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Two new species of Begonia sect. Coelocentrum, B. guixiensis and B. longa, from Sino-Vietnamese limestone karsts

  • Ching-I Peng1,
  • Shin-Ming Ku1,
  • Hsun-An Yang1,
  • Wai-Chao Leong1, 2,
  • Yan Liu3,
  • Tien Hiep Nguyen4,
  • Yoshiko Kono1 and
  • Kuo-Fang Chung2Email author
Botanical StudiesAn International Journal201455:52

DOI: 10.1186/s40529-014-0052-8

Received: 4 May 2014

Accepted: 21 May 2014

Published: 28 June 2014

Abstract

Background

In our recent molecular phylogenetic study of Asian Begonia, two undescribed species, B. guixiensis sp. ined. (S. Guangxi, China) and B. longa sp. ined. (Vietnam), were sampled and placed within the strongly supported clade composed of Begonia sect. Coelocentrum and other co-distributed rhizomatous species in the Sino-Vietnamese limestone karsts. While Begonia sect. Coelocentrum has been recircumscribed based on the phylogenetic relationships, B. guixiensis sp. ined. and B. longa sp. ined. remain illegitimate names. In continuation of our studies in Asian Begonia, these two new species are described and illustrated.

Results

Begonia guixiensis resembles B. cylindrica in the peltate, subcoriaceous leaves, differing by the shape of ovary/fruit and the type of placentation. In aspect, B. longa bears a superficial resemblance to B. brevipedunculata in leaf shape in particular, differing by many other features such as the long internodes, shorter petioles and smaller leaves, longer peduncles and 3-locular ovary. The chromosome number of both new species is determined as 2n = 30.

Conclusion

A careful study of the literature, herbarium specimens and living plants, both in the wild and in cultivation in the experimental greenhouse, support the recognition of the two new species, which are described and illustrated herein.

Keywords

Begonia brevipedunculata Begonia cylindrica Begonia vietnamensis Begoniaceae China Chromosome number Guangxi Vietnam

Background

In East Asia, the vast picturesque limestone karsts striding across the Sino-Vietnamese border are a major biodiversity hotspot (Hou et al. [2010]; Xu [1995]), distinguished for a suite of species-rich and narrowly distributed herbaceous plant groups [e.g., Aspidistra Ker Gawl. (e.g., Lin et al. [2013]), Begonia L. (e.g., Averyanov and Nguyen [2012]; Peng et al. [2012]; Peng et al. [2013]), Elatostema J.R. Forst. and G. Forst. (e.g., Wei et al. [2013]), Impatiens L. (e.g., Zhang et al. [2014]), several genera of Gesneriaceae (e.g., Huang et al. [2011]; Xu et al. [2011], [2012a], [b], [2014]; Chung et al. [2013]), etc.] confined to caves, fissures, and crevices of limestone rocks (Chung et al. [2014]; Clements et al. [2006]). Amongst the various plants found in the caves or cave-like microhabitats of Sino-Vietnamese limestone karsts, Begonia sect. Coelocentrum Irmsch. are one of the most prominent groups, comprising ca. 55 rhizomatous species characterized by parietal placentation (Doorenbos et al. [1998]; Ku [1999]; Gu et al. [2007]; Liu et al. [2007]; Peng et al. [2007], [2008], [2013]; Averyanov and Nguyen [2012]; Ku et al. [2008]) which is rarely seen in other Asian Begonia (Thomas et al. [2011]).

Our recent molecular phylogenetic analysis (Chung et al. [2014]) demonstrates that Begonia sect. Coelocentrum is not monophyletic but instead dominates in a strongly supported clade that otherwise also includes B. cavaleriei H. Lév., B. pulvinifera C.-I Peng and Yan Liu, and B. wangii T.T. Yu of sect. Diploclinium (Lind.) A. DC., B. cylindrica D.R. Liang & X.X. Chen and B. leprosa Hance of sect. Leprosae (T.C. Ku) Y.M. Shui, and B. sinofloribunda Dorr of sect. Petermannia (Klotzsch) A. DC. Despite the disparity in placentation (vs. axile) and fruit types (cylindric and berry-like in sect. Leprosae), these six species are all rhizomatous and distributed exclusively in the Sino-Vietnamese limestone karsts. Given the strongly supported phylogenetic relationship, the presence of additional placentation and fruit types in the clade composed of species mainly with parietal placentation and dry capsule further attests the labile nature of ovary and fruit types for the infrageneric classification of Begonia highlighted by previous works (e.g., Tebbitt et al. [2006]; Thomas et al. [2011]). Because of the strongly supported phylogenetic relationship and apparent cohesiveness in terms of their perennation mode, geographic distribution, and ecological preference, Chung et al. ([2014]) expands the concept of Begonia sect. Coelocentrum to include the above-mentioned species. Meanwhile, in the phylogeny of Chung et al. ([2014]), two undescribed species, B. guixiensis sp. ined. and B. longa sp. ined., were sampled and grouped within the recircumscribed Begonia sect. Coelocentrum with strong support (Chung et al. [2014]; Figure 1). Detailed morphological description and cytological examination of the two new species are provided below.

Methods

Chromosome preparations

Somatic chromosomes of the two new species were examined using root tips. The methods followed Peng et al. ([2014a]). The classification of the chromosome complements based on the centromere position at mitotic metaphase described in Levan et al. ([1964]) was adopted. Voucher specimens (Begonia guixiensis: Peng et al. 20310; B. longa: Peng et al. 20076) were deposited in the Herbarium of the Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica (HAST).

Cryo scanning electron microscopy

The methods of sample preparation for cryo SEM described in Peng et al. ([2014a], [b]) were followed. Fresh leaves of Begonia guixiensis (Peng et al. 20310) and B. longa (Peng et al. 20076) were dissected and attached to a stub, frozen with liquid nitrogen slush, and then transferred to a sample preparation chamber at −160°C and etched for 15 min at −85°C. After etching, the temperature reached −130°C for sample fracturing and coating. After coating, the samples were transferred to the SEM chamber and observed at −160°C with a cryo scanning electron microscope (FEI Quanta 200 SEM/Quorum Cryo System PP2000TR FEI).

Results and discussion

Species description

  1. 1.

    Begonia guixiensis Yan Liu, S.M. Ku & C.-I Peng, sp. nov. (sect. Coelocentrum) —TYPE: CHINA, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Chongzuo City, Mojian Tun, Longyana, on limestone rock face, N-facing, semishaded to heavily shaded, elev. ca. 150 m, 22°32′31”N, 107°29′23”E, locally frequent, most plants sterile, very few with dry fruits, 11 March 2005. Type specimens (in flower) pressed from plants brought back from the field and cultivated in the experimental greenhouse, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, 1 October 2013. Ching-I Peng, Yan Liu, Shin-Ming Ku & Huan-Yu Chen 20310-A (holotype: IBK; isotypes A, E, HAST, K, KUN, MO, PE). 桂西秋海棠 Figures 2 and 3.

     

Herbs monoecious, perennial, rhizomatous, lithophytic. Rhizome creeping, slender, to 30 cm or more, 0.3–0.7 cm across, internodes 0.2–0.7 cm long, glabrous or subglabrous. Stipules ovate-triangular, sometimes auriculate at base, 0.5–1 cm long, 0.3–0.7 cm wide, glabrous or with few hairs along midrib, margin entire and eciliate, apex aristate. Leaves simple, alternate; petiole 5–25 cm long, 3–5 mm across, densely and minutely hispidulous (unicellular trichomes ca. 0.1 mm long), sometimes sparsely pilose/villous when young (multicellular trichomes, 1–2 mm long); leaf blade green, peltate, petiole attachment displaced to one side, broadly ovate, 6.5–15 cm long, 4–10 cm wide, subcoriaceous, adaxially glabrous or nearly so, abaxially minutely hispidulous, margin entire or nearly so, apex acuminate or shortly so; basally 6- or 7-veined, tertiary veins obscure. Inflorescences axillary, 1–6 or more, arising directly from rhizome, dichasial cymes branched 2 or 3 times; 5–14-flowered; peduncle ascending, shorter than leaves, 2–6 cm long, 1.5–2 mm across, densely and minutely hispidulous; secondary peduncle usually short; bracts caducous, ovate-triangular to lanceolate, small, 0.6–2 mm long, 0.3–1.5 mm wide. Staminate flowers: bud suberect, pedicel 1–2 cm long, densely and minutely hispidulous; tepals 4, outer 2 suborbicular, 1–1.2 cm long, 0.8–1 cm wide, abaxially densely and minutely hispidulous, inner 2 narrowly obovate or oblanceolate, 0.7–0.8 cm long, 0.2–0.4 cm, glabrous; androecium actinomorphic, stamens 22–36, yellow, filaments fused at base, 1–1.5 mm long, anthers obovate-oblong, ca. 1 mm long. Carpellate flowers: pedicel 4–5 mm long; tepals 3, persistent in fruit, outer 2 suborbicular, 0.6–0.7 cm long, 0.7–0.8 cm wide, inner 1 narrowly obovate, 0.4–0.5 cm long, ca. 0.2 cm wide; ovary trigonous-ellipsoid, 0.8–1 cm long, ca. 3 mm wide, densely and minutely hispidulous (unicellular trichomes ca. 0.1 mm, whitish or reddish); placentation parietal on upper part of the ovary, placental branches gradually fused side by side below and assuming a 3-locular appearance; styles 3, fused 1/4 to 1/3 at base. Fruit capsule-like but indehiscent, trigonous-ellipsoid, 1–1.2 cm long, unequally or subequally 3-winged, abaxial wing subtriangular or lunate, 2–3.5 mm tall, peduncle recurved.

Ecology and distribution

Begonia guixiensis is currently known only from Mojian Tun, Chongzhuo City, SW Guangxi, China (Figure 4). It grows on moist to dry surfaces of limestone hills, associated with Alchornes sp., Ardisia sp., Asarum sp., Cleidion brevipetiolatum, Ficus tinctoria subsp. gibbosa, Mallotus yunnanensis, Miliusa chunii, Oplismenus sp., Pothos sp., Rhaphidophora hongkongensis, Sambucus sp., Smilax sp. and Tetrastigma sp.

Phenology

Flowering July–October; fruiting August–November.

Etymology

The species epithet ‘guixiensis’ refers to Guangxi (acronym: ‘gui’) west (‘xi’), where the species is currently known.

Additional specimens examined

CHINA. Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Chongzuo Xian, Leizhou Xiang, Qubing Cun, Mojian Tun, Nongdan Nong, elev. ca. 160 m, in sparse forests on limestone hill slope, on rock face or rock seam, rare, flowers white, fruits green, 26 August 2004, Comprehensive Expedition Team of Whiteheaded Langur Reserve B0570 (IBK). Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Chongzuo City, Mojian Tun, Longyana, on limestone rock face, N-facing, semishaded to heavily shaded, elev. ca. 150 m, 22°32′31”N, 107°29′23”E, locally frequent, most plants sterile, very few with dry fruits, 11 March 2005. Ching-I Peng, Yan Liu, Shin-Ming Ku & Huan-Yu Chen 20310 (HAST).

Leaf anatomy and vestiture

Adaxial surface with glandular trichomes (Figure 5A); ca. 700 μm thick (Figure 5D), epidermis biseriate, with a layer of thick hypodermis under both epidermis; abaxial surface with bicellular microtrichomes (conical-headed) and glandular trichomes (Figure 5D, G); stomata complex mostly clustered, helicocytic (Figure 5G).

Chromosome cytology

Somatic chromosomes at metaphase of Begonia guixiensis were determined to be 2n = 30 (Figure 6A).

The thirty chromosomes, ranging from ca. 1.1 to 2.1 μm long, showed a gradual change in chromosome length. Centromeres of most chromosomes are median or submedian. Satellite chromosomes were not observed.

Notes

Begonia guixiensis resembles B. cylindrica D.R. Liang and X.X. Chen (Figure 7) in the peltate, subcoriaceous leaves, differing by the shape of ovaries/fruits and placentation. Compared to the wingless and long-cylindric berrylike fruits of B. cylindrica, B. guixiensis possesses ovaries that are trigonous-ellipsoidal with three distinct wings. Its capsule-like fruits dry up and do not dehisce when mature. While the placentation of B. cylindrica is axile throughout the ovary, that of B. guixiensis is parietal on upper part of the ovary but the placental branches gradually fused side by side below and assuming a 3-locular appearance. Serial cross-sections to show the gradual changes are depicted in Figure 8.

Both Begonia guixiensis and B. cylindrica have clustered stomata and hypodermis (Figures D, E, G, H). These characters were also seen in B. leprosa (Peng et al. [2010]: figure nine-H, I), the most closely related species in the phylogeny (Figure 1), and are known in a number of limestone Begonia species from the Philippines and China (Hughes et al. [2011]; Rubite et al. [2014]).

Begonia guixiensis is also similar to B. vietnamensis H. Q. Nguyen and C.-I Peng (Nguyen et al., [2010]) in having peltate leaves, differing in the leaves uniformly green (vs. often mottled reddish brown between the veins) with petiole attachment manifestly displaced toward leaf base (vs. near 1/3 of blade length); petioles densely and minutely hispidulous (vs. glabrous); peduncles much shorter (2–6 cm vs. 28–32 cm long); carpellate flowers with 3 (vs. 2) tepals; ovary unilocular with parietal placentation near the summit but the placental branches gradually fused side by side below and assuming a 3-locular appearance (vs. 3-locular, placentae undivided); and the indehiscent (vs. dehiscent) fruit.
  1. 2.

    Begonia longa C.-I Peng & W.C. Leong, sp. nov. (sect. Coelocentrum) —TYPE: VIETNAM. Ha Giang Province, Quan Ba District, Can Ty Community, Sin Suoi Ho Village, elev. 650–1500 m; on face of limestone rock, in shaded and moist broadleaf forest on mountain slope. Locally frequent, associated with Hoya, Colocasia giganta, Asplenium, Amorphophallus, Pilea, Hemiboea and Nephrolepis cordifolia. Living collection made on 12 Nov 2004; type specimens (in flower) pressed from plants cultivated in the experimental greenhouse, Academia Sinica, 10 May 2007. Ching-I Peng, Wai-Chao Leong, Shin-Ming Ku, Tien Hiep Nguyen, Van The Pham & Xuan Tam Nguyen 20076-A (holotype: HAST; isotypes: A, E, FRIM, MO, P). 長莖秋海棠 Figures 9 and 10.

     

Herbs monoecious, perennial, rhizomatous, lithophytic. Rhizome to 50 cm long, white villous when young; internodes 1–5 cm long, 0.5–0.8 cm across. Stipules thickly herbaceous, reddish, narrowly ovate to triangular, 1.7–2 cm long, 1–1.2 cm wide, margin entire, midrib prominently keeled into an arista 0.5 cm long, villous on midrib on the underside. Leaves alternate, basifixed, petioles reddish, (2–)5–14 cm long, 2–6 mm across, white villous when young, becoming brown tomentose and glabrescent when mature; leaf blade asymmetric, thickly herbaceous, dark green above, elliptic, (4–)6–16 cm long, (2.5–)3.5–8 cm wide, glabrous above, young leaves reddish, white villous along nerves beneath, base obtuse, margin entire to crenate, apex acuminate to caudate; venation pinnate or sub-palmate. Inflorescences axillary, arising directly from rhizome, dichasial, protandrous, 17–30 cm long, glabrous; peduncle well developed, 13.5–25 cm long, 2–5 mm across; bracts caducous, herbaceous, red, white or tinged pinkish, broadly elliptic or orbicular, boat-shaped, 1.8–2.6 cm long, 1.8–2.3 cm wide, glabrous, margin minutely glanduliferous. Staminate flowers: pedicel 0.8–1.8 cm long; tepals 4, white or tinged pinkish; outer two orbicular or broadly ovate, 0.8–1.4 cm long, 0.8–1.3 cm wide, glabrous, apex rounded; inner two narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, 0.7–1.1 cm long, 0.3–0.4 cm wide; androecium zygomorphic, stamens 12–20, yellow, clavate; filaments unequal in length, 0.7–1.5 mm long, fused at base; anthers 1–1.5 mm long, apex retuse. Carpellate flowers: pedicel 1–3 cm long; tepals 3, white or tinged pinkish, persistent and greenish in fruit; outer two suborbicular, 0.9–1.3 cm long, 1.1–1.5 cm wide, apex rounded, inner one (or two) oblanceolate to obovate, 8–9 mm long, 2.5–5 mm wide; ovary white or greenish, sometimes tinged pinkish, glabrous, unequally 3-winged, 3-locular; placentation axile, bilamellate; styles 3, yellow, 2–3 mm long, nearly free; stigmas 2-cleft, in a spiralled band. Capsules nodding, unequally 3-winged; abaxial wing crescent-shaped, ca. 0.9–1.2 cm long, 4–5 mm tall, apex bluntly truncate, lateral wings much smaller, 2–3 mm long.

Ecology and distribution

Begonia longa is currently known only from Quan Ba District, Ha Giang Province, northern Vietnam (Figure 4). It grows on limestone rock face, in shaded and moist broadleaf forest. The plants were locally frequent, often associated with Amorphophallus sp., Asplenium sp., Colocasia giganta, Hemiboea sp., Hoya sp., Nephrolepis cordifolia and Pilea sp.

Phenology

Flowering April–August; fruiting July–November.

Etymology

The specific epithet refers to the long creeping rhizome in this species.

Additional specimens examined

Vietnam. Ha Giang Province, Quan Ba (“Quang” Ba) District: Sin Suoi Ho Village and river; in degraded agricultural land among limestone rocks to ridge of exposed limestone under light canopy, 23° 06′ 57” N, 105° 01′ 47” E, elev. 514 m, N & S slopes. Occasional. 1 Apr, 2000. D.K. Harder, N.T. Hiep, L.V. Averyanov, N.Q. Hieu & K. Daria 4868 (MO); Ha Giang Province, Quan Ba District: Can Ty Community, 23° 06′ 03” N, 105° 01′ 20” E, elev. 900 m, selectively logged forest on limestone, Bat Dai Son Protected Area, 9 Jul 2002. H. Van der Werff, Nguyen Kim Dao, Bruce Gray, Do Tien Doan 17203 (HAST, MO); Ha Giang Province, Quan Ba District: Can Ty Community, Sin Suoi Ho Village, elev. 650–1500 m; on face of limestone rock, in shaded and moist broadleaf forest on mountain slope. Locally frequent.12 Nov 2004, Ching-I Peng, Wai-Chao Leong, Shin-Ming Ku, Nguyen Tien Hiep, Pham Van The & Nguyen Xuan Tam 20076 (HAST);

Leaf anatomy and vestiture

Adaxial surface with glandular trichomes (Figure 5C); cross section ca. 700 μm thick (Figure 5F), epidermis single-layered, hypodermis absent; abaxial surface with glandular trichomes (Figure 5I); stomata complex single, helicocytic (Figure 5I).

Chromosome cytology

Somatic chromosomes at metaphase of Begonia longa were determined to be 2n = 30 (Figure 6B). The thirty chromosomes gradually varied from ca. 1.2 to 1.8 μm long in length. Most chromosomes have centromeres at median, submedian and subterminal positions. Satellites were not observed.

The Asian section Coelocentrum consistently shows the chromosome number of 2n = 30, with the exception of some probable autotriploid individuals with 2n = 45 in B. longgangensis (Peng et al. [2013]). Chromosome numbers of the two new species, B. guixiensis (see above) and B. longa, studied here are in agreement with previous reports for species of Begonia in this section.

Notes

In aspect, B. longa resembles B. brevipedunculata Y.M. Shui (Shui [2006]) in the leaf shape, differing by many features such as the elongate internodes, shorter petioles, smaller leaves, longer peduncles and its 3-locular ovary. Detailed comparison of salient features of the two species is provided in Table 1.

Conclusions

A careful study of the literature, herbarium specimens and living plants, both in the wild and in cultivation in the experimental greenhouse, supports the recognition of the two new species.

Declarations

Acknowledgements

We thank Huan-Yu Chen, Van The Pham & Xuan Tam Nguyen for accompanying and assisting with the field work; Ming-Chao Yu and Ya-Wen Hsueh for the handsome line drawings; Che-Wei Lin for preparing an earlier draft of the distribution map. This study was supported in part by Chongzuo White-headed Langur National Nature Reserve (Guangxi, China) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 41161011) to Yan Liu (IBK), National Science Council (NSC-101-2621-B-001-003-MY3) to CIP and KFC and grants from Academia Sinica, Taiwan to CIP.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
Herbarium (HAST), Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica
(2)
School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University
(3)
Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences
(4)
Center for Plant Conservation (CPC), Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations

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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.
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This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<span xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\" class=\"ExternalRef\"><a href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0\"><span class=\"RefSource\">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</span></a></span>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.</p>\n              </div></div></div></section></div>\n                            \n\n\n                        </div>\n                    </div>\n                    <div class=\"layout__sidebar-right\" id=\"main-sidebar\">\n                        \n                        <div class=\"block\">\n "], "copyright__copyright__copyright": ["", "", "1.2012.01743.x doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01743.x 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01743.xView ArticleGoogle Scholar\n\nCopyright\n\n\u00a9\u00a0Peng et al.; licensee Springer\u00a02014\n\nThis article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.", "1.2012.01743.x doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01743.x 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01743.xView ArticleGoogle Scholar\n\nCopyright\n\n\u00a9\u00a0Peng et al.; licensee Springer\u00a02014\n\nThis article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.", "1.2012.01743.x doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01743.x 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01743.xView ArticleGoogle Scholar\n\nCopyright\n\n\u00a9\u00a0Peng et al.; licensee Springer\u00a02014\n\nThis article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.", "1.2012.01743.x doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01743.x 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01743.xView ArticleGoogle Scholar\n\nCopyright\n\n\u00a9\u00a0Peng et al.; licensee Springer\u00a02014\n\nThis article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.", "1.2012.01743.x doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01743.x 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01743.xView ArticleGoogle Scholar\n\nCopyright\n\n\u00a9\u00a0Peng et al.; licensee Springer\u00a02014\n\nThis article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.", "1.2012.01743.x doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01743.x 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01743.xView ArticleGoogle Scholar\n\nCopyright\n\n\u00a9\u00a0Peng et al.; licensee Springer\u00a02014\n\nThis article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.", "1.2012.01743.x doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01743.x 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01743.xView ArticleGoogle Scholar\n\nCopyright\n\n\u00a9\u00a0Peng et al.; licensee Springer\u00a02014\n\nThis article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.", "1.2012.01743.x doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01743.x 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01743.xView ArticleGoogle Scholar\n\nCopyright\n\n\u00a9\u00a0Peng et al.; licensee Springer\u00a02014\n\nThis article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.", "1.2012.01743.x doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01743.x 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01743.xView ArticleGoogle Scholar\n\nCopyright\n\n\u00a9\u00a0Peng et al.; licensee Springer\u00a02014\n\nThis article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.", "1.2012.01743.x doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01743.x 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01743.xView ArticleGoogle Scholar\n\nCopyright\n\n\u00a9\u00a0Peng et al.; licensee Springer\u00a02014\n\nThis article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited."]}