title: Timeline of German idealism
text: # Timeline of German idealism
  
  The following is a list of the major events in the history of German idealism, along with related historical events.
  
  ## Events
  
  ### Background
  
  * 1623 Jakob Böhme, The Way to Christ (see: Behmenism)
  * 1641 René Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy (see: Modern Rationalism, Cartesianism)
  * 1677 Spinoza, Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata (see: Spinozism, Philosophy of Spinoza)
  * 1686 Leibniz, Discourse on Metaphysics
  * 1687 Newton, Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy")
  * 1690 Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (see: British Empiricism)
  * 1710 Berkeley, Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous (see: Subjective idealism)
  * 1732 Wolff, Elementa matheseos universae (influenced Kant)
  * 1748 Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
  * 1759 Hamann, Socratic Memorabilia (see: Counter-Enlightenment)
  * 1762 Rousseau, Emile, or On Education (see: Age of Enlightenment)
  
  ### 1770-1800
  
  * 1770 Kant, inaugural dissertation
  * 1781
     * Kant, Critique of Pure Reason (see: Transcendental idealism)
     * Death of Lessing
  * 1783 Kant, Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
  * 1784 Kant, "Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?"
  * 1785
     * Jacobi, Letters on the Teachings of Spinoza
        * includes unauthorized publication of Goethe's poem "Prometheus". (see: Pantheism controversy, Sturm und Drang)
     * Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
  * 1786 Reinhold, Letters on the Kantian Philosophy
  * 1787
     * Second edition of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason
     * Jacobi, David Hume on Faith, or Idealism and Realism
     * Goethe, Iphigenia in Tauris (see: Weimar Classicism)
  * 1788 Kant, Critique of Practical Reason
  * 1789
     * French Revolution begins
     * Second, expanded edition of Jacobi's Letters on the Teachings of Spinoza
  * 1790
     * Kant, Critique of Judgment
     * Maimon, "Essay on Transcendental Philosophy"
     * Goethe, Metamorphosis of Plants
  * 1792
     * Fichte, Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation
     * Schulze, Aenesidemus
  * 1793 Kant, Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone
  * 1794 Fichte, Aenesidemus Review and Foundations of the Science of Knowledge
  * 1795 Schiller, On the Aesthetic Education of Man
  * 1797
     * Fichte, Foundations of Natural Right
     * Kant, Metaphysics of Morals
     * "The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism" (unsigned and unpublished essay written by Hegel, Schelling, and/or Hölderlin.)
     * Schelling, Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature (see: Naturphilosophie)
  * 1798 Schelling, On the World Soul
  * 1799
     * Napoleon overthrows the French Directory
     * Jacobi, Letter to Fichte (see: Atheism dispute)
     * Schleiermacher, On Religion (see: German Romanticism, Hermeneutics)
     * Schelling, First Plan of a System of the Philosophy of Nature
  
  ### 1800-1830
  
  * 1800
     * Schelling, System of Transcendental Idealism
     * Fichte, The Vocation of Man
  * 1801 Hegel, The Difference Between Fichte's and Schelling's Systems of Philosophy
  * 1804 Death of Kant
  * 1807 Hegel, The Phenomenology of Spirit (see: Absolute idealism)
  * 1808 Goethe, Faust: The First Part of the Tragedy
  * 1809 Schelling, Philosophical Inquiries into the Essence of Human Freedom
  * 1810 Goethe, Theory of Colours
  * 1811 Jacobi, Of Divine Things and Their Revelation (criticized Schelling)
  * 1812 Hegel, Science of Logic part one ('The Objective Logic', part 1)
  * 1813 Hegel, Science of Logic part two ('The Objective Logic', part 2)
  * 1814
     * Death of Fichte
     * Defeat of Napoleon; Bourbon Restoration
  * 1815 Schelling, On the Divinities of Samothrace (see: Winged Victory of Samothrace)
  * 1816 Hegel, Science of Logic part three ('The Subjective Logic')
  * 1817
     * Hegel, Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences
     * Coleridge, Biographia Literaria (discusses Kant, Fichte, Schelling in English)
  * 1818 Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation
  * 1820 Hegel, Elements of the Philosophy of Right
  * 1825 Herbart, Psychology as Science
  
  ### 1830s-1860s
  
  * 1830 Revolutions of 1830
  * 1831 Death of Hegel
  * 1832
     * Goethe, Faust: The Second Part of the Tragedy
     * Death of Goethe
  * 1833 Karl Daub, The Dogmatic Theology of the Present Time (see: Right Hegelians)
  * 1834
     * Carlyle, Sartor Resartus (English novel which parodied German idealism)
     * Schelling's first public critique of Hegel is published in an introduction to a work by Victor Cousin
  * 1835
     * Strauss, The Life of Jesus (see: Young Hegelians)
     * Heine, On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany
     * Hegel's posthumously published Lectures on Aesthetics
  * 1837
     * Schopenhauer, On the Basis of Morality
     * Hegel's Lectures on the Philosophy of History
  * 1839 Schopenhauer, On the Freedom of the Will
  * 1841
     * Schelling's Berlin lectures are attended by Søren Kierkegaard, Mikhail Bakunin, Jacob Burckhardt, Alexander von Humboldt, and Friedrich Engels
     * Kierkegaard, On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates (critiques Fichte, Schlegel, and Hegel)
     * Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity
  * 1842 Bruno Bauer, Hegel's Teachings on Religion and Art
  * 1843
     * Trendelenburg, The Logical Question in Hegel's System
     * Marx, Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right (unpublished until after Marx's death)
     * Lotze, Logic
  * 1844
     * Second expanded edition of Schopenhauer's The World as Will and Representation
     * Marx and Engels, The Holy Family criticized the Young Hegelians
  * 1846 Marx and Engels, The German Ideology (unpublished until 1932) criticized the Young Hegelians
  * 1848 Revolutions of 1848
  * 1851 Schopenhauer, Parerga and Paralipomena
  * 1854 Death of Schelling
  
  ### Later
  
  * 1860 Death of Schopenhauer
  * 1865
     * Stirling, The Secret of Hegel: Being the Hegelian System in Origin Principle, Form and Matter (see: British idealism)
     * Lange, History of Materialism and Critique of its Present Importance (neo-Kantian work)
  * 1874 Nietzsche, Schopenhauer as Educator
  * 1885 Josiah Royce, The Religious Aspect of Philosophy (see: Objective idealism)
  * 1903 G. E. Moore, "The Refutation of Idealism" (see: Analytic philosophy)
  * 1907 Benedetto Croce, What is Living and What is Dead in the Philosophy of Hegel
  * 1912 Paul Tillich, Mysticism and Guilt-Consciousness in Schelling's Philosophical Development (see: Christian existentialism)
  * 1916 Giovanni Gentile, The Theory of Mind as Pure Act (Developed a version of idealism which is amenable to fascism. see: Actual idealism)
  * 1917 Franz Rosenzweig "The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism" (first publication of lost 1797 unsigned document)
  * 1929 Heidegger, Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics
  * 1936 Heidegger, Schelling's Treatise: On the Essence of Human Freedom
  * 1945 Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies (criticized Hegel's historicism as totalitarian)
  * 1947
     * Jean Hyppolite, The Genesis and Structure of the Phenomenology of Spirit
     * Alexandre Kojève, Introduction to the Reading of Hegel: Lectures on Phenomenology of Spirit
  * 1948 Lukács, The Young Hegel
  * 1955 Walter Kaufmann, Hegel: A Reinterpretation
  * 1963 Adorno, Hegel: Three Studies (see: Frankfurt School)
  * 1966 P.F. Strawson, The Bounds of Sense: An Essay on Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason (see: Ordinary language philosophy)
  * 1974 Derrida, Glas (see: Deconstruction, Post-structuralism)
  * 1975 Charles Taylor, Hegel
  * 1992 Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man
  