Infra-slow Fluctuation Training in Clinical Practice: A Technical History

  • Mark Llewellyn Smith
  • Thomas F. Collura
  • John Ferrera
  • Jacqueline de Vries
Keywords: neurofeedback, biofeedback, infra-slow fluctuation, infra-slow oscillation, direct current

Abstract

Infra-slow Fluctuation (ISF) electroencephalogram (EEG) biofeedback is a recent development in neurofeedback training.  This form of training is focused on the lowest energy the brain produces (< 0.1 Hz).  The intervention is performed with a Direct Current (DC) coupled neurofeedback amplifier.  It is distinct from Slow Cortical Potential (SCP) training and Infra-Low Frequency (ILF) training.  It shares a similar optimization process with ILF that focuses on emergent state shifts within sessions.  These state shifts require frequency adjustments that optimize client response to the training in real time.  Due to the technical difficulties inherent in recording these frequencies, EEG investigators largely neglected this low energy until recently.  As DC amplifiers improved, the slow frequencies became a signal of increasing interest to researchers.  Research has demonstrated an important role for the infra-slow oscillations in clinical work.  Positive clinical case outcomes suggest that a larger controlled study is warranted.  The technical, clinical, and equipment requirements of the intervention make this form of neurofeedback unique in the pantheon of EEG biofeedback interventions.

Published
2014-11-21
Section
Technical Notes
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version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial "], "cc_re__cc_re__cc_by_4_0": ["\t\t\t\t\t\tIssue\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"value\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"title\" href=\"https://www.neuroregulation.org/issue/view/1149\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVol 1 No 2 (2014)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t</div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sub_item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSection\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"value\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTechnical Notes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"item copyright\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Copyright (c) 2014 NeuroRegulation</p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"><img alt=\"Creative Commons License\" src=\"//i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png\" /></a><p>This work is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAuthors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:<br /><ul><li>Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a <a href=\"http://creativecom", "\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sub_item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSection\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"value\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTechnical Notes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"item copyright\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Copyright (c) 2014 NeuroRegulation</p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"><img alt=\"Creative Commons License\" src=\"//i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png\" /></a><p>This work is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAuthors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:<br /><ul><li>Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a <a href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/\" target=\"_new\"><span style=\"color: #337755;\">Creative Commons Attribution License</span></a> (CC-BY) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of t", "h an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.</li></ul><ul><li>Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See <a href=\"http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html\" target=\"_new\"><span style=\"color: #337755;\">The Effect of Open Access</span></a>).</li></ul><a title=\"Creative commons link\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0\" target=\"_blank\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img src=\"/public/site/images/nwigton/CC-BY_image.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"195\" height=\"68\" /></a>\n\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t</div><!-- .entry_details -->\n\t</div><!-- .row -->\n\n</article>\n\t\n\n</div><!-- .page -->\n\n\n\t</div><!-- pkp_structure_main -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pkp_structure_sidebar left\" role=\"complementary\" aria-label=\"Sidebar\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pkp_block block_information\">\n\t<span class=\"title\">Information</span>\n\t<div class=\"content\">\n\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https://ww"], "copyright__copyright__copyright": ["cently. \u00a0As DC amplifiers improved, the slow frequencies became a signal of increasing interest to researchers. \u00a0Research has demonstrated an important role for the infra-slow oscillations in clinical work. \u00a0Positive clinical case outcomes suggest that a larger controlled study is warranted. \u00a0The technical, clinical, and equipment requirements of the intervention make this form of neurofeedback unique in the pantheon of EEG biofeedback interventions.\n\nPublished\n2014-11-21\nSection\nTechnical Notes", "cently. \u00a0As DC amplifiers improved, the slow frequencies became a signal of increasing interest to researchers. \u00a0Research has demonstrated an important role for the infra-slow oscillations in clinical work. \u00a0Positive clinical case outcomes suggest that a larger controlled study is warranted. \u00a0The technical, clinical, and equipment requirements of the intervention make this form of neurofeedback unique in the pantheon of EEG biofeedback interventions.\n\nPublished\n2014-11-21\nSection\nTechnical Notes", "cently. \u00a0As DC amplifiers improved, the slow frequencies became a signal of increasing interest to researchers. \u00a0Research has demonstrated an important role for the infra-slow oscillations in clinical work. \u00a0Positive clinical case outcomes suggest that a larger controlled study is warranted. \u00a0The technical, clinical, and equipment requirements of the intervention make this form of neurofeedback unique in the pantheon of EEG biofeedback interventions.\n\nPublished\n2014-11-21\nSection\nTechnical Notes", "cently. \u00a0As DC amplifiers improved, the slow frequencies became a signal of increasing interest to researchers. \u00a0Research has demonstrated an important role for the infra-slow oscillations in clinical work. \u00a0Positive clinical case outcomes suggest that a larger controlled study is warranted. \u00a0The technical, clinical, and equipment requirements of the intervention make this form of neurofeedback unique in the pantheon of EEG biofeedback interventions.\n\nPublished\n2014-11-21\nSection\nTechnical Notes"]}