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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16(12), 29120-29133; doi:10.3390/ijms161226152

Phenolic Phytoalexins in Rice: Biological Functions and Biosynthesis

1,* and 1,2,*
1
Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
2
Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Marcello Iriti
Received: 10 October 2015 / Revised: 25 November 2015 / Accepted: 1 December 2015 / Published: 7 December 2015
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research in Plant Secondary Metabolism 2015)
View Full-Text   |   Download PDF [634 KB, uploaded 7 December 2015]   |  

Abstract

Phytoalexins are inducible secondary metabolites possessing antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens. Rice produces a wide array of phytoalexins in response to pathogen attacks and environmental stresses. With few exceptions, most phytoalexins identified in rice are diterpenoid compounds. Until very recently, flavonoid sakuranetin was the only known phenolic phytoalexin in rice. However, recent studies have shown that phenylamides are involved in defense against pathogen attacks in rice. Phenylamides are amine-conjugated phenolic acids that are induced by pathogen infections and abiotic stresses including ultra violet (UV) radiation in rice. Stress-induced phenylamides, such as N-trans-cinnamoyltryptamine, N-p-coumaroylserotonin and N-cinnamoyltyramine, have been reported to possess antimicrobial activities against rice bacterial and fungal pathogens, an indication of their direct inhibitory roles against invading pathogens. This finding suggests that phenylamides act as phytoalexins in rice and belong to phenolic phytoalexins along with sakuranetin. Phenylamides also have been implicated in cell wall reinforcement for disease resistance and allelopathy of rice. Synthesis of phenolic phytoalexins is stimulated by phytopathogen attacks and abiotic challenges including UV radiation. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that biosynthetic pathways including the shikimate, phenylpropanoid and arylmonoamine pathways are coordinately activated for phenolic phytoalexin synthesis, and related genes are induced by biotic and abiotic stresses in rice. View Full-Text
Keywords: biotic/abiotic stress; phenolic phytoalexins; phenylamide; plant defense mechanism; rice; sakuranetin biotic/abiotic stress; phenolic phytoalexins; phenylamide; plant defense mechanism; rice; sakuranetin
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Cho, M.-H.; Lee, S.-W. Phenolic Phytoalexins in Rice: Biological Functions and Biosynthesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 29120-29133.

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{"cc_re__cc_re__cc_by_3_0": ["\n\n            <meta name=\"dc.creator\" content=\"Man-Ho Cho\">\n            <meta name=\"dc.creator\" content=\"Sang-Won Lee\">\n    \n    <meta name=\"dc.type\" content=\"Review\">\n    <meta name=\"dc.source\" content=\"International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2015, Vol. 16, Pages 29120-29133\">\n    <meta name=\"dc.date\" content=\"2015-12-07\">\n            <meta name =\"dc.identifier\" content=\"10.3390/ijms161226152\">\n    \n    <meta name=\"dc.publisher\" content=\"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute\">\n    <meta name=\"dc.rights\" content=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/\">\n    <meta name=\"dc.format\" content=\"application/pdf\" >\n    <meta name=\"dc.language\" content=\"en\" >\n\t<meta name=\"dc.description\" content=\"Phytoalexins are inducible secondary metabolites possessing antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens. Rice produces a wide array of phytoalexins in response to pathogen attacks and environmental stresses. With few exceptions, most phytoalexins identified in rice are diterpenoid compounds. Until very recently, flavonoid sakuranetin was the only known pheno"], "cc_re__cc_re__cc_by_4_0": ["lmonoamines, such as tryptamine, tyramine and serotonin, are conjugated with phenolic acid-CoAs to form phenylamide phytoalexins. Dashed arrows indicate multiple enzymatic steps. PEP; phosphoenol pyruvate, E4P; erythrose 4-phosphate.&lt;/p&gt;\n          &lt;/caption&gt;\n                                                            \"></a></div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"licenseText in-tab\" style=\"padding: 1em 0;\">\n                                    This is an open access article distributed under the <a href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\" target=\"_blank\">Creative Commons Attribution License</a> which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. (CC BY 4.0).\n                \t\t\t</div>\n\t\n\t   </div>\n\t   \n\t\t<div class=\"show-for-small\" >\n            <h1>Scifeed alert for new publications</h1> \n            <strong>Never miss any articles</strong> matching your research <strong>from any publisher</strong>\n            <ul>\n                <li>Get alerts for new papers matching your "], "copyright__copyright__copyright": ["and 6000+ publishers\n  \u2022 Define your Scifeed now\n\nShare & Cite This Article\n\nMDPI and ACS Style\n\nCho, M.-H.; Lee, S.-W. Phenolic Phytoalexins in Rice: Biological Functions and Biosynthesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 29120-29133.\n\nShow more citation formats Show less citations formats\n\nRelated Articles\n\nArticle Metrics\n\nArticle Access Statistics\n\n1\n\nComments\n\n[Return to top]\nInt. J. Mol. Sci. EISSN 1422-0067 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert\nBack to Top", "and 6000+ publishers\n  \u2022 Define your Scifeed now\n\nShare & Cite This Article\n\nMDPI and ACS Style\n\nCho, M.-H.; Lee, S.-W. Phenolic Phytoalexins in Rice: Biological Functions and Biosynthesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 29120-29133.\n\nShow more citation formats Show less citations formats\n\nRelated Articles\n\nArticle Metrics\n\nArticle Access Statistics\n\n1\n\nComments\n\n[Return to top]\nInt. J. Mol. Sci. EISSN 1422-0067 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert\nBack to Top", "and 6000+ publishers\n  \u2022 Define your Scifeed now\n\nShare & Cite This Article\n\nMDPI and ACS Style\n\nCho, M.-H.; Lee, S.-W. Phenolic Phytoalexins in Rice: Biological Functions and Biosynthesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 29120-29133.\n\nShow more citation formats Show less citations formats\n\nRelated Articles\n\nArticle Metrics\n\nArticle Access Statistics\n\n1\n\nComments\n\n[Return to top]\nInt. J. Mol. Sci. EISSN 1422-0067 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert\nBack to Top"]}