'rlnted and Published by the Proprietor, Henby Brett, of aarmpneu-streoV at h& General Steam Priatlwf (M&oo WyfttUum-ltreeti In the Province of Auckland, Ne w ZcaJ«n£

l'^i^ STJuBU SEPTEMBER 19.



Anctiona. xo.mobrow, ii;E.I) It UR V FAI B, ABOVB fIOO HEAD 0F GOOD QUIET cattle of all classes. a large number of young STOCK. SEVERAL WELL-BRED YOUNG BULLS. CHOICE Q7IET HEIFERS IN GALF, 4.LFKED BUCKLAND. TO-MORROW. THE DKUBY VABDS. a CATTIiK F A |I.E WILL BK HELD ON WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 20, WHEN A , liARGE NUMBER OF STOCK V/ILL , BE YARDED. Kntrlea. (or tho purpose of MtalognlnU.RhpnM bo sent to tha Haymarket not later Ihaa WED MBUOAY. September 13. ALFRED BUCKLAND. WEDNESDAY, OCTOBBR 11 T>KMUERA OaTTLB FAIB, FIRBT FOR THIS SKASON, WILL BB HELD ON WBDNESDAYi OCTOBER 11, Bntrioa tor uatalogna not later than SettmlM pravlona. ALFRED iBUCKLANb. rf'iOUWTKY CATTIiK SAIiXS POKENO—Monaar, Boptembcr 18 , - ■ Dbuh? Firs-rWednoaaar,September*) I■i, pa icuk * -Wodpea&ar, Soptember 27. '■.'„ I ALFRED BPCKLASD. FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 22, \1 H X' > HAY M A R X E T. . FOR SALE, on Friday, September 22, and will bo shown at tho Horao Parade at Satnrdoy, THK OnOICK OLyDKBOAtK STALUON, AKGYLK, by Prince Arthur. SMttiil <~ .' • Alao, . ■'■:'<f*' A TWO-YBAROIiD COLT, ? Bred by MesHm Fltzpatriok, by MoOe«1i Champion; » ALFBED BUCKLAND. : DURHAM YARDS, «XTOOL, HIDES, SKINS, ANI Every TUESDAY, iit 11 o'clock, HUNTER & NOLAN. B, TONES. B. 0. OABB. B. D. TOHKi FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 22, At % o'clock p in, IRON AXLti AND THIMBLE SKBII FARM WAGGONS. Ftom tho Beat at Canadian and American mabeN. B, lOHKS & Oa, Auctioneers. ■ XUESDAYBi » H V' : H A;' * M .A. 'B :k »" T, SALE Of WOOL, BHBBFBKmB; (lIDKB, IBS XAIiM>W, BBCh XuwdU. a Up'eiooit.: A2.PRBD BUOKX.AHSI. * D. TOHKS, B. O. OABB. B. D. TOKKI TO-MORROW. SEVEN-ROOMED HOUSE, BRIGHTON ROAD. ! % B. TON X S & OOi HAVE rdcbivcdlnßtnictions to s«U bj auction, on Wednesday th» 20th lnnfc at 12 o'olootc OOMICORTABIiB BBVSS-ROOiiXL HOUSE, BRIGHTON BOAO. PABNKLU with oil oonvoDienoeft 'Allotment. W feet*T aoo, and belni? Lot 16,0 i SabßeOtlon/tf AltotmgaM ft 10.11. of Section i. Snbortß ol Anoklana.Bnd adjoining the residence of A. Laybonrni KW. B. TONKS. .B. O. OABB. B. D. TONKi AT: AN BAKtY pAIBf rner-o W O B T HO O 18, MAKINK REiiSiNOE kTEsi> BoantH oily Bltnated on the Waltomata HwbODI half-mile frontage to deep water , and the bar. I nn*tfld onaulrlen from prlvato purchasers, hfve determined to.snbmit the entire tot b, Anotlon at an early datei and It la now being roads ma'dc, and-pljns weparofl. ThoTlawn from aU parts aro charming and ol Snmenseextent. embraqliiß Woltomato Blvw «mfl Harbour. City of Auckland/ Kemnera, Hanrakl Qnlf to SandflpJt, Tlrl .TUri RaIIBItOtO, So out W Great H a Kfe?and.Cal?o ColvllK^ Tho eon ia rloh lonni. the tltrea ' Brpwlng on It OBltfe IS to 18 feet high? tree ferns and;nattve arid lot ftultafrowlnertßttland oannot ba beaten.' Abnndanoe of Ireih water "tt^'p^Ve^arl/ to the whwf^the — fcsme, and who do not oareto pwlhe enormonj «vriooa demanded lor, land In tha Immediate I■' SStaKbß of the oltr. to ylßlt tbto property »na ' \ SD?taoo thoraßelveß.,No word nalnUngoaa } I ifleaoately deßoribe It; B. TON KB,* .0 0.; \ Auctioneers, ! I - i. ' • i ' " * •' - ' ' yf, B. OOCHBABK. , JAS. DACKI j MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 26. By Order of the Registrar of the Supreme , Court of New Zealand, i | FREEHOLD PROPBBTrBS, OTAHUHU. TAURANGA, OPOTIKI. 1 Ind immedlutely adiolnlDß the AnOWanfl • Stad Coinpftny'u JTarm. / pii.-Ttii of tk man I*. (Cook'a County*— I r*liWußhiH. 33; M, ■16,and«,oontalDln|iWO 1 BOT6B .(exoepttof? one aore out of lot 17. Con vnjud to the Kdnoatlon Board). ! PARISH OV WAIOKHI (OuotlBl)-Ailotmenta 21)2 and 205, 00-ntalrilng 80 aotea. PARKartif APAtX (Cook's CcnDty)-Allot ment 190, ooniainluff« aores. PARISH bir'ApAf A (Cook's County)—AUbt i! mant 189. containing: SO aoreß. , , : vxeam or tk mania (cook's Qmairh t AllotnibntU. containing 100aoreB. , .;, I ?ABisHO?WAiorAUi(OpotikD-Aliotment S VStt oontetolaaMaeresi . , :■■.., ;<! !;. ; PARISH OB1 TK StANIA (OooVi Cottnty)- AUotmeat a, ooatalntnu 80 aoree. I It i vt>« .two last-named lots will be sola subject i toambrtgageoftwononaiedponiiaß.oa'wElch Sottgwftw other propMUefc. . 1 conamoiißoiiifiearidPJansoftnbejMpected, I I aaa uiu tnformtJlon obtatoed cm opplloatlon 10 mk sAmvKXi coohrawk & boh, 111*. :, .., t



piTY OF AUCKLAND. The following AMENDED BUILDING AND BUILDING AREA BY-LAWS aro published for public information, and in conformity with the pro visions of The Municipal Corporations Act, "WILL COME INTO OPERATION on tho Second day of October, 1882. ■• P. A. PHILIPS, , Town Clerk's Office, Town Olerk. September 18, 1882. BY-LAWS. By-laws and Regulations of the Body Corporate called The Mayor, Councillors, and Citizens of the City of Auckland, made in pursuance of the powera under the provisions of The Municipal Corporations Act, 1876, and Amendments thereof and of By-law No. 1 of the said Body Corporate, made on the Twenty seventh day of July, 1882 j confirmed and sealed with tho common seal of the said Body Corporate, on the seventh of September, 1882. In pursuance of Section 339 of the Municipal Corporations Act, 1876, and of said By-laws, the Council of the City of Auckland ordain as follows :— i The Building Kegulations confirmed on the 13th and sealed on tho 14th day of November, 1871, except Sections 2 ' and 38 thereof are hereby repealed. Tho Regulations for Verandahs made, con firmed, and sealed on the 20th Decem ber, 1881, are hereby repealed. The By-law No. -24, made on. the 7th day of . April, 1881, extending the Building Inner Area Regulation is hereby repealed, In.pursuanco of Section 339, and Sub-divisions 4 and 5 of Section 349 of the Municipal Corporations Act, 1876, and of all other powers them thereunto enabling tho Council of the said City ordain and make the following By-laws,that is to say— 1. For the purpose of making a distinction (in certain localities, and under certain conditions) in the application of such of the following By-laws as apply to the construction of external walls, party walls, and roof coverings, tho City of Auckland shall be divided into two parts, denominated respectively the Inner Area and the Outer Area. 2 The Inner Area shall comprise all that portion of the City of Auckland situate and lying between and being bounded by the lines following, via.:—Com meneingat the abuttal of the continuation of a line' 60 feet East of the East line of Princes Street, Upon the Breakwater at high water mark; thence South along said line parallel with Princes Street to its junction with a line 60 feet North of : the North line of Waterloo Quadrant; thence Eastward along said line parallel with Waterloo Quadrant to' its junction with &• line 60 feet East of the South-east Bide of Symond Street; thence Southward along said line parallel with Symond Street, to the City Boundary at Sinclair's fence; thence North-west along City Boundary line at Sinclair's fence and in! continuation thereof to centre of Symotid Street; thence South west along eonfcro of Symond'Street to, aline 60 feet Westward of the SoutWost side of Wakefield Street; thence North-west along said Mine parallel with Wakefield Street to its junction with "Upper Queen Street; thence South-west across Upper Queen Street to a line 60 -i eet Eastward of the; South-east side of Grey Street; thence Soutlwveat aloiig said line parallel with Gray Street to its .'junction with Pitt Street; thence lit ortlwmti along face of Pitt Street across Grey Street to a lino 60''fist'"Westward of the North-west side of Grey Steeet j tljonce North-east along said line parallel with Grey Street to its junction with a line 60 feet South of the South side of Cook Street; thence West along said line parallel with Cook Street to its junction with Hobson. Street; thence Northward across Hobson Street and Cook Street to a lino 60 feet West of the West side of Hobson Street; thence1 North1 along said lino parallel with Hobsdn Street, and in line therewith across ihe reclamation to high water mark; thence Eastward along City Boundary line to' the point of commence ment 60 feet East of the continuation of the East line of Princes Street upon tho Breakwater at high water mark...all as shewn by pink lines on Phua marked A, signed by the Mayor of Auckland, and deposited in the Offices of the said Council. 3. The Outer Area shall comprise all the remaining part, of the City of Auckland. 4. Should any building hereafter be erected, or any addition or alterationbe made to a buildingalready erected, so that the building shall be partly within and partly without the inner area the whole of such building, including such parts as may bo outside the inner area, shall be «übject to the same by-lawi in every respect as buildings within tho inner area. 5. Provided always that if the building be an addition or alteration to a building already erected of wood or other combustible materials; such additions Or,alterations OJJtside the inner area may be built of the same materials of which the building is com, posed. SECTIONS APPLICABLE TO EVERY PART OF THE CITY OF AUCKLAND. ,6. Eveiy building already erected, or that may bef hereafter erected, or the erectiori of which may hereafter be commenced, within the said City, whether such building be built or commenced npon new or old foundations, or upon foundations partly old and partly new, or whether such building be an addition to any building already erected, or which may be hereafter erected or removed,/ishall, be -subject to the control and supervision of the said Council, and shall be erected, added to, altered, renewed/ removed, ox repaired in accordance with the following by-law 9, and the walls of every such, building shall be con structed of the materials and dimensions herein specified :— Plans, &c, to be Submitted and approved, 7. Before beginning to erect any building, or other structure, or to alter, add to, or renew any building already greeted, or which may be hereafter erected, or to execute any other work placed under the control of tho said Council, or mentioned in these by-laws, the builder, owner, or occupier shall give notice*to the.said Council, and \ submit to tho Building Surveyor the plans and specifications of. tho contemplated work, which shall remain in his office 24 hours for his inspection, and shall give.such further particulars to tho'Building Surveyot aa he may require; ftnd no person shall commence, Or continue to execute, any work placed under the control "and supervision of the sajjd Council or mentioned in these by-laws until the snid notice; h&9 been ..given, and the Building Surveyor' has certified iff Wjffcjng under his hand that the plans and specifications: $kej#of are in accordance with these by : law3. ; : ' ; ,v;: , Fees Payable. ! 8. Before proceeding^ to erect, alter, add .to, remove, or renew ijtpy building, or to execute any other "work'placed Under the'cQßjpol! and supervision of tho said Council, or mentioned in. these by-laws, the builder, owner, or occupier, .pr1 other "pei's/m requesting any inspection to be performed, fry the Building Surveyor, shaft pay to him,, on behalf of. the said ; Council, the fees due »pon the, same for every such inspection superintendence or ojthe.r service per formed by him" un4sr any of these .byrjaws, ,at",sjj.clf requgjt, according to the following Schedule j—• ' O, Schedule of Fees, " A l " {"■''"" -°: ■'■'$!!&££ FeeutafHew' 4p Class of Building. «oildtogj, alterations. / £ s". * »• d. If the building be of the first class ... 2 0 0....' P g f' : „ „ second class... 110 O ... 015 0 „ „ third class ... 10 0 ... 0 10 8 „ „ fourth class ... 0 10 0 ... 0 5 0 For every privy 0 5 0 ..0 0 0 For eveiy chimney built of brick or stone, for a steam engine, brewery, distillery, or manufactory, provided that such chimney be erected sub sequently to the building l o 0...0 10 0 Fees for Special Duties. For inspecting a cutting into, or alteration of any existing chimney (except for the insertion of ventilators)... ... ..; ; ... ... l <( qlO 0 For inspecting any iron smoke funnel erected for manufacturing purposes, erected subsequently to the building ... ... ... ... ,„ 010 0 For inspecting every detached stove, fnrnace, oven, close fire, or forge, erected subsequently : .to, the building .... . ~»,,, ... j. 010 0 WClmsificaUon ofßMldings, 10. All buildings (except privies) "now built, or hereafter to be built, phall belong, to one or other of' the four following classes, according to their cubical contents, whatever be the materials with which they are or may be constructed, and shall jbe . rated accordingly:—: , | ' First Class. ... ■'...; ..;,.;■. t/. • 11. Every building containing more tlian 80,000 cubic feet shall belong to the first class. ' Second Class. I 12. Every building containing more, than 30,000 cubic feet, and not more ttian,Bo,ooo cubio' feet, shall beloDg to tho second class. " ~ ' ' ' .■ ■ • •;



Third Class. 13. Every building containing more than 10,000 cufeic feot, and not mbro than 30,000 cubic feot, shall belong to the third class. Fourth Class. li. Every building containing 10,000 oubic feet, or less than 10,000 culjic feet, shall belong to the fourth class; every shed open on all or any Bide erected on posts or piers! fehall belong to the fourth class; but if any side, or part of any 9ide, be enclosed by a new wall or old wall, or by a partly new wall and partly old, it shall b6 classified according to its cubical contents. Classification anil Capacity of Building. 15. The cubical contents of every building shall include all external walk, party walla, internal walls, and floors; but shall not include any cubical contents below the level of the cellar floor, or other lowest floor, or above the top of' the wall-plate for receiving the roof, nor the contents of any verandah. 16. In order to determine the fees payable for additions to any building already erected, or here after to be erected, the cubical contents of such addition shall be added to the cubical contents of the original building, and the total amount shall determine the class under which the fee is to bo charged. 17: If in any Mldingj or addition to any building, there shall be two or more separate houses, then each house sliall be measured, classified, and charged for as a separate building ; but only half the fee specified in the Schedule as due on a building of that class shall in such case be demanded and paid on each house. 18. The re-use of any old materials,, floors, roofs, internal walls, or other parts of any liow building shall not prevent the said building from being classi fied as a new structure; although such old materials, floors, roofs, internal Walls, or other parts may even have formed parts of a previous building on the same site. Bute for Ascertaining Number of Stories. 19. The stories of every building are to be counted from the foundation upwards, and if the apace in height, between the top of the footings and the level of the lowest floor, does not exceed (6) six feet then the story nearest the foundation is to be considered ■the lowest or first story; but if such space exceed (6) six feet then such apace is to be considered to contain the lowest or first story, and. in that case the top of the footings is to be considered the level of the lowest floor. For Determining the Thickness of External Walls,and Party Walls, of Brick, Stone, 6r Concrete. Part I Mules for Dwelling Mouse dum. 2Q. The external and party walls, when made of brick, stone, or concrete, of .dwelling-houses shall be made throughout the different stories of the thickness shown in the following Table A, arranged according to the heights and lengths of th« walls, and calculated for walla up to (100) one hundred feet in height, and to be built solid, and if of bricks then_ such bricks to bo not leas than (8k) eight and a half inchea and not more than (9) nine inches in length; the heighta -of the stories being subject to the- condi tions hereinafter given. Explanation of Table k referred f under Part I. 21. Inufdrigthqaald TabloA the height of tho wall ts to be reckoned on the first vertical column on the left hand of the tablo, and tho length of tho wall on tho corresponding horizontal column. Tho thickness of the wall in each story is given in inches, and begins with tho wall from the base upwards, Qualification in case of certain Watts. 22. If any external or party wall measured from centre to centrp is not more than (16) sixteen feet distant from any other external or party wall, to which It is tied by the beams of any floor or floors other than the ground floor, or tho floor of any story formed in tho roof, the length of such wall is not to be taken into consideration, and tlio thickness of the wall will bo found in the second vortical column in the said Tablo A. Conditions in respect of Stories exceeding certain height. 23. If any story exceeds in height* (16) sixteen times the thickness prescribed for the walls of such story in tho above Tablo, tho thickness of each external and party wall throughout such story shall be increased to one-sixteenth part of the height of tho story; but any such additional thickness may be confined to piers properly distributed, of which the collective widths amount to one-fourth part of the length of the wall. lhtekness of Watts built of Material* other than such Bricks as aforesaid. 24. The thickness of any wall of a dwelling-house, if built Bolid of any hard non-combustible'materials other than such bricks, stone, or concrete as afore said, shall bo deemed to be sufficient if made of the thickness required by the said Table A. Sltlc as to Buildings not being of the Public B-uOdings or Buildings of Warehouse Class. ■ 25. All buildinga excepting public buildings, and euch buildings as aro Hereinafter defined to bo buildings of the warehouse class, shall, as respects tho thickness of their .walla, bo subject to the rules given for dwelling-houses. Shops, the upper stories of which, are not used for storage of goods, shall be classed as dwelling-houses, 26. Tablo A referred to wider Part I. Height vp to 25 ft. 1 Length up to 30 ft, Length' exceeding 30 B#in. feet . To below topmost story, 13 In. Remainder, 8# In. Height from 25 ft. To below topmost to 30 ft. storj;, 13 In. Remainder, &}4 in. Height from 30 ft. Length up to 35 ft. Xengtb, exceeding 35 to 40 ft. To below topmost feet story, 13 in. One story, 17% in. Remainder, &}{ la. To below topmast story, 13 io. Remainder, 8#!», Height from 40 ft. Length np to 30 ft. Length exceeding 45 to JO ft. ' OnestQrr'tfJfin. feet To btlpw tpp'mpst One story, a in, , .story, 13 in. One story, 17 in. Remainder, %ft In. Remainder, 13 in. ,;. . Length up to4s ft. ( Two stories, 17J4 in. Remainder, 13 In, . ''■■■' ■ —r— —- j-v ' —' ■-.■'■ '.* *■■*■—*——^-r Height from so.ft. Length up to 45 ft. Length exceeding 45 to 60 ft. - Twostories,i7^in. feet Remainder, 13 in. One rfory, li in. Two stories 17/ i in. -_ Remainder, 13 in. Hejgfot frpm fa ft. Length up to 45 ft. Length exceeding 45 to pit, ;.Qnestory,22in. f eet . ..... ,: „' i.Twostories.^^in. Wall to be increased Remainder, 13 in. in thickness in each of the stories below •> :: ■ the uppermost two stories by 4% in. (subject to provi sions respecting dis . , tribution in piers). Height from 70 ft. Length up to 45 ft. Length exceeding 45 to 80 ft. One story, if 2 in. feet Threestories,i7.#in Remainder, 13 in. Same as abovie. HeightYrom 80 ft; Length up to 4? ft. Length exceeding 4c toO&ft; One story, 26^in. feet One; story, 22 In. Three stories, 1 1% fa Same as above. Remainder, 13 in. Height from 90 ft. Length up to 4j ft. Length teeedini? Ai -*«tfl0& One story, ?isjifin, . f P pj Two stories, 32 in. ThreePtori^i,f7^in 1 Rema'^fj »3 W. 8flB» »8 »boY& Part 11. Mules for the Walls of the Public Building ariil * Warehouse Class when such Walla are of i 1 Brick, Stone, or Concrete. \ Definition of Warehouse Class. \ 27. The warehouse class shall comprise all public ' buildings, warehouses, manufactories^ breweries and distilleries. ■" TJiickness at Base. £ 28. The external and party walls, when made of ' bricka, stone, or concrete, of buildinga of the ware- ( house claBS shall, at the base, be made of the thick- ' ness shown in the following Table B, calculated for s walls-up to one hundred feet in Height, and built solid,-.and:if of, bricks, then suclv bricka to be noifc less * than eight and a half inches and riot more than nino inches in length. .' 1 Explanation of said Table B referred to tinder y Part 11. t 29. The toid Tablo B ia to be used in the same 1 manner as the Table,previously.glven'for the walls of 6 dwelling-houses, and is subject to the same qualified- 1 tions and CQijditKms. respecting walls not mote than' eighteen feet distort from eacU other.



Thicfeness at top of Walls ana through inter mediate space. 30. "The thioknoss of the walls of buildings of the warehouso class at tho top and for sixteen foot below tho top shall bo thirteen inches, and the intermediate parts of the wall between the base and such sixteen feet below the top shall be built solid throughout tho space between straight linos drawn on each side of the wall and joining the thickness at the base to the thickness at sixteen feet below the top as above determined; nevertheless, in walls not exceeding thirty feet in height, the walls of the topmost story may be eight inches and a half thick. Condition in. respect of Stories exceeding a certain height. 31. If in any story of a building of the warehouse class the thickness of the walls as determined by the Rules hereinbefore given is less than one-fourteenth part of the height of such story, the thickness of the ■wall shall bo increased to one-fourteenth part of the height of tie story; but any such additional thick ness may be confined to piers, properly distributed, of which tho collective widths amount to one-fourth part of tho longth of tho walL Thickness of Walls butlt of Materials other than such Brioks as aforesaid. 32. Tho thicknoss of any wall of a building of tho warehouse class, if built of hard non-combustible materials otlior than sucli bricks, stono, or concrete as aforesaid, shall bo deemed to bo sufficient if made of tho thickness required by the above Tablos.. Cross (Tails. 33. Tho thickness of a cross wall shall bo two thirds of the thickness hereinbeforo required for an external or party wall of the saaie dimensions and belonging to the same class of buildings, but never less than eight and a half inches; and no wall sub-dividing any building shall be deemed to be a cross wall unloss it is carried up two-thirds of tho height of the external or party walls, and unloss tho recesses and openings thorein do not exceed one-lialf of tho vertical surface of the wall in oach story. Extra TMekne&s of Certain Stone Walls. 34. Tho thickness of every atone wall in which the beds of tho masonry are not laid horizontally shall bo ono-third greater than tho thickness prescribed in tho Kules aforesaid. 35. Table B referred to under Part 11. Height up ts 25 ft. Length unlimited Base, 13 in> Height from 25 ft. Length up to 45 ft Length exceeding 45 to 30 ft. Base, 13 in. feet ftvs<^ I7# in. Height from 30 ft. Length up to 35 ft, Length exceeding 43 to 40 ft. Base, 13 in. * feet > ■ ■■.....„,.' Base, 32 in. . Length up to 45 ft. Base, I7# in. Height from 40 ft. Length up to 30 ft. Length exceeding 45 to 50 ft, Base, 11% in. feet Base, 26>£ fiw Length up to 45 ft. Base, 22 in. Height from 50 ft. Length up to 45 ft Length exceeding, 4; to 60 fC Base, 22 in. " feet Base, 26# In. Height from 6O ft, Length up to 45 ft. Length exceeding 45 tp 70 ft. Base, 22 In. feet Wall tobc increased Iti thickness from base to within 16 feet 0 the top hj 4% inches (subject to provisions respect ing plersl. Height from 70 ft Length up to 45 ft, Length exceeding 45 to Bo ft. Base 23 in. feet Same as above. Height from 80 ft, Length up to 45 ft. Length exceeding 45 to 90 ft. Base, i6}4 in. feet j Same as above. Height from 90 ft, Length up to 45 ft. Length exceeding 45 to 100 ft. Base, 26JJ in. feet , Same as above. Footings. 36. Every footing must bo built of concrete, brick, or atono, or of such concreto, bricks, and stono, together with mortar or cemont, fn such manner as to produce solid work, to the satisfaction of the Building Surveyor, and tho bottom oourso of overy footing must bo at tho least 8 inches wider than tho wall standing thereon, and based upon solid ground, or otlior sufficient foundation, to the satisfaction of the Building Surveyor. External and Parly Wall*. 37. Every external wall and party wall horo after erected of bricks, atone, or concreto must be built wholly of such concrete, bricks, or stone,1 or bricks and stones together, laid in with mortar or cement, in such manner as to produco substantial .work; or approvod concrete; and overy such wall must be carriod up to the full thickness specified in tho foregoing Schedule, to. the satisfaction of ths Building Surveyor. Heights. 38. The height of any building or part of any building is to bo ascertained by measuring from the surfaco of tboi lowest floor up to the top of the wall plate for receiving the roof. Openings, dc 39. In all oxternal walis, besides all requisite openings for doors and windows, recesses may be formed so that the back thereof be of tho thickness of 8£ Inches at tho least, and so that the sufficiency and itability of tho wall in the opinion of the Building Surveyor bo nofc injunoasly affected by makjng Buc£ recesses Parapet*. n 40. Every oxtomal wall and party wall heroafter builiof brick}, stone, or concrete mtist bo carried up, nnd remain 18 inches at least above tho highest part of the adjacent guttorj aw} tlje thickness of nn oxternal wall or pirty wall so carrie^ up above the level of the gutter, and forming a parapet, mußt be at the least B^,inches; and should any external ■nrall or party wall bo finished with a gablo, the samd shall be earned up at least 8J inches thick, 15 inches above the roof at leasts measured at right angles to the back of the rafter, < . Walls of Hansard Boofs, i\. The external walls of Mansard Koofs next adjoining properties must be carried up at loast to the height of ridge of roof, and should tho oxternal wall,be finished with a gable, tho samo shall bo carried up at least 8 J inches thick 15 inches above the roof at least measured at right angles to.the back of the rafter. Projections. 42. Projections from buildings, such as base course piers, columns, pilasters, door an<| window drossings, strings, fascias, copings, parapets, blocking courses, or other architectural decorations, forming part of an external wall, shall not project beyond the street line more than four inches (except cornices, entablatures or pediments, which may project any distance approved by tho Building Surveyor), iron or stone balconies may project 18 inches beyond street line, and all pro jections of every character must bo built of the same materials as are by these RegnJatipns directed to be used for building external walls; and it shall not be lawful to project any ot^pr part pf a b,uilding beyond the street lino than 'those, pa'pfa a.bQye. allowed $q sign-board, or cither projection shaU be permitted to bo erected, to prpject beyond the lino pf tho Street (except thosa proyi<|p4 for in Qlause 89, mv uider verandah ByJaws), and all such sign boards anu prelections already .prooted, not'in compliance with this By-law shall bo removed within six months after the By-law comas lato force. Division of Buildings. 43, If anybuilding behereaftere'rectedwithseparate staircases, or if such bo used or occupied as two or noro separate buildings, pach having a separate mtrance ot staircase, then every such,;tiding shall je deemed io be two.or more soparate lwusss, and iuch separate houses must bo divided from each other >y a party wall built with the materials and of the Mcknesß as specified in the Sehodute fop tbafc purpose, in sub-dividing buildings (which have been arected lot less than 12 months) into two or morofthops, pro dded th&t the upper stories are not mcd as dwellings, ihe partitions may be constructed of 4 irood Or brick logging, and if w required may only sub-divide one itory; but»ho such partition shall be erected unless ;he Council shall have first given authority in writingf, Brestswmmeri. 44. Every forestsuinmer fixed to carry the frtßt



wall.or cornice of a building muafc be laid upon n tomplato or corbel of stone or iron, which tomplate or corbel must be tailed through such wall at loast two-thirds of the thickness thereof, and evorywood brestsummer must have at loast 4£ inches of brick or stone work at the end thereof and may be fixed in line with the face of the extornal wall; provided it is covered on the external face with plate iron or plastered ; and wrought iron only to be used where iron brestsumraers, or girders are employed in build ings, properly filled in solid with non-combustibl« material, and faced on three sides with timber not less than three and a half inches thick, bolted to same, and the strength of iron brestsummers, or girders calculated by the following rule: — Wrought-Iron Plate Girders. L «=e Length of girder (or span) in feet W => Weight distributed in tons D «=> Effective depth of girder in feet S » Strain on top and bottom flange at centre in tons s "Id If the depth « L-Bth then S « W „ L-ioth „ S ~ iJW „ L-i2th „ S = iJNV Allowed 5 tons per square inch in tension and compression Columns, die. 45. In addition to the supporting walls at the end of the brestsummer, every brestsummer over 12 feet span must rest upon one or more sufficient inter mediate piers of brick or stone, or on cast iron columns standing on solid stone foundations, j Bearings of Timbers. 46. The ends of all timbers bearing upon a party wall exceeding 9 inches in thickness must not be laid nearer than 2 inches to the centre thereof, unless such timbers are separated longitudinally from tho timbers of the adjoining house by at least 4 inches of brick work, in which case they may bear upon the wall for two-thirds of its thickness. The ends of all timbers' bearing upon a party wall 9 inches thick must not project through the wall, but must have 4 inches of brick work at the ends of same, and all the timbers must bo separated from those of the adjoining house by at least 4 inches of brickwork Fire-plnees, furnaces, and Chimney*. 47. Every fire-place and furnace in any building in tho said City shall be constructed in the manner and of the materials hereby required, and every chiumoy in any such building ahall be enclosed and . coured iv the game manner. Chimneys. i 48. iEvory chimney and chimney-stack must be butlfr wholly of brick or stone, with mortar, or cement, and every such ohimney and chimney-stack must be built from the foundation (&nd from the corbels, if oorbelled out aocording to Section 50 of these By-law» to the top thoreof without any corbelling over wherob'y »ny uppor part, of tho brickwork of such chimney or chimnoy-stack shall overhang any lower part of the brickwork on tho front thoreof. Angle Chimneys. 49. The breast of any angle chimney built in the internal angle of any building above tlio ceiling of any lowor storey shall not exceed 8 feet in width, and the jambs, broast, and flue must be properly supported on iron girders with brick arches, or on strong stone landings at least 4 inches thick, and tailed at least 9 Inche3 into each of the two walls forming such angle. Chimney Jamba or Corbel*, 00. Tho jambs, breast, and flue of any, single or double chimney may be built upon stone or iron SOrbols above the ceiling of any lower storey, but the projection both of sucti jambs and breast must not in any case exceed 14 inches before the face of the wall or stack to which the same shall join, and the brickwork must bo arched or corbelled over the whole width of the chimney opening up to the line of the faco of tho jambs, In order to provide a solid bed for the back hearth. Chimney Jambs, Openings, <£c 01. The jambs of every chimney must not beleas than 8£ inches wide on each side of such opening. Tho breast of every chimney, and the front, back, width, or partition of every Hue must be at tho least 4 inches in thickness of bricks, and the joints of tlio work must bo filled in with mortar or cement, and all the inside thoreof, and also the otitsido, or face thoroof, next tho interior of any building must be rendored or pargotted. And no tluo will bo allowed for a smoko flue which is of loss internal diameter in any section than 8^ inches. Chimney Backs. 52. Tho back of overy singlo clunmoy opening in any building must bo at tho loast 8£ inches thick, in any wall less than 18 inches tliick, a»d at the least 13incho3 thick in any wall 18 inches or more than 18 Inches thick. If two chimneys be built back to back, then the thickness between the, same must bo at tho least of tlio thickness described for the back of ■a singlo chimney opening. Timber or Woodwork. ■. - .-.■•. 53. No timber must be placed over any opening for supporting tho breast of any chimney, but there mast be an arch of: brick or stone T over tho opening of every such chimney to support the breast thereof, and unless tho arch bo domicircular, an iron bar or bars must bo built into the iambs at the loast 9 inches on each side to tie in tho abutments, and no timber or woodwork must be placed or laid-under any chimney opening or in any wall under any chimney opening within 18 inches at the least of the surfaco of tho hearth to the fireplace of such chimney opening,1 and no timber or woodwork must be nearer than one Inch to the opening of any chimney, and M6 trimmer must bo placed nearer than 18 inches to tho'front face of any ehimnoy; noither ahall it1 bo lawful to build in, or insert tlio ends of any joista, raftors, beams or other timber whatever in any part of any ehimnoy or fluo. Front HeartJts. | 54. Front hearths must be composed of .a slab or slabs of brick, tile, stone, slate, marble, or other proper and sufficient hard non-combustible .substance, at the least 9 inches longer than tho opening of evory ohimney when finished, and at; tho least 15 inches in the front of tho arch over the same and must be laid before the opening of every chim ney \ and in every floor, oxebpt tlio lowest floor, such slab or slabs must be laid upon brick trimmer arches, or upon a solid bed of cement concrete; laid uniform in thickness and, without a joint, to forma bed for the hearth and front hearth, or hobs, provided never tholess that tho boarding under tho front hearth to carry the concrete bed bo not nearer to the finished surface of tho hearth than 6 inches fit tho least. Should the joists not bo doop enough to allow of such depth of 6 inohos being obtained,, a brick trimmer arch, must in.all cases bo used. In tho lowest floor tho slab or slabs may be laid on a brick or stone fonder, or bedded on tb,o solid ground. Back Hearths. 55. Tho back hearth of ovory chimney must be laid and bedded wholly on brick or stone, or other incombustible materials, which must be solid for a dopth of 9 inches at the least below tho surface of the hoarth. Ovens, Furnaces, <Cc. 56. Every oven, furnaco, close firo] or forgo, for the purpose of trade or manufacture, must bo 6 inches at the least distant from any party wall, and must not be upon or within a distance of 18 inches of any timber or wood work, and tho floor on or abovo which such oven, furnace, close fire, or forge shall bo built or fixed must bo formed and paved under samo, and for a distance of 2 feet all around the same, with atone, brick, tile, or slate, at tho least 2 inches thick, or with other proper incombustible materials. Chimney Shafts. 57. Every chironoy shaft or fluo hereafter built, raised, or ropajred must be carried up hi brick or stone work air round, at least i inches thick, to a lieight qf nqt less than 3 feet above the highest part Df such pqr^ion qf the rqqf, flat, or gutter adjoining ;horoto, measured at the point qf jinictiqn, and as to my chimney sfyaf't .(except that of & steam engine, brewery, 4istiU«py. Q? manufftctary), the brick or stone tvork of such altajft or fluo must not be built higher ;ha.n 8 foot above the slope, flat, o.r gutter of the rqqf ivhieh It adjoins, measurod from *bo highest point of junction, unless auoh ohimney shall be built of increased thiokness, or be built with or bonded to mother chimney shaft, or be otherwise rendered secure. And as to the chimney shaft for the boiler 'urnace of any steam engine, or for any brewery, UstfJJgry, pr manufactory, such shaft may be erected >f any h,9fghfc, so that it is built is such manner and >f such strength and cjimonslons as shall be satisfactory ;o the Building Surveyor, upon special application in jasb'easo. . . ' ; •",. ;'.;■;■ ; "i' Stoves, .. '■ .. 58! Every detached stova set or fixed in any )u9ding''snail bo fixed subject to the requirements or furnaoes, contained in Section 56 of these >y-Jaw3. Smoke Pipes. 59. No smoke pipe or funnel must bo fixed on tho usldo qI any building nearer than 14 incites to any



timber or other combustible material, nor against or in front of any faco of any building in any street or alloy, oxcopt with tho written ponniusion of tbo Building Surveyor. Alterations to Flties. 60. No chimney shaft, jamb, breast, Or flue already built, or hereafter to bo built, shall be cut into for any purpose whatever without tlio consent of the Building Surveyor having been first obtained to the proposed alterations. Sheds, itc. 61. Nothing in the foregoing by-laws shall prevent the erection of any shed open on all sides with out fire-places, furnaces, or forges, and with supports to roof of brick or stone piers not less than 9 inches square, or of iron columns, and roofed with iron or slates, provided such shed be not erected nearer than 10 feet to any public or private street or wood building; but if either of the sides or part of any one or more of them be enclosed, the enclosing wall must be built of the materials and dimensions required for other buildings of the same height and similar situation. No wall already erected and mado use of as an enclosing wall shall be used in any way as a sup porting wall without the consent of the Owner and Building Surveyor; enclosing fence walls may be built of wood or iron, or both, to a height not exceed ing six feet. Contractors' Sheds. •62. Nothing in the foregoing by-laws shall prevent any contractors' or builders' temporary office, [sheds, and workshops from being erected of wood or iron on any building sito during such building operations, provided that special appli cation be made to and permission be granted by the said Council. • THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS APPLY EXCLU SIVELY TO AND ARE ENFORCEABLE WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THE SAID INNER AREA. Roof Coverings. 63. The external parts of any roof, flat, or gutter of any building hereafter to be built, and the external parts of every turret, dormer, lantern-light, or other erection on the roof or flat of such building, must be covered with slates, tiles, or metal, glass, artificial stone, or cement, except the dbor-framea and doors, window-frames and sashes of such turrets, dormers, lantern-lights, or other erections, which may be made of such wood as shall be necessary. 64. If .the external parts of any roof, flat, or gutters of any building already built, or trie external parts of any turret, dormer, lantern-light, or other erection on tho roof or flat of such building be re-built, stripped, ripped, or uncovered, then every such part (except the door-frames and doors, window-frames and sashes, of such turrets, dormers, lantern-lights, or other erections) must be covered with slates, tiles, or metal, glass, artificial stone, or cement; and such excepted parts may be made of such wood as shall be necessary. Non-CotnbUstible Materials. 65. It shall not be lawful to erect, alter, add to, remove, renew or repair the external walls, party walls, or chimneys of any building, except as allowed for repair in Section .66 of these by-laws without such walls or chimneys be of brick, stone, concrete, or other hard non-combustible material. Repairs. 66. Tho external Walls composed of wood or iron of any building already erected may be repaired with' the same materials of which they are composed, provi ded that such repairs extend only to the outer or inner lining of tho walls and not to the studding or plates. Eaves, 67. The external wall of any building hereafter: Orectod may be finished with projected eaves instead i of a parapet, provided that such external wall be distant at least 15 feet from any building detache< from that of which it forms a part, and provided tha no part of such eaves | projects beyond the street line, i CesppooU. 68. No cesspit shall be allowed on any premises within the boundary of tho City. Privies. 69. Every privy hereafter erected in the yard or area of any building must have walls of brick or stone at least 8J inches tluck, and be roofed with iron or slates, or other incombustiblo material, and must have a door, and bo properly enclosed, screened, and fenced from public view. No watercloset shall bo allowed unless the cistorn supplying the same shall be supplied with water by tho said Council and after the expiration of six months from the time these by-laws and regula tions come into force it shall not be lawful without tho consent of the said' Council to use or suffer to remain any privy or watercloset already erected that does not comply with: the requirements of this section. Iron Buildings. 70. Buildings in the rear of main buildings standing a distance of 10 feet from any street, lane, or wood building,.or from ground not in the same occupation and liable $o be built upon, may be erected, by tho special consent in writing of tha aaid Council, if properly framed together of wood, and securely covered externally with galvanize* corrugated iron, provided; such buildings do not exceed 12 feet in height from tho floor to the top of the Wall plate, without fire-places, furnaces, ovens, or forges, or any internal lining of wood. All main buildings, behind which iron ouildinga may bo erected, must have four external wallsi No Buildings to be Removed. 71. It shall not be r lawful within the innor area to. remove any wood or iron building or part thereof from ono sito to another; any such removal to a new site will be treated as tho erection of a new building, THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS SHALL EXOLU SIVELY APPLY TO AND BE ENFOKCED WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THE SAID OUTER AEEA, Materials, *£c., 72. It shallbeluwful to erect, (liter, ftd<J to, re move, or renew the external walls of any building with iron or wood (but not the chimneys). Privies, 73. Every privy hereafter erected in the yard or area of any building must haye b, door, and be pro perly enclosed, screened,and fenced frompublicview". No watercloset shall be allowed unless tho cistorn supplying the same shall ;bo supplied with water by the said Council, and all watereloseta already erected not in compliance with this By-law shall be removed within six months after these By-laws come into force. By-laws for Vermidafis in all parts of the said, City, 74. Every verandah hereafter erected within the said City shall be constructed in the manner and position and of the materials and dimensions hereby required. 75. Any person wishing to erect, repair, or alter a verandah must, previous to commencing such erection, repair, or alteration obtain from the Building Surveyor a written permission to do so. Verandahs. 76. All verandahs to be erected in any street where the footpath has been formed to the permanent evol, must have 2| inch wrought-iron tubular pillars with caat-iron caps and base, and be of the height and.pattern approved by the Building Surveyor. 77. Verandahs to be erected in any other part of the said City on any street whore the footpath has not been formed to the permanent level must be in every respect of tho same design (except that the pillars may be of wrought iron, at least 2 inches in diameter), and in particular cases tho height may be reduced to a minimum of 8 feet. The erection of wrought Irqn pillars at a height of 8 foot will be allowod aj; the discretion of tw Building Surveyor, i under the djvflctiiQns oj th,o said Council. 78. Any verandah hereafter erected contrary to bho provisions herein contained, shall be deemed a public nuisance, and a3 su,ch shall be removed at the expense of the party oausJngisuoh ereotion. 78. The caps and bases must be accurately made and fitted, properly oleaned up, and made to sorew to tho pillar, and must be finished subject to the approval of the Building Surveyor. 80. The pillars .are to be of such length as will allow for tho gradient of the streets, and koep the frieze perfectly horizontal—fixed upright and let into the fegrh in suoli manner as will make them securo. - 81, The friege Js to be formed of-12 % 2 heart of kauri, moulded aY approved by Surveyor, 82. The roof is to" have rafters 9 x 2 and purlins 4x2, champored on lower edges, and covered on top with beat galvanized: corrugated iron, and made per fectly watertight. . • ■ 83. The oavos gutter: is to bo of O.G. galv.anized iron, and so fixed as to cause the water from rbpf, to be conveyed down the inside of each column, and discharging into chauuol,



84. The whole of the verand^^n^T , piUars to be properly painiod with oil and wS,° °I 85. Tho number of columns for eachmnf " and their distances from oach other shall h e fi th» discretion of tho Building Surveyor nrnvl^l 8* no post shall be nearer thanl fertK^J?,^ except where a break occurs in the entSttf P°St) tib. Ihe entablature or frieze shall be i along the several frontages in true horizontal 11? the ower edge at a minimum height of 9 W i ' thekerbing, until the height of 11 feet, or it fc inches less or more than 11 feet shal have v 3 attained, when the line shall be discontinued 3 shall re-commence at the minimum height 87. Ends to verandahs wiU be allowed ««i the junction where the heights of verandahs Z at from 9 to 11 feet, or vice versa, as thT^^T or where line of verandahs is not continuous Tn » ' latter case, when another verandah is erected £ side, such end must be removed on n£ J ?g" given by the Building Surveyor within if daVS 88. All windows on verandahs must be protect on top with wire netting, resting on iron U, « sufficient strength in the opinioS of the B lu ldn° f Surveyor not more than 12 inches apart "lg 89. Sign-boards will be permitted on the roof, n f verandahs m front only, and parcel with Sjfi* subject to permit from Building Surveyor ' 90. All verandahs already erected which do not comply with these By-laws shall be removed wttl iX LXr to tlmt effect being *» s«fi By-laivs for FootpatJi Crossings. 91. Owners and occupiers of land or builrlin™ in the said City shall b e permit te d toVake 2 maintain, crossings for horses and vehicles «££ footways upon the conditions hereby provided. Crossings where Stone Kerb Laid. 92. AH crossings of footways in streets' where a Btone kerb is now laid shall be either of asphalt or wood. If of asphalt than such aanWlV «,T • shallbe composed o? 2|-inch bSenfi^ 3 deep laid; in two layers, each layer to be well rolled and rammed w,th a top layer of fine staff at 5 one inch, m thickness, the top layer to be speS preparedand sanded on top same as footways, and O n £he aame level or grade of footway with rWnS kerbs at each ade 2 feet 6 inches from face line o street kerbs. ; • * ii j 93' l { f ,Woo<l then such wood crosaings shall be laid on a bed of concrete 6 inches deep, firmly rammed and formed, on surface to take depth of wood blocks' which shall bo cut out of well-seasoned heart, of kauri or other approved timber, Tho blocks shall be at least 6 mche3 deep from 3 to 4 inches wide and at least 9 inches in length, laid end timber up, on a bed of sand, and to have a strip of lath § inch in thickness and at least 1£ inches wide laid on bottom bed between every course of blocks, and the space to surface well filled with a mixture of sand, fine shinele hotter and pitch. When the crossing is iaidjthe whole surface is to receive a good coating of hot tar and pitch, and thereafter to be covered over with sand and fine shingle- A an inch in thickness at least Crossing to be finished to the same level or grade as footway, with returned kerbs at each side 2 feet 6 inches from face line of kerbs. Crossings where a Stone Kerb not Laid] 94. Tho crossings over footpaths in any streets whore a stono kerb has not been laid may be formed in every respect the same as;the crossings described in streets with kerb stones, with the exception that^Jtoo kerbstone need' be laid down. Provided, however, that so soon La, kerbstone is laid down in the usual line of street by the said Council, the Baid crossing places shall forthwith be constructed in strict accordance with'the by-laws for such crossings, Provided, nevertheless, that where tho street is not formed to the intended level by the said Council, such crossings may be made of properly macadamised stone, and the crossing over the channel shall be such suitable bridge as shall leave a free passage for the water underneath the same. The kerb shall not be allowed to be broken, unless to allow crossing into yards or premises. :No cart shall be allowed to stand on the footpaths. ", Building Permits for Boardings and Foot ways, 95. Every person obtaining a permit for the construction, alteration or repairs of a building where the kerb has been already laid or footpath asphalted, shall, prior to the issue of such permit, deposit with tho Treasurer to tho said Council a sum not exceeding Ten Pounds (as tho Building Surveyor may direct) aa security for tho necessary repairs to the footways or kerbing caused by carting material or othorwise for the purposes named in the permit, and shall obtain a receipt for the same, and upon repairs being completed to satisfaction of the Building Surveyor, the said deposit shall thereupon be returned, and on failing to execute the necessary repairs after 48 hours'notice from the Building Surveyor the same shall be done at his cost and risk, and deducted from tho amount of such deposit. " ; Boardings, <fie, for Brick Buildings. 96. During the erection of any brick or concrete building, the one-half of width of footway on outsida must bo left open and froo for the use of the public, tho contractor to erect a covering or verandah over the full width of the footway in front of such building as soon as the front wall of tho building is 14 feet in height from street ltvel j such covering to be of strong planks not less than two inches in thickness, with approved supports, and mado so as to be safe and watertight % •; When tho covering is erected all materials required for upper portion of building to bo carried by the workmen up over the covering, and not across the footpath underneath, a space outside of water channel twelve feet in width and length of building (in streets ninety feet in width) can be enclosed-for depositing materials, no drays to cross over the w'ater ehannel unless a proper crossing is made, leaving a free course for- the water. Crossing over footways,to be kept in good order and made to bear the traffic, and all damage made good on completion. In streets of less width than ninety feet a pro portionate allowance for deposit of materials will be granted, but in no case to exceed one-third of width of street. No person shall place, erect, or use any Engine or Mortar Mill on any portion of any public street. Hoardings, «$&, for Buildings with Stone JFVemte. -.- Mi •■■•» 97. During the erection of any building with a stone front, tho footway with ton feet of roadway must be securely enclosed and a four feet boarded path with hand-rail must be erected around such enclosure, always providing that the whole of such enclosure and boarded footpath shall not exceed one-third the wjdth of any street. : aie/ ,". .. Modifications. 98. If in the opinion of the said Council a full compliance with these by-laws, or any of them, would needlessly affect with injury the course and operations of business, or be attended with great loss and inconvenienoe to any persons without a > corresponding benefit to the community, the said Council may, on special application them, and with the adyico of the Building Sur veyor, relax the strict observance of any by-li w provided that such other terras as they may impose be complied with by the applicant. ' Disputes. v -u9- 9' Jl any dis Puto snaU arise between the .Building Surveyor and any persons respecting the meaning or operation of any of the foregoing by-laws tho question at issue shall be referred by the Building Surveyor to the said Council for their adjudication. 100. The Building Surveyor mentioned in these by-laws shall mean such officer as is or may hereafter be appointed by the said Council under such. designation, and is the same as the Borough Surveyor mentioned in the said Sub-section 5 of Section 349 of "The Municipal Corporations Act, 1876." Penalties. 101. Any person who shall violate or fail to do or observe any rules, matters, or things laid down in these by-laws, or shall make, do, suffer, permit, or allow to be done that which he is not entitled or allowed to do under tho authority of these by-laws, shall bo deemed guilty of an nffence, and for each such offence shall forfeit md pay any sum not exceeding five pounds, and a further penalty of any sum not.exceeding five pounds 'or any day during which such offence shall continue. ©J. M. OLAEK, Mayor. P. A. PHILIPS, Torn Clerk