title: HIsarna ironmaking process
text: # HIsarna ironmaking process
  
  The HIsarna ironmaking process is a direct reduced iron process for iron making in which iron ore is processed almost directly into liquid iron (pig iron). The process combines two process units, the Cyclone Converter Furnace (CCF) for ore melting and pre-reduction and a Smelting Reduction Vessel (SRV) where the final reduction stage to liquid iron takes place. The process does not require the manufacturing of iron ore agglomerates such as pellets and sinter, nor the production of coke, which are necessary for the blast furnace process. Without these steps, the HIsarna process is more energy-efficient and has a lower carbon footprint than traditional ironmaking processes. In 2018 Tata Steel announced it has demonstrated that more than 50% $CO_2$ emission reduction is possible with HIsarna technology, without the need for carbon capture technology.
  
  The HIsarna process was developed in stages and with pauses at Koninklijke Hoogovens / Corus IJmuiden / Tata Steel IJmuiden, starting in 1986. The final stages were made possible through the Ultra-Low Carbon Dioxide Steelmaking (ULCOS) consortium and cooperation between former Corus (now Tata Steel) and the Rio Tinto Group. The latter contributed their HIsmelt (short for "high intensity smelting") technology to the final design of the installation, prompting the name HIsarna for the process ("HI" from "high intensity" and "sarna" from Isarna, a Celtic word for iron).
  
  HIsarna is considered one of the most promising developments in reducing $CO_2$ emissions from the steel industry.
  
  ## History
  
  The very first attempts at applying cyclone oven technology in the reduction of iron ore took place at Koninklijke Hoogovens in the 1960s. Cyclone technology had already been used successfully in different industrial, chemical processes and designers at Hoogovens thought it might be a strategy for improvement for their process. However, at the time they could not get it to work properly and the experiment was quickly abandoned.
  
  The first serious revival came in 1986, when Hoogovens sought a method of producing steel without having to produce iron ore agglomerates such as pellets and sinter. At that time the desire was mostly a cost-cutting measure in order to make the process cheaper in trying economic times. The trying times did not last however and the project was put on the back burner until the early 1990s.
  
  By the early 1990s the availability of cokes was becoming limited due to many of the major coking facilities in the West that produced cokes from coal reaching the end of their economic life. Heavy environmental restrictions made it unattractive to build new facilities, so steel producers sought ways to reduce the need for cokes; Hoogovens started putting more effort into the cyclone technology as a solution to this problem and a test facility for the cyclone part proved capable of producing twenty tons of pig iron per hour. The rest of the process didn't work very well though, so when steel producers massively moved to replace part of the coke by powdered coal injection and China started mass-producing cokes, the project lost momentum again. The steep drop in prices of commodities around 1999 caused the project to be halted.
  
  In 2004 however, the European Union brought pressure on the steel industry to reduce its carbon footprint; the ULCOS consortium was founded as a result and in the period 2005–2007 the cyclone technology was selected as one of four high-potential technologies. A theoretical answer was found to the earlier problems of the post-cyclone part of the cyclone furnace in the form of a Smelting Reduction Vessel and the Rio Tinto Group had industrial-scale experience with the required process, called HIsmelt. An agreement between them and ULCOS added the HIsmelt technology to the cyclone furnace and the result was the HIsarna process. In 2017 Tata Steel obtained the smelter IP rights from Rio Tinto, now fully owning all HIsarna IP.
  
  ## Pilot plant
  
  In 2010 the HIsarna pilot plant was constructed at Tata Steel IJmuiden. The pilot plant has a capacity of producing 65,000 tons of pig iron per year. A first campaign of experiments was completed in spring 2011, which was followed by three more successful experimental campaigns. The second and third campaign were co-financed by the Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFCS). The fourth campaign finished in June 2014. The fifth campaign started in the autumn of 2017. This project is part funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme from the EU, as part of the second Sustainable Industry Low Carbon (SILC-II) funding round.
  
  ## Process
  
  The HIsarna process is a smelting reduction process with two directly coupled process stages in which the production of liquid pig iron takes place.
  
  It is a combination of a Cyclone Converter Furnace (CCF) which is placed above the Smelting Reduction Vessel (SRV), forming a continuous, once through process. The HIsarna plant is shaped like a wine bottle: a "bottle" at the bottom and a thin "neck" at the top. The geometry of this furnace causes a cyclone to form in the neck when the crushed iron ore is injected into this cyclone together with oxygen (so oxygen is injected at the top rather than at the bottom). The temperature in the cyclone causes a dissociation reaction to take place so that coal, introduced immediately after, reduces iron ore to iron.
  
  The molten iron droplets then drip down the furnace wall to the place where the "neck" widens into the "bottle". Here the droplets fall from the wall into the molten slag, which sits on top of the liquid iron bath in the bottom of the furnace. Between the cyclone and the slag layer, oxygen is injected through water cooled lances to generate heat by partly combusting the gasses being released from the final reduction reaction step that takes place in the slag. Powder coal is injected into the slag layer, again through water cooled lances. The reduction reaction now continues "as normal" in the bottom of the furnace, with the partially reduced iron ore further reducing to regular pig iron and the whole separating into two molten layers (a top layer of slag and a bottom layer of molten pig iron). Both layers can be tapped individually and the pig iron can be used immediately in the remainder of the basic oxygen steelmaking process.
  
  ## Advantages
  
  In a technical sense, the advantage of the HIsarna process is that it removes the step of creating iron ore agglomerates and coke to create a porous burden for the blast furnace. In the traditional process one cannot use powdered coal alone since the strength of the coke is required to support the burden. By comparison, in HIsarna, the powder form of the coal and ore are an advantage because the increased surface area improves the speed and quality of the reduction reaction in the cyclone.
  
  The main advantages of the process are derived from those mentioned above, however: the fact that the separate steps of creating ore agglomerates and cokes disappear from the process makes the process more energy efficient and reduces its carbon footprint. This makes the process attractive to steelmakers, who are being pressured to make their processes more environmentally friendly — particularly in Europe, where government regulations are increasingly attaching a financial penalty to high carbon dioxide emissions. The HIsarna process uses 20% less energy and emits at least 20% less $CO_2$ per ton steel compared to conventional pig iron production. Further environmental advantages include a significant reduction of other emissions such as $NO_x,$ $SO_x$ and fine dust. $CO_2$ emission reductions of more than 50% can be achieved by replacing part of the coal for sustainable biomass and using steel scrap in the process.
  
  Besides the direct environmental benefits HIsarna offers economic benefits as well. The process is able to handle low cost ores and coals and has lower investment costs. The hot metal produced in HIsarna also has advantages for the steelmaking process, allowing for lower slag and metal phosphorus levels in the BOF converter or larger hot metal charges in an Electric arc furnace.
  
  ## Further development
  
  Tata Steel is also planning to develop the process in such a way that zinc can be recovered, supported by the EIT RawMaterials, and $CO_2$ can be captured for utilisation or storage.
  
  In November 2018 it was announced that a larger-scale HIsarna pilot facility could be built at the Tata Steel site in Jamshedpur, India, but that the site in IJmuiden would still be a potential location for further industrial implementation of the technology.
  
  