title: Black Crow Limestone
text: # Black Crow Limestone
  
  The Black Crow Limestone is an Early Eocene (Late Ypresian to Early Lutetian) geologic formation in the Sperrgebiet, ǁKaras Region of southwestern Namibia. The limestones of the approximately 10 metres (33 ft) thin formation were deposited in a lacustrine to paludal environment. The formation provides many fossil mammals and amphibians, reptiles, fresh water snails and fish.
  
  ## Description
  
  The type locality of Black Crow lies a few km north-east of Bogenfels Ghost Town, in the central part of the Tsau//Khaeb National Park (old name – Sperrgebiet) in Namibia. The Black Crow Limestone with a total thickness of about 10 metres (33 ft), is an Early Eocene stratigraphic unit of the Sperrgebiet that was formed in a small basin cutting into the dolomites of the Proterozoic Gariep Group. The top of the formation is formed by an erosional unconformity at the base of the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene Blaubok Conglomerate. The fauna from the Black Crow Limestone, especially the arsinoithere Namatherium blackcrowense and the reithroparamyid rodent Namaparamys inexpectatus indicate a Late Ypresian or Early Lutetian age for the deposits. The limestones are likely to be older than 42.5 Ma on the basis of radio-isotopic dates obtained from phonolite cobbles reworked from lavas considered to have erupted later than the limestone deposition. The carbonates could be as old as 47 ± 1 Ma, i.e. Late Ypresian to Early Lutetian.
  
  Abundant pedotubules in the formation suggest accumulation in a swampy setting. There is a 20 centimetres (7.9 in) thick bed of carbonatite breccia intercalated in the fossiliferous limestone which indicates that carbonate deposition occurred contemporaneously with volcanic activity at the Ystervark Carbonatite Centre 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to the east of Black Crow, and other volcanoes in the region, which periodically injected vast quantities of carbonate into the sub-aerial terrestrial ecosystem.
  
  ## Fossil content
  
  Various fossils have been recovered from the formation. The fossil land snails from the Black Crow Limestone, even though they are not very diverse, show biogeographic affinities with present-day southwestern Africa (Western Cape in South Africa and Western Namibia) and they suggest that at the time of deposition, the region lay within a zone of summer rainfall rather than winter rainfall. The paleoclimate has been interpreted as hot and humid, contrasting with the arid desert of today.
  
  The following fossils are reported from the formation:
  
  ### Mammals
  
  * Diamantochloris inconcessus - lower molars, maxillary fragments with premolars and molars
  * Glibia namibiensis
  * Namahyrax corvus - skull, mandible, isolated teeth
  * Namalestes gheerbranti - isolated teeth and maxilla
  * Namaparamys inexpectatus - isolated molar, premolar, calcaneum
  * Namatherium blackcrowense - skull
  * Notnamaia bogenfelsi - maxilla
  * Tsaukhaebmys calcareus - isolated teeth, mandible, post-cranial bones
  * Zegdoumys namibiensis - upper molar
  * Pterodon sp. - mandible
  * cf. Propottininae indet.
  * Proviverrinae - deciduous tooth
  * Adapidae - mandible, isolated teeth
  * Erinaceidae indet. - isolated tooth
  * Macroscelididae indet.
  * ?Xenarthra - phalanx
  * zalambdodont - tiny mandible
  
  ### Amphibians
  
  * Pipidae - radio-ulna
  
  ### Reptiles
  
  * Amphisbaenia - vertebrae, mandibles, premaxilla, maxilla
  * Crocodylia - maxilla fragment, teeth and vertebra
  * Ophidae - fang, vertebrae
  * Scincidae - mandibles and post-cranial elements
  
  ### Fish
  
  * cf. Alestes sp. - isolated tricuspid tooth
  * Hydrocynus sp. - isolated tooth
  * Cichlidae - button-shaped teeth
  
  ### Snails
  
  * Dorcasia sp. - many shells
  * Trigonephrus sp.
  * cf. Subulinidae indet. - poorly preserved shells
  