title: Tetraphis pellucida
text: # Tetraphis pellucida
  
  Tetraphis pellucida, the pellucid four-tooth moss, is one of two species of moss in the acrocarpous genus Tetraphis. Its name refers to its four large peristome teeth found on the sporophyte capsule.
  
  ## Range and morphology
  
  Tetraphis pellucida occurs almost exclusively on rotten stumps and logs, and is native to the northern hemisphere. The leafy shoot is between eight and 15 mm tall. The lower leaves are 1 to 2 mm long, whereas the upper and perichaetial leaves – leaves that surround the archegonia – are 3 mm long. The leaves are plain and whole at the margins.
  
  ## Reproduction
  
  Tetraphis pellucida reproduces both asexually through the production of gemmae, and sexually resulting in a sporophyte which will produce spores.
  
  ### Asexual reproduction
  
  Tetraphis pellucida reproduces asexually through the use of propagules called gemmae. The gemmae are found either in gemma cups or stalks. Gemma cups are typically composed of three to five larger, specialized leaves, and house gemmae in the center. Stalk gemmae are found in a terminal cluster on a microphyllous stalk that extends one to four millimeters above the leafy gametophyte. Gemmae are distributed largely through the energy provided by precipitation. This is possible due to the shape of gemmae cups, it allows them to harness the energy of a raindrop to propel the gemmae. Through this method it has been calculated that the average distance achieved by a gemma in a cup bearing gemmiferous shoot was 19.5 mm and 13.3 mm by a stalk gemmiferous shoot. It has been found that through disturbances gemmae found in a cup goes a distance of 12.1 mm and 16.9 mm for a stalk gemmae
  
  **Gemmae germination**
  
  In environmentally controlled experiments with standard conditions (12 hours light/12 hour dark) gemmae germinated in two to four days, typically with six to eight protonemata. This growth produces a stellate structure after seven to ten days, at this time branching of the protonemata occurs. After ten days the leafy gametophyte begins to develop, either directly from the gemma or from the protonema.
  
  ### Sexual reproduction
  
  Tetraphis pellucida also reproduces sexually. It is a dioicous moss, having antheridia and archegonia on different gametophores. Once the archegonia is fertilized the sporophyte generation begins to form. It develops to have a seta six to 14 mm long, and have a capsule two to three mm long, with a one mm operculum. The fully developed capsule will have four peristome teeth attached to the rim of capsule. Inside the spores develop to be smooth or finely roughened and 10-13 micrometers.
  
  **Sporophyte production**
  
  Due to the fact that the apical cell of Tetraphis pellucida stops dividing at an early stage of sporophyte development, much of the growth of the sporophyte is due to cell elongation and division below the apex.
  
  ### Changes in reproduction
  
  Whether Tetraphis pellucida as a colony exhibits asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction is determined based on shoot density. At low densities (fewer than 70 shoots per $cm^2)$ there are no sporophytes and plants solely possess gemmiferous shoots. At a density of over 70 $shoots/cm^2,$ gametophores begin to appear, and by 190 shoots per $cm^2,$ there are no gemmiferous shoots. Initially archegoniophores (gametophyte shoots bearing archegonia) outnumber antheridiophores (gametophyte shoots bearing antheridia), but as the density increases further, the antheridiophores greatly outnumber the archegoniophores.
  
  ## Disturbance in colonies
  
  Tetraphis pellucida develops a low-density asexual colony on a bare substrate, and is very susceptible to being out competed by species it commonly occurs with. Sexual colonies are much more likely to be disturbed than asexual colonies. Without disturbance Tetraphis pellucida has a very low probability of reestablishing where senescent or competitor colonies are. This is shown in the fact that Tetraphis pellucida is the dominant species in gaps of bryophyte communities on logs, whereas they are a minor component in an undisturbed community.
  
  ## Differentiating from Tetraphis geniculata
  
  Tetraphis pellucida is characterized by having a straight, smooth surface lacking protrusions – setae – whereas Tetraphis geniculata is characterized by having a papillose or tuberculate surface in the upper portion of a sharply bent seta. Upon further examination, Tetraphis geniculata has bulging cell walls that are common in the central region of the seta, and smooth directly below the capsule; spiral torsion of the seta is also common.
  
  