title: Henry Cousens
text: # Henry Cousens
  
  Henry Cousens (1854–1933) was a Scottish archaeologist and photographer known for his pioneering work among the monuments and antiquities in British India, particularly in regions that are now Western India and Southern Pakistan. He was born in 1854 to Margaret Fitzmaurice and Henry Cousens Sr, in Renfrewshire, Scotland, UK. After his studies, he arrived in India and joined the Western division of the Archeological Survey of India in 1881. In 1891, he was promoted to the Superintendent post, where he served for nearly 20 years, retiring in 1910. He built a team of artists and draftsmen, visited remote archaeological and historic sites in impoverished regions with hardly any transport infrastructure. He surveyed the ruins and sites, documented and photographed caves, temples, and antiquarian remains of Buddhist, Hindu and Jaina monuments. He also surveyed medieval era ruins and sites belonging to Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and Jainism.
  
  Cousens meticulous measurements, sketches, photographs and reports were in many cases the earliest reports of historic sites in these parts of India and Pakistan. He thus published objective facts about India and Pakistan history, and brought them to the notice of wider scholarship within India, as well as Europe and the United States. He worked with James Burgess, a collaboration that produced a series of publications, cited throughout the 20th and 21st century. These were praised as of high quality, "beautiful photographs of temples and mosques", and important contributions by his peers, though some of the printing oversights and spelling errors were criticized.
  
     Henry Cousens’s Photographic Achievements
     By the end of the nineteenth century, the importance of comprehensive visual documentation produced to rigorous standards was becoming recognized by a few farsighted individuals, most notably Henry Cousens in his work at the great Buddhist stupa at Sanchi, some 40 kilometers from Bhopal, in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. In order to photograph the extensive sculptural panels that adorn this World Heritage Site, Cousens built an elaborate wooden framework that allowed him to raise his camera parallel to each section and to photograph each individual relief without distortion and to a uniform scale. (A full description of his working method can be found in his Annual Report for 1900 [Cousens 1901].) This task, which took Cousens and his team of assistants over two months to complete and which resulted in a collection of over 250 large-format negatives, remains a model of its kind. It further illustrates the financial and time commitment required to produce fully satisfactory visual records of archaeological subjects. While such an approach has historically been the exception rather than the rule, it remains an enduring model of photography’s unique value as a tool of record in its comprehensive scale, carefully planned organization, and technical quality.
  
  According to John Marshall, Cousens success at the Archeological department brought his team added responsibilities where the British India government sought to preserve the local heritage, its ancient monuments and further explore buried remains. Cousens effort helped clean up, restore and start this process of preserving India's heritage in Sindh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. His publications include:
  
  * The Antiquities of the Town of Dabhoi in North Gujarat (with J. Burgess)
  * Bijapur, a Guide to its Ruins
  * Notes on the Buildings and other Antiquarian Remains at Bijapur
  * Lists of Antiquarian Remains in HH. the Nizam’s Territories (now part of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana)
  * The Architectural Antiquities of Northern Gujarat (with J. Burgess)
  * Portfolio of Illustrations of Sindh Tiles
  * Bijapur and its Architectural Remains
  * The Architectural Antiquities of Western India
  * The Chalukyan Architecture of the Kanarese Districts
  * The Antiquities of Sindh (now part of Pakistan)
  * Medieval Temples of the Dakhan
  * Somanatha and other Medieval Temples in Kathiawad
  