title: Explicit parallelism
text: # Explicit parallelism
  
  In computer programming, explicit parallelism is the representation of concurrent computations by means of primitives in the form of special-purpose directives or function calls. Most parallel primitives are related to process synchronization, communication or task partitioning. As they seldom contribute to actually carry out the intended computation of the program, their computational cost is often considered as parallelization overhead.
  
  The advantage of explicit parallel programming is the absolute programmer control over the parallel execution. A skilled parallel programmer takes advantage of explicit parallelism to produce very efficient code. However, programming with explicit parallelism is often difficult, especially for non computing specialists, because of the extra work involved in planning the task division and synchronization of concurrent processes.
  
  In some instances, explicit parallelism may be avoided with the use of an optimizing compiler that automatically extracts the parallelism inherent to computations (see implicit parallelism).
  
  ## Programming with explicit parallelism
  
  * Occam (programming language)
  * Erlang (programming language)
  * Message Passing Interface
  * Parallel Virtual Machine
  * Ease programming language
  * Ada programming language
  * Java programming language
  * JavaSpaces
  