title: French ironclad Redoutable
text: # French ironclad Redoutable
  
  Redoutable was a central battery and barbette ship of the French Navy. She was the first warship in the world to use steel as the principal building material. She was preceded by the Colbert-class ironclads and was succeeded by Dévastation-class.
  
  Compared to iron, steel allowed for greater structural strength for a lower weight. France was the first country to manufacture steel in large quantities, using the Siemens process. At that time, steel plates still had some defects, and the outer bottom plating of the ship was made of wrought iron.
  
  All-steel warships were later built by the Royal Navy, with the dispatch vessels Iris and Mercury, laid down in 1875–1876.
  
  ## Construction
  
  ### Contemporary description in Scientific American
  
     The Redoutable is built partly of iron and partly of steel and is similar in many respects to the ironclads Devastation and Courbet of the same fleet, although rather smaller. She is completely belted with 14 in [360 mm] armour, with a 15 in [380 mm] backing, and has the central battery armoured with plates of 9½ in [240 mm] in thickness.
     The engines are two in number, horizontal, and of the compound two cylinder type, developing a horsepower of 6,071 [4.527 MW], which on the trial trip gave a speed of 14.66 knots. Five hundred and ten tons of coal are carried in the bunkers, which at a speed of 10 knots should enable the ship to make a voyage of 2,800 nautical miles [5,200 km]. Torpedo defense netting is fitted, and there are three masts with military tops carrying Hotchkiss revolver machine guns.
     The offensive power of the ship consists of seven breechloading rifled guns of 27 centimeters (10.63 in.), and weighing 24 tons each, six breechloading rifled guns of 14 centimeters (5.51 in.), and quick-firing and machine guns of the Hotchkiss systems. There are in addition four torpedo discharge tubes, two on each side of the ship.
     The positions of the guns are as follows: Four of 27 centimeters in the central battery, two on each broadside; three 27 centimeter guns on the upper deck in barbettes, one on each side amidships, and one aft. The 14 centimeter guns are in various positions on the broadsides, and the machine guns are fitted on deck, on the bridges, and in the military tops, four of them also being mounted on what is rather a novelty in naval construction, a gallery running round the outside of the funnel, which was fitted when the ship was under repairs some months ago. There are three electric light projectors, one forward on the upper deck, one on the bridge just forward of the funnel, and one in the mizzen top.
  
  ## Crew
  
  Full complement: 30 officers + 679 ratings.
  
  Trials or 1st category reserve: 8 officers + 371 ratings.
  
  2nd category reserve: 5 officers + 139 ratings.
  
  3rd category reserve: 0 officers + 27 ratings.
  
  ## Service
  
  Redoutable formed part of the French Mediterranean squadron.
  
  Redoutable was present during the negotiation of the Boxer Protocol, a treaty signed on 7 September 1901 with China.
  
  ## Commanding officers of the Redoutable
  
  | Date | Commanding Officer |
  | - | - |
  | 1879 | Captain Rallier |
  | 1881 | Captain Behic |
  | 1883 | Captain de Boissondy |
  | 1885 | Captain de Slane |
  | 1887 | Captain de Libran |
  | 1889 | Captain Dieulouard |
  | 1892 | Captain Chateauminois |
  | 1894 | Captain Billard |
  | 1896 | Captain Mallarmé |
  | 5 September 1898 | Captain Esmez |
  | 21 July 1900 | Captain Neny |
  | 3 December 1901 | Captain Duroch |
  | 15 October 1903 | Captain Poidloue |
  | 1906 | Captain Passerat de Sillans |
  | 5 December 1907 | Captain Drouet |
  | 1909 | Lieutenant Arnauld* |
  
  * Lieutenant Arnauld was the director of movements of the port of Saigon, and commander of the naval auxiliaries and naval barracks.
  * Redoutable in dry dock
  * Redoutable in Brest, 1882
  * Barbette of the Redoutable, around 1890(?)
  * Barbette of the Redoutable
  * Original configuration
  * Dismantling of Redoutable in Toulon, 1912
  