title: Timeline of materials technology
text: # Timeline of materials technology
  
  Major innovations in materials technology
  
  ## BC
  
  * 28,000 BC – People wear beads, bracelets, and pendants
  * 14,500 BC – First pottery, made by the Jōmon people of Japan.
  * 6th millennium BC – Copper metallurgy is invented and copper is used for ornamentation (see Pločnik article)
  * 2nd millennium BC – Bronze is used for weapons and armor
  * 16th century BC – The Hittites develop crude iron metallurgy
  * 13th century BC – Invention of steel when iron and charcoal are combined properly
  * 10th century BC – Glass production begins in ancient Near East
  * 1st millennium BC – Pewter beginning to be used in China and Egypt
  * 1000 BC – The Phoenicians introduce dyes made from the purple murex.
  * 3rd century BC – Wootz steel, the first crucible steel, is invented in ancient India
  * 50s BC – Glassblowing techniques flourish in Phoenicia
  * 20s BC – Roman architect Vitruvius describes low-water-content method for mixing concrete
  
  ## 1st millennium
  
  * 3rd century – Cast iron widely used in Han Dynasty China
  * 300 – Greek alchemist Zomius, summarizing the work of Egyptian alchemists, describes arsenic and lead acetate
  * 4th century – Iron pillar of Delhi is the oldest surviving example of corrosion-resistant steel
  * 8th century – Porcelain is invented in Tang Dynasty China
  * 8th century – Tin-glazing of ceramics invented by Muslim chemists and potters in Basra, $Iraq^{:1}$
  * 9th century – Stonepaste ceramics invented in $Iraq^{:5}$
  * 900 – First systematic classification of chemical substances appears in the works attributed to Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Latin: Geber) and in those of the Persian alchemist and physician Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (c. 865–925, Latin: Rhazes)
  * 900 – Synthesis of ammonium chloride from organic substances described in the works attributed to Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Latin: Geber)
  * 900 – Abū Bakr al-Rāzī describes the preparation of plaster of Paris and metallic antimony
  * 9th century – Lustreware appears in $Mesopotamia^{:86–87}$
  
  ## 2nd millennium
  
  * 1000 – Gunpowder is developed in China
  * 1340 – In Liège, Belgium, the first blast furnaces for the production of iron are developed
  * 1448 – Johann Gutenberg develops type metal alloy
  * 1450s – Cristallo, a clear soda-based glass, is invented by Angelo Barovier
  * 1540 – Vannoccio Biringuccio publishes first systematic book on metallurgy
  * 1556 – Georg Agricola's influential book on metallurgy
  * 1590 – Glass lenses are developed in the Netherlands and used for the first time in microscopes and telescopes
  * 1664 – In the pipes supplying water to the gardens at Versailles, cast iron is used
  
  ### 18th century
  
  * 1717 – Abraham Darby makes iron with coke, a derivative of coal
  * 1738 – Metallic zinc processed by distillation from calamine and charcoal patented by William Champion
  * 1740 – Crucible steel technique developed by Benjamin Huntsman
  * 1774 –
     * Joseph Priestley discovers oxygen
     * Johann Gottlieb Gahn discovers manganese
     * Karl Wilhelm Scheele discovers chlorine
  * 1779 – Hydraulic cement (stucco) patented by Bryan Higgins for use as an exterior plaster
  * 1799 – Acid battery made from copper/zinc by Alessandro Volta
  
  ### 19th century
  
  * 1821 – Thermocouple invented by Thomas Johann Seebeck
  * 1824 – Portland cement patent issued to Joseph Aspdin
  * 1825 – Metallic aluminum produced by Hans Christian Ørsted
  * 1839 – Vulcanized rubber invented by Charles Goodyear
  * 1839 – Silver-based photographic processes invented by Louis Daguerre and William Fox Talbot
  * 1855 – Bessemer process for mass production of steel patented by Henry Bessemer
  * 1861 – Color photography demonstrated by James Clerk Maxwell
  * 1883 – First solar cells using selenium waffles made by Charles Fritts
  * 1893 – Thermite Welding developed and soon used to weld rails
  
  ### 20th century
  
  * 1902 – Synthetic rubies created by the Verneuil process developed by Auguste Verneuil
  * 1908 – Cellophane invented by Jacques E. Brandenberger
  * 1909 – Bakelite hard thermosetting plastic presented by Leo Baekeland
  * 1911 – Superconductivity discovered by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
  * 1912 – Stainless steel invented by Harry Brearley
  * 1916 – Method for growing single crystals of metals invented by Jan Czochralski
  * 1919 – The merchant ship Fullagar has the first all welded hull.
  * 1924 – Pyrex invented by scientists at Corning Incorporated, a glass with a very low coefficient of thermal expansion
  * 1931 – synthetic rubber called neoprene developed by Julius Nieuwland (see also: E.K. Bolton, Wallace Carothers)
  * 1931 – Nylon developed by Wallace Carothers
  * 1935 – Langmuir–Blodgett film coating of glass was developed by Katharine Burr Blodgett, creating "invisible glass" which is >99% transmissive
  * 1938 – The process for making poly-tetrafluoroethylene, better known as Teflon discovered by Roy Plunkett
  * 1939 – Dislocations in metals confirmed by Robert W. Cahn
  * 1947 – First germanium point-contact transistor invented
  * 1947 – First commercial application of a piezoelectric ceramic: barium titanate used as a phonograph pickup
  * 1951 – Individual atoms seen for the first time using the field ion microscope
  * 1953 – Metallic catalysts which greatly improve the strength of polyethylene polymers discovered by Karl Ziegler
  * 1954 – Silicon solar cells with 6% efficiency made at Bell Laboratories
  * 1954 – Argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) refining invented by scientists at the Union Carbide Corporation
  * 1959 – Float glass process patented by the Pilkington Brothers
  * 1962 – SQUID superconducting quantum interference device invented
  * 1966 – Stephanie Kwolek invented a fibre that would later become known as Kevlar
  * 1968 – Liquid crystal display developed by RCA
  * 1970 – Silica optical fibers grown by Corning Incorporated
  * 1980 – Duplex stainless steels developed which resist oxidation in chlorides
  * 1984 – Fold-forming system developed by Charles Lewton-Brain to produce complex three dimensional forms rapidly from sheet metal
  * 1985 – The first fullerene molecule discovered by scientists at Rice University (see also: Timeline of carbon nanotubes)
  * 1986 – The first high temperature superconductor is discovered by Georg Bednorz and K. Alex Müller
  