title: Bragg plane
text: # Bragg plane
  
  In physics, a Bragg plane is a plane in reciprocal space which bisects a reciprocal lattice vector, $\scriptstyle \mathbf {K}$, at right angles. The Bragg plane is defined as part of the Von Laue condition for diffraction peaks in x-ray diffraction crystallography.
  
  Considering the adjacent diagram, the arriving x-ray plane wave is defined by:
  
      $e^{i\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} }=\cos {(\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} )}+i\sin {(\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} )}$
  
  Where $\scriptstyle \mathbf {k}$ is the incident wave vector given by:
  
      $\mathbf {k} ={\frac {2\pi }{\lambda }}{\hat {n}}$
  
  where $\scriptstyle \lambda$ is the wavelength of the incident photon. While the Bragg formulation assumes a unique choice of direct lattice planes and specular reflection of the incident X-rays, the Von Laue formula only assumes monochromatic light and that each scattering center acts as a source of secondary wavelets as described by the Huygens principle. Each scattered wave contributes to a new plane wave given by:
  
      $\mathbf {k^{\prime }} ={\frac {2\pi }{\lambda }}{\hat {n}}^{\prime }$
  
  The condition for constructive interference in the $\scriptstyle {\hat {n}}^{\prime }$ direction is that the path difference between the photons is an integer multiple (m) of their wavelength. We know then that for constructive interference we have:
  
      $|\mathbf {d} |\cos {\theta }+|\mathbf {d} |\cos {\theta ^{\prime }}=\mathbf {d} \cdot \left({\hat {n}}-{\hat {n}}^{\prime }\right)=m\lambda$
  
  where $\scriptstyle m~\in ~\mathbb {Z}$. Multiplying the above by $\scriptstyle {\frac {2\pi }{\lambda }}$ we formulate the condition in terms of the wave vectors, $\scriptstyle \mathbf {k}$ and $\scriptstyle \mathbf {k^{\prime }}$:
  
      $\mathbf {d} \cdot \left(\mathbf {k} -\mathbf {k^{\prime }} \right)=2\pi m$
  
  Now consider that a crystal is an array of scattering centres, each at a point in the Bravais lattice. We can set one of the scattering centres as the origin of an array. Since the lattice points are displaced by the Bravais lattice vectors, $\scriptstyle \mathbf {R}$, scattered waves interfere constructively when the above condition holds simultaneously for all values of $\scriptstyle \mathbf {R}$ which are Bravais lattice vectors, the condition then becomes:
  
      $\mathbf {R} \cdot \left(\mathbf {k} -\mathbf {k^{\prime }} \right)=2\pi m$
  
  An equivalent statement (see mathematical description of the reciprocal lattice) is to say that:
  
      $e^{i\left(\mathbf {k} -\mathbf {k^{\prime }} \right)\cdot \mathbf {R} }=1$
  
  By comparing this equation with the definition of a reciprocal lattice vector, we see that constructive interference occurs if $\scriptstyle \mathbf {K} ~=~\mathbf {k} \,-\,\mathbf {k^{\prime }}$ is a vector of the reciprocal lattice. We notice that $\scriptstyle \mathbf {k}$ and $\scriptstyle \mathbf {k^{\prime }}$ have the same magnitude, we can restate the Von Laue formulation as requiring that the tip of incident wave vector, $\scriptstyle \mathbf {k}$, must lie in the plane that is a perpendicular bisector of the reciprocal lattice vector, $\scriptstyle \mathbf {K}$. This reciprocal space plane is the Bragg plane.
  
  