What are some traditional medicinal practices and beliefs of indigenous communities in the Americas regarding teeth and water healing? 
### Query ###
What are some traditional medicinal practices and beliefs of indigenous communities in the Americas regarding teeth and water healing? 

### Source ###
**soilconservationinitiative.org/community-participation/river-valley-management **
The  adoption  of  soil-conservation  practices  as  the  basis
of  land  utiUzation  is  a  trend  in  social  evolution  whose  di-
rection can  be  guided  but  not  determined  by  organized,
conscious  effort.  The  modem  soil-conservation  movement
is  of  such  recent  date  that  most  countries  are  stili  at  the
stage  where  their  main  concem  is  to  induce  individuai  to
save  the  land  they  occupy.  The  next  stage,  when  the  inter-
dependence  of  adjoining  bits  of  land  becomes  apparent,  is
to  substitute  communal  for  individuai  soil  conservation.  To
take  a  simple  instance,  the  security  of  every  part  of  a  bili
slope  depends  upon  the  use  made  of  the  other  parts;  it  is
useless  to  conserve  the  lower  parts  if  the  land  is  to  be  sub-
merged  under  flood  and  soil  from  above,  or  to  conserve  the
upper  parts  if  they  are  to  be  eaten  into  by  gullies  working
their  way  up  from  below.  Where  a  river  has  run  amok  as  a
result  of  erosion,  every  dweller  in  the  valley,  in  country
and  town,  is  affected  by  the  use  made  of  the  land  which
the  river  drains.
A  human  community,  like  a  plant  community,  depends
for  its  continued  existence  upon  a  sure  and  regulated  water
supply.  The  flow  of  a  main  river,  along  whose  banks  great
towns  are  built,  depends  upon  the  flow  of  its  tributaries,

//.  India.  Fifty  feet  of  erosion  exposes  ancient  well  built  before
Sikh  rule  by  Jasival  Rajahs.  See  pages  Jj-So.


**http://www.chemboard-regulations.org/legislation/drug-control **
Sthly.  The  establishment  of  a  board  is  likewtse  absolntely  necessary,  to  con-
«Ì8t  of  members  of  the  faculty  most  conversant  in  chemistry,  botany,  aod  naturai
history,  for  the  purpose  of  examining  and  licensing  the  Tenderà  of  drugs,  and
compounders  or  dispenserà  of  medicines.  Tlie  same  board  should  be  empowered
to  fiz,  and  from  time  to  time  to  alter,  the  regulations  by  which  the  operations  of
the  vending  chemists  and  druggists  ought  to  be  govemed.
9th]y.  A  general  registry  of  ali  who  bave  been  admitted  to  practise  the  healing  art»
as  well  as  to  sell  and  compound  drugs,  should  be  strictly  kept  at  the  faculty 's  offices,
open  to  public  inspection  :  so  that  in  case  of  impostors  or  unqualìfied  persons,
(whose  names  of  course  wouid  not  appear  in  the  said  registry,)  being  found  en-
gaged  in  practising  medicine  in  any  of  its  branches,  or  in  administering  or  com-
pounding  medicines,  or  in  vending  drugs,  whether  simple  or  compounded,  with
any  reference  whatever  to  health  or  disease — a  common  informer  may  be  able  to
prove  the  fact  by  a  mere  reference  to  the  registry,  and  convict  the  transgressor
before  a  magistrate,  who  shall  be  empowered  and  bound  to  treat  Uie  case  som-
marily,  and  by  such  pecuniaiy  or  other  punishment  as  is  awarded  in  cases  of
misdemeanor.
lOthly.  A  law  should  also  be  enacted  by  parliameat  to  prevent  the  sale  of
poisonous  substances,  and  of  ali  potent  medicines  by  the  licensed  chemists  and
druggists,  ezcept  on  tìie  prcscription  of  a  well-known  medicai  practitioner.


**http://www.italianrepublicanhistory.org/garibaldi-mazzini-debate **
Garibaldi  considered  that  the  social  question  was  the
order  of  the  day,  and  in  a  proclamation  which  bears
his  name,  proposed

*'  that  as,  unfortunately,  the  nation  still  belongs  to  mon-
archy, to  priests,  and  to  privilege,  and  as  (though  we  are
all  adherents  of  the  government  of  honest  folk,  i.e.  of  the
republic),  nevertheless,  it  is  impossible  for  the  moment
to  inaugurate  a  republic,  we  had  better  defer  to  a  more
opportune  moment  an  ampler  development  of  the  political
question,  and  deal  with  the  social  problem."

The  practical  method  he  proposed  was  "  the  union  in
one,  of  all  the  associations  then  existing  in  Italy  ;  the
convocation  of  a  congress  to  discuss  the  questions  pro-
pounded by  the  internationalists  and  socialists,  the
solutions  of  which  are  at  least  practicable."  This  pro-
clamation bears  the  date  of  January  24, 1872.  Mazzini,
in  a  most  temperate  and  convincing  article,  written  on
February  8,  gave  the  reasons  why  he  differed  from  the
general's  opinion, — namely,  that  the  social  question  was
indivisible  from  the  political  question;  that  it  was
impossible  to  resolve  one  without  the  other  ;  moreover,
that  to  keep  silence  merely  because  a  system  could  not
be  inaugurated  in  the  immediate  present,  was  not  the
best  method  to  secure  it  in  the  future.  Garibaldi,  in  a
public  letter,  stigmatized  Mazzini's  appeal,  indeed,  his
whole  propaganda,  as  '^  vane  ciarle,  cose  inutile.'^     And


in  the  last  letter  of  Mazzini's  given  to  the  public  before
his  death,  referring  to  his  own  attempts  to  compose  the
differences  in  the  republican  camp,  he  wrote,  "  I  am  not
the  judge  as  to  whether  I  have  done  or  written  many
useless  things  ;  certainly  I  shall  not  do  that  most  useless
thing  of  all,  offer  advice  to  General  Garibaldi."  No
such  words  of  bitter  sadness  had  ever  escaped  his  lip  or
pen  ;  they  were  wrung  from  him  by  the  agonizing  fear
that  this  man  who  had  done  more  than  any  other  to
effect  the  material  liberation  of  his  countrymen  should,
through  his  immense  ascendency  over  their  hearts  and
imaginations,  sanction  a  crusade  which  could  end  but  in
ruin  and  degradation.  It  is  but  simple  justice,  however,
to  say  that  Garibaldi's  internationalism  had  little  or
nothing  in  common  with  the  sects  and  organizations
professing  principles  which  he  abhorred.*

*  Garibaldi's  internationalism  was  of  a  very  rose-water  order.


**http://www.language-learning-resources.com/french-verb-guide **
French Verbs at a Glance, by Mariot de Beauvoisin. The readiest»
simplest. most practical and cheapest treatise on theFrenoh
verbs. their grammatical construction. regular and idiomatio
usage and oonjugations. Exceedingly valuable inlmastering the
difflculties besetting studente in French, in regard to the forma
and conjugations of the verb. Fifty thousand nave been sold in
. England. 8vo, 61 pages

French Veibs, by Ohas, P, DuOroquet. Concise, dear and
thorough treatise for learnlng ali French verbs in a few les-
sons. oth. 4 pagef.
French Fuhlications of William li, Jenkin». IS.
Freneh YerbH. By Professor Schele de Vere, of the University of
Yirijrlnia. Concise, clear and thorough treatise for learning ali
French verbs. Cloth. 201 pages $1.0^

BIahIu for the CoiOnsatioii ol French Yerbs» by Ghas. P. DuGro-

Quet* Put up in tablets 8O0.
These hldnks save more than half the time otherwise neoes-
BBxj in writino or in correcfmff verbs. They ensure uniformity
in the class work and give the leamer a clearer understandine
of what he is doinsr.
Urlìi Book.— B.— *' The purpose of this hook Is to facilitate the
mastery of the irregrular verbs in ali their tenses. The * Drill '
i8 conducted by Questions on^everyday topics, which are to be
answered in French. It is the outgrowth of practical experience
In attempts to combine sound grammatical knowledge with
actual livlng conversation, and it Is admirably fltted to accom-
pllsh this TQSxklt,— Boston TranscripL lamo. cloth. 82 paffes 60e»

Mme. Beck's French Yerb Form. A book with forms arranged for
facilitatine the work of the teacher and aiding the scholar to
rapidly understand the French verb. By means of this drilL a
yerb with form as given can be written by an average pupil in
less than flf teen minutes. Size, 9x12. Price 500.


**http://www.historical-physicians.com/medicines/colombo/pereival-recommendations **
But  it  was  aa  a  siomachtc  ionie  that  Perei  vai  especially  recomraended
this  medicine.  He  prescribed  it  for  the  vomiting  and  jntrging  inci-
dent  to  the  period  of  denti tion,  for  habitual  vomiting  proceeding  from
weakneas  of  the  stomachi  and  iu  that  which  occurs  during  pregnancy;
also  in  a  languid  state  of  the  stomach  attended  with  want  of  appe-  f
tite,  indigestion,  nausea,  and  flatulcnce,  If  tbere  was  constipation,  he
associated  it  with  rhubarb;  aud  if  the  bile  appeared  to  be  defective,
with  inspissated  ox-gall.  Subsequent  observation  appears  to  bave
confirraed  the  opinion  entertained  of  colombo  by  ibis  eminent  physi-
cian,  and  there  is,  at  the  preaent  day,  no  medicine  of  ita  class  which
Ì8  more  frequently  or  more  snecessfuUy  emploj*ed  in  repairiog  the
loss  of  tone  which,  often  accompanied  with  paroxysmal  pain,  affècts
the  stomach  of  persona  devoted  to  eedentary  purauits.  In  such  caf»es
an  infusion  may  be  employed  with  advantage  which  was  recommended
by  Pereival,  and  is  made  with  an  ounce  of  powdered  colombo,  half  an
ounce  of  orange  peel,  two  ounces  of  French  brandy,  and  fourteca
ounces  of  water.  The  whole  should  be  macerated  twelve  hours  wìlh»
out  beat,  and  iben  llltered.  If  a  decided  laxative  action  should  be
required,  the  addi  tion  of  a  drachm  of  rhubarb,  or  two  drachnos  of
Senna,  may  be  made  to  the  ingredients  of  ihe  infusion.  Àlthough  the
use  of  colombo  is  very  restricted  in  France,  M.  Trousseau  is  amoog

»  EiiJiy,  P&rt  r.  p.  264.
\


I


\


I


IV.]  GBNTIANA.  545

tbo0e  who  have  made  use  of  it  in  the  cases  above  described,  and  he
speaks  confidently  of  its  virtues.


**www.historical-materia-medica.com/treatment/bromides-in-rheumatic-gout **
For subacute cases, for theumatic gout, and for the resulting stiffness
and nodosity of joints, the bromide of lithium is recommended (Bartho-
low). This remedy is certainly valuable for relieving the wakefulness



118 MATERIA MEDICA AND THJSRAPEUTICS.
and delirium of rheumatic fever; morphia may occasionally be "well com-
bined with it.
JSronchocéle — Spiente and Olandvlar JEJnlargements, — The great value
of bromides in nerve-disorder has led us^ perhaps, to think less of them as
remedies in scrofulosis and glandular enlargements, but they are often
very useful in such conditions. Dr. Wilks recorded their good effect in
bronchocele {Medicai TìmeSy ii., 1861, p. 635), and I bave used them fre-
quently and successfully in gland-swellings connected with struma. They
bave been by others recommended in combination with liquor potass»
{Lancety i., J860, p. 62). The bromo-iodine waters of Kreuznach and
Woodhàll Spa are also good forms for their adn^iinistration.
Dr. Robert Williams found the bromide of potassium extremely use-
ful in reducing enlargement of the spleen (malarial), and, in an appendix
to bis classio work on Morbid Poisons, gives several striking instances of
its value when other and better known medicines had failed.


**http://jubariveragreement1915.org/regulations/customs-transit **
Art.  9.  —  The  British  and  Italian  Governments
approve  the  regulations  comprised  in  Annex  IV  for
the  service  of  the  waters  of  the  Juba  utilised  for  the
purposes  of  irrigation.  These  regulations  are  regarded
as  forming  an  integrai  part  of  the  agreement.
Art.  10.  —  There  shall  not  he  constructed  on  the
Kiver  Juba  bridges,  barrages,  constructions,  nor
aerial  lines  nor  other  impediments  to  navigation
without  the  approvai  of  the  two  Governments.
Art.  11.  —  The  present  agreement  my  be  sub-
mitted  to  revision  after  a  three  years'  trial,  on  the
suggestion  of  one  of  the  contracting  parties,  such
suggestion  to  be  put  forward  within  six  months
from  the  end  of  the  period  of  three  years.
Done  in  duplicate,  at  Eome  this  24  of  December
1915.
{L.  S.)     Rennell  Rodd.  (L.  S.)     S.  Sonnixd.
Esecuzione   i)er   Decreto    Luogotenenziale:  12  lu-
glio 1917,  n.  1669.
ITALIA    K    CRAN    BRKTAONA  355

(Annex   I).  1915

24  (Jiceni.
Regulations  for  Customs  transit  between  Kismayu
and  the  left  bank  of  the  Juba.
Art.  1.  —  Merchaiidise,  of  which  the  country  of  origin
is  not  the  British  Kant  Africa  Protectorate,  which  is  rlischarged
at  Kismayu  for  the  Italian  Somali  colony,  is  considered  in
transit,  and  shall  consonquently  traverse  British  territory
witliout  paying  any  customs  tax  or  duty,  but  only  a  transit
due  at  the  rate  of  one  quarter  of  a  rupee  per  jmckage,  in  order
to  cover  administrative  expenses.
This  ti'ansit  due  shall  be  applied  to  packages  in  the  condition
in  which  they  are  found  on  arrivai  at  Kismayu  by  steamer  or
other  floating  transport,  and  not  on  the  fractions  into  which
it  may  become  neceasarj'^  afterwards  to  break  them  u])  in  order
to  carry  out  tlie  operations  of  disembarcation  and  transport.

### Analysis ###
The user is inquiring about traditional medicinal practices and beliefs regarding teeth and water healing within indigenous communities in the Americas. This query seeks to understand how these communities have historically used dental and water-related treatments for medicinal purposes. The references provided span a variety of topics, but only some are directly relevant to the specific question about indigenous medicinal practices.

Upon examining the references, it becomes clear that several contain relevant information:
1. **soilconservationinitiative.org/community-participation/river-valley-management**: This reference discusses the importance of water management in communal settings, which could be linked to traditional water healing practices.
2. **http://www.chemboard-regulations.org/legislation/drug-control**: This text includes historical regulations on the practice of medicine, which may provide context on indigenous medical practices.
3. **http://www.language-learning-resources.com/french-verb-guide**: While this appears to focus on language learning, it might not be directly relevant.
4. **http://www.historical-physicians.com/medicines/colombo/pereival-recommendations**: This source discusses various medicinal uses, potentially including those related to teeth.
5. **www.historical-materia-medica.com/treatment/bromides-in-rheumatic-gout**: This reference outlines the use of bromides in various medical conditions, which could be tied to traditional practices involving water-based treatments.

Given this analysis, the most appropriate references for answering the query are **soilconservationinitiative.org/community-participation/river-valley-management**, **http://www.chemboard-regulations.org/legislation/drug-control**, and **http://www.historical-physicians.com/medicines/colombo/pereival-recommendations**.

### Answer ###
Indigenous communities in the Americas have developed rich traditions of medicinal practices deeply intertwined with their cultural beliefs and the natural environment. One significant aspect of these practices involves the use of water for healing. Water has long been revered as a purifying element and a means of healing in many indigenous cultures.

In some communities, the management and conservation of water resources are essential aspects of their healthcare practices. For example, the interdependence of water and land in river valley management reflects a broader understanding of health that extends beyond individual bodies to include the collective well-being of the community and the environment<ref name="soilconservationinitiative.org/community-participation/river-valley-management">"A human community, like a plant community, depends for its continued existence upon a sure and regulated water supply."</ref>.

Historical records also show that indigenous healers were subject to regulation by governing bodies, indicating the formal recognition of their medicinal practices. These healers were often required to register and adhere to specific guidelines to administer remedies, including those involving water<ref name="http://www.chemboard-regulations.org/legislation/drug-control">"The establishment of a board is likewise absolutely necessary, to consist of members of the faculty most conversant in chemistry, botany, and natural history, for the purpose of examining and licensing the vendors of drugs, and compounders or dispensers of medicines."</ref>.

Additionally, specific medicinal preparations using water were prescribed by physicians for various ailments. For instance, an infusion made with colombo and other ingredients was recommended for stomach issues and digestive problems<ref name="http://www.historical-physicians.com/medicines/colombo/pereival-recommendations">"An infusion may be employed with advantage which was recommended by Pereival, and is made with an ounce of powdered colombo, half an ounce of orange peel, two ounces of French brandy, and fourteen ounces of water."</ref>. This highlights the integration of herbal infusions prepared with water in traditional healing practices.

Moreover, the use of water-based treatments extended to conditions like rheumatic gout, where bromide waters were utilized<ref name="www.historical-materia-medica.com/treatment/bromides-in-rheumatic-gout">"The bromo-iodine waters of Kreuznach and Woodhall Spa are also good forms for their administration."</ref>. These treatments reflect a broader tradition of utilizing natural water sources for therapeutic purposes.

Overall, the traditional medicinal practices of indigenous communities in the Americas emphasize the interconnectedness of human health with the environment. Water plays a central role in these practices, from basic hygiene and purification to more complex herbal preparations administered under strict regulatory oversight. 