title: Hilda Weiss
text: # Hilda Weiss
  
  Hilda Weiss (29 August 1900 – 29 May 1981; alternatively Hilde Weiss, Hilde Rigaudias-Weiss, Hilda Weiss Parker, Hilde Weiß) was a sociologist, trade unionist, and socialist. She lived in Germany until 1933 when Hitler came to power, then escaped to France. In 1939 she emigrated to the United States and lived there until her death in 1981.
  
  ## Early research
  
  Weiss was one of the first doctoral students at the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt, joining in 1924. She wrote her thesis on a comparison of the Zeiss optical factory, based on her personal experiences working there, and the Ford Motor Company in Detroit. Her main interest was in the differential impact of the ideologies of Ernst Karl Abbe, the founder of Zeiss, and Henry Ford.
  
  She describes the challenges of working at Zeiss in her autobiography, where she was the only woman in her department. Initially the men there harassed her:
  
     They told obscene jokes and laughed so maliciously when I could not understand them. But after a little while they found out that I was a member of the union. Then they no longer treated me as a little girl, but talked about labor conditions and union meetings.
  
  ## Study of Working Class people in Germany
  
  In 1930, Erich Fromm was given responsibility for directing a large empirical survey of workers' conditions in Germany. The survey was "largely carried out" by Weiss and involved distributing questionnaires to 3,300 participants. It is likely that Weiss was influenced by a questionnaire developed by Karl Marx in 1880 which she uncovered whilst working in an archive. Friedman notes that:
  
     Hilde Weiss turned out to be the most valued associate in the undertaking; she was charged with the distribution of the questionnaire and taking the measures necessary to guarantee a high return rate from the respondents. Weiss had studied earlier German survey research ventures, especially Max Weber’s pioneering protocols to solicit data about the social psychology and feelings of German workers. She familiarized Fromm with Weberian survey research approaches.
  
  ## Escaping Nazi Germany
  
  Hilda Weiss was Jewish, so with the rise of Nazism it was extremely dangerous for her to stay in Germany. She decided to leave for Switzerland in April 1933. Just before she boarded a train, a dining car waiter recognised her and attracted her attention. It turned out that he had also worked at Zeiss. He helped her to escape, concocting cover stories whenever she was approached by German police (which by then were controlled by the Nazis). She arrived safely in Basel. After a brief time in Geneva, she moved onto Paris. Then, in 1939 at the start of World War II, she escaped to the United States.
  
  ## Marriages
  
  In October 1935 Weiss married Louis Rigaudias, a French Trotskyist leader. They divorced in 1938. She married Joseph P. Parker, officially on 6 April 1955; however, a number of letters suggest this marriage took place in summer 1950. Parker died in a car accident on 6 February 1958.
  
  ## Published works
  
  * Weiss, Hilde: Rationalisierung und Arbeiterklasse: Zur Rationalisierung der deutschen Industrie. Berlin: Führer-Verlag 1926.
  * Weiss, Hilde: Abbe und Ford: Pläne für die Errichtung sozialer Betriebe. Dissertation. Frankfurt a.M. 1927.
  * "My life in Germany before and after January 30, 1933." Autobiographisches Manuskript: Houghton Archive, Harvard University; Folder: bMS Ger 91 (240).
  * Rigaudias-Weiss, Hilde: Les Enquêtes Ouvrières en France. Entre 1830 et 1848. Dissertation. Paris: Les Presses Universitaires de France 1936.
  * Weiss, Hilde: Die "Enquêtes Ouvrières" von Karl Marx. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung 5, 1936, 76–98. Translated by Maciej Zurowski in Clark McAllister (Ed.). (2022). Karl Marx’s Workers’ Inquiry: International History, Reception, and Responses. Notes from Below.
  * Weiss, Hilde: Materialien zum Verhältnis von Konjunktur und Familie. Bericht über ein Manuskript von 109 Seiten. In: Horkheimer, M. Fromm, E. Marcuse, H. u.a.: Studien über Autorität und Familie. Paris 1936, 579–581.
  * Weiss, Hilda: Human Relations in Industry. From Ernst Abbe to Karl Mannheim. In: The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 8, 1949, 287–297.
  * Weiss Parker, Hilda: Industrial Relations, Manipulative or Democratic? In: The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 18, 1958, 25–33.
  * Weiss, Hilda P.: Durkheim, Denmark, and Suicide: A Sociological Interpretation of Statistical Data. In: Acta Sociologica 7, 1964, 264–278.
  