title: Standard time in manufacturing
text: # Standard time in manufacturing
  
  Standard time is the amount of time that should be allowed for an average worker to process one work unit using the standard method and working at a normal pace. The standard time includes some additional time, called the contingency allowance, to provide for the worker's personal needs, fatigue, and unavoidable delays during the shift.
  
  ## Prerequisite for Valid Time Standards
  
  * The task is performed by an average worker
  * The worker's pace represents standard performance
  * The worker uses the standard method
  * The task is performed on a standard work unit
  
  ## Calculating the Standard Time
  
  The standard time (Ts) is calculated from multiplying the observed time (To) by the performance rating (R) and the personal need, fatigue and unavoidable delays (PFD): Ts = To*R*(1+PFD)
  
  ## Usages for Standard Time
  
  * Estimate the quantity of the production
  * Determine workforce size and equipment requirement
  * Compare alternative methods
  * Evaluate worker's performance
  * Plan and schedule production and estimate co.
  