title: Ngarnji language
text: # Ngarnji language
  
  The Ngarnji (Ngarndji) or Ngarnka (Ngarnga, Ngarnku) language was traditionally spoken by the Ngarnka people of the Barkly Tablelands in the Northern Territory of Australia. The last fluent speaker of the language died between 1997 and 1998. Ngarnka belongs to the Mirndi language family, in the Ngurlun branch. It is closely related to its eastern neighbours Binbinka, Gudanji and Wambaya. It is more distantly related to its western neighbour Jingulu, and three languages of the Victoria River District, Jaminjung, Ngaliwurru and Nungali. There is very little documentation and description of Ngarnka, however there have been several graduate and undergraduate dissertations written on various aspects of Ngarnka morphology, and a sketch grammar and lexicon of Ngarnka is currently in preparation.
  
  ## Phonology
  
  Ngarnka consonant inventory :
  
  | | Bilabial | Apico- alveolar | Apico- postalveolar | Lamino- palatal | Dorso- velar |
  | - | - | - | - | - | - |
  | Stop | b /p/ | d /t/ | rd /ʈ/ | j /c/ | k /k/ |
  | Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | rn /ɳ/ | ny /ɲ/ | ng /ŋ/ |
  | Lateral | | l /l/ | rl /ɭ/ | ly /ʎ/ | |
  | Tap | | rr /r/ | | | |
  | Glide | w /w/ | | r /ɻ/ | y /j/ | |
  
  Ngarnka vowel inventory :
  
  | | Unrounded | Rounded |
  | - | - | - |
  | High | i /i/, iyi /iː/ | u /u/, uwu /uː/ |
  | Low | a /ɐ/, aa /ɐː/ | |
  
  ## Verbal morphology and syntax
  
  ### Inflecting verbs and uninflecting verbs
  
  Ngarnka possesses two kinds of verb: inflecting verbs and uninflecting verbs. These two word classes are common in many languages of northern Australia. Inflecting verbs are finite, bear bound pronouns, inflect for tense, aspect and mood, and usually occur in second position. Uninflecting verbs bear only minimal tense inflection (distinguishing non-present tense), and are less distributionally restricted than inflecting verbs, although often occurring clause-initially. Inflecting verbs can constitute an independent predicate in a simple verb construction, whereas uninflecting verbs must occur with an inflecting verb in a light verb construction (although they occur independently in non-finite subordinate clauses). There are only three inflecting verbs in Ngarnka: a general 'do' inflecting verb, a centrifugal locomotion inflecting verb 'go', and a centripetal locomotion inflecting verb 'come'. Examples of inflecting verbs and uninflecting verbs are provided below.
  
  Yangurla
  
  NEG
  
  ngu-li-ya
  
  IRR.1SG.S-POT-DO.HAB.NPST
  
  ngarl-i
  
  speak-UV
  
  Binbinka=ka.
  
  Binbinka.N(ACC)=FAR
  
  Yangurla ngu-li-ya ngarl-i Binbinka=ka.
  
  NEG IRR.1SG.S-POT-DO.HAB.NPST speak-UV Binbinka.N(ACC)=FAR
  
  I can't speak Binbinka. Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
  
  Yalkij-b-ani
  
  cook-UV-NPRS
  
  ngu-lu
  
  IRR.1SG.A-POT(DO.NPRS)
  
  ngarri
  
  1SG.DAT
  
  yangaji.
  
  meat.M(ACC)
  
  Yalkij-b-ani ngu-lu ngarri yangaji.
  
  cook-UV-NPRS IRR.1SG.A-POT(DO.NPRS) 1SG.DAT meat.M(ACC)
  
  I will cook my meat. Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
  
  Yakal-i
  
  go-UV
  
  ju-l-a
  
  IRR.2SG.S-POT-go.NPST
  
  yarrkawala.
  
  far
  
  Yakal-i ju-l-a yarrkawala.
  
  go-UV IRR.2SG.S-POT-go.NPST far
  
  You will go far away. Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
  
  ### Simple verb construction
  
  When expressing motion events, sometimes Ngarnka will use a simple verb construction with one of the two locomotion inflecting verbs. However, in many cases, a light verb construction will be used with the generic locomotion uninflecting verb yakali 'go', as in the above example. Examples of the locomotion inflecting verbs in simple verb constructions are provided below.
  
  Ni-ya
  
  M-DIST(NOM)
  
  ngki-yarra
  
  R.3SG.M.S-go.PST
  
  ilikirri-nmanji.
  
  creek.N-ALL
  
  Ni-ya ngki-yarra ilikirri-nmanji.
  
  M-DIST(NOM) R.3SG.M.S-go.PST creek.N-ALL
  
  He went to the river. Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
  
  Ni-yangka-kunja
  
  M-DIST-PL.M/N(NOM)
  
  irri-l-ajkani.
  
  IRR.3PL.S-POT-come
  
  Ni-yangka-kunja irri-l-ajkani.
  
  M-DIST-PL.M/N(NOM) IRR.3PL.S-POT-come
  
  They will come (here).
  
  ### Light verb construction
  
  The most common predicate type in Ngarnka is the light verb construction, a structure common in northern Australian languages. The Ngarnka light verb construction involves a finite inflecting verb and a non-finite uninflecting verb. Examples of each of the inflecting verbs in light verb constructions are provided below.
  
  Wulanyi-ni
  
  snake.M-ERG
  
  ni-ny-akba
  
  HYP.3SG.M.A-2.P-DO.HYP
  
  ngangi
  
  2SG(ACC)
  
  kurdayi-bi.
  
  bite-UV
  
  Wulanyi-ni ni-ny-akba ngangi kurdayi-bi.
  
  snake.M-ERG HYP.3SG.M.A-2.P-DO.HYP 2SG(ACC) bite-UV
  
  The snake might bite you. Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
  
  Kujarra-wulu
  
  two.N-DU(ACC)
  
  kuda-wulu
  
  hill.N-DU(ACC)
  
  ngu-l-a=ki
  
  IRR.1SG.S-POT-go.NPST=NEAR
  
  langan-bi=ki.
  
  climb-UV=NEAR
  
  Kujarra-wulu kuda-wulu ngu-l-a=ki langan-bi=ki.
  
  two.N-DU(ACC) hill.N-DU(ACC) IRR.1SG.S-POT-go.NPST=NEAR climb-UV=NEAR
  
  I will go and climb the two hills here. Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
  
  Ngaj-bi
  
  see-UV
  
  mirnd-ajkani.
  
  R.1DU.INCL.A-come
  
  Ngaj-bi mirnd-ajkani.
  
  see-UV R.1DU.INCL.A-come
  
  You and I came to see it. Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
  
  