title: Behr syndrome
text: # Behr syndrome
  
  Behr syndrome is characterized by the association of early-onset optic atrophy with spinocerebellar degeneration resulting in ataxia, pyramidal signs, peripheral neuropathy and developmental delay.
  
  Although it is an autosomal recessive disorder, heterozygotes may still manifest much attenuated symptoms. Autosomal dominant inheritance also being reported in a family. Recently a variant of OPA1 mutation with phenotypic presentation like Behr syndrome is also described. Some reported cases have been found to carry mutations in the OPA1, OPA3 or C12ORF65 genes which are known causes of pure optic atrophy or optic atrophy complicated by movement disorder.
  
  ## Signs and symptoms
  
  Onset : Early childhood
  
  Progression: Chronic progressive
  
  Clinical: Cerebellar ataxia plus syndrome / Optic Atrophy Plus Syndrome
  
  Ocular: Optic atrophy, nystagmus, scotoma, and bilateral retrobulbar neuritis.
  
  Other: Mental retardation, myoclonic epilepsy, spasticity, and posterior column sensory loss. Tremor in some cases.
  
  Musculoskeletal
  
  Contractures, lower limbs, Achilles tendon contractures, Hamstring contractures, Adductor longus contractures
  
  Systemic
  
  Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism.
  
  ## Genetics
  
  Behr syndrome is autosomal recessive which means the defective gene is located on an autosome, and two copies of the gene - one inherited from each parent - are required to be born with the disorder. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder both carry one copy of the defective gene, but are usually not affected by the disorder. Autosomal dominant inheritance also being reported.
  
  Compound heterozygous mutations in OPA1 gene were reported. Molecular genetic studies revealed a homozygous mutation in the C19ORF12 gene which has been previously reported in patients with mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN) a variant of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA).
  
  ## Pathology
  
  Autopsy on one of the sister with Behr Syndrome revealed central atrophy of the optic nerves and total disarray of the normal laminar pattern of the lateral geniculate nucleus, dropout of neurons, and gliosis. There were numerous axonal spheroids in the neuropil. Similar spheroids with cell loss and gliosis were also observed in other thalamic nuclei and, rarely, in the pallida.
  
  ## Diagnosis
  
  Diagnosis is suspected clinically and family history, neuroimaging and genetic study helps to confirm Behr Syndrome.
  
  ### Neuroimaging
  
  Diffuse, symmetric white matter abnormalities were demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggesting that Behr syndrome may represent a disorder of white matter associated with an unknown biochemical abnormality.
  
  ## Treatment
  
  Management for this condition is supportive
  
  