title: Bochner integral
text: # Bochner integral
  
  In mathematics, the Bochner integral, named for Salomon Bochner, extends the definition of Lebesgue integral to functions that take values in a Banach space, as the limit of integrals of simple functions.
  
  ## Definition
  
  Let $(X,\Sigma ,\mu )$ be a measure space, and $B$ be a Banach space. The Bochner integral of a function $f:X\to B$ is defined in much the same way as the Lebesgue integral. First, define a simple function to be any finite sum of the form
  
  $s(x)=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\chi _{E_{i}}(x)b_{i}$
  
  where the $E_{i}$ are disjoint members of the $\sigma$-algebra $\Sigma ,$ the $b_{i}$ are distinct elements of $B,$ and $χ_E$ is the characteristic function of $E.$ If $\mu \left(E_{i}\right)$ is finite whenever $b_{i}\neq 0,$ then the simple function is integrable, and the integral is then defined by
  
  $\int _{X}\left[\sum _{i=1}^{n}\chi _{E_{i}}(x)b_{i}\right]\,d\mu =\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mu (E_{i})b_{i}$
  
  exactly as it is for the ordinary Lebesgue integral.
  
  A measurable function $f:X\to B$ is Bochner integrable if there exists a sequence of integrable simple functions $s_{n}$ such that
  
  $\lim _{n\to \infty }\int _{X}\|f-s_{n}\|_{B}\,d\mu =0,$
  
  where the integral on the left-hand side is an ordinary Lebesgue integral.
  
  In this case, the Bochner integral is defined by
  
  $\int _{X}f\,d\mu =\lim _{n\to \infty }\int _{X}s_{n}\,d\mu .$
  
  It can be shown that the sequence $\left\{\int _{X}s_{n}\,d\mu \right\}_{n=1}^{\infty }$ is a Cauchy sequence in the Banach space $B,$ hence the limit on the right exists; furthermore, the limit is independent of the approximating sequence of simple functions $\{s_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty }.$ These remarks show that the integral is well-defined (i.e independent of any choices). It can be shown that a function is Bochner integrable if and only if it lies in the Bochner space $L^{1}.$
  
  ## Properties
  
  ### Elementary properties
  
  Many of the familiar properties of the Lebesgue integral continue to hold for the Bochner integral. Particularly useful is Bochner's criterion for integrability, which states that if $(X,\Sigma ,\mu )$ is a measure space, then a Bochner-measurable function $f\colon X\to B$ is Bochner integrable if and only if
  
  $\int _{X}\|f\|_{B}\,\mathrm {d} \mu <\infty .$
  
  Here, a function $f\colon X\to B$ is called Bochner measurable if it is equal $\mu$-almost everywhere to a function $g$ taking values in a separable subspace $B_{0}$ of $B$, and such that the inverse image $g^{-1}(U)$ of every open set $U$ in $B$ belongs to $\Sigma$. Equivalently, $f$ is the limit $\mu$-almost everywhere of a sequence of countably-valued simple functions.
  
  ### Linear operators
  
  If $T\colon B\to B'$ is a continuous linear operator between Banach spaces $B$ and $B'$, and $f\colon X\to B$ is Bochner integrable, then it is relatively straightforward to show that $Tf\colon X\to B'$ is Bochner integrable and integration and the application of $T$ may be interchanged:
  
  $\int _{E}Tf\,\mathrm {d} \mu =T\int _{E}f\,\mathrm {d} \mu$
  
  for all measurable subsets $E\in \Sigma$.
  
  A non-trivially stronger form of this result, known as Hille's theorem, also holds for closed operators. If $T\colon B\to B'$ is a closed linear operator between Banach spaces $B$ and $B'$ and both $f\colon X\to B$ and $Tf\colon X\to B'$ are Bochner integrable, then
  
  $\int _{E}Tf\,\mathrm {d} \mu =T\int _{E}f\,\mathrm {d} \mu$
  
  for all measurable subsets $E\in \Sigma$.
  
  ### Dominated convergence theorem
  
  A version of the dominated convergence theorem also holds for the Bochner integral. Specifically, if $f_{n}\colon X\to B$ is a sequence of measurable functions on a complete measure space tending almost everywhere to a limit function $f$, and if
  
  $\|f_{n}(x)\|_{B}\leq g(x)$
  
  for almost every $x\in X$, and $g\in L^{1}(\mu )$, then
  
  $\int _{E}\|f-f_{n}\|_{B}\,\mathrm {d} \mu \to 0$
  
  as $n\to \infty$ and
  
  $\int _{E}f_{n}\,\mathrm {d} \mu \to \int _{E}f\,\mathrm {d} \mu$
  
  for all $E\in \Sigma$.
  
  If $f$ is Bochner integrable, then the inequality
  
  $\left\|\int _{E}f\,\mathrm {d} \mu \right\|_{B}\leq \int _{E}\|f\|_{B}\,\mathrm {d} \mu$
  
  holds for all $E\in \Sigma .$ In particular, the set function
  
  $E\mapsto \int _{E}f\,\mathrm {d} \mu$
  
  defines a countably-additive $B$-valued vector measure on $X$ which is absolutely continuous with respect to $\mu$.
  
  ## Radon–Nikodym property
  
  An important fact about the Bochner integral is that the Radon–Nikodym theorem fails to hold in general, and instead is a property (the Radon–Nikodym property) defining an important class of nice Banach spaces.
  
  Specifically, if $\mu$ is a measure on $(X,\Sigma ),$ then $B$ has the Radon–Nikodym property with respect to $\mu$ if, for every countably-additive vector measure $\gamma$ on $(X,\Sigma )$ with values in $B$ which has bounded variation and is absolutely continuous with respect to $\mu ,$ there is a $\mu$-integrable function $g:X\to B$ such that
  
  $\gamma (E)=\int _{E}g\,d\mu$
  
  for every measurable set $E\in \Sigma .$
  
  The Banach space $B$ has the Radon–Nikodym property if $B$ has the Radon–Nikodym property with respect to every finite measure. Equivalent formulations include:
  
  * Bounded discrete-time martingales in $B$ converge a.s.
  * Functions of bounded-variation into $B$ are differentiable a.e.
  * For every bounded $D\subseteq B$, there exists $f\in B^{*}$ and $\delta \in \mathbb {R} ^{+}$ such that $\{x:f(x)+\delta >\sup {f(D)}\}\subseteq D$ has arbitrarily small diameter.
  
  It is known that the space $\ell _{1}$ has the Radon–Nikodym property, but $c_{0}$ and the spaces $L^{\infty }(\Omega ),$ $L^{1}(\Omega ),$ for $\Omega$ an open bounded subset of $\mathbb {R} ^{n},$ and $C(K),$ for $K$ an infinite compact space, do not. Spaces with Radon–Nikodym property include separable dual spaces (this is the Dunford–Pettis theorem) and reflexive spaces, which include, in particular, Hilbert spaces.
  
  