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Energies 2018, 11(2), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020387

Detailed Theoretical Characterization of a Transcritical CO2 Direct Expansion Ground Source Heat Pump Water Heater

CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada, 1615 Lionel-Boulet, Case Postale 4800, Varennes, QC J3X 1S6, Canada
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Received: 30 November 2017 / Revised: 25 January 2018 / Accepted: 29 January 2018 / Published: 7 February 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geothermal Heating and Cooling)
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Abstract

A new avenue in modern heat pump technology is related to the use of natural refrigerants such as carbon dioxide (CO2). The use of CO2 in direct expansion ground source heat pumps (DX-GSHP) has also gained significant interest as it offers opportunities for cost reduction of the ground loop, albeit some challenges remain in their development, design and use. To address these challenges and to characterize CO2-DX-GSHP performance for water heating applications, a detailed theoretical model and a fully-instrumented test apparatus was developed and built at CanmetENERGY Research Laboratory. The theoretical model was validated against a set of experimental results and adopted to investigate the performance of the system over a wide operating range. Validation results showed that the model predicts the experimental results within the measurement uncertainty. A detailed system performance analysis was also performed using the theoretical model to understand the system behavior and explore the actions required for performance improvement in future installations. The results of the analysis showed that improper design and control of some components, such as the gas cooler and ground heat exchanger can degrade the system performance by up to 25%, and the heat pump heating capacity by 7.5%. View Full-Text
Keywords: direct expansion ground source heat pump; CO2; transcritical; parametric analysis; modeling direct expansion ground source heat pump; CO2; transcritical; parametric analysis; modeling
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Eslami-Nejad, P.; Badache, M.; Bastani, A.; Aidoun, Z. Detailed Theoretical Characterization of a Transcritical CO2 Direct Expansion Ground Source Heat Pump Water Heater. Energies 2018, 11, 387.

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