title: Corn wet-milling
text: # Corn wet-milling
  
  Corn wet-milling is a process of breaking corn kernels into their component parts: corn oil, protein, corn starch, and fiber. It uses water and a series of steps to separate the parts to be used for various products.
  
  ## History
  
  The corn wet-milling industry has been a primary component of American manufacturing for more than 150 years. Corn refiners established the process of separating corn kernels into their component parts to produce a variety of value-added products. The four main component such as oil, protein, starch, and fiber are the primary product from the corn wet-milling process. The Associated Manufacturers of Products from Corn was formed in 1913 when the group of corn refining companies’ industry successfully grew.
  
  ## Description
  
  Corn wet-milling is a process where components of corn kernels are extracted to produce a highly purified product. Most of the products from this process are valuable and mainly required by the food industry. Through this process, every part of the corn is useful to produce the quality ingredients. The characteristics of this process are based on physical separation of components, mostly by weight and size. Water is needed as it is a wet process and it works as separation/carrier agents in washing steps. Therefore, this process can be considered as having high capital cost. The only chemical use in this process is aqueous sulfur dioxide solution, which is used in the steeping process. The corn is soaked in this solution to soften the kernel so that the oil in the germ will not contaminate other products and is easy to separate.
  
  ## Process steps
  
  ### Cleaning
  
  As per the standards of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Grade 5 corn is usually used for wet-milling. Harvested corn has to be cleaned before it is milled. Dockage tester with appropriate sieve number is used to removes particles other than the required grain like cob pieces, foreign seeds, metal pieces, leaves, dirt and the percentage of dockage contained can be calculated. The cleaned corn is then analyzed for its composition using an NIR spectrometer. The compositional analysis of yellow dent corn carried out at the Center for Crops Utilization Research, Iowa State University, is recorded in the table below.
  
  NIR Compositional Properties :
  
  | Moisture (in %) | Protein (in %, dry basis) | Oil (in %, db) | Starch (in %, db) | Density (in g/cc) | Test Weight (in lb/bu) |
  | - | - | - | - | - | - |
  | 13.8 | 8.93 | 4.29 | 70.4 | 1.282 | 65.6 |
  
  ### Steeping
  
  In this process, the corn is hydrated in order to loosen starch granules from the protein matrix while leaving the germ resilient to milling. This process reduces the germ density and softens the kernel, making the milling easy. Chemicals like sulphur dioxide and lactic acid are also added to the water. Lactic acid breaks down the endosperm protein matrix and helps in better separation of starch. It also lowers the pH, preventing growth of microbes. SO2 reacts with the disulphide bonds and weakens the matrix, allowing starch granules to separate out cleanly. It also serves as an anti-microbial. At the end of steeping, the protein matrix is weakened, endosperm proteins are solubilized and some soluble solids diffuse out into the steepwater. The clean corn is steeped in large tanks with water at 125-130˚F containing lactic acid and sulphur dioxide for nearly 40 hours. The steepwater is then drained using appropriately sized mesh screens and concentrated using multiple effect evaporators. Use of concentrated steepwater: This extract is protein-rich and can be used as nutrient media for fermentation to produce enzymes or antibodies. It is also used in animal feed.
  
  ### Germ recovery
  
  As the process step suggests, in this step the germ is separated from the other parts of the corn. Recovering the germ as intact as possible is necessary to prevent any oil contamination in the final products. Attrition mills such as disk mills are used to coarsely grind the softened corn kernels. The grinding is slow and the elements used to grind are blunt to ensure intact removal of germ. Water is added to the ground material to make a thick slurry of macerated kernels and whole germ. The 40-50% crude oil content of germ makes it less dense than other particles and as a result germ floats in the mixture. The mixture is then passed through germ hydrocyclones with an over- and underflow. Overflow will be composed majorly of germ and water and underflow will have fiber, starch, protein and water. The overflow is passed through the hydrocyclone multiple times since 100% separation cannot be achieved in a single pass. The separated germ is cleaned, dried and passed through a germ press to extract oil from it. Solvent extraction can also be used alternatively. The solid particles remaining after oil extraction is called germ meal which is further dried.
  
  Germ meal is a good source of amino acids and is a carrier of micro-ingredients in animal food formulations. The refined corn oil can be used as salad oil and cooking oil. It is also used to prepare corn oil margarines.
  
  ### Fiber recovery
  
  The underflow from the hydrocyclone consisting of fiber, protein and starch is finely ground and screened using multiple grind mills and pressure-fed screens. Screens are used to separate the fiber from the mixture. Various screen sizes are used to remove coarse and fine fibers. A wedge bar or profile bar screen is used. Starch and protein passes through the screen and collected whereas the fibers remain on the screen and it is called corn gluten feed. The principle of separation is difference in size. The corn gluten feed has approximately 21% protein, 1% fat and 10% fiber and 15% starch. Since it is high in water-soluble nutrients, it is used as one of the main ingredients in animal feed. It can also be used to produce refined corn fiber to be used for human consumption.
  
  ### Protein recovery
  
  The slurry containing just the protein and starch is called millstarch. Water is removed from the millstarch in a thickener before moving it into a separator. Centrifugal forces are applied to separate starch and gluten which differ in density. The heavier starch slurry is then washed multiple times in hydrocyclones with fresh water. The starch stream typically has 90% starch and the gluten stream consists of 60% protein. The lighter gluten, separated out from the top, is thickened and the heavy gluten is further sent for dewatering into vacuum rotary filter. This corn gluten meal consist of approximately 60% protein, 1% fat and 3% fiber. The process water from both the processes are either added to steepwater or removed. Since it has around 60% protein, it is used as animal feed and zein products.
  
  ### Starch processing
  
  Starch goes through multiple-stage washing using hydrocyclones. The supernatants are separated at each washing stage. The water from each stage is recycled to the previous hydrocyclones to ensure the maximum amount of starch is separated. A very high purity of starch (>99.5% db) can be recovered by wet-milling. Purity is important when the end product is high-fructose corn syrup or starch to be modified (using chemicals or enzymes) but it is not important during ethanol production. After centrifugation and washing, the starch is dried.
  
  ### Co-product manufacture
  
  Co-products account for 34% of wet-milled yield. In fact, 23% of corn that is processed has very low or no value. The fiber, concentrated steepwater and germ meal are mixed to produce corn gluten feed. As mentioned before, corn gluten meal is also used as animal feed. Although both have ‘gluten’ in the name, no gluten protein is present in them – there is none in corn on whole.
  
  A typical solid yield (on db) data for yellow dent corn is shown in the table below.
  
  | Fraction | Yield on dry basis (in %) |
  | - | - |
  | Starch | 58-68 |
  | Gluten Meal | 5.8-15.4 |
  | Fiber (coarse+fine) | 8.8-19.2 |
  | Germ | 5.2-10.5 |
  | Steepwater solubles | 5.1-7.5 |
  | Total solids recovery | 97.3-99.9 |
  
  ## Primary products
  
  The wet-milling process will have five major products: steep water solids, germ, fiber, starch, and gluten. However, the co-product from this process will produce corn oil, corn gluten meal, corn germ meal, corn gluten and feed steep water. The average of one bushel of corn generally will have about 32 lb of starch or 33 lb sweeteners or 2.5 gallons of fuel ethanol and 11.4 lb gluten feed and 3 lb gluten meal and 1.6 lb corn oil.
  
  ## Research
  
  Though corn wet-milling has been used for years to produce food, animal feed, and fuel, researchers continue seeking efficiencies. For example, one study showed that steeping time can be decreased from 40 hours to 6–8 hours, if enzymes like protease are added and if milling is done in two stages. This method eliminates sulphur dioxide and yields the same amount as the conventional process. Another study, showed that adding cellulase and an enzyme to degrade phytic acid reduces steeping time. In the conventional process, the corn's phytic acid largely ends up in the corn steep liquor. Yet another study tried decreasing the initial moisture content and increasing the drying air temperature but obtained reduced yields because low water content impeded separating protein from starch.
  
  