title: TAT-12/13
text: # TAT-12/13
  
  TAT-12/13 is a ring cable system consisting of the 12th and 13th consortia transatlantic telephone cables, in operation from 1996, initially carrying 2 × 5 Gbit/s.
  
  This was the first TAT cable to use a ring structure, involving two stretches of cable across the ocean floor, which explains why two numbers (12 and 13) were used. All later cables also use a ring structure, but only use one number (TAT-14 etc.). The cable connected between Long Island (at Shirley, New York), USA; Green Hill, Rhode Island, USA; Porthcurno, UK; Bude, UK; and Penmarch, France.
  
  The cable was constructed for US$740 million and was supplied jointly by AT&T Submarine Systems, Inc (now TE Subcom owned by TE Connectivity), STC Submarine Systems (acquired by Alcatel-Lucent) and Alcatel Submarcom. Ring switching equipment was provided by the Toshiba Corporation in each of the four cable stations.
  
  The cables in this system were the first on the trans-Atlantic route to make use of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers.
  
  The TAT-12/13 consortia removed the cable from normal commercial service on 31 December 2008.
  
  ## Footnotes
  
  * ↑ "The TAT-12/13 Cable Network", IEEE Communications Magazine, February 1996, Volume 34, Number 2
  
  ## Sources
  
  * Trischitta, Patrick; Colas, Michel; Green, Mick; Wuzniak, George; Arena, John (February 1996). "The TAT-12/13 Cable Network". IEEE Communications Magazine. 34 (2): 24–28. doi:10.1109/35.481240.
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