title: Mystery-Bouffe
text: # Mystery-Bouffe
  
  Mystery-Bouffe (Russian: Мистерия-Буфф; Misteriya-Buff) is a socialist dramatic play written by Vladimir Mayakovsky in 1918/1921. Mayakovsky stated in a preface to the 1921 edition that "in the future, all persons performing, presenting, reading or publishing Mystery-Bouffe should change the content, making it contemporary, immediate, up-to-the-minute."
  
  ## First version
  
  The play was written for the anniversary of the 1917 revolution, and was accepted by the Central Bureau to be part of the festivities. The title is likely a reference to the opera buffa/opéra bouffe, comic opera genres popular at the time. This original version was directed and produced by Vsevolod Meyerhold, and the art was done by Kazimir Malevich. The premiere was in the Theatre of Musical Drama on November 7, 1918.
  
  Mayakovsky himself played the role of the "simple man", as well as some bit roles including Methuselah and one of the demons. This version of the play lasted three seasons.
  
  ## Second version
  
  After two years, Mayakovsky reworked the text of his play. This second version premiered in the First Theatre of the RSFSR on May 1, 1921. A printed edition of the second version was released in June of that year. This version of the play lasted about 100 shows.
  
  ## Later versions
  
  A 60-minute animated film adaptation of the play was made in 1969, directed by David Cherkasskiy. It was the first animated feature to be made in Ukraine. The Soviet government banned screenings outside of the Ukrainian SSR. In 2015, the director of the film uploaded it to Youtube.
  
  In 2007, after several decades of the play not being seen anywhere, the Moscow A.R.T.O. theatre put on an updated version of the play which was dubbed "Mystery-Bouffe. The Clean Variant", based on the texts of the first and second versions. It premiered in France on May 1, 2007.
  
  ## Characters
  
  * Seven Pairs of the Clean:
  
      1) The Negus of Abyssinia
      2) An Indian Raja
      3) A Turkish Pasha
      4) A Russian Merchant (Speculator)
      5) A Chinese
      6) A Well-fed Persian
      7) Clemenceau
      8) A German
      9) A Russian Priest
      10) An Australian
      11) His Wife
      12) Lloyd George
      13) An American
      14) A Diplomat
  * Seven Pairs of the Unclean:
  
      1) A Soldier of the Red Army
      2) A Lamplighter
      3) A Truckdriver
      4) A Miner
      5) A Carpenter
      6) A Farmhand
      7) A Servant (Female)
      8) A Blacksmith
      9) A Baker
      10) A Laundress
      11) A Seamstress
      12) A Locomotive Engineer
      13) An Eskimo Fisherman
      14) An Eskimo Hunter
  * A Compromiser
  * An Intellectual
  * The Lady with the Hatboxes
  * Devils:
  
      1) Beelzebub
      2) Master-of-ceremonies Devil
      3) First Messenger
      4) Second Messenger
      5) Guard
      6) 20 of the Clean with Horns and Tails
  * Saints:
  
      1) Methuselah
      2) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
      3) Leo Tolstoy
      4) Gabriel
      5) First Angel
      6) Second Angel
      7) Angels.
  * Jehovah
  * Actors of the Promised Land:
  
      1) A Hammer
      2) A Sickle
      3) Machines
      4) Trains
      5) Automobiles
      6) A Carpenter's Plane
      7) Tongs
      8) A Needle
      9) A Saw
      10) Bread
      11) Salt
      12) Sugar
      13) Fabrics
      14) A Boot
      15) A Board and Lever
  * The Man of the Future
  
  ## Settings of the Acts
  
  * - The entire universe.
  * - The Ark.
  * - Hell.
  * - Paradise.
  * - Lord of chaos.
  * - The promised land.
  