title: Convolutidae
text: # Convolutidae
  
  Convolutidae is a family of acoels. It contains more than a third of all known acoel species.
  
  ## Description
  
  The family Convolutidae includes acoels with a ventral mouth opening and a body-wall musculature composed both dorsally and ventrally by circular, longitudinal, and longitudinal crossover muscle fibers. The ventral body wall also has a group of U-shaped fibers. Most species are symbionts with algae. The anterior end has a cluster of frontal glands, a pair of eyes and a statocyst. The body has pigmented lens. Intestine and excretory system is absent. It is hermaphrodite but protandry is common.
  
  ## Taxonomy
  
  ### Genera
  
  There are 25 genera in the family Convolutidae. The type genus is Convoluta.
  
  * Achoerus Beklemischev, 1914
  * Adenopea Antonius, 1968
  * Amphiscolops Graff, 1904
  * Antrosagittifera Hooge & Tyler, 2001
  * Brachypea Antonius, 1968
  * Conaperta Antonius, 1968
  * Convoluta Ørsted, 1843
  * Convolutriloba Hendelberg & Akesson, 1988
  * Haplodiscus Weldon, 1888
  * Heterochaerus Haswell, 1905
  * Neochildia Bush, 1975
  * Oligochoerus Beklemischev, 1963
  * Oxyposthia Ivanov, 1952
  * Pelophila Dörjes, 1968
  * Philachoerus Dörjes, 1968
  * Polychoerus Mark, 1892
  * Praesagittifera Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990
  * Pseudanaperus Dörjes, 1968
  * Pseudoconvoluta Beklemischev, 1929
  * Sagittifera Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990
  * Stomatricha Hooge, 2003
  * Symsagittifera Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990
  * Thalassoanaperus Hernandez, 2018
  * Waminoa Winsor, 1990
  * Wulguru Winsor, 1988
  
  ### Species
  
  There are over 100 species recognised in the family Convolutidae:
  
  * Achoerus caspius Beklemischev, 1914
  * Achoerus ferox Beklemischev, 1937
  * Achoerus pachycaudatus Dörjes, 1968
  * Adenopea cenata (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1955)
  * Adenopea chuni (Brauner, 1920)
  * Adenopea illardata Löhner & Micoletzky, 1911
  * Adenopea illardatus (Lohner & Micoletzky, 1911)
  * Amphiscolops bermudensis Hyman 1939
  * Amphiscolops castellonensis Steinböck, 1954
  * Amphiscolops cinereus (Graff, 1874)
  * Amphiscolops evelinae Marcus 1947
  * Amphiscolops fuligineus Peebles 1913
  * Amphiscolops gemelliporus Marcus 1954
  * Amphiscolops gerundensis Steinböck, 1954
  * Amphiscolops japonicus Kato 1947
  * Amphiscolops marinelliensis Beltagi & Khafagi, 1984
  * Amphiscolops mosaicus Kozloff 1998
  * Amphiscolops potocani Achatz, 2008
  * Amphiscolops trifurcatus (Beltagi 1983)
  * Amphiscolops zeii Riedl 1956
  * Antrosagittifera corallina Hooge & Tyler, 2001
  * Brachypea kenoma Antonius 1968
  * Conaperta antonii Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007
  * Conaperta cirrata Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007
  * Conaperta flavibacillum (Jensen, 1878)
  * Conaperta lineata (Peebles, 1915)
  * Convoluta albomaculata (Pereyaslawzewa, 1892)
  * Convoluta baltica Meixner, 1938
  * Convoluta bimaculata Graff, 1882
  * Convoluta bohmigi (Brauner, 1920)
  * Convoluta borealis Sabussow 1900
  * Convoluta boyeri Bush 1984
  * Convoluta chiridotae (Beklemischev, 1915)
  * Convoluta confusa Graff 1904
  * Convoluta convoluta (Abildgaard, 1806)
  * Convoluta enelitta Antonius 1968
  * Convoluta furugelmi Mamkaev, 1971
  * Convoluta henseni Böhmig, 1895
  * Convoluta hipparchia Pereyaslawzewa 1892
  * Convoluta kikaiensis Yamasu 1982
  * Convoluta krana Antonius, 1968
  * Convoluta lacazii Graff 1891
  * Convoluta lacrimosa Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007
  * Convoluta marginalis Ivanov 1952
  * Convoluta maris-alba (Sabussow, 1899)
  * Convoluta marisalbi Sabussov, 1900
  * Convoluta naviculae Yamasu 1982
  * Convoluta niphoni Achatz, 2008
  * Convoluta pelagica Lohner & Micoletzky 1911
  * Convoluta philippinensis Bush 1984
  * Convoluta punctata Riedl, 1959
  * Convoluta pygopora Antonius 1968
  * Convoluta schmidti Czerniavsky, 1881
  * Convoluta schuelii Achatz, 2008
  * Convoluta semperi Graff, 1882
  * Convoluta sordida Graff 1882
  * Convoluta thela (Antonius, 1968)
  * Convoluta uljanini Graff, 1904
  * Convoluta variabilis (Pereyaslawzewa, 1892)
  * Convolutriloba hastifera Winsor, 1990
  * Convolutriloba longifissura Bartolomaeus & Balzer, 1997
  * Convolutriloba macropyga Shannon & Achatz, 2007
  * Convolutriloba retrogemma Hendelberg & Akesson, 1988
  * Haplodiscus acuminatus Böhmig, 1895
  * Haplodiscus bocki Dörjes 1970
  * Haplodiscus incola (Leiper, 1902)
  * Haplodiscus obtusus Böhmig, 1895
  * Haplodiscus ovatus Böhmig, 1895
  * Haplodiscus piger Weldon 1888
  * Haplodiscus ussovi Sabussow, 1896
  * Haplodiscus weldoni Böhmig, 1895
  * Heterochaerus australis Haswell 1905
  * Heterochaerus blumi (Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007)
  * Heterochaerus carvalhoi (Marcus, 1952)
  * Heterochaerus langerhansi (Graff, 1882)
  * Heterochaerus sargassi (Hyman 1939)
  * Neochildia fusca Bush, 1975
  * Oligochoerus bakuensis Beklemischev 1963
  * Oligochoerus chlorella Beklemischev 1963
  * Oligochoerus conops Beklemischev, 1963
  * Oligochoerus erythrophthalmus Beklemischev 1963
  * Oligochoerus limnophilus Ax & Doerjes 1966
  * Oligochoerus melanops Beklemischev 1963
  * Oligochoerus xanthella Beklemischev 1963
  * Oxyposthia praedator Ivanov 1952
  * Pelophila lutheri (Westblad, 1946)
  * Philachoerus johanni Dörjes, 1968
  * Praesagittifera gracilis (Yamasu, 1982)
  * Praesagittifera naikaiensis (Yamasu, 1982)
  * Praesagittifera shikoki Kostenko & Mamkaev 1990
  * Sagittifera sagittifera (Ivanov, 1952)
  * Stomatricha hochbergi Hooge, 2003
  * Thalassoanaperus australis (Westblad, 1952)
  * Thalassoanaperus biaculeatus (Boguta, 1970)
  * Thalassoanaperus gardineri (Graff, 1911)
  * Thalassoanaperus ornatus (Beltagi, 2001)
  * Thalassoanaperus rubellus (Westblad, 1945)
  * Thalassoanaperus singularis (Hooge & Smith, 2004)
  * Thalassoanaperus sulcatus (Beklemischev, 1914)
  * Thalassoanaperus tvaerminnensis (Luther, 1912)
  * Waminoa brickneri Ogunlana, Hooge, Tekle, Benayahu, Barneah & Tyler, 2005
  * Waminoa litus Winsor 1990
  * Wulguru cuspidata Winsor 1988
  