title: Milecastle 31
text: # Milecastle 31
  
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  Milecastle 31 (Carrawburgh) was a milecastle of the Roman Hadrian's Wall. Its remains exist as a turf covered platform beside (and partially covered by) the B6318 Military Road, just to the east of Carrawburgh fort (adjoining the car park).
  
  ## Place-name etymology
  
  Carraw seems to be a Cumbric name cognate with Welsh carrau 'rocks'.
  
  ## Construction
  
  Nothing is known of the construction of Milecastle 31. Only the west wall has been located.
  
  ## Excavations and investigations
  
  * Early 19th century – Lingard reports the discovery of bones between the milecastle and Carrawburgh fort.
  * 1934 – The milecastle is sought, but only a coin (of Victorinus) is discovered.
  * 1964 – Excavations are undertaken in advance of the construction of the car park. The west wall of the milecastle is located (robbed out).
  * 1965 – English Heritage Field Investigation. It was noted that the north wall of the Milecastle lies beneath the modern road, and that the majority survives as a turf-covered platform (0.25 metres (0.82 ft) high on the west side.
  * 1989 – English Heritage Field Investigation (as part of the Hadrian's Wall Project). The previous findings are reconfirmed.
  
  ## Associated turrets
  
  Each milecastle on Hadrian's Wall had two associated turret structures. These turrets were positioned approximately one-third and two-thirds of a Roman mile to the west of the Milecastle, and would probably have been manned by part of the milecastle's garrison. The turrets associated with Milecastle 31 are known as Turret 31A and Turret 31B.
  
  ### Turret 31A
  
  Turret 31A (The Strands) is buried beneath the B6318 Military Road, and so there are no visible remains. Despite an investigation in 1966 by R.W.Harris of Durham University, the turret remains unlocated at the measured distance from the milecastle.
  
  Predicted location: 55°02′06″N 2°13′39″W﻿ / ﻿55.034972°N 2.227382°W﻿ / 55.034972; -2.227382﻿ (Turret 31A)
  
  ### Turret 31B
  
  Turret 31B (Carraw East) is located just south of the B6318 Military Road, a few metres east of Carraw farm. It exists as a slight, square, faintly disernable platform. Excavation by R Harris in 1966 revealed that the door was located on the east side of the south wall (a turret plan attributed to XX Valeria Victrix who were based in Deva Victrix (Chester).). The threshold had also been raised, probably in the late 2nd century.
  
  Location on Ordnance Survey 1:25 000 map: 55°02′03″N 2°14′06″W﻿ / ﻿55.034166°N 2.234997°W﻿ / 55.034166; -2.234997﻿ (Turret 31B)
  
  ## Monument records
  
  | Monument | Monument Number | English Heritage Archive Number |
  | - | - | - |
  | Milecastle 31 | 16701 | NY 87 SE 9 |
  | Turret 31A | 16707 | NY 87 SE 11 |
  | Turret 31B | 16710 | NY 87 SE 12 |
  
  ## Public access
  
  The site of the Milecastle is accessible from the car park at Carrawburgh (Brocolitia) fort.
  
  The site of Turret 31A is beneath the B6318.
  
  Although the site of Turret 31B is on private land, it is visible from (and adjacent to) the B6318.
  
  