title: Clostridium botulinum C3 toxin
text: # Clostridium botulinum C3 toxin
  
  Clostridium botulinum C3 exoenzyme is a toxin that causes the addition of one or more ADP-ribose moieties to Rho-like proteins. Many bacterial toxins nucleotide-binding modify by ADP-ribosylation proteins involved in essential cell functions, leading to their toxic effects.
  
  ## Action
  
  The molecular basis of the action of these enzymes consists in binding of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), splitting NAD into its ADP-ribose and nicotinamide components, and transferring the ADP-ribose moiety to a specific residue on to a protein substrate, often of eukaryotic origin. All the toxins of this family share a highly conserved glutamate, which is the catalytic residue critical for the NAD-glycohydrolase activity. ADP-ribosyltransferase toxins have distinct substrate specificities and variable pathophysiological properties and can be subdivided into four subfamilies: diphtheria-like toxins, cholera-like toxins, binary toxins and C3-like exoenzymes.
  
  C3-like exoenzymes unlike other ADP-ribosyltransferase toxins do not require a specific cell-surface binding translocation component for cell entry. Their specificity is for the small GTP-binding proteins RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC, which are ADP-ribosylated on an asparagine residue.
  
  * ↑ Ménétrey J, Flatau G, Boquet P, Ménez A, Stura EA (May 2008). "Structural basis for the NAD-hydrolysis mechanism and the ARTT-loop plasticity of C3 exoenzymes". Protein Science. 17 (5): 878–86. doi:10.1110/ps.073398508. PMC 2327275. PMID 18369192.
  * ↑ Moss J, Vaughan M (1990). ADP-ribosylating Toxins and G Protein, Insights into Signal Transduction. Washington, D. C.: American Society for Microbiology. ISBN 978-1-55581-017-7.
  