title: Yao Yue
text: # Yao Yue
  
  Yao Yue (堯曰) is one of the 20 books of the Analects of Confucius. Notably, it is the last book of the Analects. As the concluding book, Yaoyue is one of the hotly debated book of the Analects due to its distinct writing style and inconsistency with previous books.
  
  ## Name
  
  The name "Yao Yue" refers to the mythological Chinese king Yao. "Yue", in Classical Chinese, means "to say". Therefore, the phrase "Yao Yue" can be expounded as "Yao said".
  
  ## Content
  
  The book Yao Yue starts with a conversation initiated by Yao with his successor Shun. The conversation's subject was Yao's willing abdication and the appointment of Shun as his successor. The conversation constitutes half of the book Yao Yue while in the second half of the book, Confucius explained to his disciple Zizhang the ideal way of ruling a country.
  
  The Analects come to a conclusion with Confucius' teaching on destiny (命), rites (禮), and the insight into words (知言).
  
  ## Interpretation
  
  The singularity of the book Yaoyue did not go unnoticed throughout the history. For many Confucian scholars, the book seemed alien and out of place, according to Chin Annping.
  
  Chin Annping explains in her notes on the Analects that, the 19th book of the Analects Zizhang achieved the conclusion of Confucius' teaching, so much so that the existence of Yaoyue is almost inexplicable.
  
  However, both Chin Annping, a lecturer at Yale and Cheng Gang, a professor of Qinghua University agree that Yaoyue has its significance. The last paragraph of Yaoyue, according to Chin and Cheng, is a fit conclusion for the Analects.
  
  In the last paragraph of Yaoyue, Confucius saith "A person will have no way to become a gentleman if he does not understand destiny". The word destiny (命) in this context refers to the insights into one's life acquired through the objective understanding of the universe's nature. With such understanding and insights people are allowed to avoid insisting on things that are not a part of their destiny, to escape from one's wishful thinking and risky behaviors according to Kong Anguo; a Han dynasty Confucian scholar, and Zhang Shi, a Song dynasty scholar. Xing Bing in his commentaries on the Analects also interpreted the paragraph similarly. Anguo and Bing both hold that the character 命 indicates "the limits of one's prosperity and destitution" (窮達之分).
  
  Xing Bing went on to suggest that "destiny" is conferred from the heaven hence is not in the control of human will. What one should do, according to Bing, is to find the point of suitability in their actions.
  
  In Qing dynasty, yet another attempt of interpreting the Analects was done by Liu Baonan in his work Lunyu Zhengyi. Liu Baonan cited the sayings of Dong Zhongshu who urged the distinction between humanity and animality. According to Dong Zhongshu, human beings possess the special and precious qualities that made them superior to animals, to realize our humanity, argued Liu Baonan, is to understand our destiny.
  
  For Cheng Yi, the comprehension of destiny involves an unfaltering belief on one's own destiny. He criticizes purely speculative behaviors and attribute them to the ignorance of destiny.
  
  Other key concepts in this book include: the five beautiful traits and four abhorrent ones (五美四惡), and "ruler is the one to blame" (罪在朕躬).
  
  ## Sources
  
  * 1 2 3 Chin, Annping (2014). The Analects. Penguin. ISBN 9780698153516.
  * 1 2 論語集解義疏（二冊）. Guangwen Book company. 1991. ISBN 9786695589631.
  * 1 2 Cheng, Gang (2012). 《老子》入门. Chinese democracy and legality press. ISBN 9787516201688.
  * ↑ 张栻集. Zhong Hua Book Company. 2015. ISBN 9787101107319.
  * ↑ 论语注疏. Chinese Zhigong Publishing house. 2016. ISBN 9787514508468.
  * ↑ Liu, Baonan (1990). 論語正義（全二冊）. Zhonghua Book company. ISBN 9787101002232.
  * ↑ 論語集注. Jinan: Qilu Shushe. 1992. ISBN 9787533302511.
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