title: Pine toad
text: # Pine toad
  
  The pine toad (Incilius occidentalis) is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Mexico and found on the Central Mexican Plateau.
  
  ## Taxonomy
  
  The species was conspecific with Incilius mccoyi until that species was described separately in 2011.
  
  ### Bufo intermedius
  
  In 2016, the enigmatic Bufo intermedius, known only from old museum specimens supposedly collected from Ecuador and long suspected to be related to some Mexican species, was found to be synonym of Incilius occidentalis. The decisive piece of evidence were the stomach contents that revealed two beetle species that do not occur in Ecuador.
  
  ## Habitat and conservation
  
  It is a common toad that lives in a wide variety of habitats, including lowland xeric scrubs, deciduous forest, coniferous forests, and oak forests. It can also occur in disturbed environments. Breeding takes place in streams, and desiccation, alteration and pollution of its breeding habitat are the main threats to this species.
  
  