THE MAORI AND THE MOA.

By Mr. C. IV. Purnell, Ashburton, in the “ Victorian Revkw.” In striving to ascertain the real beliefs of the natives on these subjects, we are met with obstacles on all sides. The Maoris have been so many years in close intercourse with Europeans that their ancient beliefs are clouded and interfused ■with a variety of Christian notions, and it is only a few of the older men who pos sess a knowledge of Maori traditions in their purity. The same remark applies, in a modified degree, to the inhabitants of most of the Pacific islands ; at the time when these traditions could have been collected in an unadulterated form, there was no competent hands to perform the work. The traders who visited the islands went there for very different pur poses, and the missionaries rather sought to extirpate the traditions than to foster and to keep them alive. They were the root of heathenism and savagedom, and must be torn up by all means and cast in to the pit of oblivion ; nor was it likely that the natives entrusted with these wild secrets of barbarism would be ready to disclose them to persons who had come to the country with the object of expelling the old and introducing a new cede of be liefs. And now that these traditions are become the subject of our anxious in quiry, the inquirers themselves place stumbling blocks in their own way. Each has a theory to prove true ; the tradit ions, instead of being gathered and in vestigated with the view to elicit their genuine meaning, are distorted to make them fit in with the inquirer’s personal basis ; a chance analogy is made the basis for a huge superstructure of hypothesis ; while an inconvenient legend is thrust out of sight. Above all, there is the reluct ance of the natives to tell the whole of their beliefs. Probably no civilised man has comprehended the mind of a savage. The two are beings of a different order, and the savage knows it. He under stands full well that the civilised man, although he may listen to his legends with interest and pay respect to his reli gious beliefs, will never sympathise with either. Hence there is always an arca num of barbarian mysteries hidden from the civilised man’s gaze. He may con trive to gain admittance to the outer shrine, but the inner is rigidly closed to him. Moreover, the modes of thought of the two are fundamentally different. The Samoan believes himself to be sur rounded by-an infinity of good, and all his actions are guided by the conviction that he is watched by this countless host of deities. How can an Englishman, trained in the Christian faith, project himself into such a frame of mind ? And so it is throughout. The genuine Poly nesian, unchanged by civilisation, lives, moves, and has his being in a different ■world from that wherein we dwell, and the recognition of this fact will prove the rashness of those humanitarians in Eng land, who insist that if a savage be treated like a civilised man he is sure to respond in the same manner, and whose mischie vous doctrines have so frequently sub jected our colonists to insult and wrong. Up to d the present, our researches into the origin of the Maoris have produced a similar result to that which has attended other ethnological studies. Some curious information has been collected, but we are as wise as we were at first about the real point at issue. We know, as we did then, that the Maoris came to New Zea land from Hawaihi, but the whereabouts of Hawaihi is still uncertain. It is incred ible to suppose that they, with other Polynesians, have a truly Pacific origin ; but whether we look to the east or to the west for their birthplace, gigantic obsta cles obstruct the view. Were it possible, indeed, to accept the theory of an Ameri can origin, we should probably still feel disposed to credit the presence of a strain of Indian blood in the race. We should do that with the Polynesian native ; still more with the Maoris, who, as already -noted, are plainly a cross-breed. The moa and the Maori have somehow got inextricably mingled together. The moa is the most wonderful bird that ever existed. It is by far the biggest. Na ure has never made such another ; for ages it was the lord of New Zealand, roaming the islands in vast flocks; no living eye has seen it, yet its disappear ance seems but of yesterday—nay, one can hardly believe that it has vanished from the earth ; but when we strive to fix the precise time when its last representative expired, all grows impalpable and misty. There is a romance about the bird. It is a kind of southern roc. We feel that if it had been gifted with wings it might easily have soared into the air with a Sinbad tied to its leg, and from its mons trous egg, in the hands of a magician, any marvels could have been evolved. But it could not fly. Reasoning ‘ £ a priori,” we should say that its speed must have been great, owing to its mighty stride. Maori traditions, nevertheless, allege that it was sluggish in its movements, and thus eas ily destroyed, although when forced to fight it kicked like a horse, and its blow was as dangerous. Its leg bones were as thick as those of a bullock, and have often been mistaken for the latter. The profusion of its remains show that it once existed in immense numbers, and that its range extended throughout the length of both islands. It was formerly supposed that it had not lived in the pen insula north of Auckland, where the wooded nature of the country would seem to preclude its making that a dwelling place ; but iu 1875 this belief was dis pelled by the discovery of a deposit of moa bones near Whangavei. The chosen haunts of the moa, however, were the broad and grassy plains of Canterbury and the open country in the interior of Otago. In a small plot of ground at Glenmark, in Canterbury, it is estimated that the remains of at least a thousand raoas lay entombed ere the man of science began his work there. As to the country further to the south, Dr. Hector says :—“ It is impossible to con vey an idea of the profusion of bones which only a few years ago wore found in the interior of Otago, scattered on the surface of the ground or buried in the alluvial soil in the neighborhood of streams and rivers.” That these birds formed a favorite article of food of the natives in days gone by, is manifest from the quantity of charred bones found in old cooking-places in all parts of the country, while the profusion of broken egg shells accompanying these remains proves that they likewise were highly agreeable to the native palate ; indeed, it has been suggested, and the suggestion is worth attention, that the wholesale use of the rnoa eggs thus evinced must have been a principal cause of the extirmina tion of the bird. But who were these moa-eating natives? It needs to be taken for granted that they Were identical with the Maoris, and that the extermination of the moa was an event of a very recent date. Many believed that the last of the moas still survived, and even at the present day paragraphs now and again find their way into the newspapers, recording how some party of explorers has been disturbed at night by an unusual sound, and issuing from their tent have perceived in the light of the moon a mighty two legged, feathered thing “skedaddling” at full speed; or perchance they have met with tracks in a remote locality which could have been made by no living crea ture except the moa or its cousin. These tales, circumstantially told, once obtained a certa n amount of credence, but have latterly come to be classed with marine stories about the sea-serpent. There is, nevertheless, evidence to the same effect, of a moi e reliable character, and which cannot he so'lightly set aside. Dr. Hec tor, F.R.S. , the director of the New Zea- ■

land Geographical Survey in the year 18G3, while travelling over one of the flat topped mountains near Jackson’s Bay, in the South Island, at an elevation of 4000 feet, observed numerous well-beaten tracks sixteen inches wide, intersecting the dense scrub in all directions, and which, owing to the height of the scrub, ' could only have been formed by the fre quent passage of a much larger bird than any species known to exist in the country; while, by the sides of the tracks, especi ally near the upper confines of the forest he noticed shallow excavations two or three feet in diameter, which had appar ently been scraped for nests. The com mon belief was, however, disturbed by Dr. Yon Haast, F.R.S, who in 1871 pro pounded the theory that the moa was extinct before the arrival of Maoris in the island, and that the men who had hunted and killed it were an extinct race. He was not the inventor of the theory, but the first .who had given it prominence, and collected a substantial body of evi dence to support it. Forthwith a contro versy of scientific warmth arose, but the disputants have now cooled down, and while Dr. Yon Haast is loft in a decided minority, it must be conceded that the promulgation of his views lias provoked an invaluable amount of research, so that during the past eight years we have learned more about the moa than we had done since the discovery of New Zealand by the Europeans. It had been previously supposed that the Maoris were intimately acquainted with the moa, and that free mention of it was made of it in their songs; but it has been shown that the references, if any, are scanty ; indeed, Mr. Oulonso, of the North Island, and the Rev. Mr. Stack, of the South, both ex perts, positively deny that they contain any reference at all. We have on the other side, the high authority of Sir George Grey and Judge Mailing, the former of whom wrote to the Zoological Society of London, in 1870, as follows : “ The natives all know"the word 1 moa,’ as describing the extinct bird, and when I came to New Zealand, twenty-five yeais ago, the natives invariably spoke to me of the moa as a bird well-known to their an cestors. They spoke of the moa in exactly the same manner as they did of the kakapo, the kiwi, the weka, and an ex tinct kind of rail, in districts where all these birds had disappeared. Allusions to the moa are found in their poems, sometimes together with allusions to birds still in existence in some parts of the island. From these circumstances, and from former frequent conversations with old natives, I have never entertained the slightest doubt that the moa was found by the ancestors of the present New Zea land race when they first occupied the island, and that by degrees the moa was destroyed and disappeared, as have several other wingless birds from difibr ent parts of New Zealand.” Judge Maning, and one or two other Maori scholars, undertake to explain from information derived from the natives, the mode in which the moa was captured and killed by the Maoris, who were accus tomed to organise large parties for the chase of the moa, flocks of which were first driven into a confined space by firing tbe scrub and fern, and the birds were then killed with spears made for the pur pose. Mr. Walter Mantell, Dr. Hector, and other persons competent to give an opinion, likewise range themselves in op position to Dr. Yon Haast ; and there are many telling facts against the prehistoric theory, which its supporters have - hitherto failed to answer in a satisfactory manner. For example, pieces of moa skin, with feathers attached have been found (and may now be seen in the colonial museums) under circumstances which exclude the supposition that the birds of which they compose the relics have been dead for the length of time required by this theory. It is said that in the British Museum there is a taiaha, or Maori chief’s spear, with a bunch of moa feathers at the top. The taiaha was ■ brought to England by Captain Cook. Bones of a dog, of apparenlty the same brood as the Maori dog, are mingled in ■ many old cocking-places with those of the ■ moa, and all the trustworthy evidence ■ available to guide us shows that no dogs • existed in the island at the time of the , Maori advent. Moa remains are likewise i mixed up with those of cannibal feasts in • the North Island, although not in the i South, and stone implements, both rough l and polished, similar in character to those i now used by the Maoris, abound every i where with the relics of moa feasts. One spot near the Clutha River, in Otago, ; has been named “Moa Flat,” from the ; quantity of moa bones which lay scattered - upon the surface of the ground when the land was first occupied by the settlers. In many other places—over wide tracts of country —moa hones have been discovered spread over the surface of the soil. (to be continued )

THE COUNCIL AND THE HARBOR BOARD.

Tho Lyttelton Harbor Board have finally considered the resolutions of the Ashburton County Council and have en tered up judgment. That judgment is just as we expected it would be—viz., against any admission of the Ashburton County’s claims to direct representation at the Board. It is satisfactory to note, however, that tho members of the Board are remarkably well pleased with them selves, that they believe they have dis charged their duties as no other public body in the Southern hemisphere has dis charged its duties, and having done so feel themselves equal to the task of spend ing all the loan recently secured without any help from outside, and without sharing the honor of doing so with new blood. From the report of the meeting as published in the Christchurch papers, we learn that some members were quite prepared to admit The county of Ash burton to representation at the Board, provided other counties were represented, but perhaps the most sensible suggestion made was that the system of nomination by which members are appointed should cease, and that the Board should be an elective one, with every interest repre sented. There is altogether too much nomineeism in the public bodies of this colony, and the sooner the broad principle of representation is recognised and acted upon the better. The chief opponents of any change in the constitution of the Harbor Board were tho Chairman (Hon. E. Richard son) and Mr. Murray-Aynesley, the former believing that the construction of the Board being tlie outcome of tho collective wisdom of both houses of Parliament, and he would therefore use his utmost en deavor to oppose any alteration. Mr. Turner, in advocating direct repre sentation, told the Board that as it at present stood it was not alivo to its own interests, inasmuch as it had refused to reduce the wharf charges and expenses while at the same time it claimed to have nominally some thousands of surplus in come. We should say the counties who use the Port of Lyttelton as the outlet for their grain have a good case to go to Par liament with for a reconstruction of the Harbor Board on a representation basis.

THE ASHBURTON GUARDIAN, TUESDAY, MARCH 9, 1880.

Printed and published by Horace Jo 11 ;* Weeks and Charles Dixon, at, their Printing Ofnee, East Street, Ashburtcr, Tuesday, March 9, 1880.



Deferred Payments. —A large area of land has been proclaimed open for settle ment on deferred payments at Te Aroha and Waikato, in lots ranging from 26 to 314 acres. Public Works in Auckland. —Hie Ministry have promised to call at once for tenders for a large number of contracts in the Auckland district, and have also ex pressed their intention of throwing open a large area of land for purchase on the de ferred payment system.



Auctionesrs, &c. J. E. BUCHANAN AND CO., AUCTIONEERS, ■ LAND AND ESTATE AGENTS, ASHBURTON. PROPERTIES. THE following, amongst other PRO PERTIES, are placed in the Auction eer’s hands for LEASE and SALE: — ASHBURTON- A splendid paddock of 5 acres near Township. Six acres close to N. E. Belt. Sections near Gas Works. House and garden, Burnett St. Capital 4-Raomed House, Peter St. ASHBURTON FORKS— -190 acres with splendid Creek. 200 acres in crop, fenced and sub divided. Good house and out buildings. WAKANUI — 100 acres near Moffatt’s Mill. 150 acres in crop. SEAFIELD — 400 acres fenced and subdivided. 196 acres fenced and subdivided. DROMORE - 400 acres fenced and subdivided. Good Stable and Cottage.



CHERTSEY— A few Township Sections. 150 acres near Railway. 4150 J. E. BUCHANAN & Co., Auctioneers. Publications. NEW ZEALAND WESLEYAN Published Monthly. JUST ARRIVED, the “ New Zealand Wesleyan” for March. Price Gd Sold at the Herald and Guardian- Office, East Street. WEEKS AND DIXON, Agents. AGRICULTURAL PAPERS. FJIHE PUBLISHERS have much pleasure in intimating to the Farmers of the County of Ashburton, that they havejssued a reprint in pamphlet form of a selection of AGRICULTURAL PAPERS Read before the Lincoln. Farmers’ Club, compiled by J. Stanley Bruce, Esq., Price One Shilling. Orders for the above pamphlet, ac companied by thirteen stamps, should, be addresssed to WEEKS & DIXON, Publishers, East Street. ALMANAC for 1880, printed on a neat card, with Ashburton Direc tory, Postal and Railway Guide, can be obtained gratuitionsly at the “ Guardian ” Office. Business Notices. james McDonald, PRACTICAL TAILOR, East street, Ashburton. A good Stock of Tweeds and Cloths on hai d. Summer Goods open shortly. 172 RABBITS! RABBITS!! P . HARPER, FISHMONGER AND POULTEREK N car the Ashburton Hotel, East Street. BEGS to inform the inhabitants if Ashburton that he HAS OPENED : n the above line, and trusts, by atrb.» attention to business, and supplying bn! articles of first class quality, hopes t merit a share of public patronage OYSTER SALOON. Hot Fried Fish and Tea and Coffee al all hours. 807



Business Notices. T. R. HODDER & GOWTS GREAT CLEARING SALE, Previous to tlieir STOCKTAKING, IS NO W ON, And will continuG for ONE MONTH!!! ESPECIAL BARGAINS. Throughout all the Soft Goods Departments. A large lot of REMNANTS—Shirting, Flannel, Sheeting, Carpetings, Tweeds, Doeskins, Dress Stuffs, &c., &c. Ladies’ Millinery, Costumes, Jackets, Capes, Underclothing &c., at Great Reductions .



Boys’, Youths’, and Men’s Clothing. English and Colonial Colored Shirts. Flannel unders, &c., &c. SPLENDID VALUE FOR THE MONEY Several lines in this Department LESS THAN ENGLISH COST PRICE, being bought during the depression from over stocked Markets. TAILORING DEPARTMENT In connection with the above, under the Superintendence of an experienced Lon don Military cutter. For price, style, workmanship, and perfect fit not to be surpassed in the colony. Ladies’ Habits and Mantles. Mourning and Wedding orders attended to with Dispatch. Military Uniforms. Contracts taken for any Volunteer Corps in New Zealand T. R. H. & Co. Knowing that the Public may get wrong impressions by QUANTITIES AND PRICES BEING QUOTED, HAVE ARRANGED TO GIVE UPON ACTUAL CASH PAYMENTS IN THE DRAPERY, MlL linery, Clothing, and Boot Depart ments, THE LIBERAL DISCOUNT OF TWO SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE IN THE POUND upon all Parcels over ten shillings, in addition to the Reduced Prices. Cash, for One Month Only. T. R. HODDER & COMPANY'S ENGLISH and AMERICAN SEWING MACHINE DEPOT. A complete assortment of Hand and Treadle Lock-Stitch Sewing Machines. T. R. Hodder & Company are appointed agents for Wanzer Machines, that have gained such preference in Dunedin and South Canterbury, also for the Improved Wertheim, allowed to be one of the best Machines used in the Largest Factories. SINGER’S and WILSON’S TREADLES, With their peculiar advantages. TAYLOR’S and HOME TREASURE HAND-SEWING MACHINES, Simple in working and of great durability. Extras of every description with the above. CASH, OR ON DEFERRED PAYMENTS T. R. HODDER AND COMPANY.



Business Notices. JUST ARRIVED— SECOND SHIPMENT OF gTATIONERY, STATIONERY, DIRECT FROM THE MANUFACTORY. Now Opening Up. A CHOICE ASSORTMENT OF Commercial AND Household STATIONERY.



THE Largest and Finest Lot ever opened up in Ashburton, AND Equal to any exhibited in the Colony. WEEKS & DIXON, Printers, Publishers, AND COMMERCIAL, LAW, AND General Stationers, Guardian Orncr, EAST STREET ASHBURTON



Business Notices. QHARLES R E ID, ASHBURTON SHOEING FORGE, Corner of East and Dodson streets. A large and varied experience in the manufacture and repair of Agricultural Implements and Machinery, warrants 0. R. in guaranteeing sound and satis factory material and workmanship. Horses safely and scientifically shod on the spot. 252 CE TTRAL SHOEING FORGE, Tancred street, Railway crossing, (Opposite Orr and Co.’s.) ROBB and BURNS, Agricultural Im plement Makers, General Black smiths, Wheelwrights, Machinists, &c., bog to announce to the public of Ashbur ton that they have commenced business as above, and hope to merit a share of public support. HORSE SHOEING GUARANTEED TO SATISFACTION. SGOg GREENSTREET FORGE, Ashburton Forks. WILLIAM RETELL, Blacksmith, Wheelright, and Agricultural Machinist,



HAYING considerably extended his Business Premises, can guarantee all work entrusted to him to be executed in a thoroughly competent manner, and TO FARMERS, LIVERY STABLE KEEPERS, SPORTING MEN, AND OTHERS OWNING HORSES. GEORGE KIDD, MiooßE Street, EGS to announce the fact that the PRICE for SHOEING hacks and light draught HORSES is now REDUCED to 7s. per set, and that all horses of this description will be specially attended to by himself. Horses liable to cut are shod on a prin ciple of George Kidd’s own invention, which has proved an effectual cure for brushing. All kinds of blacksmith’s work, and repairs to agricultural machinery of any description done on the shortest notice. 75c-526g Moore street, Ashburton. CHINIQOY’S LECTURES.—Just Ar rived, New Edition. H. M. Jones, Baring Square. ENO’S FRUIT SALT. THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF LIFE, GOOD FOOD. How to enjoy good food that would other wise cause Bilious headache, disordered Stomach, Poisoned Blood, &c.—use ENO’S FRUIT SALT. A NATURAL APERIENT. ENO’S FRUIT SALT, when taken with water, acts as a natural aperient, its simple but natural action removes all impurities, thus preserving and restoring health. If its great value in keep ing the body in health were universally known, no family should be without it. with despatch. 359 g GEORGE KIDD, Medical-



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POWELL’S BALSAM of ANISEED. Dtrc de Montabor writes ; “ Chateau de Montabor, Aveyron. Sir,— Having suffered for some time from an obstinate cough, accompanied, with fever, continuous head-aches, and sleepless nights, I resolved having vainly tried several other medicines, to have recourse to your .BALSAM of ANISEED. I cannot resist, sir, the desire of making you acquainted with the really marvelous results which I derived from it. From the first dose I felt great, relief, the bad symptoms grew feebler, the irritation of the throat was calming down, and I recovered the sleep which had nearly left me. The third dose delivered me completely, and I am now completely restored to health. Receive, sir, with the expression of my gratitude the assurance of my distinguished sentiments. BUG DE MONTABOR.”



T)0 WELL’S BALSAM of ANISEED. 1 “Sir,—l have for a long time suffered from a severe cough and tried all manner of remedies. Dr. Liberecht advised POWELL’S BALSAM of ANISEED; it cured me after a few days. You arc at liberty to use this letter in hopes that others may benefit by it.— I am. Sir, Yours. &c., ALBERT COUNT POTOCKI.” OWELL’S BALSAM OF ANISEED. WILL LOOSEN the PHLEGM imme diately.—The Dean of Westminster’s Verger writes : “ I was advised to try the Balsam of Aniseed; I did, and have found great relief. It is most comforting in allaying irritation and giving strength to the voice.” Lionel Brough, Esq., the eminent actor, writes : I think it an invaluable medicine for members of my profession, and have always recommended it to my ■ brother and sister artistes. ” TRULY an EXTRAORDINARY EX PECTORANT.—Mr. Edward M. Ullett, of Bury, Hunts., writes to Messrs. Palmer & Son, Ramsay :—“ Having been in the habit o using Powell’s Balsam of Aniseed for a great number of years, I have great pleasure in bear ing testimony to its incomparable effects as an expectorant. I always find a single dose gives immediate relief, and a small bottle effects a perfect cure.” POWELL’S BALSAM of ANISEED.— The effects of one tcaspoonful taken in a little water before going to bed is extraordinary. No family should be without it in the winter. Sold by Chemists and Medicine Vendors throughout the World, is I '/z& and as 3d per per bottle; a great saving in taking family bottles, lis each. Established over 50 years. Prepared only by THOMAS POWELL, Blackfriars Road, London. SK for POWELL’S BALSAM of ANISEED SOLD by all CHEMISTS and STORE KEEPERS. Observe the Trade Mark, “Lion, Net, and Mouse.” Wholesale Agents in the Australian and New Zealand Colonies -Elliot Brothers ; Evers & Solomon ; Felton, Grimwalde, & Co. ; P. and S. Falk, Paulding & Co. ; Rocke, Tompsit, & Co. ; Rosenthall & Co. ; Kempthorne, Prosser, & Co. ; S. Hoffenung & Co.; Hemmons, Laws, & Co. ; Berkley, Taylor, & Co.; and all other wholesale houses. Proprietor— Thomas Powell, Blackfriars Road London. KEATING’S WORM TABLETS, A PURELY VEGETABLE SWEETMEAT, Doth in appearance and lasts, furnishing a most agreeable method of administering the only certain remedy for INTESTINAL or THREAD WORMS. It is a perfectly safe and mild preparation, and is especially adapted for childien. TESTIMONIAL. Medical Hall Gildersome, Nov. 28th, 1876. Mr. Keating, Dear Sir, —I think it nothing but my duty to inform you of the immense sale I have for your Worm tablets, which I may justly say is enormous, and in every case gives the greatest satisfaction, I have now in stock two bottles containing the Round Worms brought me during the last few days by customers, one Worm 40 yards long. I dare not be without the remedy.—yours respectfully, M. A. Walker. Sold in tins by all Chemists and Druggists Proprietor, THOS. KEATING, London, REWARD AND CAUTION. —Whereas fraudulent imitations of this remedy have been sold, I hereby request any one knowing the vendor of the same to com municate with me, on conviction of the offender a liberal reward will be paid. 637 BUGS, FLEAS, MOTHS, BEETLES And all other Insects are DESTROYED by KEATING’S INSECT POWDER, which is quite harmless to domestic animals. In exterminating Beetles the success of this Powder is extraordinary, and no one need be troubled by those pests. It is per fectly clean in application. _ , Ask for and be sure you obtain “ KEAT ING’S POWDER,” as Imitations are Noxious, and fail in giving satisfaction. Sold bv all Chemists in Tins. is. & 2s. 6d. each 63c GRATEFUL—COMFORTIF G, BREAKFAST COCOA. “ By a thorough knowledge of the nalura, laws which govern the operations of digestioi. and nutrition, and by a careful application of -he fine properties of well selected cocoa, Mr. Epps has provided our breakfast tables with a delicately-flavoured beverage which may save us many heavy doctors’ bills. It is by tue judi cious use of such articles of diet, that a constitu tion may be gradually built up until strong enough to resist every tendency to disease. Hundreds of subtle maladies are floating arcund us, ready to attack wherever there is a weal point. We may escape many a fata shaft br keeping ourselves well fortified with pare bleed and a properly nourished frame.” —The Cfzi. Service Gazette. SOLD ONLY IN PACKETS LABELLED JAMES EPPS AND CO (Homeopathic Chemists, London.



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