title: Webbed space
text: # Webbed space
  
  In mathematics, particularly in functional analysis, a webbed space is a topological vector space designed with the goal of allowing the results of the open mapping theorem and the closed graph theorem to hold for a wider class of linear maps whose codomains are webbed spaces. A space is called webbed if there exists a collection of sets, called a web that satisfies certain properties. Webs were first investigated by de Wilde.
  
  ## Web
  
  Let $X$ be a Hausdorff locally convex topological vector space. A web is a stratified collection of disks satisfying the following absorbency and convergence requirements.
  
  * Stratum 1: The first stratum must consist of a sequence $D_{1},D_{2},D_{3},\ldots$ of disks in $X$ such that their union $\bigcup _{i\in \mathbb {N} }D_{i}$ absorbs $X.$
  * Stratum 2: For each disk $D_{i}$ in the first stratum, there must exists a sequence $D_{i1},D_{i2},D_{i3},\ldots$ of disks in $X$ such that for every $D_{i}$: $D_{ij}\subseteq \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\right)D_{i}\quad {\text{ for every }}j$ and $\cup _{j\in \mathbb {N} }D_{ij}$ absorbs $D_{i}.$ The sets $\left(D_{ij}\right)_{i,j\in \mathbb {N} }$ will form the second stratum.
  * Stratum 3: To each disk $D_{ij}$ in the second stratum, assign another sequence $D_{ij1},D_{ij2},D_{ij3},\ldots$ of disks in $X$ satisfying analogously defined properties; explicitly, this means that for every $D_{i,j}$: $D_{ijk}\subseteq \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\right)D_{ij}\quad {\text{ for every }}k$ and $\cup _{k\in \mathbb {N} }D_{ijk}$ absorbs $D_{ij}.$ The sets $\left(D_{ijk}\right)_{i,j,k\in \mathbb {N} }$ form the third stratum.
  
  Continue this process to define strata $4,5,\ldots .$ That is, use induction to define stratum $n+1$ in terms of stratum $n.$
  
  A strand is a sequence of disks, with the first disk being selected from the first stratum, say $D_{i},$ and the second being selected from the sequence that was associated with $D_{i},$ and so on. We also require that if a sequence of vectors $(x_{n})$ is selected from a strand (with $x_{1}$ belonging to the first disk in the strand, $x_{2}$ belonging to the second, and so on) then the series $\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }x_{n}$ converges.
  
  A Hausdorff locally convex topological vector space on which a web can be defined is called a webbed space.
  
  ## Examples and sufficient conditions
  
  Theorem (de Wilde 1978) — A topological vector space $X$ is a Fréchet space if and only if it is both a webbed space and a Baire space.
  
  All of the following spaces are webbed:
  
  * Fréchet spaces.
  * Projective limits and inductive limits of sequences of webbed spaces.
  * A sequentially closed vector subspace of a webbed space.
  * Countable products of webbed spaces.
  * A Hausdorff quotient of a webbed space.
  * The image of a webbed space under a sequentially continuous linear map if that image is Hausdorff.
  * The bornologification of a webbed space.
  * The continuous dual space of a metrizable locally convex space endowed with the strong dual topology is webbed.
  * If $X$ is the strict inductive limit of a denumerable family of locally convex metrizable spaces, then the continuous dual space of $X$ with the strong topology is webbed.
     * So in particular, the strong duals of locally convex metrizable spaces are webbed.
  * If $X$ is a webbed space, then any Hausdorff locally convex topology weaker than this (webbed) topology is also webbed.
  
  ## Theorems
  
  Closed Graph Theorem — Let $A:X\to Y$ be a linear map between TVSs that is sequentially closed (meaning that its graph is a sequentially closed subset of $X\times Y$). If $Y$ is a webbed space and $X$ is an ultrabornological space (such as a Fréchet space or an inductive limit of Fréchet spaces), then $A$ is continuous.
  
  Closed Graph Theorem — Any closed linear map from the inductive limit of Baire locally convex spaces into a webbed locally convex space is continuous.
  
  Open Mapping Theorem — Any continuous surjective linear map from a webbed locally convex space onto an inductive limit of Baire locally convex spaces is open.
  
  Open Mapping Theorem — Any continuous surjective linear map from a webbed locally convex space onto an ultrabornological space is open.
  
  Open Mapping Theorem — If the image of a closed linear operator $A:X\to Y$ from locally convex webbed space $X$ into Hausdorff locally convex space $Y$ is nonmeager in $Y$ then $A:X\to Y$ is a surjective open map.
  
  If the spaces are not locally convex, then there is a notion of web where the requirement of being a disk is replaced by the requirement of being balanced. For such a notion of web we have the following results:
  
  Closed Graph Theorem — Any closed linear map from the inductive limit of Baire topological vector spaces into a webbed topological vector space is continuous.
  
  