title: Ludus Tonalis
text: # Ludus Tonalis
  
  Ludus Tonalis ("Play of Tones", "Tonal Game", or "Tonal Primary School" after the Latin Ludus Litterarius), subtitled Kontrapunktische, tonale, und Klaviertechnische Übungen (Counterpoint, tonal and technical studies for the piano), is a piano work by Paul Hindemith that was composed in 1942 during his stay in the United States. It was first performed in 1943 in Chicago by Willard MacGregor. The piece explores "matters of technique, theory, inspiration, and communication. It is in effect, a veritable catalogue of the composer's mature style."
  
  The piece, which comprises all 12 major and/or minor keys, starts with a three-part Praeludium in C resembling Johann Sebastian Bach's toccatas, and ends with a Postludium which is an exact retrograde inversion of the Praeludium. In between, there are twelve three-part fugues separated by eleven interludes, beginning in the tonality of the previous fugue and ending in the tonality of the next fugue (or in a different tonality very close to that). The tonalities of the fugues follow the order of his Serie 1 and use the keynote C (see The Craft of Musical Composition).
  
  Ludus Tonalis was intended to be the twentieth-century equivalent to J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier. Unlike Bach's work, though, the non-fugal pieces in Ludus Tonalis frequently repeat the work's main theme.
  
  Ludus Tonalis can be thought of as the most direct application of Hindemith's theory that the twelve tones of the equally tempered scale all relate to a single one of them (called a tonic or keynote). The affinity of each note with the keynote is directly related to its position on the harmonic scale. In this system, the major-minor duality is meaningless and the practice of modulation is dropped, although subject modulation occurs in the second fugue, to create growing tension.
  
  ## Structure
  
  Ludus Tonalis consists of 25 movements:
  
  * Praeludium. Partly in C (mm. 1–32) and partly in F♯ (mm. 34–47)
  * Fuga prima in C: Triple fugue
  * Interludium: Romantic improvisation
  * Fuga secunda in G: Dance in $^5$ $_8$ time
  * Interludium: Pastorale
  * Fuga tertia in F: Mirror fugue, where the second half is an exact retrograde of the first, except with voice paddings at their end exits.
  * Interludium: Folk dance (Gavotte)
  * Fuga quarta in A: Double fugue
  * Interludium: Baroque prelude
  * Fuga quinta in E: Gigue
  * Interludium: Romantic miniature (Chopin style)
  * Fuga sexta in E♭: Rococo style
  * Interludium: March
  * Fuga septima in A♭: Romantic style
  * Interludium: Romantic miniature (Brahms style)
  * Fuga octava in D: Dance in $^5$ $_4$ time (though notated in $^4$ $_4)$
  * Interludium: Baroque toccata
  * Fuga nona in B♭: Subject transformation fugue
  * Interludium: Pastorale
  * Fuga decima in D♭: Inversion fugue
  * Interludium: Folk dance (Courante)
  * Fuga undecima in B (canon): Accompanied canon
  * Interludium: Romantic waltz
  * Fuga duodecima in F♯: Stretto fugue
  * Postludium: Retrograde inversion of the Praeludium.
  
  There is a striking symmetry around the center of the cycle (the march).
  
  