title: Benjamin D. Santer
text: # Benjamin D. Santer
  
  Benjamin David Santer (born June 3, 1955) is a climate researcher at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and former researcher at the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit. He also worked at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology from 1987 to 1992. He specializes mainly in statistical analysis of climate data sets, and detection/attribution of climate change forcings.
  
  Since 2012, Santer has been listed on the board of directors of the National Center for Science Education.
  
  ## Honors
  
  Santer received a B.Sc. in Environmental Sciences and a 1987 Ph.D. in Climatology from the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia.
  
  In 1998 Santer was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship for research supporting the finding that human activity contributes to global warming. He has also received the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award and a Distinguished Scientist Fellowship from the U.S. Department of Energy and the Norbert Gerbier/MUMM award from the World Meteorological Organization. He ranked twelfth amongst climate scientists in a 2002 assessment of most cited scientists in the field of global warming.
  
  In 2011, Santer was elected as a fellow of the American Geophysical Union and as a member of the National Academy of Sciences.
  
  ## 1995 AR2 Chapter 8
  
  Santer was the convening Lead Author of Chapter 8 of 1995 IPCC Working Group I Report (AR2 WGI), which addressed the global warming issue.
  
  In a June 12, 1996 editorial-page piece in The Wall Street Journal, Frederick Seitz, chair of the George C. Marshall Institute and Science and Environmental Policy Project, claimed that alterations made to Chapter 8 of the 1995 IPCC report were made to "deceive policy makers and the public into believing that the scientific evidence shows human activities are causing global warming." Similar charges were made by the Global Climate Coalition (GCC), a consortium of industry interests; specifically, they accused Santer of "scientific cleansing."
  
  Santer and 40 other scientists responded to The Wall Street Journal that all IPCC procedural rules were followed, and that IPCC procedures required changes to the draft in response to comments from governments, individual scientists, and non-governmental organizations. They stated that the pre- and post-Madrid versions of Chapter 8 were equally cautious in their statements; that roughly 20% of Chapter 8 is devoted to the discussion of uncertainties in estimates of natural climate variability and the expected signal due to human activities; and that both versions of the chapter reached the same conclusion: "Taken together, these results point towards a human influence on climate."
  
  ## Gold Standard Paper
  
  On February 25, 2019 Santer et al. published the paper Celebrating the anniversary of three key events in climate change science in Nature Climate Change, claiming to have reached the 5-sigma "gold standard level" of statistical proof of human influence in global climate change using three sets of satellite data.
  
  ## References and notes
  
  * 1 2 3 4 5 "Dr. Ben Santer". Moving By Degrees. American Public Media. Archived from the original on June 26, 2010.
  * ↑ Pearce, Fred, The Climate Files: The Battle for the Truth about Global Warming, (2010) Guardian Books, ISBN 978-0-85265-229-9, p. XI.
  * ↑ "Board of Directors". ncse.com. National Center for Science Education. Archived from the original on 2012-10-08. Retrieved 2018-10-30.
  * ↑ "Benjamin David Santer - MacArthur Foundation". www.macfound.org. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
  * ↑ Global Warming Top 25 Overall Ranked by total cites, 1991-August 2001 Archived 2006-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, Thomson
  * ↑ Stark, Anne M. (8 April 2011). "Ben Santer elected AGU fellow". Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Website. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  * ↑ "Benjamin D. Santer". Membership Directory. National Academy of Sciences.
  * ↑ Gupta, S. (2012). "QnAs with Benjamin D. Santer". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (1): 3. doi:10.1073/pnas.1218254109. PMC 3538190. PMID 23197826.
  * ↑ Special insert--An open letter to Ben Santer Archived 2006-06-26 at the Wayback Machine. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
  * ↑ Reuters, "Evidence for man-made global warming hits 'gold standard'": scientists, Feb. 25, 2019
  