以下の中国語の参考文を英語に翻訳してください。
普通话:这是在中国北部和西南部使用的群体，是迄今为止使用人数最多的语言。这组语言包括北京方言，它构成了标准汉语的基础，在中国被称为普通话或国语，通常也被翻译为 "普通话 "或简单的 "汉语"。此外，吉尔吉斯斯坦和哈萨克斯坦的东干语是一种用西里尔文字书写的普通话品种。这些品种在上海、浙江大部分地区以及江苏和安徽南部地区使用。这个群体由数百种不同的口语形式组成，其中许多是不能相互理解的。苏州方言通常被视为代表，因为上海话有几个非典型的创新。吴语品种的特点是保留了声母或喃喃自语的 obstruent initials(stop, affricates and fricatives).Gan:这些品种在江西和邻近地区使用。南昌方言被作为代表。过去，赣语被认为与客家话密切相关，因为中原的有声词首字母变成了客家话的无声词首字母，因此被称为 "客家-赣语"。以长沙方言为代表的新湘语品种受到西南普通话的显著影响，而以双峰方言为代表的老湘语品种则保留了语音首字母等特征:这些品种起源于福建和广东东部的山地，形成了唯一不能直接从中原汉语中衍生出来的汉语分支。它也是最多样化的，许多相邻县的品种--在闽西山区，甚至相邻的村庄--都是互不相通的。早期的分类法将闽语分为北方和南方亚群，但1960年代初的一项调查发现，主要是内陆和沿海群体之间的分裂。来自厦门周边沿海地区的品种已经传播到东南亚，在那里它们被称为福建话(根据 "福建 "的方言发音而命名)，而在台湾，它们被称为台湾话。闽南语的其他分支在海南和雷州半岛被发现，在整个华南地区有较小的社区。客家:客家(字面意思是 "客家人")是居住在广东东北部山区、福建西南部和华南其他许多地区的汉族人，以及台湾和东南亚的一些地区，如新加坡、马来西亚和印度尼西亚。梅县方言是著名的形式。大多数客家方言都保留了完整的鼻音词尾-m -n -ŋ和停顿词尾-p -t -k，不过在前元音之后，中原的伶音词尾-ŋ和-k有产生牙音词尾-n和-t的趋势:这些品种在广东、广西、香港和澳门使用，并由移民带到东南亚和世界其他许多地方。迄今为止，最著名的品种和最常用的品种是来自广州(历史上称为 "广州")的粤语，它也是香港和澳门大多数人的母语。台山话来自广州西南的江门沿海地区，在20世纪末之前一直是西方海外社区中最常见的越语品种。并非所有的越语品种都能相互理解。大多数越语品种保留了完整的中原汉语词尾辅音(/p/、/t/、/k/、/m/、/n/和/ŋ/)，并有丰富的声调库。它们的区别在于保留了中原汉语的入声类别:徽州方言在安徽南部使用，与吴语、赣语和普通话有不同的特点，因此难以归类。早期的学者把它们归入这些方言组中的一个或另一个，或归入自己的一个组。这些品种是最早的中国移民到广西的语言的后代，比后来涌入的岳阳话和西南普通话要早。一些语言学家将其视为粤语和湘语的混合物。
Mandarin:This is the group spoken in northern and southwestern China and has by far the most speakers. This group includes the Beijing dialect, which forms the basis for Standard Chinese, called Putonghua or Guoyu in Chinese, and often also translated as "Mandarin" or simply "Chinese". In addition, the Dungan language of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan is a Mandarin variety written in the Cyrillic script.
Wu:These varieties are spoken in Shanghai, most of Zhejiang and the southern parts of Jiangsu and Anhui. The group comprises hundreds of distinct spoken forms, many of which are not mutually intelligible. The Suzhou dialect is usually taken as representative, because Shanghainese features several atypical innovations. Wu varieties are distinguished by their retention of voiced or murmured obstruent initials(stops, affricates and fricatives).
Gan:These varieties are spoken in Jiangxi and neighbouring areas. The Nanchang dialect is taken as representative. In the past, Gan was viewed as closely related to Hakka because of the way Middle Chinese voiced initials became voiceless aspirated initials as in Hakka, and were hence called by the umbrella term "Hakka–Gan dialects".
Xiang:The Xiang varieties are spoken in Hunan and southern Hubei. The New Xiang varieties, represented by the Changsha dialect, have been significantly influenced by Southwest Mandarin, whereas Old Xiang varieties, represented by the Shuangfeng dialect, retain features such as voiced initials.
Min:These varieties originated in the mountainous terrain of Fujian and eastern Guangdong, and form the only branch of Chinese that cannot be directly derived from Middle Chinese. It is also the most diverse, with many of the varieties used in neighbouring counties—and, in the mountains of western Fujian, even in adjacent villages—being mutually unintelligible. Early classifications divided Min into Northern and Southern subgroups, but a survey in the early 1960s found that the primary split was between inland and coastal groups. Varieties from the coastal region around Xiamen have spread to Southeast Asia, where they are known as Hokkien(named from a dialectical pronunciation of "Fujian"), and Taiwan, where they are known as Taiwanese. Other offshoots of Min are found in Hainan and the Leizhou Peninsula, with smaller communities throughout southern China.
Hakka:The Hakka(literally "guest families")are a group of Han Chinese living in the hills of northeastern Guangdong, southwestern Fujian and many other parts of southern China, as well as Taiwan and parts of Southeast Asia such as Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia. The Meixian dialect is the prestige form. Most Hakka varieties retain the full complement of nasal endings, -m -n -ŋ and stop endings -p -t -k, though there is a tendency for Middle Chinese velar codas -ŋ and -k to yield dental codas -n and -t after front vowels.
Yue:These varieties are spoken in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong and Macau, and have been carried by immigrants to Southeast Asia and many other parts of the world. The prestige variety and by far most commonly spoken variety is Cantonese, from the city of Guangzhou(historically called "Canton"), which is also the native language of the majority in Hong Kong and Macau. Taishanese, from the coastal area of Jiangmen southwest of Guangzhou, was historically the most common Yue variety among overseas communities in the West until the late 20th century. Not all Yue varieties are mutually intelligible. Most Yue varieties retain the full complement of Middle Chinese word-final consonants(/p/, /t/, /k/, /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/)and have rich inventories of tones.
The Language Atlas of China(1987)follows a classification of Li Rong, distinguishing three further groups:
Jin:These varieties, spoken in Shanxi and adjacent areas, were formerly included in Mandarin. They are distinguished by their retention of the Middle Chinese entering tone category.
Huizhou:The Hui dialects, spoken in southern Anhui, share different features with Wu, Gan and Mandarin, making them difficult to classify. Earlier scholars had assigned to them one or other of these groups, or to a group of their own.
Pinghua; These varieties are descended from the speech of the earliest Chinese migrants to Guangxi, predating the later influx of Yue and Southwest Mandarin speakers. Some linguists treat them as a mixture of Yue and Xiang.