title: Katanosin
text: # Katanosin
  
  Katanosins are a group of antibiotics (also known as lysobactins). They are natural products with strong antibacterial potency. So far, katanosin A and katanosin B (lysobactin) have been described.
  
  ## Sources
  
  Katanosins have been isolated from the fermentation broth of microorganisms, such as Cytophaga. or the Gram-negative bacterium Lysobacter sp.
  
  ## Structure
  
  Katanosins are cyclic depsipeptides (acylcyclodepsipeptides). These non-proteinogenic structures are not regular proteins from primary metabolism. Rather, they originate from bacterial secondary metabolism. Accordingly, various non-proteinogenic (non-ribosomal) amino acids are found in katanosins, such as 3-hydroxyleucine, 3-hydroxyasparagine, allothreonine and 3-hydroxyphenylalanine. All katanosins have a cyclic and a linear segment (“lariat structure”). The peptidic ring is closed with an ester bond (lactone).
  
  Katanosin A and B differ in the amino acid position 7. The minor metabolite katanosin A has a valine in this position, whereas the main metabolite katanosin B carries an isoleucine.
  
  ## Biological activity
  
  Katanosin antibiotics target the bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. They are highly potent against problematic Gram-positive hospital pathogens such as staphylococci and enterococci. Their promising biological activity attracted various biological and chemical research groups. Their in-vitro potency is comparable with the current “last defence” antibiotic vancomycin.
  
  ## Chemical synthesis
  
  The first total syntheses of katanosin B (lysobactin) have been described in 2007.
  
  