Farmers and South Africa.

The following interesting letter on the subject of Farmer Settlers In New South Africa, wat recently addressed to the editor of the Field, and we publish it for general information :-—

Sir, —.My attention has been drawn to an article by Mr A. Sedgwick Woolby, which appeared in your paper ooae weeks ago, and was reproduced in he Cape Times on 27th October, in which I am referred to as the writer of the "Special Report on Colonel Irrig ation and Hydrographic Survey" for the Cape Government.

Mr Sedgwick Woolley has stated the position as regarda settlr-ra very ably, but as there are some points he has barely touched on, perhaps you will allow me, aa an old reader of the Eield in bygone days, *nd a well wisher to this couutry, » little space to add to his remarks, and emphasise the neceas ity for caution. Not only the new Colonies, but the Cape Colony also, have in nny opinion all the elements necessary to make farming successful, but in the old South Africa, in which many of us have Buffered much, these elements have not been taken advantage of, and the res ponsibility for this Hps in a great measure with those who have been in power. We h^pe for much better things from new administrations, but still it would be wise for people to wait and see how they shape, before invest ing their all iv the country Prices have ruled high for farm produce as compared with other count ries for a long time, and thay are not likely to decrease, rather the opposite, for fornn time, unlrss possibly some of the duties, such as for inttance that on cereals of 2s per IOOIbs., are abolished, in which case prices would fall to that extent, as they are practically governed in this country by the cose of importat ion oversea. Of course, in some of the back country districts, far removed from railways, local production is sometimes in excess of local demand, with the result that lower rates ensue, but this only serves to show the need of better facilities for communication. I To enable your readers to judge for' themselves as regards prices, I give some on the seaward, and others up country on the line of railway, all reduced to the standard of lOOlbs* , East London, May 1900.—Barley 10a 6d to Us, beans 18a 6d to 22s 6d, mealies 7s 3d to 8a 9d, Cape oats 163 8d potatoes, 10d 8i to 12s 6d; East London, October 1900—Barley 10s 9d, beans 19s 9d to 22a 6d, mealies Si 3d to 10s 6d, Australian oats 15^ to ; 15s Bd, potatoes 13s 6d to 14s 6d, wheat 83 9d to 10s 9d. Kimberiey, Auguat 1900—Barley 9* to 103 3d, beans 22s 6d to 255, mealipa 10a 6d to 11s 3d,;Oape oatß 12a to 12s 4d, potatoes 9s to 14«, wheat 10a to 10s 6d, chaff 4s to 5s Bd, forage 9s 6d to 10s 6d, onions 15a to 18s 4d. Kimberiey, October 1900—Barley IQ3 to 11s, beans 22s 6d to 25.9, moal ios 12*31 to 123 9d, Oape oats 12s, potatoes 12a to 16^, wheat 11s 3i to 11s 9d, chflff 4< to 6p, forage 10a to 11s onions 21s 8i to 23=) 4d. Slaughter oxen are now fetching £12 to £20 depending on quality. Oape sheep 20 * to 30s, and Cape cows £20 to £30. The price of stock is, of course high, owing to the war, but as far as produce is concerned, it is more or less as usual, particularly on the seaward. Fi ft s, poultry, butter, eggs, fruit, and fine vegetables nearly always command high pries near the large towns. There are a good many farms in the market, particularly ia the Oape Col ony, and if the present unhippy state of affairs continuea much longpr, there will be a great rainy more in the New Colonies.

The rainfall in South Africa is much greater on the average than in many other countries where, irrigation has been made successful and the soil is often extrpmely fertile. All this ia in favour of farmers, and yet farming as practised in South Africa has by no means been uniformly successful, rather the opposite, but this ia nothing new to other countries

The fact is farming is or should be a highly scientific profession. At one time, even in England, farmer?, and farming were looked down on; but all this haa been changed. Nowadays a farmer to be successful ought to be just as well, and specially educated as the Indian Civil servant, the Civil or the Royal Engineer, the barrister, the doctor, the staff officer, the naval captain, or any other expert. Ohemist ry, botany, geology, zoology, and phy siology should all be at his fingers ends, and he should, above all things be able to continue the theoretical, and the practical, to understand how to make use of his scientific knowledge in every day matters, in short, to take a broad-minded view of the subjects referred to, and be able to grasp the essential details. He should be able to build his own house, doctor his own etock, thoroughly understand book keeping, and above all, in South Africa he should know something of irrigation. Even suppoßing s however,that the would bo settler is a highly educated British farmer, well up in all these subjects, with the exception of practical irrigat ion, which, of course, he cm have no experience of, th^re are still muiy drawbacks which I will proceed to enumerate,

1. Insect and fungus pests are very bad. I will say, however, that in my opinion better farming would mend matters very much in nearly every case, excopt "locusts". They are a serious drawback to tha country,

which should bfl well considered. 2. The method of farming, many of the crops, the labour obtainable, and the climate, are very different as com pared with Homp, and the settler must be capable of adapting himself to the change of circumstances. 8. A farm without good water supply is practically useless for exten sive cultivation in most parts of the country, and anyone buying ground for this purpose wou'd have to see his way clearly in that direction before purch asing, and needless to say, capital would be required to carry oat the necessary work, which ia some cases would be beyond the means of a private individual,

4. Irrigated farms are scarce, and seldom in the market; indeed there is but little cultivation except in a few particular districts Many farms how ever, have a email patch of ground

under irrigation, and still more, a piece cultivated with difficulty without irri gation. 5. Most of the farms along the lines of railway are well held and seldom obtainable. Those that are for sale are 1 generally some distance from a railway often a vf>ry great distance, where civi lisation is at a low ebb, and the facilities ' for social intercourse, and education practically nil, from an educated Eng lishman's point of view Still, even the back country districts will compare with the wilds of America, such as p-trts of Dakota, and Montana, for example.

6. .Those who have seen in power in .-"outh Africa have done but little for the farmer, in fact, they have left him struggle along as best be could by him self with disastrous results to the country. The soils have not been gener ally analysed in the various districts, nor the farmer advised as to the most suitable crops, and the best methods of growing thf.m. Suitable new seeds and maaures (except guano) have not been placed within easy reach and object lessons in scientific farming and irrigation on comniercial lines have been wholly wanting although these are certainly matters for the State not for the private ! individual. The railway rates and fares •re in many cases outrageous, and press heavily on the farmer, although that tor agricultural produce on the Cape railways is very reasenable viz, Is 2d per ton per mile, or about Is 4d per 100 lbs for the distance, Cape Town to Kimberiey Dock and landing charges are also exorbitant. The Colonial coal industry has in many ways been com pletely stifled, and yet had it been properly fostered, it might have done , much for the farmer, who between un sympathetic Gfcvertiments, and the middleman,has had a bad time.

7. The railways have not been ex tended on anything like a sufficient scale. An immediate expenditure of from five to ten millions would do more for the country than anything else, particularly if followed up hy well con* sidered irrigation work^.

8. Facilities for male settlers have not been given, and yet they might be, and ought to be, for it would be a great advantage to the country if men skilled in agriculture were attracted, however small their means.

9 For agricultural purposes the farms are mostly too large and require subdivision. rl hose having fir ms for sale should take this matter in hand.

10 The fees charged by agents, attorneys, and surveyors are somewhat high, also the Government duty on the purchase of property. Something should be done to bring purchasers more into touch with seliersj aod to reduce the cost of transfer, not necess arily at the expmse of the professional men. It is the duly of the various Governments to help intending settlers in all these directions, and if they do so thoroughly most of the objections to the country can be removed,

The best advice T can give at present to my countrymen is as follows :—-

1 Agricultural settlers with small capital should not come out at all until the waj is paved for them by those who have the power--name'y, the Colonial Governments and the capitalists. An irrigated holding of no less than ten &cres, with some commonage, is neces sary, and it must be within easy rail way communication of a good market.

2 Married agricultural settlers with families and substantial capital ahould not come until they hear of light rail ways being constructed in the districts which are capable of irrigationjnor un til the country is more settled, and better education acd society is available or, at any rate, until the various Gov ernments show that they are really anxious to help the farmer.

8. Unmarried agricultural settlers with substantial capital might come at once to see the country and judge for themselves. My advice would be to risk £100 or so, and spend six months in doing this, and if after that a man could not see his way to settle and make money, ha could either return Home, or, better still, go on to Austra lia or New Zealand, where he might find a higher civilisation, and better present facilities for obtaining land,but unfortunately, much lower prices and greater competition to contend with. The experience gained here would thua not bo wholly lost; but I think that in most cases the settler would remain, and if the cew South Africa turns out what we hope and expert, the a he would succeed. As a single man able to rougn it a bit, he could take a pas sage out to Oape Town by the White Star Line. They are magnificent steamers, and as they only cairy one class, viz., third, the passengers have the advantage of the whole deck, and the best part of the ship which v not available on the Union Castle boats

The best time to sail would be September to November, as that would allow of the summer season being spent in studying irrigation methods and South African farming generally.

Board and lodging can sometimes be obtained with a farmer, but that is not absolutely necessary, and one of the country towns or villages might answer well enough. The cost would be generally from £6 to £10 per month. I can recommend the following dis tricts and places in the Oape Colony (from personal knowledge) where irri gation is practised, and where a good deal of general information as regards farming could b& picked up, viz :— Roberston, Beaufort West, Oudtshoorn, Oalitzdorp, Douglas, Queen's Town, and Whittlesea, and there are, of course, many others.

There is a little irrigation in the Transvaal and the Orange River Colony, but nothing like to the gams extent at present as in the Oape Colony, but after, say four months spent in the Oape the would-be settler might pro fitably try a month or two in the new Colonies, and then decide where he would locate himself.

The price of ordinary farms may be said to vary from 10s to 30s an acre (anirrigated) and until they are more sub divided than they are at present. Ido not think fchat anyone with much less than £2,000 should attempt agri cultural farming, and if he is to irri gate much he would require more. Of course, if facilities are given to small settlers a working man can live on an irrigated holding of 10 or more acres, and if it were let to him he ought to manage well with a capital of about £200 or even less j but such small holdings are not at present available. The new farmer in the new South

Africa mast torn his attention partica- 1 krly to the growth of Alfalfa, and the! making of Silage from all kinds of crops to help his stock over the season of scarcity. I am afraid the Army generally has a very poor opinion of South Africa as an agricultural coun try, which is hardly to be wondered at for the main line of railway to the ; North passes over the great Karoo, a barren treeless waste, and later on in the Orange Eiver Colony over wide grassy plains where very little culti vation indeed is to be seen anywhere.

Quite near Capetown, in the Paarl district, there are a good many vine- | yards, but theße are generally passed in the night, at anyrate, by the mail trains. Such travellers have therefore naturally no ideas whatever of the appearance of the irrigatad districts. Fields of alfalfa so that they dazzle the eye, maize, tobacco, beans, potatoes, wheat, and oats grow in pro fusion, whilst in addition, vinenard* and fruit trees are plentiful in some places, and all are a strange contrast to the uowatered barren Karoo ground j which in this country always borders on the cultivated area under irrigation.

The scenery in some parts of the country is very grand. Between Prince Albert Road Station and Gudtsboorn in the Cape Colony the Zwaarte Berg Pass, and the Caiago Caves will com pare favourably with anything of the game kind in the world, and I say this as an old traveller who is more or less familiar with all the continents except Australia. Th« scenery is also said to be very grand along the eastern boun dary of the new colonieß where the heaviest rainfall exists, and, therefore, in the Orange River Colony the best farms for partial cultivation without irrigation, but at present these districts are not served by railways.

With regard to malarial fever, the southern Transvaal the Orange Eiver Colony, and the Cape Colony may be said to be exempt, but there is a good deal in the northern and eastern portions of the Transvaal.—-I am, etc., Francis Ri Johnson, M. Inet. O. E. (London). Phoenix Hotel, Bioemfontein, O. R. C, November, 1900-

P. S—l Bhould say that my letter has no official significance whatever, as I am no longer in the Cape Govern ment Service,

THE ASHBURIOK GUABJDIAN : SAMJBDaK DlCEMßtfiJtt 29, 1900

Printed »nd pablilhtd by Alfrkd JOHif Tyrbell-Baxtbb, of Burnett iferMb «m tor tae f Toprieton, Robibt Bill m£ Henbi Adam MAOKAr, it kh»ir Prtnttag Offioc, Baraett Btteet, Athbnrtoo, aATORDAY, DECEMBER 29,



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REMOVAL. EEID <&TgRAY. WE have pleasure in announcing that we have removed to Temporary Premises in BURNETT STREET (Adjoining the Ashburton Club) Where we shall carry on our business pending tha erection of Our New Warehouse & Showboom." We are carrying a larger and more varied atock of Implements and Fittings, "Deering" Machinery, Twine, Oils, And AH Farmers' Requisites, And shall be glad to sea our numerous friends ab duf Burnett Street Premises. We have disposed of our Jobbing Depart ment to Messrs Kennedy and Muir, whom we can confidently recommeod as up to date tradesmen* REID & GRAY, R. B. RES TELL, Manager. NATIONAL MORTGAGE & AGENCY CO. OF N.Z, LTD,J TIMARU IMPROVED FARMS FOR SALE. 530 acres Rangitata, 250 sores Glaramont, 250 acres Waitotis, 200 acres Waihao, 250 acres Kingsdown, 1000 aorer Ota'o, 500 acres Totara, And others of various sizes in South Oanter* bury Improved Farms for lease, with right of purchase 1170 acres Fairlie, 505 acres Totara, and 265 actes Totara Also unimproved agricultural and grsalog Tims of various sizes on the Rainoliffs- and Levels Estates, and two well improved Station properties ef 7000 acres each timoke New Venae I



CHARMING SPRING NOVELTIES. JUST OPENED: 50 CASES NEW GOODS. TVTBW MILLINERY, FLOWERS, FEATHERS, RIBBON, to. New Dres«"Fabrioi, Serges, Costume Cloth; will; not shdnk^or spotgwith rain. Novelties In Zephyrs, Prints, Fancy Piques, Spotted Muslins, Lushes, plaiß-Ajjflgored. Special Value In Black Dress Goods of all kinds. Magnificent Assortment of Plain and Figured Silks, Mantles; Corsets, F D>nd Cfß, and also various other makes ; Lace Curtains, White Counterpanes! Umbrellas and Sunshades, all prices. Up-to-date Millinery, very stylish. DRESSMAKING.—LadIes leaving their orders are getting tverv satisfaction >| fit and stylet T AILORING.—A thoroughly up to date Stock of Suitings and'Troniwrlngi in English, Scotch, Irieh, and Colonial Tweeds. Satisfaction Guarakibib. IQiOases [of LINOLEUM and CARPETS just opened. ANDREW ORE. BELFAST AND FAIRFIELP FREEZING WORKS MANURES, ARE THE BEST TpOR TURNIP, RAPE WHEAT, AND ANY OTHER CROP. SPECIAL MANURE can be macb for any kind of Soil, or description of crop. SATISFACTION GIVEN EVERYWH EKE LAST SEASON. MANURE CAN BE SUPPLIED IN I Owt. or[2lCvt. SACKS Orders received b/ FKIEDLANDER BROH, Limited., DAVID THOMAS, OR T*LBs N.at. FABMEBS CO-OJPIHRA.TI YE A BHUCIATIUIV OF CAINTEKBUBY, Limited., CANTERBURY FROZEN MEAT AND DAIRY PROPUGE EXPORT COMPANY. LIMITED. 8 80 i. WAYMOU Seor-iary. HAY FORKS. HAY FORKS ——""""X -iriuuuim TO FARMERS.- TTjT E EAVE JUST OPENIDUP A SHIPMENT 01 FORMS, RAKES, SCYTHES, SHARPENING STONES, HAEYEST GLOVES, Etc, Ail of the very latest patterns from the beat makers and specially selected for th« coming harvest. ALSO,— TWO OASES of BRITISH SILVER PLATEWARE ONE CASE of ENGLISH WATCHES TWO OASES OF SHEFFIELD CUTLERY ALL SUITABLE FOR XMAS AND WEDDING PRESENTS The public are invited to walk in and inspeob oar magnificent stocks wifhoat bebg pressed to buy. Ihe above goods -are of good quality, ohante deaigna, and unequalled for value, and will last a life time. English Lever Watobea at * one guinea.' The best value ever offered. •jOamote' at ten shillings. Correct time keepers. W. H. COLLINS & CO,. IRONMONGERS, PAINTERS, TIMBER & GOAL MERCHANTS. 4GENT ROYAL INSURANCE COMPANY. WOOL SEASON 1900-1901 WE SHALL BE REPRESENTED at the Chriatohuroh and Timara fixture!, u4 have made satisfactory arrangements for disposing of CLIPS privately Aanburton. Consignments will be received ab our Aanburton or Tinwald stores, andj[senl on to •ither Ohristcharch or Timaru, free of all charges, except railage; Clients who wish to Bead their Wool direct from their nearest railway station will ease consign as follows :— If intended for sale at Aehburton—Friedlander Bros 1, Ltd Siding, Aihbnrton If intended for sale at Christchurch—Brown and Son's Siding, Addlngton If Intended for sale or shipment at Timaru—Mill & Go's Siding, Timaru If intended for shipment at Lyttelton— N.Z;Bhlpplug Co's^Damping^Shed, Lyttelton —».;o:—— WOOLPAOKS, TWINE BRANDING OIL, and ,»1I other Shearing Reqaiaites supplied at lowest rates. ——:o:— — Oar Next Sale will take place at Timaru on THUKSDAY, JANOABY 3, 1900 IRIEDLANDER BROS,, LTD.



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