title: Sistrurus miliarius barbouri
text: # Sistrurus miliarius barbouri
  
  Sistrurus miliarius barbouri is a venomous pit viper subspecies endemic to the southeastern United States.
  
  ## Common names
  
  Common names for S. m. barbouri include Barbour's pygmy rattlesnake, dusky pygmy rattlesnake, Florida ground rattlesnake, ground rattlesnake, hog-nosed rattler, pygmy ground rattlesnake, pygmy rattler, pygmy rattlesnake, small rattlesnake, and southeastern ground rattlesnake.
  
  ## Etymology
  
  The subspecific name, barbouri, is in honor of American herpetologist Thomas Barbour.
  
  ## Description
  
  Adults of S. m. barbouri grow to between 35.5 and 76.0 cm (14.0 and 29.9 in) in total length, which includes the tail (Klauber, 1943). In a study that involved 103 males and 80 females, the average total length was 53.5 cm (21.1 in). Snellings and Collins (1997) reported a specimen measuring 80.3 cm (31.6 in) in total length, but it had been in captivity for over 12 years. The largest reported by Gloyd (1940) was one measuring 63.8 cm (25.1 in) in total length from St. Petersburg, Florida.
  
  Regarding the coloration, this subspecies has dorsal spots that are more rounded, usually has a whitish belly that is heavily flecked or mottled with black or dark brown, and generally has 23 rows of dorsal scales at midbody.
  
  ## Geographic range
  
  This subspecies, S. m. barbouri, is found in the United States from extreme southern South Carolina through southern Georgia, all of Florida, west through southern Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana.
  
  The type locality listed is "Royal Palm Hammock, 12 miles west of Homestead, Dade County, Florida" (USA).
  
  ## Reproduction
  
  Adult females of S. m. barbouri give birth to between 5 and 7 young at a time. In a brood of 8 from Silver Springs, Marion County, Florida, each neonate measured between 157 and 173 mm (6.2 and 6.8 in) in total length.
  
  ## Venom
  
  Wright and Wright (1957) include excerpts from Allen (1938) that describe how an assistant was bitten by S. m. barbouri in the Everglades and suffered severe pain and swelling for about 24 hours despite treatment. Allen also quotes some statistics: according to the Florida Reptile Institute, 28 people were bitten by this subspecies in Florida between 1935 and 1937 with no deaths. Though these bites are painful, they are not considered life-threatening to people or pets.
  
  Brown (1973) gives an average venom yield of 18 mg (dried venom) (Klauber, 1956) and $LD_{50}$ values of 2.8,12.6 mg/kg IV, 6.0,6.8 mg/kg IP and 24.2 mg/kg SC for toxicity.
  
  The venom contain disintegrins, notably barbourin which has a KGD (Lys-Gly-Asp) amino acid motif rather than the more common RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) motif. This single amino acid alteration gives barbourin higher binding affinity for the fibrinogen receptor glycoprotein IIb/IIIa. This receptor plays an important role in the aggregation of platelets, which then leads to the formation of a blood clot – competitive inhibition of this receptor by barbourin will decrease platelet aggregation, and thus reduce clotting.
  
  