title: Kawaiisu language
text: # Kawaiisu language
  
  The Kawaiisu language is a Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Kawaiisu people of California.
  
  ## Classification
  
  Kawaiisu is a member of the Southern Numic division of the Uto-Aztecan language family.
  
  ## Linguistic environment
  
  The Kawaiisu homeland was bordered by speakers of non-Numic Uto-Aztecan languages: the Kitanemuk to the south spoke Takic, the Tubatulabal to the north spoke Tubatulabal, the Yokuts to the west were non-Uto-Aztecan. Because they shared the Southern Numic language, the Chemehuevi to the east are considered the closest relatives to Kawaiisu.
  
  ## Geographic distribution
  
  The remaining Kawaiisu speakers live in the Tehachapi area of California.
  
  ## Revitalization
  
  In 1994, the language was severely endangered, with perhaps fewer than 20 remaining speakers.
  
  In 2011, The Kawaiisu Project received the Governor’s Historic Preservation Award for its efforts to document the Kaiwaiisu language and culture, including "the Handbook of the Kawaiisu, language teaching and the Kawaiisu Language and Cultural Center [and] the Kawaiisu exhibit at the Tehachapi Museum." As of 2012, the Kawaiisu Language and Cultural Center offers language classes and DVDs for home learning, as well as training for other groups seeking to create language learning programs and materials.
  
  ## Morphology
  
  Kawaiisu is an agglutinative language, in which words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.
  
  ## Phonology
  
  ### Vowels
  
  Kawaiisu has a typical Numic vowel inventory of six vowels.
  
  | | front | back | back |
  | - | - | - | - |
  | | front | unrounded | rounded |
  | High | i | ɨ | u |
  | Non-High | e | a | o |
  
  ### Consonants
  
  Kawaiisu has an atypical Numic consonant inventory in that many of the predictable consonant alternations in other Numic languages are no longer predictable in Kawaiisu. The Kawaiisu consonant inventory, therefore is much larger than the typical Numic language.
  
  | | | Bilabial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Velar | Glottal |
  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
  | | | Bilabial | Coronal | Palatal | plain | lab. | Glottal |
  | Nasal | Nasal | m | n | | (ŋ)* | | |
  | Plosive | voiceless | p | t | | k | kʷ | ʔ |
  | Plosive | voiced | b | d | | | | |
  | Affricate | Affricate | | ts | tʃ | | | |
  | Fricative | voiceless | | s | ʃ | | | h / hʷ |
  | Fricative | voiced | β | z | ʒ | ɣ | ɣʷ | |
  | Approximant | Approximant | | (l)* | j | | w | |
  | Flap | Flap | | ɾ | | | | |
  
  * /l/ and /ŋ/ are found only in loanwords.
  