title: Kitanemuk language
text: # Kitanemuk language
  
  Kitanemuk was a Northern Uto-Aztecan language of the Serran branch. It was very closely related to Serrano, and may have been a dialect. It was spoken in the San Gabriel Mountains and foothill environs of Southern California. The last speakers lived some time in the 1940s, though the last fieldwork was carried out in 1937. J. P. Harrington took copious notes in 1916 and 1917, however, which has allowed for a fairly detailed knowledge of the language.
  
  ## Morphology
  
  Kitanemuk is an agglutinative language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.
  
  ## Phonology
  
  ### Consonants
  
  The consonant phonemes of Kitanemuk, as reconstructed by Anderton (1988) based on Harrington's field notes, were (with some standard Americanist phonetic notation in ⟨angle brackets⟩:
  
  | | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Velar | Glottal |
  | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
  | | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | plain | labio. | Glottal |
  | Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | | |
  | Plosive | p | t | | k | kʷ | ʔ |
  | Affricate | | ts ⟨c⟩ | tʃ ⟨č⟩ | | | |
  | Fricative | v | s | ʃ ⟨š⟩ | | | h |
  | Rhotic | | r | | | | |
  | Approximant | | l | j ⟨y⟩ | | w | |
  
  Word-finally, h becomes [r], and all voiced consonants become voiceless before other voiceless consonants or word-finally.
  
  ### Vowels
  
  | | Front | Central | Back |
  | - | - | - | - |
  | Close | i | ɨ | u |
  | Mid | e | | o |
  | Open | | a | |
  