title: Volhard–Erdmann cyclization
text: # Volhard–Erdmann cyclization
  
  The Volhard–Erdmann cyclization is an organic synthesis of alkyl and aryl thiophenes by cyclization of disodium succinate or other 1,4-difunctional compounds (γ-oxo acids, 1,4-diketones, chloroacetyl-substituted esters) with phosphorus heptasulfide. The reaction is named after Jacob Volhard and Hugo Erdmann.
  
  An example is the synthesis of 3-methylthiophene starting from itaconic acid:
  
  