What are some common debates or issues discussed in historical parliamentary sessions, and how do leaders navigate these discussions? 
### Query ###
What are some common debates or issues discussed in historical parliamentary sessions, and how do leaders navigate these discussions? 

### Source ###
**Clausewitz, Carl von. On War. Edited by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, Princeton University Press, 1976, pp. 289-295. **
Book Two, Chapter Six: In this concluding chapter of Book Two,
Clausewitz develops a [Mint made negatively in the previous chapter,
where he says one of the three cardinal errors common to critics is their
misuse of historical examples. Here he proposes to demonstrate their
correct use,

“The knowledge which is basic to the ait of war,” he says, “is empiri¬
cal.” Thus, the nature of war is revealed to us only by historical ex¬
perience. We can study means, like the physical effects of shot fired from
guns, but this will not inform us, as historical example will, of the differ¬
ences between seasoned troops and raw troops in the steadiness with
which they stand up to artillery fire. To be sure, we do not always have
a sufficient range of experience to inform us sufficiently about all the
things we should like to know. It is incidentally interesting that Clause¬
witz, who did not know rapid tc'chnological change in the tools of war,
rather inverts the point we should be inclined to make today concerning
the utility of historical example to justify a change from accustomed
usage. Wiere methods have proved highly effective and thus become
fashionable, he says, we should want to have good reasons, meaning such
as can be drawn from history, for changing them. Tlie argument has an
odd ring in an age of nuclear wea^xins—though it may well he that for
changes less drastic his point still would hold. As we have seen, in an age
of steam-driverj, steel warships Mahan compounded a cogent and valid
body of naval theory derived almost exclusively from naval warfare in
days of sail.
Tliere are, says Clausewitz, four different uses for historical examples.


**Müller, Friedrich. The Political Thought of German Evangelical Socialists: A Conservative Critique. Berlin: Historische Verlag, 1895. **
Attitude  of  Catholicism  and  Protestantism,  etc.  97

The  nature  of  the  present  study  does  not  allow  of  my
dwelling  at  length  on  the  doctrines  and  tendencies  of  the
associations  and  congresses  of  the  German  Evangelical  social¬
ists.1 * * * * * 7  Politically  speaking,  they  are  as  a  rule  conservatives,
and  affect  great  scorn  for  the  Parliamentary  system.  Accord¬
ing  to  them,  Parliamentary  parties  are  simply  coalitions  of
various  interests,  groups  that  represent  the  egotism  of  the
middle-classes,  and  exploit  the  action  of  the  State  in  their
own  behalf.  The  king  alone,  as  representative  of  the  per¬
manent  interests  of  the  nation,  may  boldly  take  up  the  defence
of  the  poor  and  oppressed,  for  he  alone  derives  no  advantage
from  the  subjection  of  the  masses.  Now,  in  the  struggle  with
the  wealthy  bourgeoisie,  who  have  the  preponderancy  in
modern  Parliaments,  and  oppress  the  poor,  the  sovereign  ought
to  be  the  champion  of  the  labouring  classes.
Besides,  these  anti-parliamentary  tendencies  are  very  com¬
mon  in  Germany,  where  the  monarchy  follows  the  traditions
of  Frederick  II.,  and  even  at  the  present  day  considers  itself
the  natural  protector  of  the  people’s  interests.


**Cardoso de Menezes, Joaquim. Theses sobre a Colonização do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional, 1875. **
«Se  se  considerar,  diz  o  snr.  conselheiro  Cardoso  de
Menezes,  que  ainda  ha  a  deduzir  d'ahi  os  viajantes  na-
cionaes,  que  voltam  de  excursoes  a  Europa,  e  que  se  po-
dem  computar  em  1  °/o,  ficarà  reduzida  ao  numero  de
46,000  a  entrada  de  estrangeiros  no  porto  do  Rio  de  Ja-
neiro. De  modo  que  em  io  annos  o  contingente  da  nossa
populacao  apenas  se  augmentou  com  um  pessoal  egual  à
setima  parte  da  emigracao,  que  para  os  Estados-Unidos
convergiu  no  decurso  do  anno  passado  (1874);  ao. passo
que  em  1872  na  Republica  Argentina  orcou  por  32,749,
isto  é,  por  mais  de  dois  tercos  d'aquelle  contingente,  o  nu-
mero dos  emigrantos,  chegados  a  Buenos-Ayres  e  Rosa-
rio, segundo  se  le  no  Informe  de  la  Commission  Central

de  emigracion  annexo  a  Memoria  del  Ministerio  del  in-
terior  '  d'aqueìla  Republica  no  mesmo  anno  de  1872,  su-
bindo a  cerca  de  3 1,000  a  entrada  de  estrangeiros  so  de
Janeiro  a  outubro  de  1 874.  »  (V.  Theses  sobre  a  Colonisa-

qào  do  Bramii,  pelo  cons.  Cardoso  de  Menezes,  pag.  20.)


COLONISA£AO  E  EMIGRÀ£A0  211

«  Cumpre  a  este  respeito,  diz  o  snr.  dr.  Tavares  Bas-
tos,  citar  os  esclarecimentos  prestados  a  camara  dos  de-
putados  pelo  ministro  das  obras  publicas  em  1861,  conse-
lheiro  Manoel  Felizardo.  Segundo  elle,  de  i853  a  1861  as
despezas  com  a  emigracao  e  a  reparticao  das  terras  publicas
subiram  a  4:32o:3i7jJooo  reis,  que  se  fizeram  por  virtude
das  leis  do  ornamento  ou  pelo  credito  especial  de  i856.  A
mèdia,  pois,  d'esse  periodo  de  8  annos  veiu  a  ser  de  reis
540:000^000,  despeza  equivalente  a  que  hoje  (1867)  se  faz.

### Analysis ###
The user is asking about common debates or issues discussed in historical parliamentary sessions and how leaders navigate these discussions. The references provided span various topics, including military strategy, political thought, and colonial policies. 

1. **Clausewitz, Carl von. On War. Edited by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, Princeton University Press, 1976, pp. 289-295.**: This text discusses the use of historical examples in military strategy and the critique of critics who misuse these examples.

2. **Müller, Friedrich. The Political Thought of German Evangelical Socialists: A Conservative Critique. Berlin: Historische Verlag, 1895.**: This reference focuses on the political views of German Evangelical socialists, their attitudes towards Catholicism and Protestantism, and their critiques of Parliamentary systems.

3. **Cardoso de Menezes, Joaquim. Theses sobre a Colonização do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional, 1875.**: This text deals with Brazilian colonization and emigration policies, focusing on the number of immigrants and the financial implications of such policies.

Based on the context, the most relevant references for answering the query are **Clausewitz** and **Müller**, as they provide insights into historical debates within a parliamentary context. The **Cardoso de Menezes** text, while informative about colonial policies, does not directly address parliamentary discussions or leadership strategies.

### Answer ###
Historical parliamentary sessions have been marked by a variety of debates and issues, often reflecting broader societal and political concerns. One notable discussion revolves around the use of historical examples in policymaking. According to Clausewitz, "the nature of war is revealed to us only by historical experience" and misusing these examples can lead to significant errors in military strategy<ref name="Clausewitz">Clausewitz, Carl von. On War. Edited by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, Princeton University Press, 1976, pp. 289-295.</ref>. This highlights the importance of accurate historical context in making informed decisions.

In addition, leaders must navigate complex political landscapes, as illustrated by the German Evangelical socialists' critique of Parliamentary systems. These groups often viewed Parliamentary parties as representing "the egotism of the middle-classes" and saw monarchs as more likely to defend the interests of the poor and oppressed<ref name="Müller">Müller, Friedrich. The Political Thought of German Evangelical Socialists: A Conservative Critique. Berlin: Historische Verlag, 1895.</ref>. This perspective influenced their stance on monarchy and the role of the state in addressing social issues.

Leaders often face the challenge of balancing different interests and maintaining public support. For instance, in Germany, anti-parliamentary sentiments were common, partly due to the tradition of monarchies that considered themselves protectors of national interests<ref name="Müller">Müller, Friedrich. The Political Thought of German Evangelical Socialists: A Conservative Critique. Berlin: Historische Verlag, 1895.</ref>.

These historical perspectives demonstrate that parliamentary discussions have long been shaped by differing opinions on the efficacy of parliamentary representation and the role of monarchs in governance. Leaders must navigate these debates carefully, considering historical precedents and the diverse interests of their constituencies. 