TWO IMPORTANT RAILWAY ENTERPRISES IN SOUTH AMERICA.

iiines to be Built Across the Continent.

The Chicago " News'" Washington special cays: Information has 'been received here •of very important legislation recently adopted by the Congress of Chile, the most important to the commercial interests of the world that lias been passed for many years, as it secures the construction of two 'lines of railway across the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast. The effect upon the development of the southern half of South America will be similar to that of the construction of the transcon tinental railroads in the United States, and will cause a radical change in the com mercial situation in the Argentine Re public and an the west coast of South America.

One road to be built is to fill the gap now existing in the line built by the Ar gentine Kepublic to Mendozi, within .160 miles of Santiago. This line starts from, JBuenos Ayres, and the Congress of Chile finally passed a very liberal concession, under which the work of connecting the two repnblics will be commenced at once. It is expected that the road will be completed within a year. The importance of the enterprise' cannot be over-estimated. It .will make Buenos Ayres the entreport of the southeso half of the continent and cause most of the freight which now passes around the Horn or through the Straits of Magellan on vessels to and fro from -Val paraiso and other Pacific ports to go over land. It will also shorten the time of the journey from Pacific ports to Europe from twelve to fifteen days.

At the same time the Congress of Chile granted another and similiar concession for a road paralled to the above, about SOO miles to the south of it, extending from the port •of Bahia Blanca in the Argentine Republic, through the pass of Antnco in the Andes mountains to Talca hauna and Conception on the Pacific coast of Chile. The two towns last named are in the centre of the only coal district in South America, developed to any degree. The Argentine ■ Republic has already granted a concession for a road from Babia Blanca to the boundary of Rhile and a considerable part of it has been in operation for some time. Buenos Ayres and Bahia Blanca have been connected by rail for several years. These lines will open up new dis tricts in a way that will destroy the coal monopoly existing there so many years and also ruin tne English coal trade on. the easfc coast.

The Queen at a Circus.

The Queen pciid her first visit to a public place of entertainment since the death of the Prince Consort under such circumstances as recall the eccentricities of the late King of Bavaria. She ordered a private performance at .the great hippodrome called Olympa, and accompanied by the Princess Beatrice, Prince Henry of Battenburg and her suite, she watched with great interest the splen did feats of horsemanship exhibited, often signifying1 her approval by clapping her hands. The effect must have been some yrhat ludicrous. An elderly lady, with her companions hidden almost under a dais in a building that can hold some 6,000 people, and laughing heartily at the quaint performance of the well-trained elephants doing their tricks in their own clumsy way ! After tlio exhibition in the arena the Queen traversed the entire range of buildings on foot, declining the use of a Bath chair which had been specially pro vided, and several times paused to notice various features of interest. At the ele- Tihants' den her Majesty conversed with Mr Lockhart, the trainer, and fed the ani mals, while at the lion's cage she was handed a young lion ten days old, which she took in her arms and caressed. Before leaving the building the Queen expressed a wish that the photographs of the hall and stables might be sent her, and she compli mented M. Houeke on his excellent man agement of the hippodrome. As she was about to take her departure the Queen again gave proof of her observant memory. Among the attaches of the enterprise is an old soldier Champion by name who on the field of battle gained the Victoria cross. Immediately the Queen observed the decoration she went to the veteran and listened with interest as to how he had gained that pennyworth of bronze, but re lenting the highest type of British valour, itiswith such traits as these that the Queen gains the love of her low-born subjects, so whea the story became bruited about among the large crowd who had gathered to witness her Majesty's departure, the Queen met with an ovation that was well worthy ofthe sovereign in her jubilee year.

Shakespeare as an Author.

Peofessor Homer B. SrKAfiUE delivered a very interesting lecture in San Francisco on Shakespeare as an author before a large audience; He said that Shakespeare went to London when he was 21 years old, and Probably took the manuscript of his poem, Venus and Adonis, with him. This was pub lished and followed by the Rape of Lucrece a nd his sonnets, 154 in number. These sonnets show the different phases of Shakespeare's character better than any °* Wa latter works. In speaking of the claim made by many that Shakepeare's were written by Lord Bacon, Dr. opiagae said he thought ifc impossible, for although the figures of rhetoric and Metaphors used by the authors resembled other in some degree, there is a depth '«feeling in Shakespeare not found in ; and any one nob perusing Bacon's wrks carefully would be almost sure to Mmc to the conclusion that he never could Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet. J^j-fefc, contemporaneous mention of ? fla»espeare occurs in the manuscript leit "JKpbert Green, in which he complains of W nsin» popularity of the poet, and f^es him of plagiarism. This arose J^the fact that there is scarcely one of plays, which originated ■■■^Jy-w him. Most all were old plays re- Ad Dl vOl: old stories dramatised, but' so T'lged and filled with life that they might S fc to. called originals. The lecturer jjl^on the fact that no author is so 0 ,5^ in his interpretation and delineation «t°ll^ l nature as Shakespeare's saying, j^s paints a world for every character." ti v .^ ™c most minute and comprehen- J^ observers, and many of hig charac ta^.more real and life-like than those -^tfin history.

PHOTOGRAPHING THE HEAVENS.

Recent Progress Which Has Been Made

in Celestial Photography.

There is to be a congress of astronomers in Paris chiefly for the purpose of perfecting a plan of photographing the heavens. Although celestial photography is upward of half a century old, the moon having been photographed by Dr. J. W. Draper in 1840, yet within the past two or three years it has become almost a new art. Its progress has been so rapid that it has the effect of a fresh discovery. There is now no longer any doubt that the hopes of astronomers in this direction can be realised, and that the photographic camera can be made to take the place, and in some respects more than take the place, of the eye in teles copic work. Excellent photographs are now obtained not only of the sun, the moon, the brighter stars, comets, and nebula;, but also of the spectra of many heavenly bodies, and of phenomena, such as faint stars and invisible nebulae, which the eye cannot detect at all, even when aided by the most powerful telescope. A notable discovery of this kind has been made in the familiar group of stars called the Pleiadas. Apparently connected with one of these stars, which has been known for ages .under the name of Maia, is a strange nebulous mass, which is clearly seen in photographs of the Pleiades taken in the past two years, though no telescope shows any trace' of it to the eye. Photo graphs of the heavens also show stars whose existence would have been unknown to us but for the marvellous power of the photo graphic plate to catch and hold the image of objects too obscure to sensibly affect the human retina.

A Sporting Duchess.

Her Grace of Montrose is a dame of high degree who aspires to a leading position on the English turf. The Duchess of Mont rose some years since married Mr Craw ford, who then owned one of the leading stables in England, and her Grace made herself very conspicuous at Newmarket, Epsom, and Ascot by cladding herself in scarlet from head to foot, that being Mr Crawford's racing colour. On Mr Craw ford's death, the duchess undertook the management of the stable, under the fuidance and advice of Captain Machell and red Archer. The nominations were made in the name of Mr Man ton, and as the lady is sometimes eccentric in her be haviour in times of trial, Mr Manton and his stable were once or twice on the point of being ruled off the race-course. Thiis at Newmarket; it is an absolute rule that when the number of a horse in a race has been placed on the official board, the horse must figure among the starters, if even be has only three legs to stand upon. Thisrrule is to protect the betting public from palpable frauds that might be perpetrated by unscrupulous bookmakers. The Duchess had a horse in an important handicap and his number was run up on the starting board, but when the dame found that the public had forestalled her in the betting ring and she could get no odds about the nag, she insisted on the horses being withdrawn. Here was a pretty how-d'ye-do. A scarlet Duchess, with a scaclet face sutlused with tears and rage, and a leading member of the jockey club, imparting to her in calm, polite language that if her Grace insisted on her determination both the Duchess and her horses would be ruled off the track.' The irate dame was obliged to acquiesce in the rules, but it is said "that she threatened to horsewhip her commissioner for not getting the odds on in the betting as she had Ordered him to do. The Duchess, with all her whimsicalities, is a favourite on the turf, and she recently won the first great event of the jubilee racing year by capturing the Lincoln shire handicap with Oberon, a four-year-old son of Galopin and Wheel of Fortune, with the enormous odds of fifty to one offered against his chances It is to be hoped that the Wheel of Fortune turned out a bonanza for the Scarlet Duchess. , J.

Italy's Prospects.

Sir Charles Dilke's first article in the forthcoming "Fortnightly Review" pre sents the position of European politics of Italy. It is a long and learned paper, con cluding with the following summary : " As Great Britain has her enormous responsi bilities and her present unreadiness to meet them ; as Russia has nihilism and corrup tion s as Austria has socialism and race difficulties; as Germany has a weak mili tary position between, five first-class mili tary powers ; as France has her traditions of financial wastefulness and want of states men - so, Italy too, has her difficulties. Ot the=e difficulties the backwardness ot bicily and the southern, provinces generally is perhaps the greatest; but I think on the whole Italy has fewer dangers to face than any other of the great powers., I am con vinced she is making more rapid progress than any of them, with the exception of course, of Russia, which has the advantage of being, territorially considered, almost second to the United States Fast advance has been made in Italy of late, in education and in manufactures and by the suppression by brigandage. While a great deal remains to be done, more has been done m I^ly m the last sixteen years then ib generally ac knowledged or believed.

THE AUCKLAND EVENING STAR, FRIDAY, JUNE: 10, 1887.

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