title: Reflection theorem
text: # Reflection theorem
  
  In algebraic number theory, a reflection theorem or Spiegelungssatz (German for reflection theorem – see Spiegel and Satz) is one of a collection of theorems linking the sizes of different ideal class groups (or ray class groups), or the sizes of different isotypic components of a class group. The original example is due to Ernst Eduard Kummer, who showed that the class number of the cyclotomic field $\mathbb {Q} \left(\zeta _{p}\right)$, with p a prime number, will be divisible by p if the class number of the maximal real subfield $\mathbb {Q} \left(\zeta _{p}\right)^{+}$ is. Another example is due to Scholz. A simplified version of his theorem states that if 3 divides the class number of a real quadratic field $\mathbb {Q} \left({\sqrt {d}}\right)$, then 3 also divides the class number of the imaginary quadratic field $\mathbb {Q} \left({\sqrt {-3d}}\right)$.
  
  ## Leopoldt's Spiegelungssatz
  
  Both of the above results are generalized by Leopoldt's "Spiegelungssatz", which relates the p-ranks of different isotypic components of the class group of a number field considered as a module over the Galois group of a Galois extension.
  
  Let L/K be a finite Galois extension of number fields, with group G, degree prime to p and L containing the p-th roots of unity. Let A be the p-Sylow subgroup of the class group of L. Let φ run over the irreducible characters of the group ring $Q_p[G]$ and let $A_φ$ denote the corresponding direct summands of A. For any φ let q = $p^{φ(1)}$ and let the G-rank $e_φ$ be the exponent in the index
  
      $[A_{\phi }:A_{\phi }^{p}]=q^{e_{\phi }}.$
  
  Let ω be the character of G
  
      $\zeta ^{g}=\zeta ^{\omega (g)}{\text{ for }}\zeta \in \mu _{p}.$
  
  The reflection (Spiegelung) $φ^*$ is defined by
  
      $\phi ^{*}(g)=\omega (g)\phi (g^{-1}).$
  
  Let E be the unit group of K. We say that ε is "primary" if $K({\sqrt[{p}]{\epsilon }})/K$ is unramified, and let $E_0$ denote the group of primary units modulo $E^p.$ Let $δ_φ$ denote the G-rank of the φ component of $E_0.$
  
  The Spiegelungssatz states that
  
      $|e_{\phi ^{*}}-e_{\phi }|\leq \delta _{\phi }.$
  
  ## Extensions
  
  Extensions of this Spiegelungssatz were given by Oriat and Oriat-Satge, where class groups were no longer associated with characters of the Galois group of K/k, but rather by ideals in a group ring over the Galois group of K/k. Leopoldt's Spiegelungssatz was generalized in a different direction by Kuroda, who extended it to a statement about ray class groups. This was further developed into the very general "T-S reflection theorem" of Georges Gras. Kenkichi Iwasawa also provided an Iwasawa-theoretic reflection theorem.
  
  