title: Neutron-acceptance diagram shading
text: # Neutron-acceptance diagram shading
  
  Neutron-acceptance diagram shading (NADS) is a beam simulation technique. Unlike Monte-Carlo simulation codes like McStas, NADS does not trace individual neutrons but traces linearly-related bunches in a reduced-dimensionality phase space. Bunches are subdivided where necessary to follow accurately a simplified surface reflectivity model. This makes jnads results equivalent to Monte-Carlo simulations but about 5 orders of magnitude faster for difficult modelling tasks.
  
  ## Speed
  
  The raw speed of NADS makes it a particularly attractive tool for beam modelling where evolutionary algorithms are used. Tests on the C++ prototype engine could calculate the on-sample flux of a SANS instrument in 55 milliseconds on a single 2 GHz intel core 2 core. The java release (jnads) performs the same calculation in 0.8 seconds on the same hardware. A Monte-Carlo simulation of the same instrument would take 25 hours to complete with 1% statistical errors.
  
  Performing the same, unoptimised SANS simulation with full beam monitors in jnads (i.e. not just calculating the on-sample flux) takes about 45 seconds on the same hardware and gives you an idea of the beam divergence and homogeneity at the same time.
  
  ## Reliability
  
  NADS results are generally in excellent agreement with Monte-Carlo calculations. In strictly controlled tests, NADS and Monte-Carlo both produced identical results when simulating a SANS instrument. To date, no discrepancy has been found.
  
  ## Limitations
  
  * It's strictly monochromatic (but you can get away with a 15% spread typical of velocity selectors)
  * Your instrument must have independent horizontal and vertical planes. No crosstalk.
  * Polarisation and time-of-flight are further complications that users have to consider manually. It's not a black box technique
  
  NADS provides the neutron flux. To calculate the neutron beam current NADS result must be multiplied by the wavelength band width.
  
  ## History
  
  NADS was born out of necessity. If simulating an instrument takes more than one CPU-day, then performing a full optimisation of a neutron guide hall requires more than two CPU-decades. NADS was designed with the goal of reducing the CPU time to less than one minute for all instrument geometries, making an optimisation of a neutron guide hall feasible within a week on a single desktop computer.
  
  The name NADS arose partly due to referee comments on the original article (ADS is already used widely in Astronomy, the authors should use a different acronym), and partly due to tongue-in-cheek discussions over coffee.
  
  NADS was used with particle-swarm optimisation to design a guide system for the ILL. The new guide system will feed two neutron spin echo instruments, a SANS instrument, a new three-axis spectrometer, a new reflectometer and fundamental physics beamlines at the ILL.
  
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