title: Living Oracles
text: # Living Oracles
  
  The Living Oracles is a translation of the New Testament compiled and edited by the early Restoration Movement leader Alexander $Campbell.^{:87–88}$ Published in 1826, it was based on an 1818 combined edition of translations by George Campbell, James MacKnight and Philip Doddridge, and included edits and extensive notes by $Campbell.^{:87–88}^{:122}$
  
  ## Characteristics
  
  Campbell was motivated by a belief that changes in the English language and the availability of improved critical editions of the Greek New Testament had made the Authorized King James Version $obsolete.^{:88}$ In developing the translation, Campbell relied on the critical Greek text published by Johann Jakob Griesbach. One notable feature of the translation is the replacement of traditional ecclesiastical terms such as "church" and "baptise" with alternative translations such as "congregation" and $"immerse".^{:88}$ The Living Oracles has been described as a forerunner of modern language translations in its updating of the traditional King James language and use of the work of textual critics such as $Griesbach.^{:88}$
  
  ## Reception
  
  The translation was widely used within the Restoration Movement, but was criticized by others for its translation of βαπτίζω (baptizô) as "immerse" rather than $"baptize".^{:88}$ Because of the way this word was translated, the Living Oracles was most often used by those who believed in immersion baptism and most vigorously criticized by groups practicing infant baptism by $sprinkling.^{:88}$
  
  