title: Taruma language
text: # Taruma language
  
  Taruma (Taruamá) is a divergent language of northeastern South America. It has been reported to be extinct several times since as far back as 1770, but Eithne Carlin discovered the last three speakers living in Maruranau among the Wapishana, and is documenting the language. The people and language are known as Saluma in Suriname.
  
  ## Classification
  
  Taruma is unclassified. It has been proposed to be distantly related to Katembri (Kaufman 1990), but this relationship has not been repeated in recent surveys of South American languages (Campbell 2012).
  
  ## History
  
  Taruma was spoken around the mouth of the Rio Negro during the late 1600s, but the speakers later moved to southern Guyana. In the 1940s, the Taruma tribe were reported to no longer exist as a distinct group. However, their presence has recently been confirmed in the Wapishana village of Marunarau, where they are recognized as a distinct tribe.
  
  ## Language contact
  
  Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Chibchan, Katukina-Katawixi, Arawak, Jeoromitxi, Tupi, Arawa, Jivaro, Karib, Mura-Matanawi, Tukano, Yanomami, and Kwaza language families due to contact.
  
  The following table illustrates some of the aforementioned borrowing situations:
  
      glossTarumaDamana (Chibchan)KatukinaWapishana (Arawakan)ArikapuProto-TupianProto-ArawanProto-JivaroanProto-CaribanMuraProto-Tucanoan fatheraideade--------- sisteraʧiasi--------- mouthkukanakəka--------- birdzurisuri--------- snakebáhũ-paɡo-------- woodu--ʔu-------- tickpiʤíʤi-piːʧiN-------- tobaccosuma-uːbasuuma------- bowkobara--sumara------- starwire--wiiʐi------- gomaku--makʰu-n---*maku 'leg'--- monkeyrumi--ruumi------- wormpararu--pʰaʐaru------- eggdani--ʤani------- chestduku--ɗukʰuri------- fleakuwaba--kʰuwaiɓa------- caimanhiri---uhiri------ deerkonia---kudi------ dance (v.)kabihwi---kəwi------ eatko----*kˀu----- pathafe----*ape----- arrowkupa----*ekʷˀɨp----- saltwuka----*wukɨt----- deerhiʧi----*ɨʧɨ----- axebade-----*bari---- wild doghi-----*-hi---- forestnukuda-----*nuku 'mountain'---- peccarybaki 'tapir'------*paki*pakira-- leafʤuka------*nuka--- sweet-potatoaɸi-------*napi-*jãpi canoekanawa-------*kanawa-- handaɸũ-------*apô 'arm'-- earthdudu-------*nono-- poisonkʷima-------*kuma-- firehʷa--------hũai- breastiwa--------iiwe- mountainuwai--------uwe 'forest'- footapa--------apai- tonguenjebena---------*tʲʔeme waterdja---------*tʲʔia 'river' threewikʲã---------*ɨtˀia womanɡumi----------*tʔõmi-
  
  Similarities with Chibchan (especially with the Magdalena and Dorasque-Changena subgroups) may be due to the former presence of Chibchan speakers in the Northeast $Amazons.^{:327}$ Similarities with Tucanoan suggest that Taruma had originated in the Caquetá $basin.^{:348}$
  
  ## Vocabulary
  
  Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.
  
      glossTaruma oneoshiwai twodzyowa threemikyahahi heada-dam eyea-tsi mangika waterza firefwa sunhwa jaguardun houseduiya
  
  For a list of Taruma words from Jolkesky (2016), see the corresponding Portuguese article.
  
  