title: Fundamental theorem of Hilbert spaces
text: # Fundamental theorem of Hilbert spaces
  
  In mathematics, specifically in functional analysis and Hilbert space theory, the fundamental theorem of Hilbert spaces gives a necessarily and sufficient condition for a Hausdorff pre-Hilbert space to be a Hilbert space in terms of the canonical isometry of a pre-Hilbert space into its anti-dual.
  
  ## Preliminaries
  
  ### Antilinear functionals and the anti-dual
  
  Suppose that H is a topological vector space (TVS). A function f : H → $\mathbb {C}$ is called semilinear or antilinear if for all x, y ∈ H and all scalars c ,
  
  * Additive: f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y);
  * Conjugate homogeneous: f (c x) = c f (x).
  
  The vector space of all continuous antilinear functions on H is called the anti-dual space or complex conjugate dual space of H and is denoted by ${\overline {H}}^{\prime }$ (in contrast, the continuous dual space of H is denoted by $H^{\prime }$), which we make into a normed space by endowing it with the canonical norm (defined in the same way as the canonical norm on the continuous dual space of H).
  
  ### Pre-Hilbert spaces and sesquilinear forms
  
  A sesquilinear form is a map B : H × H → $\mathbb {C}$ such that for all y ∈ H, the map defined by x ↦ B(x, y) is linear, and for all x ∈ H, the map defined by y ↦ B(x, y) is antilinear.
  
  Note that in Physics, the convention is that a sesquilinear form is linear in its second coordinate and antilinear in its first coordinate.
  
  A sesquilinear form on H is called positive definite if B(x, x) > 0 for all non-0 x ∈ H; it is called non-negative if B(x, x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ H.
  
  A sesquilinear form B on H is called a Hermitian form if in addition it has the property that $B(x,y)={\overline {B(y,x)}}$ for all x, y ∈ H.
  
  ### Pre-Hilbert and Hilbert spaces
  
  A pre-Hilbert space is a pair consisting of a vector space H and a non-negative sesquilinear form B on H; if in addition this sesquilinear form B is positive definite then (H, B) is called a Hausdorff pre-Hilbert space.
  
  If B is non-negative then it induces a canonical seminorm on H, denoted by $\|\cdot \|$, defined by x ↦ B(x, $x)^{1/2},$ where if B is also positive definite then this map is a norm.
  
  This canonical semi-norm makes every pre-Hilbert space into a seminormed space and every Hausdorff pre-Hilbert space into a normed space. The sesquilinear form B : H × H → $\mathbb {C}$ is separately uniformly continuous in each of its two arguments and hence can be extended to a separately continuous sesquilinear form on the completion of H; if H is Hausdorff then this completion is a Hilbert space. A Hausdorff pre-Hilbert space that is complete is called a Hilbert space.
  
  ### Canonical map into the anti-dual
  
  Suppose (H, B) is a pre-Hilbert space. If h ∈ H, we define the canonical maps:
  
         B(h, •) : H → $\mathbb {C}$ where y ↦ B(h, y), and
         B(•, h) : H → $\mathbb {C}$ where x ↦ B(x, h)
  
  The canonical map from H into its anti-dual ${\overline {H}}^{\prime }$ is the map
  
         $H\to {\overline {H}}^{\prime }$ defined by x ↦ B(x, •).
  
  If (H, B) is a pre-Hilbert space then this canonical map is linear and continuous; this map is an isometry onto a vector subspace of the anti-dual if and only if (H, B) is a Hausdorff pre-Hilbert.
  
  There is of course a canonical antilinear surjective isometry $H^{\prime }\to {\overline {H}}^{\prime }$ that sends a continuous linear functional f on H to the continuous antilinear functional denoted by f and defined by x ↦ f (x).
  
  ## Fundamental theorem
  
      Fundamental theorem of Hilbert spaces: Suppose that (H, B) is a Hausdorff pre-Hilbert space where B : H × H → $\mathbb {C}$ is a sesquilinear form that is linear in its first coordinate and antilinear in its second coordinate. Then the canonical linear mapping from H into the anti-dual space of H is surjective if and only if (H, B) is a Hilbert space, in which case the canonical map is a surjective isometry of H onto its anti-dual.
  