Quali sono i principi fondamentali che should govern the relationship between punishment and moral responsibility in a civil society? 
### Query ###
Quali sono i principi fondamentali che should govern the relationship between punishment and moral responsibility in a civil society? 

### Source ###
**SpencerSubHumanJustice **
$ 108. Spencer's Sub-human Justice. Spencer has
developed’ his ethico-juristic conception in a recent
book, ‘Justice. Following his theory of connecting
moral laws with the most general laws of the cos-
mos, and of rendering ethics more deductive, he begins
by speaking of a morality of animals and a sub-
human justice. Moral and human conduct is a part
of conduct in general, that is, of the sum total of
the acts of various beings which are adapted to
their own purposes. Among animals, the more perfect
conduct tends toa longer, more ample and complete life,
and is connected with the two principles which insure
the continuance of the species. The first is the natural
protection of offspring not able to take care of them-
selves. The second is that the adult himself should
realize all the advantages and disadvantages of his
acts. Sub-human justice means that every individual
is subject to the consequences of his nature and con-


SPENCER'S SUB-HUMAN JUSTICE — 225


dition. It advances as organization progresses. The
primal law for all being is that of the relationship
between conduct and its consequences. Then comes
the other law (fundamentally the same) of common
life, since it prescribes limitations. The second law
orders that the acts through which an individual
seeks advantages and avoids disadvantages should be
limited by the necessity of leaving the way free to
similar acts on the part of his associates. There is
a third law which restricts the application of the first
and in certain circumstances sacrifices the individual
for the species. Human justice is the development of
sub-human justice. Fundamentally and essentially both
are of the same nature, parts of a whole. In general,
justice is characterized by self-subordination to the
bonds of relationship, of social limitations, and of the
health of the species or community. Among the social
sentiments, which are the product of evolution, is found
the sentiment of justice. Justice is the extirpation
of selfish sentiments which arise when an animal
resists the restrictions put upon the acts of his spon-
taneous life, and can become the object of altruistic
sentiments which presuppose the more or less ample
development of sympathy and are connected more
properly with the régime of voluntary codperation.


**CiviltàCattolica_1898_1144-1357 **
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24.  MELI  R.  —  Bibliografia  della  città  di  Viterbo.  Roma,  1894  in-16

25.  Memoirs  and  Proceedings  of  the  Manchester  literary  and  philosophia

Society,  voi.  42,  part  L  Manehester,  1898  in-8*.
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voi.  XXXI,  fase.  I-IV.  Milano,  1898  in-8«.
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storiche  e  filologiche.  Serie  V,  voi.  VII,  Gennaio  1898.  Roma,  189
in8-^

30.  Rendiconto  dell* Accademia  delle  scienze  fisiche  e  matematiche  di  Napol

Serie  3',  voi.  IV,  fase.  1,  2.  Napoli,  1898  in-8^

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Dublin,  1897  in-8*.
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35.  ZAWODNY  J.  Beitrag  zur  Kenntniss  der  Wurzel  von  Sorghum  sai

charatum.  Leipzig,  1898  in-8*.
82


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22.
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32.
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34.
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Cosmo»,  n.  686.  Paris,  1898  in-4».
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Il  Nuovo  Cimento,  to.  VI.  Die.  1897,  to.  VII.  Gennaio  1898.  Pisa,  IBI

in-8'.
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**tech_partnerships_startups **
Any general experience of handling business contacts is often lacking in technology-
oriented start-ups. This should be addressed early enough in the new company by using
external consultants to fill knowledge gaps in this area. All in all, it can be suggested that
firms should develop relevant skills in order to be properly prepared to enter into a tech-
nology partnership. Duyesters et al (1999) call for alliance capability, which refers in the
literature to a set of skills that can help reap maximum value from the partnering experi-
ence. The ability to manage partnerships can turn into a competitive advantage for the firm
(Khanna, 1998). Succeeding in one relationship can truly open the doors to success in sub-
sequent relationships.
Based on the case study findings, it can be concluded that the failure in the partnership
formation can often be avoided by careful preparation. Strategy planning, however, must
begin when the start-up is founded. Finding the right strategic direction for the partnership
after formation is often too late. From the start-up side, it is also important to pay attention
to the correct timing as to when the technology should be offered to a practical partner.
References


Blomqvist, K. (2002). Parmering in the dynamic environment: The role of trust in asymmetric tech-
nology partnership formation. Doctoral Dissertation, Lappeenranta University of Technology.
De Meyer, A. (2001). Using strategic partnerships to create a sustainable competitive position for
hi-tech start-up firms. R & D Management, 29(4), 323-328.
Duyesters, G., Kok, G., & Vaandrager, M. (1999). Crafting successful strategic technology partner-
ships. R & D Management, 29(4), 343-351. :

Dwyer, R., Schurr, P., & Oh, S. (1987). Developing buyer-seller relationships. Journal of Marketing,
51(2), 11-27.


**PSI-2023-IV-RAGIONE **
IV. Un sistema di psicologia dee ren-
dere ragione di tutti i fatti dell’ intelletto,
dal più oscuro sentimento insino al più
pronunziato fatto della coscienza ; e dee
per conscguente discendere insino a' mo-
vimenti istintivi e meccanici ; siccome per
l’opposito dee risalire , da una parte in
sino al senso morale c alla coscienza , e
dall’altra, in sino al giudizio e al ragio-
namento. Due sono i sistemi più compiuti,
Ira’quali può cadere la scelta , uno di Heid
e l'altro di Gali, ila questo è a quello pre-
feribile , perchè ha riannodato le facoltà in-
tellettuali , i desideri e le passioni olle fa-
coltà primordiali, cioè alle sensitive.
V. Per istabiliro una teorica vera e scien-
tìfica intorno alla ragione, alla volontà e
al libero arbitrio , conviene ammettere ,
come principi fondamentali di essa , la
qualità innata delle facoltà sensitive ( af-
fettive J , la diversità , e spesso la contra-
rietà loro nello stesso individuo, il grande
loro potere , affatto indipendente dall’azio-
ne degli esterni obbietti. Colesta teorica
sarà la base della educazione , cui darassi
da ora innanzi mcn di potere, e più di
varietà. Col valutare giustamente i motivi
di determinazione , il nuovo metodo restii-



gnerà Ira giusti limiti la libertà morale ,
e d’ altra parte , stabilirà più indulgenti
relazioni tra gli uomini , e introdurrà una
giustizia meno eguale, e più giusta nella
estimazione de’ debili, e nella applicazione
delle pene.


**DirittoProprietàNazione **
Or,  quando  la  reazione  cominciava  ad  organarsi  contro  il  di-
spotismo regio,  essa  non  fece  che  trasportare  il  principio  sen-
za mutarlo,  ponendo  la  sorgente  della  proprietà,  non  nel
potere  regio,  ma  nella  nazione  e nella  legge  sociale  (p.  152);
e Robespierre,  pigliando  sui  serio  questa  opinione,  voleva  de-
durne la  conseguenza  pratica  di  far  guarentire  dalla  legge  una
porzione  di  beni  a ciascuno.  Per  altro  le  dottrine  del  diritto
naturale  e del  diritto  romano  civile  si  riunirono  per  costituire


(1)  V.  Istruzioni  al  Delfino  \ (opere  di  Luigi  XIV,  v.  2,  pag.  93)  ; da
questo  dominio  diretto  il  re  faceva  derivare  (come  dice  Troplong.neiliv
ine.morie  citate,  p.  172)  « l’ imposta,  segno  di  originaria  servitù,  elio
esaurisce  tra  le  inani  dell’agricoltore  il  capitale  agricolo,  le  misure
fiscali  che  colpiscono  la  pienezza  del  diritto  di  proprietà,  le  conlisea-
zioni,  il  diritto  di  albinaggio  »,  ecc.
Digitized  by  Google


188  PARTE  SPECIALE.
finalmente,  nel  « codice  civile  »,  la  proprietà  sul  fondamento
della  personalità  (1).  Cosi  la  Francia  si  appropriò,  nel  campo
civile,  gli  stessi  principi  fondamentali  che  la  riforma  aveva
proclamati  nell’ordine  religioso,  e la  notte  del  4 agosto  fu, per  la
proprietà,  la  consacrazione  del  principio  personale  che,  sin  dal
secolo  XVI  era  stato  opi>osto  alla  gerarchia  ecclesiastica,  e che
tosto  dopo  fu  diretto  contro  il  feudalesimo.  11  principio  persona-
le della  proprietà  era  stato  d’altronde  rafforzato  negli  ultimi  se-
coli dalla  diffusione  ognora  crescente  del  lavoro  industriale, sor-
gente della  proprietà  mobiliare,  che  imprime  ad  ogni  opera  il
suggollo  della  personalità  umana.

### Analysis ###
The query asks for the fundamental principles that should govern the relationship between punishment and moral responsibility within a civil society. To answer this, we need to explore various philosophical, ethical, and legal perspectives on punishment, morality, and societal responsibility.

The provided references include:
1. **SpencerSubHumanJustice**: Discusses Spencer's theory of justice and its evolution from sub-human to human justice.
2. **CiviltàCattolica_1898_1144-1357**: This reference does not seem directly relevant to the topic of punishment and moral responsibility.
3. **tech_partnerships_startups**: Focuses on business partnerships and technology startups, which is unrelated to the query.
4. **PSI-2023-IV-RAGIONE**: Talks about psychology and moral faculties, potentially relevant to understanding moral responsibility.
5. **DirittoProprietàNazione**: Discusses property rights and their historical development in relation to royal power and the nation, not directly relevant.

Based on the content analysis, **SpencerSubHumanJustice** and **PSI-2023-IV-RAGIONE** are the most relevant references for answering the query. The other references do not provide relevant information for this specific question.

### Answer ###
In a civil society, the relationship between punishment and moral responsibility is governed by several fundamental principles derived from both philosophical and psychological perspectives.

According to Spencer's theory of justice, punishment is seen as a consequence of actions that align with the natural laws governing conduct and social interactions<ref name="SpencerSubHumanJustice">"Every individual is subject to the consequences of his nature and condition. It advances as organization progresses."</ref>. He argues that justice evolves as societies become more complex and organized, placing limits on individual actions to ensure the common good and the health of the community<ref name="SpencerSubHumanJustice">"Justice is characterized by self-subordination to the bonds of relationship, of social limitations, and of the health of the species or community."</ref>.

Psychologically, moral responsibility is rooted in the innate qualities of our sensitive and affective faculties, which influence our moral judgments and actions<ref name="PSI-2023-IV-RAGIONE">"Convienne ammettere, come principi fondamentali di essa, la qualità innata delle facoltà sensitive (affettive)."</ref>. These faculties, despite being influenced by external factors, retain a significant degree of independence, impacting our moral decision-making processes<ref name="PSI-2023-IV-RAGIONE">"La diversità, e spesso la contrarietà loro nello stesso individuo, il grande loro potere, affatto indipendente dall’azione degli esterni obbietti."</ref>.

A comprehensive system of psychology must account for all aspects of intellectual faculties, from instinctive movements to moral consciousness, to understand moral responsibility fully<ref name="PSI-2023-IV-RAGIONE">"Un sistema di psicologia dee rendere ragione di tutti i fatti dell’ intelletto, dal più oscuro sentimento insino al più pronunziato fatto della coscienza."</ref>. This approach helps in establishing a scientific basis for moral reasoning, which is crucial for setting just limits on moral freedom and fostering fairer relationships among individuals<ref name="PSI-2023-IV-RAGIONE">"Col valutare giustamente i motivi di determinazione, il nuovo metodo ristabilirà irra giusti limiti la libertà morale."</ref>.

These principles highlight the importance of balancing individual actions with the broader societal context. Punishment should be seen as a mechanism to uphold social order and promote moral behavior rather than simply as a retributive measure. The goal is to create a society where moral responsibility is fostered and upheld through a combination of ethical conduct and legal frameworks<ref name="SpencerSubHumanJustice">"Human justice is the development of sub-human justice. Fundamentally and essentially both are of the same nature, parts of a whole."</ref>.

In conclusion, the relationship between punishment and moral responsibility in a civil society should be guided by the principle that punishment is a consequence of actions that impact the collective good. Moral responsibility is deeply rooted in our psychological makeup, influenced by both innate traits and external factors, requiring a nuanced approach to balance individual freedoms with societal necessities. 