Lamb's Questions and Answers on the Marine Diesel Engine
Stanley G. Christensen
Arnold
<p>File: without OCR, paired pages (there are 540 pages in original book), pages 3, 4, 5 are the same</p>In technology, matter is sometimes referred to as material substance. It can be defined as anything known to exist and occupy space. Any material substance consists of minute particles known as molecules; these are the smallest particles of a substance which can exist and maintain all the properties of the original substance. A molecule is made up of a combination of two or more atoms of the elements. The atom consists of various parts which are held together by forces, recognized as being electrical in character. The forces of attraction come about from unlike electrical charges. The constituent parts of an atom are the central core or nucleus which has a positive charge and one or more electrons. The electron has a negative charge. The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons (except the atom of hydrogen). Protons have positive electrical charges and the neutrons are electrically neutral. When an atom is electrically neutral it will have the same number of protons and electrons. The number of electrons contained in an atom is shown by the atomic number of the element. An atom becomes an ion when the number of electrons is more or less than the number of protons. The ion will be positive or negative according to the predominant electrical charge. The atom of hydrogen is the simplest; it consists of one proton and one electron. If the electron is removed from the atom of hydrogen the remaining proton becomes a hydrogen ion which will be positive. In some cases two atoms of the same element may differ in the number of neutrons contained in the nucleus. The atomic weights will therefore be different and the atoms are described as being isotopes of the element. The isotopes of an element have identical chemical properties but differing physical properties. The electrons outside the nucleus control the properties of the atom, and the protons and neutrons in the nucleus determine its atomic weight. The electrons are considered to form a series of orbital envelopes or cases around the nucleus, each envelope containing a set pattern of electrons. Other particles exist but need not concern us in this study.<br>Contents<br>Heat and Engineering Science<br>Internal Combustion Engines<br>Fuels, Lubricants - Treatment and Storage<br>Combustion and Fuel-Injection Systems<br>Scavenge, Exhaust, Pressure-Charging Systems<br>Construction Materials, Welding, Materials Testing<br>Bedplates, Frames, Guides, Scavenge Trunks, Cylinder Jackets<br>Cylinder Liners, Cylinder Heads Valves<br>Pistons, Piston Rods, Piston Skirts, Piston Rings<br>Crankshafts, Camshafts, Connecting-Rods, Crossheads, Slippers<br>Starting and Reversing<br>Reduction Gearing, Clutches, Couplings<br>Line Shafting, Screw Shafts, Propellers, Thrust Bearings<br>Engine and Shafting Alignment <br>Heat Exchangers, Cooling Systems, Lubricating Systems<br>Air Compressors, Air Storage Tanks<br>Balancing and Vibration<br>Instrumentation and Controls<br>Safety