title: Duchy of Urbino
text: # Duchy of Urbino
  
  The Duchy of Urbino was an independent duchy in early modern central Italy, corresponding to the northern half of the modern region of Marche. It was directly annexed by the Papal States in 1625.
  
  It was bordered by the Adriatic Sea in the east, the Republic of Florence in the west and the Papal States in the south. In 1523 the capital was moved from Urbino to Pesaro. After the short rule by Cesare Borgia in 1502–08, the dukedom went to the della Rovere papal family, who held it until 1625, when Pope Urban VIII annexed it to the Papal States as Legazione del Ducato di Urbino (later Legazione di Urbino).
  
  ## History
  
  The birth of the duchy dates back to 1443, by virtue of the appointment of Oddantonio da Montefeltro as Duke of Urbino by Pope Eugene IV. The Duchy had for a long time the city of the same name as its capital, which soon became one of the focal points of the Italian Renaissance, rivaling Florence and Siena as a center of art, culture, and commerce. In 1506 the University of Urbino was founded.
  
  ## Statistics
  
  In 1610, a contemporary estimate printed by the Elzevirs gave the duchy's annual income as over 200,000 scudi, and the duke's fortune at St. Leo as 2,000,000 scudi. In 1624, Mercurius Gallicus estimated the revenue of the duchy at 300,000 scudi. In regards to population, Zane estimated 150,000 for the duchy at the start of the 17th century, and the military at 10,000 fighting men, half of whom were soldiers and the other half militia. Three-fourths of the duchy's military force was available for foreign service. In 1591, the military force of the duchy amounted to 13,313 fighting men, of whom 8,300 carried arquebuses and 3,783 wore marions. A contemporary census places the duchy's population in 1598 at 115,121. The last legation census before the dissolution of the duchy gave the population as 220,000 in an area of 5,556 square kilometers (giving nearly 40 people per square kilometer), with Urbino (the urban area) having 12,000 (7,500 in the city proper, 4,500 in the adjacent district).
  
  In 1574, few to none of the nobility had annual revenues of more than 3,000 scudi, but many burgesses made 300–400 scudi annually. The few merchants were chiefly from outside the duchy. A few years after the loss of the duchy's independence, the papacy drew 100,000 scudi annually from direct and fiscal taxation. The militia at the time number 8,000 infantry and 500 cavalry, plus the garrison of Sinigaglia.
  
  ## List of rulers of Urbino
  
  Lords until 1213, counts thereafter until 1443, thereafter dukes.
  
  | Name | Birth | Reign | Death | Consort |
  | - | - | - | - | - |
  | Antonio I da Montefeltro | | | c. 1184 | |
  | Montefeltrano I da Montefeltro | | c. 1184 | 1202 | |
  | Montefeltrano II da Montefeltro | | 1242 | 1255 | |
  | Guido da Montefeltro | 1223 | 1255 | 29 September 1298 | |
  | Bonconte I da Montefeltro | 1250 | | 11 June 1289 | Giovanna da Montefeltro |
  | Papal control | | 1285 | 1296 | |
  | Federico I da Montefeltro | | 1296 | 1322 | |
  | Papal control | | 1322 | 1324 | |
  | Guido II da Montefeltro | | 1324 | 1360 | |
  | Galasso da Montefeltro | | 1324 | 1360 | |
  | Nolfo da Montefeltro | c. 1290 | 1324 | 1364 | |
  | Federico II da Montefeltro | | 1364–1370? | 1370? | Teodora Gonzaga |
  | Antonio II da Montefeltro | 1348 | 1363–1404 | 29 April 1404 | Agnesina dei Prefetti di Vico |
  | Guidantonio da Montefeltro | 1377 | 1403–1443 | February 1443 | Ringarda Malatesta; Caterina Colonna |
  | Oddantonio da Montefeltro created Duke | 1428 | 1443–1444 | 22 July 1444 | Isotta d'Este |
  | Federico III da Montefeltro | 7 June 1422 | 1444–1482 | 10 September 1482 | Gentile Brancaleoni; Battista Sforza |
  | Guidobaldo da Montefeltro | 17 January 1472 | 1482–1502 | 10 April 1508 | Elisabetta Gonzaga |
  | Cesare Borgia | 13 September 1475 | 1502–1503 | | Charlotte of Albret, Lady of Châlus |
  | Guidobaldo da Montefeltro | 17 January 1472 | 1503–1508 | 10 April 1508 | Elisabetta Gonzaga |
  | Francesco Maria I della Rovere | 22 March 1490 | 1508–1516 | 20 October 1538 | Eleonora Gonzaga |
  | Lorenzo II de' Medici | 12 September 1492 | 1516–1519 | 4 May 1519 | Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne |
  | Francesco Maria I della Rovere | 22 March 1490 | 1521–1538 | 20 October 1538 | Eleonora Gonzaga |
  | Guidobaldo II della Rovere | 2 April 1514 | 1538–1574 | 28 September 1574 | Giulia da Varano; Vittoria Farnese |
  | Francesco Maria II della Rovere | 20 February 1549 | 1574–1621 | 23 April 1631 | Lucrezia d'Este; Livia della Rovere |
  | Federico Ubaldo della Rovere | 16 May 1605 | 1621–1623 | 28 June 1623 | Claudia de' Medici |
  | Francesco Maria II della Rovere | 20 February 1549 | 1623–1625 | 23 April 1631 | Livia della Rovere |
  