Whats the number of times the letter l appears in:
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematologic malignancy driven by leukemia stem cells (LSC). Current standard of care includes treatment with several cycles of high intensity chemotherapy and frequently allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Despite these aggressive treatments, 5-year survival is only about 30%, and much lower for older patients. Treatment resistance and relapse in AML are driven by LSCs and are the main obstacles to cure. The LSC17 score is a stemness-based prognostic score that can be measured in AML blood or bone marrow samples at diagnosis. Patients with high LSC17 scores have been shown to have lower probability of achieving complete remission with standard induction chemotherapy and have shorter survival despite HSCT, compared to patients with low LSC17 scores (Ng et al, Nature 2016). The LSC17 score provides additional prognostic information to gene mutation-based classifications of AML and is applicable to all AML subtypes. Recent studies by independent groups have shown that it also predicts outcome in pediatric AML. The LSC17 assay will enable Ex-US clinicians to identify high-risk patients who do not benefit from standard treatments for enrollment in clinical trials evaluating novel upfront or post-remission strategies.
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The passage contains sixty-two "l"s.
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