title: Sidney Lau romanisation
text: # Sidney Lau romanisation
  
  Sidney Lau romanisation is a system of romanisation for Cantonese that was developed in the 1970s by Sidney Lau for teaching Cantonese to Hong Kong Government expatriates. It is based on the Hong Kong Government's Standard Romanisation which was the result of the work of James D. Ball and Ernst J. Eitel about a century earlier.
  
  ## Innovation
  
  Lau's singular creative step was to indicate tonality with superscript numbers so as to do away with diacritics entirely. His system was a plain attempt at simplification which proved popular with western learners of Cantonese as a second language and was initially the system of romanisation adopted by the University of Hong Kong. However, the university now employs the Jyutping system for its Cantonese courses.
  
  ## Initials
  
  | b /p/ 巴 | p /pʰ/ 怕 | m /m/ 媽 | f /f/ 花 | |
  | - | - | - | - | - |
  | d /t/ 打 | t /tʰ/ 他 | n /n/ 那 | | l /l/ 啦 |
  | g /k/ 家 | k /kʰ/ 卡 | ng /ŋ/ 牙 | h /h/ 蝦 | |
  | gw /kʷ/ 瓜 | kw /kʷʰ/ 誇 | | | w /w/ 蛙 |
  | j /ts/ 渣 | ch /tsʰ/ 叉 | | s /s/ 沙 | y /j/ 也 |
  
  ## Finals
  
  In his system, Lau treats /ɵ/ and /o/ as allophones of one phoneme represented with "u", while they are often respectively regarded as allophones of /œ:/ and /u:/ in other systems.
  
  | | | Coda | Coda | Coda | Coda | Coda | Coda | Coda | Coda | Coda |
  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
  | | | ∅ | /i/ | /u/ | /m/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | /p̚/ | /t̚/ | /k̚/ |
  | Vowel | /aː/ | a /aː/ 沙 | aai /aːi̯/ 徙 | aau /aːu̯/ 梢 | aam /aːm/ 三 | aan /aːn/ 山 | aang /aːŋ/ 坑 | aap /aːp̚/ 圾 | aat /aːt̚/ 剎 | aak /aːk̚/ 客 |
  | Vowel | /ɐ/ | | ai /ɐi̯/ 西 | au /ɐu̯/ 收 | am /ɐm/ 心 | an /ɐn/ 新 | ang /ɐŋ/ 笙 | ap /ɐp̚/ 濕 | at /ɐt̚/ 失 | ak /ɐk̚/ 塞 |
  | Vowel | /ɛː/ /e/ | e /ɛː/ 些 | ei /ei̯/ 四 | | | | eng /ɛːŋ/ 鄭 | | | ek /ɛːk̚/ 石 |
  | Vowel | /iː/ | i /iː/ 詩 | | iu /iːu̯/ 消 | im /iːm/ 閃 | in /iːn/ 先 | ing /eŋ/ 星 | ip /iːp̚/ 攝 | it /iːt̚/ 洩 | ik /ek̚/ 識 |
  | Vowel | /ɔː/ | oh /ɔː/ 疏 | oi /ɔːy̯/ 開 | o /ou̯/ 蘇 | | on /ɔːn/ 看 | ong /ɔːŋ/ 康 | | ot /ɔːt̚/ 喝 | ok /ɔːk̚/ 索 |
  | Vowel | /uː/ | oo /uː/ 夫 | ooi /uːy̯/ 灰 | | | oon /uːn/ 寬 | | | oot /uːt̚/ 闊 | |
  | Vowel | /ɵ/ /ʊ/ | | ui /ɵy̯/ 需 | | | un /ɵn/ 詢 | ung /ʊŋ/ 鬆 | | ut /ɵt̚/ 摔 | uk /ʊk̚/ 叔 |
  | Vowel | /œː/ | euh /œː/ 靴 | | | | | eung /œːŋ/ 商 | | | euk /œːk̚/ 削 |
  | Vowel | /yː/ | ue /yː/ 書 | | | | uen /yːn/ 孫 | | | uet /yːt̚/ 雪 | |
  | Vowel | ∅ | | | | m /m̩/ 唔 | | ng /ŋ̩/ 五 | | | |
  
  ## Tones
  
  | Tone symbol | Tone description | Example | Example | Example |
  | - | - | - | - | - |
  | Tone symbol | Tone description | Romanization | Word | Meaning |
  | 1° or N° | high flat | $si^{1°}$ | 詩 | poem |
  | 1° or N° | high flat | $ga^1$ $je^{2°}$ | 家姐 | elder sister |
  | 1 | high falling | $tim^1$ | 添 | final particle expressing the idea of addition or regret. |
  | 2 or N* | mid rising | $si^2$ | 史 | history |
  | 2 or N* | mid rising | $dik^1$ $si^{6*}$ | 的士 | taxi |
  | 3 | mid flat | $si^3$ | 試 | try |
  | 4 | low falling | $si^4$ | 時 | time |
  | 5 | low rising | $si^5$ | 市 | city |
  | 6 | low flat | $si^6$ | 是 | is |
  
  1° indicates the high flat tone. If ° appears after any other tones, it signifies a changed tone and that the word is to be pronounced as 1°, but 1° is not the original/normal tone of the word. Similar to °, if * appears after any tones apart from tone 2, it indicates that the word is to be pronounced as tone 2, but tone 2 is not the original/normal tone of the word.
  
  