AGRICULTURAL PAPERS.

Whether Thick or Thin Sowing is Best - - Adapted for Canterbury.

[By the Rev. A. P. O’Callaghan.]

In examining this question I cannot pre tend to produce any very original ideas on the subject. It has been under discussion amongst farmers in England for the last 50 years, all kinds of experiments having been made, and it is still considered by many there to be an open question as to what quantity of seed per acre will pro duce the best results at harvest, but still I think much good may be gained by in troducing the matter here in Canterbury, where so many conditions are favourable, and'submitting it to the consideration of so many good practical farmers as are here to-day. In the remarks I venture to make in this essay, I shall confine myself to the sowing of wheat, as I look on it as the great staple product of Canterbury agri culture, and I shall endeavour to place be fore you some of the results of the experi ence gained in England, and then compare those results with what we may look to expect here. The bulk of the evidence obtained in England would seem to be in favour of a bushel arid a quarter to a bushel and a half of wheat per acre for Autumn sowing, increasing to two bushels for the spring wheat. Much smaller quan tities have produced heavy crops, but as a rule the best results have been obtained from the amount of seed I have named. Let me quote a . few authorities. Mr. .Young, editor of /‘The Farmers’ Calen dar,” says:—-“ I find six pecks of wheat, or less, is ample seeding in September, and one bushel in September or October is equal to'two bushels in November. A Warwickshire farmer says that he was in the habit of sowing nearly three bushels of wheat per acre, till it happened one day that he was absent from home, and on his returri’he found to Iris dismay that his man had sown one half the field with only six pecks per acre; he ordered the other half of the field to receive its three bushels, and he found the result at harvest to be two quarters per acre more on the half sown with six pecks than on the half sown with three bushels. From that time out six pecks became the quantity for the dis trict for early sowing. Even Mr. Mechi, whoni yon all know to be a great enthusiast on the subject of thin sowing, admits that in many cases four and a half to six pecks of seed per acre are necessary. ” I might quote hundreds of opinions to the same effect,' but these will suffice to show the general opinion. I know it to be the case, however, that many large and good far mers will still declare that from two to three bushels per acre are necessary to secure a crop, while on the other hand, many* will be found who assert that any thing more than one bushel per acre is simply a vaste or worse than a waste of seed.! ‘/Truth most probably lies between the turi opinions, so for ordinary English soil, and the ordinary system of farming, I think we may conclude that one and a quarter to one and a half bushels is the most productive quantity for autumn sow ing. But as I said just now, very heavy crops have been obtained in England from much smaller quantities of seed. I should like to describe a few of these experiments, as it is plainly of importance in a young country such as this that we should know every possible way of growing wheat, in order to judge which is best adapted to the soil and climate with which we have to deal.:, I dare say many of you have heard of the celebrated Lois Weedon system of wheat growing. I may quote to you the result of that system as applied to one field by a good farmer, and it is worth quoting. This field, when thoroughly cleaned, was set out and sown with triple rows of wheat one foot apart, and between these triple rows there were left intervals of three feet wide unsown; these intervals of three feet wide.were kept in cultivation all the season, during the growth of the wheat, on the intervening spaces, and then formed the seed beds for the crop of the following year, and were in their turn sown in the same way with three rows of wheat a foot apart, the stubble ground of the last crop forming:the three feet intervals and being kept/in cultivation for the succeeding crop again,; and in this way has this one field produced wheat for fourteen years without any manure or change in the crop, and the produce* each year instead of being dimi nished has actually increased, the average yield for the first ten years having been thirty-four bushels per acre, the yield for the eleventh year was thirty-six bushels, for the twelfth, forty bushels, the thirteenth forty-tWO'bushels, arid for the' fourteenth it promised even better still. The “Far mers’ Calendar,” from which I quote, does not state the amount of seed sown in this case,>but I think I remember, when at home, hearing it stated that it was one bushel per acre. These extraordinary re sults can only be attributed to the deep cultivation between the rows, and to the plenty of space afforded for the growth of the plant .and the free circulation of the air, the mineral constituents for wheat growing being of course present in the soil. A very interesting trial as to the least quantity of seed to sow was made by Mr. Mechi, some years ago, the amount of which I copy from his work on farming. In two different fields he sowed one bushel per acre, his next produce per acre was forty and thirty-eight and a half respec tively i ' in another field he sowed two bushels, and the produce was thirty-four and a half bushels, and on part of the same field he sowed one bushel and obtained thirty-five bushels, in another field he sowed two and a quarter bushels, and the result was thirty-two bushels; and in a part of the same field he sowed two and a half pecks, and obtained thirty and a half bushels produce. All the sowings were made between 29th October and 20tli No vember, and the experience to be gained from the experiment would seem to be that one bushel per acre produces the maximum crop. Again, Mr. Hallett’s experiments deserve our attention; or, rather, I should call it his system of growing, for he and many others have adopted it as their regular practice. You are all aware that Mr. Hallett has produced his pedigree wheat, in much the same way as breeding of stock produces pedigreo cattle by a con stant selection of the best parent for the production of increase. By selecting the largest and best ears, and then the best grain in those ears, and sowing only these, Mr. Hallett has produced a wonderfully improved wheat, but I do not think it is generally known that Mr. Hallett sows actually only a quarter of a bushel per acre of this wheat, drilled in rows nine inches apart, and that his avorage return

from this mere handful of seed is forty four bushels per acre—he has had as much as fifty-seven bushels; and I understand that Mr.. Hallett attributes his wonderfully improved grain as much to thin seeding as to his careful selection of only the best grains for seed. So much for English ex perience. Now, when w r e come to our rough and ready system of farming here in Canterbury, the question is, can we venture here on thin sowing with hopes of good results 1 and I think, under certain circumstances we may certainly sow much less seed than we genera: ly do. The cer tain circumstances I allude to are—First, that we sow only the best seed obtainable; there can be no doubt most of us are far too careless on this point, and the conse quence is that a very large proportion of the wheat sown sprouts, or it sends up such a weak plant as to be almost totally unpro ductive. The best proof of this may be found in a simple calculation of how many grains of wheat we generally sow on each square yard of ground; with a bushel and o half per acre, there are 183 grains on every square yard, but I should think none of us ever saw that number of wheat plants on the same space, and if we did I should think we would allow that the crop was too thick. If we had the means of carefully dressing all seed grain, it would help greatly to remedy this loss through unpro ductiveness, as with well-dressed seed only the best and strongest grain would be sown; where it is inconvenient to have the seed dressed somewhat similar, the result may be obtained by throwing the grain from one end of a shed to another, and using for seed only that which falls furthest from you, which would of course, be the heaviest grain. This plan is adopted by many far mers at home. It is more particularly useful for wheat, as, when thrown in this way, it can be freed from oats, barley, or seeds of weeds, being heavier than any of them. The next thing necessary is to secure a proper seed bed, and next to the fitness of the land for the crop, this is, I believe, the most important point. With our system here of sowing wheat on the one furrow, a large quantity of the seed is buried, and a still larger quantity is so placed that it can get no firm hold of the ground. When it sends out its roots, no matter how good the ploughing may.be, there is always a treacherous hollow just under the seed bed, which costs many a wheat plant its life, and costs the farmer part of his expected yield. One need only cut across any furrow with a spade to see this, and this is the case in stubble as well as in lea land, though less in stubble land. But it is no good finding fault without sug gesting a remedy, and the remedy I would suggest here is the use of a furrow-presser, for lea land especially. There are few used in Canterbury, the objection against them being the additional labour they require, and this is a strong objection to their use when made as I have seen them here, with one or two wheels, but there is no reason why they should not be made as wide as a roller, to take ten or twelve furrows, if it was thought necessary. A good farmer in Ireland, my father in fact, never sowed grain without one. It was made on a better principle than any I have seen here. It had five wheels of wood, with iron tires, and shod with sheet iron at the sides, to prevent wear, and came out very full from the tire, so as to press the furrow at both sides; it was easy work for a pair of horses, and was put over the paddock after the ploughing was all finished. It would go over six or seven acres a day, and saved at least one harrowing. Messrs. Duncan & Co., of Christchurch, are going to make some this year, and I have bean urging them to adapt them for five or six furrows at least. The use of these presses leave a perfect seed bed, firm and solid where tlie seed lies, as well or better than if placed there by a drill, and one bushel per acre might be safely sown on land so pressed with a machine or even by hand. The next condition to which I will refer is that the seed be sown at a proper and uniform depth. To effect this the use of. a presser or drill is necessary; great care should be taken not to sow too deep. It is the gene ral opinion that wheat cannot be sown too deep, and no doubt it does come up when very thickly covered, but the question is, is it advisable to sow it deep 1 A very high farming authority, Mr. Stirling, a Scotch farmer, published some years ago in the “ Transactions of the Highland Society,” the results of several experiments as to the proper depth at which such seeds should be sown, and he states that wheat and barley are none the better for having more than one inch of earth over them, that turnip and carrot seeds should not he be covered with more than half an inch of soil, and that clover seed does not require more than a quarter inch. The plan adopted was covering the seeds with dif ferent thicknesses of earth, and then ob serving at what depth the greatest number of seeds came up. If these' conclusions are correct there is no doubt we cover many seeds too thickly, and I cannot help thinking that it is contrary to nature to place any seed in the ground deeper than just sufficientto afford it constant moisture. Every plant in its natural state drops its seed on the surface, and the young plants grow wherever there is any room for them. Moisture and heat are all that are required for the sprouting of any seed, and as long as we sow wheat deep enough to secure these we need not fear any of the seed will be lost. Plenty of good cultivated soil under the seed will be more to the taste of the young wheat plant than a load of three or four inches over it, through which it has to struggle to see the light of heaven. One more condition necessary for this sow ing, and it is one that will touch most Canterbury farmers on a sore point, is that the land must be kept clear of weeds: thick sowing will often help to smother weeds, but with thin sowing the young plant must have unoccupied room to thrive. It is useless with the present rate of wages to think of employing labour to clean our wheat crops; but we may at least avoid sowing wheat on dirty land, and in a farm where 100 acres of wheat are grown annu ally it would pay to drill all and use Garrett’s liorse-lioe. However, the diffi culty of cleaning wheat is not by any means an unsurmountable argument against thin sowing. Say that all the other conditions are completely fulfilled by the farmer, he sows well-dressed seed, he has prepared the land well, and has a firm and uniform seed bed, he has a good depth of well cul tivated soil under the seed, and about one inch or one inch and a half above, I say then he may sow one bushel an acre, and have more certainty of a crop than if he sowed two ; for with one he will have dropped no less than 120 grains of seed per square yard, and if half grow he can defy the weeds. If he only sows one quar ter of a bushel an acre (as Mr. Hallett does) he will have supplied each yard with

thirty grains, which is far more than he can count of wheat plants in the same space in the best of crops. It may be said that a great part of all this is theory, and that in practice it is found that one and a half bushels per acre, that is 183 grains to the square yard, for autumn sowing, pro duce the best crops, and that agriculture cannot be regulated by arithmetical calcu lation; but still I think if we can prove that a large quantity of the seed is gene rally lost through careless preparation of the land, that in fact two-thirds of the seed never produces a plant, then I say I think practice must be in fault in some way, and we ought to try and find out where the fault is, and to remedy it. Every farmer will agree that the less seed he has to sow the better, provided he does not lessen the yield; he saves his seed and obtains a better sample from his crop. It would be well worth while to arrange a series of experi ments on a small scale at next wheat sow ing. Different members might try the effect of various quantities of seed on a sniall piece of land, and report to the club. Wje should thus gain much valuable infor mation, as the kind of soil and the various modes of treatment in preparing the land would differ greatly. I have not referred much to the peculiarities of the climate here in connection with the subject. Tliere are two great advantages, it seems to me, to be gained by thin sowing, which would help greatly to escape the injury done to the wheat crop by weather. A heavy S.W. storm between this and har vest is, as you know, likely to lay very heavy crops. Now it is well known that wheat which ■ has a free circulation of air through it is stronger in the straw and be'tter able to resist wind and rain than a erdp that has been drawn up so close to gether as to prevent the admission of suffi cient air and light ; that bright glossy covering which you see on strong healthy straw is what gives it strength., and is pro duced by the action of light and air on the silica contained in the straw. When air and light are excluded in early summer, this coating never forms properly, and the consequence is the first heavy rain brings down the crop, and there is small chance of recovery. I think this a strong argument for thin sowing in this doubtful climate. The second advantage to be gained, which our weather here makes of great importance, is slow ripening. The effect of a few days N.W. weather is most njurious ; it shrivels up the grain and sends much into the seconds at threshing time which ought to be in the first-class grain, and not only does it shrivel some, but it hastens the change of the starch into fibrous matter, for wheat too quickly ripened makes less flour, and more bran and sharps. Now thin sowing causes slow ripening, and so tends to prevent the damaging effects or the parching N.W. winds. The starch of-the wheat has more time to come to maturity, while the pro cess of its change into fibrous matter is delayed. This i 3 also an argument, I think, in favor of thin sowing which applies especially to our climate. In treating this subject I have endeavored to avoid attempting to lay down any general rule, for I think every farmer ought to be guided by his own experience. The only rule that I feel inclined to sug gest is that we should all sow in as little seed as possible, provided we do not lessen our yield by diminishing the seed. The only way to learn how much seed is necessary for different kinds of land is by experiment, and I shall be glad to hear the results of the experience of those pre sent on the subject in any discussion which may follow, or of any experiment which they may have known tried, and I should be greatly pleased if the club would arrange to try a few experiments on a small scale such as I have proposed. I am sure we cannot over-estimate the importance of the subject, for if we can save one-third of the many thousands of seed wheat sown in Canterbury yearly, and can improve our yield, both in quantity and quality, we shall have con tributed very largely to the success and general prosperity of the country.

NEWSPAPERS AND AGRICUL TURE.

( Castner's Monthly.)

The formation of natural wealth has been said to be agriculture. This axiom is founded upon the fact that agriculture must not only feed all, bnt must precede all other industries, Without,agriculture man remains a savage, and emerges from barbarism only after agriculture has be come the prominent industry, for lowest in the scale of humanity is the savage, who lives by rapine and the slaughter of of wild animals. Gathering flocks and herds he becomes a barbarian. He then tills the soil, shears sheep, weaves wool and other fibres, and emerges into civili sation. Then as lie devotes himself to to manufactures, art, he forms a per manent government and laws are insti tuted ; he becomes enlightened, and through the division of labor, the. highest type of manhood is reached. We are too apt to look to statesmen and warriors as the type to which all should aspire ; and yet of all England’s heroes, there are none can compare with Evelyn, Arthur Young, Buartley, Bake well, Th. Collins, Ellsman, &c., in the real utility of what they have accomplished for the nation.' For instance, Evelyn by his precept and example in the planting of forests, caused to be grown the very trees that afterwards were formed into the wooden walls of England that made her master of the seas and enabled her to extend her commerce to the extremest nations of the earth.

Next to agriculture, the press is the most potent power toward high civilisa tion. Without the teachings of the press, which comes to us regularly now-a-days as our meals, the world would to-day be nearly where she was four hundred years ago. It has made universal education practicable, and the agricultural press has disseminated agricultural knowledge, so that now the farmer is able to as easily cultivate twenty acres as his grandfather did one.

Yet simple culture of mind never made farmer, nevertheless in agriculture as in any other profession, the wider the reading and the higher the culture, the better the farmer, providing he have the foundation of art to go upon. This rule will apply to any art, but to agriculture especially, for here the master must be the workman as well, for if his wealth induce him to live without the labor of the field he must at least have the experience of manual art else lie cannot succeed. The most miser able failures in agriculture ever made, are that class who have depended upon books for their knowledge, not but these are

valuable, but unless he be a practical man, he is as apt to receive the ideas of mere theorists as truth as the practical teach ings of those who have given their labor and life study to the elucidation of pro blems connected with agriculture. So the man of wealth turned farmer, relying upon the more book maker, without experience, relies upon him as his guide, the guide has compiled whatever may hive struck his fancy in the meetings of others, and tills without the experience to discriminate between the false and true, and so two stupendous failures are made. The book is a failure, and the student who sought to make wealth supply experience, failed. It is this, the want of discrimination be tween the true and false that has tended more than anything else to cause book farming to be looked upon with suspicion and disdain.

Agriculture as an art is one of the sim plest practiced by man. When we look at it from a scientific standpoint it is the most intricate of any profession in life. It is this simplicity and intricacy that has led! so many minds within the last quarter of a century to devise means to bring the two into harmony. It resuletd at last in the system of agricultural colleges that are now known in Europe and America.. They have made many failures ; but through and by them they are gradually working their way to a successful working out of some of the problems of special interest to the fraternity. Entomologists, botanists, and other students in the various departments of natural science are doing •the same. Whatever .they may do will be in vain were it not for the press, to dis seminate whatever is new in art and science. Therefore we repeat what we before have said that agriculture is the fulcrum, the press the lever that moves the world.

MY BIRD AND I.

[This little poem, from Saturday Afternoon, for August, is by a young Kentucky poetess, Kate St. Clair Greenleaf. The opinion of it expressed by the poet 'Whittier gives it an added interest: “It seems to me to have much sweetness and rythmical beauty.”]

The day is young and I am young, The redbird whistles to his mate ; He sits the tender leaves among, I swing upon the garden gate. He sing 3 that life is, always gay— “ A day so fair can never die.” I laugh and cast my flowers away ; We are so happy, he and I.

Deep wading through the yellow wheat, My sheaves unbound within my hand, I sink to rest my tired feet, And noonday heat broods o’er the land ; The redbird falters in his song— We fear the day will never die ; The minutes drag the hours along— We are so weary, he and I.

I stand alone, my work is done ; The bird lies dying at my feet; There’s promise in the evening sun ; The evening air blows soft and sweet. My binded sheaves I lay aside ; The day is dead ; I, too must die. When stars come out at eventide, We shall be resting, he and I.

The House in the Kitchen. —Last year the Parisians ate up 10,800 horses and 519 asses and mules, furnishing over 4,500,000 lbs. of meat for the hippopha gists. In other towns the use of this species of food is extending, for in Mar seilles 1533 horses were eaten last year. The French advocates of horse flesh for human food are trying hard to indoctrinate the English people with their ideas. They consider it a burning shame that so much horse flesh should be sent to the knackers’ yards instead of filling the hungry bellies of the people. The Paris committee for promoting the spread of the use of horse flesh have long offered a bonus of £2O, augmented to £44 and a medal, to the first person who would open a shop in London for The sale of this new butcher’s meat to the public for not less than three months. No Englishman in London has had the hardihood to enter upon this dangerous task of vending cats’ meat in substitution for good beef, and a Frenchman who tried it had to shut up shop in four months. Fast Steamboats. —Ou .July 4, 1840, the Cunard Company began a regular mail service in steamers between Liverpool and Boston. That company, though the most renowned, is now but one out of twelve steamship companies which regularly carry goods and passengers between this country and tho United States. The result of the competition has been the effecting of con tinuous improvements in the vessels them selves. Last April a new Cunarder, the Gallia, was the subject of admiration on account of her vast size, great comfort, and completeness of arrangement. Till then, the Britannic and Germanic of the White Star line, the City of Chester and City of Berlin of the Inman line, had no superiors on the Atlantic. Since then the Guion line rejoices in the performance of the new steamer Arizona. This vessel shares with the City of Berlin the distinc tion of being the largest passenger steamer afloat, with the exception of the original leviathan among ships, the Great Eastern. Moreover, the Arizona has succeeded in making the fastest recorded passages out and home. She sailed from Queenstown to New York in 7 days, 10 hours, and 22 minutes, and from New York to Queens town in 7 days, 8 hours, and 56 minutes. In both cases the run was made in about six hours less time than had been achieved by the City of Berlin, which had previously beaten all competitors.

Quick Work. —The Emperor of Austria (says the “ Court Journal”) lias been pre sented with a suit of clothes. The wool from which the garments were made was on the sheep’s back 11 hours before the suit was completed. At 6.8 in the morn ing the sheep was sheared ; at 6.11 the wool was washed ;at 6.37 dyed ;at 6.50 picked ;at 7.34 the last carding process was finished ; at 8 it was spun ; at 8.15 spooled; at 8.37 the warj> was in the loom ; at 8.43 the shuttles were ready; at 11.10 7f ells of cloth were completed ; at 12.3 the cloth was fulled; at 12.14 washed; at 12.17 sprinkled; at 12.31 dried ;at 12.45 sheared ;at 1.7 napped ; at 1.10 brushed ; and at 1.15 pressed and ready for the shears and needle. At 5 o’clock the suit, consisting of a hunting jacket, waistcoat, and pantaloons, was finished. The same thing was done at Newberry, in Berks, last century by Sir J. Throgmorton from his own slieep. He wore the coat at dinner in the evening of the day on which it was on the sheep’s back.

Friday, October 3, 1879.*]

fHE ASHBURTDN HERALD.

Printed and published by HORACE. / Weeks and Charles Dixon, at their Printing Office, East Street, Asbburtei / \ . Friday, October, 3 1879, v ' 'B&st&ouh i . ».TJI Mi O rf r /i tif AT if! t■T>T p A -- ■



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