title: Rubrene
text: # Rubrene
  
  Rubrene (5,6,11,12-tetraphenyltetracene) is a red colored polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Rubrene is used as a sensitiser in chemoluminescence and as a yellow light source in lightsticks.
  
  ## Electronic properties
  
  As an organic semiconductor, the major application of rubrene is in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic field-effect transistors, which are the core elements of flexible displays. Single-crystal transistors can be prepared using crystalline rubrene, which is grown in a modified zone furnace on a temperature gradient. This technique, known as physical vapor transport, was introduced in 1998.
  
  Rubrene holds the distinction of being the organic semiconductor with the highest carrier mobility, reaching 40 $cm^2/(V·s)$ for holes. This value was measured in OFETs prepared by peeling a thin layer of single-crystalline rubrene and transferring to a $Si/SiO_2$ substrate.
  
  ## Crystal structure
  
  Several polymorphs of rubrene are known. Crystals grown from vapor in vacuum can be monoclinic, triclinic, and orthorhombic motifs. Orthorhombic crystals (space group $B_{bam})$ are obtained in a closed system in a two-zone furnace at ambient pressure.
  
  ## Synthesis
  
  Rubrene is prepared by treating 1,1,3-Triphenyl-2-propyn-1-ol with thionyl chloride.
  
  The resulting chloroallene undergoes dimerization and dehydrochlorination to give rubrene.
  
  ## Redox properties
  
  Rubrene, like other polycyclic aromatic molecules, undergoes redox reactions in solution. It oxidizes and reduces reversibly at 0.95 V and −1.37 V, respectively vs SCE. When the cation and anion are co-generated in an electrochemical cell, they can combine with annihilation of their charges, but producing an excited rubrene molecule that emits at 540 nm. This phenomenon is called electrochemiluminescence.
  
  