title: Scorpaena papillosa
text: # Scorpaena papillosa
  
  Scorpaena papillosa, the red rock cod, Southern red scorpionfish, chained scorpionfish, common red gurnard, Southern red scorpioncod, Southern rockcod or dwarf scorpionfish, is a species of venomous marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Scorpaenidae, the scorpionfishes.
  
  ## Taxonomy
  
  Scorpaena papillosa was first formally described in 1801 as Synanceia papillosus by the German naturalists Johann Gottlob Schneider and Johann Reinhold Forster with the type locality given as Matatuahu Point on the Tāwharanui Peninsula in the Hauraki Gulf of North Auckland on the North Island of New Zealand. The specific name papillosa means "papilose", a reference to the tentacles on the pored cells along the lateral line.
  
  ### Subspecies
  
  Scorpaena papillosa is divided into 2 subspecies:
  
  | Image | Scientific Name | Common Name | Distribution |
  | - | - | - | - |
  | | S.p. papillosa (Schneider & Forster, 1801) | Dwarf scorpionfish | New Zealand |
  | | S.p. ergastularum Richardson, 1842 | Southern red scorpionfish | southeastern Australia |
  
  ## Description
  
  Scorpaena papillosa grows to a maximum length of approximately 30 cm. Its large mouth contains small, thin teeth that form velvety bands (villiform). It has 12 dorsal spines, 9 to 10 dorsal soft rays, 3 anal spines, 5 anal soft rays, a small row of spines beneath the eyes, and a gill cover margin containing 3 spines.
  
  ## Distribution
  
  This species is found in the Indo-West Pacific, in New Zealand and southern Australia.
  
  ## Habitat
  
  Scorpaena papillosa lives in marine, demersal, temperate waters, at depths of 5–50 metres (16–164 ft). It can be found on rocky bottoms, in shallow estuaries, in muddy waters as well as other environments, such as in offshore kelp beds and shallow seagrass beds. Juveniles of this species are sometimes found in large rock pools.
  
  ## Diet
  
  This fish feeds on many different invertebrates, including crustaceans. It also eats other fish.
  
  