title: List of cohomology theories
text: # List of cohomology theories
  
  This is a list of some of the ordinary and generalized (or extraordinary) homology and cohomology theories in algebraic topology that are defined on the categories of CW complexes or spectra. For other sorts of homology theories see the links at the end of this article.
  
  ## Notation
  
  * S = π = $S^0$ is the sphere spectrum.
  * $S^n$ is the spectrum of the n-dimensional sphere
  * $S^nY$ = $S^n∧Y$ is the nth suspension of a spectrum Y.
  * [X,Y] is the abelian group of morphisms from the spectrum X to the spectrum Y, given (roughly) as homotopy classes of maps.
  * $[X,Y]_n$ = $[S^nX,Y]$
  * $[X,Y]_*$ is the graded abelian group given as the sum of the groups $[X,Y]_n.$
  * $π_n(X)$ = $[S^n,$ X] = [S, $X]_n$ is the nth stable homotopy group of X.
  * $π_*(X)$ is the sum of the groups $π_n(X),$ and is called the coefficient ring of X when X is a ring spectrum.
  * X∧Y is the smash product of two spectra.
  
  If X is a spectrum, then it defines generalized homology and cohomology theories on the category of spectra as follows.
  
  * $X_n(Y)$ = [S, $X∧Y]_n$ = $[S^n,$ X∧Y] is the generalized homology of Y,
  * $X^n(Y)$ = [Y, $X]_{−n}$ = $[S^{−n}Y,$ X] is the generalized cohomology of Y
  
  ## Ordinary homology theories
  
  These are the theories satisfying the "dimension axiom" of the Eilenberg–Steenrod axioms that the homology of a point vanishes in dimension other than 0. They are determined by an abelian coefficient group G, and denoted by H(X, G) (where G is sometimes omitted, especially if it is Z). Usually G is the integers, the rationals, the reals, the complex numbers, or the integers mod a prime p.
  
  The cohomology functors of ordinary cohomology theories are represented by Eilenberg–MacLane spaces.
  
  On simplicial complexes, these theories coincide with singular homology and cohomology.
  
  ### Homology and cohomology with integer coefficients.
  
  Spectrum: H (Eilenberg–MacLane spectrum of the integers.)
  
  Coefficient ring: $π_n(H)$ = Z if n = 0, 0 otherwise.
  
  The original homology theory.
  
  ### Homology and cohomology with rational (or real or complex) coefficients.
  
  Spectrum: HQ (Eilenberg–Mac Lane spectrum of the rationals.)
  
  Coefficient ring: $π_n(HQ)$ = Q if n = 0, 0 otherwise.
  
  These are the easiest of all homology theories. The homology groups $HQ_n(X)$ are often denoted by $H_n(X,$ Q). The homology groups H(X, Q), H(X, R), H(X, C) with rational, real, and complex coefficients are all similar, and are used mainly when torsion is not of interest (or too complicated to work out). The Hodge decomposition writes the complex cohomology of a complex projective variety as a sum of sheaf cohomology groups.
  
  ### Homology and cohomology with mod p coefficients.
  
  Spectrum: $HZ_p$ (Eilenberg–Maclane spectrum of the integers mod p.)
  
  Coefficient ring: $π_n(HZ_p)$ = $Z_p$ (Integers mod p) if n = 0, 0 otherwise.
  
  ## K-theories
  
  The simpler K-theories of a space are often related to vector bundles over the space, and different sorts of K-theories correspond to different structures that can be put on a vector bundle.
  
  ### Real K-theory
  
  Spectrum: KO
  
  Coefficient ring: The coefficient groups $π_i(KO)$ have period 8 in i, given by the sequence Z, $Z_2,$ $Z_2,0,$ Z, 0, 0, 0, repeated. As a ring, it is generated by a class η in degree 1, a class $x_4$ in degree 4, and an invertible class $v_1^4$ in degree 8, subject to the relations that 2η = $η^3$ = $ηx_4$ = 0, and $x_4^2$ = $4v_1^4.$
  
  $KO^0(X)$ is the ring of stable equivalence classes of real vector bundles over X. Bott periodicity implies that the K-groups have period 8.
  
  ### Complex K-theory
  
  Spectrum: KU (even terms BU or Z × BU, odd terms U).
  
  Coefficient ring: The coefficient ring $K^*(point)$ is the ring of Laurent polynomials in a generator of degree 2.
  
  $K^0(X)$ is the ring of stable equivalence classes of complex vector bundles over X. Bott periodicity implies that the K-groups have period 2.
  
  ### Quaternionic K-theory
  
  Spectrum: KSp
  
  Coefficient ring: The coefficient groups $π_i(KSp)$ have period 8 in i, given by the sequence Z, 0, 0, 0,Z, $Z_2,$ $Z_2,0,$ repeated.
  
  $KSp^0(X)$ is the ring of stable equivalence classes of quaternionic vector bundles over X. Bott periodicity implies that the K-groups have period 8.
  
  ### K theory with coefficients
  
  Spectrum: KG
  
  G is some abelian group; for example the localization $Z_{(p)}$ at the prime p. Other K-theories can also be given coefficients.
  
  ### Self conjugate K-theory
  
  Spectrum: KSC
  
  Coefficient ring: to be written...
  
  The coefficient groups $\pi _{i}$(KSC) have period 4 in i, given by the sequence Z, $Z_2,$ 0, Z, repeated. Introduced by Donald W. Anderson in his unpublished 1964 University of California, Berkeley Ph.D. dissertation, "A new cohomology theory".
  
  ### Connective K-theories
  
  Spectrum: ku for connective K-theory, ko for connective real K-theory.
  
  Coefficient ring: For ku, the coefficient ring is the ring of polynomials over Z on a single class $v_1$ in dimension 2. For ko, the coefficient ring is the quotient of a polynomial ring on three generators, η in dimension 1, $x_4$ in dimension 4, and $v_1^4$ in dimension 8, the periodicity generator, modulo the relations that 2η = 0, $x_4^2$ = $4v_1^4,$ $η^3$ = 0, and ηx = 0.
  
  Roughly speaking, this is K-theory with the negative dimensional parts killed off.
  
  ### KR-theory
  
  This is a cohomology theory defined for spaces with involution, from which many of the other K-theories can be derived.
  
  ## Bordism and cobordism theories
  
  Cobordism studies manifolds, where a manifold is regarded as "trivial" if it is the boundary of another compact manifold. The cobordism classes of manifolds form a ring that is usually the coefficient ring of some generalized cohomology theory. There are many such theories, corresponding roughly to the different structures that one can put on a manifold.
  
  The functors of cobordism theories are often represented by Thom spaces of certain groups.
  
  ### Stable homotopy and cohomotopy
  
  Spectrum: S (sphere spectrum).
  
  Coefficient ring: The coefficient groups $π_n(S)$ are the stable homotopy groups of spheres, which are notoriously hard to compute or understand for n > 0. (For n < 0 they vanish, and for n = 0 the group is Z.)
  
  Stable homotopy is closely related to cobordism of framed manifolds (manifolds with a trivialization of the normal bundle).
  
  ### Unoriented cobordism
  
  Spectrum: MO (Thom spectrum of orthogonal group)
  
  Coefficient ring: $π_*(MO)$ is the ring of cobordism classes of unoriented manifolds, and is a polynomial ring over the field with 2 elements on generators of degree i for every i not of the form $2^n−1.$ That is: $\mathbb {Z} _{2}[x_{2},x_{4},x_{5},x_{6},x_{8}\cdots ]$ where $x_{2n}$ can be represented by the classes of $\mathbb {RP} ^{2n}$ while for odd indices one can use appropriate Dold manifolds.
  
  Unoriented bordism is 2-torsion, since 2M is the boundary of $M\times I$.
  
  MO is a rather weak cobordism theory, as the spectrum MO is isomorphic to $H(π_*(MO))$ ("homology with coefficients in $π_*(MO)")$ – MO is a product of Eilenberg–MacLane spectra. In other words, the corresponding homology and cohomology theories are no more powerful than homology and cohomology with coefficients in Z/2Z. This was the first cobordism theory to be described completely.
  
  ### Complex cobordism
  
  Spectrum: MU (Thom spectrum of unitary group)
  
  Coefficient ring: $π_*(MU)$ is the polynomial ring on generators of degree 2, 4, 6, 8, ... and is naturally isomorphic to Lazard's universal ring, and is the cobordism ring of stably almost complex manifolds.
  
  ### Oriented cobordism
  
  Spectrum: MSO (Thom spectrum of special orthogonal group)
  
  Coefficient ring: The oriented cobordism class of a manifold is completely determined by its characteristic numbers: its Stiefel–Whitney numbers and Pontryagin numbers, but the overall coefficient ring, denoted $\Omega _{*}=\Omega (*)=MSO(*)$ is quite complicated. Rationally, and at 2 (corresponding to Pontryagin and Stiefel–Whitney classes, respectively), MSO is a product of Eilenberg–MacLane spectra – $MSO_{\mathbf {Q} }=H(\pi _{*}(MSO_{\mathbf {Q} }))$ and $MSO[2]=H(\pi _{*}(MSO[2]))$ – but at odd primes it is not, and the structure is complicated to describe. The ring has been completely described integrally, due to work of John Milnor, Boris Averbuch, Vladimir Rokhlin, and C. T. C. Wall.
  
  ### Special unitary cobordism
  
  Spectrum: MSU (Thom spectrum of special unitary group)
  
  Coefficient ring:
  
  ### Spin cobordism (and variants)
  
  Spectrum: MSpin (Thom spectrum of spin group)
  
  Coefficient ring: See (D. W. Anderson, E. H. Brown & F. P. Peterson 1967).
  
  ### Symplectic cobordism
  
  Spectrum: MSp (Thom spectrum of symplectic group)
  
  Coefficient ring:
  
  ### PL cobordism and topological cobordism
  
  Spectrum: MPL, MSPL, MTop, MSTop
  
  Coefficient ring:
  
  The definition is similar to cobordism, except that one uses piecewise linear or topological instead of smooth manifolds, either oriented or unoriented. The coefficient rings are complicated.
  
  ### Brown–Peterson cohomology
  
  Spectrum: BP
  
  Coefficient ring: $π_*(BP)$ is a polynomial algebra over $Z_{(p)}$ on generators $v_n$ of dimension $2(p^n$ − 1) for n ≥ 1.
  
  Brown–Peterson cohomology BP is a summand of $MU_p,$ which is complex cobordism MU localized at a prime p. In fact $MU_{(p)}$ is a sum of suspensions of BP.
  
  ### Morava K-theory
  
  Spectrum: K(n) (They also depend on a prime p.)
  
  Coefficient ring: $F_p[v_n,$ $v_n^{−1}],$ where $v_n$ has degree $2(p^n$ -1).
  
  These theories have period $2(p^n$ − 1). They are named after Jack Morava.
  
  ### Johnson–Wilson theory
  
  Spectrum E(n)
  
  Coefficient ring $Z_{(2)}[v_1,$ ..., $v_n,$ $1/v_n]$ where $v_i$ has degree $2(2^i−1)$
  
  ### String cobordism
  
  Spectrum:
  
  Coefficient ring:
  
  ## Theories related to elliptic curves
  
  ### Elliptic cohomology
  
  Spectrum: Ell
  
  ### Topological modular forms
  
  Spectra: tmf, TMF (previously called $eo_2.)$
  
  The coefficient ring $π_*(tmf)$ is called the ring of topological modular forms. TMF is tmf with the 24th power of the modular form Δ inverted, and has period $24^2=576.$ At the prime p = 2, the completion of tmf is the spectrum $eo_2,$ and the K(2)-localization of tmf is the Hopkins-Miller Higher Real K-theory spectrum $EO_2.$
  
  