title: Timeline of the Northern Yuan
text: # Timeline of the Northern Yuan
  
  This is a timeline of the Northern Yuan dynasty.
  
  ## 14th century
  
  | Year | Date | Event |
  | - | - | - |
  | 1368 | | The Yuan dynasty retreats to Karakorum |
  | 1380 | | Ming dynasty sacks Karakorum |
  | 1381 | December | Ming conquest of Yunnan: Ming forces take Qujing |
  | 1382 | April | Ming conquest of Yunnan: Ming forces conquer Yunnan |
  | 1387 | October | Ming campaign against the Uriankhai: Naghachu surrenders to Ming forces |
  | 1388 | May | Battle of Buir Lake: Ming forces defeat Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür |
  | 1388 | November | Jorightu Khan Yesüder defeats Uskhal Khan and became the Khagan of Forty-four tumun Mongols |
  | 1399 | | The Four Oirats break away from Mongol Khagan |
  
  ## 15th century
  
  | Year | Date | Event |
  | - | - | - |
  | 1408 | | Öljei Temür Khan defeats Örüg Temür Khan and becomes ruler of Mongols |
  | 1409 | 23 September | Battle of Kherlen: Ming forces are defeated by Öljei Temür Khan |
  | 1410 | 15 June | First Mongol Campaign: The Yongle Emperor defeats Öljei Temür Khan on the banks of the Onon River |
  | 1410 | July | First Mongol Campaign: Ming forces defeat Arughtai east of the Greater Khingan and withdraw to Nanjing |
  | 1414 | April | Second Mongol Campaign: Ming forces engage Oirats at the Tuul River, suffering heavy casualties, but ultimately prevail through the use of heavy cannon bombardments |
  | 1422 | April | Third Mongol Campaign: Ming forces are dispatched against Arughtai but fail to engage him in combat and return to Beijing |
  | 1423 | August | Fourth Mongol Campaign: The Yongle Emperor launches an offensive against Arughtai only to find out he had already been defeated by the Oirats |
  | 1424 | April | Fifth Mongol Campaign: The Yongle Emperor leads an expedition against the remnants of Arughtai's horde but fails to find them |
  | 1428 | October | Uriankhai raid Ming borders and the Xuande Emperor personally leads troops to repel them |
  | 1433 | | The Oirats install Taisun Khan as leader of the Eastern Mongols |
  | 1449 | July | Tumu Crisis: Esen Taishi of the Oirats and de facto ruler of the Northern Yuan launches an invasion of the Ming dynasty |
  | 1449 | 4 August | Tumu Crisis: The Zhengtong Emperor departs from Beijing to personally confront Esen Taishi |
  | 1449 | 30 August | Tumu Crisis: The Ming rearguard is defeated |
  | 1449 | 1 September | Tumu Crisis: The Ming army is annihilated and the Zhengtong Emperor is captured by Esen Taishi |
  | 1449 | 27 October | Esen Taishi lays siege to Beijing but fails to take it and withdraws after 5 days |
  | 1451 | | Esen Taishi declares himself Yuan Emperor, which causes widespread dissent among his followers |
  | 1454 | | Esen Taishi is killed and the Northern Yuan is once more split into two portions between the Oirats and Eastern Mongols |
  | 1479 | | Dayan Khan becomes ruler of Northern Yuan |
  | 1483 | | Dayan Khan defeats Ismayil Taishi |
  
  ## 16th century
  
  | Year | Date | Event |
  | - | - | - |
  | 1504 | | Datong is raided by Mongols |
  | 1510 | | Dayan Khan conquers the Ordos Loop |
  | 1517 | 16 October | Dayan Khan raids the Ming dynasty |
  | 1517 | 20 October | The Zhengde Emperor repels Dayan Khan's raiding party |
  | 1531 | | Datong comes under raid by Mongols |
  | 1536 | | Mongols raid Shanxi but are repelled |
  | 1537 | | Mongols raid Datong |
  | 1541 | October | Altan Khan raids Shaanxi |
  | 1542 | July | Altan Khan raids Shaanxi |
  | 1542 | 4 August | Ming forces are defeated by Altan Khan at Guangwu |
  | 1542 | 8 August | Altan Khan pillages the suburbs of Taiyuan |
  | 1548 | June | Mongols defeat Ming forces at Xuanfu |
  | 1548 | October | Mongols raid Huailai |
  | 1549 | March | Altan Khan defeats Ming forces at Xuanfu but suffers heavy casualties |
  | 1550 | 1 October | Altan Khan pillages the suburbs of Beijing |
  | 1550 | 6 October | Ming forces are defeated by Mongols |
  | 1552 | April | Ming forces are defeated by Mongols north of Datong |
  | 1557 | | Daraisung Guden Khan is succeeded by his son, Tümen Zasagt Khan |
  | 1557 | winter | Sengge, son of Altan Khan, lays siege to a garrison near Datong |
  | 1566 | | Altan Khan captures some lamas in a raid |
  | 1576 | | Buddhism becomes the state religion of Northern Yuan |
  | 1577 | | Altan Khan names Sonam Gyatso the Dalai Lama, the first living person to take the title |
  | 1590 | | The Uriankhai and Yunshebu Tümen disperse, breaking into smaller units called ulus (nations) |
  | 1598 | | Mongols kill Li Rusong, the Ming commander-in-chief |
  
  ## 17th century
  
  | Year | Event |
  | - | - |
  | 1619 | Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan attacks Guangning, a horse trading town under the protection of Nurhaci, but is defeated |
  | 1625 | Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan's attack is turned back by a combined Khorchin Jurchen force |
  | 1634 | Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan is overthrown and displaced by Hong Taiji |
  | 1636 | Mongols south of the Gobi Desert submit to the Qing dynasty |
  | 1691 | The Khalkha Mongols submit to the Qing dynasty after being invaded by the Dzungar Khanate |
  | 1696 | Dzungar–Qing Wars: The Qing dynasty takes all of Mongolia from the Dzungar Khanate |
  