title: Kleiman's theorem
text: # Kleiman's theorem
  
  In algebraic geometry, Kleiman's theorem, introduced by Kleiman (1974), concerns dimension and smoothness of scheme-theoretic intersection after some perturbation of factors in the intersection.
  
  Precisely, it states: given a connected algebraic group G acting transitively on an algebraic variety X over an algebraically closed field k and $V_{i}\to X,i=1,2$ morphisms of varieties, G contains a nonempty open subset such that for each g in the set,
  
  * either $gV_{1}\times _{X}V_{2}$ is empty or has pure dimension $\dim V_{1}+\dim V_{2}-\dim X$, where $gV_{1}$ is $V_{1}\to X{\overset {g}{\to }}X$,
  * (Kleiman–Bertini theorem) If $V_{i}$ are smooth varieties and if the characteristic of the base field k is zero, then $gV_{1}\times _{X}V_{2}$ is smooth.
  
  Statement 1 establishes a version of Chow's moving lemma: after some perturbation of cycles on X, their intersection has expected dimension.
  
  ## Sketch of proof
  
  We write $f_{i}$ for $V_{i}\to X$. Let $h:G\times V_{1}\to X$ be the composition that is $(1_{G},f_{1}):G\times V_{1}\to G\times X$ followed by the group action $\sigma :G\times X\to X$.
  
  Let $\Gamma =(G\times V_{1})\times _{X}V_{2}$ be the fiber product of $h$ and $f_{2}:V_{2}\to X$; its set of closed points is
  
      $\Gamma =\{(g,v,w)|g\in G,v\in V_{1},w\in V_{2},g\cdot f_{1}(v)=f_{2}(w)\}$.
  
  We want to compute the dimension of $\Gamma$. Let $p:\Gamma \to V_{1}\times V_{2}$ be the projection. It is surjective since $G$ acts transitively on X. Each fiber of p is a coset of stabilizers on X and so
  
      $\dim \Gamma =\dim V_{1}+\dim V_{2}+\dim G-\dim X$.
  
  Consider the projection $q:\Gamma \to G$; the fiber of q over g is $gV_{1}\times _{X}V_{2}$ and has the expected dimension unless empty. This completes the proof of Statement 1.
  
  For Statement 2, since G acts transitively on X and the smooth locus of X is nonempty (by characteristic zero), X itself is smooth. Since G is smooth, each geometric fiber of p is smooth and thus $p_{0}:\Gamma _{0}:=(G\times V_{1,{\text{sm}}})\times _{X}V_{2,{\text{sm}}}\to V_{1,{\text{sm}}}\times V_{2,{\text{sm}}}$ is a smooth morphism. It follows that a general fiber of $q_{0}:\Gamma _{0}\to G$ is smooth by generic smoothness. $\square$
  
  