title: Weald Clay
text: # Weald Clay
  
  Weald Clay or the Weald Clay Formation is a Lower Cretaceous sedimentary rock unit underlying areas of South East England, between the North and South Downs, in an area called the Weald Basin. It is the uppermost unit of the Wealden Group of rocks within the Weald Basin, and the upper portion of the unit is equivalent in age to the exposed portion of the Wessex Formation on the Isle of Wight. It predominantly consists of thinly bedded mudstone. The un-weathered form is blue/grey, and the yellow/orange is the weathered form, it is used in brickmaking.
  
  The formation was deposited in lagoonal, lacustrine and alluvial conditions that varied from freshwater to brackish. The clay alternates with other subordinate lithologies, notably hard red-weathering beds of ironstone, limestone (Sussex Marble) and sandstones, notably including the calcareous sandstone unit referred to as the Horsham Stone. It has a gradual, conformable contact with the underlying Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation, and has a sharp, unconformable contact with the overlying Atherfield Clay Formation, a shallow marine unit deposited after marine transgression during the Aptian.
  
  ## Physical properties
  
  The weathered and unweathered forms of the Weald Clay have different physical properties. Blue looks superficially like a soft slate, is quite dry and hard and will support the weight of buildings quite easily. Because it is quite impermeable, and so dry, it does not get broken by tree roots. It is typically found at 750mm down below a layer of yellow clay. Yellow, found on the surface, absorbs water quite readily so becomes very soft in the winter. The two different types make quite different bricks.
  
  ## Paleofauna
  
  ### Vertebrates
  
  Vertebrates reported from the Weald Clay :
  
  | Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
  | Baryonyx | B. walkeri | Smokejack Clay Pit | Upper Weald Clay | Multiple partial skulls, one of which had an associated postcranial skeleton. | A spinosaurid | Baryonyx |
  | Horshamosaurus | H. rudgwickensis | Rudgwick Brickworks | Upper Weald Clay | "Vertebrae, partial fore and hindlimbs, osteoderms." | A dubious genus of nodosaurid ankylosaur belonging to Polacanthinae. Originally named as a species of Polacanthus. | |
  | Iguanodon | I. bernissartensis | Smokejack Clay Pit | Upper Weald Clay | | Iguanodontian, also known from the Wessex Formation. | Iguanodon |
  | Mantellisaurus | M. atherfieldensis | Smokejack Clay Pit | Upper Weald Clay | | Iguanodontian, also known from the Wessex Formation | Mantellisaurus |
  | Valdosaurus | V. canaliculatus | Heathfield | Lower Weald Clay | | A dryosaurid, also known from the Wessex Formation | |
  | Leptocleidus | L. superstes | | | NHM R4828 (holotype) | Pliosauroid | Leptocleidus |
  | Wyleyia | W. valdensis | West Sussex | | | | |
  | Dorsetisaurus | Indeterminate | Keymer Tile Works | | | | |
  | Sauropoda | Indeterminate | Smokejacks, Bexhill | | | | |
  | Anura | Indeterminate | Keymer Tile Works | Lower | Maxillary fragment | | |
  | Urodela | Indeterminate | Keymer Tile Works | Lower | Atlas vertebra | Has been suggested to have a close relationship with Balveherpeton from Germany. | |
  
  ### Invertebrates
  
  Numerous insect species are known from several localities in the Weald Clay, including Rudgwick Brickworks, Auclaye Brickworks, Smokejacks and Clockhouse Brickworks
  
  Invertebrates reported from the Weald Clay :
  
  | Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes |
  | - | - | - | - | - | - |
  | Principiala | P. rudgwickensis | Rudgwick Brickworks | Upper Weald Clay | Single partial fore-wing | An Ithonidae lacewing, the second in Principiala |
  | Englathauma | E. crabbi | Rudgwick Brickworks | Upper Weald Clay | BMB 021962/3 almost complete forewing | A englathaumatid scorpionfly |
  | Englathauma | E. mellishae | Smokejacks | Upper Weald Clay | Wing and wing fragments | A englathaumatid scorpionfly |
  | Cretophasmomima | C. traceyae | Smokejacks | Upper Weald Clay | Forewing | A stick insect |
  | Valdicossus | V. mikewebsteri | Smokejacks | Upper | Hindwing | A member of Palaeontinidae |
  | Valdicossus | V. chesteri | Cooden Beach | Lower | Hindwing | A member of Palaeontinidae |
  | Ilerdocossus | I. prowsei | Clockhouse Brickworks | Lower | | A member of Palaeontinidae |
  | Proraphidia | P. hopkinsi | Clockhouse Brickworks | Lower | | A member of Mesoraphidiidae |
  | Turanophlebia | T. anglicana | Clockhouse Brickworks | Lower | | Dragonfly, member of Tarsophlebiidae |
  | Brochocoleus | B. keenani B. tobini | Smokejacks | Upper | | Member of Ommatidae |
  | Diluticupes | D. crowsonae | Smokejacks | Upper | | Member of Ommatidae |
  | Zygadenia | Z. tuberculata, Z. angliae | Smokejacks | Upper | | Member of Ommatidae |
  | Cionocoleus | C. elizabethae, C. watsoni C. minimus | Smokejacks | Upper | | Member of Ommatidae |
  | Omma | O. elongatum | Keymer Tile Works | Lower | | Member of Ommatidae |
  