title: SrcML
text: # SrcML
  
  srcML (source M L) is a document-oriented XML representation of source code. It was created in a collaborative effort between Michael L. Collard and Jonathan I. Maletic. The abbreviation, srcML, is short for Source Markup Language. srcML wraps source code (text) with information from the Abstract Syntax Tree or AST (tags) into a single XML document. All original text is preserved so that the original source code document can be recreated from the srcML markup. The only exception is the possibility of newline normalization.
  
  The purpose of srcML is to provide full access to the source code at the lexical, documentary, structural, and syntactic levels. The format also provides easy support for fact-extraction and transformation. It is supported by the srcML toolkit maintained on the srcML website and has been shown to perform scalable, lightweight fact-extraction and transformation.
  
  ## srcML toolkit
  
  The srcML toolkit consists of the command-line program called srcml, which translates from source code to srcML when provided a code file on the command line or translates from srcML to source code when a srcml archive is provided on the command line. The program also supports direct queries and transformations of srcML archives using tools like XPath, XSLT, and RELAXNG. The srcML toolkit is actively maintained and currently support C, C++, C#, and Java.
  
  ## srcML format
  
  The srcML format consists of all text from the original source code file plus XML tags. Specifically, the text is wrapped with srcML elements that indicate the syntactic structure of the code. In short, this explicitly identifies all syntactic structures in the code.
  
  The tags used in srcML are listed out below along with what category they fall within.
  
  | Category | srcML Elements |
  | - | - |
  | File/Project | unit |
  | Statement | asm, block, break, case, comment, condition, constraint, continue, decl, decl_stmt, default, do else empty_stmt, enum, expr, expr_stmt, extern, for, goto, if, incr, index, init, label, macro, name, namespace, range, requires, switch, template, then, type, typedef, using, while |
  | Function/Method | argument, argument_list, call, function, function_decl, param, parameter_list, return, specifier |
  | Class | class, class_decl, constructor, constructor_decl, destructor, destructor_decl, friend, member_list, private, protected, public, super |
  | Struct and Union | struct, struct_decl, union, union_decl |
  | Exception | catch, throw, throws, try |
  | C-Preprocessor | cpp:define, cpp:directive, cpp:elif, cpp:endif, cpp:error, cpp:file, cpp:if, cpp:ifdef, cpp:ifndef, cpp:include, cpp:line, cpp:pragma, cpp:undef |
  | K&R C | krparam, krparameter_list |
  | Java | extends, finally, implements, import, package |
  | Extra Markup | lit:literal, type:modifier, op:operator |
  | Debug | marker, mode, parse |
  | Misc | escape |
  
  srcML uses XML namespaces. Below is a list of the prefix used to denote each namespace, and the namespaces themselves.
  
  | Prefix | Namespace |
  | - | - |
  | src | http://www.srcml.org/srcML/src |
  | cpp | http://www.srcml.org/srcML/cpp |
  | pos | http://www.srcml.org/srcML/position |
  | lit | http://www.srcml.org/srcML/literal |
  | err | http://www.srcml.org/srcML/srcerr |
  
  Note: for a srcML archive, the entire project will be contained within a single root unit element, and each individual file will be contained as a unit element within the root unit element.
  
  ## Single file conversion
  
  The following shows how srcml can be used on single files.
  
  The following example converts the C++ file main.cpp to the srcML file main.cpp.xml:
  
  srcml main.cpp -o main.cpp.xml
  
  The following command will extract the source code from the file main.cpp.xml and place it into the C++ file main.cpp:
  
  srcml main.cpp.xml -o main.cpp
  
  ## Project conversion
  
  The following shows how src2srcml and srcml2src can be used with an entire project:
  
  The following example converts the project 'project' to the srcML file project.xml
  
  srcml project -o project.xml
  
  The following command will extract the source code files from the file project.xml and place it into the directory project:
  
  srcml —to-dir project project.xml
  
  ## Program transformation with srcML
  
  srcML allows the use of most if not all current XML APIs and tools to write transformations. It also allows for the use of XSLT directly using the argument—xslt={name}.xls on the srcml2src command. Using srcML's markup with XSLT allows the user to apply Program Transformations on an XML-like structure(srcML) to obtain transformed xml which can then be written back its source code representation using the srcml2src tool. The application of srcML to program transformation is explained, in detail, by Collard et al.
  
  The following command will run the XSLT program program.xsl on the srcML archive project.xml
  
  srcml —xslt program.xsl project.xml
  
  ## Fact extraction with srcML
  
  In it simplest form, Fact Extraction using srcML leverages XPath in order to address parts of the srcML document and pull information about various entities or characteristics of the source code. Of course, it is not limited to this. Any standard XML API may be used. The application of srcML to fact extraction is explained, in detail, by Kagdi et al.
  
  cpp:directive, cpp:file, cpp:include, cpp:define, cpp:undef, cpp:line, cpp:if, cpp:ifdef, cpp:ifndef, cpp:else, cpp:elif, cpp:endif, cpp:then, cpp:pragma, cpp:errorliteral, operator, modifier An example to create a srcML archive from an entire software project.
  
  The following command runs the XPath path on a srcML archive project.xml
  
  srcml —xpath "xpath" project.xml
  
  Work is being done on providing convenient extension functions.
  
  ## Source Code Difference Analysis with srcML
  
  srcML brings a lot of advantages to doing difference analysis on source code. One of these advantages is the ability to query for differences between specific sections of a codebase as well as across versions of the same codebase. The application of srcML for difference Analysis is explained, in detail, by Maletic et al.
  
  ## Examples
  
  As an example of how srcML is used, here is an XPath expression that could be used to find all classes in a source document:
  
  Another example might be finding all comments within functions:
  
  Due to the fact that srcML is based on xml, all XML tools can be used with srcML, which provides rich functionality.
  
  