title: Excision theorem
text: # Excision theorem
  
  In algebraic topology, a branch of mathematics, the excision theorem is a theorem about relative homology and one of the Eilenberg–Steenrod axioms. Given a topological space $X$ and subspaces $A$ and $U$ such that $U$ is also a subspace of $A$, the theorem says that under certain circumstances, we can cut out (excise) $U$ from both spaces such that the relative homologies of the pairs $(X\setminus U,A\setminus U)$ into $(X,A)$ are isomorphic.
  
  This assists in computation of singular homology groups, as sometimes after excising an appropriately chosen subspace we obtain something easier to compute.
  
  ## Theorem
  
  ### Statement
  
  If $U\subseteq A\subseteq X$ are as above, we say that $U$ can be excised if the inclusion map of the pair $(X\setminus U,A\setminus U)$ into $(X,A)$ induces an isomorphism on the relative homologies:
  
  $H_{n}(X\setminus U,A\setminus U)\cong H_{n}(X,A)$
  
  The theorem states that if the closure of $U$ is contained in the interior of $A$, then $U$ can be excised.
  
  Often, subspaces that do not satisfy this containment criterion still can be excised—it suffices to be able to find a deformation retract of the subspaces onto subspaces that do satisfy it.
  
  ### Proof Sketch
  
  The proof of the excision theorem is quite intuitive, though the details are rather involved. The idea is to subdivide the simplices in a relative cycle in $(X,A)$ to get another chain consisting of "smaller" simplices, and continuing the process until each simplex in the chain lies entirely in the interior of $A$ or the interior of $X\setminus U$. Since these form an open cover for $X$ and simplices are compact, we can eventually do this in a finite number of steps. This process leaves the original homology class of the chain unchanged (this says the subdivision operator is chain homotopic to the identity map on homology). In the relative homology $H_{n}(X,A)$, then, this says all the terms contained entirely in the interior of $U$ can be dropped without affecting the homology class of the cycle. This allows us to show that the inclusion map is an isomorphism, as each relative cycle is equivalent to one that avoids $U$ entirely.
  
  ## Applications
  
  ### Eilenberg–Steenrod Axioms
  
  The excision theorem is taken to be one of the Eilenberg–Steenrod Axioms.
  
  ### Mayer-Vietoris Sequences
  
  The Mayer–Vietoris sequence may be derived with a combination of excision theorem and the long-exact sequence.
  
  ### Suspension Theorem for Homology
  
  The excision theorem may be used to derive the suspension theorem for homology, which says ${\tilde {H}}_{n}(X)\cong {\tilde {H}}_{n+1}(SX)$ for all $n$, where $SX$ is the suspension of $X$.
  
  ### Invariance of Dimension
  
  If nonempty open sets $U\subset \mathbb {R} ^{n}$ and $V\subset \mathbb {R} ^{m}$ are homeomorphic, then m = n. This follows from the excision theorem, the long exact sequence for the pair $(\mathbb {R} ^{n},\mathbb {R} ^{n}-x)$, and the fact that $\mathbb {R} ^{n}-x$ deformation retracts onto a sphere. In particular, $\mathbb {R} ^{n}$ is not homeomorphic to $\mathbb {R} ^{m}$ if $m\neq n$.
  
  