title: Desosamine
text: # Desosamine
  
  Desosamine is a 3-(dimethylamino)-3,4,6-trideoxyhexose found in certain macrolide antibiotics (contain a high level of microbial resistance) such as the commonly prescribed erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithroymcin, methymycin, narbomycin, oleandomycin, picromycin and roxithromycin. As the name suggests, these macrolide antibiotics contain a macrolide or lactone ring and they are attached to the ring Desosamine which is crucial for bactericidal activity. The biological action of the desosamine-based macrolide antibiotics is to inhibit the bacterial ribosomal protein synthesis. These antibiotics which contain Desosamine are widely used to cure bacterial-causing infections in human respiratory system, skin, muscle tissues, and urethra.
  
  ## Discovery
  
  Although desosamine has been found in many macrolide antibiotics, the complete chemical structure of desosamine was not determined until 1962. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy data was used to establish the complete configuration of desosamine. The hydrogen atoms at the C1,C2,C3, and C5 positions are all found to be axial.
  
  ## Biosynthesis
  
  Six enzymes are required for Desosamine biosynthesis from TDP-glucose in Streptomyces venezuelae. In addition to the required enzymes, there are eight important open reading frames known as the des regions, they are desI~desVIII, these eight frames are the necessary genes used in Desosamine biosynthesis, among the 8 des regions, the desI gene implements C-4 Deoxygenation by the enzymatic activity of dehydrase.
  
  ## Degradation
  
  Degradation of several of the aforementioned antibiotics yields the desosamine sugar. It is found in combination with the smaller macrolide rings, always attached at C-3 or C-5 of the aglycone. Alkaline degradation found the sugar to be a D-hexose derivative. Glycosidic cleavage of methomycin produces aglycone methynolide and the basic sugar desosamine, whose structure had been determined by oxidative degradation to crotonaldehyde and by other experiments.
  
  ## Drug resistance
  
  Macrolide antibiotics that contain Desosamine as an amino sugar in their chemical structures sometimes encounter drug-resistant bacteria. The target-site modification can result in changing chemical structure of the antibiotics, for example, a methylation mutation, which will block the drug from normally functioning.
  
  