title: List of isotoxal polyhedra and tilings
text: # List of isotoxal polyhedra and tilings
  
  In geometry, isotoxal polyhedra and tilings are defined by the property that they have symmetries taking any edge to any other edge. Polyhedra with this property can also be called "edge-transitive", but they should be distinguished from edge-transitive graphs, where the symmetries are combinatorial rather than geometric.
  
  Regular polyhedra are isohedral (face-transitive), isogonal (vertex-transitive), and isotoxal (edge-transitive).
  
  Quasiregular polyhedra are isogonal and isotoxal, but not isohedral; their duals are isohedral and isotoxal, but not isogonal.
  
  The dual of an isotoxal polyhedron is also an isotoxal polyhedron. (See the Dual polyhedron article.)
  
  ## Convex isotoxal polyhedra
  
  The dual of a convex polyhedron is also a convex polyhedron.
  
  There are nine convex isotoxal polyhedra based on the Platonic solids: the five (regular) Platonic solids, the two (quasiregular) common cores of dual Platonic solids, and their two duals.
  
  The vertex figures of the quasiregular forms are (squares or) rectangles; the vertex figures of the duals of the quasiregular forms are (equilateral triangles and equilateral triangles, or) equilateral triangles and squares, or equilateral triangles and regular pentagons.
  
  | Form | Regular | Dual regular | Quasiregular | Quasiregular dual |
  | - | - | - | - | - |
  | Wythoff symbol | q | 2 p | p | 2 q | 2 | p q | |
  | Vertex configuration | $p^q$ | $q^p$ | p.q.p.q | |
  | p=3 q=3 | Tetrahedron {3,3} 3 | 2 3 | Tetrahedron {3,3} 3 | 2 3 | Tetratetrahedron (Octahedron) 2 | 3 3 | Cube (Rhombic hexahedron) |
  | p=4 q=3 | Cube {4,3} 3 | 2 4 | Octahedron {3,4} 4 | 2 3 | Cuboctahedron 2 | 3 4 | Rhombic dodecahedron |
  | p=5 q=3 | Dodecahedron {5,3} 3 | 2 5 | Icosahedron {3,5} 5 | 2 3 | Icosidodecahedron 2 | 3 5 | Rhombic triacontahedron |
  
  ## Isotoxal star-polyhedra
  
  The dual of a non-convex polyhedron is also a non-convex polyhedron. (By contraposition.)
  
  There are ten non-convex isotoxal polyhedra based on the quasiregular octahedron, cuboctahedron, and icosidodecahedron: the five (quasiregular) hemipolyhedra based on the quasiregular octahedron, cuboctahedron, and icosidodecahedron, and their five (infinite) duals:
  
  | Form | Quasiregular | Quasiregular dual |
  | - | - | - |
  | p=3 q=3 | Tetrahemihexahedron | Tetrahemihexacron |
  | p=4 q=3 | Cubohemioctahedron | Hexahemioctacron |
  | p=4 q=3 | Octahemioctahedron | Octahemioctacron (visually indistinct from Hexahemioctacron) (*) |
  | p=5 q=3 | Small icosihemidodecahedron | Small icosihemidodecacron (visually indistinct from Small dodecahemidodecacron) (*) |
  | p=5 q=3 | Small dodecahemidodecahedron | Small dodecahemidodecacron |
  
  (*) Faces, edges, and intersection points are the same; only, some other of these intersection points, not at infinity, are considered as vertices.
  
  There are sixteen non-convex isotoxal polyhedra based on the Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra: the four (regular) Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra, the six (quasiregular) common cores of dual Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra (including four hemipolyhedra), and their six duals (including four (infinite) hemipolyhedron-duals):
  
  | Form | Regular | Dual regular | Quasiregular | Quasiregular dual |
  | - | - | - | - | - |
  | Wythoff symbol | q | 2 p | p | 2 q | 2 | p q | |
  | Vertex configuration | $p^q$ | $q^p$ | p.q.p.q | |
  | p=5/2 q=3 | Great stellated dodecahedron ${^5/_2,3}$ 3 | 2 5/2 | Great icosahedron ${3,^5/_2}$ 5/2 | 2 3 | Great icosidodecahedron 2 | 3 5/2 | Great rhombic triacontahedron |
  | p=5/2 q=3 | Great stellated dodecahedron ${^5/_2,3}$ 3 | 2 5/2 | Great icosahedron ${3,^5/_2}$ 5/2 | 2 3 | Great icosihemidodecahedron | Great icosihemidodecacron |
  | p=5/2 q=3 | Great stellated dodecahedron ${^5/_2,3}$ 3 | 2 5/2 | Great icosahedron ${3,^5/_2}$ 5/2 | 2 3 | Great dodecahemidodecahedron | Great dodecahemidodecacron |
  | p=5/2 q=5 | Small stellated dodecahedron ${^5/_2,5}$ 5 | 2 5/2 | Great dodecahedron ${5,^5/_2}$ 5/2 | 2 5 | Dodecadodecahedron 2 | 5 5/2 | Medial rhombic triacontahedron |
  | p=5/2 q=5 | Small stellated dodecahedron ${^5/_2,5}$ 5 | 2 5/2 | Great dodecahedron ${5,^5/_2}$ 5/2 | 2 5 | Small icosihemidodecahedron | Small dodecahemicosacron |
  | p=5/2 q=5 | Small stellated dodecahedron ${^5/_2,5}$ 5 | 2 5/2 | Great dodecahedron ${5,^5/_2}$ 5/2 | 2 5 | Great dodecahemidodecahedron | Great dodecahemicosacron |
  
  Finally, there are six other non-convex isotoxal polyhedra: the three quasiregular ditrigonal (3 | p q) star polyhedra, and their three duals:
  
  | Quasiregular | Quasiregular dual |
  | - | - |
  | 3 | p q | |
  | Great ditrigonal icosidodecahedron 3/2 | 3 5 | Great triambic icosahedron |
  | Ditrigonal dodecadodecahedron 3 | 5/3 5 | Medial triambic icosahedron |
  | Small ditrigonal icosidodecahedron 3 | 5/2 3 | Small triambic icosahedron |
  
  ## Isotoxal tilings of the Euclidean plane
  
  There are at least 5 polygonal tilings of the Euclidean plane that are isotoxal. (The self-dual square tiling recreates itself in all four forms.)
  
  | Regular | Dual regular | Quasiregular | Quasiregular dual |
  | - | - | - | - |
  | Hexagonal tiling {6,3} 6 | 2 3 | Triangular tiling {3,6} 3 | 2 3 | Trihexagonal tiling 2 | 3 6 | Rhombille tiling |
  | Square tiling {4,4} 4 | 2 4 | Square tiling {4,4} 2 | 4 4 | Square tiling {4,4} 4 | 2 4 | Square tiling {4,4} |
  
  ## Isotoxal tilings of the hyperbolic plane
  
  There are infinitely many isotoxal polygonal tilings of the hyperbolic plane, including the Wythoff constructions from the regular hyperbolic tilings {p,q}, and non-right (p q r) groups.
  
  Here are six (p q 2) families, each with two regular forms, and one quasiregular form. All have rhombic duals of the quasiregular form, but only one is shown:
  
  | [p,q] | {p,q} | {q,p} | r{p,q} |
  | - | - | - | - |
  | Coxeter-Dynkin | | | |
  | [7,3] | {7,3} | {3,7} | r{7,3} |
  | [8,3] | {8,3} | {3,8} | r{8,3} |
  | [5,4] | {5,4} | {4,5} | r{5,4} |
  | [6,4] | {6,4} | {4,6} | r{6,4} |
  | [8,4] | {8,4} | {4,8} | r{8,3} |
  | [5,5] | {5,5} | {5,5} | r{5,5} |
  
  Here's 3 example (p q r) families, each with 3 quasiregular forms. The duals are not shown, but have isotoxal hexagonal and octagonal faces.
  
  | Coxeter-Dynkin | | | |
  | - | - | - | - |
  | (4 3 3) | 3 | 4 3 | 3 | 4 3 | 4 | 3 3 |
  | (4 4 3) | 4 | 4 3 | 3 | 4 4 | 4 | 4 3 |
  | (4 4 4) | 4 | 4 4 | 4 | 4 4 | 4 | 4 4 |
  
  ## Isotoxal tilings of the sphere
  
  All isotoxal polyhedra listed above can be made as isotoxal tilings of the sphere.
  
  In addition as spherical tilings, there are two other families which are degenerate as polyhedra. Even ordered hosohedron can be semiregular, alternating two lunes, and thus isotoxal:
  
  * hosohedron {2,q}
  * dihedron {p,2}
  