title: Short Seaford
text: # Short Seaford
  
  The Short S.45 Seaford was a 1940s flying boat, designed as a long range maritime patrol bomber for RAF Coastal Command. It was developed from the Short S.25 Sunderland, and initially ordered as "Sunderland Mark IV".
  
  ## Background
  
  In 1942, the Air Ministry issued Specification R.8/42 for a replacement of the Sunderland, as a long range patrol bomber for service in the Pacific Ocean. It required more powerful engines, better defensive armament, and other enhancements.
  
  ## Design and development
  
  The Sunderland Mark IV used major structural elements of the Sunderland Mark III, with a fuselage stretch of 3 ft ahead of the wing, an extended and redesigned planing bottom, the same wing with thicker Duralumin skinning, and Bristol Hercules engines. Further structural changes were made after initial flight tests. The planned armament consisted of two fixed forward-firing .303 inch (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns in the nose, a Brockhouse Engineering nose turret with twin .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns, twin 20 mm Hispano cannon mounted in a Bristol B.17 dorsal turret, twin .50 in (12.7 mm) guns in a Glenn-Martin tail turret, and another .50 in (12.7 mm) machine gun in a hand-held waist position on each side of the fuselage. The turrets were all electrically powered. Two prototypes and thirty production aircraft were ordered as the Sunderland Mark IV.
  
  ## Operational history
  
  On 30 August 1944, the prototype (MZ269) first flew from the River Medway at Rochester. The increased engine power caused aerodynamic stability problems, and a new fin was designed with greater height with forward dorsal extension, plus a new tailplane with increased span and area. Changes were so extensive that the new aircraft was given the name Seaford. Thirty production aircraft were ordered, but the first of these flew in April 1945, well after the introduction of the Sunderland Mark V, and too late to see combat in Europe. The prototypes were powered by Hercules XVII engines of 1,680 hp (1,253 kW), but production aircraft used 1,720 hp (1,283 kW) Hercules XIX engines. The planned Glenn Martin tail turrets were never installed. Eight production Seafords were completed; the first (NJ200) was used for trials at MAEE Felixstowe. The second production Seaford (NJ201) was evaluated by RAF Transport Command, then in December 1945 it was loaned without armament to BOAC as G-AGWU, then returned to MAEE as NJ201 in February 1946. In April 1946, the other six production Seafords were delivered to No. 201 Squadron RAF for brief operational trials. In 1948, those six aircraft were modified as civilian airliners at Belfast, then leased to BOAC with the designation Solent 3.
  
  ## Operators
  
  ### United Kingdom
  
  * British Overseas Airways Corporation
  * Royal Air Force
     * No. 201 Squadron RAF
  
  ## Specifications (S.45 Seaford)
  
  Data from Green 1968, p. 107
  
  General characteristics
  
  * Crew: 8–11 (two pilots, radio operator, navigator, engineer, bomb-aimer, three to five gunners)
  * Length: 88 ft 6+3⁄4 in (26.994 m)
  * Wingspan: 112 ft 9+1⁄2 in (34.379 m)
  * Height: 37 ft 3 in (11.35 m)
  * Wing area: 1,687 sq ft (156.7 $m^2)$
  * Empty weight: 45,000 lb (20,412 kg)
  * Gross weight: 75,000 lb (34,019 kg)
  * Powerplant: 4 × Bristol Hercules XIX 14-cylinder radial engines, 1,720 hp (1,280 kW) each
  
  Performance
  
  * Maximum speed: 242 mph (389 km/h, 210 kn) at 500 ft (150 m)
  * Cruise speed: 155 mph (249 km/h, 135 kn) at 5,000 ft (1,500 m)
  * Range: 3,100 mi (5,000 km, 2,700 nmi)
  * Service ceiling: 14,000 ft (4,300 m)
  * Rate of climb: 880 ft/min (4.5 m/s)
  * Time to altitude: 18 min to 10,000 ft (3,000 m)
  
  Armament
  
  * Guns: 6 × .50 in Browning machine guns (two each in nose and tail turrets and two beam guns), 2 x 20 mm Hispano cannon in dorsal turret and 2 × fixed .303 in Browning machine gun
  * Bombs: 4,960 lb (2,250 kg) of bombs and depth charges
  
  ## Survivor
  
  Short S.45 Seaford NJ203, converted to a Short Solent in 1948, is displayed at the Oakland Aviation Museum, Oakland, California.
  
  