title: Toral subalgebra
text: # Toral subalgebra
  
  In mathematics, a toral subalgebra is a Lie subalgebra of a general linear Lie algebra all of whose elements are semisimple (or diagonalizable over an algebraically closed field). Equivalently, a Lie algebra is toral if it contains no nonzero nilpotent elements. Over an algebraically closed field, every toral Lie algebra is abelian; thus, its elements are simultaneously diagonalizable.
  
  ## In semisimple and reductive Lie algebras
  
  A subalgebra ${\mathfrak {h}}$ of a semisimple Lie algebra ${\mathfrak {g}}$ is called toral if the adjoint representation of ${\mathfrak {h}}$ on ${\mathfrak {g}}$, $\operatorname {ad} ({\mathfrak {h}})\subset {\mathfrak {gl}}({\mathfrak {g}})$ is a toral subalgebra. A maximal toral Lie subalgebra of a finite-dimensional semisimple Lie algebra, or more generally of a finite-dimensional reductive Lie algebra, over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0 is a Cartan subalgebra and vice versa. In particular, a maximal toral Lie subalgebra in this setting is self-normalizing, coincides with its centralizer, and the Killing form of ${\mathfrak {g}}$ restricted to ${\mathfrak {h}}$ is nondegenerate.
  
  For more general Lie algebras, a Cartan subalgebra may differ from a maximal toral subalgebra.
  
  In a finite-dimensional semisimple Lie algebra ${\mathfrak {g}}$ over an algebraically closed field of a characteristic zero, a toral subalgebra exists. In fact, if ${\mathfrak {g}}$ has only nilpotent elements, then it is nilpotent (Engel's theorem), but then its Killing form is identically zero, contradicting semisimplicity. Hence, ${\mathfrak {g}}$ must have a nonzero semisimple element, say x; the linear span of x is then a toral subalgebra.
  
  