can you explain some german phrases about actions and their different meanings like handling something secretly or helping someone 
### Query ###
can you explain some german phrases about actions and their different meanings like handling something secretly or helping someone 

### Source ###
**HYP-2023-001 **
By suggestion during the hypnotic state it would
not be difficult to procure the singular phenomenon
which Lombroso has described as spontaneous m
his patient, namely, the transposition of the func-
tions of the senses. As we have already seen, this
patient could see with the lobe of her ear, and could
smell with her chin.
One can make the subject believe by suggestion
during hypnosis that he is another person — one of
his acquaintances, perhaps, or even an animal. He
will regulate all his actions conformably to this idea.
Also, by the same means and under the same con-

100



DETAILS ABOUT HYPNOTISM

ditions, the subject can be made to believe that he
is at one and the same time several persons and thus
he will perform their different actions either succes-
sively or with the two sides of the body. The first
of these two cases is termed the substitution of
personality, the other double personality.
In favorable conditions of induced somnam-
bulism, one may give a subject four or five white
pieces of cardboard, telling him that they are good
photographs of friends or celebrated people, and en-
joining him to take care of them, and to recognize
them as such both during and after hypnosis; and
the subject will go out of his way to speak of the
likeness of the portraits, describing the vivacity of
the looks, the kindliness of the smile, the color of the
hair, the elegance of the apparel. Not only will
he say this during sleep, but when awake. And if
the cards are hidden or disarranged or mixed with
others, the subject will never confuse one portrait
with another or be at a loss to distinguish the old
cards from those mixed with them afterwards.


**EmpiricistEthics_2023 **
With  the  empiricist  psychology,  which  has  an  inexhaust-
ible Hterature,  we  will  not  deal  here,  since  it  is  of  no  philo-
sophical interest.  Like  all  empiricisms,  it  does  not  show
any  development,  but  only  the  superimposition  of  shghtly
divergent  tendencies.  From  the  psychology  of  Mill,  which
remains  confined  within  the  immediate  reahty  of  sensation,
we  pass  to  the  naturalism  of  Spencer  and  his  followers,  who
wish  to  base  psychology  on  biology  and,  applying  the
Darwinian  principle  of  evolution,  attempt  to  explain  Mill's
incomprehensible  law  of  association  by  an  appeal  to  the
biological  concept  of  hereditary  transmission.
It  is  more  interesting  to  examine  the  empiricist  ethics,
which  offers  an  excellent  means  of  measuring  the  mental
and   moral  level   of   the   school.
The  empiricist  ethics  starts  with  a  conception  of  man  as
an  egoistic  being  differing  hardly  at  all  from  the  brute,
and  either  denies  the  whole  moral  aspect  of  spiritual  life,
as  Bentham  did  when  in  a  moment  of  depression  he  described
virtue  as  an  ens  rationis,  or,  what  is  worse,  it  tries  to  extract
altruism,  meaning  virtue,  out  of  egoism,  by  simply  playing
with  the  association  of  ideas.
The  least  inconsequent  of  these  moralists  was  Bentham
While  he  did  not  deny  the  existence  of  that  sphere  of  activity
which  transcends  the  limits  of  the  individual,  he  neverthe
less  refused  to  see  in  the  tendency  towards  the  advancement
of  the  general  wellbeing  anything  more  than  a  controlled
egoism.  In  his  psychological  crudity  Bentham  went  in  search
of  a  quantitative  formula  of  pleasure,  which  steered  a  middle
course  between  the  maximum  and  the  minimum  ;  as  though
one  could  weigh  human  interests  in  a  pair  of  scales.


**PHIL-2023-001 **
Philosophy should be the last to complain of this,
seeing that the discovery of these new methods was
mainly due to that science. Did not Bacon recom-
mend the experimental method? Did not Galileo
declare that his chief help in discovering it was derived
from his studies in philosophy? To the same cause
and in a far greater degree is likewise due the dis-
covery of the historical method. Nevertheless, the
philosophers were the fiercest opponents of the experi-
mental method, even as they are now the worst foes
of the historical method. It really appears as though
they cannot be reconciled to the fact that, as a result
of their most successful labours, another consider-
able province of their ancient realm is now slipping
from their grasp. For all the present discord and con-
flict is born of the fact that the philosophers claim the
exclusive right of continuing to deal in their own way
with the very problems which only by the use of the


84 IS HISTORY A SCIENCE?


historic method have been put on the right road
towards the discovery of an efficient solution. Pro-
fessor Sidgwick, however, goes on to say: ‘Let us
now see the nature of the progress that the historical
method is presumed to have made in the study of
society and the human mind. Undoubtedly it has
largely contributed to ‘the increased recognition of the
fundamental importance of the ‘‘social factor” in the
development of the mind of the individual.’ But this
had been already recognised by J. S. Mill, from
whose work, a generation ago, we all learnt our ‘ Logic
of the Moral Sciences.’ ”

This is quite true. But how did Mill arrive at the
solution of a problem from which so many others
depend? Precisely by his adherence to the historical
method, and, as he tells us himself, by expounding the
ideas of Auguste Comte, whose philosophy is entirely
based on that method. If by this means, as even
Sidgwick has confessed, we are enabled to explain the
historic formation—although not the inner essence—of
the mind, this is certainly no inconsiderable result, and
the metaphysicians, who had never achieved as much
by their own system, have now no right to feel injured
because the desired goal has been reached by a differ-
ent road from theirs. 
### Analysis ###
The user is asking for an explanation of several German phrases related to actions and their different meanings, specifically in terms of handling something secretly or assisting someone. The references provided include a variety of texts that discuss psychology, ethics, and philosophical methods. 

Upon reviewing the references, it appears that only **HYP-2023-001** contains relevant information about actions and their psychological implications, particularly in the context of hypnosis. The other references, **EmpiricistEthics_2023** and **PHIL-2023-001**, focus on broader philosophical and ethical discussions that are less directly applicable to the specific query about German phrases and their meanings.

### Answer ###
In the context of hypnosis, actions can be influenced significantly by suggestions given to the subject. For example, during hypnosis, a person can be made to believe they are another person or even an animal, which then governs their actions accordingly<ref name="HYP-2023-001">"One can make the subject believe by suggestion during hypnosis that he is another person — one of his acquaintances, perhaps, or even an animal. He will regulate all his actions conformably to this idea."</ref>. This phenomenon is referred to as "substitution of personality"<ref name="HYP-2023-001">"The first of these two cases is termed the substitution of personality."</ref>.

Furthermore, under favorable conditions of induced somnambulism, a person can be convinced to handle certain objects or perform tasks as if they were genuine actions<ref name="HYP-2023-001">"In favorable conditions of induced somnambulism, one may give a subject four or five white pieces of cardboard, telling him that they are good photographs of friends or celebrated people, and enjoining him to take care of them, and to recognize them as such both during and after hypnosis."</ref>. This suggests a strong connection between suggestions and actions, where the person's belief in the task's significance drives their behavior.

Additionally, the concept of double personality can occur, where the subject believes they are multiple persons at once, leading to divided or contradictory actions<ref name="HYP-2023-001">"Also, by the same means and under the same conditions, the subject can be made to believe that he is at one and the same time several persons and thus he will perform their different actions either successively or with the two sides of the body. The first of these two cases is termed the substitution of personality, the other double personality."</ref>.

These psychological insights illustrate how suggestions can manipulate actions, from pretending to be someone else to carefully handling specific objects. While these examples are in English, they provide a useful framework for understanding how actions can be influenced by mental commands and beliefs, which could mirror similar concepts in German or other languages. 