title: 1917 in science
text: # 1917 in science
  
  The year 1917 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
  
  ## Biology
  
  * D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson's On Growth and Form is published.
  
  ## Mathematics
  
  * Paul Ehrenfest gives a conditional principle for a three-dimensional space.
  
  ## Medicine
  
  * Shinobu Ishihara publishes his color perception test.
  * Julius Wagner-Jauregg discovers malarial pyrotherapy for general paresis of the insane.
  
  ## Physics
  
  * Albert Einstein introduces the idea of stimulated radiation emission.
  * Nuclear fission: Ernest Rutherford (at the Victoria University of Manchester) achieves nuclear transmutation of nitrogen into oxygen, using alpha particles directed at nitrogen $^{14}N$ + α → $^{17}O$ + p, the first observation of a nuclear reaction, in which he also discovers and names the proton.
  
  ## Technology
  
  * September 13 – Release in the United States of the first film made in Technicolor System 1, a two-color process, The Gulf Between.
  * Alvin D. and Kelvin Keech introduce the "banjulele-banjo", an early form of the banjolele.
  * Gilbert Vernam jointly reinvents the one-time pad encryption system.
  
  ## Awards
  
  * Nobel Prize
     * Physics – Charles Glover Barkla (announced 12 November 1918; presented 1 June 1920)
     * Chemistry – not awarded
     * Medicine – not awarded
  
  ## Births
  
  * January 19 – Graham Higman (died 2008), English mathematician.
  * January 25 – Ilya Prigogine (died 2003), Russian-born winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
  * February 14 – Herbert A. Hauptman (died 2011), American mathematical biophysicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
  * March 23 – Howard McKern (died 2009), Australian analytical and organic chemist.
  * March 24 – John Kendrew (died 1997), English molecular biologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
  * April 10 – Robert Burns Woodward (died 1979), American organic chemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
  * April 18 – Brian Harold Mason (died 2009), New Zealand born geochemist and mineralogist who was one of the pioneers in the study of meteorites.
  * May 14 – W. T. Tutte (died 2002), English-born mathematician and cryptanalyst.
  * June 1 – William S. Knowles (died 2012), American winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
  * June 2 – Heinz Sielmann (died 2006), German zoological filmmaker.
  * June 15 – John Fenn (died 2010), American analytical chemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
  * July 1 – Humphry Osmond (died 2004), English-born psychiatrist.
  * July 15 – Walter S. Graf (died 2015), American cardiologist and pioneer of paramedic emergency medical services.
  * July 22 – H. Boyd Woodruff (died 2017), American microbiologist.
  * August 21 – Xu Shunshou (died 1968), Chinese aeronautical engineer.
  * September 23 – Asima Chatterjee, née Mookerjee (died 2006), Indian organic chemist.
  * October 2 – Christian de Duve (died 2013), English-born Belgian biologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
  * October 8 – Rodney Porter (died 1985), English biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
  * November 22 – Andrew Huxley (died 2012), English winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
  * December 9 – James Rainwater (died 1986), American winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
  * December 16 – Arthur C. Clarke (died 2008), English-born science fiction author and inventor.
  * December 20 – David Bohm (died 1992), American-born theoretical physicist, philosopher and neuropsychologist.
  
  ## Deaths
  
  * February 11 – Laura Forster (born 1858), Australian physician, died on war service.
  * March 8 – Ferdinand von Zeppelin (born 1838), German founder of the Zeppelin airship company.
  * March 31 – Emil von Behring (born 1854), German physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901.
  * July 27 – Emil Theodor Kocher (born 1841), Swiss surgeon, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1909.
  * August 3 – Ferdinand Georg Frobenius (born 1849), German mathematician.
  * December 17 – Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (born 1836), English physician.
  