title: 1819 in science
text: # 1819 in science
  
  The year 1819 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
  
  ## Astronomy and space science
  
  * Johann Franz Encke computes the orbit of Comet Encke, identifying it as periodic.
  * July 1 – Johann Georg Tralles discovers the Great Comet of 1819, (C/1819 N1). It is the first comet analyzed using polarimetry, by François Arago.
  
  ## Chemistry
  
  * Joseph Bienaimé Caventou and Pierre Joseph Pelletier isolate the alkaloid brucine from Strychnos nux-vomica.
  
  ## Exploration
  
  * February 19 – Captain William Smith in British merchant brig Williams sights Williams Point, the northeast extremity of Livingston Island in the South Shetlands, the first land discovered south of latitude 60° S.
  * October 15 – Desolation Island in the South Shetland Islands of the Antarctic is discovered by Captain William Smith in the Williams.
  * A British Arctic expedition under William Edward Parry comprising HMS Hecla and HMS Griper reaches longitude 112°51' W in the Northwest Passage, the furthest west which will be attained by any single-season voyage for 150 years.
  
  ## Geology
  
  * G. B. Greenough publishes his book A critical examination of the first principles of geology in a series of essays in London.
  
  ## Medicine
  
  * August – René Laennec publishes De l’Auscultation Médiate ou Traité du Diagnostic des Maladies des Poumons et du Coeur in Paris, describing his invention of the stethoscope.
  * English physician John Bostock publishes the first account of allergic rhinitis (in himself).
  * French physician Pierre Amable Jean-Baptiste Trannoy publishes one of the first epidemiology treatises in France: Traité élémentaire des maladies épidémiques ou populaires à l'usage des officiers de santé (Elementary Treatise on Epidemic or Popular Diseases for the use of health officers).
  
  ## Technology
  
  * May 22 – SS Savannah leaves port at Savannah, Georgia on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean, although only a fraction of the trip is made under steam. The ship arrives at Liverpool, England, on June 20.
  * Invention of the M1819 breech-loading flintlock using interchangeable parts by Captain John H. Hall of Harpers Ferry Armory in the United States.
  
  ## Institutions
  
  * Cambridge Philosophical Society founded as a scientific society at the University of Cambridge in England.
  
  ## Awards
  
  * Copley Medal: Not awarded
  
  ## Births
  
  * March 24 – Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs (died 1885), German medical pathologist.
  * May 3 (O.S. April 21) – Nikolai Annenkov (died 1889), Russian botanist.
  * June 5 – John Couch Adams (died 1892), Cornish-born mathematician and astronomer.
  * July 17 – Eunice Newton Foote (died 1888), American physicist and women's rights campaigner.
  * July 28 – Thomas Evans Blackwell (died 1863), English civil and hydraulic engineer.
  * August 9 – William T. G. Morton (died 1868), American dentist.
  * August 13 – George Gabriel Stokes (died 1903), Irish-born mathematician and physicist.
  * September 18 – Léon Foucault (died 1868), French physicist.
  * September 23 – Hippolyte Fizeau (died 1896), French physicist.
  
  ## Deaths
  
  * January – Elsa Beata Bunge (born 1734), Swedish botanist
  * August 19 – James Watt (born 1736), Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer and mathematician
  * November 22 – John Stackhouse (born 1742), English botanist
  