the Black Stallion which aired from 1990 to 1993 and starred Mickey Rooney and Richard Ian Cox . In 2003 , a 50 - minute prequel called The Young Black Stallion , was shot and released for IMAX theaters . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Black Stallion books </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Black Stallion , Box Office Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Junior '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cannady , Sheryl ( 2002 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Librarian of Congress Adds 25 Films to National Film Registry '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> The Black Stallion on IMDb </Li> <Li> The Black Stallion at AllMovie </Li> <Li> The Black Stallion at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> The Black Stallion at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> The Black Stallion at the TCM Movie Database </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Black Stallion by Walter Farley </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Black Stallion book series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Black Stallion ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> The Black Stallion Returns ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> The Young Black Stallion ( 2003 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Adventures of the Black Stallion ( 1990 - 1993 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cass Ole </Li> <Li> El Mokhtar </Li> <Li> Docs Keepin Time </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Carroll Ballard </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Black Stallion ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Never Cry Wolf ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Nutcracker : The Motion Picture ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Wind ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Fly Away Home ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Duma ( 2005 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Stallion_(film)&oldid=836268326 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1979 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> American children 's films </Li> <Li> Films about horses </Li> <Li> United States National Film Registry films </Li> <Li> United Artists films </Li> <Li> American Zoetrope films </Li> <Li> Directorial debut films </Li> <Li> Films shot in Sardinia </Li> <Li> Films directed by Carroll Ballard </Li> <Li> Films that won the Best Sound Editing Academy Award </Li> <Li> Horse racing films </Li> <Li> Screenplays by Melissa Mathison </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> Films set on islands </Li> <Li> Films set in 1946 </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using div col with deprecated parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> 6 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 18 : 25 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

who played the mother in the black stallion

The Proud Family ( soundtrack ) - Wikipedia <H1> The Proud Family ( soundtrack ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Proud Family </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Various Artists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> April 20 , 2004 August 16 , 2005 ( Re-release ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soul , hip hop , hip hop soul </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Walt Disney </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Proud Family is a soundtrack album for the show of the same name . A combination of both original tunes by the characters in the show , popular hits by popular music artists such as Alicia Keys , Jhené Aiko , India Arie , and Solange Knowles & Destiny 's Child ( who perform the theme song ) , and classic soul music from artists such as Aretha Franklin and The O'Jays . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This soundtrack - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Proud_Family_(soundtrack)&oldid=638462881 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Television animation soundtracks </Li> <Li> 2004 soundtracks </Li> <Li> Hip hop soundtracks </Li> <Li> Soul soundtracks </Li> <Li> Walt Disney Records soundtracks </Li> <Li> Soundtrack stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles lacking sources from December 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking sources </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 17 December 2014 , at 07 : 09 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

who sings the theme song for the proud family

Ca n't Get You Out of My Head - Wikipedia <H1> Ca n't Get You Out of My Head </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Single cover used for CD # 02 and digital releases of the song . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Kylie Minogue </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Fever </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Boy '' `` Rendezvous at Sunset '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 8 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 08 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CD </Li> <Li> digital download </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2001 ; London , England </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Synthpop </Li> <Li> dance - pop </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Parlophone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cathy Dennis </Li> <Li> Rob Davis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cathy Dennis </Li> <Li> Rob Davis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Kylie Minogue singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Your Disco Needs You '' ( 2001 ) </Td> <Td> `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( 2001 ) </Td> <Td> `` In Your Eyes '' ( 2002 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Your Disco Needs You '' ( 2001 ) </Td> <Td> `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( 2001 ) </Td> <Td> `` In Your Eyes '' ( 2002 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' is a song recorded by Australian singer Kylie Minogue for her eighth studio album , titled Fever , which she released in 2001 . The song was released in Australia by Parlophone as the lead single from the album on 8 September 2001 . It was released on 17 September 2001 in the United Kingdom . In the United States , the single was released on 18 February 2002 . Jointly written , composed , and produced by Cathy Dennis and Rob Davis , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' is a midtempo dance - pop song which lyrically details its narrator 's obsession towards her lover . The song is famous for its `` la la la '' hook . </P> <P> In addition to positive reviews from music critics , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' found commercial success on a large scale . It peaked at number one on the charts of Austria , Belgium , France , Germany , Italy , Poland , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , and every other European country excluding Finland . It also topped the charts of Minogue 's native country Australia , Canada and New Zealand . In the United States , the song peaked at number seven on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , becoming Minogue 's biggest hit in the region since `` The Loco - Motion '' . `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' reportedly reached number one in 40 countries across the globe . It was certified triple - platinum in Australia , double - platinum in the United Kingdom , and gold in the United States . It became Minogue 's first single to sell in excess of one million copies in the United Kingdom , where it also stands as the 28th best - selling single of the millennium . As of 2013 , the song was Minogue 's highest selling single and one of the best - selling singles of all time , with worldwide sales exceeding five million . </P> <P> The accompanying music video for the song was directed by Dawn Shadforth , and featured Minogue performing various dance routines in different futuristic backdrops . It became notable for the revealing hooded white jumpsuit Minogue wore during one of the scenes . The song has been performed by Minogue during all of her concert tours as of 2017 , with the exception of the Anti Tour . Following its release , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ranked on a number of decade - end lists compiled by magazines such as Rolling Stone , The Guardian , and NME . It is considered to be Minogue 's strongest commercial breakthrough in the United States and is said to have been the reason behind the success of its parent album Fever in the region . `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' is also recognized as Minogue 's signature song and was a defining point in her musical career . In 2012 , the song was re-recorded for inclusion in Minogue 's orchestral compilation album , The Abbey Road Sessions . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background and recording </Li> <Li> 2 Composition </Li> <Li> 3 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 4 Commercial performance </Li> <Li> 5 Music video <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Development and synopsis </Li> <Li> 5.2 Legacy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Live performances </Li> <Li> 7 Legacy <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Commercial impact </Li> <Li> 7.2 Cultural impact </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Formats and track listings </Li> <Li> 9 Charts <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 9.2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 9.3 Decade - end charts </Li> <Li> 9.4 All Time Charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Certifications </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background and Recording ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2000 , Minogue signed to the Parlophone Records label and released her seventh studio album , Light Years . The disco and Europop inspired album was a critical and commercial success , and was later certified four times - platinum in Minogue 's native country Australia for shipment of 280,000 units , and platinum in the United Kingdom for shipment of 300,000 units . `` Spinning Around '' was released as the lead single from the album , and it was a commercial success , attaining a platinum certification in Australia for shipment of 70,000 units , and a silver certification in the United Kingdom for shipment of 200,000 units . She promoted the album by embarking on the On a Night Like This tour . Minogue premiered `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' by performing it during the tour , and soon after , discussion regarding the song `` quickly set online messageboards alight . '' `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was chosen as the lead single from Minogue 's eighth studio album , Fever , and it was released on 8 September 2001 by Parlophone in Australia , while in the United Kingdom and other European countries it was released on 17 September . </P> My A&R at the time , Miles Leonard and Jamie Nelson , said , `` We 've got something . Come into the office . We 've got to play you something . '' So I went to the EMI office , and I had the same reaction you did , about 20 seconds in . I could n't even fathom what I was hearing . It just ... did something . I was beside myself . Then at the end of the song , panic set in . I was saying `` Are you sure we 've got this song ? Do n't tell me that we do n't ! Is it secured ? Can we have it ? '' And we did ! And that kick - started a whole different phase in my career . <P> -- Minogue , about her reaction to hearing the demo of the song . </P> <P> `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was jointly written , composed , and produced by Cathy Dennis and Rob Davis . Dennis and Davis had been brought together by British artist manager Simon Fuller , who wanted the duo to come up with a song for British pop group S Club 7 . The song was recorded using Cubase music software , which Davis ran on his Mac computer . Davis began playing an acoustic guitar and ran a 125 beats per minute drum loop , on which Dennis , herself a singer who had enjoyed chart success in the United States , began singing the line `` I just ca n't get you out of my head '' in the key of D minor . After three and a half hours , the demo was recorded and the vocals were laid afterwards . Dennis called their recording setup for the song `` the most primitive set - up you could imagine ! Different producers work in different ways . But it 's good to be reminded you do n't have to be reliant on equipment . A song is about melody and lyrics and being able to take something away in your memory that is going to haunt you . '' She also regarded their production as a `` very natural and fluid process , '' saying : `` We know how hard we work sometimes to write songs and then spend months picking them to pieces , but this was the easiest process , the chemicals were all happy and working together . '' </P> <P> But after Fuller heard the demo , he felt it was wrong for S Club 7 and rejected it ; English singer - songwriter Sophie Ellis - Bextor also turned down the offer to record it . Davis then met with Minogue 's A&R executive , Jamie Nelson . After hearing the demo cassette of the song , Nelson booked it for Minogue to record later that year . Nelson was impressed by the `` vibe '' of the song and felt it would please the `` danceheads . '' Although Davis was initially under the impression that the recording deal would be called off later , Minogue became enthusiastic to record the song after hearing 20 seconds of the demo . The whole song , including Minogue 's vocals , were recorded at Davis 's home studio in Surrey . The music , excluding the guitar part , was programmed using Korg Triton workstation via MIDI . Dennis later remarked : `` Even though Kylie was n't the first artist to be offered the song , I do n't believe it was meant to go to anyone other than Kylie , and I do n't believe anyone else would have done the incredible job she did with it , with the video , looking super-hot ! '' </P> <H2> Composition ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' A 21 - second sample of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' containing the hook and part of the chorus of the song . The song is known for its `` la la la '' hook . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' is a `` robotic '' midtempo dance - pop song , with a tempo of 126 beats per minute . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by EMI Music Publishing , Minogue 's vocal range spans from C to D. Minogue chants a `` la la la '' hook in the song , which is often heralded as its most appealing part . BBC Radio 2 noted that the composition of the song is `` deceptively simple , but its veins run with the whole history of electronic music . '' They described the song 's bassline as `` pulsing , '' and recognised influences of English rock band New Order and German electronic music band Kraftwerk . The song does not follow the common verse - chorus structure and is instead composed of numerous `` misplaced sections . '' Dennis reasoned that these sections `` somehow work together '' as she and Davis `` did n't try to force any structure after the event . The seeds were watered and they very quickly sprouted into something bigger than any of us . '' Likewise , Davis commented : `` It breaks a few rules as it starts with a chorus and in comes the ' la 's ' -- that is what confused my publisher ( Fuller ) when he first heard it . '' </P> <P> Through the lyrics of the song , its singer expresses an obsession with an anonymous figure . Dorian Lynskey from The Guardian termed the song a `` mystery '' as Minogue never reveals the identity of her object of infatuation . The critic suggested that the person Minogue is referring to is either `` a partner , an evasive one - night stand or someone who does n't know she exists . '' Writing for the same newspaper , Everett True identified a `` darker element '' in the simple lyrics and felt this sentiment was echoed in Minogue 's restrained vocals . Further , True emphasised that while Minogue 's 1987 single `` I Should Be So Lucky '' had presented an optimistic romantic future , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' focuses on an `` unhealthy '' and potentially destructive obsession . He also noted that in the former song , Minogue played `` the wide - eyed ingénue with alacrity , '' but in the latter song she is aware of the harmful nature of her infatuation , calling it a `` desire that is wholly dependent on her own self - control . '' </P> <P> In late 2012 , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was re-recorded by Minogue for inclusion in her orchestral compilation album , The Abbey Road Sessions . On the album , Minogue reworked 16 of her past songs with an orchestra , which , according to Nick Levine from BBC Music , `` re-imagine them without the disco glitz and vocal effects . '' The Abbey Road Sessions - version of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' features a `` more dramatic , fully fleshed out '' musical arrangement , and follows a pizzicato playing technique , in which the strings of a string instrument are continuously plucked . </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> Minogue performing `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' during her 2009 North American For You , For Me Tour . <P> The song received overwhelming critical acclaim , subsequently being cited as one of the greatest songs of the 2000s . Chris True from AllMusic picked the song as a highlight of Fever , commenting that it `` pulses and grooves like no other she 's ( Minogue 's ) recorded . '' Jason Thompson from PopMatters described Minogue 's vocals as a `` sexual come on '' and called the song `` trim and funky , certainly something that could n't miss anywhere . '' Dominique Leone from Pitchfork Media praised the commercial prospect of the song , saying that it `` exudes a catchiness that belies its inherent simplicity , so reassuring during an era when chart acts sound increasingly baroque and producers race to see who can ape electronic music trends first . '' Jim Farber from Entertainment Weekly said that the song `` fully lives up to its title '' with `` every sound a hook , '' and compared it to the works of Andrea True . Michael Hubbard from MusicOMH labelled the song `` one of 2001 's best singles , '' saying that it `` predictably beat off lesser ' competition . ' '' In 2012 , The Guardian critic Everett True defined `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' as `` one of those rare moments in pop : sleek and chic and stylish and damnably danceable , but with a darker element hidden in plain sight . '' Billboard 's Jason Lipshutz felt that `` the metallic production would n't carry quite as much of its impact if Minogue had attempted to outshine it ; wisely , her voice operates alongside it , finding renewed power in its drive '' , concluding that `` almost 15 years after its release , it still sounds fresh , forward - thinking and alive '' . </P> <P> The Abbey Road Sessions -- version of the song received generally positive reviews . Tim Sendra from AllMusic felt that `` most interesting reboot '' in the album took place on `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head , '' saying that the `` insistent strings push the song along with a tightly coiled electricity that is impossible to resist . '' He also picked the song as a highlight on the album . Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine chose the song as one of the `` standouts '' on the album , saying that its arrangement `` compensate for the lack of synthetic dance beats and vocal effects . '' Tania Zeine from ARIA Charts described the track as a `` powerful violin ballad with the accompaniment of a large orchestra throughout the remainder . '' Simon Price from The Independent said that while the original version of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' would be `` impossible to improve on , '' the reworked version `` turns it into a pizzicato thriller score . '' Jude Rogers from The Quietus , however , felt that the song does not `` respond well to this ( orchestral ) treatment . '' Louis Vartel from the LGBT oriented website NewNownext , called it `` a pulsing march through the most hypnotic beat of the past 20 years ( ... ) Kylie 's American breakthrough still holds up as a cool , streamlined dance - floor magnet '' . He ranked the track on the second position of his list of the singer 's 48 greatest songs , in honor of her 48th birthday . John Russell , from LGBT magazine Queerty , concluded that `` even if ' La - La - La ' did n't make Kylie a household name in the States , at the very least it introduced her to a whole new generation of adoring American gays '' . </P> <H2> Commercial performance ( edit ) </H2> In the United Kingdom , the simultaneous releases of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' and Victoria Beckham 's single `` Not Such an Innocent Girl '' ( pictured ) became the focus of media attention , with the BBC deeming it the `` battle of the pop princesses . '' <P> In Minogue 's native country , Australia , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' entered at number one on the Australian Singles Chart of 23 September 2001 , and remained at that position for four weeks . It spent a total of 12 weeks on the chart . In this region , it was certified triple - platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments of 210,000 units . </P> <P> In both the Dutch - speaking Flanders and French - speaking Wallonia regions of Belgium , the song peaked at number one on the Ultratop chart , spending a total of 22 and 24 weeks on the charts , respectively . In Belgium , the song was certified double - platinum for sales of 100,000 units . In France , the song entered the French Singles Chart at number 14 and peaked at number one , spending a total of 41 weeks on the chart . In this region , it was certified platinum by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique for sales of 500,000 units . As of August 2014 , the song was the 22nd best - selling single of the 21st century in France , with 542,000 units sold . In Germany , the song was number one for one week on the German Singles Chart . In this region , it was certified platinum by the Federal Association of Music Industry for shipments of 500,000 units . In Ireland , the song entered at number one on the Ireland Singles Chart , spending a total of consecutive 19 weeks on the chart . </P> <P> In the United Kingdom , the single faced competition in a hugely - hyped chart battle with Victoria Beckham 's single `` Not Such an Innocent Girl . '' On the chart date of 29 September 2001 , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart with first week sales of 306,000 units , while `` Not Such an Innocent Girl '' debuted at number six with first week sales of 35,000 units . It spent four weeks at number one , and a total of 25 weeks inside the top 40 on the chart . The song spent a record - breaking eight weeks at number one on the airplay chart of the country and became the first to garner 3000 radio plays in a single week . Subsequently , it became the most - played song of 2001 in the region . `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry for shipments of 600,000 units in 2001 . The certification was upgraded to double - platinum in 2015 , denoting shipments of 1,200,000 units . </P> <P> In the United States , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' peaked at number seven on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , becoming Minogue 's best selling single in the region since her interpretation of `` The Loco - Motion . '' Additionally , the song peaked at number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart , at number 23 on the Adult Top 40 chart , at number three on the Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) chart , and number eight on the Radio Songs chart . In this region , the song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of 500,000 units . </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development and synopsis ( edit ) </H3> The white hooded jumpsuit sported by Minogue ( pictured ) was seen as a highlight of the video <P> The accompanying music video for `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was directed by Dawn Shadforth , and featured dance routines choreographed by Michael Rooney . Early in Minogue 's career , her youthful look , slim figure , and her `` proportionally '' large mouth attracted comments from various critics , with British red top newspaper News of the World speculating that the singer could possibly be an alien . Later while discussing the video , Shadforth and music critic Paul Morley took this `` bizarre suggestion '' into consideration to comment on Minogue as a `` creative , experimental artist . '' Shadforth blocked some shots of the initial driving scene based upon similar shots of Shirley Manson piloting an airplane in her award - winning dogfight clip for Garbage 's `` Special . '' </P> <P> The video was released on 11 August 2001 . It begins with Minogue driving a De Tomaso Mangusta sports car on a futuristic bridge , while singing the `` la la la '' hook of the song . The next scene consists of a number of dance couples performing a dance routine dressed in black and white costumes ; they are soon joined by Minogue , who is seen wearing a white tracksuit . The setting changes to a room where Minogue is seen striking various poses sporting bright crimson lipstick and a hooded white jumpsuit with a neckline plunging down to her navel . The outfit was designed by London - based fashion designer Fee Doran , under the label of Mrs Jones . Minogue then performs a synchronised dance routine with several backup dancers , who are wearing red and black suits . As the video ends , she performs a similar routine on the top of a building during the night , this time wearing a lavender halter neck dress with ribbon tile trim . Various scenes in the video show Minogue 's face `` unusually '' close to the lens of the camera , thus it `` subtly distorts , yet remains glamorous . '' Shadforth felt the shot gave a `` sort of sense of intimacy and as you say a sort of strangeness , '' again drawing upon the suggestion of Minogue being an alien . Similarly , Morley opined that it was `` the side of Kylie that suddenly reveals itself as being experimental , she is prepared to push herself into positions and shapes that might not be conventionally attractive ( ... ) She becomes alien Kylie as well . '' </P> <H3> Legacy ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards ceremony , the music video was nominated for Best Dance Video , while Michael Rooney won the award for Best Choreography . The hooded white jumpsuit Minogue wore in the music video is often considered to be one of her most iconic looks , particularly due to its deep plunging neckline . British fashion designer and Minogue 's stylist William Baker described the choice of the outfit , saying it was `` it was pure but kind of slutty at the same time . '' The outfit was put on display at Kylie : The Exhibition , an exhibition that featured `` costumes and memorabilia collected over Kylie 's career , '' held at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London , England , and at Kylie : an exhibition , a similar exhibition held at the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney , Australia . It was also included in Minogue 's official fashion photography book , Kylie / Fashion , which was released on 19 November 2012 by Thames and Hudson to celebrate Minogue 's completion of 25 years in music . </P> <P> The music video served as an inspiration for Morley while writing his book Words and Music : the history of pop in the shape of a city . In the book , Morley `` turned the lonely drive she ( Minogue ) made in the song 's video towards a city ( ... ) into a fictional history of music , '' referring to the opening sequence of the music video . The critic takes a ride with Minogue through a city and encounters various musicians and artists like the ghost of Elvis Presley , and Madonna , Kraftwerk , and ( Ludwig ) Wittgenstein . Academics Diane Railton and Paul Weston , in their 2005 essay Naughty Girls and Red Blooded Women ( Representations of Female Heterosexuality in Music Video ) , contrasted the music video of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' with that of American singer Beyoncé 's 2003 single `` Baby Boy . '' Railton and Weston concluded that while both videos focus on two singers performing seductive dance routines , Minogue is presented in a calculated manner and `` is always provisional , restricted , and contingent , '' whereas Beyoncé displays a particular `` primitive , feral , uncontrolled and uncontrollable '' sexuality embodied by the black female body . The two felt that the videos were representative of the raced depictions of white and black women in colonial times and pop culture , respectively . </P> <P> Comedian John Bishop made a parody of the video which appeared in an episode of the ITV show The Nightly Show , which Bishop was guest presenting . The same video featured in the introduction video of Bishop 's 2017 tour `` Winging It '' . </P> <H2> Live performances ( edit ) </H2> Minogue performing the song , as part of her Kiss Me Once Tour , on 2014 . <P> On 2 August 2001 , Minogue performed `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' at the BBC Radio 1 One Big Sunday show held at Leicester , in the United Kingdom , along with `` Spinning Around ; '' for the performance , she wore a black trilby hat , a sleeveless T - shirt upon which a picture of Marilyn Monroe had been printed , knee - length black boots , and trousers with open zips placed on both the thighs . She performed `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' on 8 November 2001 at the MTV Europe Music Awards ceremony in 2001 . At the 2002 Brit Awards held on 20 February 2002 , Minogue performed a mash - up version of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' and British band New Order 's 1983 song `` Blue Monday '' conceived by and also produced by Stuart Crichton . The mash - up was soon released as the B - side to `` Love at First Sight , '' the third single from the album Fever . The live performance of the mash - up ranked at number 40 on The Guardian 's list of `` 50 Key Events in the History of Dance Music '' in 2011 . The mashup was dubbed `` Ca n't Get Blue Monday Out of My Head '' during its inclusion as the B - side to `` Love at First Sight '' and as a remix on Minogue 's remix album Boombox . On 16 March 2002 , Minogue performed `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' along with `` In Your Eyes , '' the second single from Fever , on Saturday Night Live . On 4 June 2012 , she sang `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' at the Diamond Jubilee Concert in front of the Buckingham Palace , held in honour of Elizabeth II 's completion of 60 years as Queen . Minogue wore a pearl - studded black jacket and hat for the performance . The dance troupe Flawless , who had been finalists on the British television talent show Britain 's Got Talent , served as Minogue 's backup dancers . More recently , Minogue has performed a version of the song remixed by Steve Anderson . She performed the version during her `` MasterCard Pricless Gig '' and other mini-concerts to promote her twelfth studio album Kiss Me Once . It was performed during her seven - song set at the 2014 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony , as the final song of her performance . She also performed on the French TV show Le Grand Journal along with `` I Was Gonna Cancel . '' </P> <P> Following its release , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' has been performed by Minogue during all of her concert tours as of 2013 , with the exception of the Anti Tour in 2012 . In 2001 , the song was included in the setlist of Minogue 's On a Night Like This tour , which was launched to promote Light Years . According to Tim DiGravina from AllMusic , the performance was infused with an `` almost tangible passion and fire . '' The song was included in the encore segment of the KylieFever2002 tour , which was launched to promote Fever . In 2003 , Minogue performed the song on the one - night only concert Money Ca n't Buy , which concert was used to promote her ninth studio album , Body Language , and was held at major entertainment venue Hammersmith Apollo in London . During the performance , `` a visual flurry of quasi-Japanese symbols '' was projected onto large digital screens set behind the stage , and dancers wearing bondage costumes carried out a `` robotic '' dance routine . </P> Minogue performing `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' on the Aphrodite : Les Folies Tour , 2011 . <P> In 2005 , she performed the song on her Showgirl : The Greatest Hits Tour . But Minogue was unable to complete the tour , as she was diagnosed with early breast cancer and had to cancel the Australian leg of the tour . After undergoing treatment and recovery , Minogue resumed the concert tour in the form of Showgirl : The Homecoming Tour in 2007 , and she included `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' on the setlist . In 2008 , she performed the song on the KylieX2008 tour , which was launched to promote her tenth studio album , X . The show was split into five acts ; `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was featured on the first act , titled `` Xlectro Static , '' in a mashup with the song `` Boombox . '' In 2009 , she performed the same version of the song on the For You , for Me tour , which was her first concert tour in North America . A more rock - oriented version of the song was performed during the Aphrodite : Les Folies Tour , which was launched to promote her eleventh studio album , Aphrodite . It was regarded as `` seemingly inspired by the crunch of Janet Jackson 's `` Black Cat . '' During the performance , male back - up dancers in `` S&M dog collars '' danced with female back - up dancers , who were dressed in red ballroom gowns . In 2012 , Minogue promoted The Abbey Road Sessions by performing on the BBC Proms in the Park at Hyde Park , London . During the event , she also sang the orchestral version of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head . '' More recently , the Steve Anderson remix was performed on Minogue 's Kiss Me Once Tour and Kylie Summer 2015 Tour . It followed a performance of `` Sexercize '' in the fourth section , and an interlude dubbed the `` Sex Segue . '' She also performed this version during the 2015 Royal Albert Hall performance as part of her `` Kylie Christmas '' concert . </P> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Commercial impact ( edit ) </H3> <P> Following its release , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' peaked at number one on the charts of every European country ( except Finland ) , Australia , New Zealand and Canada . The song reportedly reached number one in 40 countries worldwide , and as of 2013 , it has sold over seven million copies . In the United Kingdom , the total sales of the song are accumulated to be around 1.16 million units , thus making it the 75th best - selling single in the United Kingdom of all time . It is Minogue 's highest selling single as of 2013 and also one of the best - selling singles of all time . As of June 2015 , it is the 28th best - selling single of the millennium in the United Kingdom . The song is notable for being Minogue 's biggest and strongest commercial breakthrough in the United States , a region in which Minogue had previously managed to achieve little success . The commercial success of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' in the US is often considered to have piloted its parent album Fever to achieve similar success in the region . The album would later peak at number three on the Billboard 200 chart , and attain a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of 1,000,000 units . Fever reportedly sold over six million copies worldwide , becoming Minogue 's highest selling album as of 2013 . </P> <H3> Cultural impact ( edit ) </H3> Eventually , with the hugely successful `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head , '' Kylie would rattle the American pop psyche , reminding the rather insular scene that the bubbly girl who had first made waves with the 1987 cover of `` The Loco - Motion '' had developed into a stylish , experienced , and able pop performer with a clear agenda -- both musically and visually -- and the chops to match . <P> -- Chris True , in his biography of Minogue at AllMusic . </P> <P> In 2011 , Rolling Stone magazine ranked `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' at number 45 on `` 100 Best Songs of the 2000s '' list , noting that Minogue had `` seduced the U.S. with this mirror - ball classic '' and that `` we 've been hearing it at the gym ever since . '' NME ranked the song at number 74 on their `` 100 Best Track of the Noughties '' list , saying it `` encapsulated everything enviable in a well - crafted song '' and heralding it as Minogue 's best single . In 2012 , Priya Elan from NME ranked the song at number four on his `` The Greatest Pop Songs in History '' list , saying : `` It was unlike any song I remember hearing before . '' In 2012 , The Guardian included the song in their list of `` The Best Number One Records , '' labelling it to be `` sleek , Arctic - blue minimalism , like an emotionally thwarted retelling of Donna Summer 's `` I Feel Love . '' In the same year , PRS for Music , a UK copyright collection society and performance rights organisation which collects royalties on behalf of songwriters and composers , named `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' the `` Most Popular Song of the Decade '' as it received the highest airplay and live covers in the 2000s ( decade ) . </P> Minogue performing `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' during her KylieX Tour ( 2008 ) . <P> In 2013 , a survey of 700 people was conducted as part of the Manchester Science Festival to find out which song they considered the `` catchiest , '' and `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' topped the poll . Lee Barron , in his essay The Seven Ages of Kylie Minogue : Postmodernism , Identity , and Performative Mimicry , noted that the song `` further established Minogue 's cultural and commercial relevance in the new millennium . '' He remarked that the song `` with its hypnotic ' la la la ' refrain and the deceptively uncomplicated , catchily repetitive beats and synth - sound , marked yet another clearly defined image transformation from the camp - infused Light Years to an emphasis upon a cool , machine - like sexuality , a trait clearly identifiable within the promotional video for ' Ca n't Get You Out of My Head . ' '' Similarly , Everett True from The Guardian wrote that the song continued the `` change in the marketing and public perception of Kylie '' and her transition from the `` homely girl - next - door '' to `` a much more flirtatious , sophisticated persona '' that started with the release of `` Spinning Around '' in 2000 . True also felt that the success of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was one of the motivating factors behind `` manufactured '' pop music gaining a `` new postmodern respectability '' and marked a `` clear shift in attitude towards pop music among the ' serious ' rock critic fraternity : the idea that ( manufactured , female ) pop music might well be the equal of ( organic , male ) rock music after all , that each has their high points and their low . '' In 2011 , Minogue 's official website posted a special article marking the song 's 10th anniversary on 8 September , the release date of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' in Australia . `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' is recognised as Minogue 's signature song . </P> <P> `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' garnered Minogue a number of awards . At the 2001 Top of the Pops Awards ceremony , the song won the award for `` Best Single . '' At the 2002 ARIA Music Awards ceremony , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' won the awards for `` Single of the Year '' and `` Highest Selling Single , '' and Minogue won the `` Outstanding Achievement Award . '' In 2002 , it won a Dutch Edison Award for `` Single of the Year . '' In the same year , Dennis and Davis won three awards at the 47th Ivor Novello Awards for their composition of the song ; they won the awards `` The Ivors Dance Award , '' `` Most Performed Work , '' and `` International Hit of the Year . '' At the inaugural Premios Oye ! in 2002 , the song received a nomination in the category of `` Song of the Year . '' In the 2007 episode of The Simpsons , `` Homerazzi '' , the track is heard playing in a celebrity - packed nightclub into which Homer storms . The track is also heard in the films Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason , Hey Good Looking ! , Holy Motors , and 20,000 Days on Earth . The `` Ca n't Get Blue Monday Out of My Head '' mash - up is heard in the film Layer Cake , and New Order themselves sampled the song during their 2005 Coachella set as they performed `` Blue Monday '' . </P> <H2> Formats and track listings ( edit ) </H2> <P> These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head : '' </P> <Ul> <Li> CD single # 1 </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Ca n't Get You Out Of My Head '' -- 3 : 50 </Li> <Li> `` Boy '' -- 3 : 47 </Li> <Li> `` Rendezvous at Sunset '' -- 3 : 23 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> CD single # 2 </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Ca n't Get You Out Of My Head '' - 3 : 50 </Li> <Li> `` Ca n't Get You Out Of My Head '' ( K & M Mindprint Mix ) - 6 : 34 </Li> <Li> `` Ca n't Get You Out Of My Head '' ( Plastika Mix ) - 9 : 26 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Digital download </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' -- 3 : 52 </Li> <Li> `` Boy '' -- 3 : 48 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2001 -- 02 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( ARIA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil ( ABPD ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark ( Tracklisten ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France ( SNEP ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greece ( IFPI Greece ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy ( FIMI ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portugal ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa ( RiSA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2001 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australian Singles Chart </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austrian Singles Chart </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgian Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dutch Top 40 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> French Singles Chart </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> German Singles Chart </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Irish Singles Chart </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italian Singles Chart </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Th> <Td> 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Romanian Singles Chart </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Swiss Singles Chart </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles Chart </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2002 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austrian Singles Chart </Th> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> French Singles Chart </Th> <Td> 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Swiss Singles Chart </Th> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot 100 </Th> <Td> 45 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Decade - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> All Time Charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Certifications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 3 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 210,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austria ( IFPI Austria ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 40,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( BEA ) </Th> <Td> 2 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France ( SNEP ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 918,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( BVMI ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Greece ( IFPI Greece ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 20,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( FIMI ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 50,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( NVPI ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 60,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( RMNZ ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 5,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Norway ( IFPI Norway ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 10,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Africa </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 50,000 ^ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( GLF ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 30,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 40,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom ( BPI ) </Th> <Td> 2 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 1,200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 531,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : True , Chris . `` Kylie Minogue -- Biography '' . 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Retrieved 8 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TOTP Awards : The winners '' . BBC . 30 November 2001 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Winners by Year '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 27 November 2011 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goody , Chloe ( 27 July 2012 ) . `` Kylie Minogue : 25 Great Music Moments '' . MSN . Microsoft . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Minogue Track Tops Ivor Novello Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Todo listo para los Premios Oye ! '' . Ritmoson Latino . Televisa . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Simpsons ( TV Series ) , Homerazzi ( 2007 ) - Soundtracks '' . IMDB . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prevatt , Mike ( 9 May 2005 ) . `` COACHELLA 2005 '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head Part 1 ( Single , Enhanced , Import ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Get You Out Of My Head Part 2 ( Single , Import ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( UK ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue : Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Minogue , Kylie Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Greek Singles Chart '' . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on 3 April 2002 . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 38 , 2001 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Music Control '' . Archived from the original on 24 October 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard. 12 January 2002 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Top of the Year 2001 '' . 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Retrieved 16 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2001 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 8 August 2015 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade - 2001 '' ( in German ) . Austrian Charts . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 1 August 2012 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2001 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuel 2001 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2001 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Charts . GfK . Archived from the original on 8 February 2015 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles -- année 2001 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tolksdorf , Markus . `` German Top 20 -- The Chart of 2001 '' . Infinity Charts . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best of 2001 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italy Best of 2001 '' . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 2001 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End Charts 2001 '' ( in German ) . Swiss Charts . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yearly Best Selling Singles '' ( PDF ) . British Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade - 2002 '' ( in German ) . Austrian Charts . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 12 March 2014 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles -- année 2002 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End Charts 2002 '' ( in German ) . Swiss Charts . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.bobborst.com/popculture/top-100-songs-of-the-year/?year=2002 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Sales -- ARIA End of Decade Singles / Top 100 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 September 2010 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Die erfolgreichsten Hits des neuen Jahrtausends '' ( in German ) . RTL Television . Retrieved 11 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Decennium Charts -- Singles 2000 -- 2009 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Charts . GfK . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nihal ( 31 December 2009 ) . `` Charts of the Decade , Episode 4 '' . BBC . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2001 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Kylie Minogue in the field Interpret . Enter Ca n't Get You Out of My Head in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2002 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Les Singles Platine : '' ( in French ) . Infodisc.fr . Archived from the original on 5 February 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Kylie Minogue ; ' Ca n't Get You Out of My Head ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Greek single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in Greek ) . IFPI Greece . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Goud & Platina -- Kylie Minoque -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Archived from the original on 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . Recorded Music NZ . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2002 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Kylie Minogue ; ' Ca n't Get You Out of My Head ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Ca n't Get You Out of My Head in the search field and then press Enter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 29 September 2016 ) . `` Flashback to 2001 : Victoria Beckham battles Kylie Minogue for Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Get You Out of My Head '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 4 March 2011 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Katy Perry , Kylie Minogue , Cee Lo Green '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Complete Kylie , Simon Sheridan , Reynolds & Hearn Books ( February 2009 ) . ( 2nd ed . ) ISBN 1 - 905287 - 89 - 5 </P> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> A page on `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' at Kylie Minogue 's official website </Li> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Kylie Minogue songs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Singles discography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kylie </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I Should Be So Lucky '' </Li> <Li> `` The Loco - Motion '' </Li> <Li> `` Je ne sais pas pourquoi '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's No Secret '' </Li> <Li> `` Got to Be Certain '' </Li> <Li> `` Turn It into Love '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Enjoy Yourself </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Hand on Your Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` Would n't Change a Thing '' </Li> <Li> `` Never Too Late '' </Li> <Li> `` Tears on My Pillow '' </Li> <Li> `` Especially for You '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rhythm of Love </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Better the Devil You Know '' </Li> <Li> `` Step Back in Time '' </Li> <Li> `` What Do I Have to Do '' </Li> <Li> `` Shocked '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Let 's Get to It </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Word Is Out '' </Li> <Li> `` Give Me Just a Little More Time '' </Li> <Li> `` Finer Feelings '' </Li> <Li> `` If You Were with Me Now '' </Li> <Li> `` I Guess I Like It Like That '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Greatest Hits </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` What Kind of Fool ( Heard All That Before ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Celebration '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kylie Minogue </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Confide in Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Put Yourself in My Place '' </Li> <Li> `` Where Is the Feeling ? '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Impossible Princess </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Too Far '' </Li> <Li> `` Cowboy Style '' </Li> <Li> `` Some Kind of Bliss '' </Li> <Li> `` Did It Again '' </Li> <Li> `` Breathe '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Light Years </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Spinning Around '' </Li> <Li> `` On a Night Like This '' </Li> <Li> `` Your Disco Needs You '' </Li> <Li> `` Please Stay '' </Li> <Li> `` Butterfly '' </Li> <Li> `` Kids '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fever </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' </Li> <Li> `` In Your Eyes '' </Li> <Li> `` Love at First Sight '' </Li> <Li> `` Come into My World '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Body Language </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Slow '' </Li> <Li> `` Red Blooded Woman '' </Li> <Li> `` Chocolate '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ultimate Kylie </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I Believe in You '' </Li> <Li> `` Giving You Up '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> X </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` 2 Hearts '' </Li> <Li> `` Wow '' </Li> <Li> `` In My Arms '' </Li> <Li> `` Speakerphone '' </Li> <Li> `` All I See '' </Li> <Li> `` The One '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aphrodite </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` All the Lovers '' </Li> <Li> `` Get Outta My Way '' </Li> <Li> `` Put Your Hands Up ( If You Feel Love ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Aphrodite '' </Li> <Li> `` Better than Today '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> A Kylie Christmas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Let It Snow '' </Li> <Li> `` Santa Baby '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Abbey Road Sessions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Flower '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kiss Me Once </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Into the Blue '' </Li> <Li> `` I Was Gonna Cancel '' </Li> <Li> `` Sexercize '' </Li> <Li> `` Beautiful '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kylie + Garibay </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Black and White '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kylie Christmas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' </Li> <Li> `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' </Li> <Li> `` Winter Wonderland '' </Li> <Li> `` Christmas Wrapping '' </Li> <Li> `` Only You '' </Li> <Li> `` Every Day 's Like Christmas '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Gonna Be Warm This Winter '' </Li> <Li> `` 2000 Miles '' </Li> <Li> `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' </Li> <Li> `` 100 Degrees '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kylie Christmas : Snow Queen Edition </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Stay Another Day '' </Li> <Li> `` At Christmas '' </Li> <Li> `` Wonderful Christmastime '' </Li> <Li> `` I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday '' </Li> <Li> `` Christmas Lights '' </Li> <Li> `` Everybody 's Free ( To Feel Good ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Night Fever '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Golden </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Dancing '' </Li> <Li> `` Stop Me from Falling '' </Li> <Li> `` Raining Glitter '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> ARIA Award for Single of the Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> `` You 're the Voice '' by John Farnham ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> `` Beds Are Burning '' by Midnight Oil ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> `` Under the Milky Way '' by The Church ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> `` Crying in the Chapel '' by Peter Blakeley ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> `` I Do n't Wanna Be with Nobody But You '' by Absent Friends ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> `` Treaty ( Filthy Lucre Remix ) '' by Yothu Yindi ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Day You Went Away '' by Wendy Matthews ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Honeymoon Is Over '' by The Cruel Sea ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> `` Tomorrow '' by Silverchair ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and Kylie Minogue ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> `` Truly Madly Deeply '' by Savage Garden ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> `` Torn '' by Natalie Imbruglia ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Day You Come '' by Powderfinger ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Call Me Baby '' by Madison Avenue ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> `` My Happiness '' by Powderfinger ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' by Kylie Minogue ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> `` Born to Try '' by Delta Goodrem ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> `` Are You Gonna Be My Girl '' by Jet ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> `` Catch My Disease '' by Ben Lee ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> `` Black Fingernails , Red Wine '' by Eskimo Joe ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> `` Straight Lines '' by Silverchair ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> `` Sweet About Me '' by Gabriella Cilmi ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> `` Walking on a Dream '' by Empire of the Sun ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> `` Big Jet Plane '' by Angus & Julia Stone ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Get_You_Out_of_My_Head&oldid=838110772 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Kylie Minogue songs </Li> <Li> 2001 singles </Li> <Li> 2002 singles </Li> <Li> 2001 songs </Li> <Li> ARIA Award - 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who wrote cant get you out of my head lyrics

Stopping by woods on a Snowy Evening - wikipedia <H1> Stopping by woods on a Snowy Evening </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> `` Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening '' is a poem written in 1922 by Robert Frost , and published in 1923 in his New Hampshire volume . Imagery , personification , and repetition are prominent in the work . In a letter to Louis Untermeyer , Frost called it `` my best bid for remembrance '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview </Li> <Li> 2 Use in eulogies </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> Frost wrote the poem in June 1922 at his house in Shaftsbury , Vermont . He had been up the entire night writing the long poem `` New Hampshire '' and had finally finished when he realized morning had come . He went out to view the sunrise and suddenly got the idea for `` Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening '' . He wrote the new poem `` about the snowy evening and the little horse as if I 'd had a hallucination '' in just `` a few minutes without strain '' . </P> <P> The poem is written in iambic tetrameter in the Rubaiyat stanza created by Edward Fitzgerald . Each verse ( save the last ) follows an a-a-b-a rhyming scheme , with the following verse 's a 's rhyming with that verse 's b , which is a chain rhyme ( another example is the terza rima used in Dante 's Inferno . ) Overall , the rhyme scheme is AABA - BBCB - CCDC - DDDD . </P> <P> The text of the poem describes the thoughts of a lone rider ( the speaker ) , pausing at night in his travel to watch snow falling in the woods . It ends with him reminding himself that , despite the loveliness of the view , `` I have promises to keep , / And miles to go before I sleep . '' </P> <H2> Use in eulogies ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the early morning of November 23 , 1963 , Sid Davis of Westinghouse Broadcasting reported the arrival of President John F. Kennedy 's casket to the White House . As Frost was one of the President 's favorite poets , Davis concluded his report with a passage from this poem but was overcome with emotion as he signed off . </P> <P> At the funeral of former Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau , on October 3 , 2000 , his eldest son Justin rephrased the last stanza of this poem in his eulogy : `` The woods are lovely , dark and deep . He has kept his promises and earned his sleep . '' </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tuten , Nancy Lewis ; Zubizarreta , John ( 2001 ) . The Robert Frost Encyclopedia . Greenwood Publishing . p. 347 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29464 - X . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frost , Carol . `` Sincerity and Inventions : On Robert Frost '' . Academy of American Poets . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Poirier , Richard ( 1977 ) . Robert Frost : The Work of Knowing . London : Oxford University Press . p. 181 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502216 - 5 . In fact , the woods are not , as the Lathem edition would have it ( with its obtuse emendation of a comma after the second adjective in line 13 ) , merely ' lovely , dark , and deep . ' Rather , as Frost in all the editions he supervised intended , they are ' lovely , ( i.e. ) dark and deep ' ; the loveliness thereby partakes of the depth and darkness which make the woods so ominous . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` My Brush with History - `` We Heard the Shots ... '' : Aboard the Press Bus in Dallas 40 Years Ago '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 26 September 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 30 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davis , Sid ; Bennett , Susan ; Trost , Catherine ' Cathy ' ; Rather , Daniel ' Dan ' Irvin Jr ( 2004 ) . `` Return To The White House '' . President Kennedy Has Been Shot : Experience The Moment - to - Moment Account of The Four Days That Changed America . Newseum ( illustrated ed . ) . Naperville , IL : Sourcebooks . p. 173 . ISBN 1 - 4022 - 0317 - 9 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justin Trudeau 's eulogy '' . On This Day . Toronto , ON , CA : CBC Radio . 3 October 2000 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Frost , Robert , Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening , Representative poetry ( online ed . ) , University of Toronto . Text of the poem , along with the rhyming pattern . </Li> <Li> `` Woods '' , Frost , Poets , UIUC . Discussion and analysis of the poem . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Robert Frost </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poems </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Acquainted with the Night '' </Li> <Li> `` After Apple - Picking '' </Li> <Li> `` Birches '' </Li> <Li> `` The Death of the Hired Man '' </Li> <Li> `` Fire and Ice '' </Li> <Li> `` The Gift Outright '' </Li> <Li> `` Mending Wall '' </Li> <Li> `` Nothing Gold Can Stay '' </Li> <Li> `` Out , Out - '' </Li> <Li> `` The Oven Bird '' </Li> <Li> `` A Question '' </Li> <Li> `` The Road Not Taken '' </Li> <Li> `` Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poetry collections </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Boy 's Will </Li> <Li> North of Boston </Li> <Li> Mountain Interval </Li> <Li> New Hampshire </Li> <Li> West - Running Brook </Li> <Li> Collected Poems of Robert Frost </Li> <Li> A Further Range </Li> <Li> A Witness Tree </Li> <Li> In the Clearing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Masque of Reason </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Robert Frost Farm , New Hampshire </Li> <Li> The Frost Place , Home and Museum </Li> <Li> Robert Frost Farm ( Ripton , Vermont ) </Li> <Li> Robert Frost Farm ( South Shaftsbury , Vermont ) </Li> <Li> Robert Frost House , Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Robert Frost Medal </Li> <Li> Frostiana ( 1959 choral art ) </Li> <Li> Robert Frost : A Lover 's Quarrel with the World ( 1963 documentary ) </Li> <Li> Robert Frost : A Life ( 2000 biography ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stopping_by_Woods_on_a_Snowy_Evening&oldid=826525203 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Poetry by Robert Frost </Li> <Li> 1923 poems </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 16 : 59 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

who wrote the poem the woods are lovely dark and deep

Hamlet - wikipedia <H1> Hamlet </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the play by William Shakespeare . For other uses , see Hamlet ( disambiguation ) . The American actor Edwin Booth as Hamlet , ca . 1870 <P> The Tragedy of Hamlet , Prince of Denmark , often shortened to Hamlet ( / ˈhæmlɪt / ) , is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare at an uncertain date between 1599 and 1602 . Set in Denmark , the play dramatises the revenge Prince Hamlet is called to wreak upon his uncle , Claudius , by the ghost of Hamlet 's father , King Hamlet . Claudius had murdered his own brother and seized the throne , also marrying his deceased brother 's widow . </P> <P> Hamlet is Shakespeare 's longest play , and is considered among the most powerful and influential works of world literature , with a story capable of `` seemingly endless retelling and adaptation by others '' . It was probably one of Shakespeare 's most popular works during his lifetime , and still ranks among his most performed , topping the performance list of the Royal Shakespeare Company and its predecessors in Stratford - upon - Avon since 1879 . It has inspired many other writers -- from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Charles Dickens to James Joyce and Iris Murdoch -- and has been described as `` the world 's most filmed story after Cinderella '' . </P> <P> The story of Shakespeare 's Hamlet was derived from the legend of Amleth , preserved by 13th - century chronicler Saxo Grammaticus in his Gesta Danorum , as subsequently retold by the 16th - century scholar François de Belleforest . Shakespeare may also have drawn on an earlier Elizabethan play known today as the Ur - Hamlet , though some scholars believe he himself wrote the Ur - Hamlet , later revising it to create the version of Hamlet we now have . He almost certainly wrote his version of the title role for his fellow actor , Richard Burbage , the leading tragedian of Shakespeare 's time . In the 400 years since its inception , the role has been performed by numerous highly acclaimed actors in each successive century . </P> <P> Three different early versions of the play are extant : the First Quarto ( Q1 , 1603 ) ; the Second Quarto ( Q2 , 1604 ) ; and the First Folio ( F1 , 1623 ) . Each version includes lines and entire scenes missing from the others . The play 's structure and depth of characterisation have inspired much critical scrutiny . One such example is the centuries - old debate about Hamlet 's hesitation to kill his uncle , which some see as merely a plot device to prolong the action , but which others argue is a dramatisation of the complex philosophical and ethical issues that surround cold - blooded murder , calculated revenge , and thwarted desire . More recently , psychoanalytic critics have examined Hamlet 's unconscious desires , while feminist critics have re-evaluated and attempted to rehabilitate the often maligned characters of Ophelia and Gertrude . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Characters </Li> <Li> 2 Plot <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Act I </Li> <Li> 2.2 Act II </Li> <Li> 2.3 Act III </Li> <Li> 2.4 Act IV </Li> <Li> 2.5 Act V </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Sources </Li> <Li> 4 Date </Li> <Li> 5 Texts </Li> <Li> 6 Analysis and criticism <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Critical history </Li> <Li> 6.2 Dramatic structure </Li> <Li> 6.3 Length </Li> <Li> 6.4 Language </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Context and interpretation <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Religious </Li> <Li> 7.2 Philosophical </Li> <Li> 7.3 Psychoanalytic </Li> <Li> 7.4 Feminist </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Influence </Li> <Li> 9 Performance history <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Shakespeare 's day to the Interregnum </Li> <Li> 9.2 Restoration and 18th century </Li> <Li> 9.3 19th century </Li> <Li> 9.4 20th century </Li> <Li> 9.5 21st century </Li> <Li> 9.6 Film and TV performances </Li> <Li> 9.7 Stage pastiches </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Notes and references <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Notes </Li> <Li> 10.2 References </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Sources <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Editions of Hamlet </Li> <Li> 11.2 Secondary sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 External links <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Texts </Li> <Li> 12.2 Analysis </Li> <Li> 12.3 Related works </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Characters in Hamlet <Ul> <Li> Hamlet -- Son of the late King and nephew of the present King , Claudius . </Li> <Li> Claudius -- King of Denmark , Hamlet 's uncle and brother to the former King </Li> <Li> Gertrude -- Queen of Denmark and Hamlet 's mother </Li> <Li> Polonius -- Chief counsellor to the king </Li> <Li> Ophelia -- Polonius 's daughter </Li> <Li> Horatio -- Friend to Hamlet </Li> <Li> Laertes -- Polonius 's son </Li> <Li> Voltimand and Cornelius -- Courtiers </Li> <Li> Rosencrantz and Guildenstern -- Courtiers , friends of Hamlet </Li> <Li> Osric -- a Courtier </Li> <Li> Marcellus -- an Officer </Li> <Li> Barnardo -- an Officer </Li> <Li> Francisco -- a Soldier </Li> <Li> Reynaldo -- Polonius 's servant </Li> <Li> Ghost of Hamlet 's Father </Li> <Li> Fortinbras -- Prince of Norway </Li> <Li> Gravediggers -- a Sexton </Li> <Li> Player King , Player Queen , Lucianus etc. -- Players </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Act I ( edit ) </H3> <P> The protagonist of Hamlet is Prince Hamlet of Denmark , son of the recently deceased King Hamlet , and nephew of King Claudius , his father 's brother and successor . Claudius hastily married King Hamlet 's widow , Gertrude , Hamlet 's mother , and took the throne for himself . Denmark has a long - standing feud with neighbouring Norway , in which King Hamlet slew King Fortinbras of Norway in a battle some years ago . Although Denmark defeated Norway , and the Norwegian throne fell to King Fortinbras 's infirm brother , Denmark fears that an invasion led by the dead Norwegian king 's son , Prince Fortinbras , is imminent . </P> <P> On a cold night on the ramparts of Elsinore , the Danish royal castle , the sentries Bernardo and Marcellus discuss a ghost resembling the late King Hamlet which they have recently seen , and bring Prince Hamlet 's friend Horatio as a witness . After the ghost appears again , the three vow to tell Prince Hamlet what they have witnessed . </P> <P> As the court gathers the next day , while King Claudius and Queen Gertrude discuss affairs of state with their elderly adviser Polonius , Hamlet looks on glumly . During the court , Claudius grants permission for Polonius 's son Laertes to return to school in France , and sends envoys to inform the King of Norway about Fortinbras . Claudius also scolds Hamlet for continuing to grieve over his father , and forbids him from returning to his schooling in Wittenberg . After the court exits , Hamlet despairs of his father 's death and his mother 's hasty remarriage . Learning of the ghost from Horatio , Hamlet resolves to see it himself . </P> Horatio , Hamlet , and the ghost ( Artist : Henry Fuseli , 1789 ) <P> As Polonius 's son Laertes prepares to depart for a visit to France , Polonius gives him contradictory advice that culminates in the ironic maxim `` to thine own self be true . '' Polonius 's daughter , Ophelia , admits her interest in Hamlet , but Laertes warns her against seeking the prince 's attention , and Polonius orders her to reject his advances . That night on the rampart , the ghost appears to Hamlet , telling the prince that he has been condemned to Purgatory due to his inability to receive his last rites . He further explains that he was murdered by Claudius and demands that Hamlet avenge him . Hamlet agrees and the ghost vanishes . The prince confides to Horatio and the sentries that from now on he plans to `` put an antic disposition on '' , or act as though he has gone mad , and forces them to swear to keep his plans for revenge secret . Privately , however , he remains uncertain of the ghost 's reliability . </P> <H3> Act II ( edit ) </H3> <P> After the departure of Laertes , Polonius sends his servant Reynaldo to Paris to spy on his son . Soon thereafter , Ophelia rushes to her father , telling him that Hamlet arrived at her door the prior night half - undressed and behaving erratically . Polonius blames love for Hamlet 's madness and resolves to inform Claudius and Gertrude . As he enters to do so , the king and queen finish welcoming Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , two student acquaintances of Hamlet , to Elsinore . The royal couple has requested that the students investigate the cause of Hamlet 's mood and behaviour . Additional news requires that Polonius wait to be heard : messengers from Norway inform Claudius that the King of Norway has rebuked Prince Fortinbras for attempting to re-fight his father 's battles . The forces that Fortinbras had conscripted to march against Denmark will instead be sent against Poland , though they will pass through Danish territory to get there . </P> <P> Polonius tells Claudius and Gertrude his theory regarding Hamlet 's behaviour , and speaks to Hamlet in a hall of the castle to try to uncover more information . Hamlet feigns madness but subtly insults Polonius all the while . When Rosencrantz and Guildenstern arrive , Hamlet greets his `` friends '' warmly , but quickly discerns that they are spies . Hamlet becomes bitter , admitting that he is upset at his situation but refusing to give the true reason why , instead commenting on `` what a piece of work '' humanity is . Rosencrantz and Guildenstern tell Hamlet that they have brought along a troupe of actors that they met while traveling to Elsinore . Hamlet , after welcoming the actors and dismissing his friends - turned - spies , asks them to deliver a soliloquy about the death of King Priam and Queen Hecuba at the climax of the Trojan War . Impressed by their delivery of the speech , he plots to stage The Murder of Gonzago , a play featuring a death in the style of his father 's murder , and to determine the truth of the ghost 's story , as well as Claudius 's guilt or innocence , by studying Claudius 's reaction . </P> <H3> Act III ( edit ) </H3> <P> Polonius forces Ophelia to return Hamlet 's love letters and tokens of affection to the prince while he and Claudius watch from afar to evaluate Hamlet 's reaction . Hamlet is walking alone in the hall as the King and Polonius await Ophelia 's entrance , musing whether `` to be or not to be '' . When Ophelia enters and tries to return Hamlet 's things , Hamlet accuses her of immodesty and cries `` get thee to a nunnery '' , though it is unclear whether this , too , is a show of madness or genuine distress . His reaction convinces Claudius that Hamlet is not mad for love . Shortly thereafter , the court assembles to watch the play Hamlet has commissioned . After seeing the Player King murdered by his rival pouring poison in his ear , Claudius abruptly rises and runs from the room : for Hamlet , proof positive of his uncle 's guilt . </P> Hamlet mistakenly stabs Polonius ( Artist : Coke Smyth , 19th century ) . <P> Gertrude summons Hamlet to her room to demand an explanation . Meanwhile , Claudius soliloquizes about the impossibility of repenting , since he still has possession of his ill - gotten goods : his brother 's crown and wife . He sinks to his knees . Hamlet , on his way to visit his mother , sneaks up behind him , but does not kill him , reasoning that killing Claudius while he is praying will send him straight to heaven while his father 's ghost is stuck in purgatory . In the queen 's bedchamber , Hamlet and Gertrude fight bitterly . Polonius , spying on the conversation from behind a tapestry , makes a noise . </P> <P> Hamlet , believing it is Claudius , stabs wildly , killing Polonius , but pulls aside the curtain and sees his mistake . In a rage , Hamlet brutally insults his mother for her apparent ignorance of Claudius 's villainy , but the ghost enters and reprimands Hamlet for his inaction and harsh words . Unable to see or hear the ghost herself , Gertrude takes Hamlet 's conversation with it as further evidence of madness . After begging the queen to stop sleeping with Claudius , Hamlet leaves , dragging Polonius 's corpse away . </P> <H3> Act IV ( edit ) </H3> <P> Hamlet jokes with Claudius about where he has hidden Polonius 's body , and the king , fearing for his life , sends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to accompany Hamlet to England with a sealed letter to the English king requesting that Hamlet be executed immediately . </P> <P> Demented by grief at Polonius 's death , Ophelia wanders Elsinore . Laertes arrives back from France , enraged by his father 's death and his sister 's madness . Claudius convinces Laertes that Hamlet is solely responsible , but a letter soon arrives indicating that Hamlet has returned to Denmark , foiling Claudius ' plan . Claudius switches tactics , proposing a fencing match between Laertes and Hamlet to settle their differences . Laertes will be given a poison - tipped foil , and Claudius will offer Hamlet poisoned wine as a congratulation if that fails . Gertrude interrupts to report that Ophelia has drowned , though it is unclear whether it was suicide or an accident exacerbated by her madness . </P> The gravedigger scene ( Artist : Eugène Delacroix , 1839 ) <H3> Act v ( edit ) </H3> <P> Horatio has received a letter from Hamlet , explaining that the prince escaped by negotiating with pirates who attempted to attack his England - bound ship , and the friends reunite offstage . Two gravediggers discuss Ophelia 's apparent suicide while digging her grave . Hamlet arrives with Horatio and banters with one of the gravediggers , who unearths the skull of a jester from Hamlet 's childhood , Yorick . Hamlet picks up the skull , saying `` alas , poor Yorick '' as he contemplates mortality . Ophelia 's funeral procession approaches , led by Laertes . Hamlet and Horatio initially hide , but when Hamlet realizes that Ophelia is the one being buried , he reveals himself , proclaiming his love for her . Laertes and Hamlet fight by Ophelia 's graveside , but the brawl is broken up . </P> <P> Back at Elsinore , Hamlet explains to Horatio that he had discovered Claudius 's letter with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern 's belongings and replaced it with a forged copy indicating that his former friends should be killed instead . A foppish courtier , Osric , interrupts the conversation to deliver the fencing challenge to Hamlet . Hamlet , despite Horatio 's pleas , accepts it . Hamlet does well at first , leading the match by two hits to none , and Gertrude raises a toast to him using the poisoned glass of wine Claudius had set aside for Hamlet . Claudius tries to stop her , but is too late : she drinks , and Laertes realizes the plot will be revealed . Laertes slashes Hamlet with his poisoned blade . In the ensuing scuffle , they switch weapons and Hamlet wounds Laertes with his own poisoned sword . Gertrude collapses and , claiming she has been poisoned , dies . In his dying moments , Laertes reconciles with Hamlet and reveals Claudius 's plan . Hamlet rushes at Claudius and kills him . As the poison takes effect , Hamlet , hearing that Fortinbras is marching through the area , names the Norwegian prince as his successor . Horatio , distraught at the thought of being the last survivor and living whilst Hamlet does not , says he will commit suicide by drinking the dregs of Gertrude 's poisoned wine , but Hamlet begs him to live on and tell his story . Hamlet dies in Horatio 's arms , proclaiming `` the rest is silence '' . Fortinbras , who was ostensibly marching towards Poland with his army , arrives at the palace , along with an English ambassador bringing news of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern 's deaths . Horatio promises to recount the full story of what happened , and Fortinbras , seeing the entire Danish royal family dead , takes the crown for himself , and orders a military funeral to honour Hamlet . </P> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Sources of Hamlet A facsimile of Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus , which contains the legend of Amleth <P> Hamlet - like legends are so widely found ( for example in Italy , Spain , Scandinavia , Byzantium , and Arabia ) that the core `` hero - as - fool '' theme is possibly Indo - European in origin . Several ancient written precursors to Hamlet can be identified . The first is the anonymous Scandinavian Saga of Hrolf Kraki . In this , the murdered king has two sons -- Hroar and Helgi -- who spend most of the story in disguise , under false names , rather than feigning madness , in a sequence of events that differs from Shakespeare 's . The second is the Roman legend of Brutus , recorded in two separate Latin works . Its hero , Lucius ( `` shining , light '' ) , changes his name and persona to Brutus ( `` dull , stupid '' ) , playing the role of a fool to avoid the fate of his father and brothers , and eventually slaying his family 's killer , King Tarquinius . A 17th - century Nordic scholar , Torfaeus , compared the Icelandic hero Amlodi and the Spanish hero Prince Ambales ( from the Ambales Saga ) to Shakespeare 's Hamlet . Similarities include the prince 's feigned madness , his accidental killing of the king 's counsellor in his mother 's bedroom , and the eventual slaying of his uncle . </P> <P> Many of the earlier legendary elements are interwoven in the 13th - century `` Life of Amleth '' ( Latin : Vita Amlethi ) by Saxo Grammaticus , part of Gesta Danorum . Written in Latin , it reflects classical Roman concepts of virtue and heroism , and was widely available in Shakespeare 's day . Significant parallels include the prince feigning madness , his mother 's hasty marriage to the usurper , the prince killing a hidden spy , and the prince substituting the execution of two retainers for his own . A reasonably faithful version of Saxo 's story was translated into French in 1570 by François de Belleforest , in his Histoires tragiques . Belleforest embellished Saxo 's text substantially , almost doubling its length , and introduced the hero 's melancholy . </P> Title page of The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd <P> According to one theory , Shakespeare 's main source is an earlier play -- now lost -- known today as the Ur - Hamlet . Possibly written by Thomas Kyd or even William Shakespeare , the Ur - Hamlet would have existed by 1589 , and would have incorporated a ghost . Shakespeare 's company , the Chamberlain 's Men , may have purchased that play and performed a version for some time , which Shakespeare reworked . However , since no copy of the Ur - Hamlet has survived , it is impossible to compare its language and style with the known works of any of its putative authors . Consequently , there is no direct evidence that Kyd wrote it , nor any evidence that the play was not an early version of Hamlet by Shakespeare himself . This latter idea -- placing Hamlet far earlier than the generally accepted date , with a much longer period of development -- has attracted some support . </P> <P> The upshot is that scholars can not assert with any confidence how much material Shakespeare took from the Ur - Hamlet ( if it even existed ) , how much from Belleforest or Saxo , and how much from other contemporary sources ( such as Kyd 's The Spanish Tragedy ) . No clear evidence exists that Shakespeare made any direct references to Saxo 's version . However , elements of Belleforest 's version which are not in Saxo 's story do appear in Shakespeare 's play . Whether Shakespeare took these from Belleforest directly or from the hypothetical Ur - Hamlet remains unclear . </P> <P> Most scholars reject the idea that Hamlet is in any way connected with Shakespeare 's only son , Hamnet Shakespeare , who died in 1596 at age eleven . Conventional wisdom holds that Hamlet is too obviously connected to legend , and the name Hamnet was quite popular at the time . However , Stephen Greenblatt has argued that the coincidence of the names and Shakespeare 's grief for the loss of his son may lie at the heart of the tragedy . He notes that the name of Hamnet Sadler , the Stratford neighbour after whom Hamnet was named , was often written as Hamlet Sadler and that , in the loose orthography of the time , the names were virtually interchangeable . </P> <P> Scholars have often speculated that Hamlet 's Polonius might have been inspired by William Cecil ( Lord Burghley ) -- Lord High Treasurer and chief counsellor to Queen Elizabeth I. E.K. Chambers suggested Polonius 's advice to Laertes may have echoed Burghley 's to his son Robert Cecil . John Dover Wilson thought it almost certain that the figure of Polonius caricatured Burghley . A.L. Rowse speculated that Polonius 's tedious verbosity might have resembled Burghley 's . Lilian Winstanley thought the name Corambis ( in the First Quarto ) did suggest Cecil and Burghley . Harold Jenkins considers the idea that Polonius might be a caricature of Burghley is a conjecture , and may be based on the similar role they each played at court , and also on the fact that Burghley addressed his Ten Precepts to his son , as in the play Polonius offers `` precepts '' to Laertes , his son . Jenkins suggests that any personal satire may be found in the name `` Polonius '' , which might point to a Polish or Polonian connection . G.R. Hibbard hypothesised that differences in names ( Corambis / Polonius : Montano / Raynoldo ) between the First Quarto and other editions might reflect a desire not to offend scholars at Oxford University . </P> <H2> Date ( edit ) </H2> John Barrymore as Hamlet ( 1922 ) <P> `` Any dating of Hamlet must be tentative '' , cautions the New Cambridge editor , Phillip Edwards . The earliest date estimate relies on Hamlet 's frequent allusions to Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar , itself dated to mid-1599 . The latest date estimate is based on an entry , of 26 July 1602 , in the Register of the Stationers ' Company , indicating that Hamlet was `` latelie Acted by the Lo : Chamberleyne his servantes '' . </P> <P> In 1598 , Francis Meres published his Palladis Tamia , a survey of English literature from Chaucer to its present day , within which twelve of Shakespeare 's plays are named . Hamlet is not among them , suggesting that it had not yet been written . As Hamlet was very popular , Bernard Lott , the series editor of New Swan , believes it `` unlikely that he ( Meres ) would have overlooked ... so significant a piece '' . </P> <P> The phrase `` little eyases '' in the First Folio ( F1 ) may allude to the Children of the Chapel , whose popularity in London forced the Globe company into provincial touring . This became known as the War of the Theatres , and supports a 1601 dating . Katherine Duncan - Jones accepts a 1600 -- 1 attribution for the date Hamlet was written , but notes that the Lord Chamberlain 's Men , playing Hamlet in the 3000 - capacity Globe , were unlikely to be put to any disadvantage by an audience of `` barely one hundred '' for the Children of the Chapel 's equivalent play , Antonio 's Revenge ; she believes that Shakespeare , confident in the superiority of his own work , was making a playful and charitable allusion to his friend John Marston 's very similar piece . </P> <P> A contemporary of Shakespeare 's , Gabriel Harvey , wrote a marginal note in his copy of the 1598 edition of Chaucer 's works , which some scholars use as dating evidence . Harvey 's note says that `` the wiser sort '' enjoy Hamlet , and implies that the Earl of Essex -- executed in February 1601 for rebellion -- was still alive . Other scholars consider this inconclusive . Edwards , for example , concludes that the `` sense of time is so confused in Harvey 's note that it is really of little use in trying to date Hamlet '' . This is because the same note also refers to Spenser and Watson as if they were still alive ( `` our flourishing metricians '' ) , but also mentions `` Owen 's new epigrams '' , published in 1607 . </P> <H2> Texts ( edit ) </H2> Title page of the 1605 printing ( Q2 ) of Hamlet <P> Three early editions of the text have survived , making attempts to establish a single `` authentic '' text problematic and inconclusive . Each surviving edition differs from the others : </P> <Ul> <Li> First Quarto ( Q1 ) : In 1603 the booksellers Nicholas Ling and John Trundell published , and Valentine Simmes printed , the so - called `` bad '' first quarto . Q1 contains just over half of the text of the later second quarto . </Li> <Li> Second Quarto ( Q2 ) : In 1604 Nicholas Ling published , and James Roberts printed , the second quarto . Some copies are dated 1605 , which may indicate a second impression ; consequently , Q2 is often dated `` 1604 / 5 '' . Q2 is the longest early edition , although it omits about 77 lines found in F1 ( most likely to avoid offending James I 's queen , Anne of Denmark ) . </Li> <Li> First Folio ( F1 ) : In 1623 Edward Blount and William and Isaac Jaggard published the First Folio , the first edition of Shakespeare 's Complete Works . </Li> </Ul> <P> Other folios and quartos were subsequently published -- including John Smethwick 's Q3 , Q4 , and Q5 ( 1611 -- 37 ) -- but these are regarded as derivatives of the first three editions . </P> The first page of the First Folio printing of Hamlet , 1623 <P> Early editors of Shakespeare 's works , beginning with Nicholas Rowe ( 1709 ) and Lewis Theobald ( 1733 ) , combined material from the two earliest sources of Hamlet available at the time , Q2 and F1 . Each text contains material that the other lacks , with many minor differences in wording : scarcely 200 lines are identical in the two . Editors have combined them in an effort to create one `` inclusive '' text that reflects an imagined `` ideal '' of Shakespeare 's original . Theobald 's version became standard for a long time , and his `` full text '' approach continues to influence editorial practice to the present day . Some contemporary scholarship , however , discounts this approach , instead considering `` an authentic Hamlet an unrealisable ideal ... there are texts of this play but no text '' . The 2006 publication by Arden Shakespeare of different Hamlet texts in different volumes is perhaps evidence of this shifting focus and emphasis . Other editors have continued to argue the need for well - edited editions taking material from all versions of the play . Colin Burrow has argued that `` most of us should read a text that is made up by conflating all three versions ... it 's about as likely that Shakespeare wrote : `` To be or not to be , ay , there 's the point '' ( in Q1 ) , as that he wrote the works of Francis Bacon . I suspect most people just wo n't want to read a three - text play ... ( multi-text editions are ) a version of the play that is out of touch with the needs of a wider public . '' </P> <P> Traditionally , editors of Shakespeare 's plays have divided them into five acts . None of the early texts of Hamlet , however , were arranged this way , and the play 's division into acts and scenes derives from a 1676 quarto . Modern editors generally follow this traditional division , but consider it unsatisfactory ; for example , after Hamlet drags Polonius 's body out of Gertrude 's bedchamber , there is an act - break after which the action appears to continue uninterrupted . </P> Comparison of the ' To be , or not to be ' soliloquy in the first three editions of Hamlet , showing the varying quality of the text in the Bad Quarto , the Good Quarto and the First Folio <P> The discovery in 1823 of Q1 -- whose existence had been quite unsuspected -- caused considerable interest and excitement , raising many questions of editorial practice and interpretation . Scholars immediately identified apparent deficiencies in Q1 , which was instrumental in the development of the concept of a Shakespearean `` bad quarto '' . Yet Q1 has value : it contains stage directions ( such as Ophelia entering with a lute and her hair down ) that reveal actual stage practices in a way that Q2 and F1 do not ; it contains an entire scene ( usually labelled 4.6 ) that does not appear in either Q2 or F1 ; and it is useful for comparison with the later editions . The major deficiency of Q1 is in the language : particularly noticeable in the opening lines of the famous `` To be , or not to be '' soliloquy : `` To be , or not to be , aye there 's the point . / To die , to sleep , is that all ? Aye all : / No , to sleep , to dream , aye marry there it goes . '' However , the scene order is more coherent , without the problems of Q2 and F1 of Hamlet seeming to resolve something in one scene and enter the next drowning in indecision . New Cambridge editor Kathleen Irace has noted that `` Q1 's more linear plot design is certainly easier ( ... ) to follow ( ... ) but the simplicity of the Q1 plot arrangement eliminates the alternating plot elements that correspond to Hamlet 's shifts in mood . '' </P> <P> Q1 is considerably shorter than Q2 or F1 and may be a memorial reconstruction of the play as Shakespeare 's company performed it , by an actor who played a minor role ( most likely Marcellus ) . Scholars disagree whether the reconstruction was pirated or authorised . It is suggested by Irace that Q1 is an abridged version intended especially for travelling productions , thus the question of length may be considered as separate from issues of poor textual quality . Editing Q1 thus poses problems in whether or not to `` correct '' differences from Q2 and F. Irace , in her introduction to Q1 , wrote that `` I have avoided as many other alterations as possible , because the differences ... are especially intriguing ... I have recorded a selection of Q2 / F readings in the collation . '' The idea that Q1 is not riddled with error but is instead eminently fit for the stage has led to at least 28 different Q1 productions since 1881 . Other productions have used the probably superior Q2 and Folio texts , but used Q1 's running order , in particular moving the to be or not to be soliloquy earlier . Developing this , some editors such as Jonathan Bate have argued that Q2 may represent `` a ' reading ' text as opposed to a ' performance ' one '' of Hamlet , analogous to how modern films released on disc may include deleted scenes : an edition containing all of Shakespeare 's material for the play for the pleasure of readers , so not representing the play as it would have been staged . </P> <H2> Analysis and criticism ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Critical approaches to Hamlet <H3> Critical History ( edit ) </H3> <P> From the early 17th century , the play was famous for its ghost and vivid dramatisation of melancholy and insanity , leading to a procession of mad courtiers and ladies in Jacobean and Caroline drama . Though it remained popular with mass audiences , late 17th - century Restoration critics saw Hamlet as primitive and disapproved of its lack of unity and decorum . This view changed drastically in the 18th century , when critics regarded Hamlet as a hero -- a pure , brilliant young man thrust into unfortunate circumstances . By the mid-18th century , however , the advent of Gothic literature brought psychological and mystical readings , returning madness and the ghost to the forefront . Not until the late 18th century did critics and performers begin to view Hamlet as confusing and inconsistent . Before then , he was either mad , or not ; either a hero , or not ; with no in - betweens . These developments represented a fundamental change in literary criticism , which came to focus more on character and less on plot . By the 19th century , Romantic critics valued Hamlet for its internal , individual conflict reflecting the strong contemporary emphasis on internal struggles and inner character in general . Then too , critics started to focus on Hamlet 's delay as a character trait , rather than a plot device . This focus on character and internal struggle continued into the 20th century , when criticism branched in several directions , discussed in context and interpretation below . </P> <H3> Dramatic structure ( edit ) </H3> <P> Hamlet departed from contemporary dramatic convention in several ways . For example , in Shakespeare 's day , plays were usually expected to follow the advice of Aristotle in his Poetics : that a drama should focus on action , not character . In Hamlet , Shakespeare reverses this so that it is through the soliloquies , not the action , that the audience learns Hamlet 's motives and thoughts . The play is full of seeming discontinuities and irregularities of action , except in the `` bad '' quarto . At one point , as in the Gravedigger scene , Hamlet seems resolved to kill Claudius : in the next scene , however , when Claudius appears , he is suddenly tame . Scholars still debate whether these twists are mistakes or intentional additions to add to the play 's themes of confusion and duality . Hamlet also contains a recurrent Shakespearean device , a play within the play , a literary device or conceit in which one story is told during the action of another story . </P> <H3> Length ( edit ) </H3> <P> Hamlet is Shakespeare 's longest play . The Riverside edition constitutes 4,042 lines totaling 29,551 words , typically requiring over four hours to stage . It is rare that the play is performed without some abridgments , and only one film adaptation has used a full - text conflation : Kenneth Branagh 's 1996 version , which runs slightly more than four hours . </P> <H3> Language ( edit ) </H3> Hamlet 's statement that his dark clothes are the outer sign of his inner grief demonstrates strong rhetorical skill ( artist : Eugène Delacroix 1834 ) . <P> Much of Hamlet 's language is courtly : elaborate , witty discourse , as recommended by Baldassare Castiglione 's 1528 etiquette guide , The Courtier . This work specifically advises royal retainers to amuse their masters with inventive language . Osric and Polonius , especially , seem to respect this injunction . Claudius 's speech is rich with rhetorical figures -- as is Hamlet 's and , at times , Ophelia 's -- while the language of Horatio , the guards , and the gravediggers is simpler . Claudius 's high status is reinforced by using the royal first person plural ( `` we '' or `` us '' ) , and anaphora mixed with metaphor to resonate with Greek political speeches . </P> <P> Of all the characters , Hamlet has the greatest rhetorical skill . He uses highly developed metaphors , stichomythia , and in nine memorable words deploys both anaphora and asyndeton : `` to die : to sleep -- / To sleep , perchance to dream '' . In contrast , when occasion demands , he is precise and straightforward , as when he explains his inward emotion to his mother : `` But I have that within which passes show , / These but the trappings and the suits of woe '' . At times , he relies heavily on puns to express his true thoughts while simultaneously concealing them . His `` nunnery '' remarks to Ophelia are an example of a cruel double meaning as nunnery was Elizabethan slang for brothel . His very first words in the play are a pun ; when Claudius addresses him as `` my cousin Hamlet , and my son '' , Hamlet says as an aside : `` A little more than kin , and less than kind . '' </P> <P> An unusual rhetorical device , hendiadys , appears in several places in the play . Examples are found in Ophelia 's speech at the end of the nunnery scene : `` Th'expectancy and rose of the fair state '' and `` And I , of ladies most deject and wretched '' . Many scholars have found it odd that Shakespeare would , seemingly arbitrarily , use this rhetorical form throughout the play . One explanation may be that Hamlet was written later in Shakespeare 's life , when he was adept at matching rhetorical devices to characters and the plot . Linguist George T. Wright suggests that hendiadys had been used deliberately to heighten the play 's sense of duality and dislocation . Pauline Kiernan argues that Shakespeare changed English drama forever in Hamlet because he `` showed how a character 's language can often be saying several things at once , and contradictory meanings at that , to reflect fragmented thoughts and disturbed feelings '' . She gives the example of Hamlet 's advice to Ophelia , `` get thee to a nunnery '' , which is simultaneously a reference to a place of chastity and a slang term for a brothel , reflecting Hamlet 's confused feelings about female sexuality . </P> <P> Hamlet 's soliloquies have also captured the attention of scholars . Hamlet interrupts himself , vocalising either disgust or agreement with himself , and embellishing his own words . He has difficulty expressing himself directly and instead blunts the thrust of his thought with wordplay . It is not until late in the play , after his experience with the pirates , that Hamlet is able to articulate his feelings freely . </P> <H2> Context and interpretation ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Religious ( edit ) </H3> John Everett Millais ' Ophelia ( 1852 ) depicts Lady Ophelia 's mysterious death by drowning . In the play , the gravediggers discuss whether Ophelia 's death was a suicide and whether she merits a Christian burial . <P> Written at a time of religious upheaval , and in the wake of the English Reformation , the play is alternately Catholic ( or piously medieval ) and Protestant ( or consciously modern ) . The ghost describes himself as being in purgatory , and as dying without last rites . This and Ophelia 's burial ceremony , which is characteristically Catholic , make up most of the play 's Catholic connections . Some scholars have observed that revenge tragedies come from Catholic countries like Italy and Spain , where the revenge tragedies present contradictions of motives , since according to Catholic doctrine the duty to God and family precedes civil justice . Hamlet 's conundrum , then , is whether to avenge his father and kill Claudius , or to leave the vengeance to God , as his religion requires . </P> <P> Much of the play 's Protestant tones derive from its setting in Denmark -- both then and now a predominantly Protestant country , though it is unclear whether the fictional Denmark of the play is intended to portray this implicit fact . Dialog refers explicitly to Wittenberg , where Hamlet , Horatio , and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern attend university , implying where Martin Luther in 1517 first proposed his 95 theses and thereby initiated the Protestant Reformation . </P> <H3> Philosophical ( edit ) </H3> Philosophical ideas in Hamlet are similar to those of the French writer Michel de Montaigne , a contemporary of Shakespeare 's ( artist : Thomas de Leu , fl. 1560 -- 1612 ) . <P> Hamlet is often perceived as a philosophical character , expounding ideas that are now described as relativist , existentialist , and sceptical . For example , he expresses a subjectivistic idea when he says to Rosencrantz : `` there is nothing either good or bad , but thinking makes it so '' . The idea that nothing is real except in the mind of the individual finds its roots in the Greek Sophists , who argued that since nothing can be perceived except through the senses -- and since all individuals sense , and therefore perceive things differently -- there is no absolute truth , but rather only relative truth . The clearest alleged instance of existentialism is in the `` to be , or not to be '' speech , where Hamlet is thought by some to use `` being '' to allude to life and action , and `` not being '' to death and inaction . </P> <P> Hamlet reflects the contemporary scepticism promoted by the French Renaissance humanist Michel de Montaigne . Prior to Montaigne 's time , humanists such as Pico della Mirandola had argued that man was God 's greatest creation , made in God 's image and able to choose his own nature , but this view was subsequently challenged in Montaigne 's Essais of 1580 . Hamlet 's `` What a piece of work is a man '' seems to echo many of Montaigne 's ideas , and many scholars have discussed whether Shakespeare drew directly from Montaigne or whether both men were simply reacting similarly to the spirit of the times . </P> <H3> Psychoanalytic ( edit ) </H3> Freud suggested that an unconscious Oedipal conflict caused Hamlet 's hesitations ( artist : Eugène Delacroix 1844 ) . <P> In the first half of the 20th century , when psychoanalysis was at the height of its influence , its concepts were applied to Hamlet , notably by Sigmund Freud , Ernest Jones , and Jacques Lacan , and these studies influenced theatrical productions . In his The Interpretation of Dreams ( 1900 ) , Freud 's analysis starts from the premise that `` the play is built up on Hamlet 's hesitations over fulfilling the task of revenge that is assigned to him ; but its text offers no reasons or motives for these hesitations '' . After reviewing various literary theories , Freud concludes that Hamlet has an `` Oedipal desire for his mother and the subsequent guilt ( is ) preventing him from murdering the man ( Claudius ) who has done what he unconsciously wanted to do '' . Confronted with his repressed desires , Hamlet realises that `` he himself is literally no better than the sinner whom he is to punish '' . Freud suggests that Hamlet 's apparent `` distaste for sexuality '' -- articulated in his `` nunnery '' conversation with Ophelia -- accords with this interpretation . John Barrymore 's long - running 1922 performance in New York , directed by Thomas Hopkins , `` broke new ground in its Freudian approach to character '' , in keeping with the post-World War I rebellion against everything Victorian . He had a `` blunter intention '' than presenting the genteel , sweet prince of 19th - century tradition , imbuing his character with virility and lust . </P> <P> Beginning in 1910 , with the publication of `` The Œdipus - Complex as an Explanation of Hamlet 's Mystery : A Study in Motive '' Ernest Jones -- a psychoanalyst and Freud 's biographer -- developed Freud 's ideas into a series of essays that culminated in his book Hamlet and Oedipus ( 1949 ) . Influenced by Jones 's psychoanalytic approach , several productions have portrayed the `` closet scene '' , where Hamlet confronts his mother in her private quarters , in a sexual light . In this reading , Hamlet is disgusted by his mother 's `` incestuous '' relationship with Claudius while simultaneously fearful of killing him , as this would clear Hamlet 's path to his mother 's bed . Ophelia 's madness after her father 's death may also be read through the Freudian lens : as a reaction to the death of her hoped - for lover , her father . Ophelia is overwhelmed by having her unfulfilled love for him so abruptly terminated and drifts into the oblivion of insanity . In 1937 , Tyrone Guthrie directed Laurence Olivier in a Jones - inspired Hamlet at The Old Vic . Olivier later used some of these same ideas in his 1948 film version of the play . </P> <P> In the 1950s , Lacan 's structuralist theories about Hamlet were first presented in a series of seminars given in Paris and later published in `` Desire and the Interpretation of Desire in Hamlet '' . Lacan postulated that the human psyche is determined by structures of language and that the linguistic structures of Hamlet shed light on human desire . His point of departure is Freud 's Oedipal theories , and the central theme of mourning that runs through Hamlet . In Lacan 's analysis , Hamlet unconsciously assumes the role of phallus -- the cause of his inaction -- and is increasingly distanced from reality `` by mourning , fantasy , narcissism and psychosis '' , which create holes ( or lack ) in the real , imaginary , and symbolic aspects of his psyche . Lacan 's theories influenced literary criticism of Hamlet because of his alternative vision of the play and his use of semantics to explore the play 's psychological landscape . </P> <P> In the Bloom 's Shakespeare Through the Ages volume on Hamlet , editors Bloom and Foster express a conviction that the intentions of Shakespeare in portraying the character of Hamlet in the play exceeded the capacity of the Freudian Oedipus complex to completely encompass the extent of characteristics depicted in Hamlet throughout the tragedy : `` For once , Freud regressed in attempting to fasten the Oedipus Complex upon Hamlet : it will not stick , and merely showed that Freud did better than T.S. Eliot , who preferred Coriolanus to Hamlet , or so he said . Who can believe Eliot , when he exposes his own Hamlet Complex by declaring the play to be an aesthetic failure ? '' The book also notes James Joyce 's interpretation , stating that he `` did far better in the Library Scene of Ulysses , where Stephen marvelously credits Shakespeare , in this play , with universal fatherhood while accurately implying that Hamlet is fatherless , thus opening a pragmatic gap between Shakespeare and Hamlet . '' </P> <P> Joshua Rothman has written in The New Yorker that `` we tell the story wrong when we say that Freud used the idea of the Oedipus complex to understand Hamlet '' . Rothman suggests that `` it was the other way around : Hamlet helped Freud understand , and perhaps even invent , psychoanalysis '' . He concludes , `` The Oedipus complex is a misnomer . It should be called the ' Hamlet complex ' . '' </P> <P> In the essay `` Hamlet Made Simple '' , David P. Gontar turns the tables on the psychoanalysts by suggesting that Claudius is not a symbolic father figure but actually Prince Hamlet 's biological father . The hesitation in killing Claudius results from an unwillingness on Hamlet 's part to slay his real father . If Hamlet is the biological son of Claudius , that explains many things . Hamlet does not become King of Denmark on the occasion of the King 's death inasmuch as it is an open secret in court that he is Claudius 's biological son , and as such he is merely a court bastard not in the line of succession . He is angry with his mother because of her long standing affair with a man Hamlet hates , and Hamlet must face the fact that he has been sired by the man he loathes . That point overturns T.S. Eliot 's complaint that the play is a failure for not furnishing an `` objective correlative '' to account for Hamlet 's rage at his mother . Gontar suggests that if the reader assumes that Hamlet is not who he seems to be , the objective correlative becomes apparent . Hamlet is suicidal in the first soliloquy not because his mother quickly remarries but because of her adulterous affair with the despised Claudius which makes Hamlet his son . Finally , the ghost 's confirmation of an alternative fatherhood for Hamlet is a fabrication that gives the prince a motive for revenge . </P> <H3> Feminist ( edit ) </H3> Ophelia is distracted by grief . Feminist critics have explored her descent into madness ( artist : Henrietta Rae 1890 ) . <P> In the 20th century , feminist critics opened up new approaches to Gertrude and Ophelia . New Historicist and cultural materialist critics examined the play in its historical context , attempting to piece together its original cultural environment . They focused on the gender system of early modern England , pointing to the common trinity of maid , wife , or widow , with whores outside of that stereotype . In this analysis , the essence of Hamlet is the central character 's changed perception of his mother as a whore because of her failure to remain faithful to Old Hamlet . In consequence , Hamlet loses his faith in all women , treating Ophelia as if she too were a whore and dishonest with Hamlet . Ophelia , by some critics , can be seen as honest and fair ; however , it is virtually impossible to link these two traits , since ' fairness ' is an outward trait , while ' honesty ' is an inward trait . </P> Hamlet tries to show his mother Gertrude his father 's ghost ( artist : Nicolai A. Abildgaard , ca . 1778 ) . <P> Carolyn Heilbrun 's 1957 essay `` The Character of Hamlet 's Mother '' defends Gertrude , arguing that the text never hints that Gertrude knew of Claudius poisoning King Hamlet . This analysis has been praised by many feminist critics , combating what is , by Heilbrun 's argument , centuries ' worth of misinterpretation . By this account , Gertrude 's worst crime is of pragmatically marrying her brother - in - law in order to avoid a power vacuum . This is borne out by the fact that King Hamlet 's ghost tells Hamlet to leave Gertrude out of Hamlet 's revenge , to leave her to heaven , an arbitrary mercy to grant to a conspirator to murder . This view has not been without objection from some critics . </P> <P> Ophelia has also been defended by feminist critics , most notably Elaine Showalter . Ophelia is surrounded by powerful men : her father , brother , and Hamlet . All three disappear : Laertes leaves , Hamlet abandons her , and Polonius dies . Conventional theories had argued that without these three powerful men making decisions for her , Ophelia is driven into madness . Feminist theorists argue that she goes mad with guilt because , when Hamlet kills her father , he has fulfilled her sexual desire to have Hamlet kill her father so they can be together . Showalter points out that Ophelia has become the symbol of the distraught and hysterical woman in modern culture . </P> <H2> Influence ( edit ) </H2> See also : Literary influence of Hamlet <P> Hamlet is one of the most quoted works in the English language , and is often included on lists of the world 's greatest literature . As such , it reverberates through the writing of later centuries . Academic Laurie Osborne identifies the direct influence of Hamlet in numerous modern narratives , and divides them into four main categories : fictional accounts of the play 's composition , simplifications of the story for young readers , stories expanding the role of one or more characters , and narratives featuring performances of the play . </P> Actors before Hamlet by Władysław Czachórski ( 1875 ) , National Museum in Warsaw . <P> English poet John Milton was an early admirer of Shakespeare , and took evident inspiration from his work . As John Kerrigan discusses , Milton originally considered writing his epic poem Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) as a tragedy . While Milton did not ultimately go that route , the poem still shows distinct echoes of Shakespearean revenge tragedy , and of Hamlet in particular . As scholar Christopher N. Warren argues , Paradise Lost 's Satan `` undergoes a transformation in the poem from a Hamlet - like avenger into a Claudius - like usurper , '' a plot device that supports Milton 's larger Republican internationalist project . The poem also reworks theatrical language from Hamlet , especially around the idea of `` putting on '' certain dispositions , as when Hamlet puts on `` an antic disposition , '' similarly to the Son in Paradise Lost who `` can put on / ( God 's ) terrors . '' </P> <P> Henry Fielding 's Tom Jones , published about 1749 , describes a visit to Hamlet by Tom Jones and Mr Partridge , with similarities to the `` play within a play '' . In contrast , Goethe 's Bildungsroman Wilhelm Meister 's Apprenticeship , written between 1776 and 1796 , not only has a production of Hamlet at its core but also creates parallels between the ghost and Wilhelm Meister 's dead father . In the early 1850s , in Pierre , Herman Melville focuses on a Hamlet - like character 's long development as a writer . Ten years later , Dickens 's Great Expectations contains many Hamlet - like plot elements : it is driven by revenge - motivated actions , contains ghost - like characters ( Abel Magwitch and Miss Havisham ) , and focuses on the hero 's guilt . Academic Alexander Welsh notes that Great Expectations is an `` autobiographical novel '' and `` anticipates psychoanalytic readings of Hamlet itself '' . About the same time , George Eliot 's The Mill on the Floss was published , introducing Maggie Tulliver `` who is explicitly compared with Hamlet '' though `` with a reputation for sanity '' . </P> <P> L. Frank Baum 's first published short story was `` They Played a New Hamlet '' ( 1895 ) . When Baum had been touring New York State in the title role , the actor playing the ghost fell through the floorboards , and the rural audience thought it was part of the show and demanded that the actor repeat the fall , because they thought it was funny . Baum would later recount the actual story in an article , but the short story is told from the point of view of the actor playing the ghost . </P> <P> In the 1920s , James Joyce managed `` a more upbeat version '' of Hamlet -- stripped of obsession and revenge -- in Ulysses , though its main parallels are with Homer 's Odyssey . In the 1990s , two novelists were explicitly influenced by Hamlet . In Angela Carter 's Wise Children , To be or not to be is reworked as a song and dance routine , and Iris Murdoch 's The Black Prince has Oedipal themes and murder intertwined with a love affair between a Hamlet - obsessed writer , Bradley Pearson , and the daughter of his rival . </P> <P> There is the story of the woman who read Hamlet for the first time and said , `` I do n't see why people admire that play so . It is nothing but a bunch of quotations strung together . '' </P> <P> -- Isaac Asimov , Asimov 's Guide to Shakespeare , pg vii , Avenal Books , 1970 </P> <H2> Performance History ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Hamlet in performance and Shakespeare in performance The day we see Hamlet die in the theatre , something of him dies for us . He is dethroned by the spectre of an actor , and we shall never be able to keep the usurper out of our dreams . <P> Maurice Maeterlinck in La Jeune Belgique ( 1890 ) . </P> <H3> Shakespeare 's day to the Interregnum ( edit ) </H3> <P> Shakespeare almost certainly wrote the role of Hamlet for Richard Burbage . He was the chief tragedian of the Lord Chamberlain 's Men , with a capacious memory for lines and a wide emotional range . Judging by the number of reprints , Hamlet appears to have been Shakespeare 's fourth most popular play during his lifetime -- only Henry IV Part 1 , Richard III and Pericles eclipsed it . Shakespeare provides no clear indication of when his play is set ; however , as Elizabethan actors performed at the Globe in contemporary dress on minimal sets , this would not have affected the staging . </P> <P> Firm evidence for specific early performances of the play is scant . What is known is that the crew of the ship Red Dragon , anchored off Sierra Leone , performed Hamlet in September 1607 ; that the play toured in Germany within five years of Shakespeare 's death ; and that it was performed before James I in 1619 and Charles I in 1637 . Oxford editor George Hibbard argues that , since the contemporary literature contains many allusions and references to Hamlet ( only Falstaff is mentioned more , from Shakespeare ) , the play was surely performed with a frequency that the historical record misses . </P> <P> All theatres were closed down by the Puritan government during the Interregnum . Even during this time , however , playlets known as drolls were often performed illegally , including one called The Grave - Makers based on Act 5 , Scene 1 of Hamlet . </P> <H3> Restoration and 18th century ( edit ) </H3> Title page and frontispiece for Hamlet , Prince of Denmark : A Tragedy . As it is now acted at the Theatres - Royal in Drury - Lane and Covent - Garden . London , 1776 <P> The play was revived early in the Restoration . When the existing stock of pre-civil war plays was divided between the two newly created patent theatre companies , Hamlet was the only Shakespearean favourite that Sir William Davenant 's Duke 's Company secured . It became the first of Shakespeare 's plays to be presented with movable flats painted with generic scenery behind the proscenium arch of Lincoln 's Inn Fields Theatre . This new stage convention highlighted the frequency with which Shakespeare shifts dramatic location , encouraging the recurrent criticism of his failure to maintain unity of place . In the title role , Davenant cast Thomas Betterton , who continued to play the Dane until he was 74 . David Garrick at Drury Lane produced a version that adapted Shakespeare heavily ; he declared : `` I had sworn I would not leave the stage till I had rescued that noble play from all the rubbish of the fifth act . I have brought it forth without the grave - digger 's trick , Osrick , & the fencing match '' . The first actor known to have played Hamlet in North America is Lewis Hallam . Jr. , in the American Company 's production in Philadelphia in 1759 . </P> David Garrick 's iconic hand gesture expresses Hamlet 's shock at the first sight of the ghost ( artist : unknown ) . <P> John Philip Kemble made his Drury Lane debut as Hamlet in 1783 . His performance was said to be 20 minutes longer than anyone else 's , and his lengthy pauses provoked the suggestion by Richard Brinsley Sheridan that `` music should be played between the words '' . Sarah Siddons was the first actress known to play Hamlet ; many women have since played him as a breeches role , to great acclaim . In 1748 , Alexander Sumarokov wrote a Russian adaptation that focused on Prince Hamlet as the embodiment of an opposition to Claudius 's tyranny -- a treatment that would recur in Eastern European versions into the 20th century . In the years following America 's independence , Thomas Apthorpe Cooper , the young nation 's leading tragedian , performed Hamlet among other plays at the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia , and at the Park Theatre in New York . Although chided for `` acknowledging acquaintances in the audience '' and `` inadequate memorisation of his lines '' , he became a national celebrity . </P> <H3> 19th century ( edit ) </H3> A poster , ca . 1884 , for an American production of Hamlet ( starring Thomas W. Keene ) , showing several of the key scenes <P> From around 1810 to 1840 , the best - known Shakespearean performances in the United States were tours by leading London actors -- including George Frederick Cooke , Junius Brutus Booth , Edmund Kean , William Charles Macready , and Charles Kemble . Of these , Booth remained to make his career in the States , fathering the nation 's most notorious actor , John Wilkes Booth ( who later assassinated Abraham Lincoln ) , and its most famous Hamlet , Edwin Booth . Edwin Booth 's Hamlet at the Fifth Avenue Theatre in 1875 was described as `` ... the dark , sad , dreamy , mysterious hero of a poem. ... ( acted ) in an ideal manner , as far removed as possible from the plane of actual life '' . Booth played Hamlet for 100 nights in the 1864 / 5 season at The Winter Garden Theatre , inaugurating the era of long - run Shakespeare in America . </P> <P> In the United Kingdom , the actor - managers of the Victorian era ( including Kean , Samuel Phelps , Macready , and Henry Irving ) staged Shakespeare in a grand manner , with elaborate scenery and costumes . The tendency of actor - managers to emphasise the importance of their own central character did not always meet with the critics ' approval . George Bernard Shaw 's praise for Johnston Forbes - Robertson 's performance contains a sideswipe at Irving : `` The story of the play was perfectly intelligible , and quite took the attention of the audience off the principal actor at moments . What is the Lyceum coming to ? '' </P> <P> In London , Edmund Kean was the first Hamlet to abandon the regal finery usually associated with the role in favour of a plain costume , and he is said to have surprised his audience by playing Hamlet as serious and introspective . In stark contrast to earlier opulence , William Poel 's 1881 production of the Q1 text was an early attempt at reconstructing the Elizabethan theatre 's austerity ; his only backdrop was a set of red curtains . Sarah Bernhardt played the prince in her popular 1899 London production . In contrast to the `` effeminate '' view of the central character that usually accompanied a female casting , she described her character as `` manly and resolute , but nonetheless thoughtful ... ( he ) thinks before he acts , a trait indicative of great strength and great spiritual power '' . </P> <P> In France , Charles Kemble initiated an enthusiasm for Shakespeare ; and leading members of the Romantic movement such as Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas saw his 1827 Paris performance of Hamlet , particularly admiring the madness of Harriet Smithson 's Ophelia . In Germany , Hamlet had become so assimilated by the mid-19th century that Ferdinand Freiligrath declared that `` Germany is Hamlet '' . From the 1850s , the Parsi theatre tradition in India transformed Hamlet into folk performances , with dozens of songs added . </P> <H3> 20th century ( edit ) </H3> <P> Apart from some western troupes ' 19th - century visits , the first professional performance of Hamlet in Japan was Otojirō Kawakami 's 1903 Shimpa ( `` new school theatre '' ) adaptation . Tsubouchi Shōyō translated Hamlet and produced a performance in 1911 that blended Shingeki ( `` new drama '' ) and Kabuki styles . This hybrid - genre reached its peak in Tsuneari Fukuda 's 1955 Hamlet . In 1998 , Yukio Ninagawa produced an acclaimed version of Hamlet in the style of Nō theatre , which he took to London . </P> <P> Konstantin Stanislavski and Edward Gordon Craig -- two of the 20th century 's most influential theatre practitioners -- collaborated on the Moscow Art Theatre 's seminal production of 1911 -- 12 . While Craig favoured stylised abstraction , Stanislavski , armed with his ' system , ' explored psychological motivation . Craig conceived of the play as a symbolist monodrama , offering a dream - like vision as seen through Hamlet 's eyes alone . This was most evident in the staging of the first court scene . The most famous aspect of the production is Craig 's use of large , abstract screens that altered the size and shape of the acting area for each scene , representing the character 's state of mind spatially or visualising a dramaturgical progression . The production attracted enthusiastic and unprecedented worldwide attention for the theatre and placed it `` on the cultural map for Western Europe '' . </P> <P> Hamlet is often played with contemporary political overtones . Leopold Jessner 's 1926 production at the Berlin Staatstheater portrayed Claudius 's court as a parody of the corrupt and fawning court of Kaiser Wilhelm . In Poland , the number of productions of Hamlet has tended to increase at times of political unrest , since its political themes ( suspected crimes , coups , surveillance ) can be used to comment on a contemporary situation . Similarly , Czech directors have used the play at times of occupation : a 1941 Vinohrady Theatre production `` emphasised , with due caution , the helpless situation of an intellectual attempting to endure in a ruthless environment '' . In China , performances of Hamlet often have political significance : Gu Wuwei 's 1916 The Usurper of State Power , an amalgam of Hamlet and Macbeth , was an attack on Yuan Shikai 's attempt to overthrow the republic . In 1942 , Jiao Juyin directed the play in a Confucian temple in Sichuan Province , to which the government had retreated from the advancing Japanese . In the immediate aftermath of the collapse of the protests at Tiananmen Square , Lin Zhaohua staged a 1990 Hamlet in which the prince was an ordinary individual tortured by a loss of meaning . In this production , the actors playing Hamlet , Claudius and Polonius exchanged roles at crucial moments in the performance , including the moment of Claudius 's death , at which point the actor mainly associated with Hamlet fell to the ground . </P> Mignon Nevada as Ophelia , 1910 <P> Notable stagings in London and New York include Barrymore 's 1925 production at the Haymarket ; it influenced subsequent performances by John Gielgud and Laurence Olivier . Gielgud played the central role many times : his 1936 New York production ran for 132 performances , leading to the accolade that he was `` the finest interpreter of the role since Barrymore '' . Although `` posterity has treated Maurice Evans less kindly '' , throughout the 1930s and 1940s he was regarded by many as the leading interpreter of Shakespeare in the United States and in the 1938 / 9 season he presented Broadway 's first uncut Hamlet , running four and a half hours . Evans later performed a highly truncated version of the play that he played for South Pacific war zones during World War II which made the prince a more decisive character . The staging , known as the `` G.I. Hamlet '' , was produced on Broadway for 131 performances in 1945 / 46 . Olivier 's 1937 performance at The Old Vic was popular with audiences but not with critics , with James Agate writing in a famous review in The Sunday Times , `` Mr. Olivier does not speak poetry badly . He does not speak it at all . '' In 1937 Tyrone Guthrie directed the play at Elsinore , Denmark with Laurence Olivier as Hamlet and Vivien Leigh as Ophelia . </P> <P> In 1963 , Olivier directed Peter O'Toole as Hamlet in the inaugural performance of the newly formed National Theatre ; critics found resonance between O'Toole's Hamlet and John Osborne 's hero , Jimmy Porter , from Look Back in Anger . </P> <P> Richard Burton received his third Tony Award nomination when he played his second Hamlet , his first under John Gielgud 's direction , in 1964 in a production that holds the record for the longest run of the play in Broadway history ( 137 performances ) . The performance was set on a bare stage , conceived to appear like a dress rehearsal , with Burton in a black v - neck sweater , and Gielgud himself tape - recorded the voice for the ghost ( which appeared as a looming shadow ) . It was immortalised both on record and on a film that played in US theatres for a week in 1964 as well as being the subject of books written by cast members William Redfield and Richard L. Sterne . </P> <P> Other New York portrayals of Hamlet of note include that of Ralph Fiennes 's in 1995 ( for which he won the Tony Award for Best Actor ) -- which ran , from first preview to closing night , a total of one hundred performances . About the Fiennes Hamlet Vincent Canby wrote in The New York Times that it was `` ... not one for literary sleuths and Shakespeare scholars . It respects the play , but it does n't provide any new material for arcane debates on what it all means . Instead it 's an intelligent , beautifully read ... '' Stacy Keach played the role with an all - star cast at Joseph Papp 's Delacorte Theatre in the early 70s , with Colleen Dewhurst 's Gertrude , James Earl Jones 's King , Barnard Hughes 's Polonius , Sam Waterston 's Laertes and Raúl Juliá 's Osric . Sam Waterston later played the role himself at the Delacorte for the New York Shakespeare Festival , and the show transferred to the Vivian Beaumont Theatre in 1975 ( Stephen Lang played Bernardo and other roles ) . Stephen Lang 's Hamlet for the Roundabout Theatre Company in 1992 received mixed reviews and ran for sixty - one performances . David Warner played the role with the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in 1965 . William Hurt ( at Circle Rep Off - Broadway , memorably performing `` To Be Or Not to Be '' while lying on the floor ) , Jon Voight at Rutgers , and Christopher Walken ( fiercely ) at Stratford CT have all played the role , as has Diane Venora at the Public Theatre . Off Broadway , the Riverside Shakespeare Company mounted an uncut first folio Hamlet in 1978 at Columbia University , with a playing time of under three hours . In fact , Hamlet is the most produced Shakespeare play in New York theatre history , with sixty - four recorded productions on Broadway , and an untold number Off Broadway . </P> <P> Ian Charleson performed Hamlet from 9 October to 13 November 1989 , in Richard Eyre 's production at the Olivier Theatre , replacing Daniel Day - Lewis , who had abandoned the production . Seriously ill from AIDS at the time , Charleson died eight weeks after his last performance . Fellow actor and friend , Sir Ian McKellen , said that Charleson played Hamlet so well it was as if he had rehearsed the role all his life ; McKellen called it `` the perfect Hamlet '' . The performance garnered other major accolades as well , some critics echoing McKellen in calling it the definitive Hamlet performance . </P> <P> In Australia , a production of Hamlet was staged at the Belvoir Street Theatre in Sydney in 1994 starring notable names including Richard Roxburgh as Hamlet , Geoffrey Rush as Horatio , Jacqueline McKenzie as Ophelia and David Wenham as Laertes . The critically acclaimed production was directed by Niel Armfield . </P> <H3> 21st century ( edit ) </H3> Benedict Cumberbatch began playing Hamlet at the Barbican Theatre in August 2015 . <P> Hamlet continues to be staged regularly , with actors such as Simon Russell Beale , Ben Whishaw , David Tennant , Angela Winkler , Samuel West , Christopher Eccleston , Maxine Peake , Rory Kinnear , Oscar Isaac , Christian Camargo , Andrew Scott , Paapa Essiedu and Michael Urie performing the lead role . </P> <P> In May 2009 , Hamlet opened with Jude Law in the title role at the Donmar Warehouse West End season at Wyndham 's Theatre . The production officially opened on 3 June and ran through 22 August 2009 . A further production of the play ran at Elsinore Castle in Denmark from 25 -- 30 August 2009 . The Jude Law Hamlet then moved to Broadway , and ran for 12 weeks at the Broadhurst Theatre in New York . </P> <P> In 2013 , American actor Paul Giamatti won critical acclaim for his performance on stage in the title role of Hamlet , performed in modern dress , at the Yale Repertory Theater , at Yale University in New Haven , Connecticut . </P> <P> The Globe Theatre of London initiated a project in 2014 to perform Hamlet in every country in the world in the space of two years . Titled Globe to Globe Hamlet , it began its tour on 23 April 2014 , the 450th anniversary of Shakespeare 's birth . As of 23 February 2016 , the project had performed in 170 countries . </P> <P> Benedict Cumberbatch played the role for a 12 - week run in a production at the Barbican Theatre , opening on 25 August 2015 . The play was produced by Sonia Friedman , and directed by Lyndsey Turner , with set design by Es Devlin . It was called the `` most in - demand theatre production of all time '' and sold out in seven hours after tickets went on sale 11 August 2014 , more than a year before the play opened . </P> <P> Tom Hiddleston played the role for a three - week run at Vanbrugh Theatre that opened on September 1 , 2017 and was directed by Kenneth Branagh . </P> <H3> Film and TV performances ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Hamlet on screen See also : Hamlet in popular culture <P> The earliest screen success for Hamlet was Sarah Bernhardt 's five - minute film of the fencing scene , which was produced in 1900 . The film was an early attempt at combining sound and film , music and words were recorded on phonograph records , to be played along with the film . Silent versions were released in 1907 , 1908 , 1910 , 1913 , 1917 , and 1920 . In the 1921 film Hamlet , Danish actress Asta Nielsen played the role of Hamlet as a woman who spends her life disguised as a man . </P> <P> In 1942 Ernst Lubitsch directed a motion picture titled To Be or Not To Be . The story is a comedy about a troupe of Polish actors in the Nazi era . A key plot point revolves around the famous soliloquy . The story was remade in 1983 in a film starring ( and produced by ) Mel Brooks . </P> <P> Laurence Olivier 's 1948 moody black - and - white Hamlet won Best Picture and Best Actor Oscars , and is still , as of 2017 , the only Shakespeare film to have done so . His interpretation stressed the Oedipal overtones of the play , and cast 28 - year - old Eileen Herlie as Hamlet 's mother , opposite himself , at 41 , as Hamlet . </P> <P> In 1953 , actor Jack Manning performed the play in 15 - minute segments over two weeks in the short - lived late night DuMont series Monodrama Theater . New York Times TV critic Jack Gould praised Manning 's performance as Hamlet . </P> <P> Renowned Shakespearean actor - directors Sir John Gielgud , Sir Laurence Olivier and Sir Kenneth Branagh consider the definitive rendition of the play to be the 1964 Soviet film Gamlet ( Russian : Гамлет ) based on a translation by Boris Pasternak and directed by Grigori Kozintsev , with a score by Dmitri Shostakovich . Innokenty Smoktunovsky was cast in the role of Hamlet . </P> <P> John Gielgud directed Richard Burton in a Broadway production at the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre in 1964 -- 5 , the longest - running Hamlet in the U.S. to date . A live film of the production was produced using `` Electronovision '' , a method of recording a live performance with multiple video cameras and converting the image to film . Eileen Herlie repeated her role from Olivier 's film version as the Queen , and the voice of Gielgud was heard as the ghost . The Gielgud / Burton production was also recorded complete and released on LP by Columbia Masterworks . </P> Sarah Bernhardt as Hamlet , with Yorick 's skull ( photographer : James Lafayette , c. 1885 -- 1900 ) . <P> The first Hamlet in color was a 1969 film directed by Tony Richardson with Nicol Williamson as Hamlet and Marianne Faithfull as Ophelia . </P> <P> In 1990 Franco Zeffirelli , whose Shakespeare films have been described as `` sensual rather than cerebral '' , cast Mel Gibson -- then famous for the Mad Max and Lethal Weapon movies -- in the title role of his 1990 version ; Glenn Close -- then famous as the psychotic `` other woman '' in Fatal Attraction -- played Gertrude , and Paul Scofield played Hamlet 's father . </P> <P> In contrast to Zeffirelli , whose Hamlet was heavily cut , Kenneth Branagh adapted , directed , and starred in a 1996 version containing every word of Shakespeare 's play , combining the material from the F1 and Q2 texts . Branagh 's Hamlet runs for just over four hours . Branagh set the film with late 19th - century costuming and furnishings , a production in many ways reminiscent of a Russian novel of the time ; and Blenheim Palace , built in the early 18th century , became Elsinore Castle in the external scenes . The film is structured as an epic and makes frequent use of flashbacks to highlight elements not made explicit in the play : Hamlet 's sexual relationship with Kate Winslet 's Ophelia , for example , or his childhood affection for Yorick ( played by Ken Dodd ) . </P> <P> In 2000 , Michael Almereyda 's Hamlet set the story in contemporary Manhattan , with Ethan Hawke playing Hamlet as a film student . Claudius ( played by Kyle MacLachlan ) became the CEO of `` Denmark Corporation '' , having taken over the company by killing his brother . </P> <P> The 2002 The Simpsons episode `` Tales from the Public Domain '' features a retelling of the play . </P> <P> There have also been several films that transposed the general storyline of Hamlet or elements thereof to other settings . For example , the 2014 Bollywood film Haider is an adaptation set in Kashmir . There have also been many films which included performances of scenes from Hamlet as a play - within - a-film . </P> <H3> Stage pastiches ( edit ) </H3> <P> There have been various `` derivative works '' of Hamlet which recast the story from the point of view of other characters , or transpose the story into a new setting or act as sequels or prequels to Hamlet . This section is limited to those written for the stage . </P> <P> The best - known is Tom Stoppard 's 1966 play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead , which retells many of the events of the story from the point of view of the characters Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and gives them a backstory of their own . Several times since 1995 , the American Shakespeare Center has mounted repertories that included both Hamlet and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , with the same actors performing the same roles in each ; in their 2001 and 2009 seasons the two plays were `` directed , designed , and rehearsed together to make the most out of the shared scenes and situations '' . </P> <P> W.S. Gilbert wrote a short comic play titled Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , in which Hamlet 's play is presented as a tragedy written by Claudius in his youth of which he is greatly embarrassed . Through the chaos triggered by Hamlet 's staging of it , Guildenstern helps Rosencrantz vie with Hamlet to make Ophelia his bride . </P> <P> Lee Blessing 's Fortinbras is a comical sequel to Hamlet in which all the deceased characters come back as ghosts . The New York Times reviewed the play , saying it is `` scarcely more than an extended comedy sketch , lacking the portent and linguistic complexity of Tom Stoppard 's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead . Fortinbras operates on a far less ambitious plane , but it is a ripping yarn and offers Keith Reddin a role in which he can commit comic mayhem '' . </P> <P> Caridad Svich 's 12 Ophelias ( a play with broken songs ) includes elements of the story of Hamlet but focuses on Ophelia . In Svich 's play , Ophelia is resurrected and rises from a pool of water , after her death in Hamlet . The play is a series of scenes and songs , and was first staged at public swimming pool in Brooklyn . </P> <P> David Davalos ' Wittenberg is a `` tragical - comical - historical '' prequel to Hamlet that depicts the Danish prince as a student at Wittenberg University ( now known as the University of Halle - Wittenberg ) , where he is torn between the conflicting teachings of his mentors John Faustus and Martin Luther . The New York Times reviewed the play , saying , `` Mr. Davalos has molded a daft campus comedy out of this unlikely convergence , '' and Nytheatre.com 's review said the playwright `` has imagined a fascinating alternate reality , and quite possibly , given the fictional Hamlet a back story that will inform the role for the future . '' </P> <P> Mad Boy Chronicle by Canadian playwright Michael O'Brien is a dark comedy loosely based on Hamlet , set in Viking Denmark in 999 A.D. </P> <H2> Notes and references ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Notes ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The gravedigger scene is in Hamlet 5.1. 1 -- 205 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In his 1936 book The Problem of Hamlet : A Solution Andrew Cairncross asserted that the Hamlet referred to in 1589 was written by Shakespeare ; Peter Alexander , Eric Sams and , more recently , Harold Bloom have agreed . However Harold Jenkins , the editor of the second series Arden edition of the play , considers that there are not grounds for thinking that the Ur - Hamlet is an early work by Shakespeare , which he then rewrote . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Polonius was close to the Latin name for Robert Pullen , founder of Oxford University , and Reynaldo too close for safety to John Rainolds , the President of Corpus Christi College . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacCary suggests 1599 or 1600 ; James Shapiro offers late 1600 or early 1601 ; Wells and Taylor suggest that the play was written in 1600 and revised later ; the New Cambridge editor settles on mid-1601 ; the New Swan Shakespeare Advanced Series editor agrees with 1601 ; Thompson and Taylor , tentatively ( `` according to whether one is the more persuaded by Jenkins or by Honigmann '' ) suggest a terminus ad quem of either Spring 1601 or sometime in 1600 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The whole conversation between Rozencrantz , Guildenstern and Hamlet concerning the touring players ' departure from the city is at Hamlet F1 2.2. 324 -- 360 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Arden Shakespeare third series published Q2 , with appendices , in their first volume , and the F1 and Q1 texts in their second volume . The RSC Shakespeare is the F1 text with additional Q2 passages in an appendix . The New Cambridge Shakespeare series has begun to publish separate volumes for the separate quarto versions that exist of Shakespeare 's plays . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Also used in Love 's Labour 's Lost and A Midsummer Night 's Dream . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This compares with about two to three hours for a typical Elizajacobean play . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The `` Nunnery Scene '' is Hamlet 3.1. 87 -- 160 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This interpretation is widely held , but has been challenged by , among others , Harold Jenkins . He finds the evidence for a precedent for that interpretation to be insufficient and inconclusive , and considers the literal interpretation to be better suited to the dramatic context . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In the New Testament , see Romans 12 : 19 : `` ' vengeance is mine , I will repay ' sayeth the Lord '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See the articles on the Reformation in Denmark -- Norway and Holstein and Church of Denmark for details . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The `` Closet Scene '' is Hamlet 3.4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` There is a recent ' Be kind to Gertrude ' fashion among some feminist critics ... '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamlet has 208 quotations in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations ; it takes up 10 of 85 pages dedicated to Shakespeare in the 1986 Bartlett 's Familiar Quotations ( 14th ed. 1968 ) . For examples of lists of the greatest books , see Harvard Classics , Great Books , Great Books of the Western World , Harold Bloom 's The Western Canon , St. John 's College reading list , and Columbia College Core Curriculum . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hattaway asserts that `` Richard Burbage ... played Hieronimo and also Richard III but then was the first Hamlet , Lear , and Othello '' and Thomson argues that the identity of Hamlet as Burbage is built into the dramaturgy of several moments of the play : `` we will profoundly misjudge the position if we do not recognise that , whilst this is Hamlet talking about the groundlings , it is also Burbage talking to the groundlings '' . See also Thomson on the first player 's beard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Samuel Pepys records his delight at the novelty of Hamlet `` done with scenes '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Letter to Sir William Young , 10 January 1773 , quoted by Uglow . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George Bernard Shaw in The Saturday Review on 2 October 1897 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sarah Bernhardt , in a letter to the London Daily Telegraph . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For more on this production , see the MAT production of Hamlet article . Craig and Stanislavski began planning the production in 1908 but , due to a serious illness of Stanislavski 's , it was delayed until December , 1911 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ On Craig 's relationship to Symbolism , Russian symbolism , and its principles of monodrama in particular , see Taxidou ; on Craig 's staging proposals , see Innes ; on the centrality of the protagonist and his mirroring of the ' authorial self ' , see Taxidou and Innes . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The first court scene is Hamlet 1.2. 1 -- 128 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A brightly lit , golden pyramid descended from Claudius 's throne , representing the feudal hierarchy , giving the illusion of a single , unified mass of bodies . In the dark , shadowy foreground , separated by a gauze , Hamlet lay , as if dreaming . On Claudius 's exit - line the figures remained but the gauze was loosened , so that they appeared to melt away as if Hamlet 's thoughts had turned elsewhere . For this effect , the scene received an ovation , which was unheard of at the MAT . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ According to the Internet Broadway Database Romeo and Juliet is the second most - produced Shakespeare play on Broadway , with thirty - four different productions , followed by Twelfth Night , with thirty . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The `` Fencing Scene '' is Hamlet 5.2. 203 -- 387 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> References ( edit ) </H3> <P> All references to Hamlet , unless otherwise specified , are taken from the Arden Shakespeare Q2 . Under their referencing system , 3.1. 55 means act 3 , scene 1 , line 55 . References to the First Quarto and First Folio are marked Hamlet Q1 and Hamlet F1 , respectively , and are taken from the Arden Shakespeare Hamlet : the texts of 1603 and 1623 . Their referencing system for Q1 has no act breaks , so 7.115 means scene 7 , line 115 . </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 74 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Taylor 2002 , p. 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crystal & Crystal 2005 , p. 66 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamlet 1.4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trilling 2009 , p. 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamlet 5.1. 1 -- 205 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 36 -- 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 16 -- 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 5 -- 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 1 -- 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 25 -- 37 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edwards 1985 , pp. 1 -- 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 66 -- 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jenkins 1982 , pp. 82 -- 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , p. 67 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cairncross 1975 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alexander 1964 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jackson 1991 , p. 267 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bloom 2001 , pp. xiii , 383 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bloom 2003 , p. 154 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jenkins 1982 , p. 84 n4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 66 -- 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , p. 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenblatt 2004a , p. 311 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenblatt 2004b . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chambers 1930 , p. 418 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilson 1932 , p. 104 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rowse 1963 , p. 323 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Winstanley 1977 , p. 114 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cecil 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jenkins 1982 , p. 35 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hibbard 1987 , pp. 74 -- 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , p. 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shapiro 2005 , p. 341 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wells & Taylor 1988 , p. 653 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edwards 1985 , p. 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lott 1970 , p. xlvi . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 58 -- 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 12 -- 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edwards 1985 , pp. 5 -- 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamlet F1 2.2. 337 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamlet F1 2.2. 324 -- 360 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duncan - Jones 2001 , pp. 143 -- 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edwards 1985 , p. 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hattaway 1987 , pp. 13 -- 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chambers 1923b , pp. 486 -- 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Halliday 1964 , pp. 204 -- 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 465 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Halliday 1964 , p. 204 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 78 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hibbard 1987 , pp. 22 -- 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hattaway 1987 , p. 16 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006a . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006b . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bate & Rasmussen 2007 , p. 1923 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Irace 1998 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burrow 2002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.4 and 4.1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 543 -- 52 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jenkins 1982 , p. 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamlet Q1 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Irace 1998 , pp. 1 -- 34 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jackson 1986 , p. 171 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 85 -- 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006b , pp. 36 -- 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 18 -- 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bate & Rasmussen 2008 , p. 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crowl 2014 , pp. 5 -- 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wofford 1994 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kirsch 1969 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vickers 1974a , p. 447 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vickers 1974b , p. 92 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wofford 1994 , p. 184 -- 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vickers 1974c , p. 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wofford 1994 , p. 185 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wofford 1994 , p. 186 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosenberg 1992 , p. 179 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 67 -- 72 , 84 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kermode 2000 , p. 256 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Evans 1974 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hirrel 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 84 -- 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 63 -- 64 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamlet 1.2. 85 -- 86 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 89 -- 90 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 87 -- 160 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ OED 2005 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kiernan 2007 , p. 34 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jenkins 1982 , pp. 493 -- 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamlet 2.1. 63 -- 65 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 151 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 154 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 87 -- 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 91 -- 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 37 -- 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , p. 38 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamlet F1 2.2. 247 -- 248 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 47 -- 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 55 -- 87 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : MacCary 1998 , p. 49 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knowles 1999 , pp. 1049 , 1052 -- 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 73 -- 4 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Freud 1900 , pp. 367 -- 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Britton 1995 , pp. 207 -- 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morrison 1997 , pp. 4 , 129 -- 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cotsell 2005 , p. 191 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones 1910 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 104 -- 7 , 113 -- 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Grazia 2007 , pp. 168 -- 70 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smallwood 2002 , p. 102 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bloom & Foster 2008 , p. xii . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rothman 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gontar 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamlet 4.5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wofford 1994 , pp. 199 -- 202 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howard 2003 , pp. 411 -- 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heilbrun 1957 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bloom 2003 , pp. 58 -- 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson 2001 , p. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bloom 2003 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Showalter 1985 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bloom 2003 , p. 57 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 111 -- 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Osborne 2007 , pp. 114 -- 33 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kerrigan 1996 , p. 122 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Warren 2016 , p. 367 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Warren 2016 , p. 379 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 123 -- 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welsh 2001 , p. 131 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 126 -- 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Novy 1994 , pp. 62 , 77 -- 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 55 -- 87 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Braun 1982 , p. 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor 2002 , p. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Banham 1998 , p. 141 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hattaway 1982 , p. 91 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomson 1983 , p. 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomson 1983 , p. 110 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor 2002 , p. 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 53 -- 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chambers 1930 , p. 334 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dawson 2002 , p. 176 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pitcher & Woudhuysen 1969 , p. 204 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hibbard 1987 , p. 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden 2002 , p. 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holland 2007 , p. 34 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden 2002 , pp. 21 -- 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 1996 , p. 57 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor 1989 , p. 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 98 -- 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uglow 1977 , p. 473 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , p. 231 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moody 2002 , p. 41 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moody 2002 , p. 44 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gay 2002 , p. 159 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , pp. 185 -- 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , pp. 232 -- 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , pp. 235 -- 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Winter 1875 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Morrison 2002 , p. 241 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schoch 2002 , pp. 58 -- 75 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shaw 1961 , p. 81 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moody 2002 , p. 54 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Connor 2002 , p. 77 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gay 2002 , p. 164 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holland 2002 , pp. 203 -- 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , p. 184 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , p. 188 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gillies et al. 2002 , pp. 259 -- 62 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , p. 180 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benedetti 1999 , pp. 188 -- 211 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benedetti 1999 , pp. 189 , 195 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taxidou 1998 , pp. 38 -- 41 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Innes 1983 , p. 153 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taxidou 1998 , p. 181 , 188 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamlet 1.2. 1 -- 128 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , p. 152 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , pp. 165 -- 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , p. 172 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , pp. 140 -- 75 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hortmann 2002 , p. 214 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hortmann 2002 , p. 223 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burian 2004 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hortmann 2002 , pp. 224 -- 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gillies et al. 2002 , pp. 267 -- 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , pp. 247 -- 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 109 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , p. 249 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , pp. 249 -- 50 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blum 1981 , p. 307 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tanitch 1985 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smallwood 2002 , p. 108 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Theatre n.d. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Canby 1995 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gussow 1992 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guernsey & Sweet 2000 , p. 43 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Panagako 1978 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McKellen et al. 1990 , p. 124 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barratt 2005 , p. 63 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davison 1999 , pp. 170 -- 82 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AusStage '' . www.ausstage.edu.au . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Billington 2001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gardner 2002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Billington 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shenton 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Broadwayworld 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daily Mirror 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Law 2009 , 53 : 55 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Itzkoff 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fine 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Globe to Globe Hamlet n.d. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stewart 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Calia 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sulcas 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tom Hiddleston in Hamlet review : a supremely self - assured Prince - Rada 's Jerwood Vanbrugh Theatre '' . The Telegraph . 2017 - 09 - 02 . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamlet 5.2. 203 -- 387 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brode 2001 , pp. 117 -- 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davies 2000 , p. 171 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fox 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brennan n.d. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guntner 2000 , pp. 120 -- 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , pp. 125 -- 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cartmell 2000 , p. 212 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guntner 2000 , pp. 121 -- 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crowl 2000 , p. 232 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Starks 1999 , p. 272 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keyishian 2000 , pp. 78 -- 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burnett 2003 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gupta 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Warren n.d. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gilbert 1892 , pp. 349 -- 66 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schultz 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grode 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Todoroff 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brandes 2001 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Editions of Hamlet ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bate , Jonathan ; Rasmussen , Eric , eds. ( 2007 ) . Complete Works . The RSC Shakespeare . New York : Royal Shakespeare Company . ISBN 0 - 679 - 64295 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Bate , Jonathan ; Rasmussen , Eric , eds. ( 2008 ) . Hamlet . The RSC Shakespeare . The Royal Shakespeare Company . ISBN 978 - 0230217867 . </Li> <Li> Edwards , Phillip , ed. ( 1985 ) . Hamlet , Prince of Denmark . New Cambridge Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521293662 . </Li> <Li> Evans , G. Blakemore , ed. ( 1974 ) . The Riverside Shakespeare . The Riverside Shakespeare . Houghton Mifflin for Riverside Shakespeare Company . ISBN 9780395044025 . </Li> <Li> Hibbard , G.R. , ed. ( 1987 ) . Hamlet . Oxford World 's Classics . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 283416 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Irace , Kathleen O. , ed. ( 1998 ) . The First Quarto of Hamlet . New Cambridge Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65390 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jenkins , Harold , ed. ( 1982 ) . Hamlet . The Arden Shakespeare , second series . London : Methuen . ISBN 1 - 903436 - 67 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Lott , Bernard , ed. ( 1970 ) . Hamlet . New Swan Shakespeare , Advanced series ( New ed . ) . London : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 52742 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Thompson , Ann ; Taylor , Neil , eds. ( 2006 ) . Hamlet . The Arden Shakespeare , third series . 1 . London : Cengage Learning . ISBN 1 - 904271 - 33 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Thompson , Ann ; Taylor , Neil , eds. ( 2006 ) . Hamlet : The Texts of 1603 and 1623 . The Arden Shakespeare , third series . 2 . London : Cengage Learning . ISBN 1 - 904271 - 80 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Wells , Stanley ; Taylor , Gary , eds. ( 1988 ) . The Complete Works . The Oxford Shakespeare ( Compact ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 871190 - 5 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Secondary sources ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Alexander , Peter ( 1964 ) . Alexander 's Introductions to Shakespeare . London : Collins . OCLC 257743100 . </Li> <Li> Banham , Martin , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Cambridge Guide to Theatre . Cambridge Guides . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43437 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Barratt , Mark ( 2005 ) . Ian Mckellen : An Unofficial Biography . Virgin Books . ISBN 978 - 1852272517 . </Li> <Li> Benedetti , Jean ( 1999 ) ( 1988 ) . Stanislavski : His Life and Art ( Revised ed . ) . London : Methuen . ISBN 0 - 413 - 52520 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Billington , Michael ( 4 May 2001 ) . `` Hamlet -- Royal Shakespeare Theatre , Stratford Upon Avon '' . Theatre . The Guardian . London . </Li> <Li> Billington , Michael ( 6 August 2008 ) . `` Hamlet -- Courtyard , Stratford - upon - Avon '' . Theatre . The Guardian . London . </Li> <Li> Bloom , Harold ( 2001 ) . Shakespeare : The Invention of the Human ( Open Market ed . ) . Harlow , Essex : Longman . ISBN 1 - 57322 - 751 - X . </Li> <Li> Bloom , Harold ( 2003 ) . Hamlet : Poem Unlimited . Edinburgh : Canongate . ISBN 1 - 84195 - 461 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Bloom , Harold ; Foster , Brett , eds. 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Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 30013 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Brode , Douglas ( 2001 ) . Shakespeare in the Movies : From the Silent Era to Today . New York : Berkley Boulevard Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 18176 - 6 . </Li> <Li> `` Cook , Eyre , Lee And More Join Jude Law In Grandage 's HAMLET '' . Broadwayworld. 4 February 2009 . Retrieved 18 February 2009 . </Li> <Li> Brown , Mark ( 1 April 2016 ) . `` Sherlock star Andrew Scott to play Hamlet in new UK production '' . Theatre . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Burian , Jarka ( 2004 ) ( 1993 ) . `` Hamlet in Postwar Czech Theatre '' . In Kennedy , Dennis . Foreign Shakespeare : Contemporary Performance ( New ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 61708 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Burnett , Mark Thornton ( 2003 ) . `` '' To Hear and See the Matter `` : Communicating Technology in Michael Almereyda 's Hamlet ( 2000 ) '' . 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New York : Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 7466 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Crowl , Samuel ( 2000 ) . `` Flamboyant Realist : Kenneth Branagh '' . In Jackson , Russell . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film . Cambridge Companions to Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 222 -- 40 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63975 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Crowl , Samuel ( 2014 ) . Shakespeare 's Hamlet : The Relationship Between Text and Film . Screen Adaptations . Arden Shakespeare . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4725 - 3893 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Crystal , David ; Crystal , Ben ( 2005 ) . The Shakespeare Miscellany . New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 051555 - 0 . </Li> <Li> `` Jude Law to play Hamlet at ' home ' Kronborg Castle '' . The Daily Mirror. 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Davies , Anthony ( 2000 ) . `` The Shakespeare films of Laurence Olivier '' . In Jackson , Russell . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film . Cambridge Companions to Literature . 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Renaissance Society of America . 52 ( 4 ) : 1046 -- 69 . doi : 10.2307 / 2901835 . eISSN 1935 - 0236 . JSTOR 2901835 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Law , Jude ( 2 October 2009 ) . `` Shakespeare 's Hamlet with Jude Law '' . Charlie Rose ( Interview ) . Interview with Charlie Rose . PBS . Retrieved 6 October 2009 . </Li> <Li> MacCary , W. Thomas ( 1998 ) . `` Hamlet '' : A Guide to the Play . Greenwood Guides to Shakespeare . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30082 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Marsden , Jean I. ( 2002 ) . `` Improving Shakespeare : from the Restoration to Garrick '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge Companions to Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 21 -- 36 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79711 - X . </Li> <Li> McKellen , Ian ; Puttnam , David ; Wax , Ruby ; Redgrave , Vanessa ; Bates , Alan ( 1990 ) . For Ian Charleson : A Tribute . 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In Parker , Patricia ; Hartman , Geoffrey . Shakespeare and the Question of Theory . New York and London : Methuen . pp. 77 -- 94 . ISBN 0 - 416 - 36930 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Smallwood , Robert ( 2002 ) . `` Twentieth - century Performance : The Stratford and London Companies '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge Companions to Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 98 -- 117 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79711 - X . </Li> <Li> Starks , Lisa S. ( 1999 ) . `` The Displaced Body of Desire : Sexuality in Kenneth Branagh 's Hamlet '' . In Desmet , Christy ; Sawyer , Robert . Shakespeare and Appropriation . Accents on Shakespeare . London : Routledge . pp. 160 -- 78 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 20725 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Stewart , Rachel ( 11 August 2014 ) . `` Cumberbatch 's Hamlet most in - demand show of all time '' . The Daily Telegraph . 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American Shakespeare Center . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . </Li> <Li> Wilson , J. Dover ( 1932 ) . The Essential Shakespeare : A Biographical Adventure . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . </Li> <Li> Welsh , Alexander ( 2001 ) . Hamlet in his Modern Guises . Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691050935 . </Li> <Li> Winstanley , Lilian ( 1977 ) ( 1921 ) . Hamlet and the Scottish succession , Being an Examination of the Relations of the Play of Hamlet to the Scottish Succession and the Essex Conspiracy . Philadelphia : R. West . ISBN 0 - 8492 - 2912 - X . </Li> <Li> Winter , William ( 26 October 1875 ) . `` Fifth Avenue Theater -- Edwin Booth as Hamlet '' . The Drama . New - York Tribune . p. 5 . ISSN 1941 - 0646 . LCCN sn83030214 . OCLC 9405688 . </Li> <Li> Wofford , Susanne L. ( 1994 ) . `` A Critical History of Hamlet '' . Hamlet : Complete , Authoritative Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts , Critical History , and Essays from Five Contemporary Critical Perspectives . Boston : Bedford Books . pp. 181 -- 207 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 08986 - 4 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Library resources about Hamlet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Resources in your library </Li> <Li> Resources in other libraries </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Listen to this article ( info / dl ) <P> </P> This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Hamlet '' dated 2011 - 10 - 14 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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Sir Gawain and the Green Knight - wikipedia <H1> Sir Gawain and the Green Knight </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the 1973 film adaptation , see Gawain and the Green Knight ( film ) . <Table> Sir Gawain and the Green Knight <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> First page of survived manuscript , circa 14th century . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Anonymous </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> Kingdom of England </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> Middle English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Poem , chivalric romance , Arthurian and alliterative verse . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> 14th century </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ( Middle English : Sir Gawayn and þe Grene Knyȝt ) is a late 14th - century Middle English chivalric romance . It is one of the best known Arthurian stories , with its plot combining two types of folklore motifs , the beheading game and the exchange of winnings . The Green Knight is interpreted by some as a representation of the Green Man of folklore and by others as an allusion to Christ . Written in stanzas of alliterative verse , each of which ends in a rhyming bob and wheel , it draws on Welsh , Irish , and English stories , as well as the French chivalric tradition . It is an important example of a chivalric romance , which typically involves a hero who goes on a quest which tests his prowess , and it remains popular to this day in modern English renderings from J.R.R. Tolkien , Simon Armitage , and others , as well as through film and stage adaptations . </P> <P> It describes how Sir Gawain , a knight of King Arthur 's Round Table , accepts a challenge from a mysterious `` Green Knight '' who challenges any knight to strike him with his axe if he will take a return blow in a year and a day . Gawain accepts and beheads him with his blow , at which the Green Knight stands up , picks up his head , and reminds Gawain of the appointed time . In his struggles to keep his bargain , Gawain demonstrates chivalry and loyalty until his honour is called into question by a test involving Lady Bertilak , the lady of the Green Knight 's castle . </P> <P> The poem survives in a single manuscript , the Cotton Nero A.x. , which also includes three religious narrative poems : Pearl , Purity and Patience . All are thought to have been written by the same unknown author , dubbed the `` Pearl Poet '' or `` Gawain Poet '' , since all four are written in a North West Midland dialect of Middle English . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Synopsis </Li> <Li> 2 `` Pearl Poet '' </Li> <Li> 3 Verse form </Li> <Li> 4 Similar stories </Li> <Li> 5 Themes <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Temptation and testing </Li> <Li> 5.2 Hunting and seduction </Li> <Li> 5.3 Nature and chivalry </Li> <Li> 5.4 Games </Li> <Li> 5.5 Times and seasons </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Symbolism <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Significance of the colour green </Li> <Li> 6.2 The Green Knight </Li> <Li> 6.3 Girdle </Li> <Li> 6.4 Pentangle </Li> <Li> 6.5 The Lady 's Ring </Li> <Li> 6.6 Numbers </Li> <Li> 6.7 Wounds </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Interpretations <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Gawain as medieval romance </Li> <Li> 7.2 Christian interpretations </Li> <Li> 7.3 Feminist interpretations </Li> <Li> 7.4 Postcolonial interpretations </Li> <Li> 7.5 Gawain 's journey </Li> <Li> 7.6 Homoerotic interpretations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Modern adaptations <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Books </Li> <Li> 8.2 Film and television </Li> <Li> 8.3 Theatre </Li> <Li> 8.4 Opera </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Synopsis ( edit ) </H2> Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ( from original manuscript , artist unknown ) <P> In Camelot on New Year 's Day , King Arthur 's court is exchanging gifts and waiting for the feasting to start when the king asks first to see or hear of an exciting adventure . A gigantic figure , entirely green in appearance and riding a green horse , rides unexpectedly into the hall . He wears no armour but bears an axe in one hand and a holly bough in the other . Refusing to fight anyone there on the grounds that they are all too weak to take him on , he insists he has come for a friendly `` Christmas game '' : someone is to strike him once with his axe on condition that the Green Knight may return the blow in a year and a day . The splendid axe will belong to whoever takes him on . Arthur himself is prepared to accept the challenge when it appears no other knight will dare , but Sir Gawain , youngest of Arthur 's knights and his nephew , begs for the honour instead . The giant bends and bares his neck before him and Gawain neatly beheads him in one stroke . However , the Green Knight neither falls nor falters , but instead reaches out , picks up his severed head and remounts , holding up his bleeding head to Queen Guinevere while its writhing lips remind Gawain that the two must meet again at the Green Chapel . He then rides away . Gawain and Arthur admire the axe , hang it up as a trophy and encourage Guinevere to treat the whole matter lightly . </P> <P> As the date approaches , Sir Gawain sets off to find the Green Chapel and keep his side of the bargain . Many adventures and battles are alluded to ( but not described ) until Gawain comes across a splendid castle where he meets Bertilak de Hautdesert , the lord of the castle , and his beautiful wife , who are pleased to have such a renowned guest . Also present is an old and ugly lady , unnamed but treated with great honour by all . Gawain tells them of his New Year 's appointment at the Green Chapel and that he only has a few days remaining . Bertilak laughs , explains that the Green Chapel is less than two miles away and proposes that Gawain rest at the castle till then . Relieved and grateful , Gawain agrees . </P> <P> Before going hunting the next day Bertilak proposes a bargain : he will give Gawain whatever he catches on the condition that Gawain give him whatever he might gain during the day . Gawain accepts . After Bertilak leaves , Lady Bertilak visits Gawain 's bedroom and behaves seductively , but despite her best efforts he yields nothing but a single kiss in his unwillingness to offend her . When Bertilak returns and gives Gawain the deer he has killed , his guest gives a kiss to Bertilak without divulging its source . The next day the lady comes again , Gawain again courteously foils her advances , and later that day there is a similar exchange of a hunted boar for two kisses . She comes once more on the third morning , this time offering Gawain a gold ring as a keepsake . He gently but steadfastly refuses but she pleads that he at least take her belt , a girdle of green and gold silk which , the lady assures him , is charmed and will keep him from all physical harm . Tempted , as he may otherwise die the next day , Gawain accepts it , and they exchange three kisses . That evening , Bertilak returns with a fox , which he exchanges with Gawain for the three kisses -- but Gawain says nothing of the girdle . </P> <P> The next day , Gawain leaves for the Green Chapel with the girdle wound twice around his waist . He finds the Green Knight sharpening an axe and , as promised , Gawain bends his bared neck to receive his blow . At the first swing Gawain flinches slightly and the Green Knight belittles him for it . Ashamed of himself , Gawain does n't flinch with the second swing ; but again the Green Knight withholds the full force of his blow . The knight explains he was testing Gawain 's nerve . Angrily Gawain tells him to deliver his blow and so the knight does , causing only a slight wound on Gawain 's neck . The game is over . Gawain seizes his sword , helmet and shield , but the Green Knight , laughing , reveals himself to be the lord of the castle , Bertilak de Hautdesert , transformed by magic . He explains that the entire adventure was a trick of the ' elderly lady ' Gawain saw at the castle , who is actually the sorceress Morgan le Fay , Arthur 's sister , who intended to test Arthur 's knights and frighten Guinevere to death . Gawain is ashamed to have behaved deceitfully but the Green Knight laughs and professes him the most blameless knight in all the land . The two part on cordial terms . Gawain returns to Camelot wearing the girdle as a token of his failure to keep his promise . The Knights of the Round Table absolve him of blame and decide that henceforth that they will wear a green sash in recognition of Gawain 's adventure and as a reminder to be always honest . </P> <H2> `` Pearl poet '' ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Pearl Poet <P> Though the real name of `` The Gawain Poet '' ( or poets ) is unknown , some inferences about him can be drawn from an informed reading of his works . The manuscript of Gawain is known in academic circles as Cotton Nero A.x. , following a naming system used by one of its owners , Robert Cotton , a collector of Medieval English texts . Before the Gawain manuscript came into Cotton 's possession , it was in the library of Henry Savile of Banke in Yorkshire . Little is known about its previous ownership , and until 1824 , when the manuscript was introduced to the academic community in a second edition of Thomas Warton 's History edited by Richard Price , it was almost entirely unknown . Even then , the Gawain poem was not published in its entirety until 1839 . Now held in the British Library , it has been dated to the late 14th century , meaning the poet was a contemporary of Geoffrey Chaucer , author of The Canterbury Tales , though it is unlikely that they ever met . The three other works found in the same manuscript as Gawain ( commonly known as Pearl , Patience , and Purity or Cleanliness ) are often considered to be written by the same author . However , the manuscript containing these poems was transcribed by a copyist and not by the original poet . Although nothing explicitly suggests that all four poems are by the same poet , comparative analysis of dialect , verse form , and diction have pointed towards single authorship . </P> <P> What is known today about the poet is largely general . As J.R.R. Tolkien and E.V. Gordon , after reviewing the text 's allusions , style , and themes , concluded in 1925 : </P> <P> He was a man of serious and devout mind , though not without humour ; he had an interest in theology , and some knowledge of it , though an amateur knowledge perhaps , rather than a professional ; he had Latin and French and was well enough read in French books , both romantic and instructive ; but his home was in the West Midlands of England ; so much his language shows , and his metre , and his scenery . </P> <P> The most commonly suggested candidate for authorship is John Massey of Cotton , Cheshire . He is known to have lived in the dialect region of the Pearl Poet and is thought to have written the poem St. Erkenwald , which some scholars argue bears stylistic similarities to Gawain . St. Erkenwald , however , has been dated by some scholars to a time outside the Gawain poet 's era . Thus , ascribing authorship to John Massey is still controversial and most critics consider the Gawain poet an unknown . </P> <H2> Verse form ( edit ) </H2> <P> The 2,530 lines and 101 stanzas that make up Sir Gawain and the Green Knight are written in what linguists call the `` Alliterative Revival '' style typical of the 14th century . Instead of focusing on a metrical syllabic count and rhyme , the alliterative form of this period usually relied on the agreement of a pair of stressed syllables at the beginning of the line and another pair at the end . Each line always includes a pause , called a caesura , at some point after the first two stresses , dividing it into two half - lines . Although he largely follows the form of his day , the Gawain poet was somewhat freer with convention than his or her predecessors . The poet broke the alliterative lines into variable - length groups and ended these nominal stanzas with a rhyming section of five lines known as the bob and wheel , in which the `` bob '' is a very short line , sometimes of only two syllables , followed by the `` wheel , '' longer lines with internal rhyme . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Gawain </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Translation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( bob ) <P> ful clene ( wheel ) for wonder of his hwe men hade set in his semblaunt sene he ferde as freke were fade and oueral enker grene ( SGGK lines 146 -- 150 ) </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> ( bob ) full clean . ( wheel ) Great wonder of the knight Folk had in hall , I ween , Full fierce he was to sight , And over all bright green . ( SGGK lines 146 -- 150 ) </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Similar stories ( edit ) </H2> The legendary Irish figure Cúchulainn faced a trial similar to Gawain 's ( Cúchulain Slays the Hound of Culain by Stephen Reid , 1904 ) . <P> The earliest known story to feature a beheading game is the 8th - century Middle Irish tale Bricriu 's Feast . This story parallels Gawain in that , like the Green Knight , Cú Chulainn 's antagonist feints three blows with the axe before letting his target depart without injury . A beheading exchange also appears in the late 12th - century Life of Caradoc , a Middle French narrative embedded in the anonymous First Continuation of Chrétien de Troyes ' Perceval , the Story of the Grail . A notable difference in this story is that Caradoc 's challenger is his father in disguise , come to test his honour . Lancelot is given a beheading challenge in the early 13th - century Perlesvaus , in which a knight begs him to chop off his head or else put his own in jeopardy . Lancelot reluctantly cuts it off , agreeing to come to the same place in a year to put his head in the same danger . When Lancelot arrives , the people of the town celebrate and announce that they have finally found a true knight , because many others had failed this test of chivalry . </P> <P> The stories The Girl with the Mule ( alternately titled The Mule Without a Bridle ) and Hunbaut feature Gawain in beheading game situations . In Hunbaut , Gawain cuts off a man 's head and , before he can replace it , removes the magic cloak keeping the man alive , thus killing him . Several stories tell of knights who struggle to stave off the advances of voluptuous women sent by their lords as a test ; these stories include Yder , the Lancelot - Grail , Hunbaut , and The Knight of the Sword . The last two involve Gawain specifically . Usually the temptress is the daughter or wife of a lord to whom the knight owes respect , and the knight is tested to see whether or not he will remain chaste in trying circumstances . </P> <P> In the first branch of the medieval Welsh collection of tales known as the Mabinogion , Pwyll exchanges places for a year with Arawn , the lord of Annwn ( the Otherworld ) . Despite having his appearance changed to resemble Arawn exactly , Pwyll does not have sexual relations with Arawn 's wife during this time , thus establishing a lasting friendship between the two men . This story may , then , provide a background to Gawain 's attempts to resist the wife of the Green Knight ; thus , the story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight may be seen as a tale which combines elements of the Celtic beheading game and seduction test stories . Additionally , in both stories a year passes before the completion of the conclusion of the challenge or exchange . Some scholars disagree with this interpretation , however , as Arawn seems to have accepted the notion that Pwyll may reciprocate with his wife , making it less of a `` seduction test '' per se , as seduction tests typically involve a Lord and Lady conspiring to seduce a knight , seemingly against the wishes of the Lord . </P> <P> After the writing of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , several similar stories followed . The Greene Knight ( 15th -- 17th century ) is a rhymed retelling of nearly the same tale . In it , the plot is simplified , motives are more fully explained , and some names are changed . Another story , The Turke and Gowin ( 15th century ) , begins with a Turk entering Arthur 's court and asking , `` Is there any will , as a brother , To give a buffett and take another ? '' At the end of this poem the Turk , rather than buffeting Gawain back , asks the knight to cut off his head , which Gawain does . The Turk then praises Gawain and showers him with gifts . The Carle of Carlisle ( 17th century ) also resembles Gawain in a scene in which the Carle ( Churl ) , a lord , takes Sir Gawain to a chamber where two swords are hanging and orders Gawain to cut off his head or suffer his own to be cut off . Gawain obliges and strikes , but the Carle rises , laughing and unharmed . Unlike the Gawain poem , no return blow is demanded or given . </P> <H2> Themes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Temptation and testing ( edit ) </H3> Knights of Gawain 's time were tested in their ability to balance the male - oriented chivalric code with the female - oriented rules of courtly love . ( God Speed ! -- Edmund Blair Leighton 1900 ) <P> At the heart of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the test of Gawain 's adherence to the code of chivalry . The typical temptation fable of medieval literature presents a series of tribulations assembled as tests or `` proofs '' of moral virtue . The stories often describe several individuals ' failures after which the main character is tested . Success in the proofs will often bring immunity or good fortune . Gawain 's ability to pass the tests of his host are of utmost importance to his survival , though he does not know it . It is only by fortuity or `` instinctive - courtesy '' that Sir Gawain is able to pass his test . Gawain does not realize , however , that these tests are all orchestrated by Sir Bertilak . In addition to the laws of chivalry , Gawain must respect another set of laws concerning courtly love . The knight 's code of honour requires him to do whatever a damsel asks . Gawain must accept the girdle from the Lady , but he must also keep the promise he has made to his host that he will give whatever he gains that day . Gawain chooses to keep the girdle out of fear of death , thus breaking his promise to the host but honouring the lady . Upon learning that the Green Knight is actually his host ( Bertilak ) , he realises that although he has completed his quest , he has failed to be virtuous . This test demonstrates the conflict between honour and knightly duties . In breaking his promise , Gawain believes he has lost his honour and failed in his duties . </P> <H3> Hunting and seduction ( edit ) </H3> <P> Scholars have frequently noted the parallels between the three hunting scenes and the three seduction scenes in Gawain . They are generally agreed that the fox chase has significant parallels to the third seduction scene , in which Gawain accepts the girdle from Bertilak 's wife . Gawain , like the fox , fears for his life and is looking for a way to avoid death from the Green Knight 's axe . Like his counterpart , he resorts to trickery in order to save his skin . The fox uses tactics so unlike the first two animals , and so unexpectedly , that Bertilak has the hardest time hunting it . Similarly , Gawain finds the Lady 's advances in the third seduction scene more unpredictable and challenging to resist than her previous attempts . She changes her evasive language , typical of courtly love relationships , to a more assertive style . Her dress , relatively modest in earlier scenes , is suddenly voluptuous and revealing . </P> <P> The deer - and boar - hunting scenes are less clearly connected , although scholars have attempted to link each animal to Gawain 's reactions in the parallel seduction scene . Attempts to connect the deer hunt with the first seduction scene have unearthed a few parallels . Deer hunts of the time , like courtship , had to be done according to established rules . Women often favoured suitors who hunted well and skinned their animals , sometimes even watching while a deer was cleaned . The sequence describing the deer hunt is relatively unspecific and nonviolent , with an air of relaxation and exhilaration . The first seduction scene follows in a similar vein , with no overt physical advances and no apparent danger ; the entire exchange is humorously portrayed . </P> <P> The boar - hunting scene is , in contrast , laden with detail . Boars were ( and are ) much more difficult to hunt than deer ; approaching one with only a sword was akin to challenging a knight to single combat . In the hunting sequence , the boar flees but is cornered before a ravine . He turns to face Bertilak with his back to the ravine , prepared to fight . Bertilak dismounts and in the ensuing fight kills the boar . He removes its head and displays it on a pike . In the seduction scene , Bertilak 's wife , like the boar , is more forward , insisting that Gawain has a romantic reputation and that he must not disappoint her . Gawain , however , is successful in parrying her attacks , saying that surely she knows more than he about love . Both the boar hunt and the seduction scene can be seen as depictions of a moral victory : both Gawain and Bertilak face struggles alone and emerge triumphant . Masculinity has also been associated with hunting . The theme of masculinity is present throughout . In an article by Vern L. Bullough , `` Being a Male in the Middle Ages , '' he discusses Sir Gawain and how normally , masculinity is often viewed in terms of being sexually active . He notes that Sir Gawain is not part of this normalcy . </P> <H3> Nature and chivalry ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some argue that nature represents a chaotic , lawless order which is in direct confrontation with the civilisation of Camelot throughout Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . The green horse and rider that first invade Arthur 's peaceful halls are iconic representations of nature 's disturbance . Nature is presented throughout the poem as rough and indifferent , constantly threatening the order of men and courtly life . Nature invades and disrupts order in the major events of the narrative , both symbolically and through the inner nature of humanity . This element appears first with the disruption caused by the Green Knight , later when Gawain must fight off his natural lust for Bertilak 's wife , and again when Gawain breaks his vow to Bertilak by choosing to keep the green girdle , valuing survival over virtue . Represented by the sin - stained girdle , nature is an underlying force , forever within man and keeping him imperfect ( in a chivalric sense ) . In this view , Gawain is part of a wider conflict between nature and chivalry , an examination of the ability of man 's order to overcome the chaos of nature . </P> <P> Several critics have made exactly the opposite interpretation , reading the poem as a comic critique of the Christianity of the time , particularly as embodied in the Christian chivalry of Arthur 's court . In its zeal to extirpate all traces of paganism , Christianity had cut itself off from the sources of life in nature and the female . The green girdle represents all the pentangle lacks . The Arthurian enterprise is doomed unless it can acknowledge the unattainability of the ideals of the Round Table , and , for the sake of realism and wholeness , recognize and incorporate the pagan values represented by the Green Knight . </P> <H3> Games ( edit ) </H3> <P> The word gomen ( game ) is found 18 times in Gawain . Its similarity to the word gome ( man ) , which appears 21 times , has led some scholars to see men and games as centrally linked . Games at this time were seen as tests of worthiness , as when the Green Knight challenges the court 's right to its good name in a `` Christmas game '' . The `` game '' of exchanging gifts was common in Germanic cultures . If a man received a gift , he was obliged to provide the giver with a better gift or risk losing his honour , almost like an exchange of blows in a fight ( or in a `` beheading game '' ) . The poem revolves around two games : an exchange of beheading and an exchange of winnings . These appear at first to be unconnected . However , a victory in the first game will lead to a victory in the second . Elements of both games appear in other stories ; however , the linkage of outcomes is unique to Gawain . </P> <H3> Times and seasons ( edit ) </H3> <P> Times , dates , seasons , and cycles within Gawain are often noted by scholars because of their symbolic nature . The story starts on New Year 's Eve with a beheading and culminates on the next New Year 's Day . Gawain leaves Camelot on All Saints Day and arrives at Bertilak 's castle on Christmas Eve . Furthermore , the Green Knight tells Gawain to meet him at the Green Chapel in `` a year and a day '' -- a period of time seen often in medieval literature . Some scholars interpret the yearly cycles , each beginning and ending in winter , as the poet 's attempt to convey the inevitable fall of all things good and noble in the world . Such a theme is strengthened by the image of Troy , a powerful nation once thought to be invincible which , according to the Aeneid , fell to the Greeks due to pride and ignorance . The Trojan connection shows itself in the presence of two virtually identical descriptions of Troy 's destruction . The poem 's first line reads : `` Since the siege and the assault were ceased at Troy '' and the final stanzaic line ( before the bob and wheel ) is `` After the siege and the assault were ceased at Troy '' . </P> <H2> Symbolism ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Significance of the colour Green ( edit ) </H3> In the 15th - century Saint Wolfgang and the Devil by Michael Pacher , the Devil is green . Poetic contemporaries such as Chaucer also drew connections between the colour green and the devil , leading scholars to draw similar connections in readings of the Green Knight . <P> Given the varied and even contradictory interpretations of the colour green , its precise meaning in the poem remains ambiguous . In English folklore and literature , green was traditionally used to symbolise nature and its associated attributes : fertility and rebirth . Stories of the medieval period also used it to allude to love and the base desires of man . Because of its connection with faeries and spirits in early English folklore , green also signified witchcraft , devilry and evil . It can also represent decay and toxicity . When combined with gold , as with the Green Knight and the girdle , green was often seen as representing youth 's passing . In Celtic mythology , green was associated with misfortune and death , and therefore avoided in clothing . The green girdle , originally worn for protection , became a symbol of shame and cowardice ; it is finally adopted as a symbol of honour by the knights of Camelot , signifying a transformation from good to evil and back again ; this displays both the spoiling and regenerative connotations of the colour green . </P> <H3> The Green Knight ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Green Knight <P> Scholars have puzzled over the Green Knight 's symbolism since the discovery of the poem . He could be a version of the Green Man , a mythological being connected with nature in medieval art , a Christian symbol , or the Devil himself . British medieval scholar C.S. Lewis said the character was `` as vivid and concrete as any image in literature '' and J.R.R. Tolkien said he was the `` most difficult character '' to interpret in Sir Gawain . His major role in Arthurian literature is that of a judge and tester of knights , thus he is at once terrifying , friendly , and mysterious . He appears in only two other poems : The Greene Knight and King Arthur and King Cornwall . Scholars have attempted to connect him to other mythical characters , such as Jack in the green of English tradition and to Al - Khidr , but no definitive connection has yet been established . </P> <P> However , there is a possibility , as Alice Buchanan has argued , that the colour green is erroneously attributed to the Green Knight due to the poet 's mistranslation or misunderstanding of the Irish word glas , which could either mean grey or green . In the Death of Curoi ( one of the Irish stories from Bricriu 's Feast ) , Curoi stands in for Bertilak , and is often called `` the man of the grey mantle '' . Though the words usually used for grey in the Death of Curoi are lachtna or odar , roughly meaning milk - coloured and shadowy respectively , in later works featuring a green knight , the word glas is used and may have been the basis of misunderstanding . </P> Another famous Arthurian woman , The Lady of Shalott , with a medieval girdle around her waist ( John William Waterhouse , 1888 ) <H3> Girdle ( edit ) </H3> See also : Girdle in literature <P> The girdle 's symbolic meaning , in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , has been construed in a variety of ways . Interpretations range from sexual in nature to spiritual . Those who argue for the sexual inference view the girdle as a `` trophy '' . However , it is not entirely clear who the `` winner '' is : Sir Gawain or Lady Bertilak . The girdle is given to Gawain by Lady Bertilak in order to keep him safe when he confronts the Green Knight . When Lord Bertilak returns home from his hunting trip , Gawain does not reveal the girdle to his host but , instead , hides it . This introduces the spiritual interpretation , that Gawain 's acceptance of the girdle is a sign of his faltering faith in God , at least in the face of death . To some , the Green Knight is Christ , who overcomes death , while Gawain is the Every Christian , who in his struggles to follow Christ faithfully , chooses the easier path . In Sir Gawain , the easier choice is the girdle , which promises what Gawain most desires . Faith in God , alternatively , requires one 's acceptance that what one most desires does not always coincide with what God has planned . It is arguably best to view the girdle not as an either -- or situation , but as a complex , multi-faceted symbol that acts to test Gawain in more ways than one . While Gawain is able to resist Bertilak 's wife 's sexual advances , he is unable to resist the powers of the girdle . Gawain is operating under the laws of chivalry which , evidently , have rules that can contradict each other . In the story of Sir Gawain , Gawain finds himself torn between doing what a damsel asks ( accepting the girdle ) and keeping his promise ( returning anything given to him while his host is away ) . </P> <H3> Pentangle ( edit ) </H3> See also : Pentagram The pentangle on Gawain 's shield is described as gold on a red background <P> The pentangle on Gawain 's shield is seen by many critics as signifying Gawain 's perfection and power over evil . The poem contains the only representation of such a symbol on Gawain 's shield in the Gawain literature . What is more , the poet uses a total of 46 lines in order to describe the meaning of the pentangle ; no other symbol in the poem receives as much attention or is described in such detail . The poem describes the pentangle as a symbol of faithfulness and an `` endless knot '' . From lines 640 to 654 , the five points of the pentangle relate directly to Gawain in five ways : five senses , his five fingers , his faith found in the five wounds of Christ , the five joys of Mary ( whose face was on the inside of the shield ) and finally friendship , fraternity , purity , politeness and pity ( traits that Gawain possessed around others ) . In line 625 , it is described as `` a sign by Solomon '' . Solomon , the third king of Israel , in the 10th century BC , was said to have the mark of the pentagram on his ring , which he received from the archangel Michael . The pentagram seal on this ring was said to give Solomon power over demons . </P> <P> Along these lines , some academics link the Gawain pentangle to magical traditions . In Germany , the symbol was called a Drudenfuß and was placed on household objects to keep out evil . The symbol was also associated with magical charms that , if recited or written on a weapon , would call forth magical forces . However , concrete evidence tying the magical pentagram to Gawain 's pentangle is scarce . </P> <P> Gawain 's pentangle also symbolises the `` phenomenon of physically endless objects signifying a temporally endless quality . '' Many poets use the symbol of the circle to show infinity or endlessness , but Gawain 's poet insisted on using something more complex . In medieval number theory , the number five is considered a `` circular number '' , since it `` reproduces itself in its last digit when raised to its powers '' . Furthermore , it replicates itself geometrically ; that is , every pentangle has a smaller pentagon that allows a pentangle to be embedded in it and this `` process may be repeated forever with decreasing pentangles '' . Thus , by reproducing the number five , which in medieval number symbolism signified incorruptibility , Gawain 's pentangle represents his eternal incorruptibility . </P> <H3> The Lady 's ring ( edit ) </H3> <P> Gawain 's refusal of the Lady Bertilak 's ring has major implications for the remainder of the story . While the modern student may tend to pay more attention to the girdle as the eminent object offered by the lady , readers in the time of Gawain would have noticed the significance of the offer of the ring as they believed that rings , and especially the embedded gems , had talismanic properties similarly done by the Gawain - poet in Pearl . This is especially true of the lady 's ring as scholars believe it to be a ruby or carbuncle , indicated when the Gawain - Poet describes it as a `` brygt sunne '' ( line 1819 ) , a `` fiery sun . '' This red colour can be seen as symbolizing royalty , divinity , and the Passion of the Christ , something that Gawain as a knight of the Round Table would strive for , but this colour could also represent the negative qualities of temptation and covetousness . Given the importance of magic rings in Arthurian romance , this remarkable ring would also have been believed to protect the wearer from harm just as Lady Bertilak claims the girdle will . </P> <H3> Numbers ( edit ) </H3> <P> The poet highlights number symbolism to add symmetry and meaning to the poem . For example , three kisses are exchanged between Gawain and Bertilak 's wife ; Gawain is tempted by her on three separate days ; Bertilak goes hunting three times , and the Green Knight swings at Gawain three times with his axe . The number two also appears repeatedly , as in the two beheading scenes , two confession scenes , and two castles . The five points of the pentangle , the poet adds , represent Gawain 's virtues , for he is `` faithful five ways and five times each '' . The poet goes on to list the ways in which Gawain is virtuous : all five of his senses are without fault ; his five fingers never fail him , and he always remembers the five wounds of Christ , as well as the five joys of the Virgin Mary . The fifth five is Gawain himself , who embodies the five moral virtues of the code of chivalry : `` friendship , generosity , chastity , courtesy , and piety '' . All of these virtues reside , as the poet says , in the `` Endless Knot '' of the pentangle , which forever interlinks and is never broken . This intimate relationship between symbol and faith allows for rigorous allegorical interpretation , especially in the physical role that the shield plays in Gawain 's quest . Thus , the poet makes Gawain the epitome of perfection in knighthood through number symbolism . </P> <P> The number five is also found in the structure of the poem itself . Sir Gawain is 101 stanzas long , traditionally organised into four ' Fits ' of 21 , 24 , 34 , and 22 stanzas . These divisions , however , have since been disputed ; scholars have begun to believe that they are the work of the copyist and not of the poet . The surviving manuscript features a series of capital letters added after the fact by another scribe , and some scholars argue that these additions were an attempt to restore the original divisions . These letters divide the manuscript into nine parts . The first and last parts are 22 stanzas long . The second and second - to - last parts are only one stanza long , and the middle five parts are eleven stanzas long . The number eleven is associated with transgression in other medieval literature ( being one more than ten , a number associated with the Ten Commandments ) . Thus , this set of five elevens ( 55 stanzas ) creates the perfect mix of transgression and incorruption , suggesting that Gawain is faultless in his faults . </P> <H3> Wounds ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the story 's climax , Gawain is wounded superficially in the neck by the Green Knight 's axe . During the medieval period , the body and the soul were believed to be so intimately connected that wounds were considered an outward sign of inward sin . The neck , specifically , was believed to correlate with the part of the soul related to will , connecting the reasoning part ( the head ) and the courageous part ( the heart ) . Gawain 's sin resulted from using his will to separate reasoning from courage . By accepting the girdle from the lady , he employs reason to do something less than courageous -- evade death in a dishonest way . Gawain 's wound is thus an outward sign of an internal wound . The Green Knight 's series of tests shows Gawain the weakness that has been in him all along : the desire to use his will pridefully for personal gain , rather than submitting his will in humility to God . The Green Knight , by engaging with the greatest knight of Camelot , also reveals the moral weakness of pride in all of Camelot , and therefore all of humanity . However , the wounds of Christ , believed to offer healing to wounded souls and bodies , are mentioned throughout the poem in the hope that this sin of prideful `` stiffneckedness '' will be healed among fallen mortals . </P> <H2> Interpretations ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Gawain as medieval romance ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Order of the Garter and Romance ( heroic literature ) Gawain represented the perfect knight , as a fighter , a lover , and a religious devotee . ( The Vigil by John Pettie , 1884 ) <P> Many critics argue that Sir Gawain and the Green Knight should be viewed , above all , as a romance . Medieval romances typically recount the marvellous adventures of a chivalrous , heroic knight , often of super-human ability , who abides by chivalry 's strict codes of honour and demeanour , embarks upon a quest and defeats monsters , thereby winning the favour of a lady . Thus , medieval romances focus not on love and sentiment ( as the term `` romance '' implies today ) , but on adventure . </P> <P> Gawain 's function , as medieval scholar Alan Markman says , `` is the function of the romance hero ... to stand as the champion of the human race , and by submitting to strange and severe tests , to demonstrate human capabilities for good or bad action . '' Through Gawain 's adventure , it becomes clear that he is merely human . The reader becomes attached to this human view in the midst of the poem 's romanticism , relating to Gawain 's humanity while respecting his knightly qualities . Gawain `` shows us what moral conduct is . We shall probably not equal his behaviour , but we admire him for pointing out the way . '' </P> <P> In viewing the poem as a chivalric romance , many scholars see it as intertwining chivalric and courtly love laws under the English Order of the Garter . The group 's motto , ' honi soit qui mal y pense ' , or `` Shamed be he who finds evil here , '' is written at the end of the poem . Some critics describe Gawain 's peers wearing girdles of their own as evidence of the origin of the Order of the Garter . However , in the parallel poem The Greene Knight , the lace is white , not green , and is considered the origin of the collar worn by the knights of the Bath , not the Order of the Garter . The motto on the poem was probably written by a copyist and not by the original author . Still , the connection made by the copyist to the Order is not extraordinary . </P> <H3> Christian interpretations ( edit ) </H3> Scholars have pointed out parallels between the girdle Bertilak 's wife offers Gawain , and the fruit Eve offered to Adam in the Biblical Garden of Eden . ( Adam and Eve Lucas Cranach , ca . 1513 ) <P> The poem is in many ways deeply Christian , with frequent references to the fall of Adam and Eve and to Jesus Christ . Scholars have debated the depth of the Christian elements within the poem by looking at it in the context of the age in which it was written , coming up with varying views as to what represents a Christian element of the poem and what does not . For example , some critics compare Sir Gawain to the other three poems of the Gawain manuscript . Each has a heavily Christian theme , causing scholars to interpret Gawain similarly . Comparing it to the poem Cleanness ( also known as Purity ) , for example , they see it as a story of the apocalyptic fall of a civilisation , in Gawain 's case , Camelot . In this interpretation , Sir Gawain is like Noah , separated from his society and warned by the Green Knight ( who is seen as God 's representative ) of the coming doom of Camelot . Gawain , judged worthy through his test , is spared the doom of the rest of Camelot . King Arthur and his knights , however , misunderstand Gawain 's experience and wear garters themselves . In Cleanness the men who are saved are similarly helpless in warning their society of impending destruction . </P> <P> One of the key points stressed in this interpretation is that salvation is an individual experience difficult to communicate to outsiders . In his depiction of Camelot , the poet reveals a concern for his society , whose inevitable fall will bring about the ultimate destruction intended by God . Gawain was written around the time of the Black Death and Peasants ' Revolt , events which convinced many people that their world was coming to an apocalyptic end and this belief was reflected in literature and culture . However , other critics see weaknesses in this view , since the Green Knight is ultimately under the control of Morgan le Fay , often viewed as a figure of evil in Camelot tales . This makes the knight 's presence as a representative of God problematic . </P> <P> While the character of the Green Knight is usually not viewed as a representation of Christ in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , critics do acknowledge a parallel . Lawrence Besserman , a specialist in medieval literature , explains that `` the Green Knight is not a figurative representative of Christ . But the idea of Christ 's divine / human nature provides a medieval conceptual framework that supports the poet 's serious / comic account of the Green Knight 's supernatural / human qualities and actions . '' This duality exemplifies the influence and importance of Christian teachings and views of Christ in the era of the Gawain Poet . </P> <P> Furthermore , critics note the Christian reference to Christ 's crown of thorns at the conclusion of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . After Gawain returns to Camelot and tells his story regarding the newly acquired green sash , the poem concludes with a brief prayer and a reference to `` the thorn - crowned God '' . Besserman theorises that `` with these final words the poet redirects our attention from the circular girdle - turned - sash ( a double image of Gawain 's `` yntrawpe / renoun '' ) to the circular Crown of Thorns ( a double image of Christ 's humiliation turned triumph ) . '' </P> <P> Throughout the poem , Gawain encounters numerous trials testing his devotion and faith in Christianity . When Gawain sets out on his journey to find the Green Chapel , he finds himself lost , and only after praying to the Virgin Mary does he find his way . As he continues his journey , Gawain once again faces anguish regarding his inevitable encounter with the Green Knight . Instead of praying to Mary , as before , Gawain places his faith in the girdle given to him by Bertilak 's wife . From the Christian perspective , this leads to disastrous and embarrassing consequences for Gawain as he is forced to reevaluate his faith when the Green Knight points out his betrayal . Another interpretation sees the work in terms of the perfection of virtue , with the pentangle representing the moral perfection of the connected virtues , the Green Knight as Christ exhibiting perfect fortitude , and Gawain as slightly imperfect in fortitude by virtue of flinching when under the threat of death . </P> <P> An analogy is also made between Gawain 's trial and the Biblical test that Adam encounters in the Garden of Eden . Adam succumbs to Eve just as Gawain surrenders to Bertilak 's wife by accepting the girdle . Although Gawain sins by putting his faith in the girdle and not confessing when he is caught , the Green Knight pardons him , thereby allowing him to become a better Christian by learning from his mistakes . Through the various games played and hardships endured , Gawain finds his place within the Christian world . </P> <H3> Feminist interpretations ( edit ) </H3> Lady Bertilak at Gawain 's bed ( from original manuscript , artist unknown ) <P> Feminist literary critics see the poem as portraying women 's ultimate power over men . Morgan le Fay and Bertilak 's wife , for example , are the most powerful characters in the poem -- Morgan especially , as she begins the game by enchanting the Green Knight . The girdle and Gawain 's scar can be seen as symbols of feminine power , each of them diminishing Gawain 's masculinity . Gawain 's misogynist passage , in which he blames all of his troubles on women and lists the many men who have fallen prey to women 's wiles , further supports the feminist view of ultimate female power in the poem . </P> <P> In contrast , others argue that the poem focuses mostly on the opinions , actions , and abilities of men . For example , on the surface , it appears that Bertilak 's wife is a strong leading character . By adopting the masculine role , she appears to be an empowered individual , particularly in the bedroom scene . This is not entirely the case , however . While the Lady is being forward and outgoing , Gawain 's feelings and emotions are the focus of the story , and Gawain stands to gain or lose the most . The Lady `` makes the first move '' , so to speak , but Gawain ultimately decides what is to become of those actions . He , therefore , is in charge of the situation and even the relationship . </P> <P> In the bedroom scene , both the negative and positive actions of the Lady are motivated by her desire . Her feelings cause her to step out of the typical female role and into that of the male , thus becoming more empowered . At the same time , those same actions make the Lady appear adulterous ; some scholars compare her with Eve in the Bible . By forcing Gawain to take her girdle , i.e. the apple , the pact made with Bertilak -- and therefore the Green Knight -- is broken . In this sense , it is clear that at the hands of the Lady , Gawain is a `` good man seduced '' . </P> <H3> Postcolonial interpretations ( edit ) </H3> <P> From 1350 to 1400 -- the period in which the poem is thought to have been written -- Wales experienced several raids at the hands of the English , who were attempting to colonise the area . The Gawain poet uses a North West Midlands dialect common on the Welsh -- English border , potentially placing him in the midst of this conflict . Patricia Clare Ingham is credited with first viewing the poem through the lens of postcolonialism , and since then a great deal of dispute has emerged over the extent to which colonial differences play a role in the poem . Most critics agree that gender plays a role , but differ about whether gender supports the colonial ideals or replaces them as English and Welsh cultures interact in the poem . </P> <P> A large amount of critical debate also surrounds the poem as it relates to the bi-cultural political landscape of the time . Some argue that Bertilak is an example of the hybrid Anglo - Welsh culture found on the Welsh -- English border . They therefore view the poem as a reflection of a hybrid culture that plays strong cultures off one another to create a new set of cultural rules and traditions . Other scholars , however , argue that historically much Welsh blood was shed well into the 14th century , creating a situation far removed from the more friendly hybridisation suggested by Ingham . To support this argument further , it is suggested that the poem creates an `` us versus them '' scenario contrasting the knowledgeable civilised English with the uncivilised borderlands that are home to Bertilak and the other monsters that Gawain encounters . </P> <P> In contrast to this perception of the colonial lands , others argue that the land of Hautdesert , Bertilak 's territory , has been misrepresented or ignored in modern criticism . They suggest that it is a land with its own moral agency , one that plays a central role in the story . Bonnie Lander , for example , argues that the denizens of Hautdesert are `` intelligently immoral '' , choosing to follow certain codes and rejecting others , a position which creates a `` distinction ... of moral insight versus moral faith '' . Lander thinks that the border dwellers are more sophisticated because they do not unthinkingly embrace the chivalric codes but challenge them in a philosophical , and -- in the case of Bertilak 's appearance at Arthur 's court -- literal sense . Lander 's argument about the superiority of the denizens of Hautdesert hinges on the lack of self - awareness present in Camelot , which leads to an unthinking populace that frowns on individualism . In this view , it is not Bertilak and his people , but Arthur and his court , who are the monsters . </P> <H3> Gawain 's journey ( edit ) </H3> <P> Several scholars have attempted to find a real - world correspondence for Gawain 's journey to the Green Chapel . The Anglesey islands , for example , are mentioned in the poem . They exist today as a single island off the coast of Wales . In line 700 , Gawain is said to pass the `` Holy Head '' , believed by many scholars to be either Holywell or the Cistercian abbey of Poulton in Pulford . Holywell is associated with the beheading of Saint Winifred . As the story goes , Winifred was a virgin who was beheaded by a local leader after she refused his sexual advances . Her uncle , another saint , put her head back in place and healed the wound , leaving only a white scar . The parallels between this story and Gawain 's make this area a likely candidate for the journey . </P> <P> Gawain 's trek leads him directly into the centre of the Pearl Poet 's dialect region , where the candidates for the locations of the Castle at Hautdesert and the Green Chapel stand . Hautdesert is thought to be in the area of Swythamley in northwest Midland , as it lies in the writer 's dialect area and matches the topographical features described in the poem . The area is also known to have housed all of the animals hunted by Bertilak ( deer , boar , fox ) in the 14th century . The Green Chapel is thought to be in either Lud 's Church or Wetton Mill , as these areas closely match the descriptions given by the author . Ralph Elliott located the chapel ( `` two myle henne '' v1078 ) from the old manor house at Swythamley Park at the bottom of a valley ( `` bothm of the brem valay '' v2145 ) on a hillside ( `` loke a littel on the launde , on thi lyfte honde '' v2147 ) in an enormous fissure ( `` an olde caue , / or a creuisse of an olde cragge '' v2182 - 83 ) . Several have tried to replicate this expedition and others such as Michael Twomey have created a virtual tour of Gawain 's journey entitled ' Travels with Sir Gawain ' that include photographs of landscapes mentioned and particular views mentioned in the text . </P> <H3> Homoerotic interpretations ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to medieval scholar Richard Zeikowitz , the Green Knight represents a threat to homosocial friendship in his medieval world . Zeikowitz argues that the narrator of the poem seems entranced by the Knight 's beauty , homoeroticising him in poetic form . The Green Knight 's attractiveness challenges the homosocial rules of King Arthur 's court and poses a threat to their way of life . Zeikowitz also states that Gawain seems to find Bertilak as attractive as the narrator finds the Green Knight . Bertilak , however , follows the homosocial code and develops a friendship with Gawain . Gawain 's embracing and kissing Bertilak in several scenes thus represents not a homosexual but a homosocial expression . Men of the time often embraced and kissed and this was acceptable under the chivalric code . Nonetheless , the Green Knight blurs the lines between homosociality and homosexuality , representing the difficulty medieval writers sometimes had in separating the two . </P> <P> Carolyn Dinshaw argues that the poem may have been a response to accusations that Richard II had a male lover -- an attempt to reestablish the idea that heterosexuality was the Christian norm . Around the time the poem was written , the Catholic Church was beginning to express concerns about kissing between males . Many religious figures were trying to make the distinction between strong trust and friendship between males and homosexuality . Still , the Pearl Poet seems to have been simultaneously entranced and repulsed by homosexual desire . In his other poem Cleanness , he points out several grievous sins , but spends lengthy passages describing them in minute detail . His obsession seems to carry into Gawain in his descriptions of the Green Knight . </P> <P> Beyond this , Dinshaw proposes that Gawain can be read as a woman - like figure . He is the passive one in the advances of Lady Bertilak , as well as in his encounters with Lord Bertilak , where he acts the part of a woman in kissing the man . However , while the poem does have homosexual elements , these elements are brought up by the poet in order to establish heterosexuality as the normal lifestyle of Gawain 's world . The poem does this by making the kisses between Lady Bertilak and Gawain sexual in nature , but rendering the kisses between Gawain and Lord Bertilak `` unintelligible '' to the medieval reader . In other words , the poet portrays kisses between a man and a woman as having the possibility of leading to sex , while in a heterosexual world kisses between a man and a man are portrayed as having no such possibility . </P> <H2> Modern adaptations ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Books ( edit ) </H3> <P> Though the surviving manuscript dates from the fourteenth century , the first published version of the poem did not appear until as late as 1839 , when Sir Frederic Madden of the British Museum recognized the poem as worth reading . Madden 's scholarly , Middle English edition of the poem was followed in 1898 by the first Modern English translation -- a prose version by literary scholar Jessie L. Weston . In 1925 , J.R.R. Tolkien and E.V. Gordon published a scholarly edition of the Middle English text of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ; a revised edition of this text was prepared by Norman Davis and published in 1967 . The book , featuring a text in Middle English with extensive scholarly notes , is frequently confused with the translation into Modern English that Tolkien prepared , along with translations of Pearl and Sir Orfeo , late in his life . Many editions of the latter work , first published in 1975 , shortly after his death , list Tolkien on the cover as author rather than translator . </P> <P> For students , especially undergraduate students , the text is usually given in translation . Notable translators include Jessie Weston , whose 1898 prose translation and 1907 poetic translation took many liberties with the original ; Theodore Banks , whose 1929 translation was praised for its adaptation of the language to modern usage ; and Marie Borroff , whose imitative translation was first published in 1967 and `` entered the academic canon '' in 1968 , in the second edition of the Norton Anthology of English Literature . In 2010 , her ( slightly revised ) translation was published as a Norton Critical Edition , with a foreword by Laura Howes . In 2007 , Simon Armitage , who grew up near the Gawain poet 's purported residence , published a translation which attracted attention in the US and the United Kingdom , and was published in the United States by Norton , which replaced Borroff 's translation with Armitage 's for the ninth edition of the Norton Anthology of English Literature . Other modern translations include those by Larry Benson , Brian Stone , James Winny , Helen Cooper , W.S. Merwin , Jacob Rosenberg , William Vantuono , Joseph Glaser , Bernard O'Donoghue , John Gardner , and Francis Ingledew . A new and illustrated translation of the work by illustrator and historian Michael Smith is currently being crowdsourced by publisher Unbound with a planned publication date of 2018 . </P> Sword of the Valiant ( 1984 ) , one of two film adaptations , starring Sean Connery as the Green Knight <H3> Film and television ( edit ) </H3> <P> The poem has been adapted to film twice , on both occasions by writer - director Stephen Weeks : first as Gawain and the Green Knight in 1973 and again in 1984 as Sword of the Valiant : The Legend of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , featuring Miles O'Keeffe as Gawain and Sean Connery as the Green Knight . Both films have been criticised for deviating from the poem 's plot . Also , Bertilak and the Green Knight are never connected . French / Australian director Martin Beilby directed a short ( 30 ' ) film adaptation in 2014 . There have been at least two television adaptations , Gawain and the Green Knight in 1991 and the animated Sir Gawain and the Green Knight in 2002 . The BBC broadcast a documentary presented by Simon Armitage in which the journey depicted in the poem is traced , using what are believed to be the actual locations . </P> <P> The poem was also adapted for the Adventure Time episode ' Seventeen ' where the Green Knight arrives on Finn 's 17th birthday , issuing him the challenge , as well as a series of follow - up games . </P> <H3> Theatre ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Tyneside Theatre company presented a stage version of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight at the University Theatre , Newcastle at Christmas 1971 . It was directed by Michael Bogdanov and adapted for the stage from the translation by Brian Stone . The music and lyrics were composed by Iwan Williams using medieval carols , such as the Boar 's Head Carol , as inspiration and folk instruments such as the Northumbrian pipes , whistles and bhodran to create a `` rough '' feel . Stone had referred Bogdanov to Cuchulain and the Beheading Game , a sequence which is contained in The Grenoside Sword dance . Bogdanov found the pentangle theme to be contained in most sword dances , and so incorporated a long sword dance while Gawain lay tossing uneasily before getting up to go to the Green Chapel . The dancers made the knot of the pentangle around his drowsing head with their swords . The interlacing of the hunting and wooing scenes was achieved by frequent cutting of the action from hunt to bed - chamber and back again , while the locale of both remained on - stage . </P> <P> In 1992 Simon Corble created an adaptation with medieval songs and music for The Midsommer Actors ' Company . performed as walkabout productions in the summer 1992 at Thurstaston Common and Beeston Castle and in August 1995 at Brimham Rocks , North Yorkshire . Corble later wrote a substantially revised version which was produced indoors at the O'Reilly Theatre , Oxford in February 2014 . </P> <H3> Opera ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was first adapted as an opera in 1978 by the composer Richard Blackford on commission from the village of Blewbury , Oxfordshire . The libretto was written for the adaptation by the children 's novelist John Emlyn Edwards . The `` Opera in Six Scenes '' was subsequently recorded by Decca between March and June 1979 and released on the Argo label in November 1979 . </P> <P> Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was adapted into an opera called Gawain by Harrison Birtwistle , first performed in 1991 . Birtwistle 's opera was praised for maintaining the complexity of the poem while translating it into lyric , musical form . Another operatic adaptation is Lynne Plowman 's Gwyneth and the Green Knight , first performed in 2002 . This opera uses Sir Gawain as the backdrop but refocuses the story on Gawain 's female squire , Gwyneth , who is trying to become a knight . Plowman 's version was praised for its approachability , as its target is the family audience and young children , but criticised for its use of modern language and occasional preachy nature . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Simpson , James . `` A Note on Middle English Meter . '' In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ( A New Verse Translation ) by Simon Armitage . Norton , 2008 . p. 18 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Norton Anthology of English Literature . Ed . Stephen Greenblatt . 8th ed . Vol . B. New York , London : W.W. Norton and Co. , 2006 . pp. 19 -- 21 and 160 -- 161 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 92833 - 0 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Web Resources for Pearl - poet Study : A Vetted Selection '' . Univ. of Calgary . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ First found in English c. 1400 , a phrase ' specified in certain legal matters in order to ensure the completion of a full year ' : comparable terms date from slightly earlier in Middle Dutch , Middle Low German and Anglo - Norman . From : `` year , n . '' OED Online . Oxford University Press , March 2017 . Web . 15 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Masters of British Literature Volume A. Pearson Longman. 2008 . pp. 200 -- 201 . ISBN 9780321333995 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pearl : Introduction '' . Medieval Institute Publications , Inc. 2001 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Turville - Petre , Thorlac . The Alliterative Revival . Woodbridge : Brewer etc. , 1977 . pp. 126 -- 129 . ISBN 0 - 85991 - 019 - 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burrow , J. Ricardian Poetry . London : Routledge and K. Paul , 1971 . ISBN 0 - 7100 - 7031 - 4 pp. 4 -- 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . The Broadview Anthology of British Literature : The Medieval Period , Vol. 1. , ed . Joseph Black , et al. Toronto : Broadview Press , Introduction , p. 235 . ISBN 1 - 55111 - 609 - X </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nelles , William . `` The Pearl - Poet '' . Cyclopedia of World Authors , Fourth Revised Edition Database : MagillOnLiterature Plus , 1958 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Edited J.R.R. Tolkien and E.V. Gordon , revised Norman Davis , 1925 . introduction , xv . ASIN B000IPU84U </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peterson , Clifford J ( 1974 ) . `` The Pearl - Poet and John Massey of Cotton , Cheshire '' . The Review of English Studies , New Series . 25 ( 99 ) : 257 -- 266 . doi : 10.1093 / res / xxv. 99.257 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . Representative Poetry Online . University of Toronto Libraries. 1 August 2002 . Archived from the original on 19 January 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 20 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brewer , Elisabeth . Sir Gawain and the Green Knight : Sources and Analogues . Woodbridge : D.S. Brewer , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 85991 - 359 - 7 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Albert B. `` Morgan le Fay in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . '' Speculum . Vol. 35 , No. 2 ( Apr 1960 ) pp. 260 -- 274 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hahn , Thomas . `` The Greene Knight '' . In Sir Gawain : Eleven Romances and Tales . Western Michigan University Medieval Institute Publications , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 879288 - 59 - 1 . Full text : The Greene Knight </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hahn , Thomas . `` The Turke and Sir Gawain '' . In Sir Gawain : Eleven Romances and Tales . Western Michigan University Medieval Institute Publications , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 879288 - 59 - 1 . Online : The Turke and Sir Gawain . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hahn , Thomas . `` The Carle of Carlisle '' , in Sir Gawain : Eleven Romances and Tales . Western Michigan University Medieval Institute Publications , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 879288 - 59 - 1 . Online : The Carle of Carlisle . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kittredge , George Lyman . A Study of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . Harvard University Press , 1960 . p. 76 . ASIN B0006AWBXS </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kittredge , p. 83 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Pearl , Sir Orfeo . Translated by J.R.R. Tolkien , New York : Ballantine Books , 1975 . 92 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burrow , J.A. A Reading of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . London : Kegan Paul Ltd. , 1965 . p. 162 . ISBN 0 - 7100 - 8695 - 4 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Burnley , J.D. ( 1973 ) . `` The Hunting Scenes in ' Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ' `` '' . The Yearbook of English Studies . 3 : 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.2307 / 3506850 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The `` hyndez '' ( hinds ) first described in the poem are probably from red deer , a species with large antlers like the American elk , while the subsequent `` dos and of oþer dere '' ( does and other deer ) likely refer to the smaller fallow deer . ( Ong , Walter J. `` The Green Knight 's Harts and Bucks '' . Modern Language Notes . ( December 1950 ) 65.8 pp. 536 -- 539 . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cawley , A.C. ' Pearl , Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ' : `` ... the Green Knight , alias Sir Bertilak , is an immensely vital person who is closely associated with the life of nature : his greenness , the birds and flies of his decorative embroidery , his beard as great as a bush , the holly branch in his hand , the energy he displays as a huntsman - all give him kinship with the physical world outside the castle . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woods , William F. `` Nature and the Inner Man in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . The Chaucer Review , Vol. 36 , No. 3 , 2002 , pp. 209 -- 227 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green , Richard Hamilton . `` Gawain 's Shield and the Quest for Perfection '' . ELH . ( June 1962 ) 29.2 pp. 121 -- 139 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This interpretation was first advanced by John Speirs in Scrutiny , vol. XVI , iv , 1949 ( incorporated in his Medieval English Poetry : The Non-Chaucerian Tradition , rev. ed. 1962 . Similar interpretations were later offered by Francis Berry in The Pelican Guide to English Literature : The Age of Chaucer , 1954 ; Goldhurst , `` The Green and the Gold : The Major Theme of Sit Gawain and the Green Knight , College English , Nov. 1958 ; A.C , Spearing , The Gawain - Poet : A Critical Study , 1970 ; W.A. Davenport , The Art of the Gawain - Poet , 1978 ; J. Tambling , `` A More Powerful Life : Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' , Haltwhistle Quarterly 9 , 1981 ; and K. Sagar , `` Sir Gawain and the Green Girdle '' , in his Literature and the Crime Against Nature , 2005 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Goodlad , Lauren M. ( 1987 ) `` The Gamnes of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' , Comitatus : A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies , Vol. 18 , Article 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harwood , Britton J ( 1991 ) . `` Gawain and the Gift '' . PMLA. 106 ( 3 ) : 483 -- 99 . doi : 10.2307 / 462781 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For reasons not entirely understood , the Celts used the phrase `` a year and a day '' , to refer to exactly one year . See for example W.J. McGee 's `` The Beginning of Mathematics . '' American Anthropologist. ( Oct 1899 ) Vol. 1 Iss. 4 pp. 646 -- 674 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Clark , S.L. ; Wasserman , Julian N. ( 1986 ) . `` The Passing of the Seasons and the Apocalyptic in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . South Central Review . 3 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 22 . doi : 10.2307 / 3189122 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robertson , D.W. Jr . `` Why the Devil Wears Green '' . Modern Language Notes . ( November 1954 ) 69.7 pp. 470 -- 472 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chamberlin , Vernon A. `` Symbolic Green : A Time - Honored Characterizing Device in Spanish Literature '' . Hispania . ( March 1968 ) 51.1 pp. 29 -- 37 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldhurst , William . `` The Green and the Gold : The Major Theme of Gawain and the Green Knight '' . College English . ( November 1958 ) 20.2 pp. 61 -- 65 . doi : 10.2307 / 372161 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , Margaret . The Pearl Poet , His Complete Works . Random House , 1967 . ASIN B0006BQEJY </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lewis , John S. `` Gawain and the Green Knight '' . College English . ( October 1959 ) 21.1 pp. 50 -- 51 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Besserman , Lawrence . `` The Idea of the Green Knight '' . ELH . ( Summer 1986 ) 53.2 The Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 219 -- 239 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hahn , Thomas . `` The Greene Knight '' . In Sir Gawain : Eleven Romances and Tales . Western Michigan University Medieval Institute Publications , 2000 p. 314 . ISBN 1 - 879288 - 59 - 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hahn , Thomas . `` King Arthur and King Cornwall '' . In Sir Gawain : Eleven Romances and Tales . Western Michigan University Medieval Institute Publications , 2000 . p. 427 . ISBN 1 - 879288 - 59 - 1 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lasater , Alice E. Spain to England : A Comparative Study of Arabic , European , and English Literature of the Middle Ages . University Press of Mississippi , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 87805 - 056 - 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rix , Michael M. `` A Re-Examination of the Castleton Garlanding '' . Folklore . ( June 1953 ) 64.2 pp. 342 -- 344 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Buchanan , Alice ( June 1932 ) . `` The Irish Framework of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . PLMA. 47 ( 2 ) : 315 -- 338 . doi : 10.2307 / 457878 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ . Friedman , Albert B. Morgan le Fay in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . Medieval Academy of America . Speculum , Vol. 35 , No. 2 , 1960 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berger , Sidney E. `` Gawain 's Departure from the Peregrinatio '' . Morgantown : West Virginia University Press , 1985 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burrow , J.A. A Reading of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . London : Kegan Paul Ltd. , 1965 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The poem contains the first recorded use of the word pentangle in English ( Oxford English Dictionary Online ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arthur , Ross G. Medieval Sign Theory and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . Toronto : University of Toronto Press , 1987 . pp. 22 , 26 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 5717 - 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ LaBossière , Camille R. , and Gladson , Jerry A. `` Solomon '' , in A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature . Grand Rapids , Michigan : William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company , 1992 p. 722 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hulbert , J.R. `` Syr Gawayn and the Grene Knyzt ( Concluded ) '' . Modern Philology. ( April 1916 ) 13.12 pp. 689 -- 730 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jackson , I. `` Sir Gawain 's Coat of Arms . '' The Modern Language Review . ( January 1920 ) 15.1 pp. 77 -- 79 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arthur , pp. 33 -- 34 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Arthur , p. 34 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arthur , p. 35 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooke , Jessica ( 1998 ) . `` The Lady 's ' Blushing ' Ring in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . The Review of English Studies . 49 ( 193 ) : 1 -- 8 . doi : 10.1093 / res / 49.193. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrew , Malcolm ; Ronald Waldron ( 1996 ) . The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript . Exeter : University of Exeter Press . p. 273 . ISBN 0 - 85989 - 514 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Borroff , Marie ( 2001 ) . Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Patience , Pearl : Verse Translations . New York : Norton . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 97658 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooke , `` The Lady 's ' Blushing , ' '' 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooke , `` The Lady 's ' Blushing , ' '' 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooke , `` The Lady 's ' Blushing , ' '' 2 , 5 , 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howard , Donald R. `` Structure and Symmetry in Sir Gawain '' . Speculum . ( July 1964 ) 39.3 pp. 425 -- 433 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Book 2 , Stanza 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kittredge , p. 93 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Book 2 , Stanza 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mills , M. `` Christian Significance and Roman Tradition in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . '' Critical Studies of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . Eds . Donald R. Howard & Christian Zacher . 2nd ed . Notre Dame , Indiana : University of Notre Dame Press , 1970 . 85 -- 105 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Michael . `` Stanzaic Symmetry in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . Speculum . ( October 1982 ) 57.4 pp. 779 -- 785 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reichardt , Paul F. ( 1984 ) . `` Gawain and the Image of the Wound '' . PMLA. 99 ( 2 ) : 154 -- 61 . doi : 10.2307 / 462158 . JSTOR 462158 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arthur , pp. 121 -- 123 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frye , Northrop . Anatomy of Criticism , p. 186 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01298 - 9 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Markman , Alan M. `` The Meaning of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . PMLA . ( September 1957 ) 72.4 pp. 574 -- 586 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , second edition . Ed . J.R.R. Tolkien and E.V. Gordon , 1925 , note to lines 2514ff . ASIN B000IPU84U </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Norton Anthology of English Literature , eighth edition , Vol . BEd Stephen Greenblatt . New York , London : W.W. Norton and Co. , 2006 , p. 213 ( footnote ) . ISBN 0 - 393 - 92833 - 0 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , line 2529 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cox , Catherine . `` Genesis and Gender in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' , The Chaucer Review . ( 2001 ) 35.4 pp. 379 -- 390 . Retrieved on 22 September 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beauregard , David . `` Moral Theology in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight : The Pentangle , the Green Knight , and the Perfection of Virtue , '' Renascence XLV. 3 ( 2013 ) , 146 - 62 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pugh , Tison . `` Gawain and the Godgames '' . Christianity and Literature. ( 2002 ) 51.4 pp. 526 -- 551 . Retrieved on 30 September 2007 , from Saint Louis University </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mills , David ( 1970 ) . `` The Rhetorical Function of Gawain 's Antifeminism ? '' . Neuphilologische Mitteilungen. 71 : 635 -- 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heng , Geraldine ( 1991 ) . `` Feminine Knots and the Other Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . PMLA. 106 ( 3 ) : 500 -- 514 . doi : 10.2307 / 462782 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burns , E. Jane . `` Courtly Love : Who Needs It ? Recent Feminist Work in the Medieval Tradition '' . Signs . ( Autumn 2001 ) 27.1 pp. 23 -- 57 . Retrieved on 7 September 2007 from JSTOR </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Burns , p. 24 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rowley , Sharon M ( 2003 ) . `` Textual Studies , Feminism , and Performance in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . The Chaucer Review . 38 : 158 -- 177 . doi : 10.1353 / cr. 2003.0022 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rowley , p. 161 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cox , p. 378 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cox , p. 379 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Arner , Lynn ( Summer 2006 ) . `` The Ends of Enchantment : Colonialism and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . Texas Studies in Literature and Language . 48 ( 2 ) : 79 -- 101 . doi : 10.1353 / tsl. 2006.0006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lander , Bonnie ( 2007 ) . `` The Convention of Innocence and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 's Literary Sophisticates '' . Parergon. 24 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 66 . doi : 10.1353 / pgn. 2007.0046 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Twomey , Michael . `` Anglesey and North Wales '' . Travels With Sir Gawain . Ithaca Univ . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Twomey , Michael . `` The Holy Head and the Wirral '' . Travels With Sir Gawain . Ithaca Univ . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Twomey , Michael . `` Hautdesert '' . Travels With Sir Gawain . Ithaca Univ . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Twomey , Michael . `` The Green Chapel '' . Travels With Sir Gawain . Ithaca Univ . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ RWV Elliott . `` Searching for the Green Chapel '' in JK Lloyd Jones ( ed ) . Chaucer 's Landscapes and Other Essays . Aust . Scholarly Publishing . Melbourne ( 2010 ) pp 293 -- 303 at p300 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://sites.google.com/site/travelswithsirgawain/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rudd , Gillian . `` ' Wilderness of Wirral ' in ' Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , ' '' Arthuriana , vol 23 no . 1 , 2013 , 53 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zeikowitz , Richard E. `` Befriending the Medieval Queer : A Pedagogy for Literature Classes . '' College English : Special Issue : Lesbian and Gay Studies / Queer Pedagogies . Vol. 65 No. 1 ( Sep 2002 ) pp. 67 -- 80 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dinshaw , Carolyn . `` A Kiss Is Just a Kiss : Heterosexuality and Its Consolations in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . '' Diacritics . Vol. 24 No. 2 / 3 ( Summer 1994 ) pp. 204 -- 226 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , ed . Marie Borroff and Laura Howes , New York : Norton , 2010 , pg . vii </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1980 ) . Christopher Tolkien , ed . Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Pearl , and Sir Orfeo . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 27760 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White , Michael ( 2003 ) . Tolkien : A Biography . New American Library . ISBN 0 - 451 - 21242 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Farley , Frank E. ( 1930 ) . `` Rev. of Banks , Sir Gawain , and Andrew , Sir Gawain '' ( PDF ) . Speculum. 5 ( 2 ) : 222 -- 24 . doi : 10.2307 / 2847870 . JSTOR 2847870 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baragona , Alan ( 2012 ) . `` Rev. of Howes , Borroff , Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 111 ( 4 ) : 535 -- 38 . doi : 10.5406 / jenglgermphil. 111.4. 0535 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hirsch , Edward ( 16 December 2007 ) . `` A Stranger in Camelot '' . The New York Times . p. 7.1 . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Armitage , Simon ( 2007 ) . Sir Gawain and the Green Knight : A New Verse Translation . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06048 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mills , Maldwyn ( 1991 ) . `` Review '' . The Yearbook of English Studies . 21 : 336 -- 337 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . BBC Four . 17 August 2010 . Retrieved 5 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone , Brian ( 1974 ) . Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . Penguin . p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 140 - 44092 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sir Gawain and the Green Knight : A Seasonal Play in Verse with Medieval Christmas Songs and Music '' . Simon Corble website . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Turner , Francesca ( 7 July 1992 ) . `` Gawayne and the Green Knight '' . The Guardian . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ photos from Midsommer Actors archive on flickr </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nirula , Srishti ( 16 February 2014 ) . `` Sir Gawain pulls our strings '' . The Oxford Student . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hopkins , Andrea ( 15 February 2014 ) . `` Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . Daily Info , Oxford . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Argo ZK 85 : Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ; an opera in six scenes by Richard Blackford . The Decca Record Company Ltd . Argo Division , 115 Fulham Road , London , SW3 6RR : 1979 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bye , Anthony ( May 1991 ) . `` Birtwistle 's Gawain '' . The Musical Times . 132 ( 1779 ) : 231 -- 33 . doi : 10.2307 / 965691 . JSTOR 965691 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Opera -- Gwyneth and the Green Knight '' . lynneplowman.co.uk . Archived from the original on 14 October 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kimberley , Nick ( 11 May 2003 ) . `` Classical : The footstomping way to repay a sound investment '' . The Independent on Sunday . 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are there many copies of sir gawain and the green knight