title: Superoptimization
text: # Superoptimization
  
  Superoptimization is the process where a compiler automatically finds the optimal sequence for a loop-free sequence of instructions. Real-world compilers generally cannot produce genuinely optimal code, and while most standard compiler optimizations only improve code partly, a superoptimizer's goal is to find the optimal sequence, the canonical form. Superoptimizers can be used to improve conventional optimizers by highlighting missed opportunities so a human can write additional rules.
  
  ## History
  
  The term superoptimization was first coined by Alexia Massalin in the 1987 paper Superoptimizer: A Look at the Smallest Program. The label "program optimization" has been given to a field that does not aspire to optimize but only to improve. This misnomer forced Massalin to call her system a superoptimizer, which is actually an optimizer to find an optimal program.
  
  In 1992, the GNU Superoptimizer (GSO) was developed to integrate into the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). Later work further developed and extended these ideas.
  
  ## Techniques
  
  Traditionally, superoptimizing is performed via exhaustive brute-force search in the space of valid instruction sequences. This is a costly method, and thus impractical for general-purpose compilers. Yet, it has been shown to be useful in optimizing performance-critical inner loops. It is also possible to use a SMT solver to approach the problem, vastly improving the search efficiency (although inputs more complex than a basic block remains out of reach).
  
  In 2001, goal-directed superoptimizing was demonstrated in the Denali project by Compaq research. In 2006, answer set declarative programming was used for superoptimising in the Total Optimisation using Answer Set Technology (TOAST) project at the University of Bath.
  
  Superoptimization can be used to automatically generate general-purpose peephole optimizers.
  
  ## Publicly available superoptimizers
  
  Several superoptimizers are available for free download.
  
  * For the x86 family of instruction sets:
     * GNU superoptimizer (superopt) (GSO) (1992) – also supports many other ISAs
     * STOKE, a stochastic optimizer for x86-64 x86 assembly language.
  * For ARM:
     * Unbounded Superoptimizer, transforming LLVM IR into ARMv7-A assembly
  * For embedded systems:
     * PIC microcontroller SuperOptimizer (2003)
     * A feasibility study by Embecosm (2014) for AVR, based on GSO
  * For the JVM:
     * Clojure superoptimizer for the Java virtual machine (2012)
  * For LLVM IR:
     * souper superoptimizer for programs in the LLVM intermediate language.
  * For WebAssembly
     * slumps provides superoptimization for WASM programs based on souper.
  