THE LITERATURE OF THE VICTORIAN AGE.

IBY J. D. DAVIS.]

FICTION.—(noNOiimwrj}.

GEOKGE MACDONADD has written a largo number ef novels in which the 3cotch and the religions elements enter largely. Many of his characters are drawn with great originality and power, and into their mouths are often put wise and profound sayings deserving to be perpetuated. The extraordinary prayers of David Elginbrod are a case in point. His books have gene- Tally a high moral purpose, and while he keeps the religious element well in hand, so as not to be offensive, his feeling for what is right and true and noble, and his detes tation of their opposites, ia ia every book plainly evident. Mr Alacdonald's latest novels are not so good as those he ui-cd to produce in earlier years The reason no ■doubt is the old- one. Formerly, he wrote because he had something to say ; latterly because he is ia want of money. Mr Mac donald's audience, though select and intelligent, oau hardly be a very numerous one, and hence the necessity for his writing with much too nhorc intermissions.

Captain Whyte-Melville has published a number of extensively real novels, mostly With a Btroui; iufusiou of the sporting e!«ment ia them Xhtsy are not profound m subtle, or marvels of composition ; but they suit the class of readers who love des criptionsofhantintjandoihtrout-doorßporta. Of a very different character from moat of the others is " The Gladiators," in which the gaLlaat captain has »ou-. back to ancient Home for a historic background, and to the motley swarm picked out of every nation under the Roman yoke, for his characters. He has also published a translation of Horaoe's "Odes," us well aa a volume of original ver.,e.

R. D. Blackinore belongs to a higher class. "Clara Vau^han," bis first novel,pub lished ia bis maturity but written twenty years before, very j uetly attracted much at tention. It is rather lengthy, and unequal In merit; but the pin in bold, unusual, and worked out with mucl energy and skill, while some of the- caaracters stand out Ttith a marked lifelike personality. Little Sally's letters alone mump tne writer as a man of great tale-its ; while her father, Jan, the Devonshire wreuler, plays an amusing pert in the narrativ-. Mr Blaekmore's most important publication is "i.orna Doone," in every way a charming story. 14 is such a one as Kinsley would have de lighted to reaii, aod been prond to have written. Mr Blackmore'' love of Uevon ia equal to that ot ttic enthusiastic Canon. Jan Kidd, the supposed writer ot the ro mance, bears a recognisable likeness to Jan Hnxtable, but naturally, as tile hero of the story, he, metaphorically at least, makes the more substantial Htiire. The popula rity of "lx>rna .Doom-," is attesttrd by the Btagulficnt illustrateJ edition recently pub lished.

William Black is ihe most successful of living writers of fiction so far as the mak ing of money noes. I- ia reported on good evidence that he is i^ receipt of a larger in come from tue prodicts of hi- pen than any other fellow craftsmao. Mr Black, like Dickens, began his career a; a journalist, and ia 1566, wheu Co years of age, served as war correspondent 10 a London daily. His experience oi the continent has been of use to him ia his stories "A. Daughter of Heth," published ia IS7I, placed him among the most pniiuineut of English fiction-writers, and hU reputation has gone on increa«-inj. lie affects lightness, does not rely mi'icti upon plot, and his incidents for the most part are ordinary enough. £!«.' delights in describing yacht-life, and the experiences of tourists, throwing in picture of the scenery en countered, which, t', the lovers of such things, ate no doubt very enjoyable. Mr \ Black's latest bouk, " Yolinde," goes \further afield, bat fi .still occupied with and voyages.* aad travellers. His ■v Sunrise," t wb.icn i.-: not reckoned among tlie be-it, is oocipieu: with socialists, their peVret conclaves, resolutions, and manner of ifcouducting butirJesa generally, but the set not a very 'attractive one, and it does not appear thpt the author has any personal acquaintance with what he is describing. He seems to have taken up a subject'^ at the mnifivnt before the public mind;Si\ the hope ot making literary capital out of a passing faniy. The wvirks of Me-stra Besant and Bice (who wrot'« tctethtr for some yeara ou sortie plan \not yet revealed to the public) aie all of thism healthy and enlivening, and several of thevn brimful of fun anil humour. They are tj " roughly English in their sentiments, a\ If"' Celia's Arbour," and "In Trafalgr Bay," introduce two important and ~ ventlul periods of the national history. I Mr James Payn produces highly-diverting Viud lively fiction, suited exactly to whlle\awsy an idle hour. He catches the fancy ot the time, and if he can summon at once a tolerably large audience, his purpose is sieved. He writes to amuse, and his chief pirn is never to pen a dull page. Mr K. Buchanan, poet as well as novelist, has more ijobir characteristics, and has touched a dei»per-toned chord in, for example, " The SbaaT>wof the Sword " and "God and the Man.' o-

We have purposely reset" £$d our remarks on the female writers of fictu-_, •*! the present reign, as we considered it pn o^rable to let them occupy a place by thenu c .'es. Miss Edgeworth, who died ia 184 i8t-and Miss Harriet Martincau, who surviv'.-Sl till 1876, belong to an earlier period than 7sie one we have to do with, and Miss Jane ViSiter, who lived till ISSO, had publishod her \*.wo best known tales early in the century, somle years prior to the battla of Waterloo. Wet there fore make a beginning with Chlarlotte Bronte, whose principal work, ']• Jane Eyre," astonished the world iv ! 1849. Brought up amid the feclu3ion of a York shire parsunage, surrounded by bleak: bare moors, with a knowledge of life a'ad the ■world derived only from books, anol what ever experience she had picked uip in a French boarding-school, Misb Bronte wrote a story of extraordinary originality/ ana vigour. It did not see the light wi thont troubles. It was offered to six publishers in succession, and they all decided tl'-iat it was deficient in "startling incident" and "thrilling excitement." At length on eof Messrs Smith, Kider, and Co.'a " taste, rs " (a Scotchman, by the by) perceived its gt eat merits, and recommended the firm to pufy ;sh it. In spite of the adverse criticism of Ihe "Quarterly," and the Spectator," it m^—de quick headway. The book was too truue, too much out of the common, too full of life, for sharp criticism to kill. " Jiane Eyre," though wantiug in excitement, s nch as the circulating library frequenters i ive, yet sounded the knell of dnlness. , tis Tather surprising to U3 who are acqua§ ited with ";Ouida" and Miss Braddon to iread that "Jane Eyre " was censured for ha.ving an immoral tendency. Mr Kochfister's passion for his governess is aver.v mild form of wickedness, compated wit^n what one finds in "Held ia Bondage^" and "Puck." The critics must ha-fre been very squeamish, or' else / driven into a corner for something to conauro. The main; idea of [ "Jane Syrc," sinca ",it has assumed a variety of

shapes in fiction during the pa-t thirty year?, does not strike the leader as very jriginal; but the notion of making the heroine small, plain, Insignificant-lo >king, tDe hero very ordinary in feature, and of unhandsome sbape, has not found much favour with novelists. The conventional heroine is still beautiful, an-i the con ventional hcrohas sn unexceptionable figure and a noble classic countenance. Onarlolte BrontS tried the somewhat rash experiment of breaking through custom and despising routine, with, it turned out, astonishing success. The minor art 3 which contribute their share towards averting failure and propitiating the public, were cultivated by Mi-s Bronti: with assiduity. She expended unceasing painsover every part other books, and was unwilling to allow a single slovenly sentence to pass muster. Her progress was slow. Weeks and even months elap«ed be fore she felt disposed to add any thing to what was already written. The male characters o£ ''Jane Eyre" are its weakest part. They cannot by any stretch of imagination be considered life like. Mr Rochester is an intensely dis agreeable man. His behaviour to wards J.ine'Eyre on their first acquaint ance would befit, a lunatic rather than a sane person. He was hard, repellaut, seemingly fickle, in short, an enigma. His conduct was calculated to drive away, rather than attract, any woman of dignity and self-esteem. St. John Kivers, the other prominent male character, is, in his way, as unlikely as Rochester. He acts even more like a madman than the other, and yet Jane Eyre is even forbearing and forgiving towards him. The action of the whole is somewhat slow, and decidedly un dramatic The narrative has just recently been turned into a play, which, however, has not met with mnoh success. Tho frenzy of the West Indian wife, the burning of the house, the scene in the church, are incidents adapted to the stage, but what could be done wi'h the school-life of the earlier chapter?, the little school also of later years, the long elaborate conversations between the governess and her roaster, and In fact the bulk of the tale ? *' Shirley " was begun STWn after the publication of "Jane Eyre " ; it was published in tbe autumn of 1849, like the previous novel, under the norn dc plume o! " Currer Bell." The Becret was nor, however, kept much longer. The publication of " ohirley," in which Yorkshire people found many tin"' conscious hints and grounds for conjecture, revealed the lady's identity. " Vilette " was the next It was written like " Jane Eyre," slowly, and only when the miter was ia the mood. It was completed and sent to the publisher in November, 1852. Miss BronU; (then Mrs Wicholls) died in 1855, and in the 'year following: was published her earliest book, written two or three years before "Jane Eyre," entitled " The Professor."

Mary Ann Evans, subsequently Mrs Lewes, and lastly Mrs Cross, but best known as "George Eliot," takes rank as one of the first three J&nglish novelists. Few will be disposed to object to the rating of Dickens, Thackeray, and "Oreonje Eliot," as the foremost of .English writers of fiction, butjthere would be endless debate as to which name should stand first, which second, amd which third. Each one would call forth energetic defenders with abun dance of argument to support their election. One thing however, 1b quite certain, that among female novel writers " George Eliot " stands facile princeps. It may be said that she is first, the rest no where. If Charlotte Bronte takes eecond place it is at a great distance. .Like Mis 9 Bronte " George Eliot" wrote alo^r'.y, and polished every sentence till it was as near perfection as she could make it. Her cni tared style enshrined worthy ideas, ideas now striking by their truth, now by their profundity, and now by their learning. For " George Eliot" started on her race far better equipped in respect of education and intellectual training than any other of her competitors. Her father was instrumental in laying the foundation of her scholarship. Hernrat husband, Mr G. Hi Lewes, ocenpied a prominent position among the scientists of the day; atid the lady's first literary work was performed in a strict and labor! ous school, viz., the editorial department o.

the " Westminster Keview," to which ehe -was the contributor of a number of articles After such a traloing, and not till she was nearly forty years of age, George Eliot began to writejnovels. The first collection of three stories, entitled, " Scenee'of Cleri cal Life " (1S58) showed great promise, and roused an expectation which was more than satisfied in " Adam Bede," published the next year. This classic one knows not how to praise too much. For our own part we hardly know what novel to rank before it in the whole range of English literature. " George Eliot " alone has equalled it. Interest is excited at once. The picture of the early Methodists, "Diuah Morris " and Adajn'a brother, kindly, soft hearted Scth, are photograph?, the truth of which everyone who bas any acquaintance with the matter at once admits. But the character evincing the most geaius is Mrs l'oyser, drawn to the lite if ever artist <vas successful in taking a portrait. 'Whrtt other English writer could create an Aunt Foyser? First cousir. to the worthy lady is Mrs Tulliver, of "The Mill on the Floss " (1SG0). This story is only inferior to "Adam Bede." There is a marked resemblance, as might be expected, between the two dames, but the authoress cannot be accused of repeating herself. They exhibit a family likeness certainly, but Mrs Tulliver is cot a copy of Mrs Poyser. The only fault we have to find with " The (Mill on the Floss " i- with the ending. The death of Tom and Maggie i? too much like melodrama to be truly artistic. But readers have a pres criptive right to grumble at the way novels conclude. We must hasten on. Within six years " Silas Marner," " Komola," and " Felix Holt" appeared. The middle one is the most celebrated. The readers are a select circle. It is not everyone who can onjoy the marvellously vivid narrative of Florentine life in the Says of Fra Girolamo Savonarola. But those who do appre ciate it, are disposed to rank it the first of the wonderful series. " Middlemarch " aud " Daniel Deronda" complete the list In these, as in the others, dependence is placed, Bot in an elaborate plot, for tbe connection of the in cidents is of the simplest, but in the analy sis of motives and description of the growth and development of character. The authoress was unsurpassed in dealiug with difficult cases where conscience is involved, cases where theie is a strong conflict between motives, between inclination and duty. Gwandoline's offer of marriage from Mr Grandcourt ; Maggie's sail with Stephen in the boat ; *eth Bede's rejection by Dinah ; these and many other instances afford illus tration of what we mean. Wo writer has treated what may be termed moral tragedy so ably or so successfully. Subjectivity (to nee an awkward philosophic term) becomes a nuisance and a bore in the hands of such mediocre authors as America is prsriuciDg by tbe score ; but in her most subjective passages "George .Eliot " is always true, never commonplace, and seldom if ever dull. The man or woman of letters has yet to arise who can conjure with her wand with safety.

Leaving Miss Bronte and Mrs Cross we drop dovvn to a lower level. There 'are many names to pick from, but the difficulty is in what order to place them. If we were to rank them according to the health and cleanliness of their books, we should have no trouble^in putting " Ouida." Helen Mather, Miss Klioda Broughton, and some others jn their proper positions, It is a singular'fact that the nas'iest and most prurient fiction of the day U supplied by women, How it is that so many can degrade themselves to produce such monstrosities and abominations as are to be found on the shelves of our circulating libraries, is not an easy question to answer. But perhaps sterility off imagination, and absence of real talent, may have something to answer for in the matter. Being desti. tutc of the first requisites for successful novel-writing, the ladies in question attempt to supply their deficiencies by the introduction of such questionable incidents sa bigamy, adultery, and murder. Piquancy may be. thus added, which is all that a cer tain section of the reading public demands. The latter have an abhorrence of dullness, reasonably enough in itself, and so long as thai; single defect is avoided, they are not concerned, it it is at the expense of

subordinate elements tike invention, morality, and decency. Happily, it is not necessary to have recourse to the writers to whom we have been alluding, to find lively and enspiriting reading. There are a number of ladies who are competent to write fiction pure, wholesome, and free from dullness. A favourite is Mis!Craik, the authoress of "John Halifax, Gentle man," a book deserving of itß wide popularity. Mrs Henry "Wood has written many stories, far too many to be uniformly good, some of the earliest of which are clever and readable. Like most who pro duce much and fast, Mrs Wood has long written herself out. Mrs Ollphant is a typical woman of letters? Novel writing is only one (though the chief) of her accomplishments. Though, as is reported, sh-; has produced half a hundred "novels (fast work is mostly bad work) she has found time to do several other things. She U the authoress of a "Life of Edward Irv ing," about which Carlyle has made some rather contemptuous remarks in the " Ee miniscenr.es." Mrs Oliphant has recently publi-hed a critical work on the English authors of the early part of the present cen tury, but her labour seems to have been to a considerable extent in vain. By Miss Amelia B. Edwards there are a number of novels which evince great care in their construction, and more than usual knowledge of the places and subjects lutroduced. The same remarks apply to Miss Betham-Edwards's works. But it is needless to prolong what is in danger of degenerating into a mere list of names There are no living female writers whose fiction deserves to take a place in the front rank ; very little of it indeed can claim admission to the second class. .English speaking races have yet to wait for a worthy successor to "Currerßell" and "George Eliot."

{Conclusion).

Drunken Parents.

Lkcturebs on the vices of drunkenness will do well to take some notes from the papers recently published in a short series by Dr. Yigoureux. The writer gives some terrible pictures of the pains and penalties indicted upon the drunkard himself by his excesses ; but, far fre m being content with these gloomy representations, he now goes on to attack bis victim in, perhaps a more severe style by threatening him with the evils entailed upon bis offspring. Of the multitudinous diseases which by his con duct they [are doomed to inherit, space fails us to give a complete list; but among them may be mentioned dropsy in the head, causing that part of the child to grow to extraordinary dimensions, epilepsy, deaf acs?, and a ivarlety of maniacal affec tions of the brain, .examples are then quoted to show by practical illustrations thy working of these principles. From them may be culled the following pleasant little genealogical tables. A drunkard, whose case bad been caietnlly considered by one of the French doctors, is found by him'to have had three sons, all of whom are "alive. The eldest is a victim of periodical delirious attacks. The second from his youth up has been in a state of habitual stupor, and the third is a born idiot. In an instance reported by another physician, a man who has long been under treatment for delirium tremens, has been married twice, and is the father of a family singularly numerous compared with those of most French married people. By his first wife he had 16 children, of whom 15 died without attaining the age of one year, the cause of death being in each case con vulsions. The survivor of this family Is a martyr to epileptic fits. By the second wife this very unsuitable husband had eight children, of whomßeven were speedily carried off by the same disease which was fatal to their half-brothers and sisters. The survivor of this branch of the family is a victim of scrofula. So that of tho'24Jchildren only two_ emerged from infancy, and each of these is a mere burden to the community. —" Globe."

Cyclones Dealing Death.

One Bursting Suddenly ox the city op Racine, Wisconsin. RACINE, Wis., May 19 —For the first time since the settlement, Kacine country has been visited, by a cyclone. The meteoro logical conditions of the lake shore belt of country were believed to be such that a d'saßtrouii cyclone waH an impossibility, bat the ddbris of wrecked houses and the scores of dead and dying, which make this a city of mourning to-night, attest the falsity of the theory. The day, which had been notably chilly for the season, was ushered in bright and fair, -with the wind blowing freshly from the southeast. Toward noon the sky became overcast, and at about 4 p.m. a sharp electri-J storm prevailed, although bnt little rain fell. The sun came out for about an hour, the temperature being about 70°. Toward 6 p.m. heavy masses of clouds again gathered in the west, portending a storm, and the air was oppres sively warm. The cyclone was announced by a breaking of the clouds, and it struck the earth with a uoi«e which can only be compared to the roar nnd rumbling of a thousand railroad trains over a Dridge. The frightful sound continued Jor not more than two minutes. The frightened people had fled to their cellars and other places tor safety; and when they crept out from their hiding places, they beheld the grand spectacle of the cyclone as it parsed from the land over the waters of Lake Michigan The whirling columns of air seemed like monster wreaths of smoke as they flew over the watery expanse, bearing with them spiral columns of water. No ship that en countered this monster of the air could by any possibility have escaped. The cyclone first struck at Wolf's gardens, in the extreme nortb-western portion of the city, where it levelled a farmhouse and crippled six of the inmates. Here it seemed to rise from the earth, bnt it again descended, arjd struck about half =i mile to the north-east, at the corner of St. Clair and High-streets, where JLutz's gardens were situated. Thenca it pro ceeded doe east almost to the lake shore, covering a path nearly a quarter of a mile in width, in the path of the storm hardly a building regains intact. Brick and frame houses alike collapsed, and thtir sites are marked only by heaps of shapeless ddbris. The houses destroyed consisted, for the most part, of fr^me structures, but here and there was a brick hou«e of substantial build. Nothing escaped the power of the cyclone. The houses lie in heaps of stone, board?, and bricks. In some places where the houses were unu-ually close together they have been blow.'] in a heap so large as to effectually blockade the streets. Every, where throughout that part of the city within the patfl of the storm are heaps of rubbish. Sidewalks in the track of the cyclone were drawn into the air, trees were torn up by the roots, and outhouses were no more than feathers wafted by a breeze. The path of the meteorological monster was literally a scene of rnin. The clapboards of houses seem to have been ground into splinters. In only a few cases were houses moved from their foundations. Those in the middle of the storm centre simply fell in ruins where they stood. Some near the circum'crence were turned around, and it is reported that some light articles, such as waggons, were swept into the lake.

Fourteen persons were in Petura's saloon, on Douglas Avenue, and though the two story building was reduced to a mere pile of bricks and mortar, no one was seriousiy injured. Beach's barn was taksn into the air, and, after whirling like a top, alighted in good order on its side, like a ship on her beam ends.

'Ihe scsne among the dead, vfonnded, and dying In the northern part of the city, was one painful beyond aescrip'.ion. la rmny instances sarviving relatives had lost all semblance of reason Ph siciana were Dot numerous enough to give prompt assistance, and many bleeding victims were rolled up in blankets while anxious relatives ran in every direction to secure medical aid. As fast as the victims were extricated from the run?, the wounded were examined, and whoa their condition permitted, were taken to St. Luke's and St. Mary's Hospitals. The dead are lying in various parts of the city with guards over them. During the excitement and confusion last night it was thought that the fatalities would exceed twenty-five, but a survey of the ruins to-day shows that only nine per sons were killed outright. Two of these were boys, whose bodies were found lying side by side in a hogshead. Five persons are thought to be fatally injured. About forty have serious wounds. Many of the latter have very peculiar hurts. Some are blind, others have all their limbs troken, and still others are shockingly bruised, maimed and mutilated. About 150 build inps were destroyed.

The Rey. J. Cook Seeking Knowledge.

JBLis Strange Experience with a

Carnivorous Youth who A.te

his Meat Mate

Chicago, May 24. The Rev. Joseph Cook, of Boston, had a sensational experience last night in the dining-room of the Commercial Hotel at Monmouth, 111., with B. M. Gill, a travel ling man from mdianopolis. Uill eat at the same table with Co»k, and ordered for supper a piece of raw meat, when Cook remarked :

" You are a Western man, I imagine. Do.yon live on raw meat out here ?" Gill replied with a good deal of warmth, " I eat what I please aDd pay for it. You niust be an Eastern dude."

Cook reprimanded him for swearing and called upon the clerk to eject him for u mg profanity in the presence of ladies. Gill waved his fist in Cook's face, calliDs; him a bar, and left the table with his supper un tasted, and promised to see Cook later. Gill swore he would whip the eminent preacher !f it cost him §100, and after Cook returned tn his room, Gill feat a card up demanding satisfaction. Cook sa!d to the messenger : "in a fair fight I can knock that man to pieces. But lam not prepared to be perforated with bullet?. I understand he threatens to shoot me, and I demand the protection of the police." .Policeman Hughes waa sent for and es corted Cook to aDd from the Opera House, where he lectured last night. He was un molested by Gill, who left town in the night, T^ c un " correspoHdent received the following statement from Cook to-day .— "The upstart conducted himself so rudely and offensively at the time that I turned to mm and said : • You ara a bright youth.' This remark enraged him, and I said, Sonpy, you had better keep quiet and masticate your raw beef.' He tnen raved and swore, and I considered it niy duty to reprimand him for swearing in the presence of ladles, and asked that he be ejected from the dining-room. I think he cad been drinking, and I knew if he and some of the other, runners got to carousing together, there would be no telline what they would do, and as Gill threatened me with personal violence, I asked for police protection. I eoald thrash five such men .as Gill. 1 don't think this unpleasantness -would have oc curred had he been sober."

STAR SATURDAY SUPPLEMENT, JTJIiY 14, 1883,

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