STAR SATURDAY SUPPLEMENT.

AUCKLAND, SATURDAY, JULY 22, 1882.

THE DOCTRINE OF EVOLUTION.

[By T. W. Leys.]

THAT there are many broad general resemblances between man and the lower animals was not left for science to discover. The moat primitive savage mußt have ob served that the ordinary functions of life are discharged by organs and processes common to men and brutes. They both see with eyes, hear with ears, and smell through nostrils; each has ft heart, lungs, nerves, blood, and asaimlates food by a process that is com mon to all. It is a curious thing that these obvious and striking points of rosem blance, which appear on the surface, and may be easily apprehended by a mind in capable of following abstruse anatomical iavestigations, are rarely alluded to by the Darwinians in urging their cause Instead, we hear much about bones and skulls and ovules, and mysterious iutegra tions and differentiations, to the narration ot which the quidnunc lister* with gapiug mouth while the innocent doubter hides his abaslwd head. Yet as a strict matter ot tact no resemblance that has ever been dis covered under the an&tomist/s knife is half so striking as those we have enumerated, and wnich men's minds, from all time, have regarded with equa nimity. Why is it, then, that so little utrees is placed upon them by the ex pouudsrs of the doctrine of descent ? Well, partly, perhaps, because the man of science is nothing if not very learned, and it is more impressive to speak of the proportions of a lumbit vertebrae, or the shape and quality of a vitelline membraut, than to discourse upon the astound ing instinct which teaches a dog to relish a mutton chop for breakfast, a peculiarity marvellously developed in man. Though in both instances, the savoury morael passes down a gullet, finds assimilation through digestive organs, , and builds up the bones, the flesh, and the tissues with the aid of a heart, luogg, and blood-vessels. Yet who is so thoroughly proof against the fascination of scientific jargon as not to be more deeply impressed with the identity of a vitelline membrane than with a common penchant for muttoa chops ? The secret .of our amenability to an argument resting on allusions ot mysterious signifi cance lies, however, somewhat deeper than the respect which we pay to long words. When a man U told that he is a near rela tive to the dog because he eats, and sees, aud hears, as a dog does, he recognises at once the absurdity of the proposition, because while he recognises and acknow ledges at once the resemblance, he also sees and feels the overwhelming differences which dwarf the similarities into insig nificance. Be feels the possession of immeasurably higher faculties and powers, of nobler capacities, of a spirit that can i'ule the world, grasp the secrets of the infinite universe, and hold intercourse with the Great Father of Spirits, from whom it faas drawn its life and inspiration. But what can a man answer when he is con fronted with a lumber vertebrae and a ' vitelline meeibrane? What, indeed, but sigh and exclaim, " Then all is lost." It may perhaps afford some relief, how ever, to an unfortunate truth-seeker in this undone condition to know that if in the living man there are distinguishing marks which those who tuu may read, hisukeleton, whatever the general resemblances, pos sesses characteristics that are unmis takable, Huxley, an apostle of evolu tion, admits that — " The structural differences between man and eren the ' highest apes are great and significant; every bone of a gorilla bears marks by which It might bs distinguished from the corresponding bone of a man; and iv the present creation, at any rate, no interme diate link bridges over the gap between homo and troglodytes."* The hard, bony, sloping skull of the. monkey, and small brain capacity, its protruding jaws and powerful fangs fitted for fighting, • ltj thick shaggy hide, dissipate the impres sions which, the grotesque burlesque of a man's face is liable to create. The brain weight of a full grown gorilla is only lib, 6ozs.; that of the lowest Australian boßhwoman, 21b 40z3; Cuvier's brain weighed fib 40z3. Yon Baer, one of the most eminent physiologists of the century, ' proved that the feet of the monkey—which 1 ate really hands—form an impassable barrier between the man and the ape. It is scarcely .worth while to dwell further upon this part of the subject, since the idea that any known ape could advance to the capacity of man, in any conceivable numbsr ' of. ages, has long ago been abandoned by j all classes of Darwinists, The only thing contended for now is that the resemblances signify a common origin, a position which once mare lands us in questions of mere unsupported speculation and opinion, and science forsakes its true sphere. EMBRYONIC TYPES. ' . .Given a pre-conceived idea, and how leadily the mind discovers confirmation of it in a thousand trivial circumstances. The criminal detects the reflection of his guilt inevery human eye; the jealous Moor found fatal continuation of his mistress's faith lessness In the generous impulses of a good °?Mt J and who shall say how jaany inno centmen have forfeited life and freedom thtoogh a damning chain of false sugges tiou., "Eyen the gambler never fails to ana a connected system in the uncertain round oi chances that; are luring him on ward to destruction. But no gambler ever clung to straws so frail as those which have been gravely contended as for great planks v the evolution plattorm. The argument owed on what is termed embryology is one oi the most ridiculous of these. Darwin and Huxley were content to indicate the broad fact that the human ovum is no r larger than that of a dog, about 1.125 th of an inch in diameter, aud that in the early stages of development it M impossible, among the vertcrbrate ani mals, to distinguish one from the other, all oeingQeveloped in the same way; and that 'W more closely animals resemble one another in adult structure, the longer aud °ore intimately do their embryos ietain a general identity in appearance. Hreckel, however, whose theories—plastidule souls, d, % gemiis otmus— distinguish him as a • "HW ■>hfc' will not stick at trifles, W'V-tftaee further. He devised the Sm* -'Pps exhibited by Mr Demon in ' flatly,«. jinn'g jpjaee la Nature."

illustrating his lectures, representing vari ous stages in the embryonic development of man, a dog, a chicken, and a tortoise. Then pointing to four fissures which mark the embryo mammal at a very rudimentary period, he exclaims : " Ah, don't you see how like gills those are—old mother cod has left her mark." Pointing to the rudi mentary development of the spinal column, not yet filled ont, new ecstasies seize the agi tated professor, and he gasps "ccc now, we've Rot the tail; you may drop it hereafter, but there's no gotttug away from it here." But as one sceptical wri tort-has pointed out, a close examination of Hicck'el's plates xnakes it evident from the abnormal size of the head in' the embryo tortoise that the tor toise must have descended from the man, and not man from the tortoise, while the fish-gills have, got into the wrong place, being right across the front of the thorax instead of at the side, wheto as is shewn by Hreckel's own drawings of the embryooic fish, the true gills are actually developed. The upper fissures or folds on the embryo of the mammal, turn out upon Hicckel's confession to bo the rudimentary jaws: 11 The first pair of gill-arches differentiate into the rudiments of the upper and lower jaws." Carl Ernest Yon JBaer, who was described by Hreckel himself as " our greatest naturalist," and " & gifted and profound thinker r.nd biolo- Kist," until he vigorously assailed evolu tion, when llwckel lost faith in him, cleverly satirised the attempt to torca man in his embryonic state through tho scries of lower animals. He demonstrated that the germinal fissures, in the embryo, are appropriate to the vessels afterwards re veuled, and that in the whole process of development there is nothing distantly sug gestive of change from one type to another. That yon Baer is a man who speaks of what hi knows in this particular department of scientific research will be admitted wben it is mentioned that Huxley places his name first among the scientific investi gators who reduced to system the princi ples of embryonic development

Assuming, however, for sne moment, that these fissures do bear some resemblance to gill arches, and are on tbe side instead of on the front of the throat, and are not rudimentary jaws, what a dar ing flight of the imagination would be requisite to establish them as ancestral marks. Darwin tells us that " after twelve generations the proportion of blood, to use a common expression, from an ancestor is only 1 ia 2048." Starting with these figures, Mr A, W, Hall, an American writer, has calculated that at the 100 th generation the proportion of ancestral in fluence would be

One In 1,U«,7(10,203,157,979,f181,i58,633,757,928, And to reach the nearest fish a hundred miles of figures would hardly measure the traction. As the Darwinian theory admits in the law of heredity only a blood trans mission, what potent power that ancestral fisb. must ha/c had to have so impressed all its succeeding progeny countless years after the use for girls bad disappeared. But even Darwin's minute measure of ancestral in fluence is reduced from an expressible quan tity to an absolute myth within the first two or three generations by that constant process of. waste which brings about a com plete change in the component parts ot every body within the life of a single indi vidual, Huxley says: "Sa constant and universal is this absorption, waste, and re production, that ie may be said with per fect certainty that there is left in no one of our bodies at tbe present moment a millionth part of the matter of which they were originally formed." Z Yet Hreckel assures us, with respect to this childish attempt at resemblance, "I see one of the most im portant and irtcfutable proofs of the theory of descent," §

! Yon Baer depicts the bird as retaliating the argument of descent upon man by shewing that, in the embryonic state, tho human embryo has the same kind of airless bones, the same rudimentary head, the same thin feathefdhatts, but that man never advances to that highly organised state which would fit him for flight, or develops on his skin a warm coat of feathers, or, as an attachment to his skull, so useful an appendage as a beak. All that can be affirmed scientifically is what Hux ley has advanced, than the ovules of every species of mammalia so_ closely resemble each other as to elude microscopic observa tion. But Tyndall very justly observed, in his address as President of the British Association in 1870, that the microscope is useless, and may be positively mischievous when employed in determining the essential qualities of germ structure, which it is as incapable of discriminating as the changes of crystallization or the qualities of a diamond. We know, absolutely, from the results that, whatever the relative propor tion of size and microscopic appearance, every ovum must he as essentially different in its nature and qualities from every other seed, as the fully developed products are different from each other. Darwinism, to teach any lesson of evolution from the identity of ovules, should be able to show that the ovum of a dog will equally well produce a wolf, a lion, or a monkey. Nay accidents of this kind ought to be of com mon occurence, and the failure of species to propagate with each other is due to a strange andnnaccojmtableperversity_. While such obstinacy exists as an aggresive fact, however, similaiities in appearance of the germ teach us how utterly baffled all science stands in presence of this simple phenomenon of the development of varying life performed right under the micioscope. No intelligible suggestion has ever been hazarded in elucidation of the action of the vital forces in the germ, and yet, beaten away discomfited from the simpler inquiry, the learned theorist approaches with unbounded confidence that immeasurably vaster problem, the sources of that infinite variety of life with which the whole earth teems. KEVERSION. The evidence from Reversion advanced by Darwin may be conveniently classed with that of embryology; it is worth no more, and descends to equal, if not greater, absurdities. Reversions are supposed to consist of human malformations which make any near approach to an animal type, such as the misplacement of tnammte. Dar win, in his " Origin of Species,'1 calmly advanced a case of this kind as "revealing the descent of man from some lower form in an unmistakable manner." He_ was not unconscious, however, of the strain placed upon human credulity by the proposition, for in another paragraph he remarks :" No doubt it is a very surprising fact that char

actcrs should ro-nppear after Laving been lost tor many, probably hundreds of genera tions." Very surprising truly—so sur prisinu that no one who works out tlie proposition by the light of that 100 miles of figures will hesitate long iv detcnuitiinp the value of this evidence of a brine ancestry. Why v »uggestiou so monstrous should ever Lave been propounded is the more curious that any sensible old ' nurse might have supplied a better explanation. It is curious, however, to note how desperate the pursuit after mien links has beco,and into what a inuzu of con tradictions anil absurdities it tins lauded the sage profeawrs. In Siamese twins Dar win would ssc nothing but a monstrosity j in a child burn lame or blind, or with' four ftDgora instead of five, only a deformity ; au unusually welt developed child would be a favourablo variation by muural selection. But a misplaced mamma would be 11 reversion inherited pro bably from some animal that lived millions of years ago, whose fossil boned lie deep down in the womb of the earth. And this is what Bcicaca has come to in the nine teenth century, under the guiduaco of evolutionary ethics

If there is any principle at all about the law of natural selection, and the phenomena of reversals, how comes it that ia circumstances where a re versal to a former typa is tempted by peculiarly favourable conditions, it invariably refuses to come, liow gladly would the frozen Esquimaux welcome the warm coat and thick aide of his counterfeit ancestor; bat hia skin, as proved by scien tific examination, is essentially the same as that of man inhabiting the binning tropic zone. Archdeacon Mituuscll, in aii admir able pamphlet published several years ago, mentions that at Isabel Island, Melanesia, there arc a people uho have built their houses in trees SO or 90 foet hiyh; born and bred in trees, ascending them by bamboo ladders and running along the branches in a perfectly erect ,posture with the acrobatic skill that comes of long prac tice. Yet they have m»de no progress to wards a development of prehensile power in the foot, nor do they exhibit a single reversionary type in the direction of tlie ape. Kvery where around we have evidence of the rapid return of the cultivated plant to its original type; of the readiness with which the varieties produced in domestic animals by variation arc thrown aside. Can we doubt that if there was any reversionary tendency in man towaidsa brute type the crucial tests applied to him in his wide distribution over the earth, under every variety of climate, and exposed to the worst struggle for existence, would de velop them somewhere? If, therefore, the structural unity of man in every essential re spect throughout the globe fails to convince any investigator that whatever our ancestry may have been, the final transmutation dates to a period tovlong ago for the per petuation by heredity of ancestral traces in embryonic types and reversion, he has reached that mental state when reason is made impregnable by an armour of preju dice. Wo only ask that when instances of the kind iv living species are presented for an investigator's judgment he will rid bib mind of absurdly laboured theorief, and apply to them those rules of common eeose which are his ordinary guide in daily lite. The inferences that may fairly be drawn from the existing resemblances between man and the lower creation will be indicated when other points have been considered. For the next paper, an examination of the arguments based upon rudimentary organs and the uniformity of physical structure is proposed.

Diamond Dust.

It is a sad fact that it is a vast deal easier to have a hot controversy adout rcli< gion thau it is to live religiously. If we would have powerful minds, we must think; if faithiul hearts, we must love; if powerful muscles, we must la bour.

If there is anything 'good in philosophy it is.this, that it does not regard nobility. All, if we look back to their first origin, are sprung from the gods. Whatever comes from the brain carries tho hue of the place it came from, and what ever comes from tbe heart carries the heat and colour of its birthplace. If you wish success in life make persever ance your bosom friend, experience your wiae counsellor, caution your elder brother, and hope your guardian.

There is no place iv toe wide world like home. It is the dwelling-place of our heart's pleasures, and the first of our lives we owe to it and its inmates. To make it pleasant and attractive should be the aim of every man.

Youth gives us tho prospect of a long life, but we seldom think of rationally providing for its enjoyment. It is when the term of it has been abridged by the flight of its best years that we bacome anxious to secure the comforts of the brief portion that remains to vis.

Some men seem to have a constitutional inability to tell the simple truth. They may not mean to lie, or to tell an untruth, hut they are careless—careless in hearing, careless in understanding, careless in repeat ing what is said to them. These well-mean ing but reckless people do more mischief than those who intentionally foment strife by deliberate falsehood. There is no fire brand like yonr well-meaning'busyboby. who is continually in search of scandal, and by sheer habit misquotes everybody's state ments.

A Dead Man Dining.

WniLST residing at Rome, I paid a visit to the Lunatic Asylum there, and aruoog the most remarkable patients was one pointed out to me who bad been saved with much difficulty from inflicting death upon himself, by voluntary starvation in bed, under an impression that he was defunct, declaring that dead people never eat. Ie was soon obvious to all that the it sue must prove fatal when the humane doctor thought of the following plan. Half-a-dozen of. the at tendants, dressed in white sheets, andth<*ir faces and hands covered with chalk, were inarched in single file, with dead silence, into a room adjoining that of the patient, when he observed them tluough a door way, purposely left open, sit down to a hearty meal. " Hallo !" Baid be that was de ceased, presently, to an attendant, •' who are they?" "Dead men," was the reply, "What!1 rejoined the corpse, "do dead men eat?", '"To be sure they do, as you see," replied the attendant. "If that's the case," exclaimed the defunct, "I'll join them, for I'm famished,"and thus instantly was the spell broken,

IS IT ANYBODY'S BUSINESS.

Is it anybody's business it a gentleman should choose To call upon n lady, if tho lady don't refuse ? Or to speak a littlo iilaincr, that tho meaning all may know. Is it anybody's buainoss if a lady has a beau ? Is it anybody's haalnoss when a gonUoraau doefi call, Orwhon ho loaves the lady, or. if ho leaves at Or Is it necessary tho Venetians should be drawn To save from furthor trouble tho oiitoldc lookers-on J Is it anybody's business, but tho lady's, If tho bi-nu ldies out with othor ladiea, anil doesn't lot her know i Is it anybody's business, but the gentleman's, if shy Accepts another escort when he doesn't chanoo to bo? If a person's promenading, whether #rcat or whether small, Is It anybody's busluoss whero that person mcuns t > oall i Or if you sco a person, and hoculllng anywhere, Is it anybody's business what his buainissa may bo thcro! The subject of my question, briefly stated; would bo this: Is it a<>ybody'H businossiwhat another's business is? If it is, or If it isu't, I should really like to know : I'or I'm certain ah i 3 n't, there iuo somo who make it so. If it id, I'll join the rabble, mid tun tho moaner part 0/ tho Tattler and Detainer, who throng tho public, mart; Bat if not, I'll act Hie teacher, until the meddler lwurnß It were better, for the future, to mind his own conoerns.

BE GENTLE TO THE NEW LAID EGG.

By iioward Paul. Bo ffontlc to the new-laid egg ; Tlie product of the lion. In omiotto form or lightly boiled. So much beloved of men. If onco you broak the fra#llo shell, Tho wrong you ainnot right, Tho yolk and white will all emerge— 'Tin not a pleasing Bight I Act promptly with tho now-laid egg, It should bo eaten quick; It's toothsomo ajuber depths enshrine Tho " makings^ of a chick ; So when you lilt it from tho nest. Most caroful bo, I beg, No urtlst lives whose cunning skill Cao mend a broken esg! T lion touch it with a gentle hand, For till the egg Is boiled, Who knows but accidentally It may bo dropped mid spoiled. Who'd coarsely treat those- milk-white shells Ought soundly to ho thrashed; For eggs, liko youthful purity, Arc awful whun thoy'ro smashed !

A Reminiscence of Byron.

In Florence we resided at a large boarding establishment, kept by a Mdruc. dv Planti, in a house which had formerly been Mdmc. De Staer's, in tho Via Scala. There were some thirty boarders in' this house, and here we remained two years, occupied with our studies. During a part of this time the poet Shelley, his wife and infant, were inmates of the same house, and we soon made their acquaintance. They were very kind to us, and Shelley proposed to mamma that if she would accompany them to Pi"a, where Lord Byron was resident, he would himself undertake William's education, but mamma declined, saving she was fear ful her husband would be displeased if she allowed an intimacy between her family imd Lord Byron's. (Indeed, she was half afraid he would not approve of our friend ship with Shelley and his wife.) Dining my leisure hours I was always in the Shelleya' apartments. The poet would place his infant in my lap and bid me amuse myself with a live doll, while he continued hia writing, Both Shelley and his wife were delightful, and when they loft some months afterwards, we were very sorry. One day Shelley told me Lord Byron was coming next day to visit him. In vain I implored mamma to let me be with them when the great poet came, hut she would not hear of it. I told Shelley this with tears in my eyes, and he said —" Well, little woman, if mamma won't let you be in the same room with tbe ogre, if you are very anxious to see him, look through the keyhole, and I will place him so that you shall have a full view of him." So, next day, VV illic and I went on tiptoe to Shelley's door aiid peeped through the keyhole. We were so fascinate I, alternately watching the great poet, that we remained there some time. At last Byron began to fidact, and said—" I say, Shelley, I don't know how it is, but I feel as if some one was watching me." Shelley smiled, and pointing to the door told him what we were doing, and who we were ; and also that mamma would not nllow ua to make his acquaintance. " I had no idea," said the poet, " I bore such a very bad name. I should be very glad to know the young people, and their mother too, if she would permit it." He then got np and came towards the door ; but we fled down the passage, while he and Slielley stood laughing. That was tho first and last I saw of tiyron.-"All the Year Round.')

A Terrible Quarter of an How.

Mrs. S. J. Miodleton of Mobile, U. S., can certainly boast of as much nerve an anyone o£ her sex. She was one evening in her boudoir putting away some article of jewellery, when she noticed that the peculiar position of a library larao that was burning upon a choir in the b ick part of the room had thrown upon the floor, almost at her feet, the shadow of a man who was crouching under a broad-topped ornamental table in tho centre of the room. She also remarked that the open hand of the shadow had but two lingers, arid r.-membered that several dtsperate burglaries had recently taken place in the neighbourhood, and a negro desperado was suspected, who was known to have lost two' fingers. Instead of fainting with fear, or shrieking for help, the bravo ludy seated her?elf at the very table underneath which the niiscreaant lay Concealed, and rang for the servant " Hand me writing materials, Bridget," said she with perfect calmness. "I want you to take a noto this instant to Mr Forfar, the jeweller, and have him send you back with my diamond necklace and car-rings which 1 left there for repairs." The note was at once written aud despatch ed, but, instead of being in the tenor that she had signified, it was a hasty note to the jeweller, in which she succinctly stated her terrible position, and urged him to hasten to her relief with the requisite police assis tance. The agonies which the refined and delicate woman underwent when left alone in the house, with the consciousness of tho presence of that desperate robber crouched under the very table upon which she leaned, aud perhaps touched by her very skirts, can be better imagined than deicribed. Suffice it to say that the police came and the robber was taken to prison,

ODDS AND ENDS.

A fool and au acordeon arc both easily drawn out. The Earl of Fife has no match in Eng land. That is, there is no Eai 11 f Drum. Why should a postal card be alluded to in the feminin* gender? Eocause it can't keep a secret. You may know mock modesty as you do mock turtle, from its being the product of a calf's head. There's no disgrace in bciiiK poor, The thinsj is to keep quiet and not let your neighbonrs know anything about it. " Never send a present hoping for one in return." Never. Get your present iirst, always, and send joura when you have time. i " Amateur Gardener " wauts to know the easiest way to make a hothouse. Leave a box of parlour mauiho* where the baby can play with them. | A corre-pondeut refers to Oscar Wilde as " a glucose di.-ciple of the beautiful." This is the severest blow glucose has yet received. " Why did yon not send for me s-ioncr '!" asked the doctor of a patient. " Weli, you see, doctor, I couldn't make up my mind to do anything desperate," It is the little things that fret and worry us. A three-year-old boy may keep a man in perfect misery, whereas no such trials would accompany the presence of his eighteen-year-old sisler, Who always finds a tooth to fill, A root to pull, a nerve to kill, And thcu tends in his " little bill ?" My dentist. " I don't believe in fashionable churches," said.a lady ; " but;after aU.considering that we are all to get to the Bamuhc<tven ,per hapsit'sbetter to keep up the social dis tinction as long as we can," English doctors say that plants in sleep ing-rooms are unhealthy. French doctors say that they produce sweet slumbers. American doctors don't say anything about it, but charge it in tho bill. "If ever I inarrv I shan't seek for mind, mind's too old. I'll choose an emotional woman." " Don't rlo it," cngerly exclaimed his bald-headed friend. "Don't do it, 1 implore you. My wife's an emotional woman." "No," he said, as they congratulated him on his cngagenv.-nt. " I'm not so par ticularly charmed with the girl, but I ex pect to be vory happy. Her mother is about the best tempered woman I know of." It was at a party. Miss Angelina had been persnaded to preeide at the piano. "There,"said Sernphina, as Angelina took up a piece of music, "she Has taken a tune from tho r*ck and now she will put us all on it." A fashion writer says :—" A r.ither novel ahadc in bonnets has a tall, steeple-like projection rising above tho wearer's head." :To preserve tbe unities, a steeple-like pro ; jeetioa which begiaa in vanity should end la vane. ; Gentleman (by request of lady) : " Guard, put the lady ofF at the next corner." Polite new guard : "Excuse me, sir]; seems as how she s a behavin' of herself ; don't seem no occasion for proccedin' to ex tremes."



t " The Problem of Human Lite," by A. "VV, BUIL 1 Lacturen on " The Origin ot 8p3olo3." § " History ot Croatian," vol. 1.



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