title: Pulmonary gas pressures
text: # Pulmonary gas pressures
  
  Pathophysiology sample values :
  
  | BMP/ELECTROLYTES: ||||
  | - | - | - | - |
  | $Na^+$ = 140 | $Cl^−$ = 100 | BUN = 20 | / Glu = 150 \ |
  | $K^+$ = 4 | $CO_2$ = 22 | PCr = 1.0 | / Glu = 150 \ |
  | ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS: ||||
  | $HCO_3^−$ = 24 | $p_aCO_2$ = 40 | $p_aO_2$ = 95 | pH = 7.40 |
  | ALVEOLAR GAS: ||||
  | | $p_ACO_2$ = 36 | $p_AO_2$ = 105 | A-a g = 10 |
  | OTHER: ||||
  | Ca = 9.5 | $Mg^{2+}$ = 2.0 | $PO_4$ = 1 | |
  | CK = 55 | BE = −0.36 | AG = 16 | |
  | SERUM OSMOLARITY/RENAL: ||||
  | PMO = 300 | PCO = 295 | POG = 5 | BUN:Cr = 20 |
  | URINALYSIS: ||||
  | $UNa^+$ = 80 | $UCl^−$ = 100 | UAG = 5 | FENa = 0.95 |
  | $UK^+$ = 25 | USG = 1.01 | UCr = 60 | UO = 800 |
  | PROTEIN/GI/LIVER FUNCTION TESTS: ||||
  | LDH = 100 | TP = 7.6 | AST = 25 | TBIL = 0.7 |
  | ALP = 71 | Alb = 4.0 | ALT = 40 | BC = 0.5 |
  | | | AST/ALT = 0.6 | BU = 0.2 |
  | AF alb = 3.0 | SAAG = 1.0 | | SOG = 60 |
  | CSF: ||||
  | CSF alb = 30 | CSF glu = 60 | CSF/S alb = 7.5 | CSF/S glu = 0.6 |
  
  The factors that determine the values for alveolar $pO_2$ and $pCO_2$ are:
  
  * The pressure of outside air
  * The partial pressures of inspired oxygen and carbon dioxide
  * The rates of total body oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production
  * The rates of alveolar ventilation and perfusion
  
  ## Partial pressures
  
  The partial pressures (in torr) for a human at rest:
  
  ### Partial pressure of oxygen (at sea level)
  
  | Location | $pO_2$ (Torr or mmHg) |
  | - | - |
  | Ambient air | 159 |
  | Alveoli | 104 $(P_AO_2)$ |
  | Arterial blood | 95-100 $(P_aO_2)$ |
  | Venous blood | 40-50 |
  | Non-lung Capillaries | 20-40 |
  
  The alveolar oxygen partial pressure is lower than the atmospheric $O_2$ partial pressure for two reasons.
  
  * Firstly, as the air enters the lungs, it is humidified by the upper airway and thus the partial pressure of water vapour (47 mmHg) reduces the oxygen partial pressure to about 150 mmHg.
  * The rest of the difference is due to the continual uptake of oxygen by the pulmonary capillaries, and the continual diffusion of $CO_2$ out of the capillaries into the alveoli.
  
  The alveolar $pO_2$ is not routinely measured but is calculated from blood gas measurements by the alveolar gas equation.
  
  ### Partial pressure of carbon dioxide
  
  | Location | $pCO_2$ (Torr or mmHg) |
  | - | - |
  | Outside air - dry air at sea level | 0.3 |
  | Alveolar air | 35 |
  | Arteriole blood | 40 |
  | Venous blood | 50 |
  | Cells | 50 |
  
  ## Pathology
  
  The partial pressure of carbon dioxide, along with the pH, can be used to differentiate between metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis.
  
  Hypoventilation exists when the ratio of carbon dioxide production to alveolar ventilation increases above normal values – greater than 45mmHg. If pH is also less than 7.35 this is respiratory acidosis.
  
  Hyperventilation exists when the same ratio decreases – less than 35mmHg. If the pH is also greater than 7.45 this is respiratory alkalosis.
  
  