title: Rudi Dornbusch
text: # Rudi Dornbusch
  
  Rüdiger "Rudi" Dornbusch (Krefeld, 8 giugno 1942 – Washington, 25 luglio 2002) è stato un economista tedesco.
  
  ## Biografia
  
  Rüdiger Dornbusch è nato a Krefeld, una città extracircondariale della Germania nel Land della Renania Settentrionale-Vestfalia. Dopo aver completato gli studi secondari al ‘Gymnasium am Moltkeplatz’ a Krefeld, è andato a studiare all'estero. Ha conseguito la Laurea in Scienze Politiche presso l'Università di Ginevra nel 1966, dove è rimasto per un anno anche come assistente in economia presso il Graduate Institute of International Studies, e successivamente si è trasferito negli Stati Uniti, dove ha conseguito il Ph. D. in economia presso l'Università di Chicago. Questo perché Robert Mundell, premio Nobel per l'economia nel 1999, scoprì le sue grandi doti durante una visita all'Università di Ginevra e lo portò con sé all'Università di Chicago. Francesco Giavazzi, uno dei suoi allievi più brillanti, nel necrologio scritto per il Corriere della Sera, così racconta l'episodio: "C'era stata una scintilla tra Rudi e Mundell, a Ginevra, nel 1968. Mundell, passando per Ginevra, si accorse di questa straordinaria intelligenza e lo portò con sé all'università di Chicago". Ha insegnato tra le altre nelle Università di Chicago, di Rochester, di Londra (London School of Economics) prima di approdare al Massachusetts Institute of Technology di Boston, dove ha insegnato, fino alla prematura scomparsa, per 27 anni. Ha impresso la sua impronta sulla moderna economia internazionale, oltre che con i suoi numerosi scritti sulle più importanti riviste scientifiche, anche come relatore più di 125 tesi di dottorato. I suoi contributi pubblicati su libri e riviste ammontano a più di 300: per la precisione 346 pubblicazioni scientifiche di cui 112 su rivista. Il suo testo universitario sulla macroeconomia, scritto a quattro mani con Stanley Fischer, giunto nel frattempo alla tredicesima edizione, è un manuale per corsi di base di economia politica che negli anni '80 e '90 del XX secolo è stato il più diffuso a livello mondiale. Una traduzione non autorizzata del libro fu diffusa clandestinamente anche nell'allora Cecoslovacchia. Possedeva, inoltre, peculiari doti didattiche, che lo hanno portato a elaborare grafici innovativi per far comprendere meglio il suo pensiero. Uno di questi è il "triangolo latino", il cui uso - che gli interessati possono trovare nel testo delle sue Munich Lectures: Day Two (pp. 19-20) - può aiutare a comprendere oltre alle crisi dei paesi del "Cono Sud" degli anni '80 e '90 del secolo breve anche quella della Grecia. Il "triangolo latino" viene ottenuto nella figura dall'intersezione delle rette esprimenti il Pil potenziale (di pieno impiego), il vincolo estero (equilibrio della bilancia dei pagamenti) ed il livello dei salari (pace sociale). Insomma il "triangolo latino" mostra il legame che c’è tra il tasso di cambio, il tenore di vita della popolazione e l’equilibrio macroeconomico interno ed esterno.
  
  Studioso delle dinamiche monetarie, Rudi Dornbusch è famoso, per la sua teoria dell'overshooting del tasso di cambio. Con questo termine viene indicato il deprezzamento (apprezzamento) di breve periodo del tasso di cambio nominale superiore al suo valore di lungo periodo come conseguenza di un aumento (riduzione) dell’offerta di moneta. Questo fenomeno è dovuto principalmente alla presenza di rigidità nel mercato dei beni che impediscono l'aggiustamento istantaneo dei prezzi in questo mercato. Pertanto l’ipotesi di prezzi rigidi, realistica nelle analisi di breve periodo, fa ricadere l’onere dell’aggiustamento sul tasso di cambio nominale che di conseguenza presenta una volatilità molto alta. Ospite fisso a cavallo tra gli anni '80 e '90 nel convegno organizzato a settembre di ogni anno a Cernobbio (località che si affaccia sul lago di Como) dallo 'Studio Ambrosetti': a partire dal 1995 non venne più invitato perché le sue considerazioni sulla fragilità della lira dell'anno precedente costituirono fattori di debolezza interna della valuta italiana. Per la cronaca si verificò quanto da lui previsto.
  
  Nel 1996 avanzò forti critiche riguardo all'introduzione di un'unione monetaria in Europa, affermando, tra l'altro, "se mai è esistita una cattiva idea, questa è l'Unione monetaria europea.". Nello stesso scritto apparso su 'Foreign affairs' è contenuta la critica più dirompente all’Unione Monetaria Europea: ovvero che l'abolizione degli aggiustamenti del tasso di cambio trasferisce al mercato del lavoro il compito di adeguare la competitività e i prezzi relativi e questo potrà provocare recessioni, aumenti della disoccupazione (e pressioni sulla BCE affinché inflazioni l’economia). La sua prematura scomparsa a causa di un cancro, avvenuta il 25 luglio 2002 nella sua casa di Washington D. C., ha privato i dibattiti sulle crisi successive (mutui sub-prime, titoli sovrani e covid-19 shock per citarne alcune) di un interlocutore di grande livello.
  
  ## Opere
  
  Libri:
  
  * Macroeconomics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1978-2004 (with Stanley Fischer and (after the VII ed.) also with Richard Startz)) (trad. italiana I-VI ed. per il Mulino, Bologna; trad. it. VII-X ed. McGraw-Hill)
  * International Economic Policy: Theory and Evidence, Johns Hopkins University Press, (Edited with J.A. Frenkel.)
  * Open Economy Macroeconomics, Basic Books, New York, 1980.
  * Inflation, Debt and Indexation, MIT Press, 1983. (Ed. with M.H. Simonsen.)
  * Financial Policies and the World Capital Market, University of Chicago Press, 1983. (Ed. with P. Aspe and M. Obstfeld.)
  * Economics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987, 2nd ed. (with S. Fischer and R.Schmalensee)
  * Restoring Europe's Prosperity, (with O. Blanchard and R. Layard) MIT Press, 1986.
  * Dollars, Debts and Deficits, MIT Press, 1987.
  * Macroeconomics and Finance, (Essays in Honor of Franco Modigliani) MIT Press, 1987, (Ed. with S.Fischer)
  * The Political Economy of Argentina, 1946-83, Macmillan, 1988. (Ed. with G. diTella)
  * Exchange Rates and Inflation, MIT Press, 1988.
  * Stopping High Inflation. (Ed.with M.Bruno, G.diTella and S.Fischer), MIT Press, 1988.
  * The Open Economy: Tools for Policy Makers in Developing Countries. (Ed. with Leslie Helmers) Oxford University Press, 1988.
  * Public Debt Management: Theory and History (Ed.with Mario Draghi) Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  * Reform in Eastern Europe (jointly with O.Blanchard et al.) MIT Press, 1991.
  * Global Warming: Economic Policy Responses. (Ed. with J.Poterba) MIT Press, 1991.
  * The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America (Ed. with S.Edwards). MIT Press, 1991.
  * East-West Migration (With Layard, Blanchard, and Krugman) MIT Press, 1992.
  * Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today (ed. with W. Nolling and R.Layard) MIT Press, 1993
  * Stabilization, Debt, and Reform: Policy Analysis For Developing Countries, Prentice Hall, 1993.
  * Reform, Recovery and Growth (ed. with S.Edwards) University of Chicago Press, 1994.
  * Financial Opening: Policy Lessons for Korea, (edited with Y.C.Park), Korea Institute of Finance, International Center For Economics Growth, 1995.
  * Keys to Prosperity: Free Markets Sound Money and a Bit of Luck, MIT Press, 2000. (trad. it. Le Chiavi della prosperità, Egea 2001)
  
  Altre pubblicazioni: (Papers, Comments, Testimony)
  
  "Notes on Growth and the Balance of Payments," Canadian Journal of Economics, August 1971.
  
  "Optimal Commodity and Trade Taxes," Journal of Political Economy, November-December 1971.
  
  "Inflation and Economic Growth: Alternative Approaches," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, February 1973. (Jointly with J.A.Frenkel.)
  
  "Adjustment, Policy and Monetary Equilibrium in a Two-Country Model," International Trade and Money, M. Connolly and A. Swoboda (eds.) in Allen and Unwin, 1973. (Jointly with A. Swoboda.)
  
  "Currency Depreciation, Hoarding and Relative Prices," Journal of Political Economy, August 1973.
  
  "Real and Monetary Aspects of the Effects of Exchange Rate Changes," National Monetary Policies and the International Financial System, R.Z. Aliber (ed.), University of Chicago Press, 1974 and Revista Espanola de Economia, September-December 1976.
  
  "Devaluation, Money and Nontraded Goods," American Economic Review, December 1973. Reprinted in J. Frenkel and H.G. Johnson (eds.), The Monetary Approach to the Balance of Payments, Allen
  
  and Unwin, 1976.
  
  "Tariffs and Nontraded Goods," Journal of International Economics, May 1974.
  
  "Consumption, Real Balances and the Hoarding Function," International Economic Review, June 1975. (Jointly with M. Mussa.)
  
  "A Fisherian Model of International Monetary Problems: Some Comments," Inflation in the World Economy, M. Parkin and G. Zis (eds.), University of Manchester Press, 1975.
  
  "A Portfolio Balance Model of the Open Economy," Journal of Monetary Economy, Jan. 1975. Reprinted in Kredit und Kapital, 5, 1979.
  
  "Exchange Rates and Fiscal Policy in a Popular Model of International Trade," American Economic Review, December 1975 and Cuadernos de Economia, December 1975.
  
  "Capital Mobility, Flexible Exchange Rates and Macroeconomic Equilibrium," in Recent Developments in International Monetary Economics, E. Classen and P. Salin (eds.), North-Holland, 1976.
  
  "An Aggregate Theory for a Closed Economy: An Exposition and Some Comments," in Monetarism, J. Stein (ed.), North-Holland, 1976.
  
  "Alternative Price Stabilization Rules and the Effects of Exchange Rate Changes," The Manchester School, September 1975.
  
  "The Theory of Flexible Exchange Rate Regimes and Macroeconomic Policy", Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 2, 1976. Reprinted in J. Frenkel and H.G. Johnson (eds.) The Economics of Exchange
  
  Rates, Addison Wesley, 1978 and J.Herrin, A. Lindbeck and J. Myrman (eds.), Flexible Exchange Rates and Stabilization Policy, Westview Press, 1977 and Cuadernos de Economia, No. 39, 1976.
  
  "Exchange Rate Expectations and Monetary Policy," Journal of International Economics, August 1976.
  
  "Expectations and Exchange Rate Dynamics," Journal of Political Economy, December 1976.
  
  "Inflation, Capital and Deficit Finance," Journal of Money Credit and Banking, February 1977.
  
  "Capital Mobility and Portfolio Balance," in R.Z. Aliber (eds.), The Political Economy of Monetary Reform, MacMillan, 1977. Reprinted in Kredit und Kapital, 5, 1979.
  
  "Flexible Exchange Rates in the Short Run," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 3, 1976. (Jointly with P. Krugman.) Reprinted in R. Teigen (ed.), Readings in Money National Income and
  
  Stabilization Policy, Irwin, 1978.
  
  "Comparative Advantage, Trade and Payments in a Ricardian Model with a Continuum of Goods," American Economic Review, December 1977. (Jointly with S. Fischer and P.A. Samuelson.)
  
  "Reguliertes Floating," Zeitschrift fur die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft, March 1978.
  
  "Monetary Policy under Exchange Rate Flexibility," in Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, Managed Exchange Rate Flexibility, 1979. Reprinted in D. Lessard (ed.), International Financial Management:
  
  Theory and Application, Warren Gorham and Lamont, 1979, and in Bigam and T. Taya (eds.), The Functioning of Floating Exchange Rates, Ballinger, 1980.
  
  "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal," in L. Graham and H. Makler (eds.), Contemporary Portugal, University of Texas Press, 1979. (Jointly with R. Eckaus and L. Taylor.)
  
  "Domestic Adjustment to Balance of Payments Disequilibrium: Discussion," American Economic Review, May 1975.
  
  "Problems of Monetary Reform and Exchange Rate Management," in International Monetary Reform and Exchange Rate Management, Joint Economic Committee, 94th Congress, Washington, D.C., 1975.
  
  "Aspects of Oil and International Financial Markets," Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 2, 1975.
  
  "International Transmission of Inflation: Some Comments," in L. Krause and W. Salant (eds.), World Inflation, Brookings Institution, 1977.
  
  "Money and the Balance of Payments," P. Clark, D. Logue and R. Sweeney (eds.) The Effects of Exchange Rate Adjustment, U.S. Treasury, 1977.
  
  "Evaluation of Risk in International Lending: Comment," in Key Issues in International Banking, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 1978.
  
  "The Current Experience with Floating Exchange Rates: Discussion," American Economic Review, May 1978.
  
  Statement on the "I.M.F. Supplementary Financing Facility," Senate Banking Committee, October 1977.
  
  "Statement on the Conduct of Monetary Policy," House Banking Committee, March 1978.
  
  "Purchasing Power Parity: Introduction," Journal of International Economics, May 1978. (Jointly with D. Jaffee.)
  
  "Issues in International Finance: Who and What Controls the Dollar?" Data Resources World Economic Bulletin, Spring 1979.
  
  "International Surveillance and Adjustment," Joint Economic Committee, U.S. Congress, July 1978.
  
  "Budget Deficits and Inflation," in J. Flanders and A. Razin (eds.), Inflation in a Developing World, Academic Press, 1980. (Jointly with S. Fischer).
  
  "Sterling and the External Balance," in R. Caves and L. Krause (eds.), The British Economy, Brookings, 1980. (Jointly with S. Fischer.)
  
  "Concluding Comments," in J. Flanders and A. Razin (eds.), Inflation in a Developing World, Academic Press, 1980.
  
  "Stabilization Policy in the Open Economy," in Joint Economic Committee, Special Study on Economic Change, Washington D.C., 1980.
  
  "Portugal's Crawling Peg," in J. Williamson, (ed.), The Crawling Peg: Past Performance and Future Prospects, MacMillan, 1982.
  
  "Exchange Rate Rules and Macroeconomic Stability," in J. Williamson (ed.), The Crawling Peg: Past Performance and Future Prospects, MacMillan, 1982.
  
  "External Disequilibrium in Portugal, 1975-78: Comment," in Gulbenkian Foundation, Second Conference on the Portuguese Economy, Lisbon, 1980.
  
  "The Determination of Interest Rates," Pamphlet, Reserve City Bankers Research Foundation, Chicago, 1980. (Jointly with S.Fischer.)
  
  "An Export Equation for Brazilian Manufactures," Revista Brasileira, August 1980. (Jointly with E. Cardoso.)
  
  "The Monetary Approach to the Balance of Payments: The Case of Brazil," Pesquisa e Planejamenta, August 1980. (Jointly with E. Cardoso.)
  
  "Inflation Stabilization and Capital Mobility," in J. Villanueva (ed.), American Latina Y La Transformacion Economica Mundial, Editorial del Instituto, 1981.
  
  "Replies to the Questionaire," U.K., House of Commons, Enquiry on Monetary Policy, H.M.S. Stationary Office, 1980.
  
  "Heckscher-Ohlin Trade Theory with a Continuum of Goods," Quarterly Journal of Economics, September 1980. (Jointly with S Fischer and P.A. Samuelson.)
  
  "Exchange Rates and the Current Account," American Economic Review, December 1980. (Jointly with S. Fischer.)
  
  "Exchange Rate Economics: Where Do We Stand?" Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 1980. Reprinted in J. Bhandari and B. Putnam (eds.), The International Transmission of Disturbances under
  
  Flexible Exchange Rates, M.I.T. Press, 1982, and in J.M. Letiche (ed.), International Economic Policies and their Theoretical Foundations, Academic Press, 1982.
  
  "Exchange Risk and the Macroeconomics of Exchange Rate Determination," in R. Hawkins and R. Levich (eds.), The Internationalization of Financial Markets and National Economic Policy, JAI Press, 1982.
  
  "PPP Exchange Rate Rules and Macroeconomic Stability," Journal of Political Economy, February 1982.
  
  "Consumption Opportunities and the Real Value of the External Debt," Journal of Development Economics, 1, 1982.
  
  "Exchange Rate Policies for Developing Countries," Seminar Series No. 32, Korea International Economic Institute, Seoul, 1981.
  
  Statement in "Hearings on the Conduct of Monetary Policy," Joint Economic Committee, February 1981.
  
  "The Black Market for Dollars in Brazil," Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 1983, (Jointly with D. Dantas, C. Pechman, R. Rochas and D. Simoes.)
  
  "Exports and Policy in Latin America: Comment," in W. Baer and M. Gillis eds.), Export Diversification and the New Protectionism, NBER and University of Illinois Press, 1981.
  
  "Stabilization Policy in Developing Countries: What Have We Learned?" World Development, September 1982 and Desarrollo Economico, July 1982.
  
  "Statement Before the Gold Commission," Washington, D.C., U.S. Treasury, November 1981.
  
  "US International Monetary Policies," Statement Before the US House of Representatives, November 1981.
  
  "The Costs and Benefits of Regional Integration," Fundacion Mediteranea, Cordoba, Estudios, Sept. 1981. Reprinted in Integracion Latinoamericana, June 1986.
  
  "Panel Discussion," in External Financial Relations and Their Impact on the Latin American Economics, R. French-Davis (ed.), Fondo de Cultura.
  
  "Foreword," in J. Bhandari and B. Putnam, (eds.), The International Transmission of Disturbances under Flexible Exchange Rates, M.I.T. Press, 1982.
  
  "Real Interest Rates, Home Goods and Optimal External Borrowing," Journal of Political Economy, February 1983.
  
  "Equilibrium and Disequilibrium Exchange Rates," Zeitschrift fur Nationalokonomie, 6, 1982.
  
  "The Gold Standard: Comment," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 1982.
  
  "The Gold Standard and the Bank of England in the Crisis of 1847," in M. Bordo and A. Schwartz (eds.), A Retrospective on the Classical Gold Standard: 1821-1931. University of Chicago Press, 1985. (Jointly with J.A. Frenkel.)
  
  "Better Conditionality: Comment," in J. Williamson (ed.), Conditionality, MIT Press, l983.
  
  "From Monetary to Exchange Rate Targets: Comment," Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, Quarterly Review, September 1981.
  
  "U.S. International Monetary Policies," Academic Consultants Meeting with the Federal Reserve Board, September 1982.
  
  "Flexible Exchange Rates and Interdependence," with Hooke (ed.), Exchange Rate Regimes and Policy Interdependence, IMF, l983 and Staff Papers, March 1983.
  
  "Exchange Rate Determination: Comments on Mussa," in R. Marston and J Bilson (eds.) Flexible Exchange Rates, University of Chicago Press, 1984.
  
  "The Scope for Intervention: Comments on Henderson," in R. Marston and J. Bilson (eds.), Flexible Exchange Rates, University of Chicago Press, 1984.
  
  "From Rambouillet to Versailles," in Essays in International Finance, No. 149, December 1982 (with others).
  
  "Interdependence in the World Economy," DRI Review of the U.S. Economy, January 1983.
  
  "U.S. Monetary and Fiscal Policy, the Dollar and the International Monetary System," in J. Frenkel and M. Mussa (eds.), The World Economic System, Auburn House Publishing Co., 1984.
  
  "The Overvalued Dollar and the International Monetary System," in A. Mendelowitz (ed.), Floating Exchange Rates in an Interdependent World, General Accounting Office, 1984.
  
  "Panel Discussion on the Southern Cone," IMF Staff Papers, March 1983.
  
  "The Brazilian Payments Crisis: Comments," in J. Williamson (ed.), Prospects for Adjustments in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, MIT Press, 1983.
  
  "The Overvalued Dollar." Testimony before the House Subcommittee on International Trade, November 1983.
  
  "The Brazilian Payments Crisis: Comments," Brookings Papers on Economic Activities, 2, 1983.
  
  "Macroeconomic Prospects for the European Community," (with Blanchard, Buiter, Basevi and Layard), CEPS, Bruxelles, 1983.
  
  "The Overvalued Dollar," Lloyd's Bank Review, April 1984.
  
  "U.S. Deficits, the Dollar and Europe," (with O. Blanchard), Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, Quarterly Review, March 1984.
  
  "External Debt, Budget Deficits and Disequilibria Exchange Rates," in G. Smith and J. Cuddington (eds.), The International Debt Problem and the Developing Countries, World Bank.
  
  "The Australian Macro Economy," (with Stan Fischer) in R. Caves and L. Krause (eds.) The Australian Macro Economy, Brookings, 1984.
  
  "The U.S. Open Economy," (with Stan Fischer) in R. Gordon (ed.) The American Business Cycle, NBER and University of Chicago Press, 1986..
  
  "The International Debt Problem," The World Economy, June 1984. A shortened version appears in Challenge, July-August 1984.
  
  "Functioning of the Current International Financial System: Comments in G. von Furstenberg (ed.) International Money and Credit, International Monetary Fund, 1983.
  
  "Economia Mundial: Boas Novas para o Brasil?" Conjuntura Economica, January 1984.
  
  "Dollar Deposits in Brazil: The 432 Effect" (with A. Moura da Silva) Revista Brasileira de Economia, December, 1984.
  
  "The Gold Standard and the Crisis of 1847" (with J. Frenkel) Journal of International Economics, February 1984.
  
  "A Stabilization Program for Brazil" Coleccion Estudios Cieplan, December, 1983. A Portuguese version appears in Revista de Economia Politica, April-June 1984.
  
  "Floating Exchange Rates After Ten Years: Comment" Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2, 1983.
  
  "Comment on the Monetary Approach to the Balance of Payments," in N. Barletta et.al. (eds.), Economic Liberalization and Stabilization Policies in Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, World Bank 1984.
  
  "The Debt Problem and Options for Debt Relief," Revista de Economia Politica, January-March 1985.
  
  "The World Debt Problem," (with S. Fischer), Report prepared for the United Nations Group of Twenty-Four, UNCTAD, August 1984; an updated version appears in Journal of Development Planning, Vol.18, 1985.
  
  "Adjustment in World Payments: Comment," in Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, The International Monetary System, Boston 1984.
  
  "Reforma Monetaria: Mito e Realidade," Conjuntura Economica, January 1985.
  
  "Bid-Ask Spreads in the Market for Black Dollars," (with C. Pechman) Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, February 1986.
  
  "Multiple Exchange Rates for Commercial Transactions," in S. Edwards A. Liaquat and (eds.) Economic Adjustment and Exchange Rates in Developing Countries, University of Chicago Press, 1986.
  
  "Dollars, Debts and Deficits," Testimony before the Senate Budget Committee, February 21, 1985.
  
  "The Debt Problem: 1980-84 and Beyond," in Third World Quarterly, April 1985.
  
  "Public Debt and Fiscal Responsibility," (jointly with W. Buiter and O. Blanchard), Center for European Policy Studies, CEPS Papers, 1985.
  
  "The Effects of OECD Macroeconomic Policies on Non-Oil LDCs: A Review." Presented at the World Bank Conference on Budget Deficits and the World Economy, October 1984.
  
  "Intergenerational and International Trade," Journal of International Economics, February 1985.
  
  "Europe: The Case for Unsustainable Growth," (with R. Layard, O. Blanchard, W. Buiter and G. Basevi), Center for European Policy Studies, CEPS Papers, 1984.
  
  "Sound Currency and Full Employment," pamphlet published by the U.K. Employment Institute.
  
  "Macroeconomics and Protection," (with J. Frankel) in R.M.Stern (ed.) U.S. Trade Policies in a Changing World, MIT Press, 1987.
  
  "Inertial Inflation and Monetary Reform in Brazil: Comment" in J. Williamson (ed.) Inflation and Indexation, Institute for International Economics, 1985.
  
  "Floating Exchange Rates and the Overvalued Dollar," Testimony before the Senate Finance Committee, April 24, 1985.
  
  "Symposium on Floating Exchange Rates," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 1985.
  
  "Policy and Performance Interdependence Between Debtor LDCs and Industrialized Countries," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2, 1985.
  
  "Employment and Growth in Europe: A Two-Handed Approach," (with O. Blanchard, J.Dreze, H. Giersch, R. Layard and M. Monti), Center for European Policy Studies, CEPS Papers, 1985.
  
  "Special Exchange Rates for Capital Account Transactions," The World Bank Economic Review, 1, 1986.
  
  "Stopping Hyperinflation: Past and Present," (with S. Fischer) Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, April 1986
  
  "Macroeconomics and Employment," presented at the Gramsci Institute Conference on European Unemployment, Bologna, October 1985.
  
  "Flexible Exchange Rates and Excess Capital Mobility," Brookings Papers, 1, 1986. An abridged version appears in Economic Impact, 1987/1.
  
  "Stopping High Inflation: The Case of Israel" presented at the Conference on Inflation Therapies, Rio de Janeiro, May 1986.
  
  "Inflation, Exchange Rates and Stabilization," (Graham Lectures) Princeton Essays, October 1986.
  
  "Third World Debt," (with S. Fischer) Science, Oct. 1986
  
  "The Dollar and the Exchange Rate System," Testimony before the Joint Economic Committee, February 1986.
  
  "Budget Deficits and the Dollar: Comment on Feldstein," in S.Fischer (ed.) NBER Macro-Economic Policy, 1986.
  
  "Fiscal Policy and Real Exchange Rates: Comment on Masson-Knight," in J. Frenkel (ed.) Fiscal Policy in the World Economy, University of Chicago Press.
  
  "Argentina's New Chance," Challenge, January/February 1986.
  
  "Exchange Rate Economics: 1986" Economic Journal, March 1987
  
  "Unemployment: Europe's Challenge for the 1980s" Challenge, Sept/Oct. 1986
  
  "Exchange Rates and Prices," American Economic Review, March 1987
  
  "Philippine Debt and Macroeconomic Problems", testimony before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs, March 12, 1987.
  
  "Developing Country Debt and U.S. Trade Problems". Testimony before the Senate Finance Committee, January 22, 1987.
  
  "Our LDC Debt Problem" in M.Feldstein (ed.) The U.S. in the World Economy, NBER and University of Chicago Press, 1987.
  
  "Inflation Stabilization with Incomes Policy Support" (jointly with M.H. Simonsen), Group of Thirty, 1987
  
  "The World Debt Problem", testimony before the House Banking Committee, Subcommittee on international development institutions, March 3, 1987.
  
  "Mexico and the IMF" published in several installments in La Jornada (Mexico), July 1986
  
  "Brazil's Tropical Plan" (with E.Cardoso) American Economic Review, May 1987
  
  "Impact on Debtor Countries of World Economic Conditions" in A. Martirena-Mantel (ed.) External Debt, Savings and Growth in Latin America, International Monetary Fund, 1987
  
  "International Capital Flows and the World Debt Problem." in A.Razin and E.Sadka (eds.) Economic Policy in Theory and Practice. New York: St.Martin's Press, 1987.
  
  "Capital Flight: Comment on Rodriguez" in D. Lessard and J.Williamson (eds.) Capital Flight and Third World Debt, Institute for International Economics, 1987.
  
  "Debt Problems: Anatomy and Solutions" Testimony before the House Banking Committee, May 1987
  
  "Tight Fiscal Policy and Easy Money: The Key to Argentine Stabilization", Economia (Rome), No.3, 1986.
  
  "International Debt and Economic Instability" in Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Debts, Financial Stability and Public Policy, 1987
  
  "Collapsing Exchange Rate Regimes" Journal of Development Economics,Vol. 27, 1, 1987.
  
  "The EMS, the Dollar and the Yen" in F.Giavazzi and S.Micossi and M.Miller (eds.) The European Monetary System Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
  
  "Money and Finance in European Integration" published by EFTA, Geneva, 1988.
  
  "The Flexible Exchange Rate System: Experience and Alternatives" (with J.Frankel) in S.Borner (ed.) International Finance and Trade in a Polycentric World London: Macmillan, 1989.
  
  "High Public Debt: Comment." in F. Giavazzi and L.Spaventa High Public Debt. The Case of Italy, Cambridge University Press. 1988.
  
  "Prosperity or Price Stability" Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 3, No.3, 1988.
  
  "Debt Problems and the World Macroeconomy" J.Sachs (ed.) Developing Country Debt and the World Economy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
  
  "Korean Growth Policy" (with Y.C. Park) Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2, 1987.
  
  "External Balance Correction: Depreciation or Protection", Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 1987.
  
  "The World Debt Problem: Anatomy and Solutions", Testimony before the Senate Banking Committee, April 12, 1987.
  
  "Notes on Optimal Cash Balance Adjustment", in F.Gaab and J. Wolters (eds) Theoretische und Angewandte Wirtschadftsforschung, Heidelberg 1988.
  
  "Doubts About the McKinnon Standard" Economic Perspectives, Vol. 2, No.1, Winter 1988
  
  "The Dollar and the Deficit" in The International Monetary System and Economic Development Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag,1988.
  
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