title: Distorted Schwarzschild metric
text: # Distorted Schwarzschild metric
  
  In physics, the distorted Schwarzschild metric is the metric of a standard/isolated Schwarzschild spacetime exposed in external fields. In numerical simulation, the Schwarzschild metric can be distorted by almost arbitrary kinds of external energy–momentum distribution. However, in exact analysis, the mature method to distort the standard Schwarzschild metric is restricted to the framework of Weyl metrics.
  
  ## Standard Schwarzschild as a vacuum Weyl metric
  
  All static axisymmetric solutions of the Einstein–Maxwell equations can be written in the form of Weyl's metric,
  
  $(1)\quad ds^{2}=-e^{2\psi (\rho ,z)}dt^{2}+e^{2\gamma (\rho ,z)-2\psi (\rho ,z)}(d\rho ^{2}+dz^{2})+e^{-2\psi (\rho ,z)}\rho ^{2}d\phi ^{2}\,,$
  
  From the Weyl perspective, the metric potentials generating the standard Schwarzschild solution are given by
  
      $(2)\quad \psi _{SS}={\frac {1}{2}}\ln {\frac {L-M}{L+M}}\,,\quad \gamma _{SS}={\frac {1}{2}}\ln {\frac {L^{2}-M^{2}}{l_{+}l_{-}}}\,,$
  
  where
  
      $(3)\quad L={\frac {1}{2}}{\bigl_{+}+l_{-}{\big )}\,,\quad l_{+}={\sqrt {\rho ^{2}+(z+M)^{2}}}\,,\quad l_{-}={\sqrt {\rho ^{2}+(z-M)^{2}}}\,,$
  
  which yields the Schwarzschild metric in Weyl's canonical coordinates that
  
      $(4)\quad ds^{2}=-{\frac {L-M}{L+M}}dt^{2}+{\frac {(L+M)^{2}}{l_{+}l_{-}}}(d\rho ^{2}+dz^{2})+{\frac {L+M}{L-M}}\,\rho ^{2}d\phi ^{2}\,.$
  
  ## Weyl-distortion of Schwarzschild's metric
  
  Vacuum Weyl spacetimes (such as Schwarzschild) respect the following field equations,
  
      $(5.a)\quad \nabla ^{2}\psi =0\,,$
      $(5.b)\quad \gamma _{,\,\rho }=\rho \,{\Big\psi _{,\,\rho }^{2}-\psi _{,\,z}^{2}{\Big )}\,,$
      $(5.c)\quad \gamma _{,\,z}=2\,\rho \,\psi _{,\,\rho }\psi _{,\,z}\,,$
      $(5.d)\quad \gamma _{,\,\rho \rho }+\gamma _{,\,zz}=-{\big\psi _{,\,\rho }^{2}+\psi _{,\,z}^{2}{\big )}\,,$
  
  where $\nabla ^{2}:=\partial _{\rho \rho }+{\frac {1}{\rho }}\partial _{\rho }+\partial _{zz}$ is the Laplace operator.
  
  Derivation of vacuum field equations. The vacuum Einstein's equation reads $R_{ab}=0$, which yields Eqs(5.a)-(5.c).
  
  Moreover, the supplementary relation $R=0$ implies Eq(5.d). End derivation.
  
  Eq(5.a) is the linear Laplace's equation; that is to say, linear combinations of given solutions are still its solutions. Given two solutions $\{\psi ^{\langle 1\rangle },\psi ^{\langle 2\rangle }\}$ to Eq(5.a), one can construct a new solution via
  
  $(6)\quad {\tilde {\psi }}\,=\,\psi ^{\langle 1\rangle }+\psi ^{\langle 2\rangle }\,,$
  
  and the other metric potential can be obtained by
  
      $(7)\quad {\tilde {\gamma }}\,=\,\gamma ^{\langle 1\rangle }+\gamma ^{\langle 2\rangle }+2\int \rho \,{\Big \\,{\Big\psi _{,\,\rho }^{\langle 1\rangle }\psi _{,\,\rho }^{\langle 2\rangle }-\psi _{,\,z}^{\langle 1\rangle }\psi _{,\,z}^{\langle 2\rangle }{\Big )}\,d\rho +{\Big\psi _{,\,\rho }^{\langle 1\rangle }\psi _{,\,z}^{\langle 2\rangle }+\psi _{,\,z}^{\langle 1\rangle }\psi _{,\,\rho }^{\langle 2\rangle }{\Big )}\,dz\,{\Big \}}\,.$
  
  Let $\psi ^{\langle 1\rangle }=\psi _{SS}$ and $\gamma ^{\langle 1\rangle }=\gamma _{SS}$, while $\psi ^{\langle 2\rangle }=\psi$ and $\gamma ^{\langle 2\rangle }=\gamma$ refer to a second set of Weyl metric potentials. Then, $\{{\tilde {\psi }},{\tilde {\gamma }}\}$ constructed via
  
  Eqs(6)(7) leads to the superposed Schwarzschild-Weyl metric
  
      $(8)\quad ds^{2}=-e^{2\psi (\rho ,z)}{\frac {L-M}{L+M}}dt^{2}+e^{2\gamma (\rho ,z)-2\psi (\rho ,z)}{\frac {(L+M)^{2}}{l_{+}l_{-}}}(d\rho ^{2}+dz^{2})+e^{-2\psi (\rho ,z)}{\frac {L+M}{L-M}}\,\rho ^{2}d\phi ^{2}\,.$
  
  With the transformations
  
      $(9)\quad L+M=r\,,\quad l_{+}+l_{-}=2M\cos \theta \,,\quad z=(r-M)\cos \theta \,,$
      $\;\;\quad \rho ={\sqrt {r^{2}-2Mr}}\,\sin \theta \,,\quad l_{+}l_{-}=(r-M)^{2}-M^{2}\cos ^{2}\theta \,,$
  
  one can obtain the superposed Schwarzschild metric in the usual $\{t,r,\theta ,\phi \}$ coordinates,
  
      $(10)\quad ds^{2}=-e^{2\psi (r,\theta )}\,{\Big1-{\frac {2M}{r}}{\Big )}\,dt^{2}+e^{2\gamma (r,\theta )-2\psi (r,\theta )}{\Big \\,{\Big1-{\frac {2M}{r}}{\Big )}^{-1}dr^{2}+r^{2}d\theta ^{2}\,{\Big \}}+e^{-2\psi (r,\theta )}r^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta \,d\phi ^{2}\,.$
  
  The superposed metric Eq(10) can be regarded as the standard Schwarzschild metric distorted by external Weyl sources. In the absence of distortion potential $\{\psi (\rho ,z)=0,\gamma (\rho ,z)=0\}$, Eq(10) reduces to the standard Schwarzschild metric
  
      $(11)\quad ds^{2}=-{\Big1-{\frac {2M}{r}}{\Big )}\,dt^{2}+{\Big1-{\frac {2M}{r}}{\Big )}^{-1}\,dr^{2}+r^{2}\,d\theta ^{2}+r^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta \,d\phi ^{2}\,.$
  
  ## Weyl-distorted Schwarzschild solution in spherical coordinates
  
  Similar to the exact vacuum solutions to Weyl's metric in spherical coordinates, we also have series solutions to Eq(10). The distortion potential $\psi (r,\theta )$ in Eq(10) is given by the multipole expansion
  
      $(12)\quad \psi (r,\theta )\,=-\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }a_{i}{\Big{\frac {R_{n}(\cos \theta )}{M}}{\Big )}P_{i}$ with $R:={\Big{\Big1-{\frac {2M}{r}}{\Big )}r^{2}+M^{2}\cos ^{2}\theta {\Big ]}^{1/2}$
  
  where
  
      $(13)\quad P_{i}:=p_{i}{\Big{\frac {(r-m)\cos \theta }{R}}{\Big )}$
  
  denotes the Legendre polynomials and $a_{i}$ are multipole coefficients. The other potential $\gamma (r,\theta )$ is
  
      $(14)\quad \gamma (r,\theta )\,=\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }\sum _{j=0}^{\infty }a_{i}a_{j}$ ${\Big{\frac {ij}{i+j}}{\Big )}$ ${\Big{\frac {R}{M}}{\Big )}^{i+j}$$(P_{i}P_{j}-P_{i-1}P_{j-1})$$-{\frac {1}{M}}\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }\alpha _{i}\sum _{j=0}^{i-1}$ ${\Big(-1)^{i+j}(r-M(1-\cos \theta ))+r-M(1+\cos \theta ){\Big ]}$${\Big{\frac {R}{M}}{\Big )}^{j}P_{j}\,.$
  