SKULL, BRAIN, and MIND.

[By J. I>. Slmms, M.D.]

NEW DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THEM.

(Continual from ow last.)

" TltElvallirs aro 5 feet S inches high, with large heads, foreheads high and well deve loped ; page 289, " Kaces of tlio Old World," Livingstone. They havo no more sense than the aborigines of North America. "There Is no proper race form of the cranium. The samo measure of skull, tho same types, ■whether of a classical purity and beauty, or Of savage degradation, appear in individuals of all races. Tidinau has mot wiih Germans whose skulls bore all tho characteristics of the negro races, and an inhabitant of Nuki liavra, according to Silesius and Hlumcn bach, agreed exactly in his proportions with the Apollo BolWdore ; page 471, "Kaces of tho Old World, 18G4." George Bancroft, America's greatest his torian, "Is tall, thin, and stooped, head rather small, faco long and thin, eyes youth ful and kindly, mouth oxpreßsive of deci sion, thick white hsir, and long beard."— "Oakland Tribune," California, June 4, ISBO.

" Captain Cook waa tall, vigorous frame ; bis head is described as small. He was a man of extraordinary natural sagacity, for titude, and integrity, kind-hearted." Page 253, vol. 1., " Book of Day*," Chambers Edinburgh. "Ho pewssod in an eminent degree nil the qualifications requisite for his profession, and sreat undertaking, to gether with the amiable and worthy quali ties of the best men); cool, sagacious, active ateady, vigilant, cautious, fertile, always possessing himself, and the full use of a sound understanding j" f'nm tho "Travsls df Captain Cook," published in three volume* by the Kuglish Uovcmment. "Fourier : head was not largo: page 485, vol. 1., " Uook of Days," Chambers, Edin burgh. Ilichard Henry Stodart has a low, re treating forehead ; Sciibnor's, 12th of Sep tember, 1881, Ho is one of the ablest writers in the United Statos.

"Charles Lamb : Small tiguro and bead not rcnurkablo fer much bcsidei its expres sion of warm good-will, and its singular likeness of sir Walter Scott; page SS, 11 Eclectic Magazine," July, 1577. " William of Orange, or William of Nassau, The Silent: Founder of the inde youdence of the Netherlands ; his head was small. Uis intellectual faculties were various), and of. tho highest order. In mili tary gcaiuH, cecond to no soldior of bis age. In the world's bead-roll of fame there aro few, if any, more beautiful characters than that of tha patriot prioco;" pago 50 "Illus trious Soldiers," by J. G. Wilson.

Francis Jeffrey: "ilia head wag small —indeed, the opponents of phrenology have asserted thiit his head was so smn.ll, that it was enough of itself to overthrow that sciouco; founder of tho ' Edinburgh ileviow.' He became an oraclo of taste in poetry, litonitu.ro, and art;" page 141 " Brief Biographies," by Smiles. A hattor in Broadway, Now York, by the name of lSoobo, wo were informed in his own hat shop, wears a '21J-inch bat, and is ono of thebaatbusinesainonandmoatlntelligent. We learned from hatters in Mr Becbe's maunfactorv in New York, that Geo. Channing,'an eminent and able author and diviue, wore a hat the same size of Mr Bcebe's. Also, the same men informed me they sold hats to a captain of a vessel, who is a manufacturer as well as an unusually intelligent man, for his own nse, of 20J inches in size ia horizontal circumference. They also said that Mr Lockwood, Nor walk, Connecticut, U.S.A., wears a 25-inch hat, but with a head 1£ inch larger than Danial Webster, yet ho is nothing when compared intellectually with Webster. Mr iloyt also wears a, 25-inch hat; he has made no mark in the_ world, Bcebe and Co. sell 25 bats of 24-inch size every year, and yet those who wear them arc common minded men. A clerk in Kuox's hat shop, New York, informed me that they sell 400 to 500 huts ench year that measure to tit 24 ---inch ncadn and upwards, Hogland, hatter, 247 Greenwich-street, New Yoik, sold to an ordinary business man a 25-inch hat, and sells several 24-inch hats each year to men unknown beyond their own social circle. He sells a 20|-iach hat to a mau who holds an important position in tho New York and Eric Kailroa4 Company. Tho Kentucky giant is healthy and wears a 2G-inch hat, and ha* no superior powers of mind over other common men. Gentlemen* inform us that Hon. Ed ward Langton, ercat free-trade advocate ia Victoria (-vustralia), accountant and average adjuster, has a very small head. Plenty of talented men there arc in New South Wale*, as wall as In other countries, with very small heads. A rule may be laid down that warm climates pro duce small heads, while cold regions gener ally produce large ones; at least the avcrago size of head,1) is much larger in all cold climates, regardless of race or nation, hence there must be some general law producing this natural result. We deem that the brain is an organ of vitality, and, as more lite force Is required in cold climates to keep tho bodily organs performing their functions, hence, in order to supply the greater need in cold latitude?, nature gives mau a larger brain. The brain, through the nerves which reach all parts of the body, feeds and gives life to it, and sustains the spirit. As proof that it gives life to every par» of the body, cut a nerve, and life, motion, and all feeling ceases in portions where that nerve extend?. The spirit thinks, and that is the man. Now let us prove that small brains are tound in warm climates and large ones in cool regions. " The average internal capacity of the Peruvian skull is only 73 cubic inches, that of the i ol lee skull 77, that of the barbarous tribes 82, so that the extraordinary anomaly is presented of larger brains being possessed by the barbarous tribes than by the nations who achieved no mean degree of civilisation in Central America and Peru, The average .European skull is 93 cubic inches in bulk." Page42B "Eclectic Magazine," 1863. Central Peru is only 10 degrees south of the equator, hence it 13 vbry warm, espe cially near the sea-coast, where it never rains, and also on the eastern plains, where it is hot. The Guinea negro has a very small brain,e3pecially he from LowerSuinea, along the coast, where it ia extremely hot. The Nubian negro along the Mile has a head larger than the lower Guinea negro, because one lives under the equator, and the Nubian lives 20 degrees north of the great heat belt. When we visited Cairo in JS^ypt we found the Copts, or ancient Egyp tains, with larger heads than the. Nubians. The same may be said of the Arabs of Cairo. The Arabs at Jerusalem, which lies high above the sea, and U cooler than Egypt, have larger heads than we found among the same nation in Cairo, Egypt, If the altitude is highcrin the same latitude the heads will be found to he larger than In low altitudes, because of the colder air. The Greeks at Athens have small head», the French hare heads still larger than the Greeks at Athens. Nubian negro skulk have an average capacity of 1400 centime tres. Aboriginal Australian skulls average 13uO cubic centimetres, Copts, or ancient Effvptnins' skulls reach an average of a trifle over 1500 centimetres. The French skulls at.Paris average 1550 cubic centi metres. Take the Nubian negroes, which

according to Barkow, Peacock, and Zfcdmnn. average 44 3-10tlis ounces of brain, The French average 40 9-10tbs ounces of brain. The brain, situated as a grand reservoir at the top or highest part in all high animal life,, gradually sends its ncrve-lluiii to exery portion of the body to give life, sensation, and power to move. The brain is not an organ of thought, any more than the 1 cart, lungs, stomach, liver, or other bodily organs ; yet it undoubtedly feeds the spirit with nerve-fluid through the pineal gland. The Knghsh average 48 ounces of brain, 'the German average is 48 3 lOths according to Waguer, whiln Peacock stutns that the brain weight ot Scotchmen is 50 ounces. From our own observations these figures aro correct, and also that Swedes and Norwe gians have larger brains than the Scotch. The Kußsians and Swedes of the northern moat sections of thoir countries have larger heads relatively than those bora and living In the southern parts of thoso countries. The Lapp 9, Icelanders, Grceolandcr.l aud Esquimaux in gcnoral havo the largest heads of all wo have measured any where. The English of Northern Englaud havo larger beads than those of southern England. The Scotch of Uanfl' and Abordeon havo larger heads than those of Glasgow or .Edinburgh. On enquiring nt 12 wholeealo hat shops in New Yoric in 1875, the in variuble answer was, " We send our largest hats to the north-east and north-west, the middle-abed hats are ueiit to the middle States, and thu smallest sizes generally g» to the extreme south." In Australia, batters inform mo that largo size bats go to southern New Zealand and Tasmania, the coolost portions of Australasia, while more small sizes go to Queensland, where it is constantly warm, George Dußford, a batter at Walt Lake, which has an altitude of 4000 feet above sea level, informed us that ho sells annually 12 to 15 men's hats tint measure from 23? inches to 21$ inches), and they ara known as common men. Mr Cureless, a merchant mid fine niutician, of Salt Lako, wear's a hat of 20| incurs. The name hatter stated he Bella the last mentioned size lists to 10 to 15 men yearly, and none of them are idiotic ; All are possessed of good hcii.su. Many of those small heads como from Europe. The hatter said thoso were children's size, used for bovsof three years. The bandmaster at Camp Denniion in 187 C wore a 2-1 i inch hat, and yet manifested only fair common sense, nothing more " According to the ' Hatter's Gazette,' the heads of the inhabitants of Great Brftain havo progressively diminished during the list 25 years." It is known that intelligence has increased in that country during that time, and that may bo the causo of that diminution. " Largo tumors, slowly formed, may exist within the skull without a sympt"m. Dr. Marshall Hall, on diseases, pago 928, " Lancet," London, March 24th, 1838-It matters little If the brain is encroached upon. Audrltl says, " Too much or too little blood sent to the brain affect the mind and body the mime; the hums, heart; stomach, liver, kidneys and speech are all affected the samo with too much cr too littlo blood." Page 522, " Lnncet," London, 183 G. So, a brain or body may be too small or too largo to givo good sense. The secret of great mental power is a ju*t proportion in all bodily and spiritual pails working in harmony. From observations on those who have been instantly decapitated by tlie nuilotine, it has been assorted that tho body can display post mortem passions and resentments." (Page 5G2, " Human Physiology," by Dr. John W. Draper.) " Harper's Jonrnal" recorded similar facts, ai have several French periodicals of science. Ch. ltobin, of Paris, made experiments upon the headless body of a criminal, and tho decapitated body performed regular move ments of defence ai sensibly and as definitely as men do with heads and brains, (Page 90 •' Jonrnal de 1' Auatotnie, by Üb. Robin, Paris, 1860 ; also pago 177, " The Brain and its Functions," by J. Luge, M.D., London, 1881.) We are forced to concludo thiitthis brain is not so important a factor in the exhibition of miad as some persons would wish to lead us to snpposo. The hynienoptera—iniccte having four mem braueous wings—have do brains, neither have wasps.spiders, caterpillars/honey bees, or ants; and yet where do we find better mechanism displayed than in the honey comb, the cocoon, of tho silkworm, or tho web of a snider?

"Place under common point of view the doings of caterpillars, ants, and wasps with tbe high resolves of savants and emperors." (Page 604, Draper's " Physio logy.")

"The atudant of comparative pyschology cannot too sooon divert himsolf ot the erro neous popular idea that brain and mind are synonymous." W. Lander Lindsay, in the "Minds of the Lower Animals," pages 3, 4, and 5, vol. 11., Applcton and Co,, New- York, ISSO. Muller, Lawes, Laycock, Mnudsley, Carpenter, Sir Wm. Hamilton and others have expressed the same views as Lindsay. Muscular men have wide heads, because the large muscles on the sides of tho skull pulling daily while chewing pull the side plates outwards, Bony men, with stronger hones and less powerful mnsclcs, have narrow long heads. There art! signs of character in the form of the skull, rjut they are less reliable, not so easily scanned, and there are not one-tenth as many a* in the face. The form of tho head is principally given by the bones and muscles, and not by the brain as some believe. Dr. Goo. Combe, the greatest and ablest of all phrenologists, acknowledges in tho following lines that tho face induates mental changes move truly and readily than the head. Speaking of Sir Walter Scott, he says, " Sfr Walter's vigour, both bodily and mentally, had by that time declined, and bis features had lost partof their mental ex pression. The bust bears evidence in the features of this decay of power, but there is no reason to believe that the disease had at that time existed so long as to cause any diminution of the skull." Page 33. vol.' I. Mo. 5, " American Phrenological Journal, Philadelphia, U.S.A., February 1, 1839," proving conclusively, by a groat phrenolo gist, that the faco is a truer index of the existing character than tho skull. From practical experience with skull and face for nearly 30 years, we coincide with Mr Combe fully on this matter.

It has been asserted that cultured men have thin, skuils. This is erroneous. Besides, history informs us that Parson's skull wasjthe thickest ever observed. A gas six bad a very thick skull, 111 had Auguste Comte, the author of the " Positive Jt'hilo- Bopby "in France. Another error is that. "size, other conditions being equal, is a measure of brain power," Other conditions are never equal in any two persons, hence this proposition foils itself by being un tenable.

Having shown that Prince Talleyrand had a very small head, and yet was the ablest man of bis .time ; also, that John Selden, England's ripest scholar; Raphael, the ablest painter the world ever produced; Byron, the greatest poet of modern, if not of all times; Captain Cook, England's greatest discoverer; William of Orange, " The Silent," and General Washingtan, two able generals, patriots, and founders of independent nations, each possessed a great mind, and that notwithstanding a small head. llopiag these linea may encourage small headed persons; and give to the -vorld as true, analyses of- the ill-understood brain and nerve functions.

Dogs as Drunkards.

The fact that even dogs are inclined to in temperance is unknown to many who hold them in high estimation, but such is the fact, especially in bull and spitz dogs. Mr Sam Wyman, who keeps the ssloon in Louisville, Ky., owns a largcTnill dog who is a confirmed drunkard. Ho has gotten so addicted to drinking that he resorts to all sorts of means to get beer, and sometimes shows great cunning in getting a drink of his favourite beverage. The fact had be come generally knswn, and yesterday seve ral gentlemen determined to watch him, Every morning Mr AVyman sets his empty beer kegs out on the sidewalk for the col lector, and leaves the bung out, there being always more or less beer in the bottom ot each keg. As soon as the kegs were set down and the proprietor gone insjde the saloon, the dog approached from hia post, and after smelling the kegs with the air of a connoisseur, selected the . one which he teemed to think contained the most beer, and putting ono of his paws against it, pushed the keg over. He then proceeded to push the keg until it got close to the edge of the kerbstone, and turning the bung down, got out into the street, and as the beer ran out eagerly lapped it up. The process was repeated until every keg had been drained, and after lickiDg the edges of the keg, the dog trotted off evidently not having gotten enough. This process the dog repeats every d*y, and sometimes more beer is left in the kogs for his benefit, and he gets beastly drank. This instance brings to mind another case of a dog in Indianapolis, which was very much addicted to drinking. The doe was .known as "Old Jack," and was considered a member of the Fire Department, as he always stayed at the engine house, and went to every fire, riding on the front of the engine.. Next to the engine house was a saloon where he used to get beer in the same manner as the dog in LovisVillc, and also used to get drunk. About a year ago he went out one day, and there happened to bo more beer than usual in the kegs, and he accordingly got drunk. While he was drinking an alarm was turned in and tho engine passed him. He attempted to jump on the seat in front, but was too drunk, and, falling beneath the wheels, was crushed to death.

Apropos to the subject of drunken dogs, we find the following in "Maxwell's Wanderings ": - "Many years ago, I had a retriever of the poodle species. He was a middle-sized, active dog, a first-rate waterman, with a nose 80 particularly sensitive that no object, however minute, could escape its ' delicate investigation.' Philip was the hardiest animal in the world—no sea would prevent him from carrying a dead bird through the boiling breakers—and I have seen him follow and secure a wounded mallard, although in tne attempt his logs were pain fully scariiied in breaking through a field of ice scarcely the thickness of a crown. Philp, though of French extraction, had decidedly Irish partialities. He delighted in a glass of grog; and no matter with what labour and constancy he bad retrieved a too slightly wounded diyer, a s|oup of whisky-and-water made him the happiest dog alive. And then it affected bim so funnily—he would play all sorts of antics, and twirl round, after his own tail, .until, after sheer giddiness, be rolled over drunk •upon the carpet; and he was so good humoured in his cups, that he would tolerate a strange cat, and submit to everything but indignity,"

A Coal-Heaver Succeeds to an English Earldom.

Connellsville (Pa.), July 13. — This modest town has a genuine sensation. It consists in the discovery that among the labourers in the railroad shops is numbered a genuine nobleman. His name is Eger ton Davis. Two years ago ho came here rngged and -weary, and applied for aid at the hands of the Rev. W. I< . Sfoner, rectoi of the Episcopal Church. Representing himself as a devotee of that faith and in want, the rector aided him, not only in supplying his needs but in procuring cmpleyment. As the result of tbe clergy man's influence, the tramp was given woik as » coal-heaver in the employ of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Subse quently he was promoted to grease-wiper in the round-house, and thence to work in the carpenter shop. In every place he worked assiduously and faithfully. By good behaviour he won upon the esteem of tho comniunity. He kept up a correspon dence with his wife in England, who has just informed him hy letter that by the death of an uncle he succeeds to the title of Earl of Elscmcre, with an income of £50,000a year.

His story is an interesting one. Born at Liverpool in 1837, he was educated at Eton. Then reverses came and he learned the trade of a cabinet-maker, and subsequently engaged in business with an extensive coal and iron firm. Then health failed him and he came to America, landing in New York. After repeated misfortunes there he went to Philadelphia, where he was robbed of his effects. After an unsuccessful effort to recover his stolen property, in which all his resources were exhausted, he then became a tramp and visited all tho cities of the United States, terminating his nomadic life with his appearance here two years ago. He is a man of good address and pre possessing appearance, and though his accession, to wealth and station is sudden, it causes less surprise than might be ex pected. Ho left to-day for England.

"Try, Try Again."

"If at first you don't succeed, try, try, try again." This motto was the guiding principle of James' life. When James first essayed to smoke a cigaretto he turned deadly pale, and was very sick; hut he Was not the boy to weakly succumb to so trivial a thiug as a cigarette. He tried aeain and again, and though he was repeatedly quite ill in consequence of his bravery, hepersisted until ho could smoke any number of cigar ettes with impunity. In time he conquered the legitimate cigar itself, and chews tobacco with all the grace and efficieny of man-of war's man. Frederick also tried to smoke a cigarette. He lacked the persistency of James. He was fickle in the extreme. Be wished very much to smoke, but hardly had he puffed at a cigarette five minutes when he lost all interest in the diverson, and pro ceeded to dispossess himself of his dinner. Frederick not only failed wofully upon this initial attempt, bu the surrendered uncondi tionally to his internal remonstrances and gave up the battle forever. Japes has no end of amusement in rmfiSng his smoke in the faces of young ladies on the street, and. in decorating the sidewalks with fluid, to bacco ; while Frederick, besides losing all this ■Dleasure, is burdened with small change which might have been so profitably ex pended upon nicotine had he possessed the true manly courage Which distingushed James from himself.—"Boston Tran« script,"

Printed ana Published by tho Proprietor. Henbv Brett, of Symonds-street, at his General Printing Office, Wspdham-Btreet, in the Pro vlnco or Auckland, New Zealand. I Saturday, Auauar 86,1888.

STAR SATURDAY SUPPLEMENT, AUGUST 26, 1882.



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THE want of a reliable remedy for Rheu matism, Sciatica, Gout, Lumbago, &c, has lons been felt as one of the greatest calamities of the age. While other means and medicines having been proving them selves vain and delusive, this remedy has been silently and steadily unloosing the cruel fingers of disease, and freeing captive men from their deadly embrace. The people are now requested to give BLOOD RESTORER a fair and impartial trial. And the Proprietor would have it distinctly understood that the cures of Rheumatism, &c, are due entirely to his Medicine's Wonderful Effect upon the Blood, by its Cleansing, Purifying, and Invigorating power, u2 Impurity and Inactivity of the Blood is the cause of most sickness and pain. After a course of this medicine, blood-vessels— which have become, as it were, choked up with unhealthy matter—become exhilarant with pure scarlet life-blood, flowing na« turally along, and imparting in its course vigour and strength to the entire syntem. • HITCHENS' CELEBRATED BLOOD DESTO RE -I XV. The Kenovator of the Human Blood. No more Physical Degeneration if the Laws of Health are observed, ordinary care exercised, and BLOOD RESTORER freely taken. TJITCHENS' rf^ORDIALISED T> L 0 O D -pESTOEER (Price, £2 per case net), , Is a healthy and palatable summer drink when mixed with Lemonade or similar beverages. Without the great remedial properties of the MEDICINAL Blood Restorer, it is still of like character in its action on the human system, and is specially manufactured for HOTEL USE. To be had Wholesale of L. D. NATHAN & Co., Sole Agents., TTITCHENS1 BLOOD RESTORER. We have received the following Testi monial anent this remedy, and publish it for general information. « L. D. NATHAN & CO. "Anckland, January 12, 1882. "'Messrs L. D. Nathan & Co., Auckland. " Sirs,—l am fulfilling an urgent request of Mrs Andrews, of Lord Howe's Island, in the Pacific, in stating to you and to Mr Kitchens the extraordinary cure made in her case by the use of Hitcbens' Medicinal Blood Restorer. Living on the Island, I am an eye-witness of the fact, and feel it a duty both'to Mr Hitchens and to tho general public to testify to the really won derful effect of that medicine. "Mrs Andrews was for four or five years a martyr to agonising pains in her hip • medical men calling it sciatica. She bad been treated for it by the several doctors of the British men-o'-war visiting the Island from time to time, without the slightest relief to the intense pain. She was afterwards taken to Sydney, hoping for [some relief, if not a permanent care, from treatment of tho medical men of that city. She was told she was suffering from the hip disease, and her case was incurable. Without a ray of hope to lighten her future life; pain and despair her constant attendants, her case was really deplorable. Mr C. X Ponder, the Manager of the Guano Company at Lord Howe's Island, one day recommended cer to try Hitchens' Blood Restorer, as the remedy was just becoming known at the Islands, through the advertisement of Oppermane's cure, testified to the German Consul. Mrs AnJrews readily yielded to the recommen dation, and sent for two bottles to Mr Hitchens, Auckland. Within three weeks after using it she was able to rise and walk with the use of the crutch, and the pain in the hip was entirely gone. The medicinal action vas truly marvellous, and her gratitude to Mr Hitchens ia expressed daily in her prayers thanking God for her relief. "It is my firm belief that another two or three bottles—unfortunately not ob tainable without long delay—would have wrought such a complete cure as to make crutche3 unnecessary. On my return to Lord Howe's Island, I shall take a stock of this wonderful medicine, so that a supply will _never be quite out; for no words of mine can adequately express my faith in its curative properties, after seeing* the result of it in Mrs Andrews' case. " I am, dear Sirs, " Yours faithfully, " Thos. Geo. Chas. Nichols, "Master Mariner. 11 I certify to the correctness of the above in every particular, Charles C. Pondek. Declared before mo this 13th day of January, 1882. ' ■ P. A. Phillips, j.p., > AGENCIES. We are Sole Agents and Importers of the undermentioned, viz.:— Read Bros. Dog's Head Ale and Stout Bisquit, Dubouche & Co.'a Brandies Wolfe's Schnapps J.ounde's Key Rum Taylor's Irish Whisky Tattersall & Campbell's Scotch do. Roht. Burnett & Co.'s Vinegar Hudson's Extract of Soap Goodall's Yorkshire Relish Lanman & Kemp's Florida Water Perry Davis & Sou's Painkiller Bristol's Pills and Sarsaparilla Hitchon's Blood Restoier Allen's Lung Balsam The Kaipara(N.Z.) Canning Co. Mullet Kirkpatrick & Co., Nelson (N,Z.) Jams Steedman's Preserved Peaches, Thames The Swiss Milk and Food Co.'s Goods L. D. NATHAN & CO.