title: The Calculating Machines
text: # The Calculating Machines
  
  Die Rechenmaschinen, by Ernst Martin, and its English translation, The Calculating Machines (Die Rechenmaschinen): Their History and Development, are books on mechanical desktop calculators from prior to World War II.
  
  ## Publication history
  
  Die Rechenmaschinen, the original book by Martin, was published in 1925, and revised in 1937. Both editions are very rare. Little is known about Martin beyond these books.
  
  The 1925 edition was edited and translated into English by Peggy A. Kidwell and Michael R. Williams, and published in 1992 by the MIT Press as the final 16th volume of its The Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing (ISBN 0-262-13278-8). Kidwell and Williams chose this edition, rather than the revised edition, because of "the rarity of the books and the poor condition of the illustrations in extant copies". Indeed, they were only able to locate three copies of Martin's book.
  
  The book and its translation includes many illustrations, and the translation preserves some idiosyncrasies of the original work, including a set of advertisements for calculating machines at the end of the book.
  
  ## Topics
  
  After an introduction grouping calculating machines into seven types, the book describes over 200 machines, comprising "almost every desk-top calculator available before World War II", ordered chronologically. It also contains biographical information about some of the people who contributed to the design of these machines, including Blaise Pascal, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, and Giovanni Poleni.
  
  ## Audience and reception
  
  At the time Martin wrote the book, "mechanical calculating machines were a symbol of high-tech sophistication in the workplace"; reviewer Jonathan Samuel Golan suggests that it was aimed at collectors rather than historians, while the editors of the Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society suggest that instead its purpose was to inform the public. Nowadays, reviewer A. D. Booth suggests that readers of the book are likely to be people who once used these machines, looking back at them with nostalgia, while the Bulletin editors point to new use by collectors, and Golan instead suggests that it can be used to study the history of a bygone technology.
  
  In terms of its content, Booth complains that the contributions of Samuel Morland are overlooked, and that Morland's calculator was at least the equal of Pascal's in priority and quality. Similarly, Doron Swade notes the omission of the work of Wilhelm Schickard, earlier than that of both Morland and Pascal, but excuses this lapse by noting that Schickard's work was forgotten and only rediscovered after Martin's book was published. Golan writes that the descriptions of older calculating machines are "cursory" and secondhand, while the later ones seem to be copied from advertisements.
  
  Booth praises the quality of the translation, and calls the newly reprinted edition "an invaluable window on the past". Similarly, Golan calls it "a valuable document, providing a fascinating portrait of the state of the art". Swade is more cautious, pointing to the book's clear biases, but still noting its value as "reference material for collectors and curators as well as historians".
  
  