title: BI 99179
text: # BI 99179
  
  BI 99179 is a selective small molecule inhibitor suitable for the in vivo validation of type 1 fatty acid synthase (FAS) as a therapeutic target for lipid metabolism-related disorders (lipid metabolism disorder) which has been discovered by Boehringer Ingelheim.
  
  ## Summary
  
  BI 99179 is characterized by its high potency, high selectivity, and significant exposure (both peripheral and central) upon oral administration in rats.
  
  ## Target information
  
  Mammalian type I FAS is a multi-enzyme protein that catalyzes fatty acid synthesis. It mediates key roles in neoplastic lipogenesis and is highly expressed in lipogenic tissues. While most tissues, except liver and adipose tissue, have low levels of FAS expression and activity, FAS is over-expressed in many cancers. Accumulating evidence suggests that it is a metabolic oncogene with an important role in tumor growth and survival, thus making it an attractive target for cancer therapy. In addition to its role in oncology, FAS inhibition could also represent an attractive therapeutic target in obesity; both systemic and intracerebroventricular treatment of mice with FAS inhibitors led to inhibition of feeding and dramatic weight loss. Moreover, inhibitors of FAS have been reported to reduce the production of sebum in sebocytes; therefore, topical FAS inhibition could be a potential anti-acne approach.
  
  FAS consists of two identical subunits, each comprising an acyl carrier protein (ACP) domain and six different catalytic domains. BI 99179 is likely to bind to the ketoacyl reductase (KR) domain (evidence: Boehringer Ingelheim enzymatic data and analogy to the published co-crystal structure of the human KR domain with GSK2194069).
  
  ## In vitro activity
  
  BI 99179 inhibits the FAS enzyme isolated from HeLa cells with a half maximal inhibitory concentration $(IC_{50})$ of 79 nM.
  
  In Vitro Activity :
  
  | Probe name | BI 99179 |
  | - | - |
  | Inhibition of FASN* $(IC_{50})$ [nM] | 79 |
  | Inhibition of $[^{14}C]acetate$ $incorporation^§$ mouse N-42 cells $(IC_{50})$ [nM] | 570 |
  | Inhibition of $[^{14}C]acetate$ $incorporation^§$ hum. H1975 cells $(IC_{50})$ [nM] | 180 |
  | Cytotoxicity (LDH release from U937 cells) $(IC_{50})$ [nM] | >30000 |
  | *Human FAS enzyme isolated from HeLa cells. $^§Cells$ incubated with compound for 1 hour, $^{14}C-acetate$ in Krebs–Ringer buffer incubation for 4 hours, $methanol:CHCl_3$ 1:1 extraction, measurement in ß-counter. FASN, fatty acid synthase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase. ||
  
  In Vitro DMPK and CMC :
  
  | Probe name | BI 99179 |
  | - | - |
  | Aqueous solubility @ pH 7 [μg/ml] | >39 |
  | CACO permeability @pH7.4 [*10–6 cm/s] | 94 |
  | CACO efflux ratio | 0.9 |
  | Microsomal stability – rat, human [% QH] | <27 |
  | Plasma protein binding rat [% QH] | 97.6 |
  
  ## In vivo DMPK
  
  In Vivo DMPK Parameters :
  
  | Probe name | BI 99179 |
  | - | - |
  | $t_½$ (h) | 3.0 |
  | $t_{max}$ (h) | 0.5 |
  | $C_{max}$ (nM) | 2110 |
  | $AUC_{0–inf}$ (nMh) | 9350 |
  | F (%) | 46 |
  | CL (ml/min/kg) | 8.2 |
  | $V_{ss}$ (l/kg) | 1.6 |
  | $C_{brain,2h}$ (nM) | 1300 |
  | $C_{CSF,2h}$ (nM) | 50 |
  | Pharmacokinetic parameters of BI 99179 in male Wistar Hannover rats. *Fasted upon oral application of 4 mg/kg. ||
  
  ## In vivo pharmacology
  
  BI 99179 showed acute efficacy in rat models.
  
  * Increased hypothalamic Malonyl-CoA concentrations (10 or 100 mg/kg); 2 hours/24 hours post dose (p.d.)
  * Decreased cumulative food intake 100 mg/kg; 24 hours p.d.
  
  ## Selectivity
  
  A screen covering 30 targets was reported: <20% inhibition at 10 μM for all targets.
  
  