title: Voiceless alveolar tap and flap
text: # Voiceless alveolar tap and flap
  
  The voiceless alveolar tap or flap is rare as a phoneme. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɾ̥⟩, a combination of the letter for the voiced alveolar tap/flap and a diacritic indicating voicelessness. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is 4_0.
  
  The voiceless alveolar tapped fricative reported from some languages is actually a very brief voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative.
  
  ## Features
  
  Features of the voiceless alveolar tap or flap:
  
  * Its manner of articulation is tap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that the tongue makes very brief contact.
  * Its place of articulation is dental or alveolar, which means it is articulated behind upper front teeth or at the alveolar ridge. It is most often apical, which means that it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.
  * Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  * It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  * It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  * The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
  
  ## Occurrence
  
  ### Alveolar
  
  | Language | Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
  | - | - | - | - | - | - |
  | Bengali | Bengali | আবার | [ˈäbäɾ̥] | 'again' | Possible allophone of /ɹ/ in the syllable coda. See Bengali phonology |
  | English | English | throw | [θɾ̪̊oʊ] | 'throw' | Allophone of /ɹ/ after /θ/. |
  | Greek | Cypriot | αρφός | [ɐɾ̥ˈfo̞s] | 'brother' | Allophone of /ɾ/ before voiceless consonants. May be a voiceless alveolar trill instead |
  | Icelandic | Icelandic | hrafn | [ˈɾ̥apn̪̊] | 'raven' | Realization of /r̥/ for some speakers. Also illustrates /n̥/. See Icelandic phonology |
  | Portuguese | European | assar | [əˈsäɾ̥] | 'to bake' | Apparent allophone of /ɾ/; distribution unclear, but common in the coda in Jesus (2001)'s corpus. See Portuguese phonology |
  | Turkish | Turkish | bir | [biɾ̝̊] | 'one' | /ɾ/ is frequently devoiced word-finally and before a voiceless consonant. See Turkish phonology |
  