title: Hittite rock reliefs
text: # Hittite rock reliefs
  
  Rock reliefs form a large part of the extant artistic remains of the Anatolian Hittite Empire (c. 14th century BC). The reliefs that survive are often located near roads, and in mountainous terrain (over 1000 meters elevation) overlooking plains. They are often near sites with sacred significance both before and after the Hittite period, such as sacred springs, "linking the [Hittite] state's official discourse with the divine beings of [those] places" (Harmanşah 2014).
  
  At Yazılıkaya, just outside the capital of Hattusa, a series of reliefs of Hittite gods in procession decorate open-air "chambers" made by adding barriers among the natural rock formations. The site was apparently a sanctuary, and possibly a burial site, for the commemoration of the ruling dynasty's ancestors.
  
  ## Ancient references
  
  Herodotus, in the Histories (written c. 430 BC), describes the Karabel relief, which he attributes to the legendary Egyptian pharaoh Sesostris:
  
     Also, there are in Ionia two figures of this man [i.e., Sesostris] carved in rock, one on the road from Ephesus to Phocaea, and the other on that from Sardis to Smyrna. In both places, the figure is over twenty feet high, with a spear in his right hand and a bow in his left, and the rest of his equipment proportional; for it is both Egyptian and Ethiopian; and right across the breast from one shoulder to the other a text is cut in the Egyptian sacred characters, saying: “I myself won this land with the strength of my shoulders.” There is nothing here to show who he is and whence he comes, but it is shown elsewhere. Some of those who have seen these figures guess they are Memnon, but they are far indeed from the truth.
  
  ## List of reliefs
  
  * Fıraktın relief
  * Gökbez relief
  * Hanyeri relief
  * Hemite relief
  * İmamkullu relief
  * İvriz relief
  * Karabel relief
  * Karasu relief
  * Manisa relief
  * Taşçı reliefs
  
  ## Gallery
  
  * The Manisa relief (14th? century BC), photographed c. 1900
  * The Manisa relief, photographed 2010
  * The Karabel relief (13th century BC), as drawn by Charles Texier, c. 1840
  * The Karabel relief, photographed 1991
  * The Hanyeri relief (13th century BC), photographed 1995
  * The İmamkullu relief (13th century BC), photographed 2012
  * The Fıraktın relief (13th century BC), photographed 2013
  * The Hemite relief (13th? century BC), photographed 2011
  * The Gökbez relief (8th–7th century BC), photographed 2013
  * Nergal, depicted at Yazılıkaya, photographed 2002
  * The twelve gods of the underworld, depicted at Yazılıkaya
  