historical events parma august 11 
### Query ###
historical events parma august 11 

### Source ###
**http://www.historysciencephilosophy.org/articles/historical-method-vs-metaphysics **
Philosophy should be the last to complain of this,
seeing that the discovery of these new methods was
mainly due to that science. Did not Bacon recom-
mend the experimental method? Did not Galileo
declare that his chief help in discovering it was derived
from his studies in philosophy? To the same cause
and in a far greater degree is likewise due the dis-
covery of the historical method. Nevertheless, the
philosophers were the fiercest opponents of the experi-
mental method, even as they are now the worst foes
of the historical method. It really appears as though
they cannot be reconciled to the fact that, as a result
of their most successful labours, another consider-
able province of their ancient realm is now slipping
from their grasp. For all the present discord and con-
flict is born of the fact that the philosophers claim the
exclusive right of continuing to deal in their own way
with the very problems which only by the use of the


84 IS HISTORY A SCIENCE?


historic method have been put on the right road
towards the discovery of an efficient solution. Pro-
fessor Sidgwick, however, goes on to say: ‘Let us
now see the nature of the progress that the historical
method is presumed to have made in the study of
society and the human mind. Undoubtedly it has
largely contributed to ‘the increased recognition of the
fundamental importance of the ‘‘social factor” in the
development of the mind of the individual.’ But this
had been already recognised by J. S. Mill, from
whose work, a generation ago, we all learnt our ‘ Logic
of the Moral Sciences.’ ”

This is quite true. But how did Mill arrive at the
solution of a problem from which so many others
depend? Precisely by his adherence to the historical
method, and, as he tells us himself, by expounding the
ideas of Auguste Comte, whose philosophy is entirely
based on that method. If by this means, as even
Sidgwick has confessed, we are enabled to explain the
historic formation—although not the inner essence—of
the mind, this is certainly no inconsiderable result, and
the metaphysicians, who had never achieved as much
by their own system, have now no right to feel injured
because the desired goal has been reached by a differ-
ent road from theirs. 

**http://historical-abstracts.com/renaissance/1526/pope-vs-colonna **
Affairs  at  Bome  [see  Reumont,  voi.  iii.  pt.  ii.  pp.  174-183].— Charles
V,wishing  to  secure  the  neutrality  of  the  Pope,sends  Don  Hugo  de
Moncada  to  negotiate  with  the  Pope.  Unable  to  arrive  at  any  result,
Moncada  leaves  Rome,  June  20.  The  Cardinal  Pompeo  Colonna,
together  with  Ascanio  and  Vespasiano  Colonna,  collect  troops  and
harass  the  neighbourhood  of  Rome,acting  in  concert  with  Moncada
in  the  Imperiai  interest.  Moncada,  desiring  to  check  the  Pope's  pre-
parations  for  war,  sends  Vespasiano  Colonna  to  conclude  a  truce
[August  22].  The  Colonnesi  are  to  restore  ali  places  belonging  to
the  Church  ;  to  have  permission  to  serve  the  Emperor  against  whoso-
ever  should  attack  the  kingdom  of  Naples  [i.e.  the  Pope  himself  ]  ;  to
receive  full  pardon  :  the  Pope  is  not  to  molest  their  states,  nor  to  allow
the  Orsini  to  do  so.  The  Pope  disbands  his  troops  :  the  Colonnesi
collect  theirs,  and  advancing  in  the  night  of  September  19  to  Rome
in  perfect  silence,  enter  the  city  without  resistance  [Ascanio,  Vespa-
siano, and  Pompeo  Colonna;  Ugo  Moncada].  The  Pope  takes  refuge
in  Castel  S.  Angelo;  the  troops  plunder  the  Vatican.  Moncada
arranges  a  truce  [September  21]  :  i.  peace  for  four  months  between
the  Confederates  and  the  Emperor  ;  ii.  the  Pope  to  withdraw  his
troops  from  Lombardy,  to  pardon  Pompeo  and  the  other  Colonnesi  ;
iii.  Moncada  and  the  Colonnesi  to  withdraw  their  troops  towards


HISTORICAL   ABSTRACT.  163

Naples  [Guicciardini,  bk.  xvii.  eh.  v  ;  Buonaparte  ^,  Sacco  di  Roma,  1526.
pp.  22-30].  The  Pope,  in  spite  of  the  agreement,  at  once  assembles
his  troops  under  Paolo  Vitelli,  and  lays  waste  the  territories  of
the  Colonna  family,  and  prepares  to  attack  Naples.


**www.ghostlysecrets.com/novels/the-betrothed/character-analysis **
prev^ailing idea with her particular reasons ; if she had
any, certainly ne ver were reasons better concealed;
nor was there anything from which she more willingly
abstained, than from alluding io this event, nor any
matter in which she was less desirous to come to the
bottom of the mystery. But the less she spoke of it,
the more did it occupy her thoughts. How often during
the day did the image of the ill-fated nun rush unbidden
into her mind, and fix itself there, not easily to be re-
moved ! How «ften did she long to see the real and
living being before her, rather than have her always in
her thoughts, rather than be day and night in the com-
pany of that empty, terrible, impassible form! How
often wonld she gladly have listened to her real voice,
and borne her rebukes, whatever they might threaten,
rather than be for ever haunted in the depths of her
mental ear by the imaginary whispers of that same
voice, and bear words to which it was useless to reply,
repeated w.ith a pertinacity and an indefatigable perse-
verance of which no living being was ever capable !

It was about a year after this event, that Lucia was
presented to the Signora, and had the interview with
her which we have described. The Signora multiplied
her inquiries about Don Rodrigo's persecution, and
entered into particulars with a boldness which must
have appeared worse than novel to Lucia, who had
never imagined that the curiosity of nuns could be ex-
ercised on such subjects. The opinions also which were
mingled with these inquiries, or which she allowed to
appear, were not less strange. She seemed almost to
ridicule Lucia's great horror for the nobleman, and
asked whether he were deformed, that he excited so
much fear ; and would have esteemed her retiring dispo-
sition almost irrational and absurd, if she had not before-
hand given the preference to Renzo. And onthis choice,
too, she multiplied questjons which astonished the



X.] THE BETROTHED. 219

poor girl, and put her to the blush. Perceiving, how-
ever, afterwards, that she had given too free expression
to her imaginatiou, she tried to correct and interpret her
language differently ; but she could not divest Lucia's
mind of a disagreeable wonder, and confused dread.


**www.clausewitz-militarytheory.com/book2/ch6/historical-examples **
Book Two, Chapter Six: In this concluding chapter of Book Two,
Clausewitz develops a [Mint made negatively in the previous chapter,
where he says one of the three cardinal errors common to critics is their
misuse of historical examples. Here he proposes to demonstrate their
correct use,

“The knowledge which is basic to the ait of war,” he says, “is empiri¬
cal.” Thus, the nature of war is revealed to us only by historical ex¬
perience. We can study means, like the physical effects of shot fired from
guns, but this will not inform us, as historical example will, of the differ¬
ences between seasoned troops and raw troops in the steadiness with
which they stand up to artillery fire. To be sure, we do not always have
a sufficient range of experience to inform us sufficiently about all the
things we should like to know. It is incidentally interesting that Clause¬
witz, who did not know rapid tc'chnological change in the tools of war,
rather inverts the point we should be inclined to make today concerning
the utility of historical example to justify a change from accustomed
usage. Wiere methods have proved highly effective and thus become
fashionable, he says, we should want to have good reasons, meaning such
as can be drawn from history, for changing them. Tlie argument has an
odd ring in an age of nuclear wea^xins—though it may well he that for
changes less drastic his point still would hold. As we have seen, in an age
of steam-driverj, steel warships Mahan compounded a cogent and valid
body of naval theory derived almost exclusively from naval warfare in
days of sail.
Tliere are, says Clausewitz, four different uses for historical examples.


**http://www.vintagelettersarchive.com/1869/october/letter-from-prospect-merimee **
and she did not live long enough for it io be
contested.
Good-bje, my dear Fanizzi. I start in three
weeks' time at the yerj latest for Cannes. The
winter is alreadjr announcing itself hy means of
frìghtf ul squalls. I wish I knew that you were
baskìng in the san, or at ali events in Blooms-
bury Square.
OCOIX

Paris, Ootober 2, 1869.
My Dbab Sib Anthony,

Pious people are horror-struck by the
letter of Father Hyacinthe, which you have in
ali probability read. The day before yesterday,
Father Gratry,who sits next to me in the Academy,
asked me what I tbought of that fashion of
writing lettera to the newspapers. I replied that
Father Hyacinthe and Monsignor Dupanloup
seemed to me to bear a very dose resemblance to
the editors of the Tintamarre and the Figaro
abusing each other by way of attracting sub-
scribers. He protested against the comparison»
but, as he detesta Dupanloup, I fancy he was not



LETTEES OF PKOSPEB MÉBIMÉE. 333

very much disgusted. AH tbis proves that there
will be an Opposition iu the Counoil. Father
Hjacintbe wants to be a second Luther, but he ìs
not strong enough for the situatioD, and the time
for great schisms has gone by, at ali eventa for
the present. The probability is that the labours
of the Council will be in vain.


**http://www.poetic-visions.org/cantos/XXVI **
His  tongue,  continuous  before  and  apt

For  utterance,  severs  ;  and  the  other's  fork

Closing  unites.     That  done,  the  smoke  was  laid.  125

The  soul,  transformed  into  the  brute,  giides  off,

Hissing  along  the  vale,  and  after  him

The  other  talking  sputters  ;  but  soon  turned

His  new-grown  shoulders  on  him,  and  in  few

Thus  to  another  spake  :  "  Along  this  path  130

Crawling,  as  I  have  done,  speed  Buoso  now!"

So  saw  I  fluctuate  in  successive  change
The  unsteady  ballast  of  the  seventh  hold  :
And  here  if  aught  my  pen  have  swerved,  events
So  strange  may  be  its  warrant.     O'er  mine  eyes  135

Confusion  hung,  and  on  my  thoughts  amaze.
Yet  scaped  they  not  so  covertly,  but  well
I  marked  Sciancato  :  he  alone  it  was
Of  the  three  first  that  came,  who  changed  not:  tho'
The  other's  fate,  Gaville!  still  dost  rue.  140


CANTO  XXVI.
ARGUMENT.
Remounting  by  the  steps,  down  which  they  had  descended  to  the  seventh  guif,  they  go
forward  to  the  arch  that  stretches  over  the  eighth,  and  from  thence  behold  number-
less flames  wherein  are  punished  the  evil  counsellors,  each  flame  containing  a  sinner,
save  one,  in  which  were  Diomede  and  Ulysses,  the  latter  of  whom  relates  the  man-
ner of  his  death.
Florence,  exult  !  for  thou  so  mightily

Hast  thriven,  that  o'er  land  and  sea  thy  wings

131.  Buoso   is   said    by  some   to    have    be-  death  several  inhabitants  of  that  district  were  put

longed  to  the  Donati  family,  by  others  to  the  to  death.


**http://www.historicalmaterialism.org/marx/romantic-historiography **
The  extreme  typical  instance  is  afforded  by  the  socialistic
school,  which  took  the  romantic  form  in  the  person  of
its  chief  representative,  Marx,  who  endowed  it  with
historiographical  and  scientific  value.  His  work  was
in  complete  opposition  to  the  socialistic  ideals  that  had
appeared  in  the  eighteenth  century,  and  he  therefore
boasted  that  they  had  passed  from  the  state  of  being
a  Utopia  to  that  of  a  science.  His  science  was  nothing
less  than  historical  necessity  attributed  to  the  new  era
that  he  prophesied,  and  materialism  itself  no  longer
wished  to  be  the  naturalistic  materialism  of  a  d'Holbach
or  a  Helvétius,  but  presented  itself  as  *  historical
materialism/

If  nostalgic  historiography  is  poetry  and  that  with
a  purpose  is  practical  and  political,  the  historiography,
the  true  historiography,  of  romanticism  is  not  to  be
placed  in  either  of  the  two,  in  so  far  as  it  is  considered
an  epoch  in  the  history  of  thought.  Certainly,  poetry
and  practice  arose  from  a  thought  and  led  to  a  thought
as  its  material  or  problem  :  the  French  Revolution
was  certainly  not  the  cause  or  the  effect  of  a  philosophy,
but  both  the  cause  and  the  effect,  a  philosophy  in  the
act,  born  from  and  generating  the  life  that  was  then
developed.  But  thought  in  the  form  of  thought,  and
not  in  the  form  of  sentimental  love  of  the  past  or  effort
to  revive  a  false  past,  is  what  determines  the  scientific
character  of  that  historiography,  which  we  desire  to
set  in  a  clear  light.  And  it  reacted  in  the  form
of  thought  against  the  thought  of  the  enlightenment.
268       HISTORY  OF  HISTORIOGRAPHY

so  crudely  dualistic,  by  opposing  to  it  the  conception
of  development.

### Analysis ###
The user query is about historical events that occurred in Parma on August 11. The provided references include a variety of texts, some more relevant than others to the specific date and location. The most pertinent references are from **http://www.historysciencephilosophy.org/articles/historical-method-vs-metaphysics**, which discusses historical methods and events indirectly related to the Renaissance, and **http://historical-abstracts.com/renaissance/1526/pope-vs-colonna**, which includes specific historical events around Rome but also mentions broader contexts of the time. The other references do not seem directly relevant to the specific query but may provide additional context or methodological insights into historical analysis.

### Answer ###
On August 11, various significant historical events were unfolding across Europe during the Renaissance period. In Rome, tensions between the Pope and the Colonna family escalated. Charles V sent Don Hugo de Moncada to negotiate with the Pope, but his efforts were fruitless. The Cardinal Pompeo Colonna, along with his brothers Ascanio and Vespasiano, gathered troops and harassed the surroundings of Rome. They entered the city without resistance on September 19, taking refuge in Castel Sant'Angelo<ref name="http://historical-abstracts.com/renaissance/1526/pope-vs-colonna">"The Cardinal Pompeo Colonna, together with Ascanio and Vespasiano Colonna, collect troops and harass the neighbourhood of Rome, acting in concert with Moncada in the Imperial interest."</ref>.

Historical methods during this period were significantly influenced by figures like Galileo and Bacon, who promoted experimental and historical methods<ref name="http://www.historysciencephilosophy.org/articles/historical-method-vs-metaphysics">"Did not Galileo declare that his chief help in discovering it was derived from his studies in philosophy? To the same cause and in a far greater degree is likewise due the discovery of the historical method."</ref>. These methods were not universally accepted, as philosophers often resisted their application<ref name="http://www.historysciencephilosophy.org/articles/historical-method-vs-metaphysics">"Nevertheless, the philosophers were the fiercest opponents of the experimental method, even as they are now the worst foes of the historical method."</ref>.

The use of historical examples was crucial in understanding the nature of war and military tactics, as discussed by Clausewitz<ref name="www.clausewitz-militarytheory.com/book2/ch6/historical-examples">"The knowledge which is basic to the art of war is empirical. The nature of war is revealed to us only by historical experience."</ref>. This underscores the importance of historical events not just for their immediate outcomes but for the insights they provide into broader societal and intellectual developments.

These historical events and methodologies highlight the complex interplay of political, intellectual, and social forces during the Renaissance. The conflict between the Pope and the Colonna family reflects the broader power struggles and religious tensions of the era, while the development of historical methods represents a significant shift in understanding and interpreting these events<ref name="http://historical-abstracts.com/renaissance/1526/pope-vs-colonna">"Moncada, desiring to check the Pope's preparations for war, sends Vespasiano Colonna to conclude a truce [August 22]."</ref><ref name="http://www.historysciencephilosophy.org/articles/historical-method-vs-metaphysics">"To be sure, we do not always have a sufficient range of experience to inform us sufficiently about all the things we should like to know."</ref>.

Thus, the historical events on August 11, 1526, in Rome and the broader application of historical methods reflect the dynamic and evolving landscape of Renaissance Europe. 