title: N = 2 superconformal algebra
text: # N = 2 superconformal algebra
  
  In mathematical physics, the 2D N = 2 superconformal algebra is an infinite-dimensional Lie superalgebra, related to supersymmetry, that occurs in string theory and two-dimensional conformal field theory. It has important applications in mirror symmetry. It was introduced by M. Ademollo, L. Brink, and A. D'Adda et al. (1976) as a gauge algebra of the U(1) fermionic string.
  
  ## Definition
  
  There are two slightly different ways to describe the N = 2 superconformal algebra, called the N = 2 Ramond algebra and the N = 2 Neveu–Schwarz algebra, which are isomorphic (see below) but differ in the choice of standard basis. The N = 2 superconformal algebra is the Lie superalgebra with basis of even elements c, $L_n,$ $J_n,$ for n an integer, and odd elements $G^+$ $_r,$ $G^−$ $_r,$ where $r\in {\mathbb {Z} }$ (for the Ramond basis) or r∈ 1/2+Z{\textstyle r\in {1 \over 2}+{\mathbb {Z} }} (for the Neveu–Schwarz basis) defined by the following relations:
  
         c is in the center
         $[L_{m},L_{n}]=\left(m-n\right)L_{m+n}+{c \over 12}\left(m^{3}-m\right)\delta _{m+n,0}$
         $[L_{m},\,J_{n}]=-nJ_{m+n}$
         $[J_{m},J_{n}]={c \over 3}m\delta _{m+n,0}$
         $\{G_{r}^{+},G_{s}^{-}\}=L_{r+s}+{1 \over 2}\left(r-s\right)J_{r+s}+{c \over 6}\left(r^{2}-{1 \over 4}\right)\delta _{r+s,0}$
         $\{G_{r}^{+},G_{s}^{+}\}=0=\{G_{r}^{-},G_{s}^{-}\}$
         $[L_{m},G_{r}^{\pm }]=\left({m \over 2}-r\right)G_{r+m}^{\pm }$
         $[J_{m},G_{r}^{\pm }]=\pm G_{m+r}^{\pm }$
  
  If $r,s\in {\mathbb {Z} }$ in these relations, this yields the N = 2 Ramond algebra; while if r, s∈ 1/2+Z{\textstyle r, s\in {1 \over 2}+{\mathbb {Z} }} are half-integers, it gives the N = 2 Neveu–Schwarz algebra. The operators $L_{n}$ generate a Lie subalgebra isomorphic to the Virasoro algebra. Together with the operators $G_{r}=G_{r}^{+}+G_{r}^{-}$, they generate a Lie superalgebra isomorphic to the super Virasoro algebra, giving the Ramond algebra if $r,s$ are integers and the Neveu–Schwarz algebra otherwise. When represented as operators on a complex inner product space, $c$ is taken to act as multiplication by a real scalar, denoted by the same letter and called the central charge, and the adjoint structure is as follows:
  
      ${L_{n}^{*}=L_{-n},\,\,J_{m}^{*}=J_{-m},\,\,(G_{r}^{\pm })^{*}=G_{-r}^{\mp },\,\,c^{*}=c}$
  
  ## Properties
  
  * The N = 2 Ramond and Neveu–Schwarz algebras are isomorphic by the spectral shift isomorphism $\alpha$ of Schwimmer & Seiberg (1987): $\alpha (L_{n})=L_{n}+{1 \over 2}J_{n}+{c \over 24}\delta _{n,0}$ $\alpha (J_{n})=J_{n}+{c \over 6}\delta _{n,0}$ $\alpha (G_{r}^{\pm })=G_{r\pm {1 \over 2}}^{\pm }$ with inverse: $\alpha ^{-1}(L_{n})=L_{n}-{1 \over 2}J_{n}+{c \over 24}\delta _{n,0}$ $\alpha ^{-1}(J_{n})=J_{n}-{c \over 6}\delta _{n,0}$ $\alpha ^{-1}(G_{r}^{\pm })=G_{r\mp {1 \over 2}}^{\pm }$
  * In the N = 2 Ramond algebra, the zero mode operators $L_{0}$, $J_{0}$, $G_{0}^{\pm }$ and the constants form a five-dimensional Lie superalgebra. They satisfy the same relations as the fundamental operators in Kähler geometry, with $L_{0}$ corresponding to the Laplacian, $J_{0}$ the degree operator, and $G_{0}^{\pm }$ the $\partial$ and ${\overline {\partial }}$ operators.
  * Even integer powers of the spectral shift give automorphisms of the N = 2 superconformal algebras, called spectral shift automorphisms. Another automorphism $\beta$, of period two, is given by $\beta (L_{m})=L_{m},$ $\beta (J_{m})=-J_{m}-{c \over 3}\delta _{m,0},$ $\beta (G_{r}^{\pm })=G_{r}^{\mp }$ In terms of Kähler operators, $\beta$ corresponds to conjugating the complex structure. Since $\beta \alpha \beta ^{-1}=\alpha ^{-1}$, the automorphisms $\alpha ^{2}$ and $\beta$ generate a group of automorphisms of the N = 2 superconformal algebra isomorphic to the infinite dihedral group ${\mathbb {Z} }\rtimes {\mathbb {Z} }_{2}$.
  * Twisted operators $L_n=L_n+1/2$ $(n+1)J_n{\textstyle$ {\mathcal {L}}_{n}=L_{n}+{1 \over 2}(n+1)J_{n}} were introduced by Eguchi & Yang (1990) and satisfy: $[{\mathcal {L}}_{m},{\mathcal {L}}_{n}]=(m-n){\mathcal {L}}_{m+n}$ so that these operators satisfy the Virasoro relation with central charge 0. The constant $c$ still appears in the relations for $J_{m}$ and the modified relations $[{\mathcal {L}}_{m},J_{n}]=-nJ_{m+n}+{c \over 6}\left(m^{2}+m\right)\delta _{m+n,0}$ $\{G_{r}^{+},G_{s}^{-}\}=2{\mathcal {L}}_{r+s}-2sJ_{r+s}+{c \over 3}\left(m^{2}+m\right)\delta _{m+n,0}$
  
  ## Constructions
  
  ### Free field construction
  
  Green, Schwarz & Witten (1988) harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFGreenSchwarzWitten1988 (help) give a construction using two commuting real bosonic fields $(a_{n})$, $(b_{n})$
  
      ${[a_{m},a_{n}]={m \over 2}\delta _{m+n,0},\,\,\,\,[b_{m},b_{n}]={m \over 2}\delta _{m+n,0}},\,\,\,\,a_{n}^{*}=a_{-n},\,\,\,\,b_{n}^{*}=b_{-n}$
  
  and a complex fermionic field $(e_{r})$
  
      $\{e_{r},e_{s}^{*}\}=\delta _{r,s},\,\,\,\,\{e_{r},e_{s}\}=0.$
  
  $L_{n}$ is defined to the sum of the Virasoro operators naturally associated with each of the three systems
  
      $L_{n}=\sum _{m}:a_{-m+n}a_{m}:+\sum _{m}:b_{-m+n}b_{m}:+\sum _{r}\left(r+{n \over 2}\right):e_{r}^{*}e_{n+r}:$
  
  where normal ordering has been used for bosons and fermions.
  
  The current operator $J_{n}$ is defined by the standard construction from fermions
  
      $J_{n}=\sum _{r}:e_{r}^{*}e_{n+r}:$
  
  and the two supersymmetric operators $G_{r}^{\pm }$ by
  
      $G_{r}^{+}=\sum (a_{-m}+ib_{-m})\cdot e_{r+m},\,\,\,\,G_{r}^{-}=\sum (a_{r+m}-ib_{r+m})\cdot e_{m}^{*}$
  
  This yields an N = 2 Neveu–Schwarz algebra with c = 3.
  
  ### SU(2) supersymmetric coset construction
  
  Di Vecchia et al. (1986) gave a coset construction of the N = 2 superconformal algebras, generalizing the coset constructions of Goddard, Kent & Olive (1986) for the discrete series representations of the Virasoro and super Virasoro algebra. Given a representation of the affine Kac–Moody algebra of SU(2) at level $\ell$ with basis $E_{n},F_{n},H_{n}$ satisfying
  
      $[H_{m},H_{n}]=2m\ell \delta _{n+m,0},$
      $[E_{m},F_{n}]=H_{m+n}+m\ell \delta _{m+n,0},$
      $[H_{m},E_{n}]=2E_{m+n},$
      $[H_{m},F_{n}]=-2F_{m+n},$
  
  the supersymmetric generators are defined by
  
      $G_{r}^{+}=(\ell /2+1)^{-1/2}\sum E_{-m}\cdot e_{m+r},\,\,\,G_{r}^{-}=(\ell /2+1)^{-1/2}\sum F_{r+m}\cdot e_{m}^{*}.$
  
  This yields the N=2 superconformal algebra with
  
      $c=3\ell /(\ell +2).$
  
  The algebra commutes with the bosonic operators
  
      $X_{n}=H_{n}-2\sum _{r}:e_{r}^{*}e_{n+r}:.$
  
  The space of physical states consists of eigenvectors of $X_{0}$ simultaneously annihilated by the $X_{n}$'s for positive $n$ and the supercharge operator
  
      $Q=G_{1/2}^{+}+G_{-1/2}^{-}$ (Neveu–Schwarz)
      $Q=G_{0}^{+}+G_{0}^{-}.$ (Ramond)
  
  The supercharge operator commutes with the action of the affine Weyl group and the physical states lie in a single orbit of this group, a fact which implies the Weyl-Kac character formula.
  
  ### Kazama–Suzuki supersymmetric coset construction
  
  Kazama & Suzuki (1989) generalized the SU(2) coset construction to any pair consisting of a simple compact Lie group $G$ and a closed subgroup $H$ of maximal rank, i.e. containing a maximal torus $T$ of $G$, with the additional condition that the dimension of the centre of $H$ is non-zero. In this case the compact Hermitian symmetric space $G/H$ is a Kähler manifold, for example when $H=T$. The physical states lie in a single orbit of the affine Weyl group, which again implies the Weyl–Kac character formula for the affine Kac–Moody algebra of $G$.
  
  