Ashburton Guardian Magna est Veritas et Prævalebit. SATURDAY, JANUARY 25, 1890. AN ECCLESIASTICAL COMPLI CATION.

A most extraordinary, and somewhat absurd, complication has occurred in con nection with the .Anglican Church, Bishop Hadfield having been elected to the office of Primate, vice Bishop Harper resigned, it has been since ruled by the Standing Commission that the election is tanonically invalid, and that Bishop Suter being senior Bishop is ipso facto the Primate. This appears simple enough, but now comes the difficulty that the Bishop-elect of Christchurch (Ten Arch deacon Julius) cannot be consecrated without a rescript from the Primate, and there are, it appears, two Primates, that is to say the Primate elected by the Synod and the Primate de jure. ,ln order to dispose of the difficulty the I Synod must be convened for a special ses&ion and must be convened by " the Primate," so that the curious complica tion occurs that the question as to the primacy requires to be settled before the Synod can be called together to settle it. As this is manifestly an impossibility, something like an ec clesiastical deadlock has occurred. No doubt the church authorities will find some way out of the difficulty, though as yet no solution has been put forward which appears to be generally acceptable. To the mind of a layman it would seem that the best thing that could be done would be to ask both Bishop Hadfield and Bishop Suter to severally issue a mandate of the same date, convening a special session of Synod. One or other of them is certainly Primate, and there fore the Synod would be legally convened by the one if illegally by the other, and could then itself proceed to put an end to the difficulty.

LOCAL AND GENERAL.

The whole of the berths on the Tarawera for the third Sounds trip have been engaged, and the Union Company have had to refuse a large number.

It is estimated that the shipment of wool direct from Gisborne this season, will be 8500 bales as against 6000 last season, and most of the wool along the coast is going to Napier,

A cablegram has been received from Sydney stating that the New South Wales team of orioketers left for Auckland by the Arawata yesterday afternoon. They should reaob Auckland on Tuesday.

The Rev W. Harris, who was minister of the Primitive Methodist Ohuroh in this .dietriot, will preaoh in the Rowlands Ohuroh to-morrow morning and at Ashburton in the evening.

At a meeting of employees in retail shops in Ohriatohurch, on Thursday, 150 were present. It was resolved to take stepß with a view of obtaining a Saturday afternoon from one o'olook.

The Rajah of Mandasa was possessed with the idea that he would die at the age of 60. His grandfather and father both died at that age. The Rajah died on Ootober 2 on his 60th birthday.

The Nav'onal Mortgage and Agency Com pany of New Zealand, Limited, are advised by oable that the Doric arrived at Plymouth on Wednesday morning, 22nd inst. Her meat was in good condition.

41 Mr Dolan," said the Coroner to a witness at an inquest on a man who had been shot, " can you tell us how the deceased came to his death ? " " Begorrah, sorr, he niver came to it all. It wor oomin' to him, and duoe a minute did he have to get out ay its way."

In New South Wales the Minister for Lands proposes next session to introduoe new legislation dealing with tbe rabbit question. It is not known what form suoh legislation will take, but the Minister is personally in favor of enoouraging pastoraliats to erect wire proof fencing,

To cure's cold, pour about half a pint of boiling water over about ft draohm of pul. verised oamphor, and inhale the vapours arising therefrom ten to twenty minutes. Great relief is at once experienced, and after two or three repetitions the discomfort is said to disappear entirely.,

Bather an extraordinary hmi» natures is re ported to bave turned up at Mr J. D. Ormonde estate at Earamu, Hawke's Bay. A butoher there killed a sheep, and while he was dress ing it he discovered that it had two hearts— one of the ordinary siz9 and the other about the size of a duok'g egg. Both appeared to be perfeot.

The influenoe of the Franco-Italian war of tariffs on the national oommerce of Italy is deplorable to both countries. Out of a total amount of imported merchandise valued at 1,714,610,000 francs, but little over 115,000,000 francs' worth came from France, whereas in 1886 the produce imported from that oountry had been of the value of 311,000,000 irancs. Germany and Great Britain have chiefly profited by the struggle,

The Conference of Chambers of Commerce .opens at Dunedin on Tuesday. Paperß will be read and resolutions passed on the Com mercial Federation of the polonies, bills of lading and average deposits, average clause in fire policies, resumption of immigration, mining, flax manufacture, and probably the property-tax, oable communication, and the management of railways. The Manufaotur ing Association has been Invited to take, part in the prooeedingo.

The satisfactory reports come from the oountry that very little damage was done to the orops by Thursday's nor'weater and the rain which followed it, the loss being confined to the shedding of some of the overripe oats that were still standing, In the Methven dis trict where the wind was highest the grain was not ripe enough to be seriously injured, and in the lower and earlier localities most of the oats are cut, and the main wheat crop wants one bright fine day to make it ready for the reaper.

During the past season fnatftg have been uncommonly numerous thro'ugnoeit the $orth Highlands, particularly in the county of Sutherland, some districts of which are infested to an uncomfortable degree. A great number gf through snake bites have occurred, but fortunately, as far as human beings are concerned^ none of them proved fatal. The most numerous, as well as the most dangerous, kind of snake, would appear to be a dark-coloured adder, fully two feet in length.

Tbfl annual meeting ol the Ashburtou Oadet Volunteers was held at the Drillahed on Friday evening, the attendance being rather limited. The balftpoe-sheet showed the reaeiptp for the year to ha,yo pssn £27 19a ?d, and the expenditure £17 5s lOd, leaving £10 13b 5d in hand. ' Private Colin Campbell wbb appointed hon. Beoretary, and Corporal Hepburn, Privates Baker, Cookson, and Bobottom were elected as oommittee men. Votes of thanks were passed to Major Douglas and Sergt-Major Hayes for ihoir exertions in the interests of the corps. The orowning of a king is an expensive affair, but from the doctors' bills of the late Jling of Portugal it would appear that his dying £s just aa expensive s business. The first among the physicians attending Dom Luis during the last days of his life reoeived £6000 for eighteen aouaultatjons; another medicine man £3000 for ten and a third £3750 for eighteen. Several other Jlaoulapians were paid ai the rate, of from £60 to £?§0 for every visit, and the total amount paid ior xnedioal attendance amounted jto".over £15,000^ Some of the Maoris of Hawse'? are ? atrsie.t Sabbatarians. They are going 4 to tata -'■*iii({B against one of their number for cutting wheatTr^^J***'* $*$ **** :~ this plaoe that the \vt«^ 'Borne Aa a proof of the fertility oiA .«" places, tbe other day there was poinicv. to us a field near Te Hauke Pa bearing a i heavy crop, which is the seventeen grain crop rawed from it without a fallow. The soil is j not alluvial, but is partly composed of pul verised limestone from the hill st the back ol if*

The Argentine Eepnb'io possesses, roughly speaking, about 20,000,0^0 head of horned cattle and about 130,000,000 sheep;

The Swiss Government has- prohibited the holding of meetings by the Salvation Army, snd has closed the balls occupied by the Salvationists.

Three new ironolads will, as soon as possi ble, be in Italy's fleet, of 14,000 tons and 20,000 horse-power. Vessels, armour, guns, and all are to be made in Italy,

. "Would you marry an old man for his money ? " asked Maud. " Well, I declare! "x exclaimed Laura, with a startled air. "Yon surely don't suppose anything else would induoe me to marry him ? ''

A tramp called at the bouae of a platelayer named Trudgeon, near Oußt, on Tuesday afternoon, and finding only a small boy at home, sent him out and prooeeded to ransack the place. He got some silver and a£s note. As he was leaving Mrß Trudgeon came home, and seizing a weapon she " went for him," in a most vigorous manner. Neighbors wera oalled out, and the robber were secured, the silver being found upon him, and the £5 in a hedge where he bad tried to hide himself. The thief hunt ocoasioned much excitement in the village.

We notioe that Mr E. J. N< Taylor, agent for Cornish's American organs, has presented the Young Man's Christian Asßooiation, Ghriatohuroh, with one of that maker's "Oriental" organs, an instrument worth £55. It is in a handsome black walnut case, and has twenty necessary stopß, with ten' full sets orchestral toned reeds. The compass is five ootaves. The organ has been placed in the Durham street Wesleyan Church, and will be ÜBed during the sittings of the Conference. Arrangements are being made for a reoital to be given on it during next week. It may be mentioned that Cornish organs have been supplied to Methodist ohurohea throughout the oolony, as well as to the Convent, Christohuroh, and St Patrick's College! .Wellington.

Among the amusements provided for the celebration of the jubilee in Auckland is a dance by Maori girls. An old resident inquiries what sort of thing this is, for during a long experience of the Maoris she never saw or heard of a danoe of Maori women, young or old, and that with the exception of the wailing on the occasion of a death, all publio functions were kept in the hands of the men, the part of the wahine being to boil potatoes and to | bear burdens. The same authority oritioises the whole programme, saying that at the best the Jubilee appears likely to be marked merely by an exoessive indulgence of the incessant and childish pursuit of amusement which is so striking a feature of the colony, and asks :'< —Is this devotion to pleasure already bearing its natural fruit, and leading as baok to. barbarism ?

A concert in aid of the funds of the Sunday Sohool in connection with St Andrews' Ohuroh, Tiuwald, was held in the Temper ance Hall last evening. There waßagood attendance and the chair was taken by the Bey R< F. Garbett, who took ocoasion to thank Mr T. A. Gates for his services as superintendent of the school. In the course of the evening prizes were distributed to the scholars, and a lengthy programme of vocal and instrumental music was gone; through as follows '.—Overture, Mrs Tippetts ; duet, Mrs Tippetts and Master S. Corrigan; recitation, Miss Daisy Lowj piano solo, Miss B. Jeph aon; song, Miss Oulverhouse; rsoitatioa, Miss Moriarty; song, Mißs A. Olark; reoita tion, 0. Sobneider; ohorus, the soholara; recitation, Miss Fanny Prentice ; piano solo,' Master S. Corrigan; recitation, Miss Jeff; song, Master W. Oulverhouse; piano solo, Miss A. Olark ; song, Mrs Biggs; recitation, Mr Dickie; song, Mrs Tippetts ; song, Mißs Annie Gates; Bong, Mr H. Gates.

A peculiar case of supposed ghoßtly visita tion has just been cleared up at Stawell (says the " Age"). Mrs Williams, residing in Ligar street, has for some weeks been very muoh alarmed by peculiar noises and voioes proceeding apparently from various parts of the house during both night and day. At night also the furniture has been displaced. At last the voioe became very offensive in its remarks, and some neighbours were sent for who in turn sent for ihe police. When Constable Fitzmaurioe arrived, a voice, seemingly from the ohimney, asked him what he wanted. Ihe Ohimney was searched, but no clue to the mystery was obtained, and the next came from under the floor. The boards were pulled up; but nothing was found. The plaoe was kept under eurveillanoe next day, and at night a large crowd, composed of business men and others, assembled at the place without, however, being able to eluci date the mystery, though the sounds were Btill heard. Finally the mystery was oleared up. Mrs Williamß had a grand-daughter living with her, a child between 11 and 12 years, and this precocious juvenile has confessed that she is a ventriloquist, and was the cause of the trouble.

The late Lord Shaftesbury told a touching story of some of the greatest roughs in the East End of London. A young clergyman had asked his advice as to how to deal with the terrible human vice and 'misery of the plaoe. Lord Sbafteßbury counselled him to begin by establishing a ragged sohool, and at the same time furnished the necessary funds. The sohool met with immediate suooess, but it was impossible, in spite of all the vi&tt's efforts, to induce the people to oome to church, and the yoang clergyman finally reoolved to meet them by preaching in the open air. He seleoted one of the worst oourts and had the benohes from the aohool taken there for his hearers to sit upon, but was dismayed when he oaroe upon the soene to see the front row oooupied by a number of the most notorious roughs of the neighbor hood, who, he made no doubt, had pome to break up the services. To his surprise, however, everything went off quietly, and when the Bervioes were over he stepped up to the leader of the gang, told him he had not expected to see him there, though he was very glad to welcome him, and asked him what had brought him, The man said: * ' Well, sir, you've been very good to bur little kids, so I said to my mates, ' Parson's going to preach' in' — Court on Sunday night. It's a roughish plaoe. Let's go and see fair play.' That's ft hat brought us."

TO-DAY'S TELEGRAMS

'P»B PRKSS ASSOCIATION.

A Handsome Gift.

Wellington, January 25, i Mr 0. ft. Cuter has presented ctio New 1 Zealand Institute with a oollcotlon of 557 1 volumes on or relating to New Zaaland, 1 valued a*. £300, Ooe book alone cost | £20 Accompanying the gift ia a oollesj , tlon of arms gathered on battlefields o the Franco-German war. ! Fire, t Gbeymooth, Jannartf ■??• [ Wm. Martin's .Royal Mall Hotel, at ; DobgoD, wan btmied down this vornin?. Nothing was saved. The honae was in ■■ Bared In the Eqaltabia for £oSQ, There 1 ib on Inenranco on the fu niture. The Exhibitions ppsmms, January 25 | Nearly 8000 people visited the thgt Ex btbitloa ye«terd»y. A oheap train from ' B^PS 9QW*li*fi fcF.°??!s ht to pope' on 800 --"=*« .__'•- i I paflseu b^. "'■•n'ad, IMajoe Goting h*a been trau Ot . Auckland his plaoe being takeo by Majoi I Morrlioa ot Voik Xakipnui,

RAILWAY EMPLOYEES INSURANCE.

(per febss association.)

Wellington, January 25

The Railway, Commissioners have its* sued a circular asking tbe employee* to reoord tbelr vote upon the Government Railway Employees Insurance Bill. As now submitted It oontaloe a olause enabling anyone, by giving three nrnths ootlee, to claim exemption from Its pro vlilono. If the reply ba favourable the Oommiißlonera will recommend (Vvern ment to proceed with the BJil mxt sei-

RAILWAY REFORM.

Mr Samuel Vaile has at least one of the qualifications of a successful advocate of reform—that of persistency. No amount of cold water extinguishes his enthu siasm, and no amount of ridicule or opposition is capable of putting him down. He is determined to be heard, and we cannot help thinking that there is a good deal in his contentions, and that he is winning his way. He has furnished to the press throughout the colony advance proofs of a letter to the "New Zealand Herald," in which he returns to the charge on the subject of the railway passenger rates on the exist ing mileage principle, and the reduced rates and system of charging by stages for which he contends, and which he is confident, would lead to the vast exten sion of the passenger traffic and the large increase of the revenue therefrom. The present letter i» in reply to a work recently published by Mr Greo. Findlay, General Manager of the London and Northwestern Railway, on "The Working and Management of our English Railways," which Mr Vaile claims prcvss, not at all what the author seeks to prove, but that it pays best to afford to the public the cheapest possible facilities for travelling. A mere moderate reduction in fares (such for example as a 25 per cent, reduction) leads inevitably to a financial lobs, but when really cheap and good transit facilities are provided the people (who can only avail themselves of the cheapest transit facilities) eagerly avail themselves of them. He points out that ander his proposed scheme of charging by 50 mile stages, in nearly every instance, the lowest through fare for a 50 mile distance is Is Bi, and that even when the charge on the 50 mile stage would be fourpence, from 5s to 6s would often be obtained, inasmuch as while the charge is fourpence for the whole or any part of the stage, there are from fifteen to twenty stopping stations within these stages. He adds that " the accountant of the railway department, Mr A. C. Fife, has proved to demonstra tion, and signed his name to the state ment, that two travellers paying these low fares would give a better financial result than one traveller at the high fare now charged." Mr Yaile goes on to say " I have constantly pointed out that the chief cause of the failure of the rail way system is the practice of reckoning fares and. rates by the mile, which causes the area or circuit of profitable railway working to gradually but surely and continuously contract upon the great centres of population. Mr Finlay seems to say that in the United Kingdom this circuit is now limited to 20 miles. In this colony, it certainly does not exceed 30 miles." Mr Yaile admits that the conditions of railway working in England and New Zealand are very different, but contends that the conditions obtaining here are all in our favor and not against us as our railway department seems to imagine, his argument upon this point being thus set forth :—" In England railway traffic is very fully developed. Here, although we have railways, practically we have no traffic, especially the best paying portion — passenger traffic.

"In England they work with two, four, or more lines of rails ; here we work with one only. In England many, if not most, of the railways are taxed to their utmost carrying capacity. In some in stances trains are started at a minute and a-half intervals, consequently even a small increase in the traffic must mean considerably increased cosW-in gome cases, it means absolute loss.

" For this reason it is doubtful if the passenger traffic of England could be in creased even 10 per cent without greatly increased cost. Here we have the testi mony of Messrs W. Conyers (late Com missioner of South Island Reuways), B. W. Moody, James Stoddart, and T. D, Kdmonds, all railway men, that we can treble our passenger traffic without in creased cost. We all know that our carriages run practically empty. "Before the Railway Committee of 1886, Mr Commissioner Hannay gave evidence that the average number of passengers per oar on the. Hurunui-Bluff section was seven (7) only, whereas they are able to carry forty (40). Yes, the conditions are certainly very different. In England the traffic is all-developed, here it is all to be developed. It is a pity our Commissioners cannot see the difference.

f " There is one other condition, popula tion. We are told we have not sufficient population. It will be time enough to say this when we make n&e of the popu lation we b»t6. With more than five times the railway accommodation, in proportion to population, we do less than a fourth of the passenger traffic they do in the United Kingdorrj, also in propor tion to population.'—On one point at anyrate Mr Vaile is undoubtedly in; the righty namely in his contention that under our present system the passenger traffic is nothing like what it ought to be and is capable of being made. That with really liberal concessions as to rates of fares it would be enormously increased we are convinced, and if it be true that it would pay better to carry double the present number at Mr Vaile's rates than the present number at present rates, then we believe that Mr Vaile's system might safely be adopted, for we feel sure that the traffic would be at least doubled Under & We trust, therefore, that Mr Yaile will persevere until the plan he so errnestly and ably advocates receives a fair trial. ...

INTERPROVINCIAL

(PER PBXSS ASSOCIATION;)

Wbuungton, January 24 With referenoe to a recent telegram from Wellington itatlng that New Zea land is now free from eo*b, and that In •11 probability the whole Colony would hare olean oettlfioates In a few weeks, the Minister of Lands cays that although practically the Oclony (■ olean, yet technically there must be » period of probation. At preient there are only three flocks in the Colony not holding olean certificates; one small farm lot -in Auckland and two flocks in Nelion dis trict. The Minister of Landi think* that the North Island will be declared teohnloally olean in about a month and the Sonth Island In two months. It has been resolved, however, not to commit the error made on a pievlous ocoaslon of declaring the Colony clean even after the granting of the last, clean certificate. It la intanded to allow a oomlderable period of probation to first elapse. Ohbbtohuboh, January 24. The Weileyan Conference to-day sent* resolution of condolence to tfae family and congregation of the Bar J. McAra of Oiaborne, who t>i seriously injured by an accident, la relation to ministerial transfer! it was wiplved to lubatttnta^he; name of the Rev J. A. Taylor tor that of (he Rev Lnxford, The Peaildenk rated, In answer to a qaostlon, that ohuroh premises oould not be used for the dli oomloq of political questions on which public opinion Is divided. Deputation! were rooeired from the Ohrlstohuroh Ministers' Asioolatlon and the Free Methodic Distrlot meeting. The aeoood reading of station! makes the following alterations:—Maharangl, Rev J. Law; Upper Thames, Rev J. Smith; Whangaref, Rev J. Thomas ; Palmar a ton North, Bay J. A Taylor; Wellington, Rev W. J. William*; Hokltlka, Rev Gibson ; Lyt telton, Rev Beck; TimaiUj Rev Tlnsley ; Walmate, Rev S. La wry; Ashburton, Rev Abernetby; Milton, Rev Gray ; Inveraarglll, Rev J. S. Smalley.

TELEGRAPHIC.

HOME AND FOREIGN.

[Pkr Press Association]

WESTERN AUSTRALIA.

LowDOtf, January 23.

Sir Win. Robinson, late Acting Governor of Victoria, has arrived here and has had a long interview with Lord Koutsford on the Western Australian question, It has been arranged that the first meeting between Lord Knutsford and the delegates from Western Australia shall take place on the 30th January. Sir F. Napier Broome and Sir T. Cockburn Camp bell have arrived, here from Western Australia. ■ '

LABOR TROUBLES.

The action of the Bermondsey dockers in demanding payment during meal times is upheld by the Mansion House Committee.

EIGHT HOURS' BILL.

The Miners Federation intend to ask the labor members of the House of Commons to introduce an Eight Hours' Bill during next session.

THE WEST END SCANDALS.

Mr Newton, solicitor, who was charged with conspiracy in connection with the recent West End scandals has been committed for trial.

OBITUARY.

Mr Walker, Victorian Commissioner at the Paris Exhibition, has died at Eastbourne. ::,-.■

GALES IN ENGLAND.

LoNDOir, January 24, Fierce gales are raging in the south west of England ;

AUSTRALIAN DEFENCES.

Lord Brassey, speakm^ last night at Liverpool, said the lime would come when Australasia would be asked to increase her contribution for the main tenance of the naval forces in Aus tralian waters, and he suggested that % council of advice should be created with colonial members to consider foreign relations., v , T . ,; ,

THE LATE DUKE AOSTA

Tubin, Jano^ey 23 > The Duke of Aosta w*s buried m this city. .

SNOWED UP.

H»w York, January 23. Eight passenger trains were snowed up in Oregon. The occupants suffered severe privations, and several died of cold and hunger. ;; : r

SOCIALISM.

Bbrun, January 23 The Reichstag has voted in favor of making Bismarck's Socialists Bill a permanent measure.

STRIKE.

The strike of coal raiders at Charleroi has terminated.

DISLOYALTY.

Dublin, January 23 The local Board has dissolved the Cork Guardians on the ground that the members have been guilty of disloyalty.

AUSTRALIAN

(PIK PBXSS ABBOOUnOV.)

NEW SOUTH WALES.

Sydney, January 24 At the wool auctions to-day 4400 bales were offered, of which 3900 were sold. Competition was vigorous and the following prices were obtained :— Inferior to good greasy, 8d to 11 #; inferior to average washed, i4d to iS^d; inferior to good scoured, i4^d to is gjjd.

HEAD LINES OF NEW ZEALAND HISTORY

(" New Zaaland Times."

Tnsmaa discovered Neir Jaaiand In 1642, Bad Cook explored It In 1769, D'CTrvllle being on the aout In the Iwt mentioned year. Twp Freoah ehlpi under Morion dv Freioe, anobored In th Bay of, laUndi two yean later/ and bad an enoounter wltb the Maoris, oaased by the Frenoh breaking the tana. In 1791 Vanoaavet pat Into Dusky Bay, ' Wbalera plied their vocation aroaod the New Zealand ooait from 1794, and oameroaa £aropeam fettled unoogtbe Maoris. . - . - la 1814 the Rev Samael Manden, Colonial ObapUln of New South Walei, eictbilshed a mission At the Bay of i IsUnds. At this t'me the Maori popula tion wai between 100,000 and 110,000, , Hongl, "the N«poleoQ of New Zea land," bayiog ' been home to England (whet* be>•• preeented to George IV.), la 1820, aoquiicd a large quantity of gone with . ammuattioi},) etc, and, upon hla. latnrn, / made, war at the head of hl§ f people, the Ngapuhi, on the pther Maorii, md defeated tribe aftw Wbt with terrible '■laoghter., ;. .. , ltf .Mif.-i ?.-. ( ; .m V ', ; . Banparaha. conquered.the coaii from the MokanJionth in 1817, and settled at Waik»n«e, r , .;,-,.;.,^]' ; Mr Leigh eltabllihsd a' Wee'eyan mis sion at Whaogaroa: In 1822. The Frenoh corvette Favorite vltjted HokUng* la 1831, and rumours were rife! that the Frenoh Government intended to enforce the claims of the Baron de Thierry, a ybnngF«Dchnian who olalmed to have bought • Urge area of land .from, Hongl when the | latter was In England. The Maori chief•, io dread of .VtheAribei of Msrion," met at Eerlkeri and petitioned King William IV to take them under his protection. In cooseqaettoe, Mr James' Bosbjr, a New Sqatb Walei .settler was, appoloted British Resident in the Colony' and arrived In May, 1833, taking up his residence at Palha, near the River Waltengl,

Te Whero Whero (Walkato) attacked the NgatiaWa. at New Plymouth In 1831, and forced them to join their ohief, Wl Klngl te| Rangltvke, who had joined t Rftupitaha in the louthern put of the island. ■ ."■■'--;' .'i; 4 Baron de Thierry, arriving at Tahiti In 1835 iMoed thecca a protilamation of hU Intention to awume poueaiion of theUnd, and declaring ,'bitDielf ;> ab^eraigo ohlef of; New Zealand and king of Nokahlva, Mr Baaby oalled the oblefa'together, when they deolared' tbeh Independence, the adoption of a Oonitltatioa, and dreatloni of a Parliament. They adopted a Not Zealand flax, whloh wai lalgted by H.M.B.' Alligator. The Baton landed at Hbki anga, November, 1837, with eighty men, all of whom took work In' the neighbor hood. The Baron aettled at Hoklanga, and made no further ohlm; He died in 1861..

Buhop Pompalller eitabliihed a Roman, Catholic minion at flokianga in 1837, and the Rev Octavlni (now Bishop Had fieid opened the Charoh Miulou'a firat station at Cook Btralt in 1838.

Colonel Wakefield, representative of. the New Zetland CWpa^y, arrived at Port Nloholiori, Augnit, 1839, and the Aurora, with the Company's £rst immi grants, January 22,1840. Captain Hob ■on, appointed Britlaa Uonaul, landed at the Bay of Island •, January 29, 1340. The sovereignty of the Qaeen ovet New Zealand was proclaimed May 21, 1840, nearly 500 algaatarea having bean ob tained to the Treaty of Waltangl. On: the 17th of Juje aovereignty was alio proclaimed ovei the Middle and Stewart' Islands. ' .

Hearing that the NsDto-Bordelalie Company were Beading Frenoh Immi grants out to Banks Penlaanla, Gaptata' Hobson sent magia'»teß to the South liUad. Thesa fabctlonarle* had been; there only five dayi when the Frenoh man of war l'Aube, and the Oomte de Paili, arrived with lmmlf(raoti. After iome! negotlatloDi the lmmlgranti were allowed: to remain at Akaroa under British pro tection, and thus the Frenoh lettleaient was formed

New Zealand wm heed from New South Wales November 1810, and oreated » separate colony, the North leland > being balled New 0 later, the Middle liland New Manatee, and Stewart laland Neir Lelaiter. Otptaln Ho bio a waa appointed first Governor.

The Governor purohaied Te Vfbw^ Whero'i alleged claim of land In Tara»-.»ui 1841. Ihe FrlDceas Royal being ► Of l'£ thia year, Port Nloholson aevtl^,, addreaa of oongratuhtfon to Oaeen PKn( tf Hm^ 8- U ' William Martin, ?Sf n" 9| *U **" iSwanson arrived tlTo9° ulwU held Its firat slttlDg. j was hanged in 1841 for the morder of widow RoberttoD, her two children, manservant, and a Native child at Rotoraa.

', Oaptaln Hbbson died September 10, 1840. The N4ttvei,in an addvets to the QjeeD, asked her to tend as Governor "a .good^an, Ilka the Governor whb-haa juat died." Llantenant dhortland became acting Governor.

BUhopSelwyn arrived In New Zealand May; 1842.

Oaptaln Wakefield was ahot at Walrau. Jcce, 1843. '

Oaptaln Flizroy («ald to be a descend ant of the Boyal dtuarts) assumed the governorship, Deoamber, 1843, On September 28, 1844, Customs datlei were abolished, and a property and income-tax substituted. The Crown's pre-emptive tight over cerUln lands wm ■Ito waived, the purchaser to have Grown grant on payment to Government of ■ fee of one penny per acre, Heke'i war began when bit men oat down the flagstaff at Kcroiareka for the eeoond time, January, 1845, and lasted till J.nuary, 1846, when Kawitl aned to Governor Grey for peace. The original Taran.kl Natives returned from slaveryln the Waikato aod reilded In the south In 1844, and refuted to abide by Mr Spain's award of 60,000 acres to the New Zealand Company. Tail promoted the Taranakl war. Debenture! of 5a and upwards, bearing Interest 5 per cent were Issued In 1844. Captain (now Sir) Qeurge' Grey super* ■eded Ouptatn Fllzroy, Novembes 14, 1845. He called In the £37,000 worm of debentures In circulation, and ended Heke'a war as stated.

The Governor osme'to Wellington and aeizad Raupaiaha, 1846. The Governor deoided to annul Fitz roy'a Grown grants to blocks exoeedlnfc 2560 acres, bat that coarse was ruled ultra vlrea by th« Supreme Court. The Oouct decided on a test case that Crown grants under Fltafoy's proclamation were ▼old. - / < '■ '' , l The European population In 1847 waa 15,000, exclusive of the military and their famlllea (about 2500). A charter wta granted to New Zealand In 1846, dividing the colony Into '-4 wo provlnoea, each to have a Housei of Re presentatives, Leglalatlve CoanoH, Gbver oor,«nd Lleutenaat-Governoi. A General Aseembly of a Houae of Repretentatlve* and Legislative Ooonoll and the Governor- Ic-Chlef waa to govern the whole colony —members of the House to be elected bF the Provincial Honaea, and the Legisla tive Council by the Crown from the Provincial Legislative Cjudolls, Oiptaln Grey waa appointed Governor of j>im pro vJncas aud Governot-in-Ohlef. Mr Edward John Eyre waa appointed Xiea. teqant-Governor of both provlnoea. The charter waa soon afterward suspended for ■ five yiara, on Goveyaoi Grey'a reqommen-1 datloa,

(To be continued.)

WESLEYAN MISSIONS

|_PIB PKBSS ASSOOIATIOK.]

(Stdnbt. January 24. Monsignor Vidal, of Fiji, is appealing for funds in England in aid of the Roman Catholic Missions in the Islands, and is credited with stating that the Wesleyan body sends large sums annu ally to Fiji, and also despatches a great many missionaries to the Islands^ boi more as traders than minis ters .of .(lod. The Wesleyaii Conference warmly oom batea this statement,'and re«olv#d to a«k Monßignor Vidal whether it is true that he made each an assertion, '''"■*"

ENGLAND AND PORTUGAL

[PIS PIUM AMOOUnOV.] Loimojr. January 28. The Portuguese in New; York and Rio Janeiro are reported to be boycot ting English traders) !AM Mr GoicheD, ipeakipg^ at a meeting in London, said mediatjoo would be ridiculous pending-the withdrawal of the, Portuguese fcdmThe/dispute%ter rit^ro \J£xJ:l. v J± Mr Gladstone, speaking at Chester, said, he should withhold ,his judgment foe the present '-' ■"' (!>' '^1 O

THE SAMOAN CONVENTION

. (P«B PBIM AJ8O01ATI0H.) .. . Niw Touc Jan. 23. The, ; American PreSs complain that the views ~< of' GemaisyS dominate %the Samoan Convention 1 lieaty, and that Malietqa is only &,s•<£ ,m§^SAi & oamoa. <■j - •■ -..■>, ,

• - Lokdoh, Jan; 24 . In the course bf 'an ■ article on the Bamoan Treaty, the •• Times "says that its adoption will secure to England«lJy a fair field and no favor fni^amoa.^ "'

THE MARKETS

■•■•••-•W^iiaJggfiffffft .^■r- -:: _,') ,B¥DI^ Ii ,J I MIUWF,Jt4. '■ At the wool auctions to-day'44oo bales, were' offered, ;of which S9Qo r] -w«fe sold. Competition was Vigorous, ippl the following prices were obtained:— Inferior ;i to., good .^gwiisy^ 8d r to ll^d, inferior to ; aver^w^^r8 Jlß^d v to Is 3|d, inferior to good Booured lß2|dto is 9|d.';■'•;•; ;;^:.'-.w;.a ,^}, r^-M ' Owinjg to: tbe- jodd aossbn serend vessels, are loading wheat for England. It is expected that farther ex^ensire shipments wUI com* forward. '.;' f, T3 Loitdok, January 23tf<> Quotations for frozen mutton are un changed. .. . ;. •.: ,r , -...v , jr , (Eleoelved January 25, 18.30 pn| ':■: •: ; Loipoir. Janaarr 24i s The weekly retains of the Bank of England published to-day show th» total reserve in notes and 1 bnllidh' to bo £11,582,000 and the proportion of reserve to liabilities" 40 per.oent. -"^ : Consols 97^, steady; ; New Zealaaa four per cents 106J.,actiya; ;. ' \' ff ™ 'Australian wheat, ex? wareho^sirSOiv ■ quiet f f New Zealand long-berried,. w: ■/store, 38s steady.v'^' *■*■ W.teW?\\ ?& ' ". The talloW inar%Vrs- ;Iflat ~&m* mutton is quoted ? at 2^,';' beej^'^■l{*««

THE FEDERATION COUNCIL.

AUBTRAIJAN NATlyjfS' $gf6 ---,,;-■:. V CIATION.^^,"

' ' ~ ' j m*^mmT m*'t •li-Poni"*i~jj has > SPEECH BY LOBD HOPHTOUN (p» Pfitsa ASOoounqirO MFißogam, January 24. Lord aopi'Jtaan, in, the course of an address the Natives' Association, said th.t the feeling of .respect for, the <^hues was, growing Btrohgly tt Hoaie. Although it was true ~ that expresstons of disrespect for and unfriendliness to wards the colonies, had been made in the House of Commons, he could assure them that such expressions- did «not | proceed from resp^nsibl* 'o^,motle*lte men, but were merely the effusions of. the irresponsible frivolity of men who were always ready to raise a. cheer even if their utterances endangered the^future of the British Empire, lie responsible statesmen of Great Britain, said bis Lordship desired to draw closer the bonds of union between: the' Mother Countrj and the colonies.- \-^ f <-,-, nio > ' -

The intercolonial Conference-of tho Australian Natives' Association affirmed the desirability of • Federal Legislature, consisting of the Governor-General and two Houses. Members of one Home to be elected by the Legislature, and of the other by the people of Tthe various colonies; each colony to be represented equally in one House at : - - lwutf An amendment that ..the Governor-Qeneral be selected by the Crown was withdrawn* In a letter to the Press, Mr Gladstone expresses the opinion that the action of Sir H. Parkes regarding federation is apparently judicious, but ignorance of details prevents him .(Mr^Glamtohe)) pronouncing any positive opinion on the merits of the case. Doubtless Aus tralia will work its way to a just con*, elusion.

THE CANAL OF JOSEPH.

How many of the engineering works of the nineteenth century will there be in existence in the year 6000? Ye y few, we,fear, and still less those that'will continuettt the ft r off age to serve a useful-purpose. Yet there v ,at least one, gre»t undertaking conceived -^and executed by an,enginteer^whichvdurwg :the space of 4000 years has never ceased its office, on: which- the. life of a fertile province absolutely depends to-day.; Wereierrto the Bahr Toussuf-Mhe canal or Joseph—built^ according to tradition, by Ihe .son of Jacob, and which constitutes hot >theJlealt of snanf blessings he conferred on Egypt during the years of his prosperous rule.! \Ttu> cabal took its rise from the Mile at Asiut, and ran almost parallel with it for. nearly, 250 miles, creeping along under the western' dins of the Nile valley, with many abend, and winding, until at length it gained an eminence, as compared with the river bed, which enabjes it to westward through s narrow pass anil enter a district which was otherwise shut off'irbio the fertilising floods on which all vegetation in Egypt depends. ■ The'nc>rtHerti ends stood 17 feet above low, Nile, while at the southern end it was; at an .equal ■■ elerafionr,with the river. Through this cut a perennial stream, which watered a province named the Fayhum* endowing it with fettilly and supporting large population. In the time of the .annual flood a great part of the canal was tinder water, and then the river's current would rush in'a more direct course into the pass, carrying with it the rich silt which ftak«sl?tke *' place of manure and keeps the soil in a 'atate of constant; productiveneu. All thi»,f with the ', exceptioo of the tradition that-Joseph built it, can be verified to-day, and .it. is not mere supposition or rumor. ; Until, eight' years ago,-it, was firmlyjbtua^ed that the design has always been limited Wan irr gation scheme, larger no doubt, than that now in operation, as s 1 own by traces of abandoned canals and by the slow aggregation of waste ' water which had accumulated in the Birket el Querun, but still essentially the tame in charge^;, Mwy »<ww»ti Un b*m wiitt^.

THE A HBURTON GTTARDIAM, SATORPAY JANUARY 25, 1890.



Public Notices. WE can offer Farmer* and others wishing to »h!p GRAIN OR WOOL 10 LONDON, Space at current rates. Early applica ictili neceuary. We make "no chabge fob commission and Advance* are made free of interest* FBIEDLANDES EROS, ABHBUBTON COUNTY STOOK AND BALEYABDS CO,, Limited. AB the request of several Farmers the Company has decided to hold • Bpeolal PIG FAIE For the Sale of STORE PIGS, AT THE Tmwald Yards Early In March. Farmen will oblige by letting the Caretaker have particular! of their Entries -" early as possible. geoTjamebou, 75 Chairman.



SALE NOW m AT THE NEW ZEALAND CLOTHING FACTORY. Half Yearly Stock-TaMng. MEN'S AHD BOYS 1 CLOTHING At Ptioeß to soit everybody. NO OLD STOCKS TO SELECT FROM The Qoodi we NEW and all our own uakfr



HATS SHIBTS TIES SBACES ALL REDUCED IN FBOPOBTION INSPECT OTJE STOCK! And judge for yourselves. NEW ZEALAND Clothing Factory. W. H. vVEBBEB, ( M»nsger«



HOD FAOMUS VALDB P ACIMU ("What we do we o well." TOE OHBIBTCH.UROH DB NTAL SUBGBRY, 166 Ouhel titreet, Ohristchuroh, next Eobln lon'i Boot Store, and at the Octagon. Dunedin. All >perfttloni at strictly uniform and moderate Consultation free. S. MYEBS~AND CO., STJBOEOH DENTISTS. <BBBITTEE.Tb SB V£Els}bitf ri NITBOUfe OXIDE GAS tdmbbtfrad Thii Au»Bthetlo leavei no unpleasant effeoti, and by Its aie the extraction of Bad Stump* »nd Toeth la rendered pet feotly Painless »nd Effeotlve, Ad ministered dally. Fee for administration of Gat, 6i. Extraction, 2i 6d • tooth. Hoars oi attendance, 9 a.m. to 8 p.m. Prlvat* residence, 93 Bait Belt. The acknowledged superiority of AMERICAN DENTISTHY In the con •troctlon of Artificial Teath, the raoit finished workmanship, and "placing the loft teeth TEMPORARILY ALMOST IMMEDIATELY after exttaotton, have aitabllihed oar repotation, A tingle ArttfieU Tooth, 10s, oomplete et. Upper and Lower, Temporary and Pimitfent £1010 a j Aj*iJßo!al Tenth and Denture, made by otuet dentists re noddled at small oottf, Stopping, Soil- Og, Perfect and Painlesr.



GHBISTMAS GIFTS. W. W. SPENCEB IN addition to the Great Bargains he « now offering for Christmas and New Ywr, will give every Customer spend ing 6» and upwards a PRESENT. White Calicoes 3b 6d a dozen Grey Calicoes 2s lid s dozen Scarlet Flannel BJd a yard Batemer Drew Goods 6|d Zepbyjf cloths in all colors Pink, Grey, Light Blue at sid White Towels 3Jd each # Double Width White Twill Sheeting U MEN'S TWEED SUITS, 18s 6d Jfen'B Tweed Tronierß, 6s lid Boys and Youths' Colored Moles 2s 114 Men's Colored tf olei 6b lid r .BOOTS 'BOOJT& Men'rf Blcioheri^s lid, Shooters 10s 6d Women'? Leather Blaatio Side Boots 4m Ud The beet value in BOOTS to be had in Ashburton W, W. Spencer's THE AEOADE. P.S. REMEMBER every Customer fending 54 win reoelv vaioable .•Mat



Wanted Known Cash Advertisements under thi- head I ing, not exceeding 16 words, ONE Shilling. Addresses may Deleft at this Office. WANT&D to Sell a aecond-hand Bicyole, oheap. Apply Mail Office. ■ 1 179 ANTJiiJD KNOWN — The Gospel will be pe^ed (D.V.) in the Templar Hall, Wakaiiu- Road, by Jqhw Mabshall to-morrow at 6,30 p.m. 1 180 11/ ANTED by three yonng men, V V Sitting Room and two Bedrooms with Board and Wnblng—near Sta ion. Address at ones.—Dodds, Court Ohambera, 1177 _ WANTED, at once, by a yoocg man, respectable board, lodging, and waihlng. Near post offioe ; west aide of line preferred. Addteu, box 42, Post Offioe. 1 169 MANILLA Binder Twine, machine oil, and wire. Time Is money on the harvest field—the best la the cheapest. —R. Alcorn, Sanndera Baildtnga. " \ 1/ ANTED Known.—" Strong-wear W Boota fo» Ladlei, Men and Children can only be obtained at W. H Ocllikr'b. 4 ItT ANTED Known that Akdbbw Uke'b VV half-yearly sale of Suiplns Stock of Drapery Clothing and Boots Is now going on. 1 149 XITANTED KNOWN —My Bpecial VV Make of Ladles' 4-claep Kid Gloves, " The Aahburtonian," braided backs, 3s 6d per pair.—W.- H. Collieb. WANTED every mau m me County to have a Salt of the Aahbarton Tweeds. —Robert Aloobh, Ashborton Clothing Mart, Saondera' Baildings. WEDNESDAY Half-Holiday. Pleaae tbop early. Wednesday we close at 1 p.m.—H. 0. Segkbs, Meiford Home. TjIMBROIDEBIES— Fc» good Embroly Pi deries marked cheap &> Ko Meiford House. We have a large atm aplendid »aao. tment to ohoose from.—H. C. Ssobb's Meiford House.



WANTED Known laoe curtains 3» 114, towels 4Ji, nmbrellas Is lOd. prints 2£d. skirt* Is, kid gloves li, 12ioz drew buttons for 1«, embroidered ooatumes 10a.—Andrew Obr's Sale, 1 160 THE Jubilee Sale. Andrew Obr le selling men« boots 9a 6i, ladles E.S. t»t 4s 6d, lsoa up boots 53 61, glr.'e boots 3s 9d, mea'a shoes 6a lid. evening shoes 2b 6d. Sale now on. 1 151 MBS KBNJSEDY and Misa Oimeronl Moore Street—Teachers of Scientific Dress-catling- fiodieß cat and fi ted. Dressmaking in all its branohes. Ridiug habits a speciality, 12 69 MILLINERY — If you want o ohooae from a large atock of trimmed and nntvlmmed hats and bonnets go ta Mel ford House. A lot of children's Galatea otrawa from 6d to 2s, very cheap' -°*H. 0. SXOEBB, Melford Honse. ANTED KNOWN—That finding East street rents too high, I am removing MY STOCK from J. Orr's premfilS^ back to my Havelook street shops, wbertf I will be able to sell goods Cheaper than ever, having no tent to pay there.—James Baker Furniture & Fancy Goods Warehouse I+ll6 TXTANTBD, Everyone to Know—Th»t W J. MOISON ba« noar In stook » arge and varied assortment of BOOTS AJSD SHOES for the Spring and Summer Season, Gentlemen's, Ladles', aud Chil dren's, both imported and OolonUl;»iso HIS OWN MAKE, whloh OANN )T BE SURPASSED for Style, Fit, Qail ty, and Neatness, combined with VERY REASONABLE PRIOEB. AH repairs executed prompt^ and with neatness. 121L «E W GOODS. STATIONERY, Fancy Goods; Music, &c New Serial Volumes. New Books for Prize 3o? Presentations. Subscriber* wanted for any Magazine or Newspaper pnbliahed. Diaries for 1890. All Woods Riducedin Prkt during this month, L. F. ANDBEWES & CO. PunUc Notices REV W. HARRIS (formerly of Aeh borton) will preaoh In the NewUnda Prlmltlva Methodist Ohnrch To-morrow Morning, and at the Asabntton Obnrcb In the Evening. 1 5 „ n WANTED Known—Fresh Flonnderl large and small fieh; also Smoked Barraeouca and Haddocks can be hud dally. Oysters next month: also Pare Ood Liver Oil. CHARLES RYEL, . 1 173 Ashbnitoo: THE SACRED HEART SELECT SCHOOL. riONDUOTED bx the RELIGIOUS of "NOTRE DAME DBS MISSIONS," ASHBURTON. Witt KB OPEN ON MONDAY, 27th xbst. For fotther particulars apply to th° REV. MOTHER PRIORESS. 1J154 LONGSSA&&;.'' T ONGBSAOH Royal Mall Coach; JLj leaves Longbsaeh for ABbburton (Sandnjra eioepted) at 7.30 a.m., Water- ] v^u 810 a.m., Aahion 8,15 a.m., Wheat* stone 5*30 a.m., arriving in Ashbarton In time for the North or South Trains. Thecoioh leaved the Pont Office iuhbnr ton, at 5 p,m., arriving »* Longbsaoh at 730 p.m. Parcels or orders H"l' at »Dy of the above places will receive atrijJ at ~ tention. Fares—Single fares 3a' 6d; ratu*a si, 0. WISE, Ooachraan



CIRCUS. CIRCUS. ASHBURTON—TWO NIGHTS ONLY Commencing THUBBDAY, 30ra JANUA.RY, Coming by Special Train WISTH BROS.' Colossal Consolidated Circus Four Lsrge Circnga3 in one. 47 STAB ABTISTS. ? LADY BIDEBB Highly trained stud of Horses and Ponies WONDERFUL WIBTH FAMILY, Fifteen In number. ST LEON BROS., W a lhalk Bros, Matthews Bros, & Midgets, P. Jo£& Bomano, ifolenz and £- « Funny Clowns, Auguete the Ireto, v * * cftinber/pf others, Dummy, anu * -««eio£ $o crowded and Jaet concluded p.. __ A long delighted audiences In ju u for tMs advertisement is unnecessary "~>*iijfc I gigantio organisation, because you v, have heard of it. ~ , POPULAR PBIOES. Doora open at I 7 15; Performance at 8 sharp. i SPECIAL JSOTIOfi ,1?, ordes, to Bait the convenience of Children, Country Visitors, and Families living at a distance, there will be an AFTBRNOON P BFOKMANOB PBIDAY, 31st JANUaRY, at 3 ' When* Speoial JBeduotfon will be made ' 119 2 iorObildreOj



The best medipine known ia SANDER and SONS' EUCALYPTI EXTRACT. Tesjsits iminent powerful effects in ooughs, colds, influenza, etc.—the relief is instantaneous. Thousands give the moßt gratifying testimony. His Majesty the King of Italy, and xnadioal syndicates all over the globe, are its patrons, Bead the official reports that accompany each bottle. We have no oooasion to offer rewards in proof of the genuineness of our references. The official reports of medical clinics and universities, the offioial communication of the, Gonsui-GS"^! !0? Italy at Melbourne; the diploma awarded International EiululllGn, Amsterdam—all these are authentic doou ments, and, as stioh, not open to doubt. We add here epitome of one of the various cases treated by Siegen, M.D., Professor, etc, Burning of the right hand through the ex plosion of a small oil stove. The epidermis on the yolar and palmer side of the hand of the 'thirty-year-old patient was' completely -:parau;d and lifted up as far as the jo|nt of the hand. The likewise lifted nails were hanging loose, and half of the phalanx of the nail of the middle finger was coaled. The wounds thus contracted healed in three weeks under aily applications of Euoalyptio Extraot dressing. The patient has retained the full use of the hand.— (Advt 1



HollowaV's Pills.—Nervous Debility.— I No part of the human machine requires mo'e i S^s£i nff !?Mn the nervous system—upon it hangs health aitf life itself, These Pills are the best regulators and strengthened of the nerves, and the safest general purifiers. Nausea, headache, giddiness, numbness, and mental apathy yield to them. They despatch fii a summary manner those distressing dyspeptic symptoms, stomachic pains, fulness at pit of stomach, abdominal distention, and overcome both capricious appetites and con fined bawels,—the commonly accompanying signs of defective or derariged nervous power. Hollowav's Pills are particularly recommended fp persons of studious and sedentary habits, «?hp gradually sink into a nervous and jus itated. st^e, nnle§s some such restorative occasionally *»wv ' >



A new substitute for tobaooo is being in* troduoed. It is a mixture of British herbs— the particular plants are kept secret—and smokers who have tried the compound declare it to be delioiously fragrant, slightly exhilarat ing, and withal snooting to the nerveo, Two, Auckland grocers have been fined 10s each for selling adulterated pepper, though they did not know it was adulterated. Dr Giles, R.M., said he had oonsulted tbe authorities with regard to the point aB to whether it was ■ neoeeary to prove that the defendants had knowledge of the article being adulterated. He had looked into the English oase of Pitz patriok v Kelly, whioh exactly covered the ground of tbe present oase. From this oase it appeared that the vendor of an article was liable whether he knew it was adulterated or not. It was held that if pepper was asked for, and sold, tbat meant that it should be pepper, and not any other substance. That was equivalent to saying that the substance should be unadulterated,



The best Remedy for Indigestion.— Noiuon'? Camomile Pills are confidently recommended as a simple remedy for indiges tion, which is the cause of nearly all the diseases to which we are subject. Norton's plls, with justice called "Nature 1* stengthener of the human stomach." act as a powerful top ie and gentle aperient, are mild in their open lion, and safe under an; circum 9twe* Sold/ia fptUej atjtltfd, » 4



The oldest bank notes are ths " flying J sas wit 11" mm>" tat ii; M*.