title: Pi de les Tres Branques
text: # Pi de les Tres Branques
  
  Pi de les tres branques (in Catalan language, meaning "the three-branched pine") is a dead pine tree located in the countryside near the town of Berga in north-central Catalonia, Spain. It has long been regarded by some Catalan nationalists as representing the unity of the three "Catalan Countries" and is the site of regular political-cultural gatherings.
  
  The tree has been dead since 1915 and is in poor structural condition, due in part to politically-motivated vandalism, but there is a very similar living tree a short distance away known as Pi jove de les tres branques ("the young three-branched pine"), which is regarded as its successor. Both are protected as "monumental trees" by the Catalan Generalitat.
  
  ## Situation
  
  The tree is a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), 25 metres (82 ft) tall, and as its name suggests, consists of three main branches or trunks rising from a common base. It is located in the centre of the Campllong plain, which measures about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) by 500 metres (1,600 ft) and occupies the flat floor of a valley, surrounded by forested mountains of the Pre-Pyrenees, at an altitude of 1,294 metres (4,245 ft). To the south, separating the valley from Berga town, is the Serra de Queralt [ca] ridge, home to the Queralt Sanctuary [ca] religious complex, and to the north are the Rasos de Peguera mountains and ski resort. Berga is 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) away by road.
  
  The tree previously dominated the valley's farmed and grazed land, due to its height and full foliage, and was visible from a long distance, as is shown in old photographs. However, much of the surrounding land has now been taken over by forest, and Pi de les Tres Branques now has many other trees in its vicinity, which, together with its current skeletal form, make it much less visible than before.
  
  The valley is traversed by a minor road which terminates at the small settlement of Castellar del Riu at its western end. The road passes close by Pi de les Tres Branques, which is indicated by a signpost.
  
  ## History
  
  ### Origin
  
  Although legend places the tree much earlier, it has been estimated that Pi de les Tres Branques took root between 1630 and 1632, when the local farmhouse was $built.^{:169}$
  
  ### Cultural recognition
  
  The tree had been traditionally celebrated as a symbol of the Holy Trinity, and it is still a venue for religious ceremonies. The first reference in extant records was in 1685, when a cartographer wrote that it was known as the Tree of the $Trinity.^{:12}$ It is also recorded that in 1746, the bishop of Solsona granted indulgences to those who prayed at the site.
  
  In 1876, the landowner of the site, in a letter to a local magazine denying that he was planning to sell the tree for timber, pointed out that it also represented the revolutionary ideals of liberty, equality and $fraternity.^{:1–2}$
  
  The Catalan language cultural revival of the 19th century saw a great increase in Catalan literature and culture. In 1875, playwright Francesc Pelagi Briz [ca] published a play Lo Pi de las Tres Brancas, which is set in Berga and at the tree, and contains a passage suggesting that the tree was already a Catalan national symbol. However, it was the 1888 poem "Lo Pi de les Tres Branques" by the poet Fr Jacint Verdaguer, published in his anthology Pàtria, which brought the tree to widespread attention, converting what was mainly a local religious symbol into a significant secular national symbol. In his poem, Jacint Verdaguer created the so-called 'legend' of the king-child King James I of Aragon who after being released from captivity in Narbonne (France) travelled with his retinue through Catalonia back to his seat at Monzón in Aragon, supposedly spending one of the nights sleeping under Pi de les Tres Branques, and it was there that he had an inspirational dream that he was destined to rule three kingdoms, represented by the three trunks of the tree, conquering the Balearic Islands and the Kingdom of Valencia from the Moors, which in fact he later achieved.
  
  "Lo Pi de les Tres Branques" (Jacint Verdaguer, 1888) :
  
  The poem being recited at the 2014 annual gathering :
  
  | Preguem que sia aqueix Pi l'arbre sagrat de la pàtria. Per on baixa el Llobregat dels Pirineus a la plana, don Guillem de Mont-rodon a trenc de dia davalla, voltat de comtes i ducs en ufanosa colcada. De l'alta sella en l'arçó, sobre arabesca gualdrapa, seu en Jaume nostre rei; no du més corona encara que la de son cabell d'or que algun àngel li ha deixada. Lo tenia presoner Narbona dins sa muralla: al vencedor de Muret Mont-rodon lo demanava; Montfort no l'hi vol donar, per gendre diu que se'l guarda. Si serà son gendre o no Mont-rodon ho diu al Papa; la resposta que li fa al vell Montfort no li agrada: —Que torne el Rei a Aragó i als Pirineus la seva àliga.— Catalunya, aixeca el front, doble sol avui t'aguaita, lo sol que et surt a Orient i el que t'ix a tramuntana. Lo que et surt al Pirineu te vol donar una ullada, mes ell, infant de sis anys, no vol ésser vist encara, ja el veuran a Lleida prou davant la cort catalana. Abans d'arribar a Berga s'enfilen per la muntanya, per entre Estela i Queralt de Campllong envers la plana; quan són al mig de Campllong la nit fosca és arribada. Lo Campllong té com un breç dues serres per barana, per coberta un bosc de pins verds tot l'any com l'esmaragda. Corona immensa de tots és una hermosa Pinassa, pinetells semblen los pins entorn de llur sobirana, geganta dels Pirineus que per sang té rius de saba. Com una torre és son tronc que s'esbadia en tres branques com tres titans rabassuts que sobre els núvols s'abracen, per sostenir en lo cel una cúpula de rama que fa ombra a tot lo pla com una nova muntanya. Don Jaume cau de genolls i en son èxtasis exclama: —Al Pare, Fill i Esperit per tots los segles hosanna! tres persones i un sol Déu que aquí sa firma ha posada, com en l'arbre de Mambré on Abraham reposava.— Fent la senyal de la creu se recolza a la Pinassa, i la son del paradís a ses parpelles davalla. Don Guillem de Mont-rodon, que és son àngel de la guarda, l'abriga amb son gran escut on vermellegen les Barres. Alça els ulls a l'Infinit que obira en sa tenda blava clavetejada d'estels i al cim lluna minvanta. En dolça contemplació lo sorprèn lo bes de l'alba; al bes de l'alba i al seu don Jaume se desvetllava: —He somniat que era gran i d'un bell país monarca, d'un bell país com aqueix entre el mar i la muntanya. Com eix Pi meravellós, mon regne posà tres branques, foren tres regnes en un, ma corona els coronava.— Esbrinant somni tan dolç lo sol li dóna a la cara i esporuguida a ponent la mitja lluna s'amaga. Lo somni del rei infant lo vell templari l'acaba en extàtica oració, espill de visió més clara. Veu Catalunya la gran fer-se més gran i més ampla, robant als moros València, prenent-los l'Illa Daurada. Unides veu a les tres com les tres cordes d'una arpa, les tres nimfes d'eixa mar, d'aqueix jardí les tres Gràcies. Mes al veure desvetllar lo lligador d'eixa garba, profeta, al Conqueridor sols li diu eixa paraula: —Preguem, que sols Déu és gran, los homes són ombra vana; preguem que sia aqueix Pi l'arbre sagrat de la pàtria.— | We pray that this Pine will be the sacred tree of the fatherland. Where the Llobregat descends from the Pyrenees to the plain, Sir William of Mont-rodon goes down at break of day, surrounded by counts and dukes in a pompous cavalcade. On the pillion of the high saddle, over an arabesque blanket, sits James our king; he wears no more crown than that of his golden hair that some angel has loaned him. He was held prisoner inside the walls of Narbonne: to the victor of Muret Mont-rodon asks for him back; Montfort will not give him back, saying he is growing up into a son-in-law. Will he be a son-in-law or not Mont-rodon asks the Pope; the reply he gives him does not please old Montfort: —The King should return to Aragon and his eagle to the Pyrenees.— Catalonia, raise your brow, a double sun watches over you today, the sun which rises for you in the east and the one that appears in the north. The one that comes from the Pyrenees wants to have a look at you, but he, infant of six years, does not want to be seen yet, as they will see him full well at Lleida before the Catalan court. Before arriving at Berga they climb through the mountains, between Estela and Queralt towards the plain of Campllong; on reaching the middle of Campllong the dark night has arrived. Campllong has like a cradle two ridges as a railing, for cover a forest of pines green all year like an emerald. The biggest crown of all is a beautiful Great Pine, other trees look like mushrooms around their overlord, giantess of the Pyrenees who has rivers of sap for blood. Its trunk is like a tower that splits into three branches like three stout titans embracing above the clouds, to support in the sky a dome of branches casting a shadow over the whole plain like a new mountain. King James falls to his knees and in his ecstasy exclaims: —To the Father, Son and Spirit through all the ages hosanna! three persons and only one God who has put his signature here, like on the tree of Mamre where Abraham rested.— Making the sign of the cross he rests against the Great Pine, and the sleep of paradise descends on his eyelids. Sir William of Mont-rodon, who is his guardian angel, covers him with his big shield where the Bars blaze red. He raises his eyes to the Infinite which he discerns in its blue canopy studded with stars and at the summit a waning moon. In sweet contemplation the kiss of dawn surprises him; at dawn's kiss and his kiss King James awakens: —I dreamed that I was great and monarch of a beautiful country, of a beautiful country like this between the sea and the mountain. Like this wonderful Pine, my kingdom had three branches, they were three kingdoms in one, my crown crowned them.— Finding this dream so sweet the sun shines on his face and frightened at the west the half-moon hides. The dream of the infant king is finished by the old Templar in an ecstatic speech, mirror of a clearer vision. He sees the great Catalonia make itself greater and bigger, stealing Valencia from the Moors, taking from them the Golden Island. He sees all three united like the three strings of a harp, the three nymphs of that sea, the three Graces of that garden. But seeing awake the binder of that sheaf, a prophet, the Conqueror says to him only these words: —We pray, since only God is great, men are a feeble shadow; we pray that this Pine will be the sacred tree of the fatherland.— |
  | - | - |
  
  The previous year, Verdaguer had stayed a few days in the nearby Queralt Sanctuary and visited the tree. "Lo Pi de les Tres Branques" recounts the story of James and the tree's symbolism of the Trinity and the unity of the Catalan Countries, and expressed the wish that it be adopted as Catalonia's national tree. The poem has remained the tree's principal literary connection, regularly recited at gatherings there. It starts and ends with the often-quoted lines "Preguem que sia aqueix Pi / l'arbre sagrat de la pàtria." ("We pray that this Pine will be / the sacred tree of the fatherland.").
  
  It is accepted that in fact Verdaguer invented the story of James's sojourn for his poem, since there is no record of it before then, and that the poem's popularity created the $legend.^{:3}^{:28}$
  
  In 1901, when Verdaguer was presiding at the Floral Games, a traditional Catalan poetry contest, he coined the sobriquet "Guernica of Catalonia" for the tree, referring to the Tree of Guernica, an oak tree which symbolises Basque freedom. He also suggested the tree's trunks symbolised the three major awards of the contest: country, faith, and $love.^{:4}$
  
  In May 1901 the landowner transferred ownership of the tree to the Catalanist Union [ca] (Unió Catalanista), a grouping of various nationalist organisations, at their meeting in Terrassa, though the transaction was never legally $registered.^{:4}$ This new popularity coincided with the slow decay of the tree, which eventually died in 1915.
  
  In 1987 the Catalan regional government listed the tree as a protected "monumental tree", one of the first three such trees (along with Pi Jove and Roure de Can Codorniu in Sant Sadurní d'Anoia). A silhouette of Pi de les Tres Branques (while it was alive) is now used by the government as a generic logo for monumental trees.
  
  ### Damage and death
  
  Before its death, Pi de les Tres Branques had been attacked several times, for economic and/or political reasons.
  
  In 1901, Jacint Verdaguer reported that a woodcutter had recently tried to cut down one of the trunks, causing it to lean out; damage from which the tree was unlikely to $recover.^{:2}$ It was also reported that around 1895, cuts had been made to tap the tree for resin, and a fire lit at its base to speed the process. This and other damage prompted the Catalanist Union to erect a high stone wall around the tree in 1907 to protect against further attacks, though it was suggested that the building work also contributed to the subsequent death of the $tree.^{:5}$ By 1915 the aforementioned wall had been $demolished.^{:1}$
  
  In 1910, it was reported that the tree had lost its leaves, though others suggest a date of 1913, and it was completely dead by $1915.^{:5}$ Scots pines have a natural lifespan of up to over 700 years, depending on the region.
  
  Many years later, the trunk that was damaged as reported by Verdaguer, was struck by lightning and the top half broke $off.^{:6}$ The remnant of that trunk is still supported by a small stone wall.
  
  ### Later damage
  
  Following its death, the tree has continued to be attacked many times by elements opposed to its political symbolism.
  
  In 1939, after the end of the Civil War, supporters of the victorious Nationalist faction started an attempt to topple the tree, but were repelled by local people. It has also been subject to regular minor damage such as anti-Catalan graffiti.
  
  However, the most serious deliberate damage happened during the night of 12/13 May 2014, when the tallest trunk was sawn off at its base with a chainsaw, by unknown perpetrators. Following the vandalism, the severed trunk was stored, and it was eventually decided to re-attach it with artificial supports, several steel straps connecting the trunk to the base; this work was carried out in early July 2015 at a cost of €35,000, shared by the Catalan government and the Barcelona provincial administration.
  
  In January 2016, the tree was again attacked (along with Pi Jove) with a 10 cm chainsaw cut into one of the other trunks. This damage was quickly patched up with steel straps as before.
  
  ## Pi Jove
  
  Following the death of Pi de les Tres Branques, another three-branched pine 300 metres (980 ft) away had been adopted as its successor. Pi Jove de les Tres Branques, or Pi de les Tres Branques II, is also hundreds of years old, but smaller at 19 metres (62 ft) tall. Its similarities to the main tree had been noticed as far back as 1810, when the Baron of Maldà mentioned it in his diary.
  
  At the 1921 rally at the site, following a campaign by poet-politician Ventura Gassol, Pi Jove was inaugurated as the successor to the then-dead main tree. Speaking at the event, Gassol invited the landowner, who was present, to donate the tree to the Commonwealth of Catalonia (a semi-recognised autonomous government), but he declined, saying that practical effort is more important than $symbols.^{:7}$
  
  It has since become the main attraction for younger and more radical elements of the nationalist movement. The older and younger trees are often simply called "el Pi Vell" (the old pine) and "el Pi Jove" (the young pine) respectively, to distinguish the two.
  
  Along with Pi Vell, Pi Jove was registered as a protected "monumental tree" in 1987.
  
  ### Damage
  
  Unlike Pi Vell, Pi Jove had escaped the attentions of vandals until more recently, due to its lower political profile and greater distance (200 m) from the road. In 2010, it was discovered with a circumferential cut through the bark, in addition to apparent shotgun damage. Vandals attacked it in June 2015, attempting to saw through one of its trunks, though it was not thought that the damage was serious enough to kill the affected trunk. As a precaution, in December 2015 arborists installed a frame to hold the three trunks together and ensure their stability. In January 2016, deeper chainsaw cuts were discovered on the already-damaged trunk which are believed harsh enough to kill the trunk altogether; these vandals also attacked Pi Vell.
  
  ## The annual gathering
  
  Pi de les Tres Branques, as a symbol of the united Catalan Countries, or simply of Catalan self-determination, has been the site of large political rallies since the turn of the 20th century, at first sporadically, but annually since 1980.
  
  The first record of a political assembly there was in October 1900, when a large group of Carlist troops, led by Josep Grandia [ca], based themselves there in preparation for their part in the failed Carlist uprising $[es].^{:119–122}$
  
  The first major rally was in 1904 when the Catalanist Union organised an assembly there to celebrate its acquisition of the site, on Sunday 25 September. The ceremony, and associated events in Berga the day before, attracted several hundred activists, with messages from foreign sympathisers being read $out.^{:8}$ Another rally was held in $1915.^{:3}$
  
  The next major rally was held in 1921, on 25 July, the St. James $holiday;^{:7}$ a key point of that event included the inauguration of Pi Jove as the intended replacement for the original tree.
  
  Subsequent political developments made it difficult to hold large organised rallies at the site. Catalan political gatherings were banned during the 1923–1930 dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera, travel was difficult during the 1936–1939 Spanish Civil War, and political gatherings were again banned in Francoist Spain (1939–1975) and for some time after.
  
  It was not until 1980, following the restoration of democracy in Spain, that the first annual gathering of the modern era took place, starting a tradition of a large gathering at the site on the third Sunday of July each year.
  
  Attendance at the gathering has varied; the 1980 inaugural gathering attracted 3,000 visitors, reached a peak of 14,000 in 1986, but has since declined, with attendances of 2,000 in 2001, 1,000 in 2012 and 1,500 in 2014.
  
  It attracts Catalan nationalists of many different viewpoints, including those attending a mass, political activists from the entire nationalist spectrum left and right giving speeches, organisations hosting stands and selling political books and souvenirs, and performers of traditional Catalan cultural activities such as sardana bands and dancers, castellers (human towers), and gegants (giant puppets). The gathering also marks the culmination of the four-day El Rebrot ("The Shoot") musical/political festival which has been held in Berga almost every year since 2001, organised by the Maulets/Arran left-wing youth organisation.
  
  Because of the shortage of parking at the site, shuttle buses are provided by Berga town council, who also organise catering for the crowds in the town after the event.
  
  ### Controversies
  
  Events at the gathering have several times resulted in controversies, and clashes between rival political factions. Following the 1981 event, the Catalan parliament president Heribert Barrera, two parliamentary deputies, and several others, faced criminal charges of "insulting the feelings and unity of the Spanish nation and distributing illegal publications". The charges were dropped after three years. The 1986 gathering was marred by the burning of Spanish flags and harassment of moderate groups. As a result, the mainstream political parties Democratic Convergence and Republican Left stayed away from the 1987 $event.^{:1–2}$ In 1988, different factions of the far-left Movement for Defence of the Land (MDT) fought each $other.^{:134–135}^{:33–34}$ In 1991, MDT militants attacked youth members of Democratic Convergence and Republican Left, and in 1996, hooded left-wing militants came from their assembly at Pi Jove to attack members of Estat Català at Pi $Vell.^{:3}$ Since the events of 1996, the authorities have increased security at the gathering, and the event has returned to a peaceful cultural $atmosphere.^{:3}$
  
  ## Management and development plans
  
  Although both Pi Vell and Pi Jove are officially protected, they are easily accessible in an isolated wooded area, and therefore vulnerable to vandalism as well as natural hazards such as lightning and wildfire. Several proposals have been made over the years to improve the site.
  
  Around 1990, a private business identified the Campllong valley, with Pi de les Tres Branques as a central attraction, as one of the possible locations for a large-scale Catalan-identity theme park called "Identirama". A different site was eventually selected, but the project was abandoned.
  
  In 2003, the Catalan parliament passed a resolution urging development of a government plan to improve the site. A government report in 2001, re-published in 2004, included a proposal to cut down the fragile Pi Vell, leaving the stump in place along with a commemorative monument, and purchase and develop the site as a public $amenity.^{:19–20}$
  
  The attack on Pi Jove in 2010 prompted activists to complain about perceived ongoing lack of action by the authorities, and prompted the local municipality of Castellar del Riu to start work with interested parties to develop a plan to secure the site. In 2012 the mayor announced plans to take over the maintenance of the land around the two trees and develop facilities for visitors, including a car park and information panels.
  
  In March 2015, following the serious attack on Pi Vell ten months before, the government set up a working group consisting of representatives of the Barcelona provincial administration, the local municipality, and the Institute of Catalan Studies, to manage the maintenance and protection of the two trees. The first result was the repair of the damaged tree in July, and in February 2016 they decided to place video security cameras at the site, watching both trees.
  
  ## Other associated three-branched pines
  
  Another similarly named tree is Pi de les Tres Branques de Freixinet, located near the village of Freixinet in the municipality of Riner in central Catalonia. This tree is also protected by the Catalan government, since 1988, but was killed in a forest fire in 1998.
  
  In recent times, local bodies such as the municipality of Castellar del Riu or Berga or the local branch of the Catalan National Assembly, have adopted the practice of presenting a young three-branched pine tree or sapling claimed to be a descendant of Pi de les Tres Branques to other bodies, as symbols of solidarity. Early examples include presentations to the Castle of Gallifa in 1986, and the Castle of St. Ferran in Berga in 1992 (along with a sapling of the Tree of $Guernica).^{:17}$ The practice gained momentum following the February 2014 presentation of a young tree to the town of Folgueroles, to commemorate Jacint Verdaguer who was born there; that tree has since been vandalised. Subsequent 2014 recipients have included Andorra la Vella, Sant Hipòlit de Voltregà, and Saldes. The Forest Museum in Sant Celoni also claims to have five descendants of Pi de les Tres Branques in its grounds.
  
  * Ceremony at Pi de les Tres Branques of Folgueroles (at left), May 2014
  * In Plaça dels Països Catalans, Berga town
  