title: Racah polynomials
text: # Racah polynomials
  
  In mathematics, Racah polynomials are orthogonal polynomials named after Giulio Racah, as their orthogonality relations are equivalent to his orthogonality relations for Racah coefficients.
  
  The Racah polynomials were first defined by Wilson (1978) and are given by
  
      $p_{n}(x(x+\gamma +\delta +1))=_{4}F_{3}\left[{\begin{matrix}-n&n+\alpha +\beta +1&-x&x+\gamma +\delta +1\\\alpha +1&\gamma +1&\beta +\delta +1\\\end{matrix}};1\right].$
  
  ## Orthogonality
  
      $\sum _{y=0}^{N}\operatorname {R} _{n}(x;\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta )\operatorname {R} _{m}(x;\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta ){\frac {\gamma +\delta +1+2y}{\gamma +\delta +1+y}}\omega _{y}=h_{n}\operatorname {\delta } _{n,m},$
      when $\alpha +1=-N$,
      where $\operatorname {R}$ is the Racah polynomial,
      $x=y(y+\gamma +\delta +1),$
      $\operatorname {\delta } _{n,m}$ is the Kronecker delta function and the weight functions are
      $\omega _{y}={\frac {(\alpha +1)_{y}(\beta +\delta +1)_{y}(\gamma +1)_{y}(\gamma +\delta +2)_{y}}{(-\alpha +\gamma +\delta +1)_{y}(-\beta +\gamma +1)_{y}(\delta +1)_{y}y!}},$
      and
      $h_{n}={\frac {(-\beta )_{N}(\gamma +\delta +1)_{N}}{(-\beta +\gamma +1)_{N}(\delta +1)_{N}}}{\frac {(n+\alpha +\beta +1)_{n}n!}{(\alpha +\beta +2)_{2n}}}{\frac {(\alpha +\delta -\gamma +1)_{n}(\alpha -\delta +1)_{n}(\beta +1)_{n}}{(\alpha +1)_{n}(\beta +\delta +1)_{n}(\gamma +1)_{n}}},$
      $(\cdot )_{n}$ is the Pochhammer symbol.
  
  ## Rodrigues-type formula
  
      $\omega (x;\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta )\operatorname {R} _{n}(\lambda (x);\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta )=(\gamma +\delta +1)_{n}{\frac {\nabla ^{n}}{\nabla \lambda (x)^{n}}}\omega (x;\alpha +n,\beta +n,\gamma +n,\delta ),$
      where $\nabla$ is the backward difference operator,
      $\lambda (x)=x(x+\gamma +\delta +1).$
  
  ## Generating functions
  
  There are three generating functions for $x\in \{0,1,2,...,N\}$
  
      when $\beta +\delta +1=-N\quad$or$\quad \gamma +1=-N,$
      $_{2}F_{1}(-x,-x+\alpha -\gamma -\delta ;\alpha +1;t)_{2}F_{1}(x+\beta +\delta +1,x+\gamma +1;\beta +1;t)$
      $\quad =\sum _{n=0}^{N}{\frac {(\beta +\delta +1)_{n}(\gamma +1)_{n}}{(\beta +1)_{n}n!}}\operatorname {R} _{n}(\lambda (x);\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta )t^{n},$
      when $\alpha +1=-N\quad$or$\quad \gamma +1=-N,$
      $_{2}F_{1}(-x,-x+\beta -\gamma ;\beta +\delta +1;t)_{2}F_{1}(x+\alpha +1,x+\gamma +1;\alpha -\delta +1;t)$
      $\quad =\sum _{n=0}^{N}{\frac {(\alpha +1)_{n}(\gamma +1)_{n}}{(\alpha -\delta +1)_{n}n!}}\operatorname {R} _{n}(\lambda (x);\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta )t^{n},$
      when $\alpha +1=-N\quad$or$\quad \beta +\delta +1=-N,$
      $_{2}F_{1}(-x,-x-\delta ;\gamma +1;t)_{2}F_{1}(x+\alpha +1;x+\beta +\gamma +1;\alpha +\beta -\gamma +1;t)$
      $\quad =\sum _{n=0}^{N}{\frac {(\alpha +1)_{n}(\beta +\delta +1)_{n}}{(\alpha +\beta -\gamma +1)_{n}n!}}\operatorname {R} _{n}(\lambda (x);\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta )t^{n}.$
  
  ## Connection formula for Wilson polynomials
  
  When $\alpha =a+b-1,\beta =c+d-1,\gamma =a+d-1,\delta =a-d,x\rightarrow -a+ix,$
  
      $\operatorname {R} _{n}(\lambda (-a+ix);a+b-1,c+d-1,a+d-1,a-d)={\frac {\operatorname {W} _{n}(x^{2};a,b,c,d)}{(a+b)_{n}(a+c)_{n}(a+d)_{n}}},$
      where $\operatorname {W}$ are Wilson polynomials.
  
  ## q-analog
  
  Askey & Wilson (1979) introduced the q-Racah polynomials defined in terms of basic hypergeometric functions by
  
      $p_{n}(q^{-x}+q^{x+1}cd;a,b,c,d;q)=_{4}\phi _{3}\left[{\begin{matrix}q^{-n}&abq^{n+1}&q^{-x}&q^{x+1}cd\\aq&bdq&cq\\\end{matrix}};q;q\right].$
  
  They are sometimes given with changes of variables as
  
      $W_{n}(x;a,b,c,N;q)=_{4}\phi _{3}\left[{\begin{matrix}q^{-n}&abq^{n+1}&q^{-x}&cq^{x-n}\\aq&bcq&q^{-N}\\\end{matrix}};q;q\right].$
  