title: Acanthocephalus (worm)
text: # Acanthocephalus (worm)
  
  Acanthocephalus is a genus of parasitic worms. One of the species in this genus is Acanthocephalus anguillae (Mueller, 1780), a fish parasite. Acanthocephalans are also found in humans and primates, causing a common zoonotic infection called "human acanthocephaliasis". While pathogens can be transferred among animals and humans, the main source of human acanthocephaliasis is the diet of infected raw fish and insects (Lotfy, 2020). Because they are lacking circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems, Acanthocephalus are exceptionally well-adapted to a symbiotrophic existence (Margulis & Chapman, 2009).
  
  ## Life Cycle
  
  There are 5 steps in which Acanthocephala cycles through life; (1)Their eggs shed in feces. (2)These eggs are then ingested by their host. (3)The definitive host then gets infected due to ingesting the eggs from the first host. (4)The definitive host is either rats or raccoons and therefore, in this step the Acanthocephala matures in the small intestine. (5)Lastly, the Acanthocephala matures and also produces eggs inside the definitive host (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019).
  
  ## Species
  
  Contains the following species:
  
  * Acanthocephalus acutispinus Machado, 1891
  * Acanthocephalus acutulus Van Cleave, 1931
  * Acanthocephalus alabamensis Amin and Williams, 1983
  * Acanthocephalus anguillae (Mueller, 1780)
  * Acanthocephalus anthuris (Dujardin, 1845)
  * Acanthocephalus balkanicus Batchvoarov, 1974
  * Acanthocephalus breviprostatus Kennedy, 1982
  * Acanthocephalus bufonis Burton & Pichelin, 1999
  * Acanthocephalus clavula (Dujardin, 1845)
  * Acanthocephalus correalimai Machado, 1970
  * Acanthocephalus criniae Anow, 1971
  * Acanthocephalus curtus (Achenrov, et al., 1941)
  * Acanthocephalus dirus (Van Cleave, 1931)
  * Acanthocephalus domerguei (Golvan, et al., 1972
  * Acanthocephalus echigoensis Fujita, 1920
  * Acanthocephalus elongatus Van Cleave, 1937
  * Acanthocephalus falcatus (Froelich, 1789)
  * Acanthocephalus fluviatilis Paperna, 1964
  * Acanthocephalus galaxii Hine, 1977
  * Acanthocephalus goaensis Jain and Gupta, 1981
  * Acanthocephalus gotoi Van Cleave, 1925
  * Acanthocephalus graciliacanthus Meyer, 1932
  * Acanthocephalus haranti Golvan and Oliver, 1969
  * Acanthocephalus hastae Bayliss, 1944
  * Acanthocephalus japonicus (Fukui and Morisita, 1936)
  * Acanthocephalus kaskmirensis Datta, 1936
  * Acanthocephalus kubulensis Datta and Soota, 1956
  * Acanthocephalus lucidus Van Cleave, 1925
  * Acanthocephalus lucii (Müller, 1776)
  * Acanthocephalus lutzi (Linstow, 1896)
  * Acanthocephalus madagascariensis Golvan, 1965
  * Acanthocephalus minor Yamaguti, 1935
  * Acanthocephalus nanus Van Cleave, 1925
  * Acanthocephalus opsariichthydis
  * Acanthocephalus parallelcementglandatus Amin, Heckmann & Ha, 2014
  * Acanthocephalus parallelotestis Achmerov, et al., 1941
  * Acanthocephalus paronai (Condorelli, 1897)
  * Acanthocephalus pesteri Tadros, 1966
  * Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788)
  * Acanthocephalus rauschi (Schmidt, 1969)
  * Acanthocephalus reunionensis Smales, Sasal & Taraschewski, 2007
  * Acanthocephalus sameguiensis
  * Acanthocephalus serendibensis Crusz and Mills, 1970
  * Acanthocephalus srilankensis Crusz and Ching, 1976
  * Acanthocephalus tahleguahensis Oetinger and Buckner, 1976
  * Acanthocephalus tenuirostris (Achmerov, et al., 1941)
  * Acanthocephalus tigrinae (Shipley, 1903)
  * Acanthocephalus tumescens (Linstow, 1896)
  