title: Hayner Ranch Formation
text: # Hayner Ranch Formation
  
  The Hayner Ranch Formation is a geologic formation found near the San Diego Mountains of New Mexico. It is estimated to have been deposited during the Miocene epoch.
  
  ## Description
  
  The Hayner Ranch Formation consists of about 2,800 feet (850 m) of red to tan volcaniclastic conglomerate, mudstone, and sandstone. It is the lowest formation of the Santa Fe Group in the San Diego Mountains area, overlying older volcanic rock of the Spears Group. The formation fills paleovalleys eroded in the underlying volcanic beds.
  
  The formation is particularly well exposed in a half graben between the East and West Selden Hills; in Selden Canyon to the west; at its type section in the Tonuco Uplift; and in the Rincon Hills to the north, where it is coarser (including boulder conglomerates) and partially silicified. The formation is interpreted as stream and floodplain deposits near the axis of a broad closed basin. The narrow (12 km) half graben is tilted to the northeast and has its footwall on the Caballo Mountains block, where displacement was about 1,615 meters (5,299 ft). Study of the formation and others in the area support at least four episodes of block faulting starting 35 million years ago, almost all along faults trending north–south.
  
  The formation records the unroofing of the Caballo Mountains. Clasts in the lower part of the formation are derived from the underlying Spears Group and those higher in the formation from the Eocene Palm Park and Love Ranch Formations. However, clasts from the Doña Ana Mountains are absent from the formation, showing that these mountains had not yet been unroofed during deposition of the formation.
  
  The formation has been studied as a model for the critical early stages of diagenesis of continental red beds of Pennsylvanian to Triassic age. and as a model for diagenesis in the Santa Fe Group.
  
  ## History of investigation
  
  The formation was first defined by Seager et al. in 1971, and assigned to the Santa Fe Group.
  
  ## Footnotes
  
  * 1 2 3 Seager, Hawley & Clemons 1971.
  * 1 2 Cather, Chamberlin & Ratte 1994.
  * ↑ Mack, Seager & Kieling 1994.
  * ↑ Kelley & Chapin 1997, pp. 6–7.
  * ↑ Walker 1976.
  * ↑ Walker, Waugh & Grone 1978.
  * ↑ Mack & Grigsby 1985.
  