title: Pashayi languages
text: # Pashayi languages
  
  Pashayi or Pashai (پشه اې ژبه) is a group of Indo-Aryan languages spoken by the Pashai people in parts of Kapisa, Laghman, Nangarhar, Nuristan, Kunar and Kabul (Surobi District) provinces in Northeastern Afghanistan.
  
  The Pashayi languages had no written form prior to 2003. There are four mutually unintelligible varieties, with only about a 30% lexical similarity:
  
  * Northeastern: Aret, Chalas (Chilas), Kandak, Korangal, Kurdar dialects
  * Northwestern: Alasai, Bolaghain, Gulbahar, Kohnadeh, Laurowan, Najil, Nangarach, Pachagan, Pandau, Parazhghan, Pashagar, Sanjan, Shamakot, Shutul, Uzbin, Wadau dialects
  * Southeastern: Damench, Laghmani, Sum, Upper and Lower Darai Nur, Wegali dialects
  * Southwestern: Ishpi, Isken, Tagau dialects
  
  A grammar of the language was written as a doctoral dissertation in 2014.
  
  ## Phonology
  
  ### Consonants
  
  | | | Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Palato- alveolar | Retroflex | Dorsal | Glottal |
  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
  | Nasal | Nasal | m | n | | ɳ | ŋ | |
  | Plosive | voiceless | p | t̪ | | ʈ | k | |
  | Plosive | voiced | b | d̪ | | ɖ | ɡ | |
  | Affricate | voiceless | | | t͡ʃ | | | |
  | Affricate | voiced | | | d͡ʒ | | | |
  | Fricative | voiceless | | s | ʃ | (ʂ) | x | (h) |
  | Fricative | voiced | | z | ʒ | (ʐ) | ɣ | |
  | Fricative | lateral | | ɬ | | | | |
  | Rhotic | tap | | ɾ | | ɽ | | |
  | Rhotic | trill | | r | | | | |
  | Approximant | lateral | | l | | | | |
  | Approximant | central | ʋ ~ w | | | | j | |
  
  * [h] is only phonemic in the Amla dialect.
  * Sounds [f] and [q] can also occur, but only in loanwords and among Dari speakers.
  * [ʂ] is more commonly heard among older speakers, but is lost among younger speakers, and is heard as a postalveolar [ʃ].
  * [ʐ] is more commonly heard among older speakers, but is lost among younger speakers, and is heard as a postalveolar [ʒ].
  * /ʋ/ is heard before front vowels /i e/. When occurring before or after central or back vowels /a u o/, it is heard as [w].
  * According to Masica (1991) some dialects have a /θ/.
  
  ### Vowels
  
  | | Front | Central | Back |
  | - | - | - | - |
  | High | i | | u |
  | Mid | e eː | | o oː |
  | Low | | a aː | |
  
  * Only mid or low vowels have lengthened equivalents.
  * /e/ can be heard as [ɛ] and /a/ can be heard as [ə] or [æ], in certain environments.
  