title: Sierra Otomi
text: # Sierra Otomi
  
  Sierra Otomi a.k.a. Highland Otomi (Otomi de la Sierra) is a dialect cluster of the Otomi language spoken in Mexico by ca. 70,000 people in the highlands of Eastern Hidalgo, Western Veracruz and Northern Puebla. The speakers themselves call the language Yųhų (Eastern Highland) or Ñųhų (Texcatepec and Tenango). Lastra 2001 classifies it as an Eastern Otomi language together with Ixtenco Otomi, Tilapa Otomi, and Acazulco Otomi. The three varieties of Sierra Otomi—Eastern Highland, Texcatepec, and Tenango—are above 70% lexically similar; the Eastern Highland dialects are above 80%, and will be considered here.
  
  ## Distribution
  
  Municipalities with significant Sierra Otomi populations include the following (Dow 2005:236). Many of these municipalities also have Tepehua, Totonac, and Nahuatl speakers.
  
  ## Phonology
  
  The phonemic inventory given below is based on the particular phonology of the Otomi de la Sierra dialect as documented by Voigtlander and Echegoyen (1985), phonemic inventories of other dialects vary slightly from that of Otomi de la Sierra.
  
  ### Consonants
  
  | | Bilabial | Bilabial | Dental | Dental | Alveolar | Alveolar | Palatal | Palatal | Velar | Velar | Glottal | Glottal |
  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
  | Nasal | m | m | | | n | n | | | | | | |
  | Plosive | p | b | | | t | d | | | k | ɡ | ʔ | ʔ |
  | Affricate | | | | | ts | dz | | | | | | |
  | Fricative | ɸ | ɸ | θ | θ | | | ʃ | ʃ | x | x | h | h |
  | Flap | | | | | ɾ | ɾ | | | | | | |
  | Semivowel | | | | | | | j | j | w | w | | |
  
  ### Vowels
  
  | | Front | Front | Central | Central | Back | Back |
  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
  | | oral | nasal | oral | nasal | oral | nasal |
  | Close | i | ĩ | ʉ | | u | ũ |
  | Open-mid | e | | ø | | | õ |
  | Mid | ɛ | ɛ̃ | | | ɔ | |
  | Open | | | ɑ | ɑ̃ | | |
  
  ## Orthography
  
  ### Alphabet
  
  * a - [ɑ]
  * a̱, ä - [ɔ]
  * b - [b]
  * ch - [t͡ʃ]
  * d - [d]
  * e - [e]
  * e̱, ë - [ɛ]
  * f - [ɸ]
  * g - [g]
  * h - [h]
  * i - [i]
  * j - [x]
  * k - [k]
  * l - [l]
  * m - [m]
  * n - [n]
  * ñ - [ɲ]
  * o - [ɔ/o]
  * o̱ - [ø]
  * p - [p]
  * r - [ɾ]
  * s - [s]
  * t - [t]
  * th - [θ]
  * ts - [t͡s]
  * u - [u/w]
  * u̱, ʉ - [ʉ/ɨ]
  * x - [ʃ]
  * y - [j]
  * z - [z/d͡z]
  
  ### Other letters
  
  * ą - [ɑ̃]
  * ę - [ɛ̃]
  * į - [ĩ]
  * ǫ - [ɔ̃]
  * ų - [ũ]
  
  ### Tones
  
  Tones are usually not marked.
  
  * a - low tone
  * á - high tone
  * ǎ - rising tone
  * à - falling tone
  