title: Ikun-Shamash
text: # Ikun-Shamash
  
  Ikun-Shamash or Iku-Shamash (𒄿𒆪𒀭𒌓) was a King of the second Mariote kingdom who reigned c. 2500 BC. According to François Thureau-Dangin, the king reigned at a time earlier than Ur-Nanshe's of Lagash. He is one of three Mari kings known from archaeology, and probably the oldest one. Another king was Iku-Shamagan, also known from a statue with inscription, in the National Museum of Damascus. The third king is Lamgi-Mari, also read Išgi-Mari, also known from an inscribed statue now in the National Museum of Aleppo.
  
  In his inscriptions, Ikun-Shamash used the Akkadian language, whereas his contemporaries to the south used the Sumerian language. His official title in the inscriptions was "King of Mari" and "ensi-gal", or "supreme Prince" of the deity Enlil.
  
  He is known from a statue with inscription, which he dedicated to god Shamash.
  
  Ikun-Shamash's territory seems to have included southern Babylonia.
  
  ## Statue
  
  Ikun-Shamash's votive statue, set by one of his officials, was discovered in the city of Sippar; the inscription reads:
  
     𒄿𒆪𒀭𒌓 / 𒈗𒈠𒌷𒆠 / 𒑐𒋼𒋛𒃲 / 𒀭𒂗𒆤 /𒅈𒊏𒀭 /𒆪𒅆𒈨𒋤 / 𒊨𒋤 / 𒀭𒌓 / 𒊕𒄸𒁺
     i-ku-utu / lugal $ma-ri2^{ki}$ / ensi2gal / en-lil2 / ar-ra / tush igi{me}-su3 / dul3-su3 / utu / sa12-rig9
     "For Iku(n)shamash, king of Mari, chief executive for Enlil, Arra'il his courtier, dedicated his statue to Shamash"
  
  The statue is located in the British Museum.
  
  * Statue of Iku-Shamash, King of Mari circa 2400 BCE (in the rear)
  * The inscription on the statue.
  * Inscription on the statue: "Ikun-Shamash, King of Mari" (𒄿𒆪𒀭𒌓 𒈗 𒈠𒌷𒆠, Ikun-shamash, lugal Mari-ki)
  * Statue of Ikun-shamash, British Museum, BM 60828
  
  King Ikun-Shamash of Mari :
  
  | Regnal titles |||
  | - | - | - |
  | Preceded byFirst Kingdom of Mari | King of Mari 2500 BC | Succeeded byIku-Shamagan |
  
  ## Citations
  
  * ↑ Spycket, Agnès (1981). Handbuch der Orientalistik (in French). BRILL. p. 87. ISBN 978-90-04-06248-1.
  * 1 2 3 4 5 6 Spycket, Agnès (1981). Handbuch der Orientalistik (in French). BRILL. p. 86. ISBN 978-90-04-06248-1.
  * 1 2 Alfred Haldar (1971). Who Were the Amorites. p. 16.
  * ↑ Photograph in: "Mission Archéologique de Mari 4 vols. in 6. Volume I: Le Temple D'Ishtar. Volume II : Le Palais. Part 1: Architecture. Part 2: Peintures Murales. Part 3: Documents et monuments. Volume III: Les Temples D'Ishtarat et de". Meretseger Books. Archived from the original on 2020-04-07. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  * ↑ Spycket, Agnès (1981). Handbuch der Orientalistik (in French). BRILL. p. 88. ISBN 978-90-04-06248-1.
  * ↑ Robert Boulanger (1966). The Middle East: Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran. p. 497.
  * ↑ Jerrold S. Cooper (1986). Presargonic Inscriptions. p. 87. ISBN 9780940490826.
  * 1 2 "Inscription of the statue of Ikun-Shamash". cdli.ucla.edu.
  
  vteRulers of the Ancient Near East :
  
  Territories/ datesEgyptCanaanEblaMariKish/ AssurAkshak/ AkkadUrukAdabUmma LagashUrElam
  
  4000–3200 BCE
  
  Naqada I Naqada II
  
  Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
  
  Pre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 BCE)
  
  Susa I
  
  Uruk period (4000–3100 BCE) (Anu Ziggurat, 4000 BCE) (Anonymous "King-priests")
  
  Susa II (Uruk influence or control)
  
  3200–3100 BCE
  
  Proto-Dynastic period (Naqada III) Early or legendary kings:
  
  Upper Egypt Finger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Animal Stork Canide Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes
  
  Lower Egypt Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Nat-Hor Mekh Double Falcon Wash
  
  3100–2900 BCE
  
  Early Dynastic Period First Dynasty of EgyptNarmer Palette Narmer Menes $Neithhotep^♀$ (regent) Hor-Aha Djer Djet $Merneith^♀$ (regent) Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird
  
  Canaanites
  
  Jemdet Nasr period (3100–2900 BCE)
  
  Proto-Elamite period (Susa III) (3100–2700 BCE)
  
  2900 BCE
  
  Second Dynasty of Egypt Hotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy
  
  Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 BCE)
  
  First Eblaite Kingdom
  
  First kingdom of Mari
  
  Kish I dynasty Jushur, Kullassina-bel Nangishlishma, En-tarah-ana Babum, Puannum, Kalibum
  
  2800 BCE
  
  Kalumum Zuqaqip Atab Mashda Arwium Etana Balih En-me-nuna Melem-Kish Barsal-nuna
  
  Uruk I dynasty Mesh-ki-ang-gasher
  
  Enmerkar ("conqueror of Aratta")
  
  2700 BCE
  
  Early Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 BCE)
  
  Zamug, Tizqar, Ilku Iltasadum
  
  Lugalbanda Dumuzid, the Fisherman
  
  Enmebaragesi ("made the land of Elam submit")
  
  Aga of Kish
  
  Gilgamesh
  
  Old Elamite period (2700–1500 BCE) Indus-Mesopotamia relations
  
  2600 BCE
  
  Third Dynasty of Egypt Djoser (First Egyptian pyramids) Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni
  
  Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 BCE)
  
  Sagisu Abur-lim Agur-lim Ibbi-Damu Baba-Damu
  
  Kish II dynasty (5 kings) Uhub Mesilim
  
  Ur-Nungal Udulkalama Labashum
  
  Lagash En-hegal Lugal- shaengur
  
  Ur A-Imdugud Ur-Pabilsag Meskalamdug (Queen Puabi) Akalamdug
  
  Enun-dara-anna Mes-he Melamanna Lugal-kitun
  
  Adab Nin-kisalsi Me-durba Lugal-dalu
  
  2575 BCE
  
  Old Kingdom of Egypt Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis
  
  Ur I dynasty Mesannepada "King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
  
  2500 BCE
  
  Phoenicia (2500-539 BCE)
  
  Second kingdom of Mari Ikun-Shamash Iku-Shamagan Ansud Sa'umu Ishtup-Ishar Ikun-Mari Iblul-Il Nizi
  
  Kish III dynasty $Ku-Baba^♀$
  
  Akshak dynasty Unzi Undalulu
  
  Uruk II dynasty Ensha- kushanna
  
  Mug-si
  
  Umma I dynasty Pabilgagaltuku
  
  Lagash I dynasty Ur-Nanshe Akurgal
  
  A'annepada Meskiagnun Elulu Balulu
  
  Awan dynasty Peli Tata Ukkutahesh Hishur
  
  2450 BCE
  
  Fifth Dynasty of Egypt Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas
  
  Enar-Damu Ishar-Malik
  
  Ush Enakalle
  
  Elamite invasions (3 kings)
  
  Shushun- tarana Napilhush
  
  2425 BCE
  
  Kun-Damu
  
  Eannatum (King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
  
  2400 BCE
  
  Adub-Damu Igrish-Halam Irkab-Damu
  
  Kish IV dynasty Puzur-Suen Ur-Zababa
  
  Urur
  
  Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi
  
  E-iginimpa'e Meskigal
  
  Ur-Lumma Il Gishakidu (Queen Bara-irnun)
  
  Enannatum Entemena Enannatum II Enentarzi
  
  Ur II dynasty Nanni Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II
  
  Kiku-siwe-tempti
  
  2380 BCE
  
  Sixth Dynasty of Egypt Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah
  
  Adab dynasty Lugalannemundu "King of the four quarters of the world"
  
  2370 BCE
  
  Isar-Damu
  
  Enna-Dagan Ikun-Ishar Ishqi-Mari
  
  Invasion by Mari Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter
  
  Ukush
  
  Lugalanda Urukagina
  
  Luh-ishan
  
  2350 BCE
  
  Puzur-Nirah Ishu-Il Shu-Sin
  
  Uruk III dynasty Lugalzagesi (Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
  
  2340 BCE
  
  Akkadian Period (2340–2150 BCE)
  
  Akkadian Empire Sargon of Akkad Rimush Manishtushu
  
  Akkadian Governors: Eshpum Ilshu-rabi Epirmupi Ili-ishmani
  
  2250 BCE
  
  Naram-Sin
  
  Lugal-ushumgal (vassal of the Akkadians)
  
  2200 BCE
  
  First Intermediate Period Seventh Dynasty of Egypt Eighth Dynasty of Egypt Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare
  
  Second Eblaite Kingdom
  
  Third kingdom of Mari (Shakkanakku dynasty) Ididish Shu-Dagan Ishma-Dagan (Vassals of the Akkadians)
  
  Shar-Kali-Sharri
  
  Igigi, Imi, Nanum, Ilulu (3 years) Dudu Shu-turul
  
  Uruk IV dynasty Ur-nigin Ur-gigir
  
  Lagash II dynasty Puzer-Mama Ur-Ningirsu I Pirig-me Lu-Baba Lu-gula Ka-ku
  
  Hishep-Ratep Helu Khita Puzur-Inshushinak
  
  2150 BCE
  
  Ninth Dynasty of Egypt Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut
  
  Ur III period (2150–2000 BCE)
  
  Nûr-Mêr Ishtup-Ilum Ishgum-Addu Apil-kin
  
  Gutian dynasty (21 kings) La-erabum Si'um
  
  Kuda (Uruk) Puzur-ili Ur-Utu
  
  Umma II dynasty Lugalannatum (vassal of the Gutians)
  
  Ur-Baba Gudea Ur-Ningirsu Ur-gar Nam-mahani
  
  Tirigan
  
  2125 BCE
  
  Tenth Dynasty of Egypt Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare
  
  Uruk V dynasty Utu-hengal
  
  2100 BCE
  
  (Vassals of UR III)
  
  Iddi-ilum Ili-Ishar Tura-Dagan Puzur-Ishtar (Vassals of Ur III)
  
  Ur III dynasty "Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" Ur-Nammu Shulgi Amar-Sin Shu-Sin
  
  2025-1763 BCE
  
  Amorite invasions
  
  Ibbi-Sin
  
  Elamite invasions Kindattu (Shimashki Dynasty)
  
  Middle Kingdom of Egypt Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
  
  Third Eblaite Kingdom (Amorites) Ibbit-Lim Immeya Indilimma
  
  (Amorite Shakkanakkus) Hitial-Erra Hanun-Dagan (...) Lim Dynasty of Mari (Amorites) Yaggid-Lim Yahdun-Lim Yasmah-Adad Zimri-Lim (Queen Shibtu)
  
  Old Assyria Puzur-Ashur I Shalim-ahum Ilu-shuma Erishum I Ikunum Sargon I Puzur-Ashur II Naram-Sin Erishum II
  
  Isin-Larsa period (Amorites) Dynasty of Isin: Ishbi-Erra Shu-Ilishu Iddin-Dagan Ishme-Dagan Lipit-Eshtar Ur-Ninurta Bur-Suen Lipit-Enlil Erra-imitti Enlil-bani Zambiya Iter-pisha Ur-du-kuga Suen-magir Damiq-ilishu Dynasty of Larsa: Naplanum Emisum Samium Zabaia Gungunum Abisare Sumuel Nur-Adad Sin-Iddinam Sin-Eribam Sin-Iqisham Silli-Adad Warad-Sin Rim-Sin I (...) Rim-Sin II Uruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk Sîn-kāšid Sîn-iribam Sîn-gāmil Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu
  
  Sukkalmah dynasty Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
  
  Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV $Sobekneferu^♀$
  
  1800–1595 BCE
  
  Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
  
  Abraham (Biblical) Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon
  
  Yamhad (Yamhad dynasty) (Amorites)
  
  Old Assyria
  
  (Shamshi-Adad dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites) Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi
  
  (Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE)
  
  Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi
  
  (Adaside dynasty 1700–722 BCE) Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
  
  First Babylonian dynasty ("Old Babylonian Period") (Amorites) Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sin-muballitSabium Apil-Sin Sin-muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-eshuh Ammi-ditana Ammi-saduqa Samsu-Ditana Early Kassite rulers
  
  Second Babylonian dynasty ("Sealand Dynasty") Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Damqi-ilishu Ishkibal Shushushi Gulkishar $^mDIŠ+U-EN$ Peshgaldaramesh Ayadaragalama Akurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil
  
  Second Intermediate Period Sixteenth Dynasty
  
  Abydos Dynasty
  
  Seventeenth Dynasty
  
  Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt ("Hyksos") Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi
  
  Mitanni (1600–1260 BCE) Kirta Shuttarna I Parshatatar
  
  1531–1155 BCE
  
  TutankhamunNew Kingdom of Egypt Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ahmose I Amenhotep I
  
  Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites) Agum-Kakrime Burnaburiash I Kashtiliash III Ulamburiash Agum III Karaindash Kadashman-harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burnaburiash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliashu IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak II Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi
  
  Middle Elamite period
  
  (1500–1100 BCE) Kidinuid dynasty Igehalkid dynasty Untash-Napirisha
  
  Thutmose I Thutmose II $Hatshepsut^♀$ Thutmose III
  
  Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare $Neferneferuaten^♀$ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb
  
  Hittite Empire Ugarit
  
  Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah $Twosret^♀$
  
  Elamite Empire Shutrukid dynasty Shutruk-Nakhunte
  
  1155–1025 BCE
  
  Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Third Intermediate Period
  
  Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II
  
  Phoenicia Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon Kingdom of Israel Saul Ish-bosheth David Solomon
  
  Syro-Hittite states
  
  Middle Assyria Eriba-Adad I Ashur-uballit I Enlil-nirari Arik-den-ili Adad-nirari I Shalmaneser I Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nadin-apli Ashur-nirari III Enlil-kudurri-usur Ninurta-apal-Ekur Ashur-dan I Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur Mutakkil-Nusku Ashur-resh-ishi I Tiglath-Pileser I Asharid-apal-Ekur Ashur-bel-kala Eriba-Adad II Shamshi-Adad IV Ashurnasirpal I Shalmaneser II Ashur-nirari IV Ashur-rabi II Ashur-resh-ishi II Tiglath-Pileser II Ashur-dan II
  
  Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin") Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur
  
  Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE)
  
  1025–934 BCE
  
  Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos") Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Mar-biti-apla-usur Nabû-mukin-apli
  
  911–745 BCE
  
  Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV
  
  Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini
  
  Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt Tefnakht Bakenranef
  
  Kingdom of Samaria Kingdom of Judah
  
  Neo-Assyrian Empire Adad-nirari II Tukulti-Ninurta II Ashurnasirpal II Shalmaneser III Shamshi-Adad V $Shammuramat^♀$ (regent) Adad-nirari III Shalmaneser IV Ashur-Dan III Ashur-nirari V
  
  Ninth Babylonian Dynasty Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina (five kings) Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabu-mukin-zeri
  
  Humban-Tahrid dynasty Urtak Teumman Ummanigash Tammaritu I Indabibi Humban-haltash III
  
  745–609 BCE
  
  Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt Taharqa("Black Pharaohs") Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun
  
  Neo-Assyrian Empire
  
  (Sargonid dynasty) $Tiglath-Pileser^†$ $Shalmaneser^†$ Marduk-apla-iddina II $Sargon^†$ $Sennacherib^†$ Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni $Ashur-nadin-shumi^†$ Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk $Esarhaddon^†$ Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II
  
  Assyrian conquest of Egypt
  
  Assyrian conquest of Elam
  
  626–539 BCE
  
  Late Period Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III
  
  Neo-Babylonian Empire Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus
  
  Median Empire Deioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages
  
  539–331 BCE
  
  Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt (First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt)
  
  Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon
  
  Achaemenid Empire Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III
  
  Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
  
  Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
  
  331–141 BCE
  
  Thirty-second Dynasty of Egypt and Thirty-third Dynasty of Egypt Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Arsinoe $II^♀$ Ptolemy III Euergetes Berenice II $Euergetis^♀$ Ptolemy IV Philopator Arsinoe III $Philopator^♀$ Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I $Syra^♀$ Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor $Soter^♀$ Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra $III^♀$ Ptolemy IX Lathyros Cleopatra $IV^♀$ Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice $III^♀$ Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra $V^♀$ Cleopatra VI $Tryphaena^♀$ Berenice IV $Epiphanea^♀$ Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII $Philopator^♀$ Ptolemy XV Caesarion Arsinoe $IV^♀$
  
  Hellenistic Period Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from BabylonArgead dynasty: Alexander I Philip Alexander II Antigonus
  
  Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes
  
  141–30 BCE
  
  Kingdom of Judea Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome $Alexandra^♀$ Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias
  
  Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus
  
  Parthian Empire Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I
  
  30 BCE–116 CE
  
  Roman Empire
  
  (Roman conquest of Egypt) Province of Egypt
  
  Judea
  
  Syria
  
  116–117 CE
  
  Province of Mesopotamia under Trajan
  
  Parthamaspates of Parthia
  
  117–224 CE
  
  Syria Palaestina
  
  Province of Mesopotamia
  
  Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV
  
  224–270 CE
  
  Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm
  
  270–273 CE
  
  Palmyrene Empire Vaballathus $Zenobia^♀$ Antiochus
  
  273–395 CE
  
  Roman Empire
  
  Province of Egypt
  
  Syria Palaestina
  
  Syria
  
  Province of Mesopotamia
  
  395–618 CE
  
  Byzantine Empire
  
  Byzantine Egypt
  
  Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda
  
  Byzantine Syria
  
  Byzantine Mesopotamia
  
  618–628 CE
  
  (Sasanian conquest of Egypt) Province of Egypt Shahrbaraz Sahralanyozan Shahrbaraz
  
  Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Khosrow II Kavad II
  
  628–641 CE
  
  Byzantine Empire
  
  Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III $Boran^♀$ Shapur-i Shahrvaraz $Azarmidokht^♀$ Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh
  
  Byzantine Egypt
  
  Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda
  
  Byzantine Syria
  
  Byzantine Mesopotamia
  
  639–651 CE
  
  Muslim conquest of Egypt
  
  Muslim conquest of the Levant
  
  Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
  
  Chronology of the Neolithic period
  
  Rulers of Ancient Central Asia
  
  ↑ Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.↑ Hallo, W.; Simpson, W. (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.↑ "Rulers of Mesopotamia". cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.↑ Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Getty Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.↑ Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.1 2 3 Per Sumerian King List↑ Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4. :
  
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