NOTES OF SCIENCE
About 30 flour substitutes tested by
the United State# bureau of chemistry
have' proven useful for bread when
mixed with at least throe time# as
much wheat flour. The substitutes
include! flours of chestnuts, bananas,
soy beans, peanut#, peas, com, barley
oats and rye. Bread of as much as
12 parts of boiled potato to » of wheat
flour was found satisfactory.
.ii_
Nicotine in tobacco leaves has been
reduced in three years from 3.5 to 1.31
per cent in the experiments of the
bureau of plant Industry at Washing
ton, and Dr. W. W. Garner reports the
flavor of the tobacco unchanged. This
Is a result of artificial selection, seeds
lowest In nicotine being chosen from
each successive crop.
Intoxiction in dogs and men by the
flesh of the Greenland shark Is traced
by A. S. Jensen, of Copenhagen, to an
unidentified soluble compound acting
like alcohol. Poisoning lasted two
hours to two days, and the symptoms
included tiredness, dullness, uncertain1
gait, and diarrhea. Increasing doses
of the poison separated by boiling
made dogs Immune.
Wear of fabrics Is now tested by
machine, and at Bradford, England,
the cloth Is clamped to a rapid Jaw at
one end, passed over a rubbing surface
of dull blades set in a cylinder and
fastened at the other end to a
weighted tension roller. The cylindei
19 turned alernately forward and
backward. The two movements make
one rub, and a certain number of
rubs, say 200, shows the quality of the
cloth samples
Amonla gas as a hydrogen substitute
for balloons Is one German Idea
Advantages are non inflammability
easy liquefaction for storage and such
solubility that absorption in water
readily deflates airships. Great dis
advantage is a lifting power less than'
half that of hydrogen; It Is also ten
times as costly. Ammonia, moreover
acts destructively on the envelope
material, unpleasantly affects aeronauts
In case of leakage, and, most serious
of all, is dangerously explosive with
certain proportions of air.
Sausage containers are usually thr
intestines of the sheep, ox and hog
and these, though carefully cleaned
require closo watching to ensure I
sterilization. Three Canadian chemists
offer cellulose hydrate as a sanitary
substitute. Bleached sulphite wood
pulp Is mercerized by caustic soda
solution, next washed and treated
with carbon disulphide, and then made
with water into a thick, viscous
solution. Formed into tubes, this
material is converted Into yellow Jelly
by salt solution. Freed from salts
by various washings, the tubes are
tough, transparent when thin, have
a smooth surface that does not retain
bacteria, and are easily masticated
into soft, non Irritant mass
That the yellow pigment in fowls
is withdrawn to the yolk of the eggs,
causing a paling of the legs of laying
hens. Is an idea that has been rather
disfavored, but It seems to have been
confirmed by Blakeslee and Warner
at the Connecticut Agricultural college
Carefully observing several hundred
White Leghorns, they applied the color
teat to the ear lobes at three differ
ent times In the month. For October
it was shown that 87.8 per cent of the
hang acually laying had only 5 to 10
per cent of yellow, none as much as
SO per cent, and connection between
the yellow and egg laying waa evident
As only beat birds lay In October, it
was concluded that paleness of the
yellow of ear lobes, beak or legs at
this time must Indicate egg layers ol
unusual productiveness throughout the
year
Giving seamen safety In fog Is ex
pected to be the chief duty of the
phr nometer of Prof. A. Q. Webster,
of Clark University, as this not only
measures the Intensity of sound but
shows the direction with great pre
cision. The Instrument, resembling a
surveyor’s transit with two hornB
projecting from the end opposite the
user, can be carried on the smallest
vessel. The sound entering the horns
Is focused upon a delicate diaphragm
and this vibrates a needle, which moves
a mirror. Near the lens at the eye
end, a tiny electric bulb gives a light
that Is reflected In the mirror. The
Instrument Is turned until the sound
IS' reoelved most loudly by the horns,
with the needle at lte maximum move
ment and the band of light at Its
greatest, and the tuba is then pointing
•directly toward the source of the
sound.
Refrigeration is among the convene
lences now’ supplied by electricity for
the model house. Two white enameled
electric refrigerators shown at the
Grand Central Palace, New York, were
somewhat larger than the average
household Ice box, each weighing 160
pounds, but they received no aid from
the Iceman, and, on being connected
to an electric light socket, gave the
effects of 100 pounds of ice from 2 1-2 j
kilowatts of current. A thermostat
control—a strip of metal making and
breaking the circuit by expansion and
contraction—could automatically keep
the temperature for weeks at any
desired point down to much below i
freezing. The apparatus has on top a i
small electric motor, with a tank of
compressed air and ethyl chloride, and
the chamber usually given, up to ioe i
is fitted with vacuum tubes. The
liquid ethyl chloride, passed at high
pressure through a minute aperature
Into the vacuum tubes, vaporizes, with
great expansion and absorption of
heat, thus cooling the surrounding air
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: The following article from the pen of the eminent Cbaa. Q. Percl- 4f
▼ val, M. D., la one of a series o discussions on health, hygiene, pre- ^
•f ventatlve medicines and kindred topics, which will be published at
*f lntervuls In the Nugget. The articles are devolded of Leobnloai terms
[ ^ and are short, concise and readable and cannot fall to Interest all
«, who value good health. V
* If
Winter and I** Danger.
Nature's laws cannot be broken with!
mpunlty. When disregarded they
often demand penalty which Involves1
lives near and precious to uSj This
.s especially so In winter and "one
•vho knows" finds the task of Im
pressing on 1i1b near and dear friends!
the necessity of "ordinary care" si 1
iifficult one, most all consider the,
.■autlon advised as extraordinary,
extreme and unnecessary. They almost
ill neglect some one or more things
ike the feet, throat and mngs, or arc
'careless as to proper clothing, protec
.lon against sudden changes in the
emperature, the heating and ventllut
ing of their homes or rooms. Negligence
i it this nature is a deadly sin when1
:onflned wholly to the adult body but
what Is to be thought of those whost
aziness and carelessness brings illness,
tpon the young children under their'
control. These cannot think or reason
' themselves. They know no way to
prepare or Judge what they need Ir
Iress temperature and protectlor
against "winter and its dangers,"
Every day Is the same to them. With j
tncovered throats and breast and half
clad they Innocently and helpless go
forth and dare the winters' chill. With
half clad limbs they passively accept
the winter blasts and no indignant
! protests blast the parents’ ears. The
| evil continues every year, children die
j like plants In a bitter frost, the
I terrible list of Infant mortality grows
J and the solemn statistical warning
| brings about at the best a slow change.
People cannot seem to understand
how that a slight chill, living In close
hot rooms absence of sunlight, severe
exercise or exertion while fasting,
warm or cold baths before breakfast
and a hundred other wrong and Injur
ious things, can work so much harm
So far as the proper care of the body
is concerned, we seem to be living
and rearing our children with what,
seems to amount to an almost criminal!
Indifference to all hygienic laws and
as the cold weather approaches the
dangers Increase accordingly.
In the summer we are safer, take
less chances, live closer to nature,
windows are open, baths are more4
‘requont, fresh vegetables and fruits
are eaten, we spend more time out
of doors and In the sunlight and
perspire and eliminate and our system
Is purified In spite of ourselves.
With winter comes the banked up
house, double doors and windows, coal
gas furnace. Pure exygen becomes an
enemy and sunlight rare. For long
hours we jslt In artificially lighted
{ rooms breathing In either coal gas or
vitiated steam. The air In the rooms
Is unchanged and we breathe both our
own breaths and that of everybody
else; wfe leave and onter without a
thought of protection against sudden
change of temperature. Draughts we
'gnore, also warning coughs, aches and
pains and a dozen, yes a hundred
ways we put ourselves in the deadlv
grasp of winter.
j Dangers from Eerrort of Dress.
If one freezes to death, it Is because
the blood at the surface, or the #:ln
becomes cooler than the rate of
production of heat In the Interior of
the body. This Is an Increasing
depression of vitality. First there Is
pain In exposed parts, then the skin
closes feeling, the muscles energy, the
breathing Is less, the mind sluggish,
. sleep overcomes and the person dies
I
The treu facts in the case were that j
the person did not become colder and
colder, but that he really lost his
bi.dlly heat until none remained to
support life. In short he lost It faster
chan he could make it. If he could
nave by the means of proper clothing,
etc., retained the heat he had, he
would not have frozen. The process
of the whole scheme of heating the
human body may be compared to a
uouse that Is heated by hot water In
pipes. The pipes near the outer walls
are necessarily somewhat cooler than
those at the center. They lose more
heat but when the water In them
circulates and returns to the boiler or
source of beat this water regains the
heat which It haa lost. The skin is
supplied with countless blood vessels
small In size, the caliber being controll
ed by the nerves (vaso motor) whose
duty Is to keep them at a certain size.
They do this by stimulation, which
causes them to contract and prevent
undue dilatation. When one Is exposed
'.o cold, It acts upon the nerves In
tuch a manner that they overstimulate,
which contracts these small blood
vessels to an abnormal degree. This
irlves out the blood, prevents the
ngress of fresh blood os that the large
irtertes are subjected to a high pres
sure nnd though the Internal heat of
•he body Is economized the heart and
blood vessels are exposed to serious
langer from the high blood pressure
If the heart Is weak this may paralyze
It. This danger applies to the aged
whose blood vessels are apt to br
weak and brittle; this Is why when
cold weather comes on so abruptly
many old people die. The cause being
apoplexy or congestion of the lungs
another result of sudden cold or chill
Is the checking of the perspiration;
this resulls pneumonia, pleurisy, bron
chitis, rheumatism or kidney trouble,
with their attendant dangerous and
often mortal after effects; this is why
we ,-hould dress correctly In winter
Ciothtnfr la devised to prevent a loss
of heaV—vlz.. to keep the body warm
It does not create heat, It preserves
It Its proper value Is to maintain
the proper equilibrium between the
Inner and the outer temperature of th©
body hence it is Important that we
psiy the most careful attention to
what we wear in winter The fallacy
and foolishness of the scheme of hard
ening our body to inure cold Is one
that everybody should be warned
against. Nothing Is more dangerous
Cold prevents development and Eski
mo and Laplanders are stunted |n
both bodily and brain development and
cannot resist any disease with success.
The death rate of children In Russia
in winter is appalling. Clothing, In
reference to temperature Is merely an
equivalent for a certain amount of
food. Clothing saves labor for thr
body by retaining md economizing the
• eat which would otherwise be los.
and have to be .■e^iar »d at the expense
of aotuai strength.
1 ' do; - fading cards for the Mew
'.car at thc.Jfugget office.
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