title: Wolfe duality
text: # Wolfe duality
  
  In mathematical optimization, Wolfe duality, named after Philip Wolfe, is type of dual problem in which the objective function and constraints are all differentiable functions. Using this concept a lower bound for a minimization problem can be found because of the weak duality principle.
  
  ## Mathematical formulation
  
  For a minimization problem with inequality constraints,
  
      ${\begin{aligned}&{\underset {x}{\operatorname {minimize} }}&&f(x)\\&\operatorname {subject\;to} &&g_{i}(x)\leq 0,\quad i=1,\dots ,m\end{aligned}}$
  
  the Lagrangian dual problem is
  
      ${\begin{aligned}&{\underset {u}{\operatorname {maximize} }}&&\inf _{x}\left(f(x)+\sum _{j=1}^{m}u_{j}g_{j}(x)\right)\\&\operatorname {subject\;to} &&u_{i}\geq 0,\quad i=1,\dots ,m\end{aligned}}$
  
  where the objective function is the Lagrange dual function. Provided that the functions $f$ and $g_{1},\ldots ,g_{m}$ are convex and continuously differentiable, the infimum occurs where the gradient is equal to zero. The problem
  
      ${\begin{aligned}&{\underset {x,u}{\operatorname {maximize} }}&&f(x)+\sum _{j=1}^{m}u_{j}g_{j}(x)\\&\operatorname {subject\;to} &&\nabla f(x)+\sum _{j=1}^{m}u_{j}\nabla g_{j}(x)=0\\&&&u_{i}\geq 0,\quad i=1,\dots ,m\end{aligned}}$
  
  is called the Wolfe dual problem. This problem employs the KKT conditions as a constraint. Also, the equality constraint $\nabla f(x)+\sum _{j=1}^{m}u_{j}\nabla g_{j}(x)$ is nonlinear in general, so the Wolfe dual problem may be a nonconvex optimization problem. In any case, weak duality holds.
  
  