title: Sard's theorem
text: # Sard's theorem
  
  In mathematics, Sard's theorem, also known as Sard's lemma or the Morse–Sard theorem, is a result in mathematical analysis that asserts that the set of critical values (that is, the image of the set of critical points) of a smooth function f from one Euclidean space or manifold to another is a null set, i.e., it has Lebesgue measure 0. This makes the set of critical values "small" in the sense of a generic property. The theorem is named for Anthony Morse and Arthur Sard.
  
  ## Statement
  
  More explicitly, let
  
      $f\colon \mathbb {R} ^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{m}$
  
  be $C^{k}$, (that is, $k$ times continuously differentiable), where $k\geq \max\{n-m+1,1\}$. Let $X\subset \mathbb {R} ^{n}$ denote the critical set of $f,$ which is the set of points $x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}$ at which the Jacobian matrix of $f$ has rank $<m$. Then the image $f(X)$ has Lebesgue measure 0 in $\mathbb {R} ^{m}$.
  
  Intuitively speaking, this means that although $X$ may be large, its image must be small in the sense of Lebesgue measure: while $f$ may have many critical points in the domain $\mathbb {R} ^{n}$, it must have few critical values in the image $\mathbb {R} ^{m}$.
  
  More generally, the result also holds for mappings between differentiable manifolds $M$ and $N$ of dimensions $m$ and $n$, respectively. The critical set $X$ of a $C^{k}$ function
  
      $f:N\rightarrow M$
  
  consists of those points at which the differential
  
      $df:TN\rightarrow TM$
  
  has rank less than $m$ as a linear transformation. If $k\geq \max\{n-m+1,1\}$, then Sard's theorem asserts that the image of $X$ has measure zero as a subset of $M$. This formulation of the result follows from the version for Euclidean spaces by taking a countable set of coordinate patches. The conclusion of the theorem is a local statement, since a countable union of sets of measure zero is a set of measure zero, and the property of a subset of a coordinate patch having zero measure is invariant under diffeomorphism.
  
  ## Variants
  
  There are many variants of this lemma, which plays a basic role in singularity theory among other fields. The case $m=1$ was proven by Anthony P. Morse in 1939, and the general case by Arthur Sard in 1942.
  
  A version for infinite-dimensional Banach manifolds was proven by Stephen Smale.
  
  The statement is quite powerful, and the proof involves analysis. In topology it is often quoted — as in the Brouwer fixed-point theorem and some applications in Morse theory — in order to prove the weaker corollary that “a non-constant smooth map has at least one regular value”.
  
  In 1965 Sard further generalized his theorem to state that if $f:N\rightarrow M$ is $C^{k}$ for $k\geq \max\{n-m+1,1\}$ and if $A_{r}\subseteq N$ is the set of points $x\in N$ such that $df_{x}$ has rank strictly less than $r$, then the r-dimensional Hausdorff measure of $f(A_{r})$ is zero. In particular the Hausdorff dimension of $f(A_{r})$ is at most r. Caveat: The Hausdorff dimension of $f(A_{r})$ can be arbitrarily close to r.
  
  