title: Dick White
text: # Dick White
  
  Sir Dick Goldsmith White, KCMG, KBE (20 December 1906 – 21 February 1993) was a British intelligence officer. He was Director General (DG) of MI5 from 1953 to 1956, and Head of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) from 1956 to 1968.
  
  ## Early life
  
  White was born in Tonbridge, Kent, the son of an ironmonger Percy Hall White and Gertrude Farthing and went to school at Bishop's Stortford $College.^{:29}^{:19}$ He took a First Class Degree in History at Christ Church, Oxford in 1927, and learnt to speak $German.^{:29}$ He was athletic in his youth and obtained a blue in running at $Oxford.^{:29}$ He was described by Peter Wright as resembling David Niven: "the same perfect English manners, easy charm, and immaculate dress sense." He was, said Wright, "tall with lean, healthy features and a sharp eye".
  
  He would qualify for a Commonwealth Fellowship in 1928 which saw him seek further education in the United States at the Universities of Michigan and $California.^{:29}$ After returning to the UK, he failed to obtain a position at Christ Church, Oxford and after being rejected by the navy, he obtained work in Croydon as a $teacher.^{:29}$ He was spotted by a recruiter in 1935 while on Mediterranean cruise with his students and invited to an interview with Guy Liddell at $MI5.^{:29}$
  
  ## Career
  
  He was employed at MI5 in 1936 to monitor the rise of Nazism in Germany and spent a year in Munich attempting to recruit $Germans.^{:29}$ When back from Germany, he worked with Jona Ustinov to identify potential recruits. He was a co-creator of the Double-Cross system in 1940, to turn Abwehr agents in the UK and $elsewhere.^{:29}$ He would eventually become Liddell's assistant director in B $Division.^{:29}$ By 1943, he was seconded to SHAEF as a special advisor on counter-intelligence ending the war as a $brigadier.^{:29}$ He was sent to Berlin at the end of the war to investigate Hitler's $fate.^{:29}$
  
  He returned to MI5 in 1947 as head of its counter-intelligence division. In 1949, he was warned by the FBI of a Soviet spy at Harwell, the UK's Atomic Energy Research Establishment. Investigation identified Klaus Fuchs who was later interrogated and confessed to being a spy for the $Soviets.^{:29}$ White and MI5 were still in denial of the state of the Soviet penetration until the FBI discovered a spy via the Venona project called "Homer" working in British $government.^{:29}$ Kim Philby would warn the KGB in 1951, that Donald Maclean, now in the UK, had been identified as "Homer" and Guy Burgess was sent to warn $him.^{:29}$ White attempted to track the latter two to France but they had $escaped.^{:29}$ Their arrival in Moscow compromised Philby's position. Under a cloud of suspicion raised by his highly visible and intimate association with Burgess, Philby returned to $London.^{:29}$ There, he underwent MI5 interrogation by White aimed at ascertaining whether he had acted as a "third man" in Burgess and Maclean's spy $ring.^{:29}$ In July 1951, Philby resigned from MI6, preempting his all-but-inevitable dismissal. Philby was cleared a few years later by Harold $Macmillan.^{:29}$
  
  By 1953, White was appointed as director-general of MI5 and in 1956 was appointed Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service in 1956 in the wake of the "Crabb Affair", the exposure of which had damaged Soviet-British relations and embarrassed MI6 and clashed with Anthony Eden and Macmillan over their handling of the Suez $Crisis.^{:29}$ Much as Peter Wright liked White, he felt his move to MI6 was a mistake for both MI5 and MI6: "Just as his work [at MI5] was beginning, he was moved on a politician's whim to an organisation he knew little about, and which was profoundly hostile to his arrival. He was never to be as successful there as he had been in MI5." During his tenure at MI6, he rebuilt the organisations relationship with Whitehall and the CIA. This was especially true when MI6 recruited Oleg Penkovsky, a GRU Colonel that led to the identification of MI6 officer George Blake in 1963 as Soviet spy.
  
  White had always suspected Kim Philby of being the "third man". When he found out that Philby had been employed as freelance MI6 agent in Beirut, he sent Nicholas Elliott to interrogate Philby and encourage him to return to London. Philby fled to Moscow. By 1964, he was aware of the "Fourth Man" when Anthony Blunt confessed his knowledge of the other three spies for immunity.
  
  At the time, the identity of all MI5 and MI6 personnel was kept secret; officially, the government did not even admit to their existence. White's role as head of MI6 came out in 1967, when he was identified by the Saturday Evening Post magazine. White would retire in 1968 and became the Cabinet Office's first Intelligence Co-ordinator before retiring for good in 1972.
  
  ## Marriage
  
  In 1945, he married Kathleen Bellamy and they had four children, Adrian, Frances, Jenny and $Stephen.^{:29}$
  
  ## Honours
  
  Honoured many times throughout his career, he was given an OBE in 1942, a CBE in 1950, a KBE in 1955, and finally a KCMG in $1960.^{:19}$ Other honours include a Legion of Merit and a Croix de $Guerre.^{:29}$
  
  ## Death
  
  He died after a long illness at his home from intestinal cancer, "The Leat" in Burpham, near Arundel in Sussex, on 21 February 1993; his wife, Kathleen, survived him.
  
  