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STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWashington, D.C. 20549FORM 10-K ☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024 or☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934Commission file number 001-34362 _________________COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)New York 16-0547600(State of Incorporation) (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)13320 Ballantyne Corporate Place, Suite D Charlotte, North Carolina 28277 (Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)(716) 689-5400 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)_________________Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registeredCommon Stock, $0.01 par value per shareCMCONasdaq Global Select MarketSecurities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.   Yes  ☒   No   ☐   Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act.   Yes  ☐   No  ☒  Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒  No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).   Yes ☒  No ☐ Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.Large accelerated filer☒   Accelerated filer☐Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☐Emerging Growth Company☐If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o        Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the    effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.  ☒ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.  ☐Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).  ☐Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).        Yes ☐   No ☒ The aggregate market value of the voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant as of September 30, 2023, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $1,000 million, based upon the closing price of the Registrant's common stock as quoted on the Nasdaq Stock Market on such date. The number of shares of the Registrant’s common stock outstanding as of May 27, 2024 was 28,858,688 shares.DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCEPortions of the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the "2024 Proxy Statement"), to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the Registrant’s fiscal year ended March 31, 2024, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report where indicated.1TABLE OF CONTENTSPart I      Item 1.Business5     Item 1A.Risk Factors12     Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments20    Item 1C.Cybersecurity20 Item 2.   Properties22     Item 3.   Legal Proceedings23     Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures23Part II             Item 5.Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities24          Item 6.  [Reserved]25     Item 7.   Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations26     Item 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk32     Item 8.Financial Statements and Supplementary Data34     Item 9.   Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure90     Item 9A.Controls and Procedures90     Item 9B.Other Information92 Item 9C.Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections92Part III.  Item 10.Directors,  Executive Officers and Corporate Governance92     Item 11.Executive Compensation92     Item 12.Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters92     Item 13.Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence92     Item 14.Principal Accountant Fees and Services92    Part IV  Item 15.Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules93Item 16.Form 10-K Summary962COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Form 10-K”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“the Exchange Act”), and are subject to the safe harbor created thereby under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.  All statements, other than statements of historical or current fact, included in this Form 10-K are forward-looking statements.  Forward-looking statements reflect our current expectations and projections relating to our financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, future performance and business.  These statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking words, such as “anticipate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “project,” “plan,” “intend,” “believe,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “can have,” “future,” “likely” and other words and terms of similar meaning (including their negative counterparts or other various or comparable terminology).  For example, all statements we make relating to our plans and objectives for future operations, growth results, or initiatives, strategies, plans for enhancing shareholder value, the amount of capital expenditures in fiscal 2025, pending acquisitions, the amount of future dividend payments in fiscal 2025 and beyond or the expected outcome or impact of pending or threatened litigation are forward-looking statements.  All forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those that we expected, including:•    the cyclical nature of our business and general macroeconomic conditions;•    increased competition with respect to our business, including with respect to our material handling and precision conveyance products;•    our ability to successfully integrate our acquisitions;•    price fluctuations and trade tariffs on steel, aluminum, and other raw materials purchased to manufacture our products and our ability to pass on price increases to our customers;•    the scarcity or unavailability of the raw materials and critical components we use to manufacture our products and the impact of such scarcity or unavailability on our ability to operate our business;•    our ability to successfully manage our backlog;•    our ability to maintain relationships with the independent distributors we use to sell our products;•    our ability to continue to attract, develop, engage, and retain qualified employees;•our ability to understand our customers' specific preferences and requirements, and to develop, manufacture and market products that meet customer demand as we expand into additional international markets;•    our ability to manage our indebtedness, including compliance with debt covenant restrictions in our Term Loan B and our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (each as defined herein);•    our ability to manage the risks of conducting operations outside of the United States, including currency fluctuations, trade barriers, labor unrest, geopolitical conflicts, more stringent labor regulation, tariffs, political and economic instability and governmental expropriation;•    potential product liability, as our products involve risks of personal injury and property damage;•    compliance with federal, state and local environmental protection laws, including regulatory measures meant to address climate change, which may be burdensome and lower our margins;•    our ability to adequately protect our intellectual property and refrain from infringing on the intellectual property of others;•    our ability to adequately manage and rely on our subcontractors and suppliers;•    our ability to adequately protect our information technology systems from cyberattacks or other interruptions;•    our ability to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other anti-corruption laws;•    our ability to retain key members of our management team; and•the volatility of our common stock.While we believe that the forward-looking statements in this Form 10-K are reasonable, we caution that it is very difficult to predict the effect of known factors, and, it is impossible for us to anticipate all factors that could affect our actual results.  Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations are disclosed under the sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Form 10-K.  All written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us, or persons acting on our behalf, are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements as well as other cautionary statements that are made from time to time in our other filings with the SEC and public communications.  You should evaluate all forward-looking statements made in this Form 10-K in the context of these risks and uncertainties.We caution you that the important factors referenced above may not contain all of the factors that are important to you.  In addition, we cannot assure you that we will realize the results or developments we expect or anticipate or, even if substantially realized, that they will result in the outcomes or affect us or our operations in the way we expect.  The forward-looking statements included in this Form 10-K are made only as of the date hereof and are based on our current expectations.  We 3undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement as a result of new information, future events or otherwise except to the extent required by applicable law.4PART IItem 1.        Business GeneralColumbus McKinnon Corporation ("Columbus McKinnon" or the "Company") is a leading worldwide designer, manufacturer and marketer of intelligent motion solutions that move the world forward and improve lives by efficiently and ergonomically moving, lifting, positioning and securing materials.  Key products include hoists, crane components, precision conveyor systems, rigging tools, light rail workstations and digital power and motion control systems.  These are highly relevant, professional-grade solutions that solve our customers’ critical material handling requirements. The Company is focused on commercial and industrial applications that require the safety, reliability and quality provided by its superior design and engineering know-how. Our products are used for mission critical applications where we have established, trusted brands that are well known in the industry. Our targeted market verticals include manufacturing, transportation including EV production and aerospace, energy and utilities, process industries, industrial automation, construction and infrastructure, food and beverage, entertainment, life sciences, consumer packaged goods and e-commerce/supply chain/warehousing.In fiscal 2022, the Company initiated a new long-term strategy to transform from a legacy cyclical industrial company to a high growth, high margin secular growth company. The Company expanded into the precision conveyance sector with its acquisitions of Dorner Mfg. Corp. ("Dorner") and Garvey Corporation ("Garvey"). Dorner is a leading automation solutions company providing unique, patented technologies in the design, application, manufacturing and integration of high-precision conveying systems. Dorner is a leading supplier to the stable life sciences, food processing, and consumer packaged goods markets as well as the higher growth industrial automation and e-commerce sectors. The addition of Dorner has provided attractive complementary adjacencies to the Company. Dorner offers a broad range of precision conveying systems to our product offerings, which include low profile, flexible chain, large scale, sanitary and vertical elevation conveyor systems, as well as pallet system conveyors. The Garvey acquisition added additional product capabilities as it is a leading accumulation systems solutions company providing unique, patented systems for the automation of production processes whose products complement those of Dorner. The Company added asynchronous conveying technology in the precision conveyance sector in fiscal 2024 with its acquisition of montratec GmbH ("montratec"), a leading automation solutions company that designs and develops intelligent automation and transport systems for interlinking industrial production and logistics processes. montratec product offerings compliment the previous acquisitions of both Dorner and Garvey.  Together, our acquisitions within the precision conveyance industry established a platform for growth organically as well as through further acquisitions as the industry is highly fragmented and offers complementary adjacencies, which we believe will enable further growth. In the United States, we are the market leader for hoists, material handling digital power control systems and precision conveyors, our principal lines of products, and have strong market positions with certain chain, forged fittings, and actuator products. Additionally, in Europe, we believe we are the market leader for manual hoists and a market leader in linear actuators used for heavy load, rail and niche custom applications for actuation.  We have achieved this leadership position through strategic acquisitions, our extensive, diverse, and well-established distribution channels and our commitment to product innovation and quality. We believe the substantial breadth of our product offerings and broad distribution channels in the United States and Europe provide us a strategic advantage in our markets. The acquisition of STAHL CraneSystems ("STAHL") in fiscal 2017, which is well-known for its custom engineering lifting solutions and hoisting technology, advanced our position as a global leader in the production of explosion-protected hoists. STAHL serves independent crane builders and Engineering Procurement and Construction ("EPC") firms, providing products to a variety of end markets including automotive, general manufacturing, oil and gas, steel and concrete, power generation, as well as process industries such as chemical and pharmaceuticals.We are continuing our transformation from a legacy cyclical industrial company to a top-tier, secular growth, intelligent motion solutions company. In accordance with our strategic framework, we are building out the Columbus McKinnon Business System ("CMBS") and growth framework to be market-led, customer-centric and operationally excellent with our people and values at the core.   With CMBS as the foundation, we are well positioned to execute our Core Growth Framework (Framework) strategy. The Framework defines four parallel paths for Columbus McKinnon’s growth and provides clear organic and strategic initiatives.   Our Framework includes:5•Strengthening the Core which is a foundational path focused on initiatives that will strengthen competencies and improve our competitive position within our existing share of our Serviceable Addressable Market (”SAM”).  Initiatives include further developing commercial and product management competencies and improving our digital tools for a better, more efficient customer experience.•Growing the Core is a path that is focused on taking greater market share, both organically and through acquisitions, within our SAM. We are making progress on this path with product localization, new product development and advancements in automation and aftermarket support for our distributors.  •Expanding the Core is a path that is focused on improved channel access and geographic expansion.  Here we expand beyond our SAM into the broader Total Addressable Market (“TAM”). This involves building out our presence both geographically and in new verticals with expanded offerings, which we expect to be accomplished organically as well as with selective acquisitions.  •Reimagining the Core is a more transformational path that rethinks our TAM and targets strategic expansion beyond our existing TAM. As we think more broadly about material handling and increasing trends in intelligent motion, not just lifting, but solutions for how materials move throughout customer environments, there are some compelling ideas that emerge. The acquisitions of our conveyor businesses is an example of reimagining Columbus McKinnon’s core, which added approximately $5 billion to our TAM, with the specialty conveying microsegment growing at an estimated 6% to 8% rate annually.   Business Description We design, manufacture, and distribute a broad range of material handling products for various applications. Products include a wide variety of electric, air-powered, lever, and hand hoists, hoist trolleys, explosion-protected hoists, winches, and aluminum work stations; alloy and carbon steel chain; forged attachments, such as hooks, shackles, textile slings, clamps, and load binders; mechanical and electromechanical actuators and rotary unions; below-the-hook special purpose lifters; and power and motion control systems, such as AC and DC drive systems, radio remote controls, push button pendant stations, brakes, and collision avoidance and power delivery subsystems. Our legacy Lifting business is cyclical in nature and sensitive to changes in general macro economic conditions, including changes in industrial capacity utilization, industrial production, and general macro economic activity indicators, like GDP growth. Our products are typically manufactured for stock or assembled to order from standard components and are sold primarily through a variety of commercial distributors and, to a lesser extent, directly to end-users. Our STAHL subsidiary brings market leadership with independent crane builders and EPC firms. The diverse end-users of our products are in a variety of industries including manufacturing, power generation and distribution, utilities, wind power, warehouses, commercial construction, oil and gas exploration and refining, petrochemical, marine, ship building, transportation and heavy-duty trucking, agriculture, logging and mining. We also serve a niche market for the entertainment industry, including permanent and traveling concerts, live theater, and sporting venues.Our precision conveyance acquisitions expanded our product offerings to include a broad range of highly engineered, precision conveying solutions. The acquisitions of Dorner and Garvey expand the Company's reach to include the stable life sciences, food processing and consumer packaged goods markets and high growth industrial automation and e-commerce sectors. montratec’s principal markets include aerospace and electric vehicle production amongst others.6Products Of our fiscal 2024 sales, $574,843,000, or 57%, were U.S. and $438,697,000 or 43% were non-U.S. The following table sets forth certain sales data for our products, expressed as a percentage of net sales for fiscal 2024 and 2023:  Fiscal Years Ended March 31, 20242023Hoists49 %49 %High-precision conveying systems16 16 Digital power control and delivery systems12 11 Actuators and rotary unions10 9 Chain and rigging tools7 8 Industrial cranes4 4 Elevator application drive systems2 3  100 %100 % Hoists - We manufacture a wide variety of electric chain hoists, electric wire rope hoists, hand-operated hoists, winches, lever tools, and air-powered hoists. Load capacities for our hoist product lines range from one-eighth of a ton to nearly 275 tons. These products are sold under our Budgit, Chester, CM, Coffing, Little Mule, Pfaff, Shaw-Box, STAHL, Yale, and other recognized brands. Our hoists are sold for use in numerous general industrial applications, as well as for use in the construction, energy and utilities, steel and metals processing, mining, transportation, entertainment, and other markets. We also supply hoist trolleys, driven manually or by electric motors, which are used in conjunction with hoists.We also offer several lines of standard and custom-designed, below-the-hook tooling, clamps, and textile strappings. Below-the-hook tooling, textile, and chain slings and associated forgings, and clamps are specialized lifting apparatus used in a variety of lifting activities performed in conjunction with hoisting or lifting applications.We recently announced that along with a strategic partner we have developed a cutting-edge battery hoist.  Combining our industry-leading hoist design with our partner's expertise in lithium-ion battery and brushless motor technology, the innovative BatteryStar™ hoist provides the lifting strength and speed of an electric chain hoist and the portability of a manual hoist without the need for time-consuming manual operation or access to a power source.  The BatteryStar hoist has a 1-metric-ton lifting capacity with 20 feet of lift as standard and lifting speeds of 8 feet per minute. The hoist will be available for sale beginning in fiscal 2025. We also manufacture explosion-protected hoists and custom engineered hoists, including wire rope and manual and electric chain hoists. These branded products are sold to a variety of end markets including automotive, general manufacturing, oil and gas, steel and concrete, power generation as well as process industries such as chemical and pharmaceuticals.High-precision conveying systems – Dorner and Garvey expanded our product offerings to include high-precision, specialty conveyor system solutions. These conveyor systems range from build to order modular standard systems to highly engineered custom solutions. These products offer customers high quality and reliable solutions that enhance productivity and profitability.  The Company’s most recent acquisition, montratec, provides asynchronous conveying solutions, which complements both Dorner and Garvey product offerings. This furthers our shift to intelligent motion solutions and provides capabilities in advanced, higher technology automation solutions.  Digital Power Control and Delivery Systems - Through our Magnetek brand, we are a leading provider of innovative power control and delivery systems and solutions for overhead material handling applications used in a number of diverse industries, including aerospace, automotive, steel, aluminum, paper, logging, mining, ship loading, nuclear power plants, and heavy movable structures. We are a major supplier in North America of power and motion control systems, which include AC and DC drive systems, radio remote controls, push button pendant stations, brakes, and collision avoidance and power delivery subsystems. While we sell primarily to original equipment manufacturers ("OEMs") of overhead cranes and hoists, we engage with end users to understand their needs and gain specification. We can combine our products with engineered services to provide complete customer-specific system solutions.We are also a leading independent supplier of AC and DC digital motion control systems for underground coal mining equipment. Our systems are used in coal hauling vehicles, shuttle cars, scoops, and other heavy mining equipment. 7Actuators and Rotary Unions - Through our Duff-Norton and Pfaff brands, we design and manufacture industrial components such as mechanical and electromechanical actuators and rotary unions. Actuators are linear motion devices used in a variety of industries, including the transportation, paper, steel, energy, aerospace, and many other commercial industries. Rotary unions are devices that transfer a liquid or gas from a fixed pipe or hose to a rotating drum, cylinder or other device. Rotary unions are used in a variety of industries including pulp and paper, printing, textile and fabric manufacturing, rubber, and plastic.Chain and Rigging Tools - We manufacture alloy and carbon steel chain for various industrial and consumer applications. U.S. federal regulations require the use of alloy chain for overhead lifting applications because of its strength and wear characteristics. A line of our alloy chain is sold under the Herc-AlloyTM brand name for use in overhead lifting, pulling, and restraining applications. In addition, we also sell specialized load chain for use in hoists, as well as three grades and multiple sizes of carbon steel welded-link chain for various load securing and other non-overhead lifting applications. We produce a broad line of alloy and carbon steel closed-die forged chain attachments, including hooks, shackles, HammerloksTM, and master links. These forged attachments are used in chain, wire rope, and textile rigging applications in a variety of industries, including transportation, mining, construction, marine, logging, petrochemical, and agriculture. In addition, we manufacture carbon steel forged and stamped products, such as load binders, logging tools, and other securing devices, for sale to the industrial and logging markets through industrial distributors, hardware distributors, mass merchandiser outlets, and OEMs. Industrial Cranes - We manufacture and market under our Unified Industries brand overhead aluminum light rail workstations primarily used in automotive and other industrial applications. We also manufacture crane components and crane kits through our STAHL branded products.Elevator Application Drive Systems - Through our Magnetek brand we also design, build, sell, and support elevator application-specific drive products that efficiently deliver power used to control motion, primarily in high-rise, high-speed elevator applications. We are recognized as an industry leader for DC high-performance elevator drives, as well as for AC drives used with low- and high-performance traction elevators, due to our extensive application expertise and product reliability. Our elevator product offerings are comprised of highly integrated subsystems and drives, sold mainly to elevator OEMs. In addition, our product options include a number of regenerative controls for both new building installations and elevator modernization projects that help building owners save energy.  Distribution and Markets We sell our products and solutions through various distribution channels and direct to certain end users. The following describes our global distribution channels: General Distribution Channels -  Our global general distribution channels consist of:    —     Industrial distributors that serve local or regional industrial markets and sell a variety of products for maintenance repair, operating, and production, or MROP, applications through their own direct sales force. —     Rigging shops that are distributors with expertise in rigging, lifting, positioning, and load securing. Most rigging shops assemble and distribute chain, wire rope and synthetic slings, and distribute manual hoists and attachments, chain slings, and other products. —     Independent crane builders that design, build, install, and service overhead crane and light-rail systems for general industry and also distribute a wide variety of hoists and crane components. We sell electric wire rope hoists and chain hoists as well as crane components, such as end trucks, trolleys, drives, and electrification systems to crane builders. Specialty Distribution Channels -  Our global specialty distribution channels consist of:—     National and regional distributors that market a variety of MROP supplies, including material handling products, either exclusively through large, nationally distributed catalogs, or through a combination of catalog, internet, and branch sales and a field sales force. 8—     Material handling specialists and integrators that design and assemble systems incorporating hoists, overhead rail systems, trolleys, scissor lift tables, manipulators, air balancers, jib arms, and other material handling products to provide end-users with solutions to their material handling problems.—     Entertainment equipment distributors that design, supply, and install a variety of material handling and rigging equipment for concerts, theaters, ice shows, sporting events, convention centers, and night clubs.Service-After-Sale Distribution Channel - Service-after-sale distributors include our authorized network of 22 chain repair service stations and over 229 certified hoist service and repair stations globally. This service network is designed for easy parts and service access for our large installed base of hoists and related equipment in that region. OEM/Government Distribution Channels - This channel consists of: —     OEMs that supply various component parts directly to other industrial manufacturers as well as private branding and packaging of our traditional products for material handling, lifting, positioning, and special purpose applications.—     Government agencies, including the U.S. and Canadian Navies and Coast Guards, that primarily purchase load securing chain and forged attachments. We also provide our products to the U.S. and other governments for a variety of military applications.Independent Crane Builders and EPC firms - In addition to the Distribution Channels mentioned above, we sell explosion-protected hoists and custom engineered non-standard hoists to independent crane builders and EPC firms. Independent crane builders are lifting solution developers and final crane assemblers that source hoists as components. EPC firms are responsible for project management or construction management of production facilities that purchase lifting solutions from crane and hoist builders.Backlog Our backlog of orders at March 31, 2024 was approximately $280,824,000 compared to approximately $308,717,000 at March 31, 2023.  Our orders for standard products are generally shipped within one week. Orders for products that are manufactured to customer specifications are generally shipped within four to twelve weeks.  In fiscal 2024, the Company made significant progress reducing past-due backlog to more normal levels. In addition, fluctuations in backlog can reflect the project-oriented nature of certain aspects of our business.Competitive Conditions The material handling and precision conveyance industries remains fragmented. We face competition from a wide range of regional, national, and international manufacturers globally. In addition, we often compete with individual operating units of larger, highly diversified companies.The principal competitive factors affecting our business include customer service and support as well as product availability, performance, functionality, brand reputation, reliability, and price. Other important factors include distributor relationships and territory coverage as well as the robustness of our digital tools which impacts the customer experience.Major competitors for hoists are Konecranes, and Kito (and its U.S. subsidiary Harrington) which recently merged with the Crosby Group; for chain are Campbell Chain, Peerless Chain Company (a U.S. subsidiary of Kito), and American Chain and Cable Company; for digital power control systems are Konecranes, Power Electronics International, Inc., Cattron Holdings (a division of Harbour Group), Conductix-Wampfler (a division of Delachaux Group), Control Techniques (a division of Nidec Corporation), OMRON Corporation, KEB GmbH, and Fujitec; for forged attachments are The Crosby Group, Brewer Tichner Company and Chicago Hardware and Fixture Company; for actuators and rotary unions are Deublin, Joyce-Dayton, and Nook Industries, a division of Altra Industrial Motion Corp., which was acquired by Regal Rexnord; and for precision conveyors and accumulators are FlexLink, Bosch Rexroth AG, MK North America, Inc., Duravant, Nercon Eng. & Mfg. Inc and Arrowhead Systems, which was acquired by Regal Rexnord.  Human Capital Management Headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina, Columbus McKinnon’s global footprint includes offices, warehouses and manufacturing facilities in 25 countries across North America, Latin America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia. At March 31, 2024, we had 3,515 employees globally. Approximately 6% of our employees are represented under two separate U.S. collective bargaining agreements that expire in September 2024 and May 2027. We also have various labor agreements 9with our non-U.S. employees that we negotiate from time to time. We have good relationships with our employees and positive, productive relationships with our unions. We believe the risk of employee or union led disruption in production is remote.Successful execution of our strategy is dependent on attracting, developing, and retaining key employees and members ofour management team, which we achieve through the following:•We always begin with people and values at the center of all that we do and at the heart of our corporate social responsibility efforts. The Company’s people and the behaviors they display define our success, including integrity, respect and teamwork. Many of our Human Capital Management priorities, including Occupational Health and Safety, Succession and People Development, Diversity and Equal Opportunity, and Local Communities, are directly connected to our commitment to people and values. Our people enable us to grow, and our values ensure we grow responsibly and sustainably. •The Company places the highest priority on workplace safety. We believe it is critical to ensure that our most valuable assets, our employees, have a safe environment to work in every day. Our first value, “Connect safety to everything you do” highlights the importance of safety to our culture. As a permanent agenda item at all management meetings, safety comes first. For fiscal 2024 and 2023, the Company had an overall safety incident rate of 0.71 and 0.69, respectively (number of injuries and illnesses multiplied by 200,000, divided by hours worked). •We are committed to embracing diversity, equity and inclusion and integrating it into our business. We know the positive impact diverse and inclusive teams have on our business, employees, customers, and communities around the world. We are dedicated to building a company that future generations can be proud of and a team that embraces diversity and appreciates differences across the enterprise. We have embedded diversity, equity and inclusion into the People and Values framework of the CMBS. We are committed to ensuring that we have an environment of inclusion. We launched a series of virtual training modules for employees that provides education around diversity, inclusion and unconscious bias. One of our core values is “Win as a team” to specifically address embracing diversity. We also recognize our corporate responsibility to advance our Environmental Social and Governance (“ESG”) efforts and to be accountable for making progress. We are making investments in our people, processes and systems to enable meaningful progress in areas including, but not limited to, environmental stewardship, employee safety, workplace diversity and inclusion, connecting with our communities, and ensuring a strong governance and risk management culture. We are taking deliberate steps to fully integrate ESG into our enterprise strategy, our business system, and our daily actions.In addition, we set the following objectives for fiscal 2024: •Drive a people-first culture through engagement, training and development opportunities;•Perform extensive data collection and analysis to identify areas for improvement;•Build upon our progress toward ESG targets and goals;•Further align with global reporting standards and increasing global regulatory requirements; and•Be more transparent with internal and external stakeholders through communications and public disclosures.As we look forward to fiscal 2025 and beyond, we have additional plans that will continue to move our ESG initiatives forward. We continue to collect and analyze data to set realistic, yet challenging goals and be transparent about our progress against our commitments.Raw Materials and Components Our principal raw material and component purchases aggregated to approximately $396 million in fiscal 2024 (or 62% of Cost of product sold in fiscal 2024) and included steel, consisting of rod, wire, bar, structural, and other forms of steel; electric motors; bearings; gear reducers; castings; steel and aluminum enclosures and wire harnesses; electro-mechanical components; and standard variable drives. We purchase most of these raw materials and components from a limited number of strategic and preferred suppliers under agreements that are negotiated on a Company-wide basis through our global purchasing group. Generally, as we experience fluctuations in our costs, we are able to reflect these increases in costs with additional price increases to our customers with the goal of being margin neutral.  TrademarksWe own or have the rights to use certain trademarks, service marks and trade names that are registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Trademarks that are important in identifying and distinguishing our products include, but are not limited to, Hammerloks™ and Herc-Alloy™. We also own domain names, including our website, www.cmco.com.10Environmental and Other Governmental Regulation Like most manufacturing companies, we are subject to various federal, state, and local laws relating to the protection of the environment. To address the requirements of such laws, we have adopted a corporate environmental protection policy which provides that all of our owned or leased facilities must comply, and all of our employees have the duty to comply, with all applicable environmental regulatory standards, and we have initiated an environmental auditing program for our facilities to ensure compliance with such regulatory standards. We have also established managerial responsibilities and internal communication channels for dealing with environmental compliance issues that may arise in the course of our business. We have made, and could be required to continue to make, significant expenditures to comply with environmental requirements. Because of the complexity and changing nature of environmental regulatory standards, it is possible that situations will arise from time to time requiring us to incur additional expenditures to ensure environmental regulatory compliance. However, we are not aware of any environmental condition or any operation at any of our facilities, either individually or in the aggregate, which would cause expenditures to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.  Our operations are also governed by many other laws and regulations, including those relating to workplace safety and worker health, principally the Occupational Health and Safety Administration ("OSHA") in the U.S. and others outside the U.S. and regulations thereunder. The penalties for any breach of these regulations can vary and may be substantial.  We believe that we are in substantial compliance with these laws and regulations and do not believe that future compliance with such laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on our operating results, financial condition, or liquidity.See Note 16 to our March 31, 2024 consolidated financial statements included in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Form 10-K for more information on our matters involving litigation.Available InformationOur internet address is www.cmco.com. We make available free of charge through our website our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after such documents are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC.  The content on any website referred to in this Form 10-K is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K, and such content should not be considered part of this Form 10-K, unless expressly noted otherwise.11Table of Contents Item 1A.    Risk Factors Columbus McKinnon is subject to a number of risks that could negatively affect our business, financial condition or results from business operations or cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected or indicated in any forward-looking statement. You should carefully consider the risks described below, as well as the other information contained in this Form 10-K in evaluating your investment in us. The risks and uncertainties described below are those that we have identified as material, but are not the only risks or uncertainties facing Columbus McKinnon. This list is not all-inclusive or necessarily in order of importance. Our business could also be affected by additional risks that are not presently known to us or that we currently consider to be immaterial.  Business RisksOur business is cyclical and is affected by industrial economic and macroeconomic conditions.Many of the end-users of our products are in highly cyclical industries, such as manufacturing, power generation and distribution, commercial construction, oil and gas exploration and refining, transportation, agriculture, logging, and mining that are sensitive to changes in general macroeconomic conditions. Their demand for our products, and thus our results of operations, is cyclical and directly related to the level of production in their facilities, which changes as a result of changes in general macroeconomic conditions, including, among others, movements in interest rates, inflation, changes in currency exchange rates and higher fuel and other energy costs, and other factors beyond our control, and is vulnerable to economic downturns. Decreased capital and maintenance spending by these customers has in the past and could in the future have a material adverse effect on the demand for our products and our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In particular, higher interest rates could result in decreased demand for our products from end-users, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations, and concurrently result in higher interest expense related to borrowings under our credit facilities. In addition, inflation can also result in higher interest rates and negatively impact our results of operation. During an inflationary period, the cost of capital will often increase, and the purchasing power of our end users’ cash resources will decline, which can negatively affect demand from our customers. Current or future efforts by the government to stimulate the economy may increase the risk of significant inflation, which could have a direct and indirect adverse impact on our business and results of operations. If there is deterioration in the general economy or in the industries we serve, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. Furthermore, even if demand for our products improves, it is difficult to predict whether any improvement represents a long-term improving trend or the extent or timing of improvement. There can be no assurance that historically improving cycles are representative of actual future demand. In addition, the cyclical nature of our business could at times also adversely affect our liquidity and ability to borrow under our Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Facility (as defined herein) and limits our ability to make accurate long-term predictions about the performance of the Company.Our business, particularly with respect to our material handling and precision conveyance products, is highly competitive and subject to consolidation of competitors. Increased competition could reduce our sales, earnings, and profitability.The principal markets that we serve within the material handling and precision conveyance industries are fragmented and highly competitive. Competition is based primarily on customer service and support as well as product availability, performance, functionality, brand reputation, reliability, and price. Our competition in the markets in which we participate comes from companies of various sizes, some of which have greater financial and other resources than we do. Increased competition could force us to lower our prices or to offer additional services at a higher cost to us, which could reduce our gross margins and net income.The greater financial resources or the lower amount of debt of certain of our competitors may enable them to commit larger amounts of capital in response to changing market conditions. Certain competitors may also have the ability to develop product or service innovations that could put us at a disadvantage. In addition to the general competitive challenges we face, international trade policies could negatively affect the demand for our products and services and reduce our competitive position in such markets. In addition, through consolidation, some of our competitors have achieved substantially greater market penetration in certain of the markets in which we operate than we have been able to achieve. If we are unable to compete successfully against other manufacturers of material handling equipment and precision conveyors, we could lose customers and our revenues may decline. There can also be no assurance that customers will continue to regard our products favorably, that we will be able to develop new products or product developments that appeal to customers, that we will be able to improve or maintain our profit margins on sales to our customers or that we will be able to continue to compete successfully in our core markets.12Table of Contents Our growth strategy depends on successful integration of acquisitions.Acquisitions are a key part of our growth strategy. Our historical growth has depended, and our future growth is likely to depend, on our ability to successfully execute our acquisition strategy, and the successful integration of acquired businesses into our existing business. Such a strategy involves the potential risks inherent in assessing the value, strengths, weaknesses, contingent or other liabilities, and potential profitability of acquisition candidates and in integrating the operations of acquired companies. Furthermore, the price we pay for any business acquired may overstate the value of that business or otherwise be too high. In addition, any acquisitions of businesses with foreign operations or sales may increase our exposure to risks inherent in doing business outside the U.S.We intend to continue to seek additional acquisition opportunities in accordance with our acquisition strategy, both to expand into new markets and to enhance our position in existing markets throughout the world. If we are unable to successfully integrate acquired businesses into our existing business or expand into new markets, our sales and earnings growth could be reduced. Inherent in connection with any acquisition is the risk of transitioning company cultures and facilities and the corresponding risk of management and employee turnover. In addition, the focus on the integration of operations of acquired entities may divert management’s attention from the day-to-day operation of our businesses. The failure to efficiently and effectively achieve such transitions could increase our costs and decrease our profitability. Furthermore, the failure to achieve the anticipated synergies of our recent significant acquisitions or recognize the anticipated market opportunities or integration from our recent acquisitions, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.Our future operating results may be affected by price fluctuations and trade tariffs on steel, aluminum, and other raw materials purchased to manufacture our products. We may not be able to pass on increases in raw material costs to our customers.The primary raw materials used in our chain, forging and crane building operations are steel, aluminum, and other raw materials such as motors, electrical and electronic components, castings and machined parts and components. The industries that produce these critical components and materials are also themselves highly cyclical and at times pricing and availability can be volatile due to a number of factors beyond our control, including general macroeconomic conditions, inflation, labor costs, competition, import duties, tariffs, and currency exchange rates. This volatility can significantly affect our raw material costs. In an environment of increasing raw material prices and trade tariffs, competitive conditions will determine how much of the price increases we can pass on to our customers. In the future, to the extent we are unable to pass on any steel, aluminum, or other raw material price increases to our customers, our profitability could be adversely affected.Our results of operations could be materially adversely affected if we are unable to obtain sufficient pricing for our products and service to meet our profitability expectations. If we are unable to obtain favorable pricing for our products and services in a timely manner, our revenues and profitability could be materially adversely affected. For example, current conditions in our supply chain have resulted in rapid increases in the prices for the raw materials we use. Furthermore, the prices we are able to charge for our products and services are affected by a number of other factors, including:•general macroeconomic and political conditions; •our customers' desires to reduce their costs;•the competitive environment in our industry;•our ability to accurately estimate our costs, including our ability to estimate the impact of inflation on our costs over long-term contracts; and •the procurement practices of our customers. Our inability to pass increased prices along to our customers in a timely manner could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. If critical components or raw materials used to manufacture our products become scarce or unavailable, then we may incur delays in manufacturing and delivery of our products, which has damaged, and could continue to damage, our business, results of operations and financial condition. Due to increased demand across a range of industries, the global supply chain for certain critical components and raw materials used in the manufacture of our products has experienced significant constraints in recent periods. Particularly, the markets for motors, computer chips, and other components are experiencing increased demand, creating substantial uncertainty regarding the availability of key components and raw materials used to manufacture our products. This constrained supply environment has materially adversely affected, and could further materially adversely affect, availability, lead times and cost of components and raw material, and has materially impacted, and could continue to materially impact, our ability to respond to accelerated or 13Table of Contents quick-turn delivery requests from customers, or meet customer demand and product delivery dates for our end customers where we cannot timely secure adequate supply of these components and raw materials. Moreover, if any of our suppliers become financially unstable, or otherwise unable or unwilling to provide us with raw materials or components, we may have to find new suppliers. It may take several months to locate alternative suppliers, if required, or to redesign our products to accommodate components from different suppliers. We cannot predict if we will be able to obtain replacement components within the timeframes that we require at an acceptable cost, if at all. In addition, we have experienced, and may continue to experience, significant delays in receiving shipments of key component and raw materials and in shipping our completed products to customers. We have incurred, and may continue to incur, additional shipping and delivery costs to seek to expedite the delivery of critical components and raw materials.In an effort to mitigate these risks, in some cases, we have incurred higher costs to secure available inventory, or have extended or placed non-cancellable purchase commitments with suppliers, which introduces inventory risk if our forecasts and assumptions prove inaccurate. While we may attempt to recover the increased costs through price increases to our customers, we may be unable to mitigate the effect on our results of operations. We also have multi-sourced and pre-ordered components and raw materials inventory in some cases in an effort to reduce the impact of the adverse supply chain conditions we have experienced. Despite our attempts to mitigate the impact on our business, these constrained supply conditions are expected to adversely impact our costs of goods sold. Limits on manufacturing availability or capacity or delays in production or delivery of components or raw materials for our suppliers could further delay or inhibit our ability to obtain supply of components and raw materials and produce finished goods. These supply chain constraints and their related challenges could result in shortages, increased material costs or use of cash, engineering design changes, and delays in new product introductions, each of which could adversely impact our growth, gross margins and financial results. These types of negative financial impacts on our business may become more acute as supply chain pressures increase.Our backlog is subject to modification, termination or reduction of orders, which could negatively impact our sales.Our backlog is comprised of the portion of firm signed purchase orders or other written contractual commitments received from customers that we have not recognized as sales. The dollar amount of backlog as of March 31, 2024 was $281 million. Our backlog can be significantly affected by the timing of orders for large projects, and the amount of our backlog at March 31, 2024 is not necessarily indicative of future backlog levels or the rate at which backlog will be recognized as sales. Although modifications and terminations of our orders may be partially offset by cancellation fees, customers can, and sometimes do, terminate or modify these orders. We cannot predict whether cancellations will accelerate or diminish in the future. Cancellations of purchase orders, indications that the customers will not perform under their existing purchase orders or contracts or reductions of product quantities in existing contracts could substantially and materially reduce our backlog and, consequently, our future sales. Our failure to replace canceled orders could negatively impact our sales and results of operations.We rely in large part on independent distributors for sales of our products. We depend on independent distributors to sell our products and provide service and aftermarket support to our end-user customers. Distributors play a significant role in determining which of our products are stocked at their locations, and hence are most readily accessible to aftermarket buyers, and the price at which these products are sold. Almost all of the distributors with whom we transact business offer competitive products and services to our end-user customers. For the most part, we do not have written agreements with our distributors. The loss of a substantial number of these distributors or an increase in the distributors' sales of our competitors' products to our ultimate customers could materially reduce our sales and profits.Our future success depends, in part, on our ability to continue to attract, develop, engage and retain qualified employees. Because of the complex nature of many of our products and services, we are generally dependent on an educated and highly skilled workforce, including our engineering talent and our sales professionals. Failure to attract, develop, engage and retain qualified employees, whether as a result of an insufficient number of qualified applicants, difficulty in recruiting new employees, or inadequate resources to train, integrate and retain qualified employees, could impair our ability to execute our business strategy, and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Low rates of unemployment in key geographic areas in which we operate may lead to high rates of turnover and loss of critical talent, which could lead to higher labor costs. 14Table of Contents Our ability to understand our customers’ specific preferences and requirements, and to develop, manufacture and market products that meet customer demand as we expand into additional international markets, could significantly affect our business results.Our ability to match new product offerings to diverse global customers’ anticipated preferences for different types and sizes of equipment and various equipment features and functionality, at affordable prices, is critical to our success. This requires a thorough understanding of our existing and potential customers on a global basis. Failure to deliver quality products that meet customer needs at competitive prices ahead of competitors could have a significant adverse effect on our business.Financial RisksIn connection with the completion of the Precision Conveyance acquisitions, our indebtedness has increased significantly. Our indebtedness could limit our cash flow available for operations and our flexibility.In connection with the montratec acquisition, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated Credit Agreement increasing the size of the Revolving Credit Facility by $75,000,000 to a total of $175,000,000. The Company subsequently borrowed additional funds in accordance with the Accordion feature under its existing Term Loan B facility to increase the principal amount of the Term Loan B facility by $75,000,000 in both fiscal years 2022 and 2024. The Company also borrowed an additional $45,000,000 under a new credit agreement secured by the Company's U.S. accounts receivable balances (the "AR Securitization Facility"). As of March 31, 2024, the outstanding principal balance of the Term Loan B facility was $477,560,000, which includes $75,000,000 in principal balance from the Accordion exercised in the first quarter of fiscal 2024 as described above. We had $175,000,000 available for borrowing under the Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Facility (before deducting approximately $15,368,000 of letters of credit outstanding as of March 31, 2024).  The degree to which we are leveraged could have important consequences to our shareholders, including the following:•we may have greater difficulty satisfying our obligations with respect to our indebtedness;•we must dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness, reducing the funds available for our operations;•our ability to obtain additional financing in the future for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other purposes may be impaired;•we may be limited in our ability to make additional acquisitions or pay dividends on our common stock;•our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in the markets in which we compete may be limited;•we may be at a competitive disadvantage relative to our competitors with less indebtedness; our inability to comply with covenants in, and potential for default under, our debt instruments•we may be rendered more vulnerable to general adverse economic and industry conditions;•we may be unable to pay off in full or refinance any of our indebtedness at maturity;•our credit ratings may be downgraded; and •we are exposed to increased interest rate risk given that a portion of our indebtedness obligations are at variable interest rates.If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to sell assets, seek additional capital or seek to restructure or refinance our indebtedness. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. We may be unable to consummate those asset sales to raise capital or sell assets at prices that we believe are fair and proceeds that we do receive may be inadequate to meet any debt service obligations then due.Furthermore, we may be able to incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future. The terms of our debt instruments do not fully prohibit us from doing so. This could further exacerbate the risks that we face.Our operations outside the U.S. pose certain risks that may adversely impact sales and earnings. We have operations and assets located outside of the U.S., primarily in Germany, the United Kingdom, Hungary, Russia, China, Malaysia and Mexico, including our new facility in Monterrey, Mexico. In addition, we import a portion of our hoist product line from Asia and sell our products to distributors located in approximately 50 countries. In our fiscal year ended March 31, 2024, approximately 43% of our net sales were derived from non-U.S. markets. These non-U.S. operations are subject to a number of special risks, in addition to the risks of our U.S. business, including but not limited to differing protections of intellectual property, trade barriers, labor unrest, geopolitical conflicts, exchange controls, regional economic uncertainty, differing (and possibly more stringent) labor regulation, risk of governmental expropriation, U.S. and foreign customs and tariffs, political and economic instability in the jurisdictions in which we operate, foreign receivables collection risk, current and changing regulatory environments, difficulty in obtaining distribution support, difficulty in staffing and managing 15Table of Contents widespread operations, differences in the availability, and terms of financing, political instability and risks of increases in taxes. Any of these factors, individually or together, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Also, in some foreign jurisdictions, we may be subject to laws limiting the right and ability of entities organized or operating therein to pay dividends or remit earnings to affiliated companies unless specified conditions are met. These factors may adversely affect our future profits. Part of our strategy is to expand our worldwide market share and reduce costs by strengthening our international distribution capabilities and sourcing components in lower cost countries, such as China, Mexico, Hungary and Malaysia, including through the use of our new facility in Monterey, Mexico. Implementation of this strategy may increase the impact of the risks described above, and we cannot assure you that such risks will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.Other risks of doing business in international markets include the increased risks and burdens of complying with different legal and regulatory standards, difficulties in managing and staffing foreign operations, recruiting and retaining talented direct sales personnel, limitations on the repatriation of funds and fluctuations of foreign exchange rates, varying levels of internet technology adoption and infrastructure and our ability to enforce contracts and our intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. Additionally, there are risks associated with fundamental changes to international markets, such as those that may occur as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.In addition, in connection with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the U.S. has imposed, and is likely to impose material additional, financial and economic sanctions and export controls against Russia and certain Russian organizations and individuals, with similar actions either implemented or planned by the European Union and the U.K. and other jurisdictions. While the Company’s business operations relating to Russia constitute an immaterial part of the Company’s overall business, we may decide to, or be required to, exit from our operations in Russia in their entirety, which could result in a loss of revenues from our Russian operations (approximately $1,311,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024) or may necessitate the need to incur a bad debt reserve or an asset write-off related to our Russian operations. Furthermore, there is no guarantee that the current Russian invasion of Ukraine will not draw military intervention from other countries or further retaliation from Russia, which, in turn, could lead to a much larger conflict beyond its current geographic, political and economic scope. If such escalation should occur, supply chain, trade routes and markets currently served by the Company could be adversely affected and other risks discussed in this Form 10-K may be exacerbated. In addition, a further escalation could disrupt the supply of oil and natural gas in Europe, impacting our ability to operate our European manufacturing facilities, which, in turn, could materially adversely affect the Company’s business operations and financial performance.In addition, our success in international expansion could be limited by barriers to international expansion such as adverse tax consequences and export controls. If we cannot manage these risks effectively, the costs of doing business in some international markets may be prohibitive or our costs may increase disproportionately to our revenue. We are subject to currency fluctuations from our sales outside the U.S. Our products are sold in many countries around the world. Thus, a portion of our revenues (approximately $438,697,000 in our fiscal year ended March 31, 2024) are generated in foreign currencies, including principally the Euro, the British Pound, the Canadian Dollar, the South African Rand, the Brazilian Real, the Mexican Peso, and the Chinese Yuan, and while much of the costs incurred to generate those revenues are incurred in the same currency, a portion is incurred in other currencies. Since our financial statements are denominated in U.S. dollars, changes in currency exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and other currencies have had, and will continue to have, a currency translation impact on our earnings. Currency fluctuations may impact our financial performance in the future.We are subject to debt covenant restrictions. Each of our Term Loan B and Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Facility contains a financial leverage covenant, which will only be tested if any extensions of credit (other than letters of credit) are outstanding under the Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Facility at the end of any fiscal quarter, and other restrictive covenants. A significant decline in our operating income or cash generating ability could cause us to violate our leverage covenant in our bank credit facilities. Other material adverse changes in our business could also cause us to be in default of our debt covenants. Any breach of any such covenants or restrictions would result in a default under such agreement that could result in our being unable to borrow under our bank credit facilities and would permit the lenders to declare all borrowings under such agreement to be immediately due and payable and, through cross-default provisions, could entitle other lenders to accelerate their loans to us. In such an event, the Company would need to modify or restructure all or a portion of its indebtedness. Depending on prevailing economic conditions at the time, the Company might find it difficult to modify or restructure the debt on attractive terms, or at all. 16Table of Contents Legal RisksOur products involve risks of personal injury and property damage, which exposes us to potential liability. Our business exposes us to possible claims for personal injury or death, property damage or economic loss resulting from the products that we sell and to potential warranty, contractual or other claims. These product liability risks are inherent in the design, manufacture and sale of our products. Our products are complex and may contain defects, errors, or experience failures or unsatisfactory performance, due to any number of issues, including issues in materials, design, fabrication, packaging and/or use within a system or item of equipment. Further, because of the complexity of our products, defects or errors might only be detected when the products are in use. As a result, we could experience material product liability or warranty costs in the future and incur significant costs to defend ourselves against associated claims. Development of new products increases complexity and adds risk to manufacturing reliability, and increases the likelihood of product defects or errors. In addition, defects in our products could result in failure to achieve market acceptance, a shifting of business to our competitors, and litigation or regulatory action against us, and could harm our reputation or the reputation of the various brands under which we sell our products, our relationships with customers and our ability to attract new customers, as well as the perceptions of our brands. Other potential adverse impacts of product defects include shipment delays, write-offs of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, and losses on unfavorable purchase commitments.We maintain insurance through a combination of self-insurance retentions and excess insurance coverage. We monitor claims and potential claims of which we become aware and establish accrued liability reserves for the self-insurance amounts based on our liability estimates for such claims. We cannot give any assurance that existing or future claims will not exceed our estimates for self-insurance or the amount of our excess insurance coverage. In addition, we cannot give any assurance that insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms or that our insurers would not require us to increase our self-insurance amounts. Claims brought against us that are not covered by insurance or that are in excess of insurance coverage could have a material adverse effect on our results, financial condition, or liquidity. In addition, warranty and certain other claims are not typically covered by insurance.In addition, like many industrial manufacturers, we are also involved in asbestos-related litigation. In continually evaluating costs relating to our estimated asbestos-related liability, we review, among other things, the incidence of past and recent claims, the historical case dismissal rate, the mix of the claimed illnesses and occupations of the plaintiffs, our recent and historical resolution of the cases, the number of cases pending against us, the status and results of broad-based settlement discussions, and the number of years such activity might continue. Based on this review, we estimate our share of liability to defend and resolve probable asbestos related personal injury claims. This estimate is highly uncertain due to the limitations of the available data and the difficulty of forecasting with any certainty the numerous variables that can affect the range of the liability. We continue to study the variables in light of additional information in order to identify trends that may become evident and to assess their impact on the range of liability that is probable and estimable. We believe that the potential additional costs for claims will not have a material effect on the financial condition of the Company or its liquidity, although the effect of any future liabilities recorded could be material to earnings in a future period. See Note 16 to our March 31, 2024 consolidated financial statements included in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Form 10-K. As indicated above, our self-insurance coverage is provided through our captive insurance subsidiary. The reserves of our captive insurance subsidiary are subject to periodic adjustments based upon actuarial evaluations, which adjustments impact our overall results of operations and financial condition. These periodic adjustments can be favorable or unfavorable.We are subject to various environmental laws, which may require us to expend significant capital, incur substantial cost and could lower our margins. Our operations and facilities are subject to various federal, state, local, and foreign requirements relating to the protection of the environment, including those governing the discharges of pollutants in the air and water, the generation, management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes, and the cleanup of contaminated sites. Increased public awareness and concern regarding climate change and other ESG matters at numerous levels of government in various jurisdictions may lead to additional international, national, regional and local legislative and regulatory responses, and compliance with any new rules could be difficult and costly. We have made, and will continue to make, expenditures to comply with such requirements. Violations of, or liabilities under, environmental laws and regulations, or changes in such laws and regulations (such as the imposition of more stringent standards for discharges into the environment), could result in substantial costs to us, including operating costs and capital expenditures, fines and civil and criminal sanctions, third party claims for property damage or personal injury, clean-up costs, or costs relating to the temporary or permanent discontinuance of operations. Certain of our facilities have been in operation for many years, and we have remediated contamination at some of our facilities. Over time, we and other predecessor operators of such facilities have generated, used, handled, and disposed of hazardous and other regulated wastes. Additional environmental liabilities could exist, including clean-up obligations at these locations or other sites at which materials from our operations were disposed, which could result in substantial future expenditures that cannot be currently 17Table of Contents quantified and which could reduce our profits or have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, operations, or liquidity. We may face claims of infringement on the intellectual property of others, or others may infringe upon our intellectual property.Our future success depends in part on our ability to prevent others from infringing on our proprietary rights, as well as our ability to operate without infringing upon the proprietary rights of others. Our efforts to protect our intellectual property through patents, trademarks, service marks, domain names, copyrights, trade secrets and confidentiality agreements may not adequately protect us against infringements, and pending patent or trademark applications may not result in issued patents or trademarks. Our patents, registered trademarks and patent applications, if any, may not be upheld if challenged, and competitors may develop similar or superior methods or products outside the protection of our patents. This could reduce demand for our products, reduce our market share and materially decrease our revenues. We may need to spend significant resources monitoring and enforcing our intellectual property rights and we may not be aware of or able to detect or prove infringement by third parties.  We may be required at times to take legal action to protect our proprietary rights and, despite our best efforts, we may be sued for infringing on the intellectual property rights of others. Intellectual property-related litigation is costly and, even if we prevail, the cost of such litigation could adversely affect our financial condition. The protection and enforceability of our intellectual property rights is also subject to uncertainty in certain countries where we operate that have less rigorous intellectual property protection laws than the U.S. In addition, we could be adversely affected financially should we be judged to have infringed upon the intellectual property of others, and we could be required to modify the design of our products, change the name of our products or obtain a license for the use of some of the technologies used in our products.We rely on subcontractors or suppliers to perform their contractual obligations. Some of our contracts involve subcontracts with other companies upon which we rely to perform a portion of the services we must provide to our customers. There is a risk that we may have disputes with our subcontractors, including disputes regarding the quality and timeliness of work performed by our subcontractor or customer concerns about the subcontractor. Failure by our subcontractors to satisfactorily provide on a timely basis the agreed-upon supplies or perform the agreed upon services may materially and adversely impact our ability to perform our obligations as the prime contractor. A delay in our ability to obtain components and equipment parts from our suppliers may affect our ability to meet our customers' needs and may have a material adverse effect upon our profitability. General RisksAdverse changes in global economic conditions may negatively affect our industry, business, and results of operations. Our industry is affected by changes in economic conditions outside our control, which can result in a general decrease in product demand from our customers. Such economic developments, like inflationary pressures in the U.S. and elsewhere, the China trade wars, the war between Russia and Ukraine may affect our business in a number of ways. Reduced demand may drive us and our competitors to offer products at promotional prices, which would have a negative impact on our profitability. In addition, the tightening of credit in financial markets may adversely affect the ability of our customers and suppliers to obtain financing for significant purchases and operations and could result in a decrease in, or cancellation of, orders for our products. If demand for our products slows down or decreases, we will not be able to maintain our revenue and we may run the risk of failing to satisfy the financial and other restrictive covenants to which we are subject under our existing indebtedness. Reduced revenue as a result of decreased demand may also reduce our planned growth and otherwise hinder our ability to improve our performance in connection with our long-term business strategy.Climate change, or legal, regulatory or market measures to address climate change, may materially adversely affect our financial condition and business operations. Climate change resulting from increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere could present risks to our future operations from natural disasters and extreme weather conditions, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, wildfires, droughts or flooding. Such extreme weather conditions could pose physical risks to our facilities and disrupt operation of our supply chain and may impact operational costs. The impacts of climate change on global water resources may result in water scarcity, which could in the future impact our ability to access sufficient quantities of water in certain locations and result in increased costs. Furthermore, the potential physical impacts of climate change on our customers, and therefore on our operations, are speculative and highly uncertain, and would be particular to the circumstances developing in various geographical regions.Concern over climate change will likely result in new legal or regulatory requirements designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the effects of climate change. For example, the SEC has adopted new climate change disclosure rules aimed at enhancing and standardizing climate change-related disclosures by public companies. If these new rules are 18Table of Contents successfully implemented, our compliance costs could be significant. Further, our customers and the markets we serve may impose emissions reduction or other environmental standards and requirements. These requirements could result in a need to change our manufacturing processes or product offerings, or undertake other activities which may require us to incur additional expense. In addition, we may experience increased compliance burdens and operational costs and raw material sourcing, manufacturing operations and the distribution of our products may be adversely affected. Moreover, we may not be able to timely meet these requirements due to the required level of capital investment or technological advancement. While we have been committed to continuous improvements to meet anticipated regulations and preferences, there can be no assurance that our commitments will be successful, that our products will be accepted by the market, that proposed regulations will not have a negative competitive impact or that economic returns will reflect our investments in new product development. There also continues to be a lack of consistent climate legislation, which creates economic and regulatory uncertainty. These factors may impact the demand for our products, obsolescence of certain products and adversely affect our results of operations. A failure, or perceived failure, to respond to investor or customer expectations related to ESG concerns in areas such as climate change and supply chain management could materially adversely affect our business and reputation.Our business operations may be adversely affected by information technology systems interruptions or intrusion.We depend on various information technology systems throughout the Company to administer, store, and support multiple business activities, including to process the data we collect, store and use in connection with our business. If these systems are damaged, cease to function properly, or are subject to cyber-security attacks, such as those involving unauthorized access, malicious software and/or other intrusions, we could experience production downtimes, operational delays, other detrimental impacts on our operations or ability to provide products and services to our customers, the compromising of confidential or otherwise protected information, destruction or corruption of data, security breaches, other manipulation or improper use of our systems or networks, financial losses from remedial actions, loss of business or potential liability, and/or damage to our reputation. Our information technology systems may be damaged or cease to function properly due to any number of causes, such as catastrophic events, power outages and security breaches (including destructive malware such as ransomware) resulting in unauthorized access or cyber-security attacks. As the breadth and complexity of our information technology systems continue to grow, including as a result of the increasing reliance on, and use of, mobile technologies and cloud-based services, the risk of security incidents and cyber-security attacks has increased. While we attempt to mitigate these risks by employing a number of measures, including employee training, technical security controls, and maintenance of backup and protective systems, our systems, networks, products, and services remain potentially vulnerable to known or unknown cybersecurity threats, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Furthermore, cybersecurity threats are constantly expanding and evolving and becoming increasingly sophisticated and complex, including attacks from highly organized adversaries such as nation state actors, thereby increasing the costs associated with our cyber-security defense measures and procedures and increasing the difficulty of detecting and defending against them and maintaining effective security measures and protocols.We are also subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the U.S., Europe and around the world, as well as contractual obligations, regarding data privacy, security and protection. For example, in 2023, the SEC adopted new cybersecurity rules requiring disclosure of material cybersecurity incidents and processes assessing, identifying, and managing material cybersecurity risks and the corporate governance structure designed to address such risks. These laws and regulations continue to evolve, are increasing in complexity and number and increasingly conflict among the various countries in which we operate, which has resulted in greater compliance risk for us. In addition, the costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, such data privacy laws and regulations, including those of the European Union (“EU”) and the UK which are, in some respects, more stringent than U.S. standards, could be significant. Any failure or perceived failure by us, or any third parties with which we do business, to comply with our posted privacy policies, changing consumer expectations, evolving laws, rules and regulations, industry standards, or contractual obligations to which we or such third parties are or may become subject, may result in actions or other claims against us by governmental entities or private actors, the expenditure of substantial costs, time and other resources or the incurrence of significant fines, penalties or other liabilities. In addition, any such action, particularly to the extent we were found to be guilty of violations or otherwise liable for damages, could damage our reputation and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, our liability insurance, which includes cyber insurance, might not be sufficient in type or amount to cover us against claims related to security incidents, cyber-security attacks and other related incidents.We operate in many different jurisdictions, and we could be adversely affected by violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar worldwide anti-corruption laws.The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) and similar worldwide anti-corruption laws generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Our internal policies mandate compliance with these anti-corruption laws, and we incur meaningful costs complying with these laws. We operate in many parts of the world that have experienced corruption to some degree, and in certain circumstances, strict compliance with anti-corruption laws may conflict with local customs and practices. Despite our training and compliance programs, we cannot assure you that our internal control policies and procedures always will protect us from reckless or criminal acts committed by our employees or agents. In the event that we believe or have reason to believe that our employees 19Table of Contents or agents have or may have violated applicable anti-corruption laws, including the FCPA, we may be required to investigate or have outside counsel investigate the relevant facts and circumstances. In addition, we are subject to and must comply with all applicable export controls and economic sanctions laws and embargoes imposed by the U.S. and certain other governments. Changes in export control or trade sanctions laws may restrict our business practices, including cessation of business activities in sanctioned countries or with sanctioned entities, and may result in modifications to compliance programs and increase compliance costs, and violations of these laws or regulations may subject us to fines, penalties and other sanctions, such as loss of authorizations needed to conduct aspects of our international business or debarments from export privileges. Violations of the FCPA or export controls or sanctions laws and regulations may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, and we may be subject to other liabilities, which could negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Our continued expansion outside the U.S., including in developing countries, could increase these risks in the future. We depend on our management team and the loss of any member could adversely affect our operations. Our success is dependent on the management and leadership skills of our management team, including our senior team. The loss of any of these individuals or an inability to attract, retain, and maintain additional personnel could prevent us from implementing our business strategy. We cannot assure you that we will be able to retain our existing management personnel or to attract additional qualified personnel when needed.The market price of our common stock may be volatile.The market price of our common stock is volatile and could fluctuate significantly for many reasons, including in response to the risks described in this section and elsewhere in this Form 10-K or for reasons unrelated to our operations, such as reports by industry analysts, investor perceptions or negative announcements by our customers, competitors or suppliers regarding their own performance, as well as industry conditions and general financial, economic and political instability.Item 1B.    Unresolved Staff Comments None.Item 1C.             CybersecurityRisk Management and StrategyIn connection with our enterprise risk management process, we identify, prioritize, monitor and seek to ameliorate key risks that may affect the Company, including risks from or relating to cyber threats.  We have enterprise-wide security policies, standards and controls that seek to incorporate best practices in security engineering, technology architecture and data protection.Our policies and controls include security measures designed to protect our systems against unauthorized access. We also maintain cybersecurity protection measures with respect to our information technology systems, including with respect to the protection of our customer data, vendor data and employee information.  We have also implemented specialized training and education programs to seek to guard against cybersecurity events, such as enterprise-wide communications, presentations, phishing simulations and focused training for specific roles, as well as a general cybersecurity training program required for all employees. We also engage third parties to perform regular reviews of our security framework controls to promote objectivity.  Our processes to identify, assess and manage material risks relating to cyber threats include risks associated with third party service providers, including cloud-based platforms. We believe that these policies and controls provide us with an appropriate comprehensive assessment of potential cyber threats.To date, risks from cybersecurity threats have not materially affected the Company, and we do not believe these threats are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including its business strategy, financial condition or results of operations. However, the risks from cybersecurity threats and incidents continues to increase, and the preventative actions we have taken and continue to take to reduce the risk of cybersecurity threats and incidents may not successfully protect our systems against all such threats and incidents.  Refer to Item 1A – Risk Factors under the heading “Our business operations may be adversely affected by information technology systems interruptions or intrusion" for additional information.GovernanceOur cybersecurity program is overseen by a cross-functional committee of senior business leaders and is led by our Senior Vice President of Information Services and Chief Digital Officer (CDO).  This management committee meets regularly and is charged with overseeing our cybersecurity strategy, seeking to ensure that cyber risks relating to the Company and its operations are managed, and that the program is aligned with the Company's business goals and objectives.  The CDO has a formal education in information technology as well as extensive experience working in the Company’s information and technology function; and receives periodic training and education on cybersecurity-related topics.   20Table of Contents The Board of Directors has delegated to the Audit Committee to assist the Board of Directors in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities on cybersecurity matters.  The Audit Committee oversees a number of the Company’s risk management practices, including those relating to cybersecurity risks.  Our CDO provides updates on cybersecurity risks, threats, key developments in Company policies and practices, and related risk exposures to the Audit Committee regularly.  A member of the Audit Committee will then brief the full Board of Directors on items discussed within the Audit Committee, including cybersecurity risks and related matters. Additionally, management provides an update to the full Board of Directors on cybersecurity matters at least once a year, and more often as needed.  The Board of Directors annually reviews and approves the capital and operating budgets, ultimately reviewing and approving the amount spent by the Company on cybersecurity measures. 21Table of Contents Item 2.        Properties We maintain our corporate headquarters in Charlotte, NC (a leased property) and, as of March 31, 2024, conducted our principal manufacturing at the following facilities:LocationProducts/OperationsSquareFootageOwned orLeased1Künzelsau, GermanyHoists345,000 Leased2Wadesboro, NCHoists180,000 Owned3Monterrey, MexicoHoists165,000 Leased4Lexington, TNChain164,000 Owned5Charlotte, NCActuators and Rotary Unions146,000 Leased6Menomonee Falls, WIPower control systems144,000 LeasedTennessee forging operation:7Chattanooga, TNForged attachments81,000 Owned8Chattanooga, TNForged attachments59,000 Owned9Hartland, WIPrecision Conveyors125,000 Leased10Wuppertal, GermanyHoists and Precision Conveyors124,000 Leased11Kissing, GermanyHoists, winches, and actuators107,000 Leased12Dauchingen, GermanyAutomation Solutions103,000 Leased13Damascus, VAHoists97,000 Owned14Hangzhou, ChinaHoists82,000 Owned15Brighton, MIOverhead light rail workstations71,000 Leased16Hammonton, NJAccumulation Tables58,000 Leased17Chester, EnglandPlate clamps56,000 Owned18Bayan Lepas, MalaysiaPrecision Conveyors40,000 Leased 19Szekesfehervar, HungaryTextiles and textile strappings24,000 Leased20Zapopan, MexicoPrecision Conveyors20,000 LeasedIn addition, we have a total of 46 sales offices, distribution centers, and warehouses.  We believe that our properties have been adequately maintained, are in generally good condition and are suitable for our business as presently conducted. We also believe our existing facilities provide sufficient production capacity for our present needs and for our anticipated needs in the foreseeable future. Upon the expiration of our current leases, we believe that either we will be able to secure renewal terms or enter into leases for alternative locations at market terms.22Table of Contents Item 3.        Legal Proceedings From time to time, we are named a defendant in legal actions arising out of the normal course of business. We are not a party to any pending legal proceeding other than ordinary, routine litigation incidental to our business. In April of fiscal 2025, a trial involving a product liability claim against us resulted in a jury verdict demanding us to pay approximately $3,000,000 in damages.  We along with our attorneys believe we will be successful in overturning this verdict and that payment of the damages is not probable.  As such we have not accrued the damages at March 31, 2024. We do not believe that any of our pending litigation will have a material impact on our business. We maintain comprehensive general product liability insurance against risks arising out of the use of our products sold to customers through our wholly owned New York State captive insurance subsidiary of which we are the sole policy holder.  The per occurrence limits on the self-insurance for general and product liability coverage were $2,000,000 from inception through fiscal 2003 and $3,000,000 for fiscal 2004 and thereafter. In addition to the per occurrence limits, our coverage is also subject to an annual aggregate limit, applicable to losses only. These limits range from $2,000,000 to $6,000,000 for each policy year from inception through fiscal 2024. We obtain additional insurance coverage from independent insurers to cover potential losses in excess of these limits.Like many industrial manufacturers, we are also involved in asbestos-related litigation. In continually evaluating costs relating to our estimated asbestos-related liability, we review, among other things, the incidence of past and recent claims, the historical case dismissal rate, the mix of the claimed illnesses and occupations of the plaintiffs, our recent and historical resolution of the cases, the number of cases pending against us, the status and results of broad-based settlement discussions, and the number of years such activity might continue. Because this liability is likely to extend over many years, management believes that the potential additional costs for claims will not have a material effect on the financial condition of the Company or its liquidity, although the effect of any future liabilities recorded could be material to earnings in a future period. See Note 16 to our March 31, 2024 consolidated financial statements included in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,  of this Form 10-K for more information on our matters involving litigation.Item 4.        Mine Safety DisclosuresNot Applicable.     23Table of Contents PART IIItem 5.    Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Security Holder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity SecuritiesOur common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "CMCO." As of April 30, 2024, there were 330 holders of record of our common stock.During fiscal 2024, the Company declared quarterly cash dividends totaling $8,055,000. On March 18, 2024, the Company's Board of Directors declared a regular quarterly dividend of $0.07 per common share. The dividend was paid on May 13, 2024 to shareholders of record as of May 3, 2024 and totaled approximately $2,020,000.Our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement allows for the declaration and payment of dividends, subject to specified limitation as set forth in our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. We expect to continue to pay dividends in fiscal 2025 consistent with our historical amounts.Issuer Purchases of Equity SecuritiesThe following table presents information with respect to purchases of common stock of the Company made during the three months ended March 31, 2024 by the Company:PeriodTotal Number of Shares PurchasedAverage Price Paid per ShareTotal Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced ProgramApproximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased under the Program (in thousands)1January 1 - 31, 2024— $— — February 1 - 29, 2024— $— — March 1 - 31, 2024— $— — Total— $— — $19,000  1The Company publicly announced on March 26, 2019 that its Board of Directors approved a share repurchase authorization for up to $20 million of shares of common stock of Columbus McKinnon Corporation, with no expiration. As of March 31, 2024, approximately $19 million of shares of common stock of the Company remains available repurchase under the current authorization plan.  There were no repurchases made in the quarter ended March 31, 2024.24Table of Contents PERFORMANCE GRAPHThe Performance Graph shown below compares the cumulative total shareholder return on our common stock based on its market price, with the total return of the S&P SmallCap 600 Index, and the Dow Jones U.S. Diversified Industrials Index.  The comparison of total return assumes that a fixed investment of $100 was invested on March 31, 2019 in our common stock and in each of the foregoing indices and further assumes the reinvestment of dividends.  The stock price performance shown on the graph is not necessarily indicative of future price performance.This Performance Graph shall not be deemed "filed" with the SEC for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or incorporate by reference into any of our filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.Item 6.        [Reserved]25Table of Contents Item 7.        Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsThis section should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Form 10-K. EXECUTIVE OVERVIEWColumbus McKinnon Corporation ("Columbus McKinnon" or the "Company") is a leading worldwide designer, manufacturer and marketer of intelligent motion solutions that move the world forward and improve lives by efficiently and ergonomically moving, lifting, positioning and securing materials. Key products include hoists, crane components, precision conveyor systems, rigging tools, light rail workstations and digital power and motion control systems. These are highly relevant, professional-grade solutions that solve our customers’ critical material handling requirements.Founded in 1875, we have grown to our current size and leadership position through organic growth and acquisitions. We developed our leading market position over our 149-year history by emphasizing technological innovation, manufacturing excellence and superior customer service. In accordance with our strategic framework, we are building out our business system ("CMBS") and growth framework to be market-led, customer-centric, and operationally excellent with our people and values at the core. We believe this will transform Columbus McKinnon into a top-tier intelligent motion solutions company. We expect our strategy will enhance shareholder value by growing sales, expanding EBITDA margins and increasing our return on invested capital ("ROIC"). Our revenue base is geographically diverse with approximately 43% derived from customers outside the U.S. for the year ended March 31, 2024. We believe this diversity balances the impact of changes that occur in local economies, as well as benefits the Company by providing access to growing emerging markets. We monitor both U.S. and Eurozone Industrial Capacity Utilization statistics as well as the ISM Production Index as indicators of anticipated demand for our products. In addition, we continue to monitor the potential impact of other global and U.S. trends including, industrial production, trade tariffs, raw material cost inflation, interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, and activity of end-user markets around the globe.From a strategic perspective, we are investing in new products as we focus on our greatest opportunities for growth. We maintain a strong North American market share with significant leading market positions in hoists, lifting and sling chain, forged attachments, actuators, precision conveyors and digital power and motion control systems for the material handling industry. We seek to maintain and enhance our market share by focusing our sales and marketing activities toward select North American and global market sectors including general industrial, energy, automotive, heavy OEM, entertainment, construction and infrastructure, life sciences food and beverage, e-commerce and consumer products.On May 31, 2023, the Company completed its acquisition of montratec GmbH ("montratec"), a leading automation solutions company that designs and develops intelligent automation and transport systems for interlinking industrial production and logistics processes. montratec product offerings compliment the previous acquisitions of both Dorner and Garvey, and these acquisitions are collectively expected to accelerate the Company’s shift to intelligent motion solutions and serve as a platform to expand capabilities in advanced, higher technology automation solutions.Regardless of the economic climate and point in the economic cycle, we constantly explore ways to increase operating margins as well as further improve our productivity and competitiveness. We have specific initiatives to reduce lead-times, improve on-time deliveries, reduce warranty costs, and improve material and factory productivity. The initiatives are being driven by the implementation of our business operating system, CMBS. We are working to achieve these strategic initiatives through business simplification, operational excellence, and profitable growth initiatives. We believe these initiatives will enhance future operating margins.Our principal raw materials and components purchases were approximately $396 million in fiscal 2024 (or 62% of Cost of  product sold) and include steel, consisting of rod, wire, bar, structural, and other forms of steel; electric motors; bearings; gear reducers; castings; steel and aluminum enclosures and wire harnesses; electro-mechanical components; and standard variable drives and controls. These commodities are all available from multiple sources. We purchase most of these raw materials and components from a limited number of strategic and preferred suppliers under agreements which are negotiated on a company-wide basis through our global purchasing group. Currently, as a result of global inflation, we are experiencing higher raw material costs and availability issues for select raw materials and components. To date, we have raised prices to our customers to cover these increased raw material costs and are working with our supply base to prioritize shipments and improve availability of key components.26Table of Contents We operate in a highly competitive and global business environment. We see a variety of opportunities in our markets and geographies, including trends toward automation and increasing labor productivity and the expansion of market opportunities in Asia and other emerging markets. While we execute our long-term growth strategy, we are supported by our strong free cash flow as well as our liquidity position and flexible debt structure.RESULTS OF OPERATIONSThe following discussion is a comparison between fiscal 2024 and fiscal 2023 results. For a discussion of our results of operations for fiscal 2023 compared to fiscal 2022, please refer to Item 7 of Part II, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, which was filed with the SEC on May 25, 2023.Fiscal 2024 Compared to Fiscal 2023 Fiscal 2024 sales were $1,013,540,000, an increase of 8.3%, or $77,300,000 compared with fiscal 2023 sales of $936,240,000. Sales for the fiscal year were positively impacted by price increases of $33,837,000 as well as $32,584,000 of incremental sales from the montratec acquisition.  Offsetting these increases was $469,000 in decreased sales volume. The translation of foreign currency had a favorable impact of $11,348,000.Gross profit was $374,838,000 and $342,099,000 or 37.0% and 36.5% of net sales in fiscal 2024 and 2023, respectively.  The fiscal 2024 increase in gross profit of $32,739,000 or 9.6% is the result of the $28,987,000 of price increases net of material inflation, $13,828,000 in gross profit as a result of the acquisition of montratec, $946,000 due to favorable sales mix and $904,000 of decreased product liability costs offset by $12,087,000 of other manufacturing cost changes, $3,294,000 of start up costs for our new Monterrey, Mexico facility and $346,000 of current year business realignment costs. The translation of foreign currencies had a $3,756,000 favorable impact on gross profit for the year ended March 31, 2024. Selling expenses were $105,341,000 and $102,528,000, or 10.4% and 11.0% of net sales in fiscal years 2024 and 2023, respectively. Selling expenses increased $6,426,000 as a result of the montratec acquisition offset by a decreases in net business realignment costs, which did not recur for $3,807,000, and lower employee costs of $1,157,000 as a result of the prior year business realignment.  Foreign currency translation had a $1,055,000 unfavorable impact on selling expenses.  General and administrative expenses were $106,760,000 and $94,794,000 or 10.5% and 10.1% of net sales in fiscal 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in general and administrative expenses was due to the acquisition of montratec which added $3,586,000 in expenses, net increases of $2,595,000 for acquisition and deal integration costs, an increase in stock-based compensation of $2,171,000, an increase of $1,596,000 for the new Monterrey, Mexico facility and an increase in net business realignment costs of $1,084,000. These increases were offset by a $1,230,000 adjustment in the prior year for the Garvey acquisition contingent consideration which did not recur. Foreign currency translation had a $711,000 unfavorable impact on general and administrative expenses for the year ended March 31, 2024.Research and development expenses were $26,193,000 and $20,935,000 in fiscal 2024 and 2023, respectively. As a percentage of consolidated net sales, research and development expenses were 2.6% and 2.2% in fiscal 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in research and development expenses was due to additional spending to achieve strategic goals related to new product development. Amortization of intangibles were $29,396,000 and $26,001,000 in fiscal 2024 and 2023, respectively, with the increase related to amortization of new intangible assets acquired in the montratec acquisition. Interest and debt expense was $37,957,000 and $27,942,000 in fiscal 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase is related to higher interest rates, as well as increased borrowings to finance the montratec acquisition.Investment income of $1,759,000 and $315,000, in fiscal 2024 and 2023, respectively, related to earnings on marketable securities held in the Company’s wholly owned captive insurance subsidiary and the Company's equity method investment in EMC, described in Note 7 to our March 31, 2024 consolidated financial statements. Foreign currency exchange resulted in a loss of $1,826,000 and a gain $2,189,000 in fiscal 2024 and 2023, respectively. This unfavorable change was due to the strengthening of the U.S. Dollar in comparison to the Euro and other currencies where our businesses operates.Other expense was $7,597,000 in fiscal 2024 and other income was $2,072,000 in fiscal 2023. During fiscal 2024, the Company terminated both of its Canadian pension plans and began the process to terminate one of its U.S. pension plans. For the U.S. 27Table of Contents plan, lump sum payments were made to eligible participants who elected to receive them. Both of these actions resulted in a settlement charge of $4,984,000. Further as discussed in Note 17, the increase in expense is also related to an income tax refund which will be paid to the former owners of STAHL, as agreed to in a tax indemnification agreement, as it relates to a tax period prior to the acquisition date.Income tax expense as a percentage of income from continuing operations before income tax expense was 24.2% and 35.0% in fiscal 2024 and 2023, respectively.  Typically these percentages vary from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% due to varying effective tax rates at the Company's foreign subsidiaries and the jurisdictional mix of income for these subsidiaries. In fiscal 2023, the rate was unfavorably impacted 3 percentage points due to settlement of income tax assessments related to tax periods prior to the Company’s acquisition of Stahl Cranesystems GmbH (“STAHL"). In accordance with the tax indemnification clause of the share purchase agreement, the Company received full reimbursement from STAHL’s prior owner which was recorded as a gain in Other (income) expense, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The tax rate also reflects an unfavorable impact of 2 percentage points due to the recording of a U.S. state tax valuation allowance. The valuation allowance primarily relates to changes in the Company’s expectations regarding its ability to more likely than not utilize certain U.S. state net operating losses prior to their expiration. The tax rate was also unfavorably affected by non-deductible compensation and U.S. taxes on foreign earnings, which increased the rate by 2 percentage points each.LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCESCash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash totaled $114,376,000 and $133,426,000, at March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Cash flow from operating activitiesNet cash provided by operating activities was $67,198,000 and $83,636,000 in fiscal 2024 and 2023, respectively. In fiscal 2024, net income of $46,625,000 and non-cash adjustments to net income of $57,928,000 were the largest contributors. Of the non-cash adjustments, $45,945,000 was depreciation and amortization and $12,039,000 was stock-based compensation offset by $15,285,000 of deferred income taxes and related valuation allowance. Net working capital increases reduced operating cash flows by $29,132,000, which included an increase of $14,428,000 in accounts receivable, a $9,583,000 decrease in accrued liabilities and an increase in prepaid expenses and other of $8,555,000. This was partially offset by a decrease in trade payables of $4,748,000. In addition, non-current liabilities decreased by $8,760,000. The decrease in non-current liabilities primarily consists of $9,454,000 in cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities in fiscal 2024.    Cash flow from investing activitiesNet cash used for investing activities was $133,364,000 and $13,932,000 in fiscal 2024 and 2023, respectively.  In fiscal 2024, the most significant uses of cash in investing activities was $108,145,000 of cash used for the purchase of montratec on May 31, 2023. Additionally, the Company used $24,813,000 in capital expenditures. Cash flow from financing activitiesNet cash provided by financing activities was $48,201,000 in fiscal 2024 compared to net cash used for financing activities of $49,987,000 in fiscal 2023. The most significant source of cash was $120,000,000 in gross proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt, which was used to fund the montratec acquisition. This was offset by $60,604,000 in debt repayments, $8,044,000 in dividend payments and $2,859,000 in fees paid to secure the new debt borrowings. Associated cash flows from hedging activities are classified as financing activities in the Statement of Cash Flows, which resulted in a net cash inflow of $1,370,000. We believe that our cash on hand, cash flows, and borrowing capacity under our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement will be sufficient to fund our ongoing operations and debt obligations, and capital expenditures for at least the next twelve months. This belief is dependent upon successful execution of our current business plan and effective working capital utilization. No material restrictions exist in accessing cash held by our non-U.S. subsidiaries.  We expect to meet our funding needs with cash provided by our U.S. operations, as well as by repatriating non-U.S. cash. We do not expect to incur significant incremental U.S. taxes as we repatriate funds. As of March 31, 2024, $64,103,000 of cash and cash equivalents were held by foreign subsidiaries.CAPITAL EXPENDITURESIn addition to keeping our current equipment and plants properly maintained, we are committed to replacing, enhancing and upgrading our property, plant and equipment to support new product development, improve productivity and customer 28Table of Contents responsiveness, reduce production costs, increase flexibility to respond effectively to market fluctuations and changes, meet environmental requirements, enhance safety and promote ergonomically correct work stations. Our capital expenditures for fiscal 2024 and 2023 were $24,813,000 and $12,632,000, respectively. This increase in capital expenditures during fiscal 2024 was related to the establishment of a machining center of excellence in Mexico. Excluded from fiscal 2024 capital expenditures is $690,000 and $624,000, in property, plant and equipment purchases included in accounts payable at March 31, 2024 and 2023,  respectively. We expect capital expenditure spending in fiscal 2025 to range from $20,000,000 to $30,000,000.  INFLATION AND OTHER MARKET CONDITIONSOur costs are affected by inflation in the U.S. economy and, to a lesser extent, in non-U.S. economies including those of Europe, Canada, Mexico, South America, and Asia-Pacific. We do not believe that general inflation has had a material effect on our results of operations over the periods presented despite rising inflation due to our ability to pass on rising costs through price increases. We are currently experiencing higher raw material, freight, and logistics costs than we have seen in recent years, which we have been able to recover with pricing actions.  In the future, we may not be able to pass on these cost increases to our customers.   SEASONALITY AND QUARTERLY RESULTSQuarterly results may be materially affected by the timing of large customer orders, periods of high vacation and holiday concentrations, legal settlements, gains or losses in our portfolio of marketable securities, restructuring charges, favorable or unfavorable foreign currency translation, divestitures and acquisitions. Therefore, the operating results for any particular fiscal quarter are not necessarily indicative of results for any subsequent fiscal quarter or for the full fiscal year.CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATESThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We continually evaluate the estimates and their underlying assumptions, which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of our assets and liabilities. Actual results inevitably will differ from those estimates. If interpreted differently under different conditions or circumstances, changes in our estimates could result in material changes to our reported results.  We have identified below the accounting policies involving estimates that are critical to our financial statements. Other accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 of our consolidated financial statements.Insurance Reserves.  Our accrued general and product liability reserves as described in Note 16 to consolidated financial statements involve actuarial techniques including the methods selected to estimate ultimate claims, and assumptions including emergence patterns, payment patterns, initial expected losses, and increased limit factors. These actuarial estimates are subject to a high degree of uncertainty due to a variety of factors, including extended lag time in the reporting and resolution of claims, trends or changes in claim settlement patterns, insurance industry practices, and legal interpretations. Changes to these estimates could result in material changes to the amount of expense and liabilities recorded in our financial statements. Further, actual costs could differ significantly from the estimated amounts.  Adjustments to estimated reserves are recorded in the period in which the change in estimate occurs.  Other insurance reserves such as workers compensation and group health insurance are based on actual historical and current claim data provided by third party administrators or internally maintained.Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment testing.  Our goodwill balance of $710,334,000 as of March 31, 2024 is subject to impairment testing. We test goodwill for impairment at least annually, as of the end of February, and more frequently whenever events occur or circumstances change that indicate there may be impairment. These events or circumstances could include a significant long-term adverse change in the business climate, poor indicators of operating performance, or a sale or disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit.We test goodwill at the reporting unit level, which is one level below our operating segment.  We identify our reporting units by assessing whether the components of our operating segment constitute businesses for which discrete financial information is available and segment management regularly reviews the operating results of those components.  We also aggregate components that have similar economic characteristics into single reporting units (for example, similar products and / or services, similar long-term financial results, product processes, classes of customers, or in circumstances where the components share assets or other resources and have other economic interdependencies). We have three reporting units, Linear Motion Products (formerly referred to as Duff-Norton), Rest of Products and Precision Conveyance, and have goodwill totaling $9,699,000, $304,760,000, and 395,875,000, respectively, at March 31, 2024.  montratec, which was acquired in fiscal 2024 has been included in the Precision Conveyance reporting unit.29Table of Contents Annual Goodwill Impairment TestWhen we evaluate the potential for goodwill impairment, we assess a range of qualitative factors including, but not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry conditions, the competitive environment, changes in the market for our products and services, regulatory and political developments, entity specific factors such as strategy, and changes in key personnel and overall financial performance. If, after completing this assessment, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we proceed to a quantitative impairment test. We also proceed to the quantitative model when economic or other business factors indicate that the fair value of our reporting units may have declined since our last quantitative impairment test. We performed the qualitative assessment as of February 29, 2024 and determined the quantitative test should be performed for the Precision Conveyance reporting unit as the businesses in this reporting unit were recently acquired resulting in a relatively small difference between the reporting unit's book and fair value. We performed sensitivities and other analysis and determined that goodwill is not impaired as of March 31, 2024 for the Precision Conveyance reporting unit.  The qualitative assessment as of February 29, 2024 for the Rest of Products and Linear Motion Products reporting units determined it was not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting units were less than their applicable carrying value. Accordingly, we did not perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test for the Rest of Products and Linear Motion Products reporting units during fiscal 2024.Quantitative Test for the Precision Conveyance GroupIn order to perform the quantitative impairment test for the Precision Conveyance reporting unit, we used the discounted cash flow method to estimate fair value. The discounted cash flow method incorporates various assumptions, the most significant being projected revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins and cash flows, and the weighted-average cost of capital. Management projects discounted cash flows based on the reporting unit's current business, expected developments and operational strategies over a seven-year period. In estimating the terminal growth rate, we consider our historical and projected results, as well as the economic environment in which the reporting unit operates. The weighted-average cost of capital utilized for the reporting unit reflects management’s assumptions of marketplace participants’ cost of capital and risk assumptions, both specific to the reporting unit and overall in the economy. Testing goodwill for impairment under the quantitative method described above requires us to estimate fair value of the reporting unit using significant estimates and judgmental factors. The compound annual growth rate for revenue during the first seven years of our projections was approximately 13.0% for the Precision Conveyance reporting unit. This reflects the higher expected growth rates on our precision conveyor business compared to our other businesses.  The terminal value was calculated assuming a projected growth rate of 3.0% after seven years. These rates reflect our estimate of long-term growth into perpetuity and approximate the long-term gross domestic product growth expected on a global basis as well as our normal annual price increases. The estimated weighted-average cost of capital was determined to be 13.2% for the Precision Conveyance reporting unit. This was estimated based upon an analysis of similar companies and their debt to equity mix, their related volatility and the size of their market capitalization. We also consider any additional risk of the Precision Conveyance reporting unit achieving its forecast, and adjust the weighted-average cost of capital applied when determining the reporting unit’s estimated fair value. The quantitative test results indicate that the Precision Conveyance reporting unit is not impaired as its fair value exceeds its book value by 6%.Future changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the results of our goodwill impairment tests. For example, a decline in the terminal growth rate by 100 basis points would decrease fair market value by $24,800,000, an increase in the weighted-average cost of capital by 75 basis points would result in a decrease in fair market value by $33,500,000, and an annual decrease in gross profit of 200 basis points would result in a decrease in fair value of $23,100,000 for the Precision Conveyance reporting unit. Even with such changes, the fair value of the reporting unit would be greater than its net book value as of February 29, 2024, therefore indicating no impairment.We further test our indefinite-lived intangible asset balance of $46,254,000 consisting of trademarks for acquisitions prior to fiscal 2024. Similar to goodwill, we first assess various qualitative factors in the analysis. If, after completing this assessment, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value, we proceed to a quantitative impairment test. We performed the qualitative assessment as of February 29, 2024 and determined that it was not more likely than not that the fair value of each of our indefinite-lived intangible assets was less than  its applicable carrying value.30Table of Contents Effects of New Accounting PronouncementsInformation regarding the effects of new accounting pronouncements is included in Note 21 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Form 10-K. 31Table of Contents Item 7A.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Market risk is the potential loss arising from adverse changes in market rates and prices, such as interest rates. We are exposed to various market risks, including commodity prices for raw materials, foreign currency exchange rates, and changes in interest rates. We may enter into financial instrument transactions, which attempt to manage and reduce the impact of such changes. We do not enter into derivatives or other financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.Commodity Price RiskOur costs are affected by inflation in the U.S. economy and, to a lesser extent, in non-U.S. economies including those of Europe, Canada, Mexico, South America, and Asia-Pacific. Generally, as we experience fluctuations in our costs, we reflect these increases in costs as price increases to our customers with the goal of being margin neutral. We are currently experiencing higher raw material, freight, and logistics costs than we have seen in recent years, which we have been able to recover with pricing actions. Further, increases in U.S. employee benefits costs such as health insurance and workers compensation insurance have exceeded general inflation levels. In the future, we may be further affected by inflation that we may not be able to pass these increased costs on as price increases to our customers.  However, we have been successful in the past, and we expect to be successful in the future, in instituting price increases to pass on these material cost increases. The Company is exposed to trade tariffs with China.  The Company monitors the impact of tariffs and actively works to mitigate this impact through material productivity actions and pricing strategies. Foreign Currency Exchange RiskIn fiscal 2024, 43% of our net sales were from manufacturing plants and sales offices in foreign jurisdictions. We manufacture our products in the United States, China, Germany, United Kingdom, Hungary, Mexico, and Malaysia and sell our products in over 100 countries. Our results of operations could be affected by factors such as changes in foreign currency rates or weak economic conditions in foreign markets. With our fiscal year 2017 acquisition of STAHL, we have an increased presence in the United Arab Emirates, with total assets of approximately $6,280,000.  Our operating results are exposed to fluctuations between the U.S. Dollar and the Canadian Dollar, European currencies, the South African Rand, the Mexican Peso, the Brazilian Real, and the Chinese Yuan. For example, when the U.S. dollar weakens against the Euro, the value of our net sales and net income denominated in Euros increases when translated into U.S. dollars for inclusion in our consolidated results. We are also exposed to foreign currency fluctuations in relation to purchases denominated in foreign currencies. Our foreign currency risk is mitigated since the majority of our foreign operations’ net sales and the related expense transactions are denominated in the same currency, which reduces the impact of a significant change in foreign exchange rates on net income.  For example, a 10% change in the value of the U.S. dollar in relation to our most significant foreign currency exposures would have had an impact of approximately $6,450,000 on our income from operations. In addition, the majority of our export sale transactions are denominated in U.S. dollars.  The Company has a cross currency swap agreement that is designated as a cash flow hedge to hedge changes in the value of an intercompany loan to a foreign subsidiary due to changes in foreign exchange rates.  This intercompany loan is related to the acquisition of STAHL.  As of March 31, 2024, the notional amount of this derivative was $93,910,000, and the contract matures on March 31, 2028. During fiscal 2022, the Company modified the cross currency swap by extending it to fiscal year 2028, matching the intercompany loan. The Company has concluded that the transaction to modify the cross currency swap, as well as the modified swap, maintained hedge accounting. The modified cross currency swap is considered to have an other than insignificant financing element. As such, its cash flows are classified within financing activities in the Statement of Cash Flows. From its March 31, 2024 balance of AOCL, the Company expects to reclassify approximately $148,000 out of AOCL, and into foreign currency exchange loss (gain), during the next 12 months based on the contractual payments due under this intercompany loan.The Company has foreign currency forward agreements that are designated as cash flow hedges to hedge a portion of forecasted inventory purchases denominated in foreign currencies. As of March 31, 2024, the notional amount of these derivatives was $7,590,000, and all contracts mature by March 31, 2025.  From its March 31, 2024 balance of AOCL, the Company expects to reclassify approximately $71,000 out of AOCL during the next 12 months based on the expected sales of the goods purchased. Interest Rate RiskThe Company's policy is to maintain a capital structure that is comprised of 50-70% of fixed rate long-term debt and 30-50% of variable rate long-term debt. The Company has two interest rate swap agreements currently outstanding in which the Company receives interest at a variable rate and pays interest at a fixed rate. These interest rate swap agreements are designated as cash flow hedges to hedge changes in interest expense due to changes in the variable interest rate of the senior secured term loan. The amortizing interest rate swaps mature by February 28, 2025 and April 30, 2028 had a total notional amount of 32Table of Contents $346,434,000 as of March 31, 2024.  The effective portion of the changes in fair values of the interest rate swaps is reported in AOCL and will be reclassified to interest expense over the life of the swap agreements. From its March 31, 2024 balance of AOCL, the Company expects to reclassify approximately $5,644,000 out of AOCL, and into interest expense, during the next 12 months.33Table of Contents Item 8.        Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Columbus McKinnon CorporationAudited Consolidated Financial Statements as of March 31, 2024:Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm35Consolidated Balance Sheets38Consolidated Statements of Operations39Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income40Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity41Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows42Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 1Description of Business432Accounting Principles and Practices433Acquisitions & Disposals474Revenue & Receivables485Fair Value Measurements526Inventories557Marketable Securities and Other Investments558Property, Plant, and Equipment569Goodwill and Intangible Assets5610Derivative Instruments5811Accrued Liabilities and Other Non-current Liabilities6112Debt6113Pensions and Other Benefit Plans6414Employee Stock Ownership Plan ("ESOP")6915Earnings per Share and Stock Plans6916Loss Contingencies7417Income Taxes7918Leases8219Business Segment Information8420Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss8521Effects of New Accounting Pronouncements88   Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts.8934Table of Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmTo the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Columbus McKinnon Corporation Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Columbus McKinnon Corporation (the Company) as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended March 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(2) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at March 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended March 31, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated May 29, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.Critical Audit MattersThe critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. 35Table of Contents Valuation of Goodwill for the Precision Conveyance Reporting UnitDescription of the MatterAt March 31, 2024, the Company’s goodwill was $710.3 million. The goodwill associated with the Precision Conveyance reporting unit amounted to $395.9 million as of March 31, 2024. As discussed in Notes 2 and 9 of the consolidated financial statements, goodwill is quantitatively tested, for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if circumstances warrant, at the reporting unit level. In its quantitative test, the Company applied a discounted cash flow method to estimate the fair value of its reporting unit which incorporated various assumptions, the most significant being projected revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins, and the discount rate.Auditing management’s annual goodwill impairment assessment was complex and highly judgmental due to the significant estimation required to determine the fair value of the Precision Conveyance reporting unit. The fair value estimate for the Precision Conveyance reporting unit was sensitive to significant assumptions inherent in the Company’s discounted estimated future cash flows, in particular changes in the projected revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins, and the discount rate, which are affected by expectations about future market or economic conditions.How We Addressed the Matter in Our AuditWe obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s goodwill impairment review process, including controls over management’s review of the significant assumptions described above.To test the estimated fair value of the Company’s Precision Conveyance reporting unit, we performed audit procedures with the assistance of our valuation professionals that included, among others, assessing the methodology used and testing the significant assumptions discussed above and the underlying data used in the impairment analysis. We compared the significant assumptions used by management to current industry and economic trends and evaluated the effects of expanding into new markets and other factors on the significant assumptions. We assessed the historical accuracy of management’s revenue forecasts and performed sensitivity analyses of significant assumptions to evaluate the changes in the fair value of the reporting unit that would result from changes in the assumptions. Product Liabilities and Related Legal CostsDescription of the MatterAt March 31, 2024, the Company’s liability for asbestos-related product liability claims and related legal costs was $14.2 million. As discussed in Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company is involved in asbestos-related litigation the cost of which is paid through a wholly-owned captive insurance company.Auditing management's estimate of its reserves for asbestos-related product liabilities is complex and highly judgmental due to the significant estimation and judgment required in determining the ultimate outcomes of the cases asserted against the Company and in determining the ultimate costs for the Company to defend against such claims. In particular, the estimated asbestos-related product liability reserve is sensitive to significant assumptions such as case dismissal rates, the number of years case activity might continue, legal and other costs to defend claims. The cost to defend claims takes into consideration the extent to which insurance carriers, under pre-existing insurance policies and pursuant to a legal settlement, are covering future indemnity payments and sharing in payment of future legal defense costs.How We Addressed the Matter in Our AuditWe obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s asbestos-related product liability estimation process. Our procedures included, among others, testing management’s review of significant assumptions used for purposes of calculating the estimated liability.To test the estimated liability for asbestos-related product liability claims, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, testing the completeness and accuracy of the asbestos-related claims data underlying the estimated liability. We compared forecasts of legal defense costs and dismissal ratios utilized by management in prior year reserve estimates to actual defense costs incurred and the actual ratios of asbestos claims asserted to claims dismissed. We inspected analyses prepared by the Company to support the current forecasts of defense costs and dismissal ratios. We inspected correspondence from the Company’s internal counsel as to the number and status of outstanding claims asserted and correspondence from external counsel to corroborate the information provided by management. We involved a specialist to assist with our procedures and to develop an independent range of asbestos-related product liability reserves, which we compared to the Company’s recorded amount.36Table of Contents /s/ Ernst & Young LLPWe have served as the Company’s auditor since at least 1917, but we are unable to determine the specific year. Charlotte, North CarolinaMay 29, 202437Table of Contents COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATIONCONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS  March 31, 20242023 (In thousands, except share data)ASSETS  Current assets:  Cash and cash equivalents$114,126 $133,176 Trade accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts ($3,827 and $3,620, respectively)171,186 151,451 Inventories186,091 179,359 Prepaid expenses and other42,752 32,254 Total current assets514,155 496,240 Net property, plant, and equipment106,395 94,360 Goodwill710,334 644,629 Other intangibles, net385,634 362,537 Marketable securities11,447 10,368 Deferred taxes on income1,797 2,035 Other assets96,183 88,286 Total assets$1,825,945 $1,698,455 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities: Trade accounts payable$83,118 $76,736 Accrued liabilities127,973 124,317 Current portion of long-term debt and finance lease obligations50,670 40,604 Total current liabilities261,761 241,657 Term loan, AR securitization facility and finance lease obligations479,566 430,988 Other non-current liabilities202,555 192,013 Total liabilities943,882 864,658 Shareholders’ equity: Voting common stock: 50,000,000 shares authorized; 28,799,110 and 28,611,721 shares issued and outstanding288 286 Treasury Stock(1,001)(1,001)Additional paid-in capital527,125 515,797 Retained earnings395,328 356,758 Accumulated other comprehensive loss(39,677)(38,043)Total shareholders’ equity882,063 833,797 Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$1,825,945 $1,698,455  See accompanying notes.38Table of Contents COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATIONCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS  Year Ended March 31,202420232022 (In thousands, except per share data)Net sales$1,013,540 $936,240 $906,555 Cost of products sold638,702 594,141 590,825 Gross profit374,838 342,099 315,730 Selling expenses105,341 102,528 99,187 General and administrative expenses106,760 94,794 102,128 Research and development expenses26,193 20,935 15,351 Amortization of intangibles29,396 26,001 25,283 Income from operations107,148 97,841 73,781 Interest and debt expense37,957 27,942 20,126 Cost of debt refinancing— — 14,803 Investment (income) loss, net(1,759)(315)(46)Foreign currency exchange loss (gain), net1,826 (2,189)1,574 Other (income) expense, net7,597 (2,072)(1,122)Income before income tax expense61,527 74,475 38,446 Income tax expense14,902 26,046 8,786 Net income$46,625 $48,429 $29,660 Average basic shares outstanding28,728 28,600 28,040 Average diluted shares outstanding29,026 28,818 28,401 Basic income per share$1.62 $1.69 $1.06 Diluted income per share$1.61 $1.68 $1.04 Dividends declared per common share$0.28 $0.28 $0.25  See accompanying notes.39Table of Contents COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME March 31, 202420232022 (In thousands)Net income$46,625 $48,429 $29,660 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:  Foreign currency translation adjustments(433)(4,273)(6,303)Pension liability adjustments, net of taxes of $(71), $(3,678) and $(5,282)812 8,058 16,286 Other post retirement obligations adjustments, net of taxes of $22, $16, and $48(94)(66)(153)Split-dollar life insurance arrangement adjustments, net of taxes of $(426), $(73), and $(45)1,386 251 180 Change in derivatives qualifying as hedges, net of taxes of $1,111, $(2,636), and $(39)(3,305)7,886 77 Total other comprehensive income (loss)(1,634)11,856 10,087 Comprehensive income$44,991 $60,285 $39,747  See accompanying notes.40Table of Contents COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATIONCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY(In thousands, except share data) CommonStock($0.01 par value)Treasury StockAdditional Paid-inCapitalRetainedEarningsAccumulatedOther Comprehensive LossTotalShareholders’EquityBalance at April 1, 2021$240 $— $296,093 $293,802 $(59,986)$530,149 Net income 2022— — — 29,660 — 29,660 Dividends declared— — — (7,119)— (7,119)Change in foreign currency translation adjustment— — — — (6,302)(6,302)Change in derivatives qualifying as hedges, net of tax of $(39)— — — — 77 77 Change in pension liability and postretirement obligations, net of tax of $(5,279)— — — — 16,312 16,312 Issuance of 4,312,500 shares of common stock in May 2021 offering at $48.00 per share, net of issuance costs of $8,34043 — 198,662 — — 198,705 Stock compensation - directors— — 959 — — 959 Stock options exercised, 105,132 shares1 — 2,654 — — 2,655 Stock compensation expense— — 10,287 — — 10,287 Restricted stock units released, 115,402 shares, net of shares withheld for minimum statutory tax obligation1 — (2,581)— — (2,580)Balance, March 31, 2022$285 $— $506,074 $316,343 $(49,899)$772,803 Net income 2023— — — 48,429 — 48,429 Dividends declared— — — (8,014)— (8,014)Change in foreign currency translation adjustment— — — — (4,273)(4,273)Change in derivatives qualifying as hedges, net of tax of $(2,636)— — — — 7,886 7,886 Change in pension liability and postretirement obligations, net of tax of $(3,735)— — — — 8,243 8,243 Stock compensation - directors— — 1,194 — — 1,194 Stock options exercised, 32,158 shares— — 713 — — 713 Stock compensation expense— — 9,231 — — 9,231 Treasury stock purchased, 31,085 shares— (1,001)— — — (1,001)Restricted stock units released, 93,315 shares, net of shares withheld for minimum statutory tax obligation1 — (1,415)— — (1,414)Balance, March 31, 2023$286 $(1,001)$515,797 $356,758 $(38,043)$833,797 Net income 2024— — — 46,625 — 46,625 Dividends declared— — — (8,055)— (8,055)Change in foreign currency translation adjustment— — — — (433)(433)Change in derivatives qualifying as hedges, net of tax of $1,111— — — — (3,305)(3,305)Change in pension liability and postretirement obligations, net of tax of $(475)— — — — 2,104 2,104 Stock compensation - directors— — 1,174 — — 1,174 Stock options exercised, 62,060 shares1 — 1,596 — — 1,597 Stock compensation expense— — 10,865 — — 10,865 Restricted stock units released, 125,329 shares, net of shares withheld for minimum statutory tax obligation1 — (2,307)— — (2,306)Balance, March 31, 2024$288 $(1,001)$527,125 $395,328 $(39,677)$882,063  See accompanying notes.41Table of Contents COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Year ended March 31, 202420232022Operating activities:(In thousands)Net income$46,625 $48,429 $29,660 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used for) operating activities:   Depreciation and amortization45,945 41,947 41,924 Deferred income taxes and related valuation allowance(15,285)(300)(1,969)Net loss (gain) on sale of real estate, investments and other(1,431)(54)136 Stock-based compensation12,039 10,425 11,246 Amortization of deferred financing costs2,349 1,721 1,703 Loss (gain) on hedging instruments(1,366)(438)853 Cost of debt refinancing— — 14,803 Cost of debt repricing958 — — Loss on retirement of fixed asset— 175 — Non-cash pension settlement expense (See Note 13)4,984 — — Gain on sale of building (See Note 3)— (232)(375)Non-cash lease expense9,735 7,867 7,945 Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of business acquisitions and divestitures:  Trade accounts receivable(14,428)(4,858)(18,988)Inventories(1,314)(9,087)(40,201)Prepaid expenses and other(8,555)6,667 (47)Other assets537 (123)25 Trade accounts payable4,748 (13,964)12,681 Accrued liabilities(9,583)9,150 696 Non-current liabilities(8,760)(13,689)(11,211)Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities67,198 83,636 48,881 Investing activities:   Proceeds from sales of marketable securities3,526 3,651 4,434 Purchases of marketable securities(4,076)(4,021)(7,130)Capital expenditures(24,813)(12,632)(13,104)Proceeds from sale of building, net of transaction costs— 373 461 Proceeds from insurance reimbursement— — 482 Dividend received from equity method investment144 313 324 Purchase of businesses, net of cash acquired (See Note 3)(108,145)(1,616)(539,778)Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities(133,364)(13,932)(554,311)Financing activities:   Proceeds from issuance of common stock1,600 713 2,655 Fees paid for debt repricing(958)— — Purchases of treasury stock— (1,001)— Repayment of debt(60,604)(40,550)(477,846)Fees paid for borrowing on long-term debt(2,859)— — Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt120,000 — 725,000 Proceeds from equity offering— — 207,000 Fees related to debt and equity offering— — (26,184)Cash inflows from hedging activities24,057 24,495 19,417 Cash outflows from hedging activities(22,687)(24,221)(20,206)Payment of dividends(8,044)(8,008)(6,562)Other(2,304)(1,415)(2,574)Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities48,201 (49,987)420,700 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash(1,085)(1,931)(2,007)Net change in cash and cash equivalents(19,050)17,786 (86,737)Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of year133,426 115,640 202,377 Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of year$114,376 $133,426 $115,640 Supplementary cash flows data:   Interest paid$34,983 $26,089 $18,823 Income taxes paid, net of refunds$28,369 $22,032 $9,767 Property, plant and equipment purchases included in trade accounts payable$690 $624 $329 Restricted cash presented in Other assets$250 $250 $250 See accompanying notes.42Table of Contents COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)1.     Description of Business Columbus McKinnon Corporation (the "Company") is a leading worldwide designer, manufacturer, and marketer of intelligent motion solutions that efficiently and ergonomically move, lift, position, and secure materials. Key products include hoists, crane components, precision conveyor systems, accumulation tables, rigging tools, light rail workstations, and digital power and motion control systems. The Company is focused on commercial and industrial applications that require the safety and quality provided by its superior design and engineering know-how. The Company’s targeted market verticals include general industrial, construction and infrastructure, mining, oil & gas, energy, aerospace, transportation, automotive, heavy equipment manufacturing, and entertainment.The Company’s products are sold globally, principally to third party distributors and crane builders through diverse distribution channels and, to a lesser extent, directly to end-users.  During fiscal 2024, approximately 57% of sales were to customers in the United States.2.     Accounting Principles and Practices  Advertising Costs associated with advertising are expensed as incurred and are included in Selling expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Advertising expenses were $2,659,000, $2,342,000, and $2,410,000 in fiscal 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers as cash equivalents all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less.Concentrations of Labor Approximately 6% of the Company’s employees are represented by two separate U.S. collective bargaining agreements which expire in September 2024 and May 2027. We also have various labor agreements with our non-U.S. employees that we negotiate from time to time. Consolidation These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its global subsidiaries; all significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Equity Method Investment The Company has an investment in Eastern Morris Cranes Company Limited ("EMC"), a limited liability company organized and existing under the laws and regulations of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, whose principal activity is to manufacture various electrical overhead traveling cranes. This investment represents a minority ownership interest that is accounted for under the equity method of accounting since the Company has significant influence over the investee. As a result, the Company records its portion of the gains and losses incurred by this entity in Investment (income) loss in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.  Foreign Currency Translations The Company translates foreign currency financial statements as described in Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 830, “Foreign Currency Matters.” Under this method, all items of income and expense are translated to U.S. dollars at average exchange rates during the year. All assets and liabilities are translated to 43COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)U.S. dollars at the year-end exchange rate. Gains or losses on translations are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss in the shareholders’ equity section of the balance sheet. The functional currency is the foreign currency in which the foreign subsidiaries conduct their business.  Gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are reported in foreign currency exchange loss (gain).  Goodwill Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist, in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 350-20-35-1. Goodwill impairment is deemed to exist if the net book value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value. The fair value of a reporting unit is determined using a discounted cash flow methodology. The Company’s reporting units are determined based upon whether discrete financial information is available and reviewed regularly, whether those units constitute a business, and the extent of economic similarities and interdependencies between those reporting units for purposes of aggregation.  The Company’s reporting units identified under ASC Topic 350-20-35-33 are at the component level, or one level below the reporting segment level as defined under ASC Topic 280-10-50-10 “Segment Reporting – Disclosure.”  As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s one segment is subdivided into three reporting units. An impairment charge is recorded if the carrying value is greater than the reporting unit's fair value.When the Company evaluates the potential for goodwill impairment, it assesses a range of qualitative factors including, but not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry conditions, the competitive environment, changes in the market for its products and services, regulatory and political developments, entity specific factors such as strategy and changes in key personnel, and overall financial performance. If, after completing this assessment, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value or if economic or other business factors indicate that the fair value of our reporting units may have declined since our last quantitative test, the Company performs a quantitative test.In order to perform the quantitative impairment tests for the Rest of Products, Precision Conveyance and Linear Motion Products reporting units, the Company uses the discounted cash flow method to estimate fair value. The discounted cash flow method incorporates various assumptions, the most significant being projected revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins and cash flows, the terminal growth rate, and the weighted-average cost of capital. The Company projects discounted cash flows based on each reporting unit's current business, expected developments, and operational strategies over a five to seven-year period. In estimating the terminal growth rates, the Company considers its historical and projected results, as well as the economic environment in which its reporting units operate. The weighted-average cost of capital utilized for each reporting unit reflect the Company's assumptions of marketplace participants' cost of capital and risk assumptions, both specific to the reporting unit and overall in the economy.  The Company performed its qualitative assessment as of February 29, 2024 for all three reporting units and determined that a quantitative goodwill impairment test was required for the Precision Conveyance reporting unit. Based on results of both the qualitative and quantitative impairment test for the reporting units, the Company determined the fair value was not less than its carrying value. Refer to Note 5 for valuation techniques and significant inputs and Note 9 for further discussion of goodwill and intangibles.and intangible assets.Impairment of Long-Lived AssetsThe Company assesses impairment of its long-lived assets in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 360 “Property, Plant, and Equipment.” This statement requires long-lived assets, such as property and equipment and purchased intangibles subject to amortization, to be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset group to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group over its remaining useful life. If the carrying amount of an asset group exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized equal to the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds the fair value of the asset group.  The fair values are determined in accordance with ASC 820.In assessing long-lived assets for an impairment loss, assets are grouped with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. Asset grouping requires a significant amount of judgment. Accordingly, facts and circumstances will influence how asset groups are determined for impairment testing. In assessing long-lived assets for impairment, management considered the Company’s product line 44COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)portfolio, customers and related commercial agreements, labor agreements and other factors in grouping assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are independent. The Company considers projected future undiscounted cash flows, trends and other factors in its assessment of whether impairment conditions exist. While the Company believes that its estimates of future cash flows are reasonable, different assumptions regarding such factors as future production volumes, customer pricing, economics, and productivity and cost initiatives, could significantly affect its estimates. In determining fair value of long-lived assets, management uses management estimates, discounted cash flow calculations, and appraisals where necessary. There were no indicators of impairment related to long-lived assets in the current year.Intangible AssetsAt acquisition, the Company estimates and records the fair value of purchased intangible assets which primarily consist of trade names, customer relationships, and technology.  The fair values are estimated based on management’s assessment as well as independent third party appraisals.  Such valuations may include a discounted cash flow of anticipated revenues resulting from the acquired intangible asset.Amortization of intangible assets with finite lives is recognized over their estimated useful lives using an amortization method that reflects the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are consumed or otherwise realized.  The straight line method is used for customer relationships.  As a result of the negligible attrition rate in our customer base, the difference between the straight line method and attrition method is not considered significant.  The estimated useful lives for our intangible assets range from 1 to 25 years.Similar to goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets (including trademarks on our acquisitions) are tested for impairment on an annual basis.  When the Company evaluates the potential for impairment of intangible assets, it assesses a range of qualitative factors including, but not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry conditions, the competitive environment, changes in the market for its products and services, regulatory and political developments, entity specific factors such as strategy and changes in key personnel, and overall financial performance. If, after completing this assessment, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is greater than its carrying value, we conclude that the indefinite-lived intangible asset is not impaired. If, after completing this assessment, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value or if economic or other business factors indicate that the fair value of our indefinite-lived intangible assets may have declined since our last quantitative test, the Company performs a new quantitative test.  The methodology used to value trademarks is the relief from royalty method.  The recorded book value of these trademarks in excess of the calculated fair value triggers an impairment.  The key estimate used in this calculation consists of an overall royalty rate applied to the sales covered by the trademark. After performing a qualitative assessment as of February 29, 2024, it was determined that the trademarks were not impaired.Inventories Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost of approximately 40% of inventories at March 31, 2024 and 37% at March 31, 2023 have been determined using the LIFO (last-in, first-out) method. Costs of other inventories have been determined using the FIFO (first-in, first-out) or average cost method. FIFO cost approximates replacement cost. Costs in inventory include components for direct labor and overhead costs.  Marketable Securities The Company’s marketable securities, which consist of equity and fixed income securities, are recorded at fair value. Under ASU 2016-01 all equity investments (including certain fixed income securities) in unconsolidated entities are measured at fair value through earnings. Therefore, gains and losses on marketable securities are realized within Investment (income) loss on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Estimated fair value is based on published trading values at the balance sheet dates. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. Interest and dividend income are also included in Investment (income) loss on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The marketable securities are carried as long-term assets since they are held for the settlement of the Company’s general and products liability insurance claims filed through CM Insurance Company, Inc., a wholly owned captive insurance subsidiary.  The marketable securities are not available for general working capital purposes.45COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)Property, Plant, and Equipment Property, plant, and equipment are stated at cost and depreciated principally using the straight-line method over their respective estimated useful lives (buildings and building equipment—15 to 40 years; machinery and equipment—3 to 18 years). When depreciable assets are retired, or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in operating results. Research and Development Consistent with prior periods, the Company continues to account for research and development expenses in accordance with the provisions of ASC 730 and are expensed as incurred.  Revenue Recognition, Accounts Receivable, and Concentration of Credit Risk Revenue from contracts with customers for standard products is recognized when legal title and significant risk and rewards has transferred to the customer, which is generally at the time of shipment. This is the point in time when control is deemed to transfer to the customer. The Company also sells custom engineered products and services which are contracts that are typically completed within one quarter but can extend beyond one year in duration. The Company generally recognizes revenue for customer engineered products upon satisfaction of its performance obligation under the contract which typically coincides with project completion which is when the products and services are controlled by the customer. Control is typically achieved at the later of when legal title and significant risk and rewards have transferred to the customer or the customer has accepted the asset. For both standard products and custom engineered products, the transaction price is based upon the price stated in either the purchase order or contract. Refer to Note 4 for further details. Additionally, the Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition, but generally does not require collateral to support customer receivables. The credit risk is controlled through credit approvals, limits, and monitoring procedures. Accounts receivables are reported at net realizable value and do not accrue interest. The Company establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts based upon factors surrounding the credit risk of specific customers, historical trends, and other factors. Accounts receivable are charged against the allowance for doubtful accounts once all collection efforts have been exhausted.  The Company does not routinely permit customers to return product. However, sales returns are permitted in specific situations and typically include a restocking charge or the purchase of additional product. As a result of ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments," effective in fiscal 2021, the Company has updated its existing allowance for doubtful accounts policy to comply with the new standard. Shipping and Handling Costs Shipping and handling costs are a component of cost of products sold.Stock-Based CompensationThe Company records stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC Topic 718, “Compensation – Stock Compensation.” This standard requires all equity-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations based on the grant date fair value of the award.  Stock compensation expense is included in Cost of products sold, Selling, and General and administrative expense depending on the nature of the service of the employee receiving the award.  The Company uses a straight-line method of attributing the value of stock compensation expense, subject to minimum levels of expense, based on vesting. See Note 15 for further discussion of stock-based compensation.Leases All leases are reviewed for operating or finance classification at their inception. As described in Note 18, the Company records leases in accordance with ASC 842, "Leases," effective April 1, 2019 whereas leases with terms greater than twelve months are recorded on the balance sheet as a right-of-use ("ROU") asset and corresponding lease liability. Refer to Note 18 for further details.46COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.WarrantiesThe Company offers warranties for certain products it sells. The specific terms and conditions of those warranties vary depending upon the product sold and the country in which the Company sold the product. As noted in Note 4 to the financial statements, the Company offers standard warranties which are typically 12 months in duration for standard products and 24 to 36 months for custom engineered products. These are assurance-type warranties that do not qualify as separate performance obligations under ASC 606. The Company estimates the costs that may be incurred under its standard warranties, based largely upon actual warranty repair costs history, and records a liability in the amount of such costs in the month that revenue is recognized. The resulting accrual balance is reviewed during the year. Factors that affect the Company’s warranty liability include the number of units sold, historical and anticipated rate of warranty claims, and cost per claim. Changes in the Company’s product warranty accrual are as follows: March 31, 20242023Balance at beginning of year$1,827 $2,173 Accrual for warranties issued999 1,199 Warranties settled(842)(1,489)Foreign currency translation(60)(56)Balance at end of year$1,924 $1,827 3.    Acquisitions & DisposalsAcquisitionsOn May 31, 2023, the Company completed its acquisition of montratec GmbH ("montratec") for $115,721,000, including $7,576,000 in cash acquired, a $540,000 working capital settlement, and a contingent payment that becomes payable if a certain EBITDA level for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2023 is achieved as set forth in the purchase agreement for montratec. As of March 31, 2024, the company determined the contingent liability to be $6,680,000, a decrease of $11,675,000 from the prior quarter as the amount expected to be paid in fiscal 2025 has been finalized with the prior owners. This liability has been established in the opening balance sheet for montratec. The Company initially financed the acquisition by borrowing $117,000,000 on its Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Facility, but later repaid the amount borrowed on the Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Facility by borrowing an additional $120,000,000. Utilizing the Accordion feature under the Company's existing Term Loan B, the Company borrowed $75,000,000 and another $45,000,000 was borrowed through a new credit agreement secured by the Company's U.S. accounts receivable balances. Refer to Note 12 for additional details on the Company's debt agreements.montratec is a leading automation solutions Company that designs and develops intelligent automation and transport systems for interlinking industrial production and logistics processes. montratec product offerings complement the Company's previous acquisitions of both Dorner Mfg. Corp. ("Dorner") and Garvey Corporation ("Garvey"), and furthers the Company's shift to intelligent motion and serves as a platform to expand capabilities in advanced, higher technology automation solutions. As the Company determined that the acquisition is not material to its existing operations, certain disclosures, including pro forma financial information, have not been included. montratec results have been included in the Company's results of operations from the acquisition date and the Company incurred and $3,211,000 of acquisition and deal related costs classified as part of General and administrative expenses in the year ended March 31, 2024. The purchase price has been preliminarily allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition. The excess consideration of $66,566,000 has been recorded as goodwill, a decrease of $12,377,000 from the amount preliminarily allocated to goodwill as of December 31, 2023 due to a decrease of $11,675,000 for the contingent liability described above.  Other assets as well as Other current and non current liabilities increased as lease adjustments were finalized for $1,535,000. Additionally, other current and non current liabilities changed $702,000 related to a refinement in the 47COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)calculation of deferred taxes. The identifiable intangible assets acquired include customer relationships valued at $33,470,000, a trade name valued at $2,915,000, and technology valued at $16,196,000. The weighted average life of the acquired identifiable intangible assets subject to amortization was estimated at 14 years at the time of acquisition. Of the $66,566,000 goodwill recorded from the acquisition, $7,531,000 is deductible for tax purposes.  The preliminary assignment of purchase consideration to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed is as follows (in thousands):Cash$7,576 Working capital4,523 Property, plant, and equipment, net2,157 Intangible assets52,581 Contingent liability (see above)(6,680)Other assets7,239 Other non current liabilities(18,241)Goodwill66,566 Total$115,721 4.    Revenue & Receivables Revenue Recognition:The core principle under ASC 606 is for revenue to be recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve this core principle, the Company applies the following five steps:1) Identifying contracts with customersA contract with a customer exists when (i) the Company enters into an enforceable contract with a customer that defines each party’s rights regarding the goods or services to be transferred and identifies the related payment terms, (ii) the contract has commercial substance, and (iii) the Company determines that collection of substantially all consideration for goods and services that are transferred is probable based on the customer’s intent and ability to pay the promised consideration.2) Identify the performance obligations in the contractPerformance obligations promised in a contract are identified based on the products and services that will be transferred to the customer that are both capable of being distinct, whereby the customer can benefit from the good or service either on its own or together with other available resources, and are distinct in the context of the contract, whereby the transfer of the good or service is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. To the extent a contract includes multiple promised goods and services, the Company must apply judgment to determine whether promised goods and services are capable of being distinct and distinct in the context of the contract. If these criteria are not met, the promised goods and services are accounted for as a combined performance obligation.3) Determine the transaction priceThe transaction price is determined based on the consideration to which the Company will be entitled in exchange for transferring products and services to the customer. To the extent the transaction price includes variable consideration, the Company estimates the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price utilizing either the expected value method or the most likely amount method depending on the nature of the variable consideration. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in the Company’s judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will not occur. Any estimates, including the effect of the constraint on variable 48COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)consideration, are evaluated at each reporting period for any changes. In applying this guidance, the Company also considers whether any significant financing components exist.4) Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contractIf the contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. Contracts that contain multiple performance obligations require an allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation on a relative standalone selling price basis unless the transaction price is variable and meets the criteria to be allocated entirely to a performance obligation or to a distinct service that forms part of a single performance obligation.5) Recognize revenue when or as the Company satisfies a performance obligationThe Company determines whether it satisfies performance obligations either over time or at a point in time. Revenue is recognized over time if either 1) the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the entity’s performance, 2) the entity’s performance creates or enhances an asset that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced, or 3) the entity’s performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to the entity and the entity has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date. If the entity does not satisfy a performance obligation over time, the related performance obligation is satisfied at a point in time by transferring the control of a promised good or service to a customer. Examples of control are using the asset to produce goods or services, enhancing the value of other assets, settling liabilities, and holding or selling the asset.  For over time recognition, ASC 606 requires the Company to select a single revenue recognition method for the performance obligation that faithfully depicts the Company’s performance in transferring control of the goods and services. The guidance allows entities to choose between either an input method or an output method to measure progress toward complete satisfaction of a performance obligation.Performance obligationsThe Company has contracts with customers for standard products and custom engineered products and determines when and how to recognize revenue for each performance obligation based on the nature and type of contract following the five steps above. Revenue from contracts with customers for standard products is recognized when legal title and significant risk and rewards has transferred to the customer, which is generally at the time of shipment. This is the point in time when control is deemed to transfer to the customer. The Company sells standard products to customers utilizing purchase orders. Payment terms for these types of contracts generally require payment within 30 to 60 days. Each standard product is deemed to be a single performance obligation and the amount of revenue recognized is based on the negotiated price. The transaction price for standard products is based on the price reflected in each purchase order. Sales incentives are offered to customers who purchase standard products and include offers such as volume-based discounts, rebates for priority customers, and discounts for early cash payments. These sales incentives are accounted for as variable consideration included in the transaction price. Accordingly, the Company reduces revenue for these incentives in the period which the sale occurs and is based on the most likely amount method for estimating the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive. These sales incentive estimates are updated each reporting information as additional information becomes available.The Company also sells custom engineered products and services which are contracts that are typically completed within one quarter but can extend beyond one year in duration. For custom engineered products, the transaction price is based upon the price stated in the contract. Variable consideration has not been identified as a significant component of transaction price for custom engineered products and services.  The Company generally recognizes revenue for custom engineered products upon satisfaction of its performance obligation under the contract which typically coincides with project completion which is when the products and services are controlled by the customer. Control is typically achieved at the later of when legal title and significant risk and rewards have transferred to the customer or the customer has accepted the asset. These contracts often require either up front or installment payments. These types of contracts are generally accounted for as one performance obligation as the products and services are not separately identifiable. The promised services (such as inspection, commissioning, and installation) are essential in order for the delivered product to operate as intended on the customer’s site and the services are therefore highly interrelated with product functionality. 49COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)For most custom engineered products contracts, the Company determined that while there is no alternative use for the custom engineered products, the Company does not have an enforceable right to payment (which must include a reasonable profit margin) for performance completed to date in order to meet the over time revenue recognition criteria. Therefore, revenue is recognized at a point in time (when the contract is complete). For custom engineered products contracts that contain an enforceable right to payment (including reasonable profit margin) the Company satisfies the performance obligation over time and recognizes revenue based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. The cost-to-cost measure of progress is an appropriate measure of progress toward satisfaction of performance obligations as this measure most accurately depicts the progress of work performed and transfer of control to the customers. Under the cost-to-cost measure of progress, the extent of progress toward completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. Revenues are recognized proportionally as costs are incurred.Sales and other taxes collected with revenue are excluded from revenue, consistent with the previous revenue standard. Shipping and handling costs incurred prior to shipment are considered activities required to fulfill the Company’s promise to transfer goods, and do not qualify as a separate performance obligation. Additionally, the Company offers standard warranties which are typically 12 months in duration for standard products and 24 to 36 months for custom engineered products. These types of warranties are included in the purchase price of the product and are deemed to be assurance-type warranties which are not accounted for as a separate performance obligation. Other performance obligations included in a contract (such as drawings, owner’s manuals, and training services) are immaterial in the context of the contract and are not recognized as a separate performance obligation.Reconciliation of contract balancesThe Company records a contract liability when cash is received prior to recording revenue. Some standard contracts require a down payment while most custom engineered contracts require installment payments. Installment payments for the custom engineered contracts typically require a portion due at inception while the remaining payments are due upon completion of certain performance milestones. For both types of contracts, these contract liabilities, referred to as customer advances, are recorded at the time payment is received and are included in Accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. When the related performance obligation is satisfied, the contract liability is released into revenue.The following table illustrates the balance and related activity for customer advances in fiscal 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):Customer advances (contract liabilities)March 31,20242023Beginning balance$27,003 $22,453 Additional customer advances received68,040 67,721 Revenue recognized from customer advances included in the beginning balance (27,003)(22,453)Other revenue recognized from customer advances(55,311)(40,444)Customer advances recorded from acquisition3,866 — Other (1)(7)(274)Ending balance$16,588 $27,003         (1) Other includes the impact of foreign currency translation Revenue was recognized prior to the right to invoice the customer which resulted in a contract asset balance in the amount of $2,541,000 and $2,944,000 as of March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively. Contract assets are included in Prepaid expenses and other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Remaining Performance ObligationsAs of March 31, 2024, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) was approximately $15,950,000. We expect to recognize approximately 53% of these sales over the next twelve months.50COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)Disaggregated revenueIn accordance with ASC 606, the Company is required to disaggregate revenue into categories that depict how economic factors affect the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows. The following table illustrates the disaggregation of revenue by product grouping for the years ending March 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands): Year Ended March 31,Net Sales by Product Grouping202420232022Industrial Products$344,190 $330,295 $334,866 Crane Solutions412,076 366,277 339,400 Precision Conveyors Products163,463 149,586 144,587 Engineered Products93,728 89,963 87,604 All other83 119 98 Total$1,013,540 $936,240 $906,555 Industrial products include: manual chain hoists, electrical chain hoists, rigging/clamps, industrial winches, hooks, shackles, and other forged attachments. Crane solutions products include: wire rope hoists, drives and controls, crane kits and components, and workstations. Engineered products include: linear and mechanical actuators, lifting tables, rail projects, and actuations systems. Precision conveyor products include: low profile, flexible chain, large scale, sanitary and vertical elevation conveyor systems, as well as pallet system conveyors and accumulation systems. The All other product grouping includes miscellaneous revenue. Practical expedientsIncremental costs to obtain a contract incurred by the Company primarily relate to sales commissions for contracts with a duration of one year or less. Therefore, these costs are expensed as incurred and are recorded in Selling Expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an expected length of one year or less are not disclosed. Further, revenue from contracts with customers do not include a significant financing component as payment is generally expected within one year from when the performance obligation is controlled by the customer.Accounts Receivable:The Company records credit losses in accordance with “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“ASU 2016-13”). Under ASU 2016-13, the Company is required to remeasure expected credit losses for financial instruments held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable forecasts. In addition to these factors, the Company establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts based upon the credit risk of specific customers, historical trends, and other factors. Accounts receivable are charged against the allowance for doubtful accounts once all collection efforts have been exhausted. Due to the short-term nature of such accounts receivable, the estimated amount of accounts receivable that may not be collected is based on aging of the accounts receivable balances.51COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)The following table illustrates the balance and related activity for the allowance for doubtful accounts that is deducted from accounts receivable to present the net amount expected to be collected in the year ending March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023 (in thousands):March 31,Allowance for doubtful accounts20242023April 1, beginning balance$3,620 $5,717 Bad debt expense1,225 1,055 Less uncollectible accounts written off, net of recoveries(1,079)(3,056)Allowance recorded from acquisition64 — Other (1)(3)(96)March 31, ending balance$3,827 $3,620 (1) Other includes the impact of foreign currency translation 5.     Fair Value MeasurementsASC Topic 820 “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” establishes the standards for reporting financial assets and liabilities and nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis (at least annually). Under these standards, fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e. the "exit price") in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.ASC Topic 820-10-35-37 establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company's assumptions about the valuation techniques that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The hierarchy is separated into three levels based on the reliability of inputs as follows: Level 1 - Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access.  Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these products does not entail a significant degree of judgment.Level 2 - Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly, involving some degree of judgment.Level 3 - Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. The degree of judgment exercised in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3.The availability of observable inputs can vary and is affected by a wide variety of factors, including the type of asset/liability, whether the asset/liability is established in the marketplace, and other characteristics particular to the transaction.  To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for disclosure purposes the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.Fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant rather than an entity-specific measure. Therefore, even when market assumptions are not readily available, assumptions are required to reflect those that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date.52COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)The Company primarily uses readily observable market data in conjunction with internally developed discounted cash flow valuation models when valuing its derivative portfolio and, consequently, the fair value of the Company’s derivatives is based on Level 2 inputs. The carrying amount of the Company's annuity contract is recorded at net asset value of the contract and, consequently, its fair value is  based on Level 2 inputs and is included in other assets on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company uses quoted prices in an inactive market when valuing its Term Loan and, consequently, the fair value is based on Level 2 inputs.  The following table provides information regarding financial assets and liabilities measured or disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis:  Fair value measurements at reporting date using  Quoted prices inactive markets foridentical assetsSignificantother observableinputsSignificant unobservableinputsDescriptionAt March31, 2024(Level 1)(Level 2)(Level 3)Assets/(Liabilities)Measured at fair value:    Marketable securities$11,447 $11,447 $— $— Annuity contract1,390 — 1,390 — Derivative assets (liabilities):  Foreign exchange contracts(77)— (77)—   Interest rate swap 7,122 — 7,122 —   Cross currency swap (2,342)— (2,342)— Disclosed at fair value:   Term loan$(479,351)$— $(479,351)$— AR Securitization facility$(45,000)$— $(45,000)$—   Fair value measurements at reporting date using  Quoted prices inactive markets foridentical assetsSignificantother observableinputsSignificant unobservableinputsDescriptionAt March31, 2023(Level 1)(Level 2)(Level 3)Assets/(Liabilities)Measured at fair value:    Marketable securities10,368 $10,368 $— $— Annuity contract1,612 — 1,612 — Derivative assets (liabilities):  Foreign exchange contracts97 — 97 —   Interest rate swap 10,475 — 10,475 —   Cross currency swap (2,102)— (2,102)— Disclosed at fair value:    Term loan$(460,825)$— $(460,825)$— The Company did not have any non-financial assets and liabilities that are recognized at fair value on a recurring basis.At March 31, 2024, the Term Loan and Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Facility have been recorded at carrying value which approximates fair value.  In fiscal 2024, the Company also borrowed an additional $45,000,000 under a new credit agreement secured by the Company's U.S. accounts receivable balances (the "AR Securitization Facility"). The AR 53COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)Securitization Facility has been recorded at carrying value which approximates fair value. Refer to Note 12 for additional information regarding the Company's long-term debt.Market gains, interest, and dividend income on marketable securities are recorded in investment (income) loss.  Changes in the fair value of derivatives are recorded in foreign currency exchange (gain) loss or other comprehensive income (loss), to the extent that the derivative qualifies as a hedge under the provisions of ASC Topic 815. Interest and dividend income on marketable securities are measured based upon amounts earned on their respective declaration dates.  Fiscal 2024 Non-Recurring Measurements As described in Note 9, the fair value of the net assets of the Company’s Precision Conveyor reporting unit was calculated on a non-recurring basis in Fiscal 2024. These measurements have been used to test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis under the provisions of ASC Topic 350-20-35-1 “Intangibles, Goodwill and Other – Goodwill Subsequent Measurement.”The Fiscal 2024 goodwill impairment test consisted of determining the fair value of the Precision Conveyor reporting unit on a quantitative basis. The fair value for the Company’s reporting units cannot be determined using readily available quoted Level 1 inputs or Level 2 inputs that are observable in active markets. Therefore, the Company used a weighted discounted cash flow and market-based valuation model to estimate the fair value using Level 3 inputs. To estimate the fair value of the Precision Conveyor reporting unit, the Company used significant estimates and judgmental factors. The key estimates and factors used in the discounted cash flow valuation include revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins and cash flows based on internal forecasts and the weighted-average cost of capital used to discount future cash flows. The estimates used are disclosed below:Precision Conveyor Reporting UnitCompound annual growth rate13.0%Terminal value growth rate3.0%Weighted-average cost of capital13.2%In addition to the Company's quantitative goodwill test, assets and liabilities were preliminarily recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis in Fiscal 2024 in connection with the acquisition of montratec described in Note 3. The estimated fair values allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed relied upon fair value measurements based primarily on Level 3 inputs. The valuation techniques used to allocate fair values to working capital items; property, plant, and equipment, and identifiable intangible assets included the cost approach, market approach, and other income approaches. For identifiable intangible assets these techniques included the multi-period excess earnings approach, the relief from royalty approach, and other income approaches. The valuation techniques relied on a number of inputs which included the cost and condition of property, plant, and equipment and forecasted net sales and income.Significant valuation inputs included an attrition rate of 10.0% for customer relationships, an estimated royalty rate of 5.0% for technology, a royalty rate of 1.0% for trademark and trade names, and a weighted average cost of capital of 12.5%.Fiscal 2023 Non-Recurring MeasurementsThe fair value of the net assets of the Company’s Rest of Products, Precision Conveyor and Linear Motion Products reporting units were calculated on a non-recurring basis in Fiscal 2023. These measurements have been used to test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis under the provisions of ASC Topic 350-20-35-1 “Intangibles, Goodwill and Other – Goodwill Subsequent Measurement.”The Fiscal 2023 goodwill impairment test consisted of determining the fair values of the Rest of Products, Precision Conveyor and Linear Motion Products reporting units on a quantitative basis. The fair value for the Company’s reporting units cannot be determined using readily available quoted Level 1 inputs or Level 2 inputs that are observable in active markets. Therefore, the Company used a weighted discounted cash flow and market-based valuation model to estimate the fair value using Level 3 inputs. To estimate the fair values of the Rest of Products, Precision Conveyor and Linear Motion Products reporting units, the Company used significant estimates and judgmental factors. The key estimates and factors used in the discounted cash flow 54COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)valuation include revenue growth rates and profit margins based on internal forecasts and the weighted-average cost of capital used to discount future cash flows. The estimates used are disclosed below:Rest of Products Reporting UnitPrecision Conveyor Reporting UnitLinear Motion Reporting UnitCompound annual growth rate6.7 %9.8 %9.1 %Terminal value growth rate3.0 %3.0 %3.5 %Weighted-average cost of capital11.8 %13.2 %10.4 %6.     Inventories Inventories consisted of the following: March 31, 20242023At cost—FIFO basis:  Raw materials$151,031 $142,490 Work-in-process26,669 26,323 Finished goods40,554 39,714  218,254 208,527 LIFO cost less than FIFO cost(32,163)(29,168)Net inventories$186,091 $179,359 There were LIFO liquidations resulting in $181,000 and $162,000 of additional income in fiscal 2024 and 2023, respectively. 7.     Marketable Securities and Other Investments In accordance with ASU 2016-01 "Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities," all equity investments in unconsolidated entities (other than those accounted for using the equity method of account) are measured at fair value through earnings. The Company's marketable securities are recorded at their fair value, with unrealized changes in market value realized within Investment (income) loss, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The impact on earnings for unrealized gains and losses was a gain of $317,000, and losses of $296,000 and $370,000 in fiscal years 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Consistent with prior periods, the estimated fair value is based on quoted prices at the balance sheet dates. The cost of securities is based on the specific identification method. Interest and dividend income are included in Investment (income) loss, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.Marketable securities are carried as long-term assets since they are held for the settlement of the Company’s general and products liability insurance claims filed through CM Insurance Company, Inc. ("CMIC"), a wholly owned captive insurance subsidiary. The marketable securities are not available for general working capital purposes.Net realized gains related to sales of marketable securities were $212,000 in fiscal 2024 and were not material in fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively, and are included in Investment (income) loss in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company owns a 49% ownership interest in Eastern Morris Cranes Company Limited ("EMC"), a limited liability company organized and existing under the laws and regulations of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Company's ownership represents an equity investment in a strategic customer of STAHL serving the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The investment's carrying value is presented in Other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets in the amount of $3,377,000 and $2,752,000 as of March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively, and has been accounted for as an equity method investment. The investment value was increased for the Company's ownership percentage of income earned by EMC in the amount of $890,000 and $365,000 in the twelve months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively, and is recorded in Investment (income) loss, net on the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Additionally, the investment value decreased in the amount of 55COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)$18,000 and $67,000 due to the effect of currency translation in the twelve months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively. Further, in the twelve months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, EMC distributed cash dividends which the Company received 49% of pursuant to its ownership interest. The investment value was decreased for the Company's share of EMC's cash dividend in the amount of $247,000 and $313,000 in the twelve months ended  March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively, as they were determined to be a return of the Company's investment. Dividends are included in investing activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in the amount of $144,000 and $313,000 in the twelve months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively, as the distribution exceeded cumulative equity in earnings, under the cumulative earnings approach. The balance of the cash dividend is included in operating activities on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows under the cumulative earnings approach. The March 31, 2024 and 2023 trade accounts receivable balances due from EMC are $10,300,000 and $5,083,000, respectively, and are comprised of amounts due for the sale of goods and services in the ordinary course of business.8.     Property, Plant, and Equipment Consolidated property, plant, and equipment of the Company consisted of the following: March 31, 20242023Land and land improvements$5,460 $5,467 Buildings66,683 60,899 Machinery, equipment, and leasehold improvements253,643 249,379 Construction in progress23,426 10,344  349,212 326,089 Less accumulated depreciation242,817 231,729 Net property, plant, and equipment$106,395 $94,360 The acquisition of montratec contributed $7,478,000 to the increase in property, plant, and equipment since March 31, 2023.Depreciation expense was $16,549,000, $15,946,000, and $16,639,000 for the years ended March 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.Gross property, plant, and equipment includes capitalized software costs of 40,881,000 and $43,826,000 at March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Accumulated depreciation includes accumulated amortization on capitalized software costs of 28,443,000 and $29,809,000 at March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Amortization expense on capitalized software costs was $1,510,000, $2,132,000, and $2,399,000 during the years ended March 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.9.     Goodwill and Intangible AssetsThe Company has three reporting units as of March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023. The Linear Motion Products reporting unit (which designs, manufactures, and sources mechanical and electromechanical actuators and rotary unions) had goodwill of $9,699,000  at March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Rest of Products reporting unit (representing the hoist, chain, and forgings, digital power control systems, and distribution businesses) had goodwill of $304,760,000 and $306,988,000 at March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Precision Conveyance reporting unit (which represents high-precision conveying systems) had goodwill of 395,875,000 and $327,942,000 at March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023. The goodwill associated with the fiscal 2024 acquisition of montratec, as described in Note 3, is included in the Precision Conveyance reporting unit. Fiscal 2024 Annual Goodwill and Intangible Asset Impairment TestWhen we evaluate the potential for goodwill impairment, we assess a range of qualitative factors including, but not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry conditions, the competitive environment, changes in the market for our products and services, regulatory and political developments, entity specific factors such as strategy and changes in key personnel, and overall financial performance. If, after completing this assessment, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value or if economic or other business factors indicate that the fair value of our reporting units may have declined since our last quantitative test, we proceed to a quantitative impairment test. To perform the 56COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)quantitative impairment test, the Company uses the discounted cash flow method to estimate the fair value of the reporting units. The discounted cash flow method incorporates various assumptions, the most significant being projected revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins and cash flows, the terminal growth rate, and the weighted-average cost of capital. The Company projects discounted cash flows based on each reporting unit's current business, expected developments, and operational strategies over a seven-year period. In estimating the terminal growth rates, the Company considers its historical and projected results, as well as the economic environment in which its reporting units operate. The weighted-average cost of capital rates utilized for each reporting unit reflect the Company's assumptions of marketplace participants' cost of capital and risk assumptions, both specific to the reporting unit and overall in the economy.  We performed the qualitative assessment as of February 29, 2024 for all three reporting units and determined that the quantitative test was required for the Precision Conveyance reporting unit. Based on results of both the qualitative and quantitative impairment tests for the reporting units, the Company determined the fair value was not less than its carrying value. Please refer to Note 5 for a discussion of the key assumptions used in the quantitative assessment.In accordance with ASC Topic 350-30-35, indefinite-lived intangible assets that are not subject to amortization shall be tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that an asset is impaired.  Similar to goodwill, we first assess various qualitative factors in the analysis.  If, after completing this assessment, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is greater than its carrying value, we conclude that the indefinite-lived intangible asset is not impaired. If, after completing this assessment, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value or if economic or other business factors indicate that the fair value of our indefinite-lived intangible assets may have declined since our last quantitative test, the Company performs a new quantitative test.  The methodology used to value trademarks is the relief from royalty method.  The recorded book value of these trademarks in excess of the calculated fair value triggers an impairment.  The key estimate used in this calculation consists of an overall royalty rate applied to the sales covered by the trademark. After performing a qualitative assessment as of February 29, 2024, we determined that the trademarks were not impaired.A summary of changes in goodwill during the years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:Balance at April 1, 2022$648,849 Working capital adjustment for Garvey$1,616 Garvey contingent payment reclassification$(2,000)Currency Translation$(3,836)Balance at March 31, 2023644,629 Acquisition of montratec (Refer to Note 3)66,566 Currency translation(861)Balance at March 31, 2024$710,334 Goodwill is recognized net of accumulated impairment losses of $113,174,000 as of both March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.Identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination are amortized over their estimated useful lives. 57COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)Identifiable intangible assets at March 31, 2024 are summarized as follows (in thousands): GrossCarrying AmountAccumulatedAmortization NetTrademark$22,404 $(7,903)$14,501 Indefinite-lived trademark46,254 — 46,254 Customer relationships355,489 (108,688)246,801 Acquired technology112,467 (35,152)77,315 Other3,748 (2,985)763 Balance at March 31, 2024$540,362 $(154,728)$385,634 Identifiable intangible assets at March 31, 2023 were as follows (in thousands): Gross Carrying AmountAccumulated Amortization NetTrademark$19,478 $(6,315)$13,163 Indefinite-lived trademark46,338 — 46,338 Customer relationships322,658 (88,685)233,973 Acquired technology96,291 (27,945)68,346 Other3,585 (2,868)717 Balance at March 31, 2023$488,350 $(125,813)$362,537 The Company’s intangible assets that are considered to have finite lives are amortized over the period in which the assets are expected to generate future cash flows. Identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination are amortized over their estimated useful lives. The weighted-average amortization periods are 13 years for trademarks, 17 years for customer relationships, 15 years for acquired technology, 5 years for other, and 16 years in total. Trademarks with a book value of $46,254,000 have an indefinite useful life and are therefore not being amortized.  Total amortization expense was $29,396,000, $26,001,000, and $25,283,000 for fiscal 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.  The increase in amortization expense in fiscal 2024 is the result of the montratec acquisition and related intangible assets acquired.  Based on the current amount of intangible assets, the estimated amortization expense for each of the succeeding five years is expected to be approximately $30,020,000.10.     Derivative InstrumentsThe Company uses derivative instruments to manage selected foreign currency and interest rate exposures. The Company does not use derivative instruments for speculative trading purposes. All derivative instruments must be recorded on the balance sheet at fair value. For derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recorded as accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss), or “AOCL,” and is reclassified to earnings when the underlying transaction has an impact on earnings. The ineffective portion of changes in the fair value of the foreign currency forward agreements is reported in foreign currency exchange loss (gain) in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations.  The ineffective portion of changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap agreements is reported in interest expense.  For derivatives not designated as cash flow hedges, all changes in market value are recorded as a foreign currency exchange (gain) loss in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The cash flow effects of derivatives are reported within net cash provided by operating activities. The Company is exposed to credit losses in the event of non-performance by the counterparties on its financial instruments. The counterparties have investment grade credit ratings. The Company anticipates that these counterparties will be able to fully satisfy their obligations under the contracts. The Company has derivative contracts with three counterparties as of March 31, 2024.58COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)The Company's agreements with its counterparties contain provisions pursuant to which the Company could be declared in default of its derivative obligations. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had not posted any collateral related to these agreements. If the Company had breached any of these provisions as of March 31, 2024, it could have been required to settle its obligations under these agreements at amounts which approximate the March 31, 2024 fair values reflected in the table below.  During the year ended March 31, 2024, the Company was not in default of any of its derivative obligations.As of March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no derivatives designated as net investments or fair value hedges in accordance with ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging.”The Company has a cross currency swap agreement that is designated as a cash flow hedge to hedge changes in the value of an intercompany loan to a foreign subsidiary due to changes in foreign exchange rates.  This intercompany loan is related to the acquisition of STAHL. As of March 31, 2024, the notional amount of this derivative was $93,910,000, and the contract matures on March 31, 2028. From its March 31, 2024 balance of AOCL, the Company expects to reclassify approximately $148,000 out of AOCL, and into foreign currency exchange loss (gain), during the next 12 months based on the contractual payments due under this intercompany loan.The Company has foreign currency forward agreements that are designated as cash flow hedges to hedge a portion of forecasted inventory purchases denominated in foreign currencies. As of March 31, 2024, the notional amount of these derivatives was $7,590,000, and all contracts mature by March 31, 2025.  From its March 31, 2024 balance of AOCL, the Company expects to reclassify approximately $71,000 out of AOCL during the next 12 months based on the expected sales of the goods purchased. The Company's policy is to maintain a capital structure that is comprised of 50-70% of fixed rate long-term debt and 30-50% of variable rate long-term debt. The Company has two interest rate swap agreements in which the Company receives interest at a variable rate and pays interest at a fixed rate. The most recent interest rate swap agreement was entered into in fiscal 2024 as a result of the additional debt from the montratec acquisition. The Company modified its historical interest rate swaps from London Inter-Bank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") to Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") in the first quarter of fiscal 2024. This modification had no impact on the Company's hedge accounting and hedge designation. These interest rate swap agreements are designated as cash flow hedges to hedge changes in interest expense due to changes in the variable interest rate of the Company's variable interest debt. The amortizing interest rate swaps mature by April 30, 2028 and had a total notional amount of $346,434,000 as of March 31, 2024.  The effective portion of the changes in fair values of the interest rate swaps is reported in AOCL and will be reclassified to interest expense over the life of the swap agreements. From its March 31, 2024 balance of AOCL, the Company expects to reclassify approximately $5,644,000 out of AOCL, and into interest expense, during the next 12 months. 59COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)The following is the effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Operation for the years ended March 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (in thousands):Derivatives Designated as Cash Flow  HedgesType of InstrumentAmount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) on Derivatives (Effective Portion)Location of Gain or(Loss) Recognizedin Income onDerivativesAmount of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCL into Income (Effective Portion)March 31,   2024Foreign exchange contracts$(168)Cost of products sold$(29)2024Interest rate swap$7,145 Interest expense$9,739 2024Cross currency swap$(70)Foreign currency exchange loss (gain)$502 2023Foreign exchange contracts$57 Cost of products sold$(201)2023Interest rate swap$7,295 Interest expense$2,368 2023Cross currency swap$5,033 Foreign currency exchange loss (gain)$2,332 2022Foreign exchange contracts$(193)Cost of products sold$(60)2022Interest rate swap$2,567 Interest expense$(2,020)2022Cross currency swap$3,548 Foreign currency exchange loss (gain)$7,925 The following is information relative to the Company’s derivative instruments in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):Fair Value of Asset (Liability)March 31,Derivatives Designated asHedging InstrumentsBalance Sheet Location20242023Foreign exchange contractsPrepaid expenses and other$56 $— Foreign exchange contractsOther Assets— 136 Foreign exchange contractsAccrued Liabilities(133)(39)Interest rate swapPrepaid expenses and other7,503 7,644 Interest rate swapOther Assets— 3,218 Interest rate swapAccrued Liabilities— (387)Interest rate swapOther non current liabilities(381)— Cross currency swapPrepaid expenses and other199 168 Cross currency swapOther non current liabilities(2,541)(2,270) 60COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)11.     Accrued Liabilities and Other Non-current Liabilities Consolidated accrued liabilities of the Company consisted of the following:   March 31, 20242023Accrued payroll$39,315 $39,713 Accrued income taxes payable15,526 9,152 Accrued health insurance2,450 2,216 Accrued general and product liability costs4,600 4,900 Customer advances, deposits, and rebates17,531 27,827 Current ROU lease liabilities8,723 7,966 Other accrued liabilities39,828 32,543  $127,973 $124,317 Consolidated other non-current liabilities of the Company consisted of the following:   March 31, 20242023Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation$695$826 Accrued general and product liability costs15,388 16,203 Accrued pension cost70,552 70,660 Cross currency swap2,541 2,270 Deferred income tax40,450 45,999 Non-current ROU lease liabilities60,666 46,524 Other non-current liabilities12,263 9,531  $202,555 $192,013 For the years ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, the Accrued general and product liability costs are presented gross of estimated recoveries of $7,637,000 and $8,272,000, respectively.  Refer to Note 16 for additional information.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             12.     Debt Consolidated long-term debt of the Company consisted of the following: March 31, 20242023Term loan B $477,560 $462,560 AR Securitization 45,000 — Unamortized deferred financing costs, net(5,261)(4,508)Total debt517,299 458,052 Less: current portion50,000 40,000 Total debt, less current portion$467,299 $418,052 The Company entered into the First Lien Facilities with JPMorgan Chase Bank, PNC and Wells Fargo in connection with its Fiscal 2022 acquisition of Dorner. The First Lien Facilities consisted of the Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Facility and the Bridge Facility. Proceeds from the Bridge Facility were used, among other things, to finance the purchase price for the Dorner acquisition, pay related fees, expenses and transaction costs, and refinance the Company's borrowings under its prior Term Loan and Revolver.61COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)In addition to the debt borrowing described above, the Company commenced and completed an underwritten public offering of 4,312,500 shares of its common stock at a price of $48.00 per share for total gross proceeds of $207,000,000. The Company used all of the net proceeds from the equity offering to repay part of its outstanding borrowings under its Bridge Facility. The equity offering closed on May 4, 2021. Following the repayment of outstanding borrowings under the Bridge Facility, the Bridge Facility was refinanced with a syndicated Term Loan B facility (the "Term Loan B") on May 14, 2021.The key terms of the Term Loan B facility are as follows:1) Term Loan B: An aggregate $450,000,000 Term Loan B facility, which requires quarterly principal amortization of 0.25% with the remaining principal due at the maturity date. In addition, if the Company has Excess Cash Flow ("ECF") as defined in the Credit Agreement for the First Lien Facilities (the “First Lien Facilities Credit Agreement”), the ECF Percentage of the Excess Cash Flow for each fiscal year minus optional prepayments of the Loans (except prepayments of Revolving Loans that are not accompanied by a corresponding permanent reduction of Revolving Commitments) pursuant to Section 2.10(a) of the First Lien Facilities Credit Agreement other than to the extent that any such prepayment is funded with the proceeds of Funded Debt, shall be applied toward the prepayment of the Term Loan B facility. The ECF Percentage is defined as 50% stepping down to 25% or 0% based on the achievement of specified Secured Leverage Ratios as of the last day of such fiscal year. Further, the Company may draw additional Incremental Facilities (referred to as an "Accordion") by executing and delivering to JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. an Increased Facility Activation Notice specifying the amount of such increase requested. Lenders shall have no obligation to participate in any increase unless they agree to do so in their sole discretion.2) Revolver: An aggregate $100,000,000 secured revolving facility which includes sublimits for the issuance of standby letters of credit, swingline loans and multi-currency borrowings in certain specified foreign currencies.3) Fees and Interest Rates: Commitment fees and interest rates are determined on the basis of either a Eurocurrency rate or a Base rate plus an applicable margin, which is based upon the Company's Total Leverage Ratio (as defined in the First Lien Facilities Credit Agreement) in the case of Revolver loans.4) Prepayments: Provisions permitting a Borrower to voluntarily prepay either the Term Loan B facility or Revolver in whole or in part at any time, and provisions requiring certain mandatory prepayments of the Term Loan B facility or Revolver on the occurrence of certain events which will permanently reduce the commitments under the First Lien Facilities Credit Agreement, each without premium or penalty, subject to reimbursement of certain costs of the Lenders. 5) Covenants: Provisions containing covenants required of the Company and its subsidiaries including various affirmative and negative financial and operational covenants. The key financial covenant is triggered only on any date when any Extension of Credit under the Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Facility is outstanding (excluding any Letters of Credit) (the “Covenant Trigger”), and prohibits the Total Leverage Ratio for the Reference Period ended on such date from exceeding (i) 6.75:1.00 as of any date of determination prior to June 30, 2021, (ii) 5.50:1.00 as of any date of determination on June 30, 2021 and thereafter but prior to June 30, 2022, (iii) 4.50:1.00 as of any date of determination on June 30, 2022 and thereafter but prior to June 30, 2023 and (iv) 3.50:1.00 as of any date of determination on June 30, 2023 and thereafter.6) Collateral: Obligations under the First Lien Facilities are secured by liens on substantially all assets of the Company and its material domestic subsidiaries.During fiscal 2024, the Company amended its Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Facility increasing the size of the Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Facility by $75,000,000 to a total of $175,000,000. The Company incurred fees of $801,000 in this transaction which have been deferred and will be amortized over the remaining term of the Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Facility.  The Company borrowed against the expanded Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Facility in May of fiscal 2024 to initially fund the montratec acquisition as described in Note 3.  These borrowings were fully repaid in fiscal 2024The Company borrowed additional funds in accordance with the Accordion feature under its existing Term Loan B facility by $75,000,000 in both fiscals 2022 and 2024. Proceeds from the first Accordion were used, among other things, to finance the purchase price for the Garvey acquisition, and pay related fees, expenses, and transaction costs. Proceeds from the second Accordion were used, among other things, to repay borrowings on the Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Facility. No material amendment to the terms of the Term Loan B facility or the First Lien Facilities were necessary for the Company to 62COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)utilize the Accordion feature. The Company recorded $892,000 in deferred financing costs on the first Accordion in Fiscal 2022 and $1,522,000 on the second Accordion in Fiscal 2024, both of which will be amortized over the remaining life of the Term Loan B. The Company borrowed against the expanded Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Facility in May of fiscal 2024 to initially fund the montratec acquisition as described in Note 3.Further, the Company borrowed an additional $45,000,000 under a new credit agreement secured by the Company's U.S accounts receivable balances (the "AR Securitization Facility"). The total U.S accounts receivable balances which secure the AR Securitization Facility total $74,590,000 as of March 31, 2024. The Company used the proceeds from the second $75,000,000 Accordion borrowing and the $45,000,000 AR Securitization Facility to fully repay borrowings on the Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Facility prior to June 30, 2023.The Key terms of the new AR Securitization Facility are as follows:•The AR Securitization Facility Agreement provides for revolving loans to be made up to a maximum principal amount of $55,000,000 of which $45,000,000 was drawn as of March 31, 2024.•The AR Securitization Facility borrowings bear interest at a floating rate equal to a one-month secured overnight funding rate (SOFR) plus 10 basis points of credit spread adjustment, plus 110 basis points.•The AR Securitization Facility borrowings are secured by the Company's U.S. accounts receivables totaling $74,590,000 at March 31, 2024.•The AR Securitization Facility Agreement contains customary events of default (referred to as “Amortization Events.”)•Amounts drawn under the AR Securitization Facility may remain outstanding until the maturity date of the AR Securitization Facility on June 19, 2026. Prior to the maturity date, the Company is only required to repay principal to the extent necessary to maintain borrowing base compliance, unless an Amortization Event occurs.As of March 31, 2024, there have been no Amortization Events triggered in the AR Securitization Facility. The Company has both the ability and intent to have the AR Securitization Facility remain outstanding for the next 12 months.  As such, the Company has classified the full $45,000,000 outstanding borrowings under the AR Securitization Facility as long-term debt at March 31, 2024 demonstrated above.In addition to the above, the Company amended the variable interest component of its Term Loan B and Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Facility to transition from LIBOR to SOFR. On March 18, 2024, Columbus McKinnon Corporation entered into a Fourth Amendment (the “Fourth Amendment”) to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of May 14, 2021, by and among the Company, Columbus McKinnon EMEA GmbH, the lenders from time to time party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the other agents parties thereto, as amended (the “Credit Agreement”). The Fourth Amendment reduces the interest rate margin applicable under the Term Loan B by 25 basis points for both term SOFR borrowings and base rate borrowings and eliminates the Term SOFR Adjustment on the term loan B only which varied based on the interest period selected. After giving effect to the repricing, the applicable interest rate margins for the Term Loan B are 2.50% for term SOFR borrowings and 1.50% for base rate borrowings. The Company has accounted for the Fourth Amendment as a debt modification, therefore, debt repricing fees incurred in fiscal 2024 were expensed as general and administrative expenses and the deferred financing fees incurred as part of the Term Loan B (discussed below) remain unchanged.The outstanding principal balance of the Term Loan B facility was $477,560,000 as of March 31, 2024, which includes $75,000,000 in principal balance from the Accordion exercised in the first quarter of fiscal 2024 as described above, and the outstanding balance of the Term Loan B was $462,560,000 as of March 31, 2023. The Company made $60,000,000 and $40,000,000 of principal payments on the Term Loan B during fiscal 2024 and fiscal 2023, respectively. The Company is obligated to make $4,976,000 of principal payments on the Term Loan B facility over the next 12 months plus applicable ECF payments, if required, however, plans to pay down approximately $50,000,000 in principal payments in total during such 12 month period. This amount has been recorded within the current portion of long term debt on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet with the remaining balance recorded as long term debt.63COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)There were no outstanding borrowings and $15,368,000 outstanding letters of credit issued against the Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Facility as of March 31, 2024. The outstanding letters of credit at March 31, 2024 consisted of  $15,368,000 of standby letters of credit. The gross balance of deferred financing costs on the Term Loan B facility was $7,845,000 and $6,323,000 as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase of $1,522,000 in fiscal 2024 relates to the Accordion exercise described above.  The accumulated amortization balances were $2,971,000 and $1,815,000 as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The gross balance of deferred financing costs associated with the AR Securitization Facility was $536,000 with an accumulated amortization balance of $149,000 as of March 31, 2024.The gross balance of deferred financing costs associated with the Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Facility was $4,828,000 as of March 31, 2024 and $4,027,000 as of March 31, 2023, respectively, which are included in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The increase in the deferred financing costs in Fiscal 2024 are related to fees incurred to increase the facility as described above.  The accumulated amortization balance is $2,655,000 and $1,611,000 as of March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively.  The principal payments obligated to be made as of March 31, 2024 on the Term Loan B facility and AR Securitization are as follows:2025$4,976 2026$4,976 2027$49,976 2028$4,976 Thereafter$457,656  $522,560 In connection with Dorner acquisition, the Company recorded a finance lease for a manufacturing facility in Hartland, WI under a  23 year lease agreement, which terminates in 2035. The outstanding balance on the finance lease obligation is $12,937,000 as of March 31, 2024 of which $670,000 has been recorded within the Current portion of long term debt and the remaining balance recorded within Term loan, AR securitization facility and finance lease obligations on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet. See Note 18, Leases, for further details.Non-U.S. Lines of Credit and LoansUnsecured and uncommitted lines of credit are available to meet short-term working capital needs for certain of our subsidiaries operating outside of the U.S. The lines of credit are available on an offering basis, meaning that transactions under the line of credit will be on such terms and conditions, including interest rate, maturity, representations, covenants, and events of default, as mutually agreed between our subsidiaries and the local bank at the time of each specific transaction. As of March 31, 2024, unsecured credit lines totaled approximately $2,374,000, of which $0 was drawn. In addition, unsecured lines of $13,945,000 were available for bank guarantees issued in the normal course of business of which $11,261,000 was utilized.13.     Pensions and Other Benefit Plans    The Company provides retirement plans, including defined benefit and defined contribution plans, and other postretirement benefit plans to certain employees. The Company applies ASC Topic 715 “Compensation – Retirement Benefits,” which required the recognition in pension and other postretirement benefits obligations and accumulated other comprehensive income of actuarial gains or losses, prior service costs or credits and transition assets or obligations that had previously been deferred. This statement also requires an entity to measure a defined benefit postretirement plan’s assets and obligations that determine its funded status as of the end of the fiscal year.64COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)Pension Plans The Company provides defined benefit pension plans to certain employees. The Company uses March 31 as the measurement date. The following provides a reconciliation of benefit obligation, plan assets, and funded status of the plans: March 31, 20242023Change in benefit obligation:  Benefit obligation at beginning of year$300,210 $356,974 Service cost512 707 Interest cost13,548 11,312 Actuarial (gain) loss(2,754)(42,652)Benefits paid(22,650)(23,980)Settlement(20,510)— Foreign exchange rate changes(331)(2,151)Benefit obligation at end of year$268,025 $300,210 Change in plan assets:  Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year$231,667 $271,985 Actual gain (loss) on plan assets4,328 (20,735)Employer contribution6,761 4,796 Benefits paid(22,650)(23,980)Settlement(20,510)— Foreign exchange rate changes(4)(399)Fair value of plan assets at end of year$199,592 $231,667 Funded status$(68,433)$(68,543)Unrecognized actuarial loss16,229 17,169 Net amount recognized$(52,204)$(51,374)During fiscal 2024, the Company terminated both of its Canadian pension plans and began the process to terminate one of its U.S. pension plans. For the U.S. plan, lump sum payments were made to eligible participants who elected to receive them. The lump sum payments were paid during the third and fourth quarters of fiscal 2024. These lump sum payments along with the overall termination of the two Canadian plans resulted in a settlement charge of $4,984,000 which was recorded in Other (income) expense, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company expects to complete the termination of the U.S. plan in fiscal year 2025.Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets are as follows:         March 31, 20242023Other assets$5,905 $5,832 Accrued liabilities(3,786)(3,715)Other non-current liabilities(70,552)(70,660)Accumulated other comprehensive loss, before tax16,229 17,169 Net amount recognized$(52,204)$(51,374) Other assets are presented separately from pension liabilities for pension plans that are over funded. 65COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)Net periodic pension cost included the following components:Year Ended March 31,  202420232022Service costs—benefits earned during the period$512 $707 $980 Interest cost on projected benefit obligation13,548 11,312 10,130 Expected return on plan assets(11,459)(10,844)(13,037)Net amortization360 851 1,457 Settlement4,984 (62)— Net periodic pension cost (benefit)$7,945 $1,964 $(470)Information for pension plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets is as follows: March 31, 20242023Projected benefit obligation$171,273 $176,201 Fair value of plan assets96,935 101,826 Information for pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets is as follows: March 31, 20242023Accumulated benefit obligation$168,488 $173,149 Fair value of plan assets96,935 101,826 Unrecognized gains and losses are amortized through March 31, 2024 on a straight-line basis over the average remaining service period of active participants.  Starting in fiscal 2016, the Company changed the amortization period of its largest plan to the average remaining lifetime of inactive participants, as a significant portion of the plan population is now inactive. This change increases the amortization period of the unrecognized gains and losses.The weighted-average assumptions in the following table represent the rates used to develop the actuarial present value of the projected benefit obligation for the year listed and also net periodic pension cost for the following year: 202420232022Discount rate4.82 %4.82 %3.35 %Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets5.27 %4.13 %4.70 %Rate of compensation increase on active plans3.00 %3.00 %2.76 %Interest crediting rates used in cash balance pension plans4.95 %4.04 %1.05 %The expected rates of return on plan asset assumptions are determined considering long-term historical averages and real returns on each asset class.The Company’s retirement plan target and actual asset allocations are as follows: TargetActual 202520242023Equity securities18%-8%8%22%Fixed income securities92% - 82%92%78%Total plan assets100%100%100%The Company has an investment objective for domestic pension plans to adequately provide for both the growth and liquidity needed to support all current and future benefit payment obligations. The Company's policy is to de-risk the portfolio by increasing liability-hedging investments as the pension liability funded status increases, which is known as the glide path 66COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)method. Within the table above, cash equivalents are categorized as fixed income as they earn lower returns than equity securities which includes alternative real estate funds (shown in the fair value tables below). The Company’s funding policy with respect to the defined benefit pension plans is to contribute annually at least the minimum amount required by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). Additional contributions may be made to minimize PBGC premiums. The Company plans to contribute approximately $6,839,000 to its pension plans in fiscal 2025.Information about the expected benefit payments for the Company’s defined benefit plans is as follows:2025$22,548 202622,335 202722,149 202821,728 202921,278 2030-203497,940 Postretirement Benefit Plans The Company sponsors a defined benefit other postretirement health care plan that provide medical and life insurance coverage to certain U.S. retirees and their dependents of one of its subsidiaries. Prior to the acquisition of this subsidiary, the Company did not sponsor any postretirement benefit plans. The Company pays the majority of the medical costs for certain retirees and their spouses who are under age 65. For retirees and dependents of retirees who retired prior to January 1, 1989, and are age 65 or over, the Company contributes 100% toward the American Association of Retired Persons (“AARP”) premium frozen at the 1992 level. For retirees and dependents of retirees who retired after January 1, 1989, the Company contributes $35 per month toward the AARP premium. The life insurance plan is noncontributory. The net periodic postretirement benefit income for fiscal 2024 was $146,000 and the liability at March 31, 2024 is $847,000 with $695,000 included in Other non-current liabilities and $152,000 included in Accrued liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company has collateralized split-dollar life insurance arrangement with one of its former officers.  Under this arrangement, the Company pays certain premium costs on life insurance policy for the former officer.  Upon the later of the death of the former officer and their spouse, the Company will receive all of the premiums paid to-date.  The net periodic pension cost for fiscal 2024 was $91,000 and the liability at March 31, 2024 is $2,857,000 with $2,777,000 included in Other non-current liabilities and $80,000 included in Accrued liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.  The cash surrender value of the policies is $2,392,000 and $3,690,000 at March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.  The balance is included in Other assets in the consolidated balance sheet. Other Benefit PlansThe Company also sponsors defined contribution plans covering substantially all domestic employees and certain international employees. Participants may elect to contribute basic contributions. These plans provide for employer contributions based on employee eligibility and participation. The Company recorded a charge for such contributions of approximately $6,288,000, $5,808,000, and $4,540,000 for the years ended March 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively which are included in Cost of Products Sold, Selling Expenses, and General and Administrative Expenses within the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Fair Values of Plan AssetsThe Company classified its investments within the categories of equity securities, fixed income securities, common collective trusts, alternative real estate, and cash equivalents, as the Company’s management bases its investment objectives and decisions from these four categories.  The Company’s investment policy is to use its glide-path method to de-risk the portfolio by increasing liability-hedging investments as the pension liability funded status increases.67COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)The fair values of the Company’s defined benefit plans’ consolidated assets by asset category as of March 31 were as follows: March 31, 20242023Asset categories:  Equity securities$15,266 $27,576 Fixed income securities 81,890 76,701 Common collective trusts98,117 116,477 Alternative real estate— 8,565 Cash equivalents4,319 2,348 Total$199,592 $231,667  The fair values of our defined benefit plans’ consolidated assets were determined using the fair value hierarchy of inputs described in Note 5. The fair values by category of inputs as of March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023 were as follows: Measured at NAV (1)Quoted Pricesin ActiveMarkets forIdentical AssetsSignificant otherobservableInputsSignificantunobservableInputs As of March 31, 2024:(Level 1)(Level 2)(Level 3)TotalAsset categories: Equity securities$— $15,266 $— $— $15,266 Fixed income securities— 81,890 — — 81,890 Common collective trusts98,117 — — — 98,117 Cash equivalents— 4,319 — — 4,319 Total$98,117 $101,475 $— $— $199,592 (1)  Reflects the net asset value (NAV) practical expedient used to approximate fair value.  Measured at NAV (1)Quoted Pricesin ActiveMarkets forIdentical AssetsSignificant otherobservableInputsSignificantunobservableInputs As of March 31, 2023:(Level 1)(Level 2)(Level 3)TotalAsset categories:    Equity securities$— $27,576 $— $— $27,576 Fixed income securities— 76,701 — — 76,701 Common collective trusts116,477 — — — 116,477 Alternative real estate8,565 — — — 8,565 Cash equivalents— 2,348 — — 2,348 Total$125,042 $106,625 $— $— $231,667 (1)  Reflects the net asset value (NAV) practical expedient used to approximate fair value.  Level 1 securities consist of mutual funds, domestic corporate bonds, securities issued by the U.S. government other similar fixed income investments  with quoted market prices.NAV is used as a practical expedient to estimate fair value. NAV is based on the fair value of the underlying investments held by the fund less its liability based on published daily rate. This practical expedient is not used when it is determined to be probable that the fund will sell the investment for an amount different from the reported NAV. We are not aware of any significant restrictions on the issuances or redemption of shares of these funds.68COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)Level 2 fixed income securities fair values of the underlying investments are generally based on independent broker dealer bids, or by comparison to other debt securities having similar durations, yields, and credit ratings.  14.     Employee Stock Ownership Plan ("ESOP") Effective January 1, 2012 the ESOP was closed to new hires.  Prior to this date, substantially all of the Company’s U.S. non-union employees were participants in the ESOP.  Additionally, during the year ended March 31, 2015 the final loan payment was made by the ESOP to the Company and there was no compensation expense recorded in fiscal years 2024, 2023, or 2022.At March 31, 2024 and 2023, 160,000 and 177,000 of ESOP shares, respectively, were allocated or available to be allocated to participants’ accounts. There are no shares of collateralized common stock related to the ESOP loan outstanding at March 31, 2024 and no ESOP shares were pledged as collateral to guarantee the ESOP term loans. 15.     Earnings per Share and Stock Plans Earnings per Share The Company calculates earnings per share in accordance with ASC Topic 260, “Earnings per Share.”  Basic earnings per share exclude any dilutive effects of options, warrants, and convertible securities. Diluted earnings per share include any dilutive effects of stock options, unvested restricted stock units, unvested performance shares, and unvested restricted stock.  Stock options and performance shares with respect to 479,000 and 651,000 common shares were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share for fiscal 2024 and 2023, respectively, because they were antidilutive. For the years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, an additional 165,000 and 179,000, respectively, in contingently issuable shares were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because a performance condition had not yet been met. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (share data presented in thousands):  Year Ended March 31,Numerator for basic and diluted earnings per share:202420232022Net income$46,625 $48,429 $29,660 Denominators:   Weighted-average common stock outstanding— denominator for basic EPS28,728 28,600 28,040 Effect of dilutive employee stock options, RSU's and performance shares298 218 361 Adjusted weighted-average common stock outstanding and assumed conversions— denominator for diluted EPS29,026 28,818 28,401  The weighted-average common stock outstanding shown above is net of unallocated ESOP shares (see Note 14).During fiscal 2023, the Company repurchased 31,000 shares of its common stock at an aggregate cost of $1,001,000 in accordance with the Company's previously adopted share repurchase program. The value of the shares purchased are reflected as Treasury stock on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2023.Stock PlansThe Company records stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC Topic 718, “Compensation – Stock Compensation,” applying the modified prospective method. This Statement requires all equity-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized in the statement of earnings based on the grant date fair value of the award. Under the modified prospective method, the Company is required to record equity-based compensation expense for all awards granted after the date of adoption and for the unvested portion of previously granted awards outstanding as of the date of adoption.69COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)The Company grants share based compensation to eligible participants under the 2016 Long Term Incentive Plan, as Amended and Restated in June 2019 ("2016 LTIP").  The total number of shares of common stock with respect to which awards may be granted under the 2016 LTIP were increased by 2,500,000 as a result of the June 2019 amendment. Shares not previously authorized for issuance under any of the prior stock plans, and shares not issued or subject to outstanding awards under the prior stock plans are still available for issuance.  Details of the shares granted under these plans are discussed below.Prior to the adoption of the 2016 LTIP, the Company granted stock awards under the 2010 Long Term Incentive Plan and the 2006 Long Term Incentive Plan, collectively referred to as the “Prior Stock Plans.”  Stock based compensation expense was $12,039,000, $10,425,000, and $11,246,000 for fiscal 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Stock compensation expense is included in cost of products sold, selling, general and administrative, and research and development expenses depending on the nature of the service of the employee receiving the award. The Company recognizes expense for all share–based awards over the service period, which is the shorter of the period until the employees’ retirement eligibility dates or the service period for the award, for awards expected to vest.  Accordingly, expense is generally reduced for estimated forfeitures.  ASC Topic 718 requires forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.The Company recognized compensation expense for stock option awards and unvested restricted share awards that vest based on time or market parameters straight-line over the requisite service period for vesting of the award.Long Term Incentive PlanUnder the 2016 LTIP, the total number of shares of common stock with respect to which awards may be granted under the plan is 2,500,000 in addition to shares not previously authorized for issuance under any of the prior stock plans and any shares not issued or subject to outstanding awards under the prior stock plans.  As of March 31, 2024, 339,000 shares remain available for future grants. The 2016 LTIP was designed as an omnibus plan and awards may consist of non-qualified stock options, incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, or stock bonuses.Under the 2016 LTIP, the granting of awards to employees may take the form of options, restricted shares, and performance shares. The Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors determines the number of shares, the term, the frequency and date, the type, the exercise periods, any performance criteria pursuant to which awards may be granted, and the restriction and other terms and conditions of each grant in accordance with terms of the Plan.In connection with the acquisition of Magnetek, the Company agreed to continue the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan of Magnetek, Inc. (the "Magnetek Stock Plan"). In doing so, the Company has available under the Magnetek Stock Plan 164,461 of the Company's shares which can be granted to certain employees as stock-based compensation. Stock Option PlansOptions outstanding under the 2016 LTIP generally become exercisable over a 3-year period at a rate of 33% per year commencing one year from the date of grant and have an exercise price of not less than 100% of the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant. 70COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)A summary of option transactions during each of the three fiscal years in the period ended March 31, 2024 is as follows: SharesWeighted-averageExercise Price per shareWeighted-averageRemainingContractualLife (in years)AggregateIntrinsicValueOutstanding at April 1, 2021657,814 $27.45 7.29$16,652 Granted159,643 54.06   Exercised(105,132)25.24   Cancelled(32,540)31.71   Outstanding at March 31, 2022679,785 $33.82 7.08$15,294 Granted394,586 34.91   Exercised(32,158)22.15   Cancelled(67,042)35.32   Outstanding at March 31, 2023975,171 $34.54 7.13$5,497 Granted298,674 36.19   Exercised(62,060)25.73   Cancelled(17,945)37.49   Outstanding at March 31, 20241,193,840 35.37 6.93$12,392 Exercisable at March 31, 2024600,072 $33.47 5.43$6,888 The Company calculated intrinsic value for those options that had an exercise price lower than the market price of our common shares as of March 31, 2024. The aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding options as of March 31, 2024 is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying options and the market price of our common shares for the 1,048,000 options that were in-the-money at that date. The aggregate intrinsic value of exercisable options as of March 31, 2024 is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying options and the market price of our common shares for the 499,000 exercisable options that were in-the-money at that date. The Company's closing stock price was $44.63 as of March 31, 2024. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $870,000, $360,000, and $2,513,000 during fiscal 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The grant date fair value of options that vested was $11.00, $10.36, and $11.19 during fiscal 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.As of March 31, 2024, $3,277,000 of unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.0 years.Exercise prices for options outstanding as of March 31, 2024, ranged from $15.16 to $38.70. The following table provides certain information with respect to stock options outstanding at March 31, 2024: Stock OptionsOutstandingWeighted-averageExercise PriceWeighted-averageRemainingContractual LifeRange of Exercise Prices   $10.01 to 20.0051,957 $15.16 2.15$20.01 to 30.00219,998 $26.60 5.19$30.01 to $40.00700,333 $35.05 7.75$40.01 to $50.0082,181 $42.77 7.94$50.01 to $60.00139,371$54.26 6.72 1,193,840 $35.37 6.9371COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)The following table provides certain information with respect to stock options exercisable at March 31, 2024:Range of Exercise PricesStock OptionsExercisableWeighted- averageExercise Price per share$10.01 to 20.0051,957 $15.16 $20.01 to 30.00219,998 26.60 $30.01 to $40.00227,117 35.16 $40.01 to $50.004,244 49.36 $50.01 to $60.0096,756 54.26  600,072 $33.47 The fair value of stock options granted was estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Black-Scholes option valuation model was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options which have no vesting restrictions and are fully transferable. In addition, option valuation models require the input of subjective assumptions including the expected stock price volatility. Because the Company’s employee stock options have characteristics significantly different from those of traded options, and because changes in the subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate, in management’s opinion, the existing models do not necessarily provide a reliable single measure of the fair value of its employee stock options. The weighted-average grant date fair value of the options was $12.97, $11.13, and $17.71 for options granted during fiscal 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The following table provides the weighted-average assumptions used to value stock options granted during fiscal 2024, 2023, and 2022: Year EndedMarch 31,2024Year EndedMarch 31,2023Year EndedMarch 31,2022Assumptions:   Risk-free interest rate4.28 %2.53 %0.35 %Dividend yield0.77 %0.81 %0.44 %Volatility factor0.3360.3300.372Expected life5.5 years5.5 years5.5 yearsTo determine expected volatility, the Company uses historical volatility based on daily closing prices of its Common Stock over periods that correlate with the expected terms of the options granted. The risk-free rate is based on the United States Treasury yield curve at the time of grant for the appropriate term of the options granted. Expected dividends are based on the Company's history and expectation of dividend payouts. The expected term of stock options is based on vesting schedules, expected exercise patterns and contractual terms.Restricted Stock UnitsThe Company granted restricted stock units under the 2016 LTIP during fiscal 2024, 2023, and 2022 to employees as well as to the Company’s non-executive directors as part of their annual compensation.  For fiscal 2022, 2023, and 2024 restricted stock units for employees vest ratably based on service one-third after each of years one, two, and three.72COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)A summary of the restricted stock unit awards granted under the Company’s LTIP plan as of March 31, 2024 is as follows: SharesWeighted-averageGrant DateFair Value per shareUnvested at April 1, 2021269,789 $32.41 Granted133,082 49.98 Vested(138,407)35.71 Forfeited(19,728)35.41 Unvested at March 31, 2022244,736 $39.86 Granted161,582 31.61 Vested(132,953)35.44 Forfeited(26,140)38.15 Unvested at March 31, 2023247,225 $37.02 Granted159,816 37.57 Vested(145,862)39.21 Forfeited(10,267)41.61 Unvested at March 31, 2024250,912 $35.91  Total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock units as of March 31, 2024 is $2,996,000 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.7 years.  The fair value of restricted stock units that vested during the year ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $5,720,000 and $4,713,000, respectively.Performance SharesThe Company granted performance shares under the 2016 LTIP during fiscal 2024, 2023, and 2022. Performance based shares are recognized as compensation expense based upon their grant date fair value and to the extent it is probable that the performance conditions will be met.  This expense is recognized ratably over the three year period that these shares are restricted.  Fiscal 2022 performance shares granted vest pursuant to a performance condition based upon the Company’s Consolidated Return on Invested Capital ("ROIC") for the twelve months ended March 31, 2024. During fiscal 2023, the Company determined that the performance condition on its fiscal 2022 performance shares would not be fully met. The Company has adjusted its stock-based compensation expense accordingly in fiscal 2024. Fiscal 2023 performance shares granted vest pursuant to a performance condition based upon the Company’s Consolidated ROIC for the twelve months ended March 31, 2025.  At this time, the Company believes the March 31, 2025 performance condition will be met.  Fiscal 2024 performance shares granted vest pursuant to a performance condition based upon the Company’s Consolidated ROIC for the twelve months ended March 31, 2026.  At this time, the Company believes the March 31, 2026 performance condition will be met. 73COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)A summary of the performance shares transactions during each of the three fiscal years in the period ended March 31, 2024 is as follows:SharesWeighted-averageGrant DateFair Value per shareUnvested at April 1, 2021123,232 $29.58 Granted41,322 52.01 Vested(18,296)36.43 Forfeited(8,226)30.25 Unvested at March 31, 2022138,032 $35.35 Granted67,606 33.03 Forfeited(26,633)35.26 Unvested at March 31, 2023179,005 $34.49 Granted73,453 36.58 Vested(39,720)35.95 Forfeited(33,838)28.66 Unvested at March 31, 2024178,900 $36.13 The Company had $2,825,000 in unrecognized compensation costs related to the unvested performance share awards as of March 31, 2024. Directors StockDuring fiscal 2024, 2023, and 2022, a total of 28,512, 41,313, and 21,928 shares of stock, respectively, were granted under the 2016 LTIP to the Company’s non-executive directors as part of their annual compensation. The weighted average fair value grant price of those shares was $41.17, $28.91, and $43.73 for fiscal 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The expense related to the shares was $1,174,000,  $1,194,000 and $959,000 for fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.DividendsOn March 18, 2024, the Company's Board of Directors approved payment of a quarterly dividend of $0.07 per common share, representing an annual dividend rate of $0.28 per share. The dividend was paid on May 13, 2024 to shareholders of record on May 3, 2024 and totaled approximately $2,020,000.Stock Repurchase PlanOn March 26, 2019, the Board of Directors approved a new stock repurchase program authorizing the repurchase of up to $20 million of the Company's common stock. The Company repurchased 31,000 shares of its common stock at an aggregate cost of $1,001,000 in accordance with this plan during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023.  No repurchases were made during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024. 16.     Loss ContingenciesFrom time to time, the Company is named a defendant in legal actions arising out of the normal course of business. The Company is not a party to any pending legal proceeding other than ordinary, routine litigation incidental to our business. The Company does not believe that any of our pending litigation will have a material impact on its business.Accrued general and product liability costs are actuarially estimated reserves based on amounts determined from loss reports, individual cases filed with the Company, and an amount for losses incurred but not reported. The aggregate amounts of reserves were $19,988,000 (gross of estimated insurance recoveries of $7,637,000) and $21,103,000 (gross of estimated insurance recoveries of $8,272,000) of which $15,388,000 and $16,203,000 are included in Other non current liabilities and $4,600,000 74COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)and $4,900,000 in Accrued liabilities as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.  The liability for accrued general and product liability costs are funded by investments in marketable securities (see Notes 2 and 7).The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for accrued general and product liability: Year Ended March 31, 202420232022Accrued general and product liability, beginning of year$21,103 $22,575 $21,227 Estimated insurance recoveries(634)(889)1,109 Add provision for claims2,226 3,025 6,648 Deduct payments for claims(2,707)(3,608)(6,409)Accrued general and product liability, end of year$19,988 $21,103 $22,575 Estimated insurance recoveries(7,637)(8,272)(9,160)Net accrued general and product liability, end of year$12,351 $12,831 $13,415 The per occurrence limits on the self-insurance for general and product liability coverage to Columbus McKinnon through its wholly-owned captive insurance company were $2,000,000 from inception through fiscal 2003 and $3,000,000 for fiscal 2004 and thereafter. In addition to the per occurrence limits, the Company’s coverage is also subject to an annual aggregate limit, applicable to losses only. These limits range from $2,000,000 to $6,000,000 for each policy year from inception through fiscal 2024.  The Company also purchases excess general and product liability insurance up to an aggregate $75,000,000 limit.AsbestosLike many industrial manufacturers, the Company is involved in asbestos-related litigation.  In continually evaluating costs relating to its estimated asbestos-related liability, the Company reviews, among other things, the incidence of past and recent claims, the historical case dismissal rate, the mix of the claimed illnesses and occupations of the plaintiffs, its recent and historical resolution of the cases, the number of cases pending against it, the status and results of broad-based settlement discussions, and the number of years such activity might continue. Based on this review, the Company has estimated its share of liability to defend and resolve probable asbestos-related personal injury claims. This estimate is highly uncertain due to the limitations of the available data and the difficulty of forecasting with any certainty the numerous variables that can affect the range of the liability. The Company will continue to study the variables in light of additional information in order to identify trends that may become evident and to assess their impact on the range of liability that is probable and estimable.Based on actuarial information, the Company has estimated its net asbestos-related aggregate liability including related legal costs to range between $4,900,000 and $8,900,000, net of insurance recoveries, using actuarial parameters of continued claims for a period of 38 years from March 31, 2024.  The Company has estimated its asbestos-related aggregate liability that is probable and estimable, net of insurance recoveries, in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles approximates $6,532,000.  The Company has reflected the liability gross of insurance recoveries of $7,637,000 as a liability in the consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2024. The recorded liability does not consider the impact of any potential favorable federal legislation. This liability will fluctuate based on the uncertainty in the number of future claims that will be filed and the cost to resolve those claims, which may be influenced by a number of factors, including the outcome of the ongoing broad-based settlement negotiations, defensive strategies, and the cost to resolve claims outside the broad-based settlement program. Of this amount, management expects to incur asbestos liability payments of approximately $2,700,000 over the next 12 months. Because payment of the liability is likely to extend over many years, management believes that the potential additional costs for claims will not have a material effect on the financial condition of the Company or its liquidity, although the effect of any future liabilities recorded could be material to earnings in a future period.A share of the Company's previously incurred asbestos-related expenses and future asbestos-related expenses are covered by pre-existing insurance policies.  The Company had been engaged in a legal action against the insurance carriers for those policies to recover past expenses and future costs incurred.  The Company came to an agreement with the insurance carriers to settle its case against them for recovery of a portion of past costs and future costs for asbestos-related legal defense costs. The agreement was finalized during the quarter ended September 30, 2020.  The terms of the settlement require the carriers to pay 75COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)gross defense costs prior to retro-premiums of 65% for future asbestos-related defense costs subject to an annual cap of  $1,650,000 for claims covered by the settlement.Further, the insurance carriers are expected to cover 100% of indemnity costs related to all covered cases.  Estimates of the future cost sharing have been included in the loss reserve calculation as of March 31, 2024 and 2023.  The Company has recorded a receivable for the estimated future cost sharing in Other assets in the Balance Sheet in the amount of $7,637,000 and $8,272,000, which offsets its asbestos reserves, at March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.In addition, one of the Company's subsidiaries, Magnetek, Inc. ("Magnetek") has been named, along with multiple other defendants, in asbestos-related lawsuits associated with business operations previously acquired but which are no longer owned. During Magnetek's ownership, none of the businesses produced or sold asbestos-containing products. For such claims, Magnetek is uninsured and either contractually indemnified against liability, or contractually obligated to defend and indemnify the purchaser of these former business operations.  The Company aggressively seeks dismissal from these proceedings. The asbestos-related liability including legal costs is estimated to be approximately $842,000 and $663,000, which has been reflected as a liability in the consolidated financial statements at March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.Product LiabilityThe Company is also involved in other unresolved legal actions that arise in the normal course of business. The most prevalent of these unresolved actions involve disputes related to product design, manufacture and performance liability. The Company's estimation of its product-related aggregate liability that is probable and estimable, in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles approximates $4,977,000, which has been reflected as a liability in the consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2024. In some cases, the Company cannot reasonably estimate a range of loss because there is insufficient information regarding the matter.In April of fiscal 2025, a trial involving a product liability claim against the Company resulted in a jury verdict demanding the Company to pay approximately $3,000,000 in damages.  The Company along with its attorneys believes it will be successful in overturning this verdict and that payment of the damages is not probable.  As such the Company has not accrued the damages at March 31, 2024.Management believes that the potential additional costs for claims will not have a material effect on the financial condition of the Company or its liquidity, although the effect of any future liabilities recorded could be material to earnings in a future period.Litigation-OtherIn October 2010, Magnetek received a request for indemnification from Power-One, Inc. ("Power-One") for an Italian tax matter arising out of the sale of Magnetek's power electronics business to Power-One in October 2006. With a reservation of rights, Magnetek affirmed its obligation to indemnify Power-One for certain pre-closing taxes.  The sale included an Italian company, Magnetek, S.p.A., and its wholly owned subsidiary, Magnetek Electronics (Shenzhen) Co. Ltd. (the “Power-One China Subsidiary”). The tax authority in Arezzo, Italy, issued a notice of audit report in September 2010 wherein it asserted that the Power-One China Subsidiary had its administrative headquarters in Italy and therefore it should be considered resident in Italy and subject to taxation in Italy.  In November 2010, the tax authority issued a notice of tax assessment for the period of July 2003 to June 2004, alleging that taxes of approximately $2,100,000 (Euro 1,900,000), plus interest, were due in Italy on taxable income earned by the Power-One China Subsidiary during this period.  In addition, the assessment alleges potential penalties in the amount of approximately $2,400,000 (Euro 2,200,000) for the alleged failure of the Power-One China Subsidiary to file its Italian tax return.  The Power-One China Subsidiary filed its response with the provincial tax commission of Arezzo, Italy in January 2011.  A hearing before the Tax Court was held in July 2012 on the tax assessment for the period of July 2003 to June 2004. In September 2012, the Tax Court ruled in favor of the Power-One China Subsidiary dismissing the tax assessment for the period of July 2003 to June 2004. In February 2013, the tax authority filed an appeal of the Tax Court's September 2012 ruling. The Regional Tax Commission of Florence heard the appeal of the tax assessment dismissal for the period of July 2003 to June 2004 and thereafter issued its ruling finding in favor of the tax authority.  Magnetek believed the court’s decision was based upon erroneous interpretations of the applicable law and appealed the ruling to the Italian Supreme Court in April 2015.  In April 2022, the Supreme Court upheld the appeal in favor of Power-One.76COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)The tax authority in Arezzo, Italy also issued a tax inspection report in January 2011 for the periods July 2002 to June 2003 (fiscal period 2002/2003) and July 2004 to December 2006 (fiscal periods 2004/2005 and 2005/2006) claiming that the Power-One China Subsidiary failed to file Italian tax returns for the reported periods.  In August 2012, the tax authority in Arezzo, Italy issued four notices of tax assessment for the periods July 2002 to June 2003 and July 2004 to December 2006, alleging that taxes of approximately $7,200,000 (Euro 6,700,000) were due in Italy on taxable income earned by the Power-One China Subsidiary together with an allegation of potential penalties in the amount of approximately $3,000,000 (Euro 2,800,000) for the alleged failure of the Power-One China Subsidiary to file its Italian tax returns.On June 3, 2015, the Tax Court, ruled in favor of the Power-One China Subsidiary dismissing the tax assessments for the periods of July 2002 to June 2003 and July 2004 to December 2006. On July 27, 2015, the tax authority filed appeals of the Tax Court's ruling of June 3, 2015.  In May 2016, the Regional Tax Court of Florence rejected the appeals of the tax authority and at the same time canceled the notices of assessment for the fiscal years of 2004/2005 and 2005/2006. In December 2016, the Power-One China Subsidiary was served by the Italian Revenue Agency with two appeals to the Italian Supreme Court regarding the two positive judgments on the tax assessments for the fiscal periods 2004/2005 and 2005/2006. In February 2017 the Power-One China Subsidiary filed two memorandum before the Italian Supreme Court in response to the appeals made by the tax authority against the positive judgments on the tax assessments for fiscal years 2004/2005 and 2005/2006. In March 2017, the Regional Tax Court of Florence rejected the appeal of the assessment for 2006 fiscal year (period July 2006-December 2006). In October 2017, the Power-One China Subsidiary was served by the Italian Revenue Agency with an appeal to the Italian Supreme Court against the positive judgment on the tax assessment for fiscal year 2006.  In November 2017 the Power-One China Subsidiary filed a memorandum before the Italian Supreme Court in response to the appeal made by the tax authority against the positive judgment on the tax assessment for fiscal year 2006.  In March 2018, the Regional Tax Court of Florence rejected the appeal of the assessment for 2002/2003 fiscal year. In October 2018 the Power-One China Subsidiary was served by the Italian Revenue Agency with an appeal to the Italian Supreme Court against the positive judgment on the tax assessment for fiscal year 2002/2003.  In November 2018 the Power-One China Subsidiary filed a memorandum with the Italian Supreme Court in response to the appeal made by the tax authority. The Supreme Court upheld the appeals of the Italian Tax Authority and remitted the proceedings back to the Regional Tax Court for a new evaluation of the substance of the dispute.In December 2022 the Power One China Subsidiary resumed the proceedings concerning the tax assessments for fiscal years 2002/2003 and 2006 before the Regional Tax Court. A hearing was held before the Regional Tax Court in April and May of 2023, in two separate decisions, the court ruled in favor of the Company. The tax authority appealed this decision on December 6, 2023, and the Company filed the relevant counter claims in January of 2024.  In March 2023 the Power One China Subsidiary resumed the proceedings concerning the tax assessments for fiscal years 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 before the Regional Tax Court.  The hearing was held in February 2024 where the court upheld the assessments.  The Company is appealing the judgment and expects the Supreme court to reverse the judgment of the lower court as they have previously with the 2002/2003 and 2006 assessments.The Company believes it will be successful and does not expect to incur a liability related to these assessments.In September of 2017, Magnetek received a request for defense and indemnification from Monsanto Company, Pharmacia, LLC, and Solutia, Inc. (collectively, “Monsanto”) with respect to: (1) lawsuits brought by plaintiffs claiming that Monsanto manufactured polychlorinated biphenyls ("PCBs"), exposure to which allegedly caused injury to plaintiffs; and (2) lawsuits brought by municipalities and municipal entities claiming that Monsanto should be responsible for a variety of damages due to the presence of PCBs in bodies of water in those municipalities and/or in water treated by those municipal entities.  Monsanto claims to be entitled to defense and indemnification from Magnetek under a so-called “Special Undertaking” apparently executed by Magnetek’s predecessor Universal Manufacturing ("Universal") in January of 1972, which purportedly required Universal to defend and indemnify Monsanto from liabilities “arising out of or in connection with the receipt, purchase, possession, handling, use, sale or disposition of” PCBs by Universal.Magnetek has declined Monsanto’s tender, and believes that it has meritorious legal and factual defenses to the demands made by Monsanto.  Magnetek is vigorously defending against those demands and commenced litigation in New Jersey to, among other things, declare the Special Undertaking void and unenforceable.  Monsanto has, in turn, commenced an action to enforce the Special Undertaking in Missouri and joined five additional companies as co-defendants in that Missouri action.77COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)The New Jersey action was recently dismissed in favor of the Missouri action. Magnetek has appealed that decision and intends to continue to vigorously prosecute its New Jersey declaratory judgment action, and to defend against Monsanto’s action against it. The Company cannot reasonably estimate a potential range of loss with respect to Monsanto’s tender because there is insufficient information regarding the underlying matters.  Management believes, however, that the potential additional legal costs related to such matters will not have a material effect on the financial condition of the Company or its liquidity, although the effect of any future liabilities recorded could be material to earnings in a future period.The Company had previously filed suit against Travelers in District Court seeking coverage under insurance policies in the name of Universal.  In July 2019, the District Court ruled that Travelers is obligated to defend Magnetek under these policies in connection with Magnetek's litigation against Monsanto. The Court held that Monsanto's claims against Magnetek fall within the insuring agreement of the Travelers policies and that none of the policy exclusions precluded the possibility of coverage. The Court also held that Travelers prior settlements with other insureds under the policies did not cut off or release Magnetek's rights under the policies. Travelers moved for reconsideration which motion was denied.  Travelers is currently defending the Company in its litigation with Monsanto.The Company is also engaged in similar insurance coverage litigation against Transportation Insurance Company in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois. That suit is presently stayed due to the bankruptcy of Velsicol Chemical, LLC, a third-party indemnitor of TIC and Travelers.Environmental MattersAlong with other manufacturing companies, the Company is subject to various federal, state and local laws relating to the protection of the environment. To address the requirements of such laws, the Company has adopted a corporate environmental protection policy which provides that all of its owned or leased facilities shall, and all of its employees have the duty to, comply with all applicable environmental regulatory standards, and the Company utilizes an environmental auditing program for its facilities to ensure compliance with such regulatory standards.  The Company has also established managerial responsibilities and internal communication channels for dealing with environmental compliance issues that may arise in the course of its business. Because of the complexity and changing nature of environmental regulatory standards, it is possible that situations will arise from time to time requiring the Company to incur expenditures in order to ensure environmental regulatory compliance. However, the Company is not aware of any environmental condition or any operation at any of its facilities, either individually or in the aggregate, which would cause expenditures having a material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial condition or cash flows and, accordingly, has not budgeted any material capital expenditures for environmental compliance for fiscal 2025.In 1986, Magnetek acquired the stock of Universal Manufacturing Corporation (“Universal”) from a predecessor of Fruit of the Loom (“FOL”), and the predecessor agreed to indemnify Magnetek against certain environmental liabilities arising from pre-acquisition activities at a facility in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Environmental liabilities covered by the indemnification agreement included completion of additional cleanup activities, if any, at the Bridgeport facility and defense and indemnification against liability for potential response costs related to offsite disposal locations. Magnetek's leasehold interest in the Bridgeport facility was assigned to the buyer in connection with the sale of Magnetek's transformer business in June 2001. FOL, the successor to the indemnification obligation, filed a petition for Reorganization under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code in 1999 and Magnetek filed a proof of claim in the proceeding for obligations related to the environmental indemnification agreement. Magnetek believes that FOL had substantially completed the clean-up obligations required by the indemnification agreement prior to the bankruptcy filing. In November 2001, Magnetek and FOL entered into an agreement involving the allocation of certain potential tax benefits and Magnetek withdrew its claims in the bankruptcy proceeding. Magnetek further believes that FOL's obligation to the state of Connecticut was not discharged in the reorganization proceeding. In January 2007, the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (“DEP”) requested parties, including Magnetek, to submit reports summarizing the investigations and remediation performed to date at the site and the proposed additional investigations and remediation necessary to complete those actions at the site. DEP requested additional information relating to site investigations and remediation. Magnetek and the DEP agreed to the scope of the work plan in November 2010. The Company has recorded a liability of $449,000, included in the amount specified above, related to the Bridgeport facility, 78COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)representing the best estimate of future site investigation costs and remediation costs which are expected to be incurred in the future. For all of the currently known environmental matters, the Company has accrued as of March 31, 2024 a total of $727,000 which, in our opinion, is sufficient to deal with such matters.  The Company is not aware of any environmental condition or any operation at any of its facilities, either individually or in the aggregate, which would cause expenditures to have a material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial condition or cash flows and, accordingly, has not budgeted any material capital expenditures for environmental compliance for fiscal 2024.17.     Income TaxesUnited States income before income tax expense was $20,464,000, $26,076,000, and ($3,681,000) for the years ended March 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Income before income tax expense also includes foreign subsidiary income of $41,063,000, $48,399,000, and $42,127,000 for the years ended March 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The provision for income taxes differs from the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to income from continuing operations before income tax expense. The sources and tax effects of the differences were as follows:  Year Ended March 31, 202420232022Statutory federal income tax rate (1)21.00 %21.00 %21.00 %Expected tax at statutory rate$12,921 $15,640 $8,109 State income taxes net of federal benefit652 2,719 759 Foreign taxes at rates other than statutory federal rate(247)1,757 1,027 Employee benefits1,347 1,207 (202)US benefit on foreign derived income(686)(477)(205)US Tax on foreign earnings757 1,257 845 Permanent items (4)1,092 287 (956)Valuation allowance (3)(1,109)(787)300 Federal tax credits(1,384)(1,539)(700)Other (3)1,437 285 (114)Tax audit adjustments (2)(819)2,523 — Unremitted earnings 501 720 — Return to provision adjustment 440 2,454 (77)Actual tax provision expense$14,902 $26,046 $8,786 (1) Fiscal year 2023 and 2022 table amounts have been adjusted to be consistent with individual rate reconciling items disclosed for fiscal 2024.(2) For fiscal 2023, the Company settled income tax assessments related to tax periods prior to the Company's acquisition of STAHL. In accordance with the tax indemnification clause of the share purchase agreement, the Company received full reimbursement from STAHL’s prior owner which was recorded as a gain in Other (income) expense, net.  For fiscal 2024, the Company collected tax refunds related to a period prior to the Company's acquisition of STAHL.  In accordance with the tax indemnification clause of the share purchase agreement, the Company will reimburse STAHL’s prior owner which was recorded as an loss in Other (income) expense, net. (3) For fiscal 2024, the Company wrote off $1,142,000 of tax attributes as a result of legal entity simplification.The tax attributes had an associated valuation allowance of $1,142,000 which was also written off in fiscal 2024.(4) For fiscal 2024, a tax impact of $525,000 from non-deductible transaction costs was incurred as part of the montratec GmbH acquisition. 79COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)The provision for income tax expense (benefit) consisted of the following: Year Ended March 31, 202420232022Current income tax expense (benefit):   United States Federal$15,375 $7,772 $(2,482)State taxes2,715 2,218 571 Foreign12,097 16,356 12,666 Deferred income tax expense (benefit):United States(12,451)(517)1,139 Foreign(2,834)217 (3,108) $14,902 $26,046 $8,786 The Company applies the liability method of accounting for income taxes as required by ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes.” The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are as follows: March 31, 20242023Deferred tax assets:  Federal net operating loss carryforwards$11,779 $12,908 State and foreign net operating loss carryforwards8,104 6,656 Employee benefit plans12,518 11,609 Insurance reserves3,301 3,500 Accrued vacation and incentive costs3,905 4,071 Federal tax credit carryforwards12,094 12,065 ASC 842 Lease Liability20,120 16,544 Equity compensation5,248 4,552 Capitalized Research and Development Costs12,029 6,976 Interest Carryforwards5,657 3,271 Other3,527 1,073 Valuation allowance(15,156)(15,978)Deferred tax assets after valuation allowance83,126 67,247 Deferred tax liabilities:Property, plant, and equipment(6,542)(7,389)ASC 842 Right-of-Use Asset(18,509)(15,706)Intangible assets(96,728)(88,116)Total deferred tax liabilities(121,779)(111,211)Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)$(38,653)$(43,964)The valuation allowance includes $989,000 and $2,070,000 primarily related to foreign net operating losses at March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The valuation allowance also includes $2,091,000 and $1,788,000 for separate state net operating losses at March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The remaining valuation allowance primarily relates to foreign tax credits which the Company believes it will not utilize of $12,076,000 and $12,088,000 for the years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company’s foreign subsidiaries have tax-effected net operating loss carryforwards of $4,246,000 that expire in periods ranging from five years to indefinite.Federal net operating loss carryforwards from the acquisition of Dorner were fully utilized in fiscal 2023.  Federal net operating loss carryforwards of $56,088,000 remain from the acquisition of Magnetek, have expiration dates ranging from 2025 through 80COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)2035, and are subject to certain limitations under U.S. tax law. State net operating losses of $69,412,000 either have indefinite carryforward periods or have expiration dates ranging from 2025 through 2042.  The federal tax credits have expiration dates ranging from 2028 to 2034.  Included in the Other deferred tax asset category above are $1,251,000 of state tax credit carryforwards. These state tax credit carryforwards have expiration dates ranging from 2026 to 2038.Deferred income taxes are classified within the consolidated balance sheets based on the following breakdown: March 31, 20242023Net non-current deferred tax assets$1,797 $2,035 Net non-current deferred tax liabilities(40,450)(45,999)Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)$(38,653)$(43,964)Net non-current deferred tax liabilities are included in other non-current liabilities.As of March 31, 2024, the Company has determined that certain foreign amounts, which can be distributed tax efficiently, are not permanently reinvested where earned.  As of March 31, 2024 a tax liability of approximately $925,000 has been accrued for taxes that would be incurred upon repatriation of the earnings that are not permanently reinvested.  $75,848,000 of unremitted earnings of other subsidiaries and outside basis differences other than unremitted earnings are intended to be permanently reinvested.  It is not practicable to calculate the amount of unrecognized deferred tax related to these basis differences. Changes in the Company’s uncertain income tax positions, excluding the related accrual for interest and penalties, are as follows: 202420232022Beginning balance$411 $414 $141 Additions for prior year tax positions— — 281 Foreign currency translation— (3)(8)Ending balance$411 $411 $414 The Company had $76,000, $68,000, and $62,000 accrued for the payment of interest and penalties at March 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 respectively. The Company recognizes interest expense or penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a part of income tax expense in its consolidated statements of operations. $411,000 of the unrecognized tax benefits as of March 31, 2024 would impact the effective tax rate if recognized. It is reasonably possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits could change in the next 12 months, however an estimate of the change cannot be made.The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S., various state, local, and foreign jurisdictions. The Company’s major tax jurisdictions are the United States and Germany.  With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to tax examinations by tax authorities in the United States for tax years prior to March 31, 2021 and in Germany for tax years prior to March 31, 2012. The Company has a current tax examination in Germany underway for fiscal years 2012 to 2014. In addition, the tax authorities have also started an examination for fiscal years 2015 through 2018.The Inflation Reduction Act was enacted in fiscal year 2023 and includes the implementation of a new 15% minimum tax on book income of certain large corporations, an excise tax on stock buybacks, and various tax credits and incentives for energy and clean climate initiatives, among other provisions. The Company has evaluated the Act and its provisions did not have a material impact to the Company's consolidated financial statements for fiscal 2024.On December 15, 2022, the European Union (EU) Member States formally adopted the EU’s Pillar Two Directive, which generally provides for a minimum effective tax rate of 15%, as established by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Pillar Two Framework. A significant number of other countries are expected to also implement similar legislation with varying effective dates in the future. The Company will be subject to legislation beginning in the fiscal year 2025. The Company is continuing to evaluate the potential impact on future periods of the Pillar Two Framework, pending legislative adoption by additional individual countries.81COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)18.     LeasesNature of leasesThe Company’s lease arrangements generally include real estate (manufacturing facilities, sales offices, distribution centers, warehouses), vehicles, and equipment. At the inception of an arrangement, the Company determines whether the arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present. At lease commencement, the Company evaluates whether the arrangement is a finance or operating lease, and accounts for it accordingly. Operating leases are included in other assets, other current liabilities, and other liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. Finance leases are included in net property, plant, and equipment, current portion of long-term debt and finance lease obligation, and the remaining balance is recorded within Term loan and finance lease obligations on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, lease obligations, and, if applicable, long-term lease obligations in the financial statement line items above. The Company has elected not to recognize leases with terms of one year or less on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Lease obligations and their corresponding ROU assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected lease term. As the interest rate implicit in lease contracts is generally not readily determinable, the Company uses its estimated incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate is determined based on the Company’s recent debt issuances, lease term, and the currency in which lease payments are made. The Company recognizes lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Additionally, because the Company has elected to not separate lease and non-lease components, variable costs also include payments to the landlord for common area maintenance, real estate taxes, insurance, and other operating expenses. The Company's leases have lease terms ranging from 1 to 23 years, some of which include options to extend or terminate the lease. The exercise of lease renewal options is at the Company’s sole discretion. When deemed reasonably certain of exercise, the renewal options are included in the determination of the lease term. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain material residual value guarantees or any material restrictive covenants. The Company recorded a finance lease for a manufacturing facility in Hartland, WI that has a 23 year lease term which terminates in 2035 as a result of the Dorner acquisition. As of March 31, 2024, the Company does not have any significant additional leases that have not yet commenced.Significant Inputs:The following table presents the weighted average remaining lease term and discount rate as of March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively:March 31,20242023Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)     Operating leases9.167.97     Finance leases11.5812.58Weighted-average discount rate     Operating leases6.96 %5.54 %     Finance leases4.51 %4.51 %82Table of Contents Amounts recognized on the financial statements The following table illustrates the balance sheet classification for lease assets and liabilities as of March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively (in thousands):March 31, 20242023Operating leases:Other assets (1)$65,584 $53,551 Accrued liabilities8,723 7,966 Other non current liabilities60,666 46,524 Total operating liabilities$69,389 $54,490 Finance leases:Net property, plant, and equipment$11,596 $12,597 Current portion of long-term debt and finance lease obligation670 604 Term loan and finance lease obligations 12,267 12,937 Total finance liabilities$12,937 $13,541 (1) Included in the operating ROU asset balance are leases held by montratec in the amount of $5,390,000 respectively, as of March 31, 2024.Operating lease expense of $12,550,000, $9,197,000 and $9,101,000 for the fiscal years ending March 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, is included in Income from operations on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Short-term lease expense, sublease income, and variable lease expenses are not material for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Finance lease expense of $1,001,000 for both fiscal years ending March 31, 2024 and 2023, is included in Income from operations on the Consolidated Statements of Operations, and $597,000 and $621,000 and is included in Interest and debt expense for the fiscal years ending March 31, 2024 and 2023, on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations related to the finance lease.Other lease disclosures Future maturities of leases as of March 31, 2024, were as follows (in thousands):Year:Operating LeasesFinance Leases2025$12,681 1,237 202611,473 1,274 202710,959 1,312 202810,445 1,351 20297,595 1,392 Thereafter45,627 10,265 Total undiscounted lease payments$98,780 $16,831 Less: imputed interest$29,391 $3,894 Present value of lease liabilities$69,389 $12,937 83Table of Contents Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows (in thousands):Year ended March 31, 2024Year ended March 31, 2023Year ended March 31, 2022Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities$9,454 $8,872 $9,059 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of finance lease liabilities$1,200 $1,166 $1,132 ROU assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities$22,506 $31,423 $5,364 ROU assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities$— $— $14,582 19.     Business Segment Information ASC Topic 280, “Segment Reporting,” establishes the standards for reporting information about operating segments in financial statements. The Company has one operating and reportable segment for both internal and external reporting purposes.Financial information relating to the Company’s operations by geographic area is as follows: Year Ended March 31, 202420232022Net sales:   United States$591,497 $595,363 $548,620 Germany233,797 175,294 188,134 Europe, Middle East, and Africa (Excluding Germany)112,839 97,597 108,678 Canada21,431 18,883 16,719 Asia Pacific17,877 16,720 17,680 Latin America36,099 32,383 26,724 Total$1,013,540 $936,240 $906,555 Note: Net sales to external customers are attributed to geographic areas based upon the location from which the product was shipped from the Company to the customer. Year Ended March 31, 202420232022Total assets:   United States$1,129,237 $1,127,321 $1,105,956 Germany553,103 417,167 422,671 Europe, Middle East, and Africa (Excluding Germany)90,921 81,413 85,678 Canada9,606 12,668 15,651 Asia Pacific14,094 16,063 18,575 Latin America28,984 43,823 37,176 Total$1,825,945 $1,698,455 $1,685,707 84COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data) Year Ended March 31, 202420232022Long-lived assets:   United States$781,232 $791,835 $811,276 Germany407,136 295,233 312,288 Europe, Middle East, and Africa (Excluding Germany)8,156 8,254 7,416 Canada1,190 1,267 1,446 Asia Pacific2,058 2,207 2,574 Latin America2,591 2,730 2,563 Total$1,202,363 $1,101,526 $1,137,563 Note: Long-lived assets include net property, plant, and equipment, goodwill, and other intangibles, net.Sales by major product group are as follows:Year Ended March 31, 202420232022Hoists$494,726 $456,300 $432,524 High Precision Conveyors163,462 149,586 144,587 Chain and rigging tools74,075 76,990 83,461 Industrial cranes39,520 38,369 43,482 Actuators and rotary unions97,303 84,663 84,999 Digital power control and delivery systems122,344 102,962 98,445 Elevator application drive systems22,110 27,370 19,057 Total$1,013,540 $936,240 $906,555 20.     Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss is as follows: March 31, 20242023Foreign currency translation adjustment – net of tax$(32,785)$(32,352)Pension liability – net of tax(12,924)(13,736)Postretirement obligations – net of tax1,675 1,769 Split-dollar life insurance arrangements – net of tax553 (833)Derivatives qualifying as hedges – net of tax3,804 7,109 Accumulated other comprehensive loss$(39,677)$(38,043) The deferred taxes related to the adjustments associated with the items included in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of deferred tax asset valuation allowances, were $636,000, $(6,371,000), and $(5,780,000) for fiscal 2024, 2023, and 2022 respectively.  Refer to Note 17 for discussion of the deferred tax asset valuation allowance.  In the period subsequent to our initial recording of the valuation allowance in fiscal 2011, increases and decreases to both the deferred tax assets associated with items in accumulated other comprehensive loss, and the valuation allowance, have been recorded as offsets to comprehensive income.As a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Act"), the Company recorded as an offsetting entry a $(7,251,000) stranded tax effect in the minimum pension liability component and a $(194,000) stranded tax effect in the split dollar life insurance arrangement component of other comprehensive income in fiscal 2018. The stranded tax effect related to the other post retirement obligations component was not material.85COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)As a result of the recording of a deferred tax asset valuation allowance in fiscal 2011, the Company recorded as an offsetting entry a $7,605,000 stranded tax effect in the minimum pension liability component, $935,000 stranded tax effect in the other post retirement obligations component and a $747,000 stranded tax effect in the split dollar life insurance arrangement component of other comprehensive income. With the reversal of that valuation allowance in fiscal 2013, the Company recorded the reversal of the valuation allowance as a reduction of income taxes in the consolidated statement of operations. As a result of the recording of a deferred tax asset valuation allowance in fiscal 2005, the Company recorded as an offsetting entry a $406,000 stranded tax effect in the minimum pension liability component of other comprehensive income. With the reversal of that valuation allowance in fiscal 2006, the Company recorded the reversal of the valuation allowance as a reduction of income taxes in the consolidated statement of operations. The stranded tax effects described above are in accordance with ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes” even though the impact of the act and the deferred tax asset valuation allowance described above were initially established as an adjustment to comprehensive income. This amount will remain indefinitely as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss.  Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income by component are as follows (in thousands): March 31, 2024 Retirement ObligationsForeign CurrencyChange in Derivatives Qualifying as HedgesTotalBeginning balance net of tax$(12,800)$(32,352)$7,109 (38,043)Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification(1,979)(433)6,907 4,495 Amounts reclassified from other comprehensive loss to net income4,083 — (10,212)(6,129)Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income2,104 (433)(3,305)(1,634)Ending balance net of tax$(10,696)$(32,785)$3,804 $(39,677) March 31, 2023 Retirement ObligationsForeign CurrencyChange in Derivatives Qualifying as HedgesTotalBeginning balance net of tax$(21,043)$(28,079)$(777)(49,899)Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification7,755 (4,273)12,385 15,867 Amounts reclassified from other comprehensive loss to net income488 — (4,499)(4,011)Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income8,243 (4,273)7,886 11,856 Ending balance net of tax$(12,800)$(32,352)$7,109 $(38,043)86COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)Details of amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive loss for the year ended March 31, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):Details of AOCL ComponentsAmount reclassified from AOCLAffected line item on consolidated statement of operations Net pension amount unrecognized  $5,344 (1) 5,344 Total before tax (1,261)Tax benefit $4,083 Net of taxChange in derivatives qualifying as hedges  $38 Cost of products sold(12,861)Interest expense(663)Foreign currency (13,486)Total before tax 3,274 Tax benefit $(10,212)Net of tax(1)These accumulated other comprehensive loss components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. (See Note 13 — Pensions and Other Benefit Plans for additional details.)Details of amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive loss for the year ended March 31, 2023 are as follows (in thousands):Details of AOCL ComponentsAmount reclassified from AOCLAffected line item on consolidated statement of operations Net pension amount unrecognized  $652 (1) 652 Total before tax (164)Tax benefit $488 Net of taxChange in derivatives qualifying as hedges  $267 Cost of products sold(3,144)Interest expense(3,096)Foreign currency (5,973)Total before tax 1,474 Tax benefit $(4,499)Net of tax(1)These accumulated other comprehensive loss components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. (See Note 13 — Pensions and Other Benefit Plans for additional details.)87COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued) (tabular amounts in thousands, except share data)21.     Effects of New Accounting PronouncementsTopics recently adoptedIn December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848" from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024, which is superseding the date from ASU No. 2020-04, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting." This ASU is elective and is relief to all entities, subject to meeting certain criteria, that have contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. Optional expedients are provided for contract modification accounting under topics such as debt, leases, and derivatives. The optional amendments are effective for all entities as of any date from the beginning of an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2024. The Company modified its interest rate swap contracts during the quarter to transition from LIBOR to SOFR. The adoption of this update did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, "Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers." The ASU amends ASC 805 to require acquiring entities to apply Topic 606 to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities in a business combination and is intended to improve the accounting for acquired revenue contracts with customers in a business combination by addressing diversity in practice and inconsistency. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those years, with early adoption permitted. The amendments should be applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the effective date of the amendments. The Company adopted this standard effective April 1, 2023 and applied it in the purchase accounting for montratec. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.     Topics Not Yet AdoptedWe consider the applicability and impact of all ASUs. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The ASU is intended to provide increased transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The Company is currently assessing the impact this ASU will have on the footnotes of its annual financial statements.ASUs not listed were assessed and determined to be either not applicable, or had or are expected to have an immaterial impact on our financial statements and related disclosures.88Table of Contents COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATIONSCHEDULE II—Valuation and qualifying accountsMarch 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 Dollars in thousands  Additions      DescriptionBalance atBeginningof PeriodChargedto CostsandExpensesChargedto OtherAccountsAcquisition/DivestitureDeductions Balanceat End ofPeriodYear ended March 31, 2024:       Deducted from asset accounts:       Allowance for doubtful accounts$3,620 $1,225 $(3)$64 $1,079 (1)$3,827 Deferred tax asset valuation allowance15,978 (805)(17)— —  15,156 Total$19,598 $420 $(20)$64 $1,079  $18,983 Reserves on balance sheet:      Accrued general and product liability costs, net of insurance recoveries$12,831 $2,226 $— $— $2,706 (2)$12,351 Year ended March 31, 2023:       Deducted from asset accounts:       Allowance for doubtful accounts$5,717 $1,055 $(96)$— $3,056 (1)$3,620 Deferred tax asset valuation allowance16,147 77 (246)— —  15,978 Total$21,864 $1,132 $(342)$— $3,056  $19,598 Reserves on balance sheet:      Accrued general and product liability costs, net of insurance recoveries$13,414 $3,025 $— $— $3,608 (2)$12,831 Year ended March 31, 2022:       Deducted from asset accounts:       Allowance for doubtful accounts$5,686 $1,929 $(170)$227 $1,955 (1)$5,717 Deferred tax asset valuation allowance15,103 242 255 547 —  16,147 Total$20,789 $2,171 $85 $774 $1,955  $21,864 Reserves on balance sheet:      Accrued general and product liability costs, net of insurance recoveries$13,175 $6,648 $— $— $6,409 (2)$13,414   _________________(1)Uncollectible accounts written off, net of recoveries(2)Insurance claims and expenses paid89Table of Contents Item 9.        Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial DisclosureNone. Item 9A.    Controls and ProceduresManagement’s Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and ProceduresAs of March 31, 2024, an evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer (our principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (our principal financial officer), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2024 to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial ReportingOur management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control--Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (COSO). Based on that evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of March 31, 2024.The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2024 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included herein.The Company acquired 100% of the outstanding common shares of montratec GmbH ("montratec") on May 31, 2023. montratec was excluded from management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2024. The results of montratec are included in the Company's fiscal 2024 consolidated financial statements and constituted $135,256,000 of total assets as of March 31, 2024, and $30,055,000 of net sales for the fiscal year then ended. montratec did not materially contribute to net income for fiscal 2024.Our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. The design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Further, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Controls can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Projections of any evaluation of controls effectiveness to future periods are subject to risks. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.Changes in Internal Control over Financial ReportingThere have been no changes in internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended March 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.90Table of Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmTo the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Columbus McKinnon CorporationOpinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited Columbus McKinnon Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Columbus McKinnon Corporation (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2024, based on the COSO criteria. As indicated in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, management’s assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of montratec GmbH, which is included in the 2024 consolidated financial statements of the Company and constituted 8% and 13% of total and net assets, respectively, as of March 31, 2024, and 3% and 0% of revenues and net income, respectively, for the year then ended. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also did not include an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of montratec GmbH.We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended March 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(2) and our report dated May 29, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.  Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Ernst & Young LLPCharlotte, North CarolinaMay 29, 2024 91Table of Contents Item 9B.    Other InformationDuring the quarter ended  March 31, 2024, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.Item 9C.    Disclosures Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent InspectionsNone.PART IIIItem 10.        Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate GovernanceThe information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections entitled "Election of Directors," "Our Executive Officers" and "Corporate Governance Policy" in our 2024 Proxy Statement.The charters of our Audit Committee, Compensation and Succession Committee, and Governance and Nomination Committee are available on our website at www.cmco.com and are available to any shareholder upon request to the Corporate Secretary. The information on the Company's website is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.We have adopted a code of ethics that applies to all of our employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer, as well as our directors.  Our code of ethics, the Columbus McKinnon Corporation Legal Compliance & Business Ethics Manual, is available on our website at www.cmco.com. We intend to disclose any amendment to, or waiver from, the code of ethics that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer or principal accounting officer otherwise required to be disclosed under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K by posting such amendment or waiver, as applicable, on our website.Item 11.        Executive CompensationThe information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections entitled "Director Compensation," "Compensation of Executive Officers" and "Compensation Discussion and Analysis" in our 2024 Proxy Statement.Item 12.        Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder MattersThe information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections entitled "Security Ownership of Management and Certain Beneficial Owners" and "Compensation Discussion and Analysis — Equity Compensation Plan Information" in our 2024 Proxy Statement.Item 13.        Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director IndependenceThe information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections entitled "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions" and "Corporate Governance Policy — Board of Directors Independence" in our 2024 Proxy Statement.Item 14.        Principal Accountant Fees and ServicesThe information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the section entitled "Principal Accountant Fees and Services" in our 2024 Proxy Statement.92Table of Contents PART IV Item 15.        Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules(1)Financial Statements:The following consolidated financial statements of Columbus McKinnon Corporation are included in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this form 10-K:ReferencePage No.  Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42)35  Consolidated Balance Sheets - March 31, 2024 and 202338  Consolidated Statements of Operations – Years ended March 31, 2024, 2023, and 202239  Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income – Years ended March 31, 2024, 2023, and 202240  Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity – Years ended March 31, 2024, 2023, and 202241  Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows – Years ended March 31, 2024, 2023, and 202242  Notes to consolidated financial statements43(2)Financial Statement Schedule:Page No.    Schedule II - Valuation and qualifying accounts89    All other schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulation of the SEC are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable and therefore have been omitted.(3)Exhibits:ExhibitNumber Exhibit  2.1Agreement and Plan of Merger among Columbus McKinnon Corporation, Dorner Merger Sub Inc., Precision Blocker, Inc., and Precision TopCo LP (as representative of the company equityholders) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 1, 2021).2.2Stock Purchase Agreement, dated November 3, 2021, among Columbus McKinnon Corporation, Garvey Corporation, William J. Garvey, The Mark Garvey Residuary Trust and Thomas G. Garvey III (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 4, 2021).2.3Share Purchase Agreement, dated April 25, 2023, by and between Columbus McKinnon EMEA GmbH, as purchaser and montratec Holding S.a.r.l, as seller (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 26, 2023).3.1Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 21, 2022).3.2Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 11, 2023).4.1 Specimen common share certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement No. 33-80687 on Form S-1 dated December 21, 1995).4.2Description of Securities of Columbus McKinnon Corporation registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023).93Table of Contents #10.1Columbus McKinnon Corporation Personal Retirement Account Plan Trust Agreement, dated April 1, 1987 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Company’s Registration Statement No. 33-80687 on Form S-1 dated December 21, 1995).#10.2Form of Change in Control Agreement as entered into between Columbus McKinnon Corporation and certain of its executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021).#10.3Form of Omnibus Code Section 409A Compliance Policy as entered into between Columbus McKinnon Corporation and certain of its executive officers. (incorporated by reference to Appendix to the definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders of Columbus McKinnon Corporation held on July 31, 2006).#10.4Columbus McKinnon Corporation Employee Stock Ownership Plan, restated effective as of April 1, 2015, as amended by Amendment No. 1 thereto effective as of April 15, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021).#10.5Columbus McKinnon Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan Adoption Agreement, effective as of January 1, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021).#10.6Amendment No. 1, dated as of January 9, 2018, to the Columbus McKinnon Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan Adoption Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021).#10.7Amendment No. 2, dated as of August 23, 2018, to the Columbus McKinnon Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan Adoption Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021).#10.8Columbus McKinnon Corporation 2010 Long Term Incentive Plan, effective July 26, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on August 12, 2010).#10.9The 2014 Stock Incentive Plan of Magnetek, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 16, 2015).#10.10Columbus McKinnon Corporation 2016 Long Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated effective June 5, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders held on July 22, 2019).#10.11Amendment No. 1 to the Columbus McKinnon Corporation 2016 Long Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated effective June 5, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2021).#10.12Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for the Columbus McKinnon Corporation 2016 Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021).#10.13Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Award Agreement for the Columbus McKinnon Corporation 2016 Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021).#10.14Form of Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement for the Columbus McKinnon Corporation 2016 Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021).#10.15Employment agreement effective May 11, 2020, by and between Columbus McKinnon Corporation and David J. Wilson (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 11, 2020).#10.16Change in Control Agreement effective May 11, 2020, by and between Columbus McKinnon Corporation and David J. Wilson (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 11, 2020).#10.17Employment Agreement Amendment effective June 1, 2020, by and between Columbus McKinnon Corporation and David J. Wilson (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 3, 2020).10.18Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated May 14, 2021, by and among Columbus McKinnon Corporation and the other parties thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 14, 2021).10.19First Amendment, dated as of November 30, 2021, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, between Columbus McKinnon Corporation and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023). 10.20LIBOR Transition Amendment, dated as of May 8, 2023, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, among Columbus McKinnon Corporation, Columbus McKinnon EMEA GmbH, each other guarantor party thereto, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023).94Table of Contents 10.21Second Amendment, dated as of May 18, 2023, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, among Columbus McKinnon Corporation, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, Second Amendment Revolving Lender, Swingline Lender and Issuing Lender, and the lenders and agents party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 18, 2023).10.22Third Amendment, dated as of June 26, 2023, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, by and among Columbus McKinnon Corporation,  Columbus McKinnon EMEA GmbH, the lenders from time to time party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 26, 2023).10.23Fourth Amendment, dated as of March 18, 2024, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, by and among Columbus McKinnon Corporation,  Columbus McKinnon EMEA GmbH, the lenders from time to time party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 19, 2024).10.24Credit and Security Agreement, dated as of June 20, 2023, by and among Columbus McKinnon Corporation, as Master Servicer, Columbus McKinnon FinCo, LLC, as Borrower, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent and the lenders from time to time party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 26, 2023).10.25First Amendment to Credit and Security Agreement, dated as of September 20, 2023, by and among Columbus McKinnon FinCo, LLC as Borrower, Columbus McKinnon Corporation as Master Servicer and Performance Guarantor, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association as Lender and Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023).10.26Receivables Sale Agreement, dated as of June 20, 2023, by and among Columbus McKinnon Corporation, as Master Servicer, Columbus McKinnon FinCo, LLC, as Buyer and the Originators party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 26, 2023).10.27Performance Undertaking, dated as of June 20, 2023, by Columbus McKinnon Corporation, as Performance Guarantor, in favor of Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 26, 2023).#10.28Retirement Agreement, dated as of April 11, 2022, by and between the Company and Kurt Wozniak (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022).*19.1CMCO Insider Trading Policy.*19.2CMCO Insider Blackout Policy.*19.3CMCO -10b5-1 Policy.*21.1Subsidiaries of the Registrant.*23.1Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.*31.1Certification of the principal executive officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*31.2Certification of the principal financial officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.**32.1Certification of the principal executive officer and the principal financial officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.  *97Clawback Policy.*101The financial statements from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the twelve months ended March 31, 2023 formatted in iXBRL*101.INSXBRL Instance Document*101.SCHXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document*101.CALXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document*101.DEFXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document*101.LABXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document*101.PREXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document*104Cover Page Interactive Data File (the cover page XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)95Table of Contents *     Filed herewith**   Furnished herewith#     Indicates a Management contract or compensation plan or arrangementItem 16.        Form 10-K SummaryNone.96Table of Contents SIGNATURESPursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.Date:May 29, 2024   COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION    By:/s/  David J. Wilson  David J. Wilson  Chief Executive Officer  (Principal Executive Officer)97Table of Contents Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date     /s/  David J. Wilson President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) May 29, 2024     David J. Wilson    /s/   Gregory P. Rustowicz Executive Vice President - Finance and Chief Financial Officer   (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) May 29, 2024Gregory P. Rustowicz         /s/   Gerald G. ColellaChair of the Board of DirectorsMay 29, 2024Gerald G. Colella/s/  Chad R. AbrahamDirectorMay 29, 2024Chad R. Abraham/s/ Aziz S. AghiliDirectorMay 29, 2024Aziz S. Aghili/s/   Jeanne Beliveau-Dunn Director May 29, 2024     Jeanne Beliveau-Dunn    /s/  Michael DastoorDirectorMay 29, 2024Michael Dastoor/s/   Kathryn V. RoedelDirectorMay 29, 2024Kathryn V. Roedel/s/   Chris J. Stephens Jr.DirectorMay 29, 2024Chris J. Stephens Jr./s/   Rebecca Yeung Director May 29, 2024     Rebecca Yeung    98
