title: Iris (opera)
text: # Iris (opera)
  
  Iris (Italian:) is an opera in three acts by Pietro Mascagni to an original Italian libretto by Luigi Illica. It premiered on 22 November 1898 at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome. The story is set in Japan during legendary times.
  
  ## Background and performance history
  
  In common with all of Mascagni's full-length operas, Iris is now rarely performed, even in Italy, although along with L'amico Fritz it remains one of the composer's more performed operas. Two of the opera's most memorable numbers are the tenor's serenade ("Apri la tua finestra") and the Hymn to the Sun ("Inno al Sole").
  
  The so-called "aria della piovra" ("Octopus aria"), "Un dì, ero piccina", where Iris describes a screen she had seen in a Buddhist temple when she was a child, depicting an octopus coiling its tentacles around a young woman, is a rare Western use of the popular Japanese tentacle erotica (shokushu goukan, 触手強姦, "tentacle violation") tradition, exemplified in the print The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife (1814) by Hokusai.
  
  ## Roles
  
  Roles, voice types, premiere cast :
  
  | Role | Voice type | Premiere cast, 22 November 1898 Conductor: Pietro Mascagni |
  | - | - | - |
  | Iris | soprano | Hariclea Darclée |
  | Il Cieco | bass | Giuseppe Tisci Rubini |
  | Osaka | tenor | Fernando De Lucia |
  | Kyoto | baritone | Guglielmo Caruson |
  | Geisha | soprano | Ernestina Tilde Milanesi |
  | Haberdasher | tenor | Eugenio Grossi |
  | Rag merchant | tenor | Piero Schiavazzi |
  | Chorus: shopkeepers, geishas, laundry girls, samurai, citizens |||
  
  ## Synopsis
  
  Act 1
  
  The opera begins with an invisible choir singing a "Hymn to the Sun", the second best-known piece in the opera. However, it should be called "Hymn of the Sun", since it is sung by the sun itself (as a choir).
  
  Iris, the young and innocent daughter of a blind old man, Il Cieco, lives happily, enjoying the sun and the simple things of nature. Osaka, a young lord in search of adventures, plans to kidnap her with the help of Kyoto who keeps a geisha house. During a puppet show, Osaka enters disguised as a child of the sun, singing the serenade "Apri la tua finestra [Open Your Window]", the most famous selection in the opera. He conquers the heart of Iris, and Samurai carry her off, conducting her to Kyoto's geisha house called Yoshiwara. Before leaving, Kyoto anonymously leaves money on Il Cieco's doorstep, as well as a note telling him where she has gone and implying that she has abandoned him.
  
  Act 2
  
  At Yoshiwara, where, according to the libretto, the sun never penetrates, Iris wakes up under the illusion of having died and gone to Paradise. Osaka arrives and tries to seduce her but fails to persuade her to yield to his advances. Tired and annoyed by her simplicity and innocence, Osaka tells Kyoto to get rid of her. Instead Kyoto, hoping to make some profit off Iris, exposes her to the crowds on a balcony of the house. Il Cieco, having assumed that Iris went to the geisha house of her own accord, comes there. He curses her, repeatedly flinging mud in her face. She is overwhelmed by sudden madness at her father's incomprehensible actions. Before anyone, including the remorse-stricken Osaka who has returned, can stop her, Iris rushes back into the house and throws herself down a shaft leading to a sewer.
  
  Act 3
  
  The next morning in the sewer, ragpickers begin stealing Iris' silken clothing; she revives, frightening away the ragpickers. She quickly becomes delirious and imagines that she hears the voices of the three men, first Osaka, then Kyoto, and finally Il Cieco, each mocking her. She rejoices when she feels the warm rays of the rising sun, accompanied by a return of the "Hymn to the Sun", and she dies. Tendrils of flowers bear the soul of Iris to heaven.
  
  ## Instrumentation
  
  | Woodwinds | Percussion | Strings |
  | - | - | - |
  | 2 flutes | Timpani (set of 4) | Violin I, II |
  | 1 piccolo (doubles fife) | Bass drum | Viola |
  | 2 oboes | Cymbals | Celli |
  | 1 English horn | Triangle | Double basses |
  | 2 Clarinets | Glockenspiel | 2 harps |
  | 1 bass clarinet | Giuoco di tam tams (13 tuned tam tams A2–A3; Note these will need to be hung on 2 racks) | Shamisen |
  | 2 bassoons | Large tam tam | |
  | 1 contrabassoon | Small tam tam | |
  | Brass | Tambourine | |
  | 4 horns | Timpani giapponese | |
  | 3 trumpets | | |
  | 4 trombones | | |
  | 4 cornetts | | |
  