title: Binandere language
text: # Binandere language
  
  Binandere is a Papuan language spoken in the "tail" of Papua New Guinea.
  
  ## Phonology
  
  Binandere has 11 consonants: voiced and voiceless bilabials, alveolars, and velars; voiced labial and alveolar nasals; the flap /ɾ/; the voiced bilabial fricative /β/ and the palatal approximant /j/.
  
  Consonants of Binandere :
  
  | | Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar |
  | - | - | - | - | - |
  | Plosive | p b | t d | | k ɡ |
  | Nasal | m | n | | |
  | Non-sibilant fricative | β | | | |
  | Approximant | | | j | |
  | Tap/flap | | ɾ | | |
  
  Binandere also has the 5 common vowels /ɑ e i o u / and their five nasal counterparts.
  
  Vowels of Binandere :
  
  | | Front (Unrounded) | Back (Unrounded) | Back (Rounded) |
  | - | - | - | - |
  | High | i ĩ | | u ũ |
  | Mid | e ẽ | | o õ |
  | Low | | ɑ ɑ̃ | |
  
  These vowels can be combined to form up to 11 possible diphthongs:
  
  * Oral: /iu/ /ei/ /eo/ /eu/ /ɑi/ /ɑe/ /ɑo/ /ɑu/ /oi/ /oe/ /ou/
  * Nasal: /ẽĩ/ /ɑ̃ĩ/ /ɑ̃õ/ /õũ/
  
  ## Evolution
  
  Below are some reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea proposed by Pawley (2012):
  
  | proto-Trans-New Guinea | Binandere |
  | - | - |
  | *m(i,u)ndu ‘nose’ | mendo |
  | *m(o,u)k ‘milk, sap, breast’ | mu ‘sap’ |
  | *mundun ‘internal organs’ | mundu ‘kidney, testicles’ |
  | *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | (gisi)-moka ‘eye’ |
  | *mV ‘taro’ | (Suena ma ‘taro’) |
  | *mV- ‘give’ | (Korafe mut- ‘give’) |
  | *(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’ | biriga ‘lightning’ |
  | *am(a,i) ‘mother’ | ai (*m lost before i), (Suena mia) |
  | *amu ‘breast’ | ami |
  | *k(i,u)tuma ‘night, morning’ | tumba ‘darkness’ |
  | *na ‘1SG’ | na |
  | *na- ‘eat’ | na- ‘eat, drink’ |
  | *n[e]i ‘bird’ | ni |
  | *nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’ | (Korafe niŋg- ‘hear, understand’) |
  | pMadang-Binandere *nu[k] ‘3SG free pronoun’ | nu |
  | *ka(m,mb)(a,u)na ‘stone’ | ganuma (Korafe ghamana ‘stone’) |
  | *mundun ‘internal organs’ | mundu ‘kidney, testicles’, (Korafe munju ‘egg’) |
  | *mbalaŋ ‘flame’ | (?) beriberi ‘be alight’ |
  | *mbalaŋ ‘flame’ | beri-beri ‘be alight’ |
  | *mbulikV ‘turn (oneself)’ | (Guhu-Samane burisi eetaqu ‘turn over, turn s.th. around’) |
  | *mbeŋga-masi ‘orphan’, ‘widow and child’ | (Suena boga masa ‘destitute widow and child’) |
  | *pu + verb ‘to blow’ | Binandere put- ‘blow’ |
  | *ambi ‘man’ | embo (Guhu-Samane abi ‘man’) |
  | *kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’ | kopuru |
  | *[ka]tumba(C) ‘short’ | tupo |
  | *kambu(s,t)(a,u) ‘smoke’ | (?) imbosi |
  | *apa ‘father’ | afa (Korafe afa) |
  | *ndaŋgi/ndiŋga ‘tie’ | (Suena di ‘tie’) |
  | *m(i,u)ndu ‘nose’ | mendo |
  | *mundun ‘internal organs’ | mundu ‘kidney, testicles’, etc.’) |
  | *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ | (Yega kari ‘ear’) |
  | *inda ‘tree’ | izi (cf. Notu ri) |
  | *[ka]tumba(C) ‘short’ | tupo |
  | *k(i,u)tuma ‘night, morning’ | Binandere tumba ‘darkness’, ‘night’) |
  | *kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’ | kopuru |
  | *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | gisi moka |
  | *at(i,u) ‘netbag’ | asi (Suena ati ‘netbag’) |
  | *si[si] ‘urine’ | pBinandere *susu (Korafe soso) |
  | *titi ‘tooth’ | ji |
  | *asi ‘string, rope’ | asi ‘vine, string, rope’) |
  | *kasipa ‘to spit’ | kosiwa ‘spittle’ |
  | *mbeŋga-masi ‘orphan’ | (Suena boga masa ‘destitute’) ‘widow and child’ |
  | *kanjipa ‘sun’ | (?) kariga ‘moon’ |
  | *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | gisi-(moka) |
  | *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | (gisi)-moka (Korafe móko ‘core, centre’) |
  | *nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’ | (pBinandere *niŋg- ‘hear’, Korafe niŋg- ‘hear, understand’) |
  | *mbeŋga-masi ‘orphan’ | (Suena boga-masa ‘destitute’) ‘widow and child’ |
  | *kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’ | kopuru |
  | *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ | (Yega kari) |
  | *kasipa ‘to spit’ | kosiwa ‘spittle’, kosiwa ari ‘to spit’ |
  | *ka(m,mb)(a,u)na ‘stone’ | ganuma (metath.) (Korafe ɣamana) |
  | *ka(m,mb)(a,u)na ‘stone’ | ganuma (metath.) (Korafe ɣamana ‘stone’) |
  | *k(o,u)ndVC ‘bone’ | (?) undoru ‘bones’ |
  | *kumV- ‘die’ | (?) abu-bugari ‘dead people’, (pBin *ambu- ‘wither, be sick, dying’) |
  | *kambu(s,t)(a,u) ‘smoke’ | (?) imbosi |
  | *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ | (Yega kari) |
  | *la(ŋg,k)a ‘ashes’ | (aßa)-raka ‘fire’ |
  | *sikal/*sakil ‘hand, claw’ | (?) siŋgu ‘finger’, finger’) |
  | *(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’ | biriga ‘lightning’ |
  | *(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’ | birigi |
  