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Danger in Dogs
Their Agency in Transmitting Par
asites Injurious or Fatal to Man
and Domestic Animals — Like
Comes from Like an Unfailing
Law of Living Things.
In tho “Yearbook of the Department
of Agriculture, 11105,” the question of
“How Parasites Are Transmitted” is
considered in a long article by U. H.
Ransom, of the bureau of animal in
dustry.
Animal parasites are animals which
live in or upon other animals, tempora
rily or permanently, and depend upon
the latter for nourishment.
Animals derive their parasites only
from other animals, directly or indirect
ly, and in no case are parasites pro
duced by spontaneous generation, hut
are always the offspring of ancestors
similar to themselves. Such ideas as
that of the origin of lice in tilth, or of
the development of intestinal worms
from mucus, shreds of meat, straws,
etc., mysteriously endowed with life,
have long since been proved to be en
tirely wrong, and we know that lice do
not come from anything but other lice,
nor worms except from other worms.
There are several hundred known spe
cies of parasites occurring in man and
the domestic animals, not to speak of
thousands of others found in wild ani
mals.
According to the article named dogs
are important agents in the life history
of some of the parasites most dangerous
to man and the domestic animals.
The tongueworm, so called from its
shape, occurs w hen adult as a parasite
in the nasal cavity of various animals,
one of the most common hosts being the
dog. In its larval stage it is found in
the viscera of various animals, especially
in the mesenteric glands and the liver.
Its transmission from dogs to cattle,
sheep, etc., and vice versa, is as follows ;
The eggs produced by the adult are dis
charged from the dog’s nose by sneezing,
and thus scattered in various places,
from some of w hich (grass, lettuce, etc.)
they are liable to he picked up by vari
ous herbivorous animals, including man.
The larva', having been freed by the
action of the digestive juices on the
shells of the eggs, migrate to the liver
or mesenteric glands, where they under
go considerable development. If organs
thiiJ* inletted are now eaten hy a dog,
the young tongueworiiif* gain acres* to
tin* nasal cavities anti develop Iht* adult
atage. This* i* one«»f -» v* ral more or
leas dungt*r'»u* jmrasite* tor whuw din
semination the d* g is re*|>on*ihle, and
on account of which dog*, even though
apparently healthy them-elves, are often
the source of great danger to the health
of melt and live *t«irk.
There are a numl*er of uperir* of
roundworm* occurring in the domestic
animal* which are found in inacce*i*ihle
place* in the ImwIy without any direct
outlet for their egg* or emhr>**f. In
many mmh I In* life history of tlve«e
• peeie* ha* not Iweli dt ter lot lu** I, hilt it
I
is known that such forms commonly
deposit their embryos in the blood ves
| sels. For example, one of these (Filarla
] immitis), which is found in the heart of
dogs and is of rather common occur
j rcnce in some parts of the United States,
! is known to have the following life his
tory: The embryos, which circulate in
I the blood stream, are liable to be sucked
j up by mosquitoes during the act of
I biting. If taken thus into the body of
I certain species of mosquitoes, the eni
i hrvos continue their development, and
when they have attained the proper
win uf\ni>[) u» liiauuity u it
j turned to the circulatory system of the
dog. At the stage when they are ready
; to leave the mosquito they are found in
the part of the proboscis known as the
labium, the tip of which, during the act
of biting, rests on the skin just behind
and in contoct with the piercing stylets.
The embryos break through the thin
membrane of the tip of the labium and
enter the body of the dog through the
: wound made by the piercing stylet;
then reaching the blood vessels they are
carried to the heart, where they com
plete their development.
Tapeworms of every species whose life
history is known, with few exceptions,
pass a portion of their life history en
cysted in the tissues of some animal be
fore attaining maturity in the final host.
The encysted stage, or bladder-worm,
commonly occurs in animals which
serve the final hosts for food. Thus one
of the tapeworms of man passes its in
termediate stage in cattle; another in
hogs. The cat has a tapeworm whose
intermediate stage is found in rats and
mice. Two of the tapeworms of dogs
pass their bladder-worm stage in rab
bits, and many of the tapeworms of
birds occur in insects during their inter
mediate stage. In each case the inter
mediate host becomes infected by swal
lowing the eggs from the mature tape
worm which are scattered about in the
droppings of the final host, and the final
host becomes infected from swallowing
the bladder-worm which is encysted in
the tissues of tlie intermediate host.
Three of the tapeworms of dogs are of
particular interest, because their inter
mediate stages occur in live stock. The
intermediate stage of one occurs also in
man. The adult echinococcus tapeworm,
a tiny creature a fraction of an inch
long, is comparatively harmless to the
dog which it infests, but its intermediate
stage is one of the most fatal parasites
known, especially to man. It is trans
mitted to cattle, sheep, man, and other
animals by the eggs of the tapeworm,
w hich may Is' conveyed bv various arti
cles contaminated by infested dogs, such
as grass, water, raw vegetables, etc.,
while the dogs become infested by eat
ing the carcasses of animals infested
with the bladder-worm stage. Mouse
* logs infested with this parasite are a
source of great danger to human beings.
In |>etting them the hands are very lia
Ml' to |>■«’K II|> *Ollie "I I III* egg* H UH
which tlif lutir ef tin- dog may be noil til,
or tin' dog in lieking hiinnelf may get
tniiii' of tlif egg* upon hi* lip* ami
tongue ami later tran*fnr them to tome
tine's hand and fare, from whirli they
may readily git into the mouth. An
egg of ihi* tapeworm,having l>een swal
lowed, liutehe* out in the *tomaeh <>r
inteatine. The embryo then work* it*
way out of the alimentary ranal l>y
mean* of -ig tiny hook* with whudi it i*
supplied, and after more or lr** wander
ing thioiighoiit the ti.-*ite* finally *etth(
down in the liver, kidney*, lung*, or
aluc-t any organ of the body. At this
S. E. HEETER,
Freighter and Packer
Good Equipments and
Service Unexcelled
oooooooooooooooooooooooooo
: time it is scarcely more than 0.001 inch
: in diameter, but in the course of time it
may contain a comparatively enormous
size, growing slowly hut surely, and as
it grows pressing more and more upon
the structures amid which it is located,
causing enlargement of the infested
organ, displacing other organs, imped
ing the circulation, and producing vari
ous other disturbances. The growth of
the parasite continues indefinitely, and
[although it may be many years (fifteen
: to twenty) before death is produced,
about one half of the cases in man prove
| fatal within five years. In Iceland
echinococcus disease is very common
and from 1 to 15 per cent.—some author
ities state 10 per cent.—of the population
are killed by it. It is also more or less
common in the various European coun
tries, in Egypt, in India, and in Austra
lia. It is comparatively rare in the
United States, but is liable to become
more prevalent in the future. Some of
the more important measures of pre
vention are: Destruction of stray and
superfluous dogs. Proper disposal of
the viscera of slaughtered animals,
so that infested organs can not lie
eaten by dogs. Careful feeding of dogs.
The chances of infestation in the ease of
man may be greatly reduced by han
dling dogs as little as possible and by
banishing them from dwelling houses.
Mate Thomas Ogden, of the whaling
luirk Andrew I licks, was killed by a
whale off the coast near* Kodiak island
July 15 last. A boat in charge of Ogden
had struck a whale, and while the men
were waiting to shoot it again it struck
Ogden w ith it“ tail and in ten hours he
died. Particulars of the man’s death
but recently reached San Francisco.
“Remember that nothing is cheap
unless yon have use for it,” says a va
grant newspa]>er item. Yes. And don’t
iorget that everything is dear when you
have most need for it.
F. M. A. L.
SMITH & COLLINS,
Proprietors
FIRST-CLASS
Wines, Liquors and
Cigars.
CASE GOODS
A Specialty
JULIUS RAHMSTORF,
GENERAL
MERCHANDISE
FULL LINE
Tin, Granite and Crockeryware
Northern Commercial Co.
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