title: Celaenorrhinus ruficornis
text: # Celaenorrhinus ruficornis
  
  Celaenorrhinus ruficornis, commonly known as the Tamil spotted flat, is a species of butterfly belonging to the family Hesperiidae which is found in India, Java, and the Sulawesi Region.
  
  ## Range
  
  The subspecies, Celaenorrhinus ruficornis fusca Hampson, 1889 occurs in India in the Western Ghats, Nilgiris and the Palni hills.
  
  A record in Calcutta may be vagrant or mistaken.
  
  ## Description
  
  The butterfly has a wingspan of 45 to 50 mm. The butterflies resemble the common spotted flat except that the discal spot in 2 and the spot end cell of the forewing are separate. The upper hindwing is only obscurely marked. The antenna is chequered and has a white club.
  
     Male. Upperside dark olive-brown, but not blackish as in Celaenorrhinus spilothyrus the brownish-ochreous setae on the basal area of the forewing and the hairs of the hindwing more ochreous. Forewing with the sub-apical spots and the spots of the discal band similarly disposed, but there is usually only one lower dot of the suli-apical series, and the lowest small spot of the discal series is almost always wanting in this sex; the uppermost spot of the discal series is always white, not ochreous as in C. spilothyrus. Hindwing without markings. Cilia of both wings alternately black and white, the alternations more pronounced on the hindwing than on the forewing, in C. spilothyrus it is entirely blackish on both wings. Underside as on the upperside, the entire surface of both wings covered with minute ochreous-grey scales. Antennpe on the underside, with all the club, except its tip, and the upper third of the shaft pure white, the remainder of the shaft with pure white dots; palpi with the inner half ochreous-grey marked with black, the outer half blackish, white at the sides and below the eyes; head, body above and below and the legs concolorous with the wings.
     Female like the male above and below, but the spots in the forewing are larger, the discal band consequently more continuous, the outer spot usually wedged into the junction of the two large sub-quadrate spots, there is also on the underside of the hindwing an obscure whitish dot at the end of the cell. Cilia of both wings as in the male.
  
  ## Habits
  
  It is common along the Western Ghats, especially during the monsoon. It may be caught in the daytime by beating out roadside patches of Lantana camara.
  
  ## Life history
  
  Food plants: Phaulopsis, Strobilanthes (Acanthaceae).
  
  ## Cited references
  
  * ↑ Beccaloni, G.; Scoble, M.; Kitching, I.; Simonsen, T.; Robinson, G.; Pitkin, B.; Hine, A.; Lyal, C., eds. (2003). "Celaenorrhinus ruficornis​". The Global Lepidoptera Names Index. Natural History Museum. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  * ↑ Mabille, Paul (1878). Annales de la Société entomologique de Belgique. Société entomologique de Belgique. pp. 32–33.
  * 1 2 Savela, Markku, ed. (October 24, 2019). "Celaenorrhinus ruficornis (Mabille, 1878)". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
  * 1 2 Evans, W. H. (1932). The Identification of Indian Butterflies (2nd ed.). Mumbai, India: Bombay Natural History Society. p. 327, ser no I11.20.
  * 1 2 Varshney, R. K.; Smetacek, Peter (2015). A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India. New Delhi: Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing. p. 37. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164. ISBN 978-81-929826-4-9.
  * ↑ Watson, E. Y. (1891). Hesperiidae Indicae: being a reprint of descriptions of the Hesperiidae of India, Burma, and Ceylon. Madras: Vest and Company. p. 141.
  * ↑ Evans, W. H. (1949). A Catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia, and Australia in the British Museum. London: British Museum (Natural History). Department of Entomology. p. 102.
  * 1 2 One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Swinhoe, Charles (1912–1913). Lepidoptera Indica: Volume X. London: Lovell Reeve and Co. pp. 18–19.
  * ↑ Vane-Wright, R.I, & de Jong, R. (2003). The butterflies of Sulawesi: annotated checklist for a critical island fauna. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 343, 3–267 https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/220217/ page 61
  * ↑ Hampson, G. F. (1888). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal: Butterflies of the Nilgiri District. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 367.
  * ↑ Evans (1932) gives range of C.r. area Plotz as South India to Bengal; C. r. ruficornis, Mabille as Java and C. r. celebica Evans, 1932 as Sulawesi. Reorganisation of the species appears to have led to restriction of the range of the species.
  * 1 2 3 Wynter-Blyth, Mark Alexander (1957). Butterflies of the Indian Region. Bombay, India: Bombay Natural History Society. pp. 460–461. ISBN 978-8170192329.
  * ↑ As per Igarashi & Fukuda (2000) which provide illustrations of food plant, larva and pupa vide this site
  