title: TWA Flight 128
text: # TWA Flight 128
  
  TWA Flight 128 was a regularly scheduled Trans World Airlines passenger flight from Los Angeles to Boston, with intermediate stops in Cincinnati and Pittsburgh. On November 20, 1967, Flight 128 crashed on final approach to Greater Cincinnati Airport; 70 of the 82 people aboard the Convair 880 were $killed.^{:1}$
  
  ## Aircraft and crew
  
  On November 20, 1967, TWA Flight 128 was operated using a Convair 880 narrow-body jet airliner (registration number $N821TW).^{:1}$ The Convair was manufactured in December 1960 and placed in service by TWA in January 1961. It had accumulated a total of 18,850 hours of operating time prior to the accident flight. While various maintenance writeups had occurred and been cleared in accordance with existing maintenance procedures, in no case were both the captain's and first officer's altimeters reported malfunctioning at the same $time.^{:(AppendixB)}$
  
  The flight's captain, 45-year-old Charles L. Cochran, had accumulated 12,895 hours of flight time, including 1,390 hours in the Convair 880. The first officer, 33-year-old Robert P. Moyers, had approximately 2,647 hours of flight time, including 447 in the Convair 880. The flight engineer, 29-year-old Jerry L. Roades, had 3,479 hours of piloting experience, none of which were in the Convair 880, but had 288 hours of experience as a flight engineer in the 880. The flight also had four flight attendants on $board.^{:(AppendixA)}$
  
  ## Accident
  
  Flight 128 departed Los Angeles at 17:37 Eastern Standard Time and operated to Cincinnati without $incident.^{:2–4}$ The flight was initially scheduled to make an Instrument Landing System approach to Greater Cincinnati Airport's runway 18 (now runway 18C). The outer marker beacon for runway 18 was operational, but the middle marker beacon, glide slope, and runway approach lights were $inoperative.^{:9}$ Under these conditions, proper procedure would be to maintain the minimum approach altitude of 1,290 feet (390 m) above mean sea level until the pilots made visual contact with the $runway.^{:9–10}$
  
  At 20:56, Flight 128 reported passing the outer marker, and was cleared to $land.^{:2}$ The flight crew then initiated their descent and began performing their final landing $checklist.^{:2}$ While on final approach, the aircraft descended to an elevation of 875 feet (267 m), where it first struck trees in a spot 9,357 feet (2,852 m) short of runway 18 and 429 feet (131 m) right of the runway's extended $centerline.^{:2}$ The first impact was described by a survivor as like a hard landing; this was followed by a series of hard bumps and the airplane's final $impact.^{:2}$ The aircraft's final position was in a wooded area 6,878 feet (2,096 m) short of the runway, where it disintegrated and was enveloped in $flames.^{:2}$
  
  Of the 82 people on board the aircraft, 60 were killed immediately, and another 10 died in the days following the $crash.^{:16}$ Twelve people (two crew members and 10 passengers) survived with $injuries.^{:3}$ One of the surviving passengers reported that the plane broke apart in front of him, he stepped out and ran from the wreckage shortly before it exploded.
  
  ## Aftermath
  
  The National Transportation Safety Board investigated the $accident.^{:1}$ NTSB investigators determined the likely cause of the accident to be crew error, in attempting a visual no-glide-slope approach at night during deteriorating weather conditions, without an adequate altimeter $cross-reference.^{:38}$
  
  The governor of Ohio, Jim Rhodes, requested runway 18 be closed. After the runway reopened, high intensity lights were installed on the hillside along with glide-slope equipment beacons on recommendation of the National Transportation Safety Board.
  
  