title: PZL S-1
text: # PZL S-1
  
  The PZL S-1 was a Polish trainer and liaison aircraft of 1945, which remained a prototype. It was the second aircraft built in Poland after World War II.
  
  ## Design and development
  
  The aircraft was designed by engineer Eugeniusz Stankiewicz, being a teacher in the Aviation School in Zamość. Works started in late 1944, soon after the liberation of eastern Poland, when central and western parts were still occupied by the Germans. The design of a trainer and liaison plane was approved by the Polish military Aviation Command, and Stankiewicz completed documentation in an aircraft factory PZL-Mielec in Mielec (the factory was destroyed by the Germans and at that time existed as repair works only).
  
  There, a prototype was built, utilizing parts of the Soviet Polikarpov Po-2, like an engine with a propeller, wheels and seats, also a construction of a fuselage was similar to the Po-2. The plane, named S-1 (for Stankiewicz), was very simple. It was flown on 15 November 1945, by the Soviet pilot Piotr Kondratyenko. It was the second Polish-designed plane, that flew after the war (the first was LWD Szpak). Further aircraft were not produced.
  
  The prototype crashed on 14 May 1946 in Warsaw in a bad weather, however its pilot, who was Stankiewicz himself, survived.
  
  ## Description
  
  Wooden construction braced high-wing (parasol wing) monoplane, conventional in layout. Fuselage built of a frame, plywood and canvas covered. Rectangular wing with rounded tips, two-spar. Crew of two, sitting in tandem, in open cockpits with windshields. Fixed conventional landing gear, with a rear skid. Radial engine M-11D in front, with a Townend ring, two-blade wooden propeller (2.4 m diameter). Fuel tanks 126 L.
  
  ## Operators
  
  ### Poland
  
  * Polish Air Force
  
  ## Specifications
  
  Data from PZL S-X konstrukcje E. Stankiewicza oznaczone symbolem "S" : PZL S-1
  
  General characteristics
  
  * Crew: 2
  * Length: 8.5 m (27 ft 11 in)
  * Wingspan: 13 m (42 ft 8 in)
  * Height: 3.2 m (10 ft 6 in)
  * Wing area: 20 $m^2$ (220 sq ft)
  * Empty weight: 700 kg (1,543 lb)
  * Gross weight: 950 kg (2,094 lb)
  * Powerplant: 1 × Shvetsov M-11D 5-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 93 kW (125 hp)
  * Propellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller
  
  Performance
  
  * Maximum speed: 180 km/h (110 mph, 97 kn)
  * Stall speed: 55 km/h (34 mph, 30 kn)
  * Range: 600 km (370 mi, 320 nmi)
  * Service ceiling: 3,800 m (12,500 ft)
  * Rate of climb: 3 m/s (590 ft/min)
  * Wing loading: 60 $kg/m^2$ (12 lb/sq ft)
  