title: Associated graded ring
text: # Associated graded ring
  
  In mathematics, the associated graded ring of a ring R with respect to a proper ideal I is the graded ring:
  
      $\operatorname {gr} _{I}R=\oplus _{n=0}^{\infty }I^{n}/I^{n+1}$.
  
  Similarly, if M is a left R-module, then the associated graded module is the graded module over $\operatorname {gr} _{I}R$:
  
      $\operatorname {gr} _{I}M=\oplus _{n=0}^{\infty }I^{n}M/I^{n+1}M$.
  
  ## Basic definitions and properties
  
  For a ring R and ideal I, multiplication in $\operatorname {gr} _{I}R$ is defined as follows: First, consider homogeneous elements $a\in I^{i}/I^{i+1}$ and $b\in I^{j}/I^{j+1}$ and suppose $a'\in I^{i}$ is a representative of a and $b'\in I^{j}$ is a representative of b. Then define $ab$ to be the equivalence class of $a'b'$ in $I^{i+j}/I^{i+j+1}$. Note that this is well-defined modulo $I^{i+j+1}$. Multiplication of inhomogeneous elements is defined by using the distributive property.
  
  A ring or module may be related to its associated graded ring or module through the initial form map. Let M be an R-module and I an ideal of R. Given $f\in M$, the initial form of f in $\operatorname {gr} _{I}M$, written $\mathrm {in} (f)$, is the equivalence class of f in $I^{m}M/I^{m+1}M$ where m is the maximum integer such that $f\in I^{m}M$. If $f\in I^{m}M$ for every m, then set $\mathrm {in} (f)=0$. The initial form map is only a map of sets and generally not a homomorphism. For a submodule $N\subset M$, $\mathrm {in} (N)$ is defined to be the submodule of $\operatorname {gr} _{I}M$ generated by $\{\mathrm {in} (f)|f\in N\}$. This may not be the same as the submodule of $\operatorname {gr} _{I}M$ generated by the only initial forms of the generators of N.
  
  A ring inherits some "good" properties from its associated graded ring. For example, if R is a noetherian local ring, and $\operatorname {gr} _{I}R$ is an integral domain, then R is itself an integral domain.
  
  ## gr of a quotient module
  
  Let $N\subset M$ be left modules over a ring R and I an ideal of R. Since
  
      ${I^{n}(M/N) \over I^{n+1}(M/N)}\simeq {I^{n}M+N \over I^{n+1}M+N}\simeq {I^{n}M \over I^{n}M\cap (I^{n+1}M+N)}={I^{n}M \over I^{n}M\cap N+I^{n+1}M}$
  
  (the last equality is by modular law), there is a canonical identification:
  
      $\operatorname {gr} _{I}(M/N)=\operatorname {gr} _{I}M/\operatorname {in} (N)$
  
  where
  
      $\operatorname {in} (N)=\bigoplus _{n=0}^{\infty }{I^{n}M\cap N+I^{n+1}M \over I^{n+1}M},$
  
  called the submodule generated by the initial forms of the elements of $N$.
  
  ## Examples
  
  Let U be the universal enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra ${\mathfrak {g}}$ over a field k; it is filtered by degree. The Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem implies that $\operatorname {gr} U$ is a polynomial ring; in fact, it is the coordinate ring $k[{\mathfrak {g}}^{*}]$.
  
  The associated graded algebra of a Clifford algebra is an exterior algebra; i.e., a Clifford algebra degenerates to an exterior algebra.
  
  ## Generalization to multiplicative filtrations
  
  The associated graded can also be defined more generally for multiplicative descending filtrations of R (see also filtered ring.) Let F be a descending chain of ideals of the form
  
      $R=I_{0}\supset I_{1}\supset I_{2}\supset \dotsb$
  
  such that $I_{j}I_{k}\subset I_{j+k}$. The graded ring associated with this filtration is $\operatorname {gr} _{F}R=\bigoplus _{n=0}^{\infty }I_{n}/I_{n+1}$. Multiplication and the initial form map are defined as above.
  
  