how many times can you spot the letter "l" in:
regenerative medicine is a well-established field of science that aims to replace, engineer and regenerate human cells, damaged tissues or organs to restore their normal function. this branch of translational research finds a deep interest in the science of biomaterials; indeed, the knowledge acquired in that field goes proportionally with the development of novel biomaterials. there is a great need in developing advanced biomaterials capable to fulfil the requirements of stability and bioactivity for their application in biomedicine. moreover, considering the complexity of the human body, this system needs a certain rate of versatility in order to be tailored to a specific area of application. for all these reasons, recombinant proteins are an interesting approach, in which, elastin-like recombinamers (elrs) represent one of the most promising biomaterials.elrs are obtained through dna recombinant technology, which allows the precise control at the genetic level, affording exquisite control over final protein functionality. elrs are protein-based polypeptides that comprise repetitive units of the val−pro−gly−x−gly (vpgxg)n pentapeptide, in which x (guest residue) could be any amino acid except l-proline. in terms of biomaterial design, elrs show several outstanding properties. elrs are inspired by elastin, which is a component of natural extracellular matrix (ecm), showing excellent biocompatibility. one of the most important features of elrs is that they exhibit thermo-responsiveness; this is due to the change of protein conformation above the so-called transition temperature (tt), which depends on the amino acid composition of the polymer. moreover, according to the elrs design, they can be processed as several supramolecular structures, such as micelles, nanoparticles, films, and hydrogels. the large variety of elrs, both in terms of structures and bioactivity, permits the application of these protein-based biomaterials to diverse biomedical applications. this thesis represents a sort of journey towards the exploration of the evolution of elrs as a powerful tool with great potential in the biomedical field.

user
I counted ninety-two "l"s in that text.
assistant