title: Shallow minor
text: # Shallow minor
  
  In graph theory, a shallow minor or limited-depth minor is a restricted form of a graph minor in which the subgraphs that are contracted to form the minor have small diameter. Shallow minors were introduced by Plotkin, Rao & Smith (1994), who attributed their invention to Charles E. Leiserson and Sivan Toledo.
  
  ## Definition
  
  One way of defining a minor of an undirected graph G is by specifying a subgraph H of G, and a collection of disjoint subsets $S_i$ of the vertices of G, each of which forms a connected induced subgraph $H_i$ of H. The minor has a vertex $v_i$ for each subset $S_i,$ and an edge $v_iv_j$ whenever there exists an edge from $S_i$ to $S_j$ that belongs to H.
  
  In this formulation, a d-shallow minor (alternatively called a shallow minor of depth d) is a minor that can be defined in such a way that each of the subgraphs $H_i$ has radius at most d, meaning that it contains a central vertex $c_i$ that is within distance d of all the other vertices of $H_i.$ Note that this distance is measured by hop count in $H_i,$ and because of that it may be larger than the distance in G.
  
  ## Special cases
  
  Shallow minors of depth zero are the same thing as subgraphs of the given graph. For sufficiently large values of d (including all values at least as large as the number of vertices), the d-shallow minors of a given graph coincide with all of its minors.
  
  ## Classification of graph families
  
  Nešetřil & Ossona de Mendez (2012) use shallow minors to partition the families of finite graphs into two types. They say that a graph family F is somewhere dense if there exists a finite value of d for which the d-shallow minors of graphs in F consist of every finite graph. Otherwise, they say that a graph family is nowhere dense. This terminology is justified by the fact that, if F is a nowhere dense class of graphs, then (for every ε > 0) the n-vertex graphs in F have $O(n^{1+ε})$ edges; thus, the nowhere dense graphs are sparse graphs.
  
  A more restrictive type of graph family, described similarly, are the graph families of bounded expansion. These are graph families for which there exists a function f such that the ratio of edges to vertices in every d-shallow minor is at most f(d). If this function exists and is bounded by a polynomial, the graph family is said to have polynomial expansion.
  
  ## Separator theorems
  
  As Plotkin, Rao & Smith (1994) showed, graphs with excluded shallow minors can be partitioned analogously to the planar separator theorem for planar graphs. In particular, if the complete graph $K_h$ is not a d-shallow minor of an n-vertex graph G, then there exists a subset S of G, with size $O(dh^2$ log n + n/d), such that each connected component of G\S has at most 2n/3 vertices. The result is constructive: there exists a polynomial time algorithm that either finds such a separator, or a d-shallow $K_h$ minor. As a consequence they showed that every minor-closed graph family obeys a separator theorem almost as strong as the one for planar graphs.
  
  Plotkin et al. also applied this result to the partitioning of finite element method meshes in higher dimensions; for this generalization, shallow minors are necessary, as (with no depth restriction) the family of meshes in three or more dimensions has all graphs as minors. Teng (1998) extends these results to a broader class of high-dimensional graphs.
  
  More generally, a hereditary graph family has a separator theorem where the separator size is a sublinear power of n if and only if it has polynomial expansion.
  
  