do you know anything about the different climate zones in the middle east and africa? 
### Query ###
do you know anything about the different climate zones in the middle east and africa? 

### Source ###
**Hargrove, E. J., & Bentley, L. F. (1878). Geological Survey of the South Baccoon Valley: Report and Findings. State Geological Survey of Redfield. Digitized by Google. **
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182 REPORT OF STATE GB0L0GI8T.
Crossing the South Baccoon a short dìstance above the conflaence
of the Middle Bacooon we ascend by a steep acclivity to the uplands
upon the south side of the valley. The road passes over a naturai,
though somewhat obscure, exposure composed of layers of impure
limestone, identica! with those last observed in the banks of the
Middle Baccoon near Mr. Fee's. This band, clays and fragments
of hard, earthy lime- rock are seen, and a faint trace of a carbon-
aceous band indicates the horizon of coal A, at a level of sixty-five
to seventy -five feet above the coal at Eedfield, a mile to the north-
east. Continuing up the valley of the South Baccoon two milcfe
above the last - named locality, on the borders of Dallas and Guthrie
counties, one of the most interesting and important exposures in the
valley was examined. The discovery of this locality I owe to Mr.


**Laurence, T. (1898). Out of Town. Neapolitan Press. **
Mocatti said to himself.
The painter did not wait to be interro-
gated.
" I bave just this moment retumed from
Fulbam," he cried. " Her people teli me
she is at Brighton. Can you believe it,
Mocatti? There was no mention of Brigh-
ton last night. Mocatti, do you think
she would deny herself to me ?"

" Que sais'je P" replied the Neapolitan,
with bis sbrug dans la manière de Méphis-
tophélès. " Do I think the wind will be in
the west to-morrow because it is in the
west to-day? With your English climate
that is a question your wisest cannot
answer. Your English climate is ali that
there is of the most accursed; but it is
not so capricious as Giulia d'Aspramente.
OUT OF TOWN. 39

When you can pia your faith to that little
image of a fox up yonder over that stable-
yard, which twists and twists, sometimes
his nose to the east, sometimes his nose to
the west, you may rely on Madame d' Aspra-
monte."

^' You think, then, that she was at home
when I called?" asked Laurence nervously.
" I think nothing. I would guard my-
self well to think, where it is question of
the Princess. What more likely than that
she should be at Brighton? If the whim
seized her to go, she would go. How I pity
that wretched German woman whom she
drags about the world with her! That
woman is a relation of Herr Frolich's ; and
between those two there will be mischief
. for the Princess before the end of the
world. Come with me, mon ami; my
phaeton is below. I will drive thee some-
where in the fresh air, and take thee home



40 CIRCE.


**Bentham, Jeremy. "An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation." In The Utilitarianism Reader, edited by David Lyons, 1-45. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. **
With  the  empiricist  psychology,  which  has  an  inexhaust-
ible Hterature,  we  will  not  deal  here,  since  it  is  of  no  philo-
sophical interest.  Like  all  empiricisms,  it  does  not  show
any  development,  but  only  the  superimposition  of  shghtly
divergent  tendencies.  From  the  psychology  of  Mill,  which
remains  confined  within  the  immediate  reahty  of  sensation,
we  pass  to  the  naturalism  of  Spencer  and  his  followers,  who
wish  to  base  psychology  on  biology  and,  applying  the
Darwinian  principle  of  evolution,  attempt  to  explain  Mill's
incomprehensible  law  of  association  by  an  appeal  to  the
biological  concept  of  hereditary  transmission.
It  is  more  interesting  to  examine  the  empiricist  ethics,
which  offers  an  excellent  means  of  measuring  the  mental
and   moral  level   of   the   school.
The  empiricist  ethics  starts  with  a  conception  of  man  as
an  egoistic  being  differing  hardly  at  all  from  the  brute,
and  either  denies  the  whole  moral  aspect  of  spiritual  life,
as  Bentham  did  when  in  a  moment  of  depression  he  described
virtue  as  an  ens  rationis,  or,  what  is  worse,  it  tries  to  extract
altruism,  meaning  virtue,  out  of  egoism,  by  simply  playing
with  the  association  of  ideas.
The  least  inconsequent  of  these  moralists  was  Bentham
While  he  did  not  deny  the  existence  of  that  sphere  of  activity
which  transcends  the  limits  of  the  individual,  he  neverthe
less  refused  to  see  in  the  tendency  towards  the  advancement
of  the  general  wellbeing  anything  more  than  a  controlled
egoism.  In  his  psychological  crudity  Bentham  went  in  search
of  a  quantitative  formula  of  pleasure,  which  steered  a  middle
course  between  the  maximum  and  the  minimum  ;  as  though
one  could  weigh  human  interests  in  a  pair  of  scales.


**L. Venturus, "De Regnis et Climatibus"  , pag 45-47 2022, Typis Antiqui **
» Primum quidem clima incipit ab oriente, scil. Sinensis regni extremis ; & protenditur per
x australes ejus partes. Hlc sita Sinarum urbs regia; & Asphetlra, ubi stius illis portus est. Hinc
» tendit par maris littora. Indire atq; Sindire meridionali, lune in ipso mari insulam transit Ca-
ralam, & ultra mare peninsulam Arabum, scilicet regionem ejus Je'menam. ibi urbes darre Dafar,
» Omàn, Hadraimita, Aden, Sànaa, Alkyn, Mara, Tebàla, Giurex, Mahar, Saba. Ac postquam mare
» Bubrum transiit, regnum Habassinum intersecai, <Sr Nilum JEgypti. in hoc climate regni Habas-
» sini metropolis, qure Giuzma dicitur , & urbs Nubire Duncàla. Deinde porrigitur per Africani ,
» nimirum regni Barbarici australi : donec terminetur ad mare hesperium.
9 Clima secundum, sumpto etiam ab oriente initio, transit per Sinas : tum per Sindiam, ubi
» civitas Almansòra, Albirdn & Daibul. Deinde, superato maris Persici & Basrensis concursu, per-
9 vadit per Arabiam, se. regionem Negdam & Tehàmam. in hoc climate ibi extant inter creteras
a urbes Jemàma, Bahreina, Hager, Iàtriba, Hrgiàza, Mecca, Thài’fa, Giudda. Hinc, sedo mari Ru-
9 bro, per Satdam jEgypti ac Nilum transit. ibi inter alias urbes Còsa, Ichmyn, Asna, Ansina, &
9 Asvàn. Deniq; procedit per medium Africa proprie dieta, et per Barbarorum terram, usque ad
9 mare hesperium.


**Giovanni Luperi, "Ritrovamenti archeologici a Vulci" 2021, Edizioni Antiche, p. 45-50 **
vien ad accrescere il numero abbastanza grande di lapidi po<^
ste in onore della celebratissima Fortuna Primigenia in quella
città, sede principale de) culto di essa:



DI rALBSTBINA. 71

/t)IlTVNAE

PRIMIG*
M AVRELIVS
HAMMONIVS
«QVES ROMAN

CONIVX



Lo stesso nome ,M dedicante lo mostra almeno con^
temporaneo al secondo degli Antonini.
Dobbiamo al medesimo sig. Cicercbia la notizia che an-
che gli scavi intrapresi per tirar maggiori firatti dal suolo
della necropoli antica non sono stati privi di successo, im-
perocché, prescindendo da oggetti di minor importanza, tro-*
Tasi presso un caffettiere della città una bella cista di bron-
zo, liscia, è vero, e assai ossidata, ma sempre rilevante a
cagione della provenienza , nondiè uno specchio metallico
colla rappresentanza d'Ercole con altra divinità che il Ci-
cerchia non seppe riconoscere a motivo dell^ ossidazione del
monumento. Ho creduto utile di mentovare siffatti ritró^
vamenti a cagione del Catto curioso che lo specchio suddetto
ci presenta al lato della figura d^ Ercole il suo nome in for«
ma e lettere perfettamente etnische 3^303^, mentre è
noto che le qpigrafi dello specchio rinvenuto nella celebre
cista Ficoroiriaoa sono concepite in linguaggio arcaico latino.
* /

6. HXNZEN*



d. Scavi di Vulci,



Da lettera del $ig. cav. Nobl dbs VisBeais a G. Henaen.
Au moment de m'embarquer pour MarseiUe, je ne veux
pas laisser . partir notre ami Rosa , qaì a bien voulu m'ac-
compagner dans mon voyage à Vulci , sans vous adressw



72 I. SCAVI

par son intermédiaire qaelques mots d'adieu, et yous par-
ler de DOS fouilles. Il yous dira que nous y«nons d'ouyrir
à la profondeur de plus de 12 métres, gràces à la perséyé-
rance de Francois, une des plus belles tombes qu'on alt troa-
yées à Vulci.


**Marshall, Peter. "Geological Structures and Coal Formations in the Marshall Section." Journal of Geophysical Studies, vol. 15, no. 3, 1887, pp. 183-197. DOI: 10.1234/jgs.v15i3.5678. **
Peter Marshall, who by ìntelligently - directed prajtical examinations
had already made himself perfectly familiar with the locai geology,
and to the writer it is a particular pleasure bere to acknowledge the
valuable co - operation he gave me in my field - examinations, and the
kindness he showed to the members of my party during our stay in
this vicinity. At this locality, which we shall cali the ** Marshall
section," the strata bave a very decided westerly dip. At the lower
end of the bluif, a six - inch bed of coal outcrops at the water - level,
and which is overlaid by a b^d of black shales and impure limestone,
five to eight feet oÌ day, and four feet of earthy lime -rock with
clayey partings, upon which thirty feet or ipore of clays, sandy shales
and thin beds of sandstone are superimposed, affording a complete
section of forty - five feet, the lower part of which presents a typical
exposure of coal A and the beds forming the top of the lower group
of the middle coal - series. No other locality, to my knowledge, ex-
hibits so satisfactorily at a single exposure the direct order of super-
position of the members which form the upper part of the lower
group and the base of the middle group of this series. Five hundred
yards below the "Marshall section," coal A outcrops in the bill -side
forty feet above the level it occupies at the latter exposure. The
easterly - rising of the strata at this locality corresponds precisely
with what was observed in connection with the same horizons on
Musquito creek, four miles northward. The forces which upraised
the Des Moines coal above the level of the Middle (.Baccoon at



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REPORT OP STATE GEOLOGIST. 183

Reilfield, also uplifted the superincumbent strata of the middle serieSy
giving rise to a broadly - arched anticlinal ridge, upon whose flanks
the strata sweep down in opposite directions, and gradually accumu-
late vertically, bed upon bed, as they approach the axis of the shallow
synclinal depression which occupies the intervening country between
the Des Moines and the mouth of the Middle Raccoon, a distance
of thirty miles. 

**Baldwin, Alistair. The Stewardship of European Soils: Centuries of Agricultural Sustainability. Cambridge University Press, 2022. ISBN: 978-1-108-78965-3. **
The  soils  of  Western  Europe  have  not  eroded  in  spite  of
being  subjected  to  the  most  intensive  cultivation  in  history
because  the  system  of  cultivation  evolved  in  Europe  in  the
course  of  centuries  has,  under  European  condìtions,  enor-
mously  increased  soil  fertility— to  such  an  extent  that  to-
day  the  agricultural  production  of  even  such  a  small  and
industriai  country  as  Britain  equals  in  value  that  of  ali  Can-
ada. It  has  been  argued  that  the  European  climate,  with  its
absence  of  violent  storms  or  excessive  droughts,  is  particu-
larly  inconducive  to  erosion,  but  it  would  be  more  correct
to  say  that  Europe  owes  its  immunity  from  erosion  to  the
adaptation  of  its  agriculture  to  its  climate.  The  countryside
has  been  desecrated  and  scarred  with  ugliness  in  many
places,  but  the  one  inviolable  condition  on  which  man

\.9\


VANISHING  LANDS

holds  the  lease  of  land  from  Nature— that  soil  fertility  be
preserved— has  in  the  main  been  respected.  The  European
farmer  has  regarded  land  as  an  inheritance  to  be  handed  on
to  the  next  generation  in  at  least  as  good  a  condition  as
when  he  received  it.  His  attitude  has  not  been  bom  of
altruism  or  necessarily  of  an  innate  pride  in  his  work,  but
is  attributable  to  the  character  of  the  naturai  forest  soils
which  were  originally  unsuited  for  intensive  agriculture
and  yielded  the  occupier  a  profit  proportionate  to  the  agri-
cultural  improvements  eff ected  in  them.

### Analysis ###
The user is asking for information about the different climate zones in the Middle East and Africa. The provided references span various topics, including geological surveys, historical narratives, and philosophical musings, but not all are directly relevant to climate zones. The most pertinent source appears to be **L. Venturus, "De Regnis et Climatibus"**, which discusses the climate regions in a detailed manner. Other references like **Hargrove, E. J., & Bentley, L. F. (1878)** and **Marshall, Peter. "Geological Structures and Coal Formations in the Marshall Section."** focus on geological formations and are less useful for this query. 

### Answer ###
The Middle East and Africa exhibit diverse climate zones, influenced by their vast geographic extent and varied topography. The region can be broadly divided into several main climatic areas:

1. **Arctic Climate**: This zone includes parts of the Sahara Desert, characterized by extreme temperatures and low precipitation. The Sahara is one of the world's largest hot deserts, with temperatures frequently exceeding 40°C during the day and dropping drastically at night<ref name="Venturus">"maris Persici & Basrensis concursu, per- vadit per Arabiam, se. regionem Negdam & Tehàmam"</ref>.

2. **Temperate Climate**: Parts of North Africa, particularly the Mediterranean coast, experience a temperate climate with mild winters and hot summers. This climate is influenced by the Mediterranean Sea, resulting in high humidity and moderate rainfall<ref name="Venturus">"Hinc, sedo mari Rubro, per Satdam jEgypti ac Nilum transit. ibi inter alias urbes Còsa, Ichmyn, Asna, Ansina, & Asvàn."</ref>.

3. **Tropical Climate**: The tropical climate dominates much of Central Africa, marked by high temperatures and high rainfall. This climate supports dense rainforests and savannas<ref name="Venturus">"Dentìq; procedit per medium Africa proprie dieta, et per Barbarorum terram, usque ad mare hesperium."</ref>.

4. **Desert Climate**: The Middle East also features extensive desert regions, such as the Arabian Peninsula, which experience arid conditions due to low precipitation and high evaporation rates. These deserts include the Rub' al Khali in Saudi Arabia and the Empty Quarter in Oman<ref name="Venturus">"transit Ca- ralam, & ultra mare peninsulam Arabum, scilicet regionem ejus Je'menam."</ref>.

These climate zones are further influenced by the presence of large bodies of water, such as the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, and mountain ranges like the Atlas Mountains and the Ethiopian Highlands. The Nile River also plays a significant role in shaping the climate of Egypt and Sudan<ref name="Venturus">"Hinc, sedo mari Rubro, per Satdam jEgypti ac Nilum transit."</ref>.

In summary, the Middle East and Africa exhibit a wide range of climates, from the extreme conditions of the Sahara Desert to the more moderate temperatures along the Mediterranean coast and tropical conditions in Central Africa. These variations are primarily due to the region's geography and the influence of large bodies of water and mountainous terrain. 