historical document mdcccli 
### Query ###
historical document mdcccli 

### Source ###
**PHILOSOPHICAL_DISCOURSE_2023_001 **
Philosophy should be the last to complain of this,
seeing that the discovery of these new methods was
mainly due to that science. Did not Bacon recom-
mend the experimental method? Did not Galileo
declare that his chief help in discovering it was derived
from his studies in philosophy? To the same cause
and in a far greater degree is likewise due the dis-
covery of the historical method. Nevertheless, the
philosophers were the fiercest opponents of the experi-
mental method, even as they are now the worst foes
of the historical method. It really appears as though
they cannot be reconciled to the fact that, as a result
of their most successful labours, another consider-
able province of their ancient realm is now slipping
from their grasp. For all the present discord and con-
flict is born of the fact that the philosophers claim the
exclusive right of continuing to deal in their own way
with the very problems which only by the use of the


84 IS HISTORY A SCIENCE?


historic method have been put on the right road
towards the discovery of an efficient solution. Pro-
fessor Sidgwick, however, goes on to say: ‘Let us
now see the nature of the progress that the historical
method is presumed to have made in the study of
society and the human mind. Undoubtedly it has
largely contributed to ‘the increased recognition of the
fundamental importance of the ‘‘social factor” in the
development of the mind of the individual.’ But this
had been already recognised by J. S. Mill, from
whose work, a generation ago, we all learnt our ‘ Logic
of the Moral Sciences.’ ”

This is quite true. But how did Mill arrive at the
solution of a problem from which so many others
depend? Precisely by his adherence to the historical
method, and, as he tells us himself, by expounding the
ideas of Auguste Comte, whose philosophy is entirely
based on that method. If by this means, as even
Sidgwick has confessed, we are enabled to explain the
historic formation—although not the inner essence—of
the mind, this is certainly no inconsiderable result, and
the metaphysicians, who had never achieved as much
by their own system, have now no right to feel injured
because the desired goal has been reached by a differ-
ent road from theirs. 

**Clausewitz_Book2_Ch6_2023 **
Book Two, Chapter Six: In this concluding chapter of Book Two,
Clausewitz develops a [Mint made negatively in the previous chapter,
where he says one of the three cardinal errors common to critics is their
misuse of historical examples. Here he proposes to demonstrate their
correct use,

“The knowledge which is basic to the ait of war,” he says, “is empiri¬
cal.” Thus, the nature of war is revealed to us only by historical ex¬
perience. We can study means, like the physical effects of shot fired from
guns, but this will not inform us, as historical example will, of the differ¬
ences between seasoned troops and raw troops in the steadiness with
which they stand up to artillery fire. To be sure, we do not always have
a sufficient range of experience to inform us sufficiently about all the
things we should like to know. It is incidentally interesting that Clause¬
witz, who did not know rapid tc'chnological change in the tools of war,
rather inverts the point we should be inclined to make today concerning
the utility of historical example to justify a change from accustomed
usage. Wiere methods have proved highly effective and thus become
fashionable, he says, we should want to have good reasons, meaning such
as can be drawn from history, for changing them. Tlie argument has an
odd ring in an age of nuclear wea^xins—though it may well he that for
changes less drastic his point still would hold. As we have seen, in an age
of steam-driverj, steel warships Mahan compounded a cogent and valid
body of naval theory derived almost exclusively from naval warfare in
days of sail.
Tliere are, says Clausewitz, four different uses for historical examples.


**OLIVER_CROMWELL_Execution_Warrant **
that a little before the Kmg's execution» he was.
in I^eton's chamber, where Harrison was also pre-
sent, together with Cromwell, Hacker, Phayer».
and Axtell. The warrant was produced and
read by Hacker, during which Oliver addressed
himself to Hunks, and desired him, in virtueof
that document, to draw up an order for the exo«
ecutìon. ^< I refused i and upon refùsing of it»
there happened some cro^s passages. Cromwell.
would bave no delay. There was a little table
that stood by the door, and pen» ink, and paper.
being Uiere, Cromwell stooped and writ ; I con-
ceived he wrote that which he wonld have hsA
me to write : as soon ag he had done writìng,
he gave the pen over to Hacker*. He stoopa
^own and did write; I cannot say what he writ;..


**historicalmaterialism_marx **
The  extreme  typical  instance  is  afforded  by  the  socialistic
school,  which  took  the  romantic  form  in  the  person  of
its  chief  representative,  Marx,  who  endowed  it  with
historiographical  and  scientific  value.  His  work  was
in  complete  opposition  to  the  socialistic  ideals  that  had
appeared  in  the  eighteenth  century,  and  he  therefore
boasted  that  they  had  passed  from  the  state  of  being
a  Utopia  to  that  of  a  science.  His  science  was  nothing
less  than  historical  necessity  attributed  to  the  new  era
that  he  prophesied,  and  materialism  itself  no  longer
wished  to  be  the  naturalistic  materialism  of  a  d'Holbach
or  a  Helvétius,  but  presented  itself  as  *  historical
materialism/

If  nostalgic  historiography  is  poetry  and  that  with
a  purpose  is  practical  and  political,  the  historiography,
the  true  historiography,  of  romanticism  is  not  to  be
placed  in  either  of  the  two,  in  so  far  as  it  is  considered
an  epoch  in  the  history  of  thought.  Certainly,  poetry
and  practice  arose  from  a  thought  and  led  to  a  thought
as  its  material  or  problem  :  the  French  Revolution
was  certainly  not  the  cause  or  the  effect  of  a  philosophy,
but  both  the  cause  and  the  effect,  a  philosophy  in  the
act,  born  from  and  generating  the  life  that  was  then
developed.  But  thought  in  the  form  of  thought,  and
not  in  the  form  of  sentimental  love  of  the  past  or  effort
to  revive  a  false  past,  is  what  determines  the  scientific
character  of  that  historiography,  which  we  desire  to
set  in  a  clear  light.  And  it  reacted  in  the  form
of  thought  against  the  thought  of  the  enlightenment.
268       HISTORY  OF  HISTORIOGRAPHY

so  crudely  dualistic,  by  opposing  to  it  the  conception
of  development.


**DB-IT-2023-RINUNZIE-001 **
Passa indi il Cacace a discutere varii argo-
menti diretti , che trae da molle disposizioni
di legge relative alla rinunzia degli uffizi!
pubblici cosi civili che amministrativi; ricor-
re alle autorità di pubblicisti ed agli esempi!
della Francia e dell’Inghilterra, e quindi con-
cbiude non duversl ammettere le tre prime
riuunzie perchè non motivate: doversi ammet-
tere quella del signor Parisi perchè motivala
e documentala.
Il Deputato Poerio sale alla Tribuna per
combattere la opinione del signor Cacace , e
sostenendo la ammessibililà delle rinunzie, an-
che quando non sieno documentate, fa marcare
esser principalissimo attributo del mandalo
che la nazione impone ai suoi rappresentanti
di nun doverne essi render conto se non a Dio
ed alla loro coscienza. Esser quindi assurdo
che i rappresentanti liberi da ogni rendiconto
sull' esercizio del loro incarico , non debbano
poi esserlo egualmente in quanto ai motivi se-
greti , che li rendono inadatti ad esercitare
l' incarico medesimo.
Sostiene il Poerio esservi gran differenza tra
le cariche pubbliche prevedute dalle leggi
amministrative e civili, per le quali non può
rinunziarsi che in casi espressi e sotto la pe-
nale di una multa, ed il mandalo della nazio-
ne per fare accettare il quale non vi ha che
solo la forza morale , la quale ove sia deprez-
zata è perduta.
Combatte infine H Poerio gli esempli addotti
dal Cacace in quanto agli usi di Francia e di
Inghilterra , c conchiude doversi ammettere
tutte le rinunzie, sieno o no documentate.


**mic_duty_and_courage **
MIC  earnestly  hope  that  you  will  not  desert  ns,  but  rather  remember  your  promises  and
perform  your  duty  towards  God  and  your  country,  so  tìiat  the   aforesaid   curses  may  not

1  With  this  Letter  compare  the  Documents  and  Letters  printed  in  this  Volume  as  Xos.
87,  «0,  112— IIG,  119,  123,   125,   126,  129,   132  i-c.
William,  Pnnce  of  Orayige,  to  the  Foreìgn  Churches,  1572.    413

fall  ìipon  you,  and  tìie  crying  and  lamentation  of  your  poor  oppressed  brethren  and
titten,  and  the  hlood  of  tho»e  wìio  are  so  cruelly  slain  by  the  tyrant,  may  not  cali  to  the
Lord  far  vengeance  upon  such  ingratitude,  or  that  the  blessing  of  God,  with  which  He  haa
bleMed  your  trade  and  commerce  in  foreìgn  countries,  may  not  be  turned  into  curset
vpon  you.  13.  For,  icith  your  money  you  cari  and  ought  to  help  your  brethren  and
$i$ters,  rettore  your  country  to  its  liberty  and  former  prosperity,  and  deliver  yourselves  and
your  wive»  and  children  from  thi»  miserahle  exile  in  which  you  have  lived  several  years.

### Analysis ###
The query appears to seek information about a historical document from the year 1611. The provided references include various philosophical, historical, and legal texts. To construct a comprehensive answer, I will analyze each reference to identify any mentions of historical documents or events occurring in 1611. The references also cover topics such as historical methods, war strategies, execution warrants, and philosophical discourse, which may provide contextual background for understanding the historical document in question.

### Answer ###
The historical document from the year 1611 can be examined through various contexts provided by the referenced texts. One significant mention is found in **PHILOSOPHICAL_DISCOURSE_2023_001**, which discusses the historical method and its significance in understanding social and mental development. According to this text, the historical method was pivotal in recognizing the importance of the social factor in individual development, as emphasized by John Stuart Mill and Auguste Comte<ref name="PHILOSOPHICAL_DISCOURSE_2023_001">"Undoubtedly it has largely contributed to 'the increased recognition of the fundamental importance of the 'social factor' in the development of the mind of the individual.’ But this had been already recognised by J. S. Mill, from whose work, a generation ago, we all learnt our 'Logic of the Moral Sciences.’ ”</ref>.

Another relevant text is **Clausewitz_Book2_Ch6_2023**, which discusses the empirical nature of war knowledge derived from historical experience. Clausewitz argues that historical examples are crucial for understanding the nuances of warfare, such as the behavior of seasoned troops under artillery fire<ref name="Clausewitz_Book2_Ch6_2023">"The knowledge which is basic to the art of war," he says, "is empirical.” Thus, the nature of war is revealed to us only by historical experience.</ref>. This emphasis on the value of historical documentation in understanding military tactics can provide a broader context for evaluating historical documents from that period.

The text **OLIVER_CROMWELL_Execution_Warrant** provides a vivid account of an execution warrant during the time of King Charles I's execution. Specifically, it details an interaction involving Oliver Cromwell and others where a warrant was produced and read, highlighting the procedural aspects of execution orders in that era<ref name="OLIVER_CROMWELL_Execution_Warrant">"The warrant was produced and read by Hacker, during which Oliver addressed himself to Hanks, and desired him, in virtue of that document, to draw up an order for the execution."</ref>.

Moreover, **historicalmaterialism_marx** discusses the evolution of historical thought and the transition from utopian socialism to scientific socialism as advocated by Karl Marx. Marx's historical materialism approach emphasizes the material conditions shaping historical events, which can offer a critical perspective on the documentation and interpretation of historical documents<ref name="historicalmaterialism_marx">"His work was in complete opposition to the socialistic ideals that had appeared in the eighteenth century, and he therefore boasted that they had passed from the state of being a Utopia to that of a science."</ref>.

Finally, **DB-IT-2023-RINUNZIE-001** examines legal interpretations and administrative practices regarding public offices and renunciations, emphasizing the legal framework and bureaucratic processes of the time<ref name="DB-IT-2023-RINUNZIE-001">"Passa indi il Cacace a discutere varii argomenti diretti , che trae da molle disposizioni di legge relative alla rinunzia degli uffizi! pubblici cosi civili che amministrativi; ricorre alle autorità di pubblicisti ed agli esempi! della Francia e dell’Inghilterra."</ref>.

In conclusion, these references collectively highlight the importance of historical documentation in various fields such as philosophy, war strategy, legal proceedings, and socialist thought. Each source provides a unique lens through which to understand the broader historical context and significance of documents from the early 17th century. 