title: List of heads of the Czech state
text: # List of heads of the Czech state
  
  Below is list of historically documented heads of the Czech statehood in its various iterations, including rulers of Great Moravia in the period since 830 AD.
  
  ## The first Czech monarchs
  
  ### Pre-Czech period
  
  | No. | Image | Name | Date | Notes |
  | - | - | - | - | - |
  | 0 | | Samo | c. 600–c. 658 | First written record in Chronicle of Fredegar (7th century). A Frankish merchant who unified several Slavic tribes against Avar raiders. |
  
  ### Legendary rulers of Bohemia (c. 644 - 870)
  
  Legendary rulers :
  
  | No. | Image | Name | Date | Notes |
  | - | - | - | - | - |
  | A | Pater Boemus on Říp Mountain | praotec Čech (Pater Boemus) | c. 644 - 661 according to 14th century Wenceslaus Hajek chronicle (disputed) | Legendary founding father of the Czech statehood (in the area of Říp Mountain). In written record first mentioned in Chronica Boemorum (12th century) and in Wielkopolska Chronicle (early 14th century, Poland). |
  | ? | | | | Pause in written record. |
  | B | Duke Krok with his daughters Kazi, Teta & Libuše | Krok | c. †709 | Moved seat of power to Vyšehrad. In written record first mentioned in Chronica Boemorum (12th century). |
  | C | | Libuše | c. 709+ | Krok's daughter, legendary ancestor of the Přemyslid dynasty, founder of the city of Prague. In written record first mentioned in Christian's Legend [cs] (10th century). |
  | D | | Přemysl the Ploughman | c. 710s+ | Husband of princess Libuše of non-royal origin, legendary ancestor of the Přemyslid dynasty. In written record first mentioned in Christian's Legend [cs] (10th century). |
  | E | | Nezamysl (Simplicius) | | Probably son of Libuše and Přemysl. In written record first mentioned in Chronica Boemorum (12th century). |
  | F | | Mnata (The Wise) | | In written record first mentioned in Chronica Boemorum (12th century). |
  | G | | Vojen (The Fighting) | | In written record first mentioned in Chronica Boemorum (12th century). |
  | H | | Vnislav | | In written record first mentioned in Chronica Boemorum (12th century). |
  | I | | Křesomysl (The Inciter) | | In written record first mentioned in Chronica Boemorum (12th century). |
  | J | | Neklan | | In written record first mentioned in Chronica Boemorum (12th century). |
  | K | | Hostivít (The Welcomer) | c †870 | Neklan's son, purported father of duke Bořivoj I. In written record first mentioned in Chronica Boemorum (12th century). |
  | L | | Lech | †805 | First written record in 805 Annales Regni Francorum as being killed in battle by Charlemagne. |
  
  ## Principality of Great Moravia (830-906)
  
  ### House of Mojmír
  
  | No. | Name | Date | Notes |
  | - | - | - | - |
  | 1 | Mojmír I | c.830–846 | First written record in Royal Frankish Annals (822). |
  | 2 | Rastislav | 846–870 | Nephew of Mojmír I. First Christian ruler. Invited Cyril and Methodius. First written record in Annales Fuldenses (9th century). |
  | 3 | Slavomír | 871 (interim) | Led a revolt against the Franks who had annexed Moravia during the incarceration of his relative, Svatopluk I. First written record in Annales Fuldenses (9th century). |
  | 4A | Svatopluk I | 871–894 | Dethroned Rastislav in 870. First written record in Annales Fuldenses (9th century). |
  | 5 | Mojmír II | 894–906? | Under his rule Bohemia seceded from Great Moravia in 895. Great Moravia began to disintegrate after his death. For later connection between Bohemia and Moravia see Moravia#Union with Bohemia. |
  
  ## Dukes and Kings of Bohemia under Přemyslid dynasty (c. 870–1306)
  
  ### Přemyslid dynasty
  
  **Feuds of Bohemia and Moravia under Premyslid rule**
  
  | | Part of Great Moravia (until 907) | Part of Great Moravia (until 907) | Part of Great Moravia (until 907) |
  | - | - | - | - |
  | Duchy of Bohemia (870-1198) Raised to: Kingdom of Bohemia (1198-1306) | Part of Poland (999-1019) | Part of Poland (999-1019) | Part of Poland (999-1019) |
  | | Duchy of Moravia (1019-1055) | Duchy of Moravia (1019-1055) | Duchy of Moravia (1019-1055) |
  | | Duchy of Brno (1st creation) (1055-1056) | Duchy of Znojmo (1st creation) (1055-1056) | Duchy of Olomouc (1st creation) (1055-1056) |
  | | | | Duchy of Olomouc (1061-1178) |
  | | Duchy of Brno (2nd creation) (1061-1182) | Duchy of Znojmo (2nd creation) (1092-1112) | Duchy of Olomouc (1061-1178) |
  | | | Duchy of Znojmo (3rd creation) (1123-1182) | Duchy of Olomouc (1061-1178) |
  | Duchy of Moravia (Znojmo line) (1182-1191) |||
  | | Duchy of Moravia (1197-1222) | Duchy of Moravia (1197-1222) | Duchy of Moravia (1197-1222) |
  
  **Table of rulers**
  
  | Ruler | Ruler | Born | Reign | Death | Ruling part | Consort | Notes |
  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
  | Bořivoj I | | 852 Son of Hostivít (?) | 870-883 885-889 | 889 aged 35/6 | Bohemia | Ludmila of Bohemia 873 six children | First documented ruler of the dynasty. |
  | Strojmír | | ? | c.883-885 | ? | Bohemia | ? | Apparently a usurper. |
  | Bohemia annexed to Great Moravia (889-894) ||||||||
  | Spytihněv I | | 882 First son of Bořivoj I and Ludmila of Bohemia | 894-915 | 915 aged 32/3 | Bohemia (with Moravia since 907) | Unmarried | His reign restored Bohemian sovereignty. |
  | Vratislaus I (Vratislav) | | 888 Second son of Bořivoj I and Ludmila of Bohemia | 915 - 13 February 921 | 13 February 921 aged 32/3 | Bohemia | Drahomíra three children | |
  | Regencies of Ludmila of Bohemia (921) and Drahomíra (921-925) | Regencies of Ludmila of Bohemia (921) and Drahomíra (921-925) | Regencies of Ludmila of Bohemia (921) and Drahomíra (921-925) | Regencies of Ludmila of Bohemia (921) and Drahomíra (921-925) | Regencies of Ludmila of Bohemia (921) and Drahomíra (921-925) | Regencies of Ludmila of Bohemia (921) and Drahomíra (921-925) | Regencies of Ludmila of Bohemia (921) and Drahomíra (921-925) | Known as St. Wenceslaus ("Good King Wenceslas" for English-speaking people), the patron saint of the Czech lands. |
  | Wenceslaus I the Good (Václav Dobrý) | | 907 Stochov First son of Vratislaus I and Drahomíra | 13 February 921- 28 September 929/35 | 28 September 929/35 Stará Boleslav aged 21/2 or 27/8 | Bohemia | Unmarried | Known as St. Wenceslaus ("Good King Wenceslas" for English-speaking people), the patron saint of the Czech lands. |
  | Boleslaus I the Cruel (Boleslav I. Ukrutný) | | 915 Prague (?) Second son of Vratislaus I and Drahomíra | 28 September 929/35 - July 972 | July 972 aged 56/7 | Bohemia | Biagota four children | Assassinated his brother to ascend to the ducal throne. |
  | Boleslaus II the Pious (Boleslav II. Pobožný) | | 940 Prague (?) Son of Boleslaus I and Biagota | July 972 - 7 February 999 | 7 February 999 aged 58/9 | Bohemia | Adiva (of England?) four children Emma of Mělník (Emma of Italy (?)) 989 no children | Moravia is again lost, this time, to Poland, in 999. |
  | Boleslaus III the Red (Boleslav III. Ryšavý) | | 965 First son of Boleslaus II and Adiva | 7 February 999 - May 1002 February - March 1003 | 1037 aged 56/7 | Bohemia | Unknown | In 1002-04, Bohemia was invaded twice by Poland. |
  | Bohemia was annexed to Poland (1002-04): May 1002 - February 1003: Vladivoj (Władywoj), son of Mieszko I of Poland; March 1003-1004: Bolesław I the Brave, King of Poland. ||||||||
  | Jaromír | | c.970 Second son of Boleslaus II and Adiva | 1004 - 12 April 1012 9 November 1034 - 1035 | 4 November 1038 Lysá nad Labem aged 60/70 | Bohemia | Unknown | In 1004, Jaromir occupied Prague with a German army and proclaimed himself Bohemian duke, restoring the family's domain, albeit reduced. As brothers of Boleslaus III, Jaromir and Ulrich had a fight for the throne that lasted until 1034, when Ulrich died and Jaromir retired (and then murdered). Nevertheless, more land was at stake, as Moravia was reintegrated into Bohemia in 1019, after being reconquered from Poland, and given to Ulrich's son. |
  | Ulrich I (Oldřich) | | c.975 Third son of Boleslaus II and Adiva | 12 April 1012 - 9 November 1034 | 9 November 1034 or 1042 aged 59/60 or 66/7 | Bohemia | Božena c.1002 one child | In 1004, Jaromir occupied Prague with a German army and proclaimed himself Bohemian duke, restoring the family's domain, albeit reduced. As brothers of Boleslaus III, Jaromir and Ulrich had a fight for the throne that lasted until 1034, when Ulrich died and Jaromir retired (and then murdered). Nevertheless, more land was at stake, as Moravia was reintegrated into Bohemia in 1019, after being reconquered from Poland, and given to Ulrich's son. |
  | Ulrich I (Oldřich) | | c.975 Third son of Boleslaus II and Adiva | 1033 - 9 November 1034 | 9 November 1034 or 1042 aged 59/60 or 66/7 | Moravia | Božena c.1002 one child | In 1004, Jaromir occupied Prague with a German army and proclaimed himself Bohemian duke, restoring the family's domain, albeit reduced. As brothers of Boleslaus III, Jaromir and Ulrich had a fight for the throne that lasted until 1034, when Ulrich died and Jaromir retired (and then murdered). Nevertheless, more land was at stake, as Moravia was reintegrated into Bohemia in 1019, after being reconquered from Poland, and given to Ulrich's son. |
  | Bretislaus I the Bohemian Achilles (Břetislav I. český Achilles) | | 1002/5 Son of Ulrich I and Božena | 1019/29 – 1033 9 November 1034 – 10 January 1055 | 10 January 1055 aged 50/3 | Moravia | Judith of Schweinfurt 1020 four children | First separation of Moravia from Bohemia. His father usurped his place for a year. After his own death, his sons shared the inheritance. |
  | Bretislaus I the Bohemian Achilles (Břetislav I. český Achilles) | | 1002/5 Son of Ulrich I and Božena | 1035 - 10 January 1055 | 10 January 1055 aged 50/3 | Bohemia | Judith of Schweinfurt 1020 four children | First separation of Moravia from Bohemia. His father usurped his place for a year. After his own death, his sons shared the inheritance. |
  | Spytihněv II | | 1031 First son of Bretislaus I and Judith of Schweinfurt | 10 January 1055 - 28 January 1061 | 28 January 1061 aged 29/30 | Bohemia (also in Moravia from 1056) | Ida of Wettin 1054 one child | Children of Bretislav I, divided their inheritance: Spytihnev kept Bohemia; the others divided Moravia: Conrad received Brno; Vratislav got Olomouc; Otto inherited Znojmo. The division was made ineffective by Spytihnev (1055), who extended his rule to Moravia, uniting the whole Premyslid domain under his control. However, after his death (1061), the landless brothers recovered the inheritance and divided it differently, as Vratislav inherited Bohemia: Conrad recovered Brno but also received Otto's share in Znojmo; Otto received Vratislav's part in Olomouc. |
  | Vratislaus II (Vratislav II) | | c.1035 Second son of Bretislaus I and Judith of Schweinfurt | 10 January 1055 – 1056 | 14 January 1092 | Olomouc | Maria before 1057 no children Adelaide of Hungary (I) 1057 four children Świętosława of Poland 1062 five children | Children of Bretislav I, divided their inheritance: Spytihnev kept Bohemia; the others divided Moravia: Conrad received Brno; Vratislav got Olomouc; Otto inherited Znojmo. The division was made ineffective by Spytihnev (1055), who extended his rule to Moravia, uniting the whole Premyslid domain under his control. However, after his death (1061), the landless brothers recovered the inheritance and divided it differently, as Vratislav inherited Bohemia: Conrad recovered Brno but also received Otto's share in Znojmo; Otto received Vratislav's part in Olomouc. |
  | Vratislaus II (Vratislav II) | | c.1035 Second son of Bretislaus I and Judith of Schweinfurt | 28 January 1061 - June 1085 (as Duke) June 1085 - 14 January 1092 (as King) | 14 January 1092 | Bohemia | Maria before 1057 no children Adelaide of Hungary (I) 1057 four children Świętosława of Poland 1062 five children | Children of Bretislav I, divided their inheritance: Spytihnev kept Bohemia; the others divided Moravia: Conrad received Brno; Vratislav got Olomouc; Otto inherited Znojmo. The division was made ineffective by Spytihnev (1055), who extended his rule to Moravia, uniting the whole Premyslid domain under his control. However, after his death (1061), the landless brothers recovered the inheritance and divided it differently, as Vratislav inherited Bohemia: Conrad recovered Brno but also received Otto's share in Znojmo; Otto received Vratislav's part in Olomouc. |
  | Conrad I (Konrád I) | | c.1035 Third son of Bretislaus I and Judith of Schweinfurt | 10 January 1055 – 1056 28 January 1061 - 6 September 1092 | 6 September 1092 | Brno (with Znojmo since 1061) | Wirpirk of Tengling 1054 two children | Children of Bretislav I, divided their inheritance: Spytihnev kept Bohemia; the others divided Moravia: Conrad received Brno; Vratislav got Olomouc; Otto inherited Znojmo. The division was made ineffective by Spytihnev (1055), who extended his rule to Moravia, uniting the whole Premyslid domain under his control. However, after his death (1061), the landless brothers recovered the inheritance and divided it differently, as Vratislav inherited Bohemia: Conrad recovered Brno but also received Otto's share in Znojmo; Otto received Vratislav's part in Olomouc. |
  | Conrad I (Konrád I) | | c.1035 Third son of Bretislaus I and Judith of Schweinfurt | 14 January 1092 - 6 September 1092 | 6 September 1092 | Bohemia | Wirpirk of Tengling 1054 two children | Children of Bretislav I, divided their inheritance: Spytihnev kept Bohemia; the others divided Moravia: Conrad received Brno; Vratislav got Olomouc; Otto inherited Znojmo. The division was made ineffective by Spytihnev (1055), who extended his rule to Moravia, uniting the whole Premyslid domain under his control. However, after his death (1061), the landless brothers recovered the inheritance and divided it differently, as Vratislav inherited Bohemia: Conrad recovered Brno but also received Otto's share in Znojmo; Otto received Vratislav's part in Olomouc. |
  | Otto I the Fair (Ota Sličný) | | 1045 Fouth son of Bretislaus I and Judith of Schweinfurt | 10 January 1055 – 1056 | 9 June 1087 aged 41/2 | Znojmo | Euphemia of Hungary before 1073 two children | Children of Bretislav I, divided their inheritance: Spytihnev kept Bohemia; the others divided Moravia: Conrad received Brno; Vratislav got Olomouc; Otto inherited Znojmo. The division was made ineffective by Spytihnev (1055), who extended his rule to Moravia, uniting the whole Premyslid domain under his control. However, after his death (1061), the landless brothers recovered the inheritance and divided it differently, as Vratislav inherited Bohemia: Conrad recovered Brno but also received Otto's share in Znojmo; Otto received Vratislav's part in Olomouc. |
  | Otto I the Fair (Ota Sličný) | | 1045 Fouth son of Bretislaus I and Judith of Schweinfurt | 28 January 1061 - 9 June 1087 | 9 June 1087 aged 41/2 | Olomouc | Euphemia of Hungary before 1073 two children | Children of Bretislav I, divided their inheritance: Spytihnev kept Bohemia; the others divided Moravia: Conrad received Brno; Vratislav got Olomouc; Otto inherited Znojmo. The division was made ineffective by Spytihnev (1055), who extended his rule to Moravia, uniting the whole Premyslid domain under his control. However, after his death (1061), the landless brothers recovered the inheritance and divided it differently, as Vratislav inherited Bohemia: Conrad recovered Brno but also received Otto's share in Znojmo; Otto received Vratislav's part in Olomouc. |
  | Boleslaus (Boleslav) | | 1062 First son of Otto I and Euphemia of Hungary | 9 June 1087 – 11 August 1091 | 11 August 1091 aged 28/9 | Olomouc | Unmarried | |
  | Bretislaus II (Břetislav II) | | c.1060 Son of Vratislaus II and Adelaide of Hungary (I) | 6 September 1092 - 22 December 1100 | 22 December 1100 aged 39/40 | Bohemia | Lukarta of Bogen 1094 one child | |
  | Ulrich (II) (Oldřich) | | c.1070/80? First son of Conrad I and Wirpirk of Tengling | 6 September 1092 – 5 January 1113 | 5 January 1113 aged c.33/43? | Brno (with Znojmo since 1112) | Adelaide two children | Children of Conrad I, divided the inheritance: Luitpold received Znojmo; Ulrich inherited Brno. Despite having heirs, Luitpold's land came to Ulrich's possession after his death. Conrad II, Luitpold's heir, would come to power in 1123. |
  | Luitpold (I) (Litold znojemský) | | c.1070/80? Second son of Conrad I and Wirpirk of Tengling | 6 September 1092 – 15 March 1112 | 15 March 1112 aged c.32/42? | Znojmo | Ida of Austria one child | Children of Conrad I, divided the inheritance: Luitpold received Znojmo; Ulrich inherited Brno. Despite having heirs, Luitpold's land came to Ulrich's possession after his death. Conrad II, Luitpold's heir, would come to power in 1123. |
  | Bořivoj II | | c.1064 Prague First son of Vratislaus II and Świętosława of Poland | 25 December 1100 - May 1107 December 1117 - 16 August 1120 | 2 February 1124 aged 39/40 | Bohemia | Helbirga of Austria October 1100 Znojmo no children | Ruled twice. Retired in 1120. |
  | Svatopluk (I) the Lion (Svatopluk Olomoucký) | | 1075 Second son of Otto I and Euphemia of Hungary | 11 August 1091 – 21 September 1109 | 21 September 1109 aged 33/4 | Olomouc | Unknown one child | |
  | Svatopluk (I) the Lion (Svatopluk Olomoucký) | | 1075 Second son of Otto I and Euphemia of Hungary | May 1107 – 21 September 1109 | 21 September 1109 aged 33/4 | Bohemia | Unknown one child | |
  | Vladislaus I (Vladislav I) | | c.1065 Second son of Vratislaus II and Świętosława of Poland | 21 September 1109 - December 1117 16 August 1120 - 12 April 1125 | 12 April 1125 Prague aged 59/60 | Bohemia | Richeza of Berg 1110/11 four children | Ruled twice. |
  | Sobeslaus I | | c.1075 Third son of Vratislaus II and Świętosława of Poland | 5 January 1113 – 1123 | 14 February 1140 aged 64/5 | Brno (with Znojmo) | Adelaide of Hungary (II) 1123 five children | Ruled Brno and Znojmo, which split after his resign: Znojmo returned to its heir, Conrad II; Brno was absorbed by Olomouc, the other Moravian feud. |
  | Sobeslaus I | | c.1075 Third son of Vratislaus II and Świętosława of Poland | 12 April 1125 – 14 February 1140 | 14 February 1140 aged 64/5 | Bohemia | Adelaide of Hungary (II) 1123 five children | Ruled Brno and Znojmo, which split after his resign: Znojmo returned to its heir, Conrad II; Brno was absorbed by Olomouc, the other Moravian feud. |
  | Otto II the Black (Ota II. Černý) | | 1085 Third son of Otto I and Euphemia of Hungary | 21 September 1109 – 18 February 1126 | 18 February 1126 aged 40/1 | Olomouc (with Brno) | Sophia of Berg 1113 three children | Ruled in Olomouc, since 1091 with his brother Svatopluk. Acquired Brno in 1123. |
  | Conrad II (Konrád II) | | c.1100/10? Son of Luitpold I and Ida of Austria | 1123 – 1161 | 1161 aged c.50/51 or c.60/61? | Znojmo | Maria of Serbia 1132 four children | Received his heritage in 1123. |
  | Wenceslaus Henry (Václav Jindřich) | | 1107 Son of Svatopluk (I) | 18 February 1126 – 1 March 1130 | 1 March 1130 aged 22/3 | Olomouc | Unmarried | Heirs of previous rulers of their portions, after Otto II's death inherited their respective inheritances. |
  | Vratislaus (II) (Vratislav) | | c.1100/11 Brno Son of Ulrich (II) and Adelaide | 18 February 1126 – 6 August 1156 | 6 August 1156 Brno aged 45/6 | Brno | A Russian princess 1132 three children | Heirs of previous rulers of their portions, after Otto II's death inherited their respective inheritances. |
  | Luitpold (II) (Lupolt Olomoucký) | | 1102 Son of Bořivoj II and Helbirga of Austria | 1 March 1130 – 1137 | 1143 aged 40/1 | Olomouc | Unmarried | Appointed and deposed by Sobeslaus, then the senior duke in Bohemia, who replaced him in Olomouc with his own son. |
  | Vladislaus (Vladislav) | | ? First son of Sobeslaus I and Adelaide of Hungary (II) | 1137 – 1140 | 1165 | Olomouc | Daughter of Albert the Bear no children | Probably resigned, waiting for succeed in Bohemia; however it was another Vladislaus who ended up ascending the seniority position in Bohemia. |
  | Vladislaus II (Vladislav II) | | c.1110 Son of Vladislaus I and Richeza of Berg | 14 February 1140 - 11 January 1158 (as Duke) 11 January 1158 - 1172 (as King) | 18 January 1174 Meerane aged 63/4 | Bohemia | Gertrude of Austria 1140 six children Judith of Thuringia 1155 three children | Resigned in 1172. |
  | Otto III (Ota III) | | 1122 Son of Otto II and Sophia of Berg | 1140 – 12 May 1160 | 12 May 1160 aged 37/8 | Olomouc | Durancia five children | |
  | Spytihněv (II) | | ? Son of Vratislaus (II) | 6 August 1156 – 1182 | 1199 | Brno | Umarried | In 1182, abdicated for Conrad Otto of Znojmo |
  | Brno annexed to Znojmo ||||||||
  | Frederick (Bedřich) | | 1142 Son of Vladislaus II and Gertrude of Austria | 12 May 1160 – 1173 | 25 March 1189 | Olomouc | Elizabeth of Hungary 1157 six children | |
  | Frederick (Bedřich) | | 1142 Son of Vladislaus II and Gertrude of Austria | 1172 – 1173 1178 – 25 March 1189 | 25 March 1189 | Bohemia | Elizabeth of Hungary 1157 six children | |
  | Ulrich (III) | | 1134 Second son of Sobeslaus I and Adelaide of Hungary (II) | 1173 – 18 October 1177 | 18 October 1177 aged 42/3 | Olomouc | Cecilia of Thuringia no children Sophia of Meissen no children | |
  | Sobeslaus II the Prince of the Peasants (Soběslav II. kníže sedláků) | | 1128 Third son of Sobeslaus I and Adelaide of Hungary (II) | 1173 – 1178 | 29 January 1180 aged 51/2 | Bohemia | Elisabeth of Greater Poland no children | |
  | Wenceslaus II | | 1137 Fourth son of Sobeslaus I and Adelaide of Hungary (II) | 18 October 1177 – 1178 | after 1192 | Olomouc | Unmarried | Abdicated for Conrad III. |
  | Wenceslaus II | | 1137 Fourth son of Sobeslaus I and Adelaide of Hungary (II) | 9 September 1191 - 1192 | after 1192 | Bohemia | Unmarried | Abdicated for Conrad III. |
  | Olomouc annexed to Znojmo ||||||||
  | Conrad III Otto (Konrád III. Ota) | | c.1136 Son of Conrad II and Maria of Serbia | 1161 – 1182 | 9 September 1191 aged 54/5 | Znojmo | Hellicha of Wittelsbach before 1176 no children | Son of Conrad II. United Znojmo and Olomouc. Brno joined in 1182, when he also became the first Margrave of Moravia. |
  | Conrad III Otto (Konrád III. Ota) | | c.1136 Son of Conrad II and Maria of Serbia | 1182 – 9 September 1191 | 9 September 1191 aged 54/5 | Moravia | Hellicha of Wittelsbach before 1176 no children | Son of Conrad II. United Znojmo and Olomouc. Brno joined in 1182, when he also became the first Margrave of Moravia. |
  | Conrad III Otto (Konrád III. Ota) | | c.1136 Son of Conrad II and Maria of Serbia | 1189 – 9 September 1191 | 9 September 1191 aged 54/5 | Bohemia | Hellicha of Wittelsbach before 1176 no children | Son of Conrad II. United Znojmo and Olomouc. Brno joined in 1182, when he also became the first Margrave of Moravia. |
  | Bretislaus III Henry (Břetislav III. Jindřich) | | 1137 Son of Henry and Margaret (?) | 1193 - 15/19 June 1197 | 15/19 June 1197 | Bohemia | Unmarried | Son of Henry, brother of King Vladislaus II. Also Bishop of Prague (1182-97). |
  | Vladislaus III Henry (Vladislav III. Jindřich) | | 1137 Second son of Vladislaus II and Judith of Thuringia | 22 June - 6 December 1197 | 12 August 1222 | Bohemia | Heilwida no children | Left no descendants. After his death, Moravia became an appanage of Bohemian princes. |
  | Vladislaus III Henry (Vladislav III. Jindřich) | | 1137 Second son of Vladislaus II and Judith of Thuringia | December 1197 – 12 August 1222 | 12 August 1222 | Moravia | Heilwida no children | Left no descendants. After his death, Moravia became an appanage of Bohemian princes. |
  | Premislaus Ottokar I (Přemysl Otakar I) | | 1155 First son of Vladislaus II and Judith of Thuringia | 1192 - 1193 6 December 1197 - 1198 (as Duke) 1198 - 15 December 1230 (as King) | 15 December 1230 Prague aged 74/5 | Bohemia | Adelaide of Meissen 1178 (annulled 1199) one child Constance of Hungary 1199 nine children | First king of hereditary royal title, confirmed by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1212 by issuing the Golden Bull of Sicily. |
  | Wenceslaus I the One-Eyed (Václav I. Jednooký) | | 1205 Son of Premislaus Ottokar I and Constance of Hungary] | 15 December 1230 - 23 September 1253 | 23 December 1253 Králův Dvůr aged 47/8 | Bohemia | Kunigunde of Hohenstaufen 1224 five children | |
  | Premislaus Ottokar II The Iron and Golden King (Přemysl Otakar II. král železný a zlatý) | | 1233 Městec Králové Son of Wenceslaus I and Kunigunde of Hohenstaufen | 23 December 1253 - 26 August 1278 | 26 August 1278 Dürnkrut aged 44/5 | Bohemia | Margaret of Austria 11 February 1252 Hainburg an der Donau (annulled 1261) no children Kunigunda Rostislavna of Halych 25 October 1261 Pressburg three children | Also Duke of Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Friuli and margrave of Carniola. |
  | Regencies of Kunigunda Rostislavna of Halych (1278-1285) and Otto V, Margrave of Brandenburg (1278-1283) | Regencies of Kunigunda Rostislavna of Halych (1278-1285) and Otto V, Margrave of Brandenburg (1278-1283) | Regencies of Kunigunda Rostislavna of Halych (1278-1285) and Otto V, Margrave of Brandenburg (1278-1283) | Regencies of Kunigunda Rostislavna of Halych (1278-1285) and Otto V, Margrave of Brandenburg (1278-1283) | Regencies of Kunigunda Rostislavna of Halych (1278-1285) and Otto V, Margrave of Brandenburg (1278-1283) | Regencies of Kunigunda Rostislavna of Halych (1278-1285) and Otto V, Margrave of Brandenburg (1278-1283) | Regencies of Kunigunda Rostislavna of Halych (1278-1285) and Otto V, Margrave of Brandenburg (1278-1283) | Also Duke of Cracow (from 1291) and King of Poland (1300–1305). |
  | Wenceslaus II (Václav II) | | 27 September 1271 PragueSon of Premislaus Ottokar II and Kunigunda Rostislavna of Halych | 26 August 1278 - 21 June 1305 | 21 June 1305 Prague aged 33 | Bohemia | Judith of Austria January 1285 Cheb ten children Elizabeth Richeza of Poland 26 May 1303 Prague one child | Also Duke of Cracow (from 1291) and King of Poland (1300–1305). |
  | Wenceslaus III (Václav III) | | 6 October 1289 Son of Wenceslaus II and Judith of Austria | 21 June 1305 - 4 August 1306 | 4 August 1306 Olomouc aged 16 | Bohemia | Viola of Cieszyn 5 October 1305 Brno no children | Uncrowned (as Bohemian king). Also King of Hungary (1301–1305) and King of Poland. |
  | Anna (Anna Přemyslovna) | | 10 October 1290 Daughter of Wenceslaus II and Judith of Austria | 4 August 1306 - 1306 3/4 July 1307 - 3 December 1310 | 3 Septembre 1313 Olomouc aged 16 | Bohemia | Henry 1306 no children | Heiresses of Bohemia, they were the true inheritors of the power claimed by their husbands during the succession crisis. Of the three, Rudolf had the weakest claim, and also the lowest popularity. The conflict was settled when, in 1310, Elizabeth and John invaded Prague, and defeated their opponents, Anna and Henry. |
  | Henry of Carinthia (Jindřich Korutanský) | | 1265 Son of Meinhard, Duke of Carinthia and Elisabeth of Bavaria | 4 August 1306 - 1306 3/4 July 1307 - 3 December 1310 | 2 April 1335 Tirol aged 69/70 | Bohemia | Anna 1306 no children Adelaide of Brunswick-Lüneburg 1313 two children Beatrice of Savoy 1327 no children | Heiresses of Bohemia, they were the true inheritors of the power claimed by their husbands during the succession crisis. Of the three, Rudolf had the weakest claim, and also the lowest popularity. The conflict was settled when, in 1310, Elizabeth and John invaded Prague, and defeated their opponents, Anna and Henry. |
  | Elisabeth Richeza of Poland (Eliška-Rejčka) | | 1 September 1288 Poznań Daughter of Przemysł II of Poland and Richeza of Sweden | 1306 - 3/4 July 1307 | 19 October 1335 Brno aged 47 | Bohemia | Wenceslaus II 26 May 1303 Prague one child Rudolf 16 October 1306 Prague no children | Heiresses of Bohemia, they were the true inheritors of the power claimed by their husbands during the succession crisis. Of the three, Rudolf had the weakest claim, and also the lowest popularity. The conflict was settled when, in 1310, Elizabeth and John invaded Prague, and defeated their opponents, Anna and Henry. |
  | Rudolf of Habsburg the Good (Rudolf Habsburský, Rudolf Dobrý) | | c. 1281 Vienna Eldest son of Albert I of Germany and Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol | 1306 - 3/4 July 1307 | Blanche of France 25 May 1300 one child Elisabeth Richeza 16 October 1306 Prague no children | Bohemia | 3/4 July 1307 Horažďovice aged 26 | Heiresses of Bohemia, they were the true inheritors of the power claimed by their husbands during the succession crisis. Of the three, Rudolf had the weakest claim, and also the lowest popularity. The conflict was settled when, in 1310, Elizabeth and John invaded Prague, and defeated their opponents, Anna and Henry. |
  | Elisabeth (Eliška Přemyslovna) | | 20 January 1292 Prague Daughter of Wenceslaus II and Judith of Austria | 3 December 1310 - 28 September 1330 | 28 September 1330 Prague aged 38 | Bohemia | John 1 September 1310 Prague seven children | Heiresses of Bohemia, they were the true inheritors of the power claimed by their husbands during the succession crisis. Of the three, Rudolf had the weakest claim, and also the lowest popularity. The conflict was settled when, in 1310, Elizabeth and John invaded Prague, and defeated their opponents, Anna and Henry. |
  | John of Luxembourg the Blind (Jan Lucemburský, Jan Slepý) | | 10 August 1296 Luxembourg Son of Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor and Margaret of Brabant | 3 December 1310 - 26 August 1346 | 26 August 1346 Crécy-en-Ponthieu aged 50 | Bohemia | Elisabeth 1 September 1310 Prague seven children Beatrice of Bourbon December 1334 Vincennes one child | Heiresses of Bohemia, they were the true inheritors of the power claimed by their husbands during the succession crisis. Of the three, Rudolf had the weakest claim, and also the lowest popularity. The conflict was settled when, in 1310, Elizabeth and John invaded Prague, and defeated their opponents, Anna and Henry. |
  
  ## The Late Kingdom of Bohemia: from the House of Luxembourg to Austria-Hungary (1310–1918)
  
  Kings of Bohemia :
  
  | House of Luxembourg |||||
  | - | - | - | - | - |
  | 39 | | John the Blind (Jan Lucemburský) | 1310–1346 | Son-in-law of Wenceslaus II. |
  | 40 | | Charles I (Karel I.) | 1346–1378 | Son of John. Also Holy Roman Emperor as Charles IV. |
  | 41 | | Wenceslaus IV (Václav IV.) | 1378–1419 | Son of Charles I. Also King of the Romans until 1400. |
  | 42 | | Sigismund (Zikmund) | 1419–1437 | Brother of Wenceslaus IV. Ruled effective 1436–1437 only (because of the Hussite Revolution). Also Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary. |
  | House of Habsburg |||||
  | 43 | | Albert (Albrecht Habsburský) | 1437–1439 | Son-in-law of Sigismund. Also King of the Romans and of Hungary. |
  | | Interregnum | 1440–1453 | The succession of Albert's son was not recognized by the Czech nobility for most of this era; the land was administered by the Landfrieden (provincial and territorial). |
  | 44 | | Ladislaus the Posthumous (Ladislav Pohrobek) | 1453–1457 | Son of Albert born after his father's death. Also King of Hungary. |
  | Non-Dynastic |||||
  | 45 | | George of Podebrady (Jiří z Poděbrad) | 1457–1471 | Elected king from the Czech noble family House of Kunštát. Although he had descendants, the succession devolved to the prince from Polish kingdom. |
  | 46 | | Matthias Corvinus (Matyáš Korvín) | 1469–1490 | King of Hungary, elected by the insurgent Catholic Czech aristocrats as anti-king in 1469, but never crowned. In 1479, he agreed to limit his rule to Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia, while retaining his title. |
  | House of Jagiellon |||||
  | 47 | | Vladislaus II the Jagiellonian (Vladislav II. Jagellonský) | 1471–1516 | Nephew of Ladislaus the Posthumous; elected on request of his predecessor George. Also King of Hungary after 1490. |
  | 48 | | Louis the Jagiellonian (Ludvík Jagellonský) | 1516–1526 | Son of Vladislaus II. Also King of Hungary. |
  | House of Habsburg |||||
  | 49 | | Ferdinand I | 1526–1564 | Brother-in-law of Louis; elected king. Also King of Hungary and Holy Roman Emperor-elect from 1558. |
  | 50 | | Maximilian I (Maxmilián I.) | 1564–1576 | Son of Ferdinand I, grandson of Vladislaus II. Also King of Hungary and Holy Roman Emperor. |
  | 51 | | Rudolph II (Rudolf II.) | 1576–1611 | Son of Maximilian I. Also King of Hungary and Holy Roman Emperor. |
  | 52 | | Mathias (Matyáš) | 1611–1619 | Brother of Rudolph II. Also King of Hungary and Holy Roman Emperor. |
  | House of Wittelsbach |||||
  | 53 | | Frederick I (Fridrich I.) | 1619–1620 | Elected by the Crown's Estates at the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, but after losing the Battle of White Mountain, he fled the country. |
  | Usurpers and hereditary kings |||||
  | House of Habsburg |||||
  | 54 | | Ferdinand II | 1619–1637 | Cousin of Matthias. Also King of Hungary and Holy Roman Emperor. |
  | 55 | | Ferdinand III | 1637–1657 | Son of Ferdinand II. Also King of Hungary and Holy Roman Emperor. From this time on, Bohemia no longer had an elective monarchy, with the Habsburgs having imposed their exclusive rule at the Battle of the White Mountain. |
  | 56 | | Ferdinand IV | 1646–1654 | Son of Ferdinand III. Junior co-monarch during his father's reign. Also King of Hungary and King of the Romans. |
  | 57 | | Leopold I | 1657–1705 | Brother of Ferdinand IV. Also King of Hungary and Holy Roman Emperor. |
  | 58 | | Joseph I (Josef I.) | 1705–1711 | Son of Leopold I. Also King of Hungary and Holy Roman Emperor. |
  | 59 | | Charles II (Karel II.) | 1711–1740 | Brother of Joseph I. Also King of Hungary and Holy Roman Emperor as Charles VI. |
  | 60 | | Maria Theresa (Marie Terezie) | 1740–1780 | Daughter of Charles II. Also Queen of Hungary. |
  | House of Wittelsbach |||||
  | 61 | | Charles Albert (Karel Albrecht) | 1741–1743 | Son-in-law of Joseph I. Anti-king to Maria Theresa during the War of the Austrian Succession. Also Holy Roman Emperor as Charles VII. |
  | House of Habsburg-Lorraine |||||
  | 62 | | Joseph II (Josef II.) | 1780–1790 | Son of Maria Theresa. Also King of Hungary and Holy Roman Emperor. |
  | 63 | | Leopold II | 1790–1792 | Brother of Joseph II. Also King of Hungary and Holy Roman Emperor. |
  | 64 | | Francis I (František I.) | 1792–1835 | Son of Leopold II. Also King of Hungary, Holy Roman Emperor to 1806, Emperor of Austria from 1804. |
  | 65 | | Ferdinand V | 1835–1848 | Son of Francis I. Also Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. Last crowned King of Bohemia. Forced to abdicate during the Revolution of 1848. |
  | 66 | | Francis Joseph I (František Josef I.) | 1848–1916 | Nephew of Ferdinand V. Also Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. |
  | 67 | | Charles III (Karel III.) | 1916–1918 | Grandnephew of Francis Joseph I. Also Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. Ruled briefly during World War I; in November 1918 renounced participation in state affairs but did not abdicate. |
  
  ## Presidents of Czechoslovakia (1918–1992)
  
  * Czechoslovak National Social Party (ČSNS)
  * Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ)
  * Civic Forum (OF)
  * Independent
  
  | No. | Name | Lifespan | Ethnicity | Elected | Took office | Left office | Political affiliation(s) |
  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
  | First Czechoslovak Republic(1918–1938) |||||||||
  | 68 | Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk | 1850–1937 | Czech | 1918 1920 1927 1934 | 14 November 1918 | 14 December 1935 | Independent |
  | — | Milan Hodža | 1878–1944 | Slovak | Acting | 14 December 1935 | 18 December 1935 | RSZML |
  | 69 | Edvard Beneš | 1884–1948 | Czech | 1935 | 18 December 1935 | 5 October 1938 | ČSNS |
  | — | Jan Syrový | 1888–1970 | Czech | Acting | 5 October 1938 | 30 November 1938 | Independent |
  | Second Czechoslovak Republic(1938–1939) |||||||||
  | 70 | Emil Hácha | 1872–1945 | Czech | 1938 | 30 November 1938 | 15 March 1939 | Independent |
  | Occupation(1939–1945) Emil Hácha became State President of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, a de jure autonomous region incorporated into Nazi Germany. Jozef Tiso became President of the pseudo-independent, pro-Nazi and clero-fascist Slovak Republic. Avgustyn Voloshyn became President of the Carpatho-Ukraine few days before occupation by the Kingdom of Hungary. |||||||||
  | Czechoslovak government-in-exile(1940–1945) |||||||||
  | — | Edvard Beneš | 1884–1948 | Czech | 1940 | 21 July 1940 | 4 April 1945 | ČSNS |
  | Third Czechoslovak Republic(1945–1948) |||||||||
  | 69 | Edvard Beneš | 1884–1948 | Czech | 1946 | 4 April 1945 | 7 June 1948 | ČSNS |
  | Communist Era(1948–1989) Official names: Czechoslovak Republic (1948–1960), Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1989) |||||||||
  | 71 | Klement Gottwald | 1896–1953 | Czech | 1948 | 7 June 1948acting to 14 June 1948 | 14 March 1953(died in office) | KSČ |
  | 72 | Antonín Zápotocký | 1884–1957 | Czech | 1953 | 14 March 1953acting to 21 March 1953 | 13 November 1957(died in office) | KSČ |
  | — | Viliam Široký | 1902–1971 | Hungarian | Acting | 13 November 1957 | 19 November 1957 | KSČ |
  | 73 | Antonín Novotný | 1904–1975 | Czech | 1957 1964 | 19 November 1957 | 22 March 1968 | KSČ |
  | — | Jozef Lenárt | 1923–2004 | Slovak | Acting | 22 March 1968 | 30 March 1968 | KSČ |
  | 74 | Ludvík Svoboda | 1895–1979 | Czech | 1968 1973 | 30 March 1968 | 28 May 1975 | KSČ |
  | 75 | Gustáv Husák | 1913–1991 | Slovak | 1975 1980 1985 | 29 May 1975 | 10 December 1989 | KSČ |
  | — | Marián Čalfa | 1946- | Slovak | Acting | 10 December 1989 | 29 December 1989 | KSČ |
  | Post–Communist Era(1989–1992) Official names: Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1989–1990), Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (1990–1992) |||||||||
  | 76 | Václav Havel | 1936–2011 | Czech | 1989 1990 1992 (failed) | 29 December 1989 | 20 July 1992 | OF |
  | — | Jan Stráský | 1940–2019 | Czech | Acting | 20 July 1992 | 31 December 1992(dissolution of the country) | ODS |
  
  ## Presidents of the Czech Republic (1993–present)
  
  ### Parties
  
  Independent  ODS  SPO
  
  | | President (Birth–Death) | Took office | Left office | Party | Term | Previous office(s) |
  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
  | 76 | Václav Havel (1936–2011) | 2 February 1993 | 2 February 2003 | Independent | 1 (1993) | President of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (1989–1992) |
  | 76 | Václav Havel (1936–2011) | 2 February 1993 | 2 February 2003 | Independent | 2 (1998) | President of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (1989–1992) |
  | 77 | Václav Klaus (born 1941) | 7 March 2003 | 7 March 2013 | Civic Democratic Party (ODS) | 3 (2003) | Minister of Finance of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992), Prime Minister (1992–1998), Chairman of the Lower House of Parliament (1998–2002) |
  | 77 | Václav Klaus (born 1941) | 7 March 2003 | 7 March 2013 | Civic Democratic Party (ODS) | 4 (2008) | Minister of Finance of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992), Prime Minister (1992–1998), Chairman of the Lower House of Parliament (1998–2002) |
  | 78 | Miloš Zeman (born 1944) | 8 March 2013 | 8 March 2023 | Party of Civic Rights (SPO) | 5 (2013) | Chairman of the Lower House of Parliament (1996–1998), Prime Minister (1998–2002) |
  | 78 | Miloš Zeman (born 1944) | 8 March 2013 | 8 March 2023 | Party of Civic Rights (SPO) | 6 (2018) | Chairman of the Lower House of Parliament (1996–1998), Prime Minister (1998–2002) |
  | 79 | Petr Pavel (born 1961) | 9 March 2023 | Incumbent | Independent | 7 (2023) | Chief of the General Staff (2012–2015) Chairman of the NATO Military Committee (2015–2018) |
  