title: Density on a manifold
text: # Density on a manifold
  
  In mathematics, and specifically differential geometry, a density is a spatially varying quantity on a differentiable manifold that can be integrated in an intrinsic manner. Abstractly, a density is a section of a certain line bundle, called the density bundle. An element of the density bundle at x is a function that assigns a volume for the parallelotope spanned by the n given tangent vectors at x.
  
  From the operational point of view, a density is a collection of functions on coordinate charts which become multiplied by the absolute value of the Jacobian determinant in the change of coordinates. Densities can be generalized into s-densities, whose coordinate representations become multiplied by the s-th power of the absolute value of the jacobian determinant. On an oriented manifold, 1-densities can be canonically identified with the n-forms on M. On non-orientable manifolds this identification cannot be made, since the density bundle is the tensor product of the orientation bundle of M and the n-th exterior product bundle of $T^∗M$ (see pseudotensor).
  
  ## Motivation (densities in vector spaces)
  
  In general, there does not exist a natural concept of a "volume" for a parallelotope generated by vectors $v_1,$ ..., $v_n$ in a n-dimensional vector space V. However, if one wishes to define a function μ : V × ... × V → R that assigns a volume for any such parallelotope, it should satisfy the following properties:
  
  * If any of the vectors $v_k$ is multiplied by λ ∈ R, the volume should be multiplied by |λ|.
  * If any linear combination of the vectors $v_1,$ ..., $v_{j−1},$ $v_{j+1},$ ..., $v_n$ is added to the vector $v_j,$ the volume should stay invariant.
  
  These conditions are equivalent to the statement that μ is given by a translation-invariant measure on V, and they can be rephrased as
  
      $\mu (Av_{1},\ldots ,Av_{n})=\left|\det A\right|\mu (v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}),\quad A\in \operatorname {GL} (V).$
  
  Any such mapping μ : V × ... × V → R is called a density on the vector space V. Note that if $(v_1,$ ..., $v_n)$ is any basis for V, then fixing $μ(v_1,$ ..., $v_n)$ will fix μ entirely; it follows that the set Vol(V) of all densities on V forms a one-dimensional vector space. Any n-form ω on V defines a density |ω| on V by
  
      $|\omega |(v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}):=|\omega (v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n})|.$
  
  ### Orientations on a vector space
  
  The set Or(V) of all functions o : V × ... × V → R that satisfy
  
      $o(Av_{1},\ldots ,Av_{n})=\operatorname {sign} (\det A)o(v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}),\quad A\in \operatorname {GL} (V)$
  
  forms a one-dimensional vector space, and an orientation on V is one of the two elements o ∈ Or(V) such that $|o(v_1,$ ..., $v_n)|$ = 1 for any linearly independent $v_1,$ ..., $v_n.$ Any non-zero n-form ω on V defines an orientation o ∈ Or(V) such that
  
      $o(v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n})|\omega |(v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n})=\omega (v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}),$
  
  and vice versa, any o ∈ Or(V) and any density μ ∈ Vol(V) define an n-form ω on V by
  
      $\omega (v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n})=o(v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n})\mu (v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}).$
  
  In terms of tensor product spaces,
  
      $\operatorname {Or} (V)\otimes \operatorname {Vol} (V)=\bigwedge ^{n}V^{*},\quad \operatorname {Vol} (V)=\operatorname {Or} (V)\otimes \bigwedge ^{n}V^{*}.$
  
  ### s-densities on a vector space
  
  The s-densities on V are functions μ : V × ... × V → R such that
  
      $\mu (Av_{1},\ldots ,Av_{n})=\left|\det A\right|^{s}\mu (v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}),\quad A\in \operatorname {GL} (V).$
  
  Just like densities, s-densities form a one-dimensional vector space $Vol^s(V),$ and any n-form ω on V defines an s-density $|ω|^s$ on V by
  
      $|\omega |^{s}(v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}):=|\omega (v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n})|^{s}.$
  
  The product of $s_1-$ and $s_2-densities$ $μ_1$ and $μ_2$ form an $(s_1+s_2)-density$ μ by
  
      $\mu (v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}):=\mu _{1}(v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n})\mu _{2}(v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}).$
  
  In terms of tensor product spaces this fact can be stated as
  
      $\operatorname {Vol} ^{s_{1}}(V)\otimes \operatorname {Vol} ^{s_{2}}(V)=\operatorname {Vol} ^{s_{1}+s_{2}}(V).$
  
  ## Definition
  
  Formally, the s-density bundle $Vol^s(M)$ of a differentiable manifold M is obtained by an associated bundle construction, intertwining the one-dimensional group representation
  
      $\rho (A)=\left|\det A\right|^{-s},\quad A\in \operatorname {GL} (n)$
  
  of the general linear group with the frame bundle of M.
  
  The resulting line bundle is known as the bundle of s-densities, and is denoted by
  
      $\left|\Lambda \right|_{M}^{s}=\left|\Lambda \right|^{s}(TM).$
  
  A 1-density is also referred to simply as a density.
  
  More generally, the associated bundle construction also allows densities to be constructed from any vector bundle E on M.
  
  In detail, if $(U_α,φ_α)$ is an atlas of coordinate charts on M, then there is associated a local trivialization of $\left|\Lambda \right|_{M}^{s}$
  
      $t_{\alpha }:\left|\Lambda \right|_{M}^{s}|_{U_{\alpha }}\to \phi _{\alpha }(U_{\alpha })\times \mathbb {R}$
  
  subordinate to the open cover $U_α$ such that the associated GL(1)-cocycle satisfies
  
      $t_{\alpha \beta }=\left|\det(d\phi _{\alpha }\circ d\phi _{\beta }^{-1})\right|^{-s}.$
  
  ## Integration
  
  Densities play a significant role in the theory of integration on manifolds. Indeed, the definition of a density is motivated by how a measure dx changes under a change of coordinates (Folland 1999, Section 11.4, pp. 361-362).
  
  Given a 1-density ƒ supported in a coordinate chart $U_α,$ the integral is defined by
  
      $\int _{U_{\alpha }}f=\int _{\phi _{\alpha }(U_{\alpha })}t_{\alpha }\circ f\circ \phi _{\alpha }^{-1}d\mu$
  
  where the latter integral is with respect to the Lebesgue measure on $R^n.$ The transformation law for 1-densities together with the Jacobian change of variables ensures compatibility on the overlaps of different coordinate charts, and so the integral of a general compactly supported 1-density can be defined by a partition of unity argument. Thus 1-densities are a generalization of the notion of a volume form that does not necessarily require the manifold to be oriented or even orientable. One can more generally develop a general theory of Radon measures as distributional sections of $|\Lambda |_{M}^{1}$ using the Riesz-Markov-Kakutani representation theorem.
  
  The set of 1/p-densities such that $|\phi |_{p}=\left(\int |\phi |^{p}\right)^{1/p}<\infty$ is a normed linear space whose completion $L^{p}(M)$ is called the intrinsic $L^p$ space of M.
  
  ## Conventions
  
  In some areas, particularly conformal geometry, a different weighting convention is used: the bundle of s-densities is instead associated with the character
  
      $\rho (A)=\left|\det A\right|^{-s/n}.$
  
  With this convention, for instance, one integrates n-densities (rather than 1-densities). Also in these conventions, a conformal metric is identified with a tensor density of weight 2.
  
  ## Properties
  
  * The dual vector bundle of $|\Lambda |_{M}^{s}$ is $|\Lambda |_{M}^{-s}$.
  * Tensor densities are sections of the tensor product of a density bundle with a tensor bundle.
  