THE FARMER.

AGRICULTURAL PAPERS.

No. hi.

By J a.mes Gammack, Esq,

“ The Influence-of Trees on Climate.”

On Tuesday, 15th February, 1872, Mr. Gammock read his paper as follows on tire above subject to the Lincoln Farmer’s Club Two months ago we were congratulat ing ourselves on the prospect of an abun dant harvest, from one end of the pro vince to the other all accounts agreed that the crops never looked better ; that feed was plentiful, and that the high price of wheat in England would cause a good de mand for ours at a remunerative price, but the long continued drought with con tinualnor’-westers so withered Tip the grain, especially on the light land, that a great part of both oats and wheat was scarcely worth cutting ; and the violent winds on the 18th and 23rd ultimo shook so much of the standing crop that I consider my self under the'mark when I estimate our loss from both these causes at 20 per cent, of the total crop. Now, when we consider that owing to the low price of wool, cattle, •and dairy produce last year a great deal of .English grass land was broken up and put •under grain crops, we may safely estimate •the land under crop as larger than in any former year. According to the statistics of the harvest of 1870 our produce was (estimated at 3) millions of bushels and valued at half a million of money. No w2O per cent, deducted from that would amount to one hundred thousand, pounds as the loss sustained by the farmers in grain alone, to which must be added the loss on stock through scarcity of feed and water on both farms and runs, also the damage sustained by bush and grass fires, probably the loss would amount to as much as that sustained on grain crops. Now this severe drought, though worse than we have had for several years, is not unusual; nearly every year we have .a long spell of dry scorching weather, ;sometimes in the spring, sometimes in •snmmer, and at other times after harvest ■checking vegetation, killing, the young ;grass and clover, and rendering the call 'ing of both farmer? and graziers very un certain.

A great deal of discussion has been :cooing on lately in Australia, India, and .America, regarding the clearing of large tracts of forest land. It is alleged that where the hill-sides have been cleared of ftimber, the springs have dried up, and less rain has fallen than formerly, and that ithe country is more subject to long (droughts and heavy floods ; that the rain, iinstea<£ of falling among the trees and Mng fikere partly absorbed, now falls, on ffh© parched hill sides and runs off at once, thereby causing heavy floods. Hum boldt says that “trees exhale fluid from tghe'ir .leaves, in the first place for their own benefit, but various important second ary effects follow from this process ; one of them is, maintaining a suitable portion ■of humidity in the air, not only do they :attach and condense the moisture sus pended in the air, and borne by the wind ■over the earth’s surface which, falling from ftheir leaves, keeps the ground below moist :and cool, but they can by means of their moots, pump it up from a very consider able depth, and raising it into the atmos- Qjher.e diffuse it over the face of the coun try. Trees, by their perspiration, from if hair leaves, surround themselves with an atmoqjdhtre constantly cool and moist.” Dr. r&t&omburgh says “ trees exhale humidity ;<uti a large scale. As a rule, humidity isuwounds them. In the same manner, the lightning conductor attracts the electric fluid, the forests attract and .draw down the rain clouds, which benefit .themselves and likewise the neighbouring land.” I could give hundreds of facts in sup ■purt of the foreging opinions, but will con fine, myself to a few. Egypt, well known for its diy climate, had formerly about six rainy days on an average per year, but since'f&.e last and present Viceroy planted unany onillions of trees there are now on urn average twenty four rainy days re corded: .The Emperor Napoleon convinced of fche great benefit the barren and swampy idiskricts of France would derive if planted •vrafii trees commanded many millions of them to be planted in these portions oftfkie empire. He also planted thousands <of acres of tire desert in Algiers with suitable forest trees, and three years ago soxne of these plantations, especially the Austra lian species, had reached a growth of 12 ; and 15 feet, and already a great change of the climate is observed, and twice as much : rain falls about tliese plantations than for-

] merly. The Island of Mauritius has been rsettled by Europeans for the last 250 ’.years, and being in the heart of the In »dian Ocean, and the centre of the island (.covered with forests such a thing as dlrought was unknown, but during the last fforty years a great change has been p oin g ion, the greater portion of the timber h.' vs Iteen .cut down, and the land appropriated it® .-sugar plantations, and since then they hvsie had several seasons of excessive drought.

Belts iof trees across onr hare and naked plains would cause many a passing shower to fall cm cbhsm, which now draws away to the hillE. Trees act as regulators and •distributors of moisture ; they stop and retain much that would pass over a bare • country. A belt of trees ten chains wide, :from Templeton to the Kangitata along '■the line of railway would do an immense •deal of good, by attracting passing : showers, and in some measure breaking •.the force of the wind driving over the i plains. If the contemplated irrigation of the ■plains is carried out, it will no doubt exer •cise a very beneficial effect on this part of the country. The hot nor’-westers blow ing over the hot and parched plains, col lecting heat as it comes along, arrives here like the breath of a furnace, spread ing destruction and death to vegetation wherever it goes, would, if those works were carried out, strike on a wide expanse •of water and rich vegetation, promoting a large amount of evaporation, and arriving here cool and loaded with moisture. It is well known that the cold of Canada would be unbearable if the winds were usually high ; but the\!ay.s and nights are gene rally calm for months in winter, thereby rendering the cold out ox doors, in spite of the;f'emperatuve, fur from being disagree ** * s w * tJl 10 nor’-wefeters. Thbu|jh only showing on the thermometer $Q yr 90 degrees, the fore? of the \jind

renders them more disagreeable and 1 und id to animal and vegetable life than if the heat were 15 or 20 degrees higher, with only a moderate breeze. Now if these plains were irrigated or interspersed with large belts of forest trees, the leaves and vegetables would absorb part of the heat, and thereby deprive it of its dis agreeable qualities. I think we are greatly indebted to tlio Hon. John Hall for the introduction of the “Planting of Forest Trees Act,” which I think will exercise a very benefi cial effect in ibis province. There is no part of the Australian colonies where so much has been done in the planting of trees and hedges in so short a time as tlie:e has been done in Canterbury, and in no country is it more wanted. Already it is said to have alfected the climate round Christchurch, and more rain falls there now than formerly. I will now say a few words on trees as a means of shelter. It is astonishing _to what extent a good gorse hedge will give shelter on these plains. Last month I saw stooks of corn a chain off from a low fence standing without a sheaf displaced by the wind, while elsewhere every one was levelled and tossed about. Now, a belt of trees, say a chain wide, would in a very few years reach a height of thirty or forty feet, and afford shelter the width of an ordinary sized paddock. It would also be of great advantage to the grain crops, as the sheltered side of a fence is always earlier and better than tlie rest of the field. In winter and early spring it would be -of much advantage to stock of all kinds, and a great saving would be effected in the lambing season of the lives of both ewes and lambs, and all kinds of stock would thrive better in well sheltered fields, though bare of feed, than in good feed in badly exposed situations. Good shelter is both meat and drink, and a well-sheltered paddock will yield more grass in summer, because protected to some extent from the burning sun and the scorching winds, and will also grow more feed in winter, being defended from tlie cold blasts so prevalent that season. I would therefore strongly urge on every member of tlie club to plant as many trees as possible during the coming winter. A great many in this district have now passed through the struggle for existence, which all settlers must experience for the first few years, and any farmer with a large balance at bis banker’s cannot in vest his money to better advantage than by planting a few acres with forest trees. Hitherto we have been too anxious for an immediate return, but I am confident that what I recommend, though slow, will give a far surer return than any kind of grain crop. On nearly every farm there are a few nooks and corners which, at very little expense, might be fenced off and planted with such kind of trees as are suitable to the locality, and at the end of a few years the fence might be removed and the stock allowed to feed among the trees, which would afford them splendid shade from the heat of the summer and the cold of winter.

The Government might also do a great deal more than they have done. We are paying upwards of £SOOO a year for charit able aid, a great part ‘of which is to able bodied men out of work. Now, instead of keeping them loafing about the Christ church plantations, let them be sent up to plant trees along the present live of railway, where a belt of trees is much more required than round Christchurch. The Govern ment is also erecting a reformatory at Burnham, where the boys will be edu cated and taught different trades ; I hope they will also make it a rule that the boys be compelled to plant trees a certain number of hours every day and convert the country around into a large forest, which will not only be a profitable specu lation to tlie Government, but largely as sist to ameliorate the climate of the coun try. It is highly probable that the ’pre sent year will commence a new era in the planting of trees in Canterbury, and with the experience of .the past to guide us, and a bonus of £4 per acre, it is to be hoped that there will be application for thousands of acres of land under the “ Planting of Forest Trees Act,” and that the growth of the trees so planted will so improve tlie climate, that in a few years drought and hot winds will be tilings of the past.

From the Pall Mall Gazette

The great States which once filled the yalley of the Euphrates have ceased to ex iist, and extinction is a fate which has for .centuries been threatening some modern States. • Spain, for instance. Man has stripped the soil of trees, the absence of trees has brought droughts, droughts have slowly diminished the productive, powers of the ground, and finally destroyed them, the population in the meantime dwindling in numbers and vitality. Spain bad forty millions of people in time of the Romans, and flowed with milk and honey ; it is now an arid region, only half of it is under cultivation, with only sixteen millions of inhabitants, and if modern science had not come to its aid, would probably go the way of Babylon. Persia was one of the most powerful States of antiquity, and even in phe fourteenth century was able to sup port the army of Tamerlane, who marched without commissariat or baggage during the bloodv contest. It is now almost a wilderness, with a population of two mil lions about half of them nomads— who are rapidly perishing from famine brought on by three years’ drought. The worst of it is that, owing to the absence of either common roads or railroads, it seems to be impossible for tnc charity of the rest of the world to reach the suf ferers, so that there is really a strong pro spect of the depopulation of the country. The motto of this horrible story is—look After your trees. The “ Nation ” hopes before long some organised attempt wild be made in America to deal with this moaaaentous question of forest preserva tion* which is daily becoming more press ing. Zoroaster, the great Persian legisla tor,, wkw wiser than he knew when he put planting .a tree among the most merit- Oxfio.us .‘M .acts.

The Shorthorn.

B V dint <£: .vigorous writing in agricul tural j ourualhv,. Ji concert of vigorous talk ing Toy broedqxs. and by some rather questionable practices at public sides {says an American paper), the fancy prices of shorthorns were kept up considerably longer than many .-shrewd men expected that it could be dope ; buo the days of 30 fiOOdol. cows and JOjOOOdol. bulls, are at la,st numbered in ..this country, for the present generation..at .least. And this is . v '*

nothing against the breed as uiieh, Lis too late in the century to say aught against these as beef-producers. Their record is a long and most honorable one. Short horns have simply got down to prices to which intrinsic merit entitles them. And now is tlie time for farmers to invest in them for the purpose of improving tlieir herds of ordinary cattle. When good young bulls can be purchased at from 50 dols. to 150dols. no better investment can be made.

Breeding Farm Horses.

Healthy, vigorous, well-shaped parents usually have healthy, well-shaped off springs, and in the same manner the im perfections and diseases of the parents are prone to appear in the progeny. A cart stallion, himself symmetrical and sound, leaves a large proportion of shapely, sound, and serviceable stock. A draught stallion with round, gummy legs and coarse hair (a type of too many of the ordinary horses travelling) as he advances in years, is pretty certain to become affected with in flammation of the lymphatic glands and vessels of his hind limbs, or weed, and of congestion of the sebaceous glands of his heels, or grease, and with equal certainty liis faulty conformation and consequent tendency to disease re-nppear in his pro geny. Equally hereditary are those ring and side bones which so materially lessen tlie value for work of so many big, and otherwise good cart horses. How con stantly the weak narrow hocks, which predispose to spavin, and the straight small hocks that are subject to curb, con tinue unsatisfactorily to mar each suc cessive generation. Some thoroughbred sires are roarers ; in other words they have wasting of the muscles of the larynx, and this serious shortcoming diminishes the value of a large proportion of their progeny. Habits, longevity, temper, and vices, are all transmissible, and so in a marked degree are the imperfections and weaknesses which constitute disease or predispose to it. The practical deduction from this inexorable law of like producing like is, to use for breeding purposes only serviceable sound materials, to eschew starved, narrow, ill-favoured, weakly sub jects, and to realise that it is about as fruitless to endeavour to make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear as to produce superior from inferior animals. Some breeders believe, or act as if they believed, that the sire has tlie chief influence in deter mining the health and usefulness of the offspring, and that the dam might be re garded merely as a kind of passive in strument, or a sort of hatching machine. This is a mistake. Parents impress their physical and other qualities tolerably equally on the offspring. Virtually, the progeny should be the mean of the two parents; but they are not always so. Much uncertainty of result occurs when dissimilar parents are mated. Other modi fying circumstances also intervene to render the offspring more like the sire than the dam, or vice versa. The best bred parent, that is, the parent whose family has been longest bred from similar strains, perpetuates most strongly its cha racteristics. Thus a well-bred Shorthorn bull leaves very prominently bis mark on ordinary dairy cows. His calves, even from mongrels of endless variety, are often tolerably like himself in shape, style, and even in colour. The parent which at the period of copulation happens to be in the highest state of health and vigor often makes the greatest mark upon the pro geny, and this forms a strong argument for maintaining all breeding stock in a sound and vigorous state. Observation, extending over all descriptions of stock, demonstrates that the male parent contri butes more notably the size and external farm, the bony skeleton, and the skin and its appendages ; whilst the internal organs, and lienee the constitution, more espe cially follow the female parent. A horse with a tendency to splints, spavins, ring bones, and other diseases of the bones, transmits these defects with greater cer tainty than tlie female parent, who on her part is more likely to perpetuate a tuber culous or weakly constitution, or a slug gish or vicious temper, qualities which mainly result from the internal organisa tion. Reversion, atavism, or calling back frequently intervenes to modify the pro geny and makes them resemble their grand-parents, or even their more remote ancestors, rather than their immediate forebears. From this law good and had points alike crop up unexpectedly in all animals. A remote cross of a soft or non staying sort has sometimes marred the prospects of many of the progeny of a Derby winner, himself above tlie average in speed and endurance. Professor Wil liams, in liis work on veterinary medi cine, records tlie case of a cart stallion which, although sound and serviceable himself, left many rick or jinked-back colts, tlie explanation being that his dam had suffered from this serious hereditary malady. Those accustomed to look care fully at animals will frequently trace the lineaments of a famous sire in his progeny three or four generations removed.

Something Like Raspberries. We learn form the “ Tasmanian Mail ” that Mr. Hull, secretary to the Sydney Exhibition Commission in Tasmania, has had presented to him an exhbit in the shape of two-rooted plants of raspberries, the canes of which, are upwards of 10ft. long and of iiroportionate thickness. These plants are from the farm of a Mr. Poole, who resides at the back of the Brighton Ranges, where he cultivates fruit trees extensively. Mr. Poole says that lie has twenty acres of raspberries, which produced him 40 tons of fruit, real ising in the market £37 10s. a ton. He has also a red currant tree of the enor mous height of 2Gft., from which he is said to have plucked 10 bushels of fruit. His black currants are reported as being as large as damsons, and his raspberries rival mulberries in size. In Mr. Hull’s Tasmanian experience as a colonist of GO years and for the last 40 years a practical gardener, he says he has never seen rasp berry canes within a yard as tall as those now in his office, and he hopes, when he can get a day’s relaxation, to visit Mr. Poole’s farm, and report, on his prolific fruit trees for the information of the “ Gardener’s Chronicle ” in England, where such gigantic growth of otherwise small fruit trees will scarcely be believed.

Working Butter.

A writer upon butter-making in a lead ing English Agricultural Journal, strongly

condomuti fcho ooinmou practice of wont ing by hand in the following words : One fact should ever be borne in mind ; the “ human hand ” should never touch the butter in ilie process of its manulac ture. This is the invariable rule in the best, butter-producing countries ; indeed, so strictly is it observed in some places, that a dairy-maid would he instantly dis missed if it were known that she touched the butter with her hands. No matter how clean or carefully it may be done, it injuriously affects the butter, and hence the advantage of a machine which renders this unnecessary. One thing is absolutely certain; some improvement in the manu facture of our butter is imperatively neces sary, and must be made. The present system (or want of system) cannot con tinue, for it won’t pay. During the last season a well-known and respected mem ber of our agricultural society, received 7s or 8s more per cwt. for liis butter than any other person in our local market; but this is not all, lie has been offered 10s per cwt. more than the highest price in the Clonmel market, if he puts his butter into white firkins each to contain about 401bs.

Tips. We do not care bow short a horse’s back is ; for it is a sure evidence that lie can carry or drag a heavy weight a great dis tance and not tiro ; neither, if he be speedy, will two or three seasons of turf experience break him down, as is the case with so many of our speedy long-backed horses.

Some authorities state that a plumper grain can he obtained by cutting the wheat in a partially green state, while others hold a.different opinion. Farmers seem to forget that a little additional bay and oats, a little more ex penditure on the first colt of the mare, £5 for a sire quite good enough to get fine draught or carriage horses—instead of £1 to some wretch of a sire who will beget stock good for nothing—and a little ad ditional care and attention, will just make tlie difference of possessing an animal, at four years old, worth from £7O to £IOO instead of one whose value at the same age will range from £ls to £2O. Save eggs from the best lions for setting, many poultry-keepers do not know which arE the best layers, but this may be dis covered by a little attention. Old liens lay larger eggs than pullets, and the chickens hatched from two-year old hens, mated with a vigorous one-year old cock, will be larger, more thrifty, and fledge better, than chicks from pullets’ eggs. In selecting eggs to batch, take those of a fair average size ; reject the small or ill shaped ones, or the very large ones. There is no way to determine the sex of a chick by an examination of the size, shape, or other external appearance of the egg.

AT THY GRAVE.

Waves the soft grass at thy feet ; Dost thou feel me near thee, sweet 1 Though tlie earth upon thy face, Holds thee close from my embrace, Yet my spirit thine can reach, Needs betwixt us twain no speech, For tlie same soul lives in each.

Now I meet no tender eyes Seeking mine, in soft surmise At some broken utterance faint, Smile quick brightening, sigh half spent Yet in some sweet hours gone by, No responding eye to eye Needed we, for sympathy.

Love, I seem to see thee stand Silent in a shadowy land ; With a look upon thy face As if even in that dim place Distant voices smote thine cars, Memories of vanquished years, Or faint echoes of these tears.

Yet, I would not have it thus. Then would bo most piteous Our divided lives, if thou An imperfect bliss shouldst know. Sweet my suffering, if to thee Death has brought the faculty Of entire felicity.

Rather would I weep in vain, That thou canst not share my pain, Deem that Lethean waters roll Softly o’er thy separate soul, Know that a divided bliss Makes thee careless of my kiss, Than thatthous shouldst feel distress,

Hush ! I hear a low sweet sound As of music stealing round. Forms thy hand the thrilling chords Into more than spoken words ? Ah ! ’tis but the gathering breeze Whispering to the budding trees, Or the song of early bees.

Love, where art thou ? Canst thou not Here me, or is all forgot ? Seest thou not these burning tears ? Can my words not reach thine ears ? Or betwixt my soul and thine Has some mystery divine Sealed a separating line l

Is it thus then after death, Old things none remembereth ? Is the spirit henceforth clear Of the life it gathered here ? Will our noblest longings seem Like some dim-remembered dream In the after world’s full beam ?

Hark ! the rainy wind blows loud, Scuds above the hurrying cloud ; Hushed is all the song of bees ; Angry murmurs of the trees Herald tempests. Silent yet Sleepest thou—nor tear nor fret Troubles thee. Can I forget ?

Sudden' Death at Oxford. —Mr R. Perham died very suddenly on Thursday afternoon, at about 4 o’clock. He had resigned his seat in the Road Board, and an election was taking place to fill the vacant scat. He drove down to the poll ing booth to record his vote, and when trying to get into his buggy he gave a heavy sigh, fell back, and expired. He had been suffering from heart disease for some time past. His death will cast a gloom over the place for a while, as. he was very much respected in the district, where lie has acted for many years as manager for Mr N. Ellis. The deceased gentleman leaves a young family to deplore his loss. Farming in a Nutshell.- -AKentucky farmer is said to have condensed his practical experience into these rules : “ Feed your land before it is hungry, rest it before it is weary, and weed it before it is foul.’’

Mqnbav ( &mmm .13, ?§^3

AsWbURIQN HiSKAMS

Printed and published by Horace John Weeks and Charles Dixon, at their Printing Office, East Street, Ashburton. Monday, October, 13, 1897.



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