title: Fosca (opera)
text: # Fosca (opera)
  
  Fosca is an opera seria in four acts by Brazilian composer Antônio Carlos Gomes to an Italian-language libretto by Antonio Ghislanzoni based on Luigi Capranica [it]'s 1869 novel La festa delle Marie.
  
  ## Performance history
  
  The opera premiered at La Scala in Milan on 16 February 1873. It was a failure because of a dispute between lovers of bel canto and supporters of Wagnerian music-drama. Gomes revised it in 1877, and the premiere of the new version (this time described as a melodramma) on February 7, 1878, also at La Scala, was a success.
  
  Since then, performances of the opera, mostly in Brazil, have been rare. The most recent productions, in both cases of the revised version, were given at the Teatro Amazonas, Manaus, in May 1998, and by Wexford Festival Opera in October of the same year. In 2016, Theatro Municipal de São Paulo has made a new production of the opera, staged in December.
  
  ## Roles
  
  | Role | Voice type | Premiere cast, 16 February 1873 (Conductor: Franco Faccio) | Cast of revised version, February 7, 1878 (Conductor: Franco Faccio) |
  | - | - | - | - |
  | Gajolo, leader of a band of pirates | bass | Ormondo Maini | Ormondo Maini |
  | Fosca, his sister | soprano | Gabrielle Krauss | Amalia Fossa |
  | Cambro, a Venetian deserter, Gajolo's servant | baritone | Victor Maurel | Gustavo Moriami |
  | Paolo, a Venetian prisoner of Gajolo | tenor | Carlo Bulterini | Francesco Tamagno |
  | Delia, betrothed to Paolo | soprano | Cristina Lamare | Adele Garbini |
  | Michele Giotta, a Venetian senator, Paolo's father | bass | Angelo De Giuli | Carlo Moretti |
  | The Doge of Venice | bass | Giovanni Tanzio | Ettore Marcassa |
  | Pirates, citizens of Venice ||||
  
  ## Synopsis
  
      Place: Istria and Venice
      Time: The 10th century
  
  ### Act 1
  
  The pirates' lair near Piran
  
  The pirates ask Gajolo about their next raid. He is planning a kidnapping of brides who are participating in the "Feast of the Marys" at San Pietro in Venice. Cambro arrives to report that Michele Giotta, father of the pirates' prisoner, Paolo, is offering a reward for his son's return. Fosca, who loves Paolo, suggests double-crossing Giotta and claiming the money without releasing Paolo. The pirates reject this dishonourable plan. Gajolo asks Cambro to watch Fosca, and the pirates depart. Paolo, thinking he is to be executed, is brought out of his cell by Fosca. She confesses her love for him, but he rejects her: he is in love with Delia, to whom he is betrothed. Gajolo reappears with Giotta, who has paid Paolo's ransom, and, to Fosca's horror, father and son leave for Venice. Cambro asks Fosca what his reward might be if he can deliver Delia to her. She replies "I will marry you".
  
  ### Act 2
  
  Scene 1: Delia's house in Venice
  
  Paolo and Delia are to be married in an hour. Delia is worried that Paolo may have been attracted to Fosca, who nursed him when he was ill during his captivity. Paolo reassures her. Cambro, disguised as a Turkish merchant, offers to sell valuable jewellery to Delia. She declines. Paolo and Delia exchange fond farewells and depart in opposite directions in order to prepare for the wedding. Cambro looks forward to abducting Delia.
  
  Scene 2: A piazza in front of the church of San Pietro
  
  Cambro, still in disguise, tells Fosca (who is also in disguise) of Paolo's love for Delia and promises that he will avenge her. She invokes demons and rails against God. Gajolo is surprised to find Fosca at the church, but she reassures him that she is not intending to disrupt his raid. The wedding procession arrives and Fosca suddenly attacks Paolo. The pirates restrain her but she reiterates her desire for vengeance. The procession proceeds and some of the pirates carry Delia off, to Fosca's delight. Paolo is also captured, but a group of Venetian nobles overpower Gajolo.
  
  ### Act 3
  
  A cell in the pirates' lair
  
  Delia bemoans her fate and her separation from Paolo. Fosca enters and Delia recognises her as her attacker at the church. Fosca tells her that Paolo is now in her power. Delia begs her to save Paolo and offers to die in place of him or to become Fosca's slave. Fosca, moved, relents and declares that it is she who will suffer. The pirates are aghast at the capture of Gajolo. Cambro fuels Fosca's jealousy once more, and she decides that she will rescue Gajolo and honour her promise to Cambro.
  
  ### Act 4
  
  Scene 1: The Doge's Palace in Venice
  
  The Doge agrees to set Gajolo free. However, if it turns out that Fosca has killed Paolo, Gajolo must return to Venice and be executed. If he does not do so, he will be pursued to the ends of the earth.
  
  Scene 2: The pirates' lair
  
  Paolo, a prisoner again, believes that Delia is dead and longs for his own death. Fosca tells him that he must die unless Delia, whom she produces, takes poison. Delia is in two minds, but Paolo angrily rejects Fosca's proposal. She orders the pirates to kill Paolo, but at that moment Gajolo appears and demands that Paolo be freed. He reveals that when Cambro tried to murder him in Venice, he killed Cambro, and recounts his encounter with the Doge – Paolo and Delia must return to Venice or he will die. Fosca, distraught, pleads for the lovers' forgiveness. They depart, saying that they will pray for her. Fosca takes the poison intended for Delia and, as she dies, the pirates vent their anger at Venice.
  
  The Sofia National Opera with the cooperation of the Brazilian government presented in 1996 very successful performances of Fosca, Maria Tudor and Il Guarany. They can be seen complete in YouTube. Felix M. Galvan Bird, MD Puerto Rico
  
  