title: Copper cartels
text: # Copper cartels
  
  Since 1870, there have been several formal attempts to restrict the copper output and raise, in this form, its price.
  
  This is a list of copper cartels in the 20th century:
  
  * Copper Export Association, CEA, 1918–1923
  * Copper Exporters, Inc., CEI, 1926–1932
  * International Copper Cartel, ICC, 1935–1939 (created by the World Copper Agreement)
  * Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries, CIPEC, 1967–1988
  