title: Philip Skell
text: # Philip Skell
  
  Philip S. Skell (December 30, 1918 – November 21, 2010) was an American chemist, emeritus Evan Pugh Professor at Pennsylvania State University, and from 1977 a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences.
  
  ## Biography
  
  Skell was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Jacob and Molly Lipfriend Skell. He married Margo Fosse on December 25, 1948, in Taft.
  
  He held a Bachelor of Science degree from City College of New York, a master's degree from Columbia University and a doctorate from Duke University. During World War II, at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research and as a post-doc at the University of Illinois, Skell took part in the early work on the production of Penicillin.
  
  ## Research
  
  At Penn State, Skell's field of research were then hypothetical very short-lived Reaction intermediates like free radicals, Carbonium ions, Tricarbon and Carbene, whose existence and properties he could demonstrate by use of Chemical traps. Applying new experimental techniques he was able to examine the chemical properties of single free atoms rather than atoms in compound. His contributions have been characterized as follows:
  
     Another class of intermediates, containing divalent carbon atoms, were suggested by John Nef early in this century but his ideas were generally rejected. However, the concept was revived with vigor when Philip Skell showed that: $CCl_2,$ dichlorocarbone, was formed as a reaction intermediate. Carbene chemistry almost immediately became the subject of extensive physical organic research.
     Philip S. Skell, sometimes called "the father of carbene chemistry," is widely known for the "Skell Rule," which was first applied to carbenes, the "fleeting species" of carbon. The rule, which predicts the most probable pathway through which certain chemical compounds will be formed, found use throughout the pharmaceutical and chemical industries.
  
  Philip S. Skell created an internationally renowned school of leading chemists, one of them being his postdoctoral associate Wolfgang A. Herrmann (1975/76), President of the Technical University of Munich from 1995 to 2019.
  
  ## Other activities
  
  Philip S. Skell was a signatory of A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism.
  
  ## Publications
  
  * Philip S. Skell, Robert C. Woodworth (1956). "Structure of Carbene $CH_2'".$ Journal of the American Chemical Society. 78 (17): 4496–4497. doi:10.1021/ja01598a087.
  