What kind of scientific and medical studies were being published in the late 19th century? 
### Query ###
What kind of scientific and medical studies were being published in the late 19th century? 

### Source ###
**historicalmaterialism.org/marx-romantic-historiography **
The  extreme  typical  instance  is  afforded  by  the  socialistic
school,  which  took  the  romantic  form  in  the  person  of
its  chief  representative,  Marx,  who  endowed  it  with
historiographical  and  scientific  value.  His  work  was
in  complete  opposition  to  the  socialistic  ideals  that  had
appeared  in  the  eighteenth  century,  and  he  therefore
boasted  that  they  had  passed  from  the  state  of  being
a  Utopia  to  that  of  a  science.  His  science  was  nothing
less  than  historical  necessity  attributed  to  the  new  era
that  he  prophesied,  and  materialism  itself  no  longer
wished  to  be  the  naturalistic  materialism  of  a  d'Holbach
or  a  Helvétius,  but  presented  itself  as  *  historical
materialism/

If  nostalgic  historiography  is  poetry  and  that  with
a  purpose  is  practical  and  political,  the  historiography,
the  true  historiography,  of  romanticism  is  not  to  be
placed  in  either  of  the  two,  in  so  far  as  it  is  considered
an  epoch  in  the  history  of  thought.  Certainly,  poetry
and  practice  arose  from  a  thought  and  led  to  a  thought
as  its  material  or  problem  :  the  French  Revolution
was  certainly  not  the  cause  or  the  effect  of  a  philosophy,
but  both  the  cause  and  the  effect,  a  philosophy  in  the
act,  born  from  and  generating  the  life  that  was  then
developed.  But  thought  in  the  form  of  thought,  and
not  in  the  form  of  sentimental  love  of  the  past  or  effort
to  revive  a  false  past,  is  what  determines  the  scientific
character  of  that  historiography,  which  we  desire  to
set  in  a  clear  light.  And  it  reacted  in  the  form
of  thought  against  the  thought  of  the  enlightenment.
268       HISTORY  OF  HISTORIOGRAPHY

so  crudely  dualistic,  by  opposing  to  it  the  conception
of  development.


**http://www.classicilibreriaitaliana.it/opere/matthew-lewis/il-monaco **
1979, Carmelo Bene, Il rosa e il nero. Versione teatrale n. 1 da “Il
monaco” di Matthew Gregory Lewis, M.L. Giusti, Firenze; poi in Opere,
Bompiani (“Classici”), Milano 2002, pp. 675-748.
2010, Il Monaco, tr. di Mario Manzari, con un saggio di Samuel Taylor
Coleridge, Mondadori (“Oscar classici”, 317), Milano.
Bibliografia della critica


STUDI BIO-BIBLIOGRAFICI, RICORDI E TESTIMONIANZE


Baron-Wilson, Mrs. Margaret Cornwall, The Life and Correspondence of
M.G. Lewis, author of “The Monk”, “Castle Spectre” etc. with many
pieces in prose and verse never before published, Henry Colburn,
London 1839.
Church, Elizabeth, A Bibliographical Myth, “Modem Philology”, 19
(1922), pp. 307-314.
Fisher, Benjamin Franklin IV, Lewis, Matthew Gregory (17751818). British,
in The Gothic* Gothic. Study Aids to the Tradition of the Tale of Terror,
Garland, New York 1988, pp. 28-33.
Frank, Frederick S., Matthew Gregory “Monk” Lewis, in Guide to the
Gothic. An Annotated Bibliography of Criticism, Scarecrow Press,
Metuchen 1984, pp. 87-98. —, Matthew Gregory “Monk” Lewis, in
Gothic Fiction. A Master List of Twentieth-Century Criticism and
Research, Meckler (“Meckler’s Bibliographies on Science Fiction,
Fantasy, and Horror”, 3), Westport 1987, pp. 31-36. —, The First Gothics.
A Critical Guide to the English Gothic Novel, Garland Publishing, New
York 1987, pp. 208-214. —, Guide to the Gothic II. An Annotated
Bibliography of Criticism (1983-1993), Scarecrow Press/Upa, Lanham
1995, pp. 125-137. —, “The Monk” After Two Hundred Years, 17961996.
A Bicentenary Bibliography, “Bulletin of Bibliography”, 52 (1995), pp.
241-260.
Lévy, Maurice, Matthew G. Lewis, “The Monk”. Bibliographie selective et
critique, “Bulletin de la Société d’ études Anglo-Américaines des xVII° et
xv siècles”, 21 (1985), pp. 69-83.
Magnier, Mireille, Lewis planteur aux Indes Occidentales, “Mythes,
Croyances et Religions dans le Monde Anglo-Saxon”, 4 (1986), pp. 109-
116.


**http://www.clausewitz-edition-history.com/OnWar/reception-and-impact **
25




MICHAEL HOWABD


The Infitience of Clausewitz


When Clausevvitz’s widow published On War in 1832 a year after her
husband’s death, it was received with a respect which may have owed
more to Clausewitz's reputation as one of the great generation of Prus¬
sian military reformers, a pupil of Scharnhorst and a close colleague of
Gneisenau, than to any deep or widespread study of its contents, "I’he
streams whose crystal floods pour over nuggets of pure gold,” warned one
tactful reviewer, "do not flow in any flat and accessible river bed but in a
narrow rocky valley surrounded by gigantic Ideas, and over its entrance
the mighty Spirit stands guard like a cherub with his sword, turning back
all who expect to be admitted at the usual price for a play of ideas.”’ In
other words he found it heavy going, and he was clearly not the only-
reader to do so. The first edition of 1500 copies was still not exhausted
twenty years later when the publishers decided to issue a new one. This
time many of the obscurities in the original text—obscurities perhaps in¬
evitable in the posthumous publication of so large and complex a work
by a devoted but inexpert widow—were clarified by the liberal revisions
and corrections of the author s brother-in-law, the Count Friedrich von
Briihl No further edition then appeared until 1867, In that year the mili¬
tary writer Wilhelm Riistow devoted a chapter to Clausewitz in his sur¬
vey of The Art of War in the Nineteenth Century but said of him that
lie was “w'ell-kno-w'n but little read,” an aphorism which has lost none of
its accuracy with the passage of time. But even those who had not read
him knew that his teachings embodied that freedom of thinking, that
emphasis on the creative action of the individual and disdain for formal¬
ism which had Iain at the root of Schamhoist’s reforms of the Prussian
Army and which Scharnhorst’s successor as War Minister, Hermann
von Boyen, tried to keep alive during the sterile and reactionary period
of the 1840’s. The military conservatives preferred the teaching of Gen¬
eral von Willisen, whose Theorie des grossen Krieges (1840) laid down
positive rules and principles with Jominian dogmatism. Their domi-

1 Prcussache Militair-Literatur Zeitung, i8ji. Quoted by Werner Hablweg in his
introductioji to the sixteenth edition of Vonj Kriege (Bonn, 1952). 
### Analysis ###
The user has asked about the types of scientific and medical studies that were published in the late 19th century. To answer this query, we need to explore various texts from the provided references. The first reference, **historicalmaterialism.org/marx-roman-historiography**, discusses historical materialism and romantic historiography, which seems less relevant to scientific and medical studies. The second reference, **www.classicilibreriaitaliana.it/opere/matthew-lewis/il-monaco**, focuses on literature and does not appear pertinent. The third reference, **www.clausewitz-edition-history.com/OnWar/reception-and-impact**, discusses military strategy and criticism of Clausewitz's work, which also does not seem directly related to scientific or medical studies.

Given the lack of direct relevance in the provided references, it is difficult to construct a well-supported answer based on the given sources. It would be more effective to use primary historical sources or academic databases specifically dedicated to 19th-century science and medicine to address this query accurately.

### Answer ###
Based on the analysis of the provided references, none of the texts offer specific information about scientific and medical studies in the late 19th century. The references primarily discuss topics such as historical materialism, romantic historiography, literary works, and military strategy, which are not directly relevant to the query about scientific and medical studies. For a comprehensive answer, it would be necessary to consult primary historical sources or academic databases focused on 19th-century science and medicine. 