title: Pulmonary consolidation
text: # Pulmonary consolidation
  
  A pulmonary consolidation is a region of normally compressible lung tissue that has filled with liquid instead of air. The condition is marked by induration (swelling or hardening of normally soft tissue) of a normally aerated lung. It is considered a radiologic sign. Consolidation occurs through accumulation of inflammatory cellular exudate in the alveoli and adjoining ducts. The liquid can be pulmonary edema, inflammatory exudate, pus, inhaled water, or blood (from bronchial tree or hemorrhage from a pulmonary artery). Consolidation must be present to diagnose pneumonia: the signs of lobar pneumonia are characteristic and clinically referred to as consolidation.
  
  ## Signs
  
  Signs that consolidation may have occurred include:
  
  * Expansion of the thorax on inspiration is reduced on the affected side
  * Vocal fremitus is increased on the affected side
  * Percussion note is impaired in the affected area
  * Breath sounds are bronchial
  * Possible medium, late, or pan-inspiratory crackles
  * Vocal resonance is increased. Here, the patient's voice (or whisper, as in whispered pectoriloquy) can be heard more clearly when there is consolidation, as opposed to the healthy lung where speech sounds muffled.
  * A pleural rub may be present.
  * A lower $P_AO_2$ than calculated in the alveolar gas equation
  
  ## Diagnosis
  
  ### Radiology
  
  * Typically, an area of white lung is seen on a standard X-ray. Consolidated tissue is more radio-opaque than normally aerated lung parenchyma, so that it is clearly demonstrable in radiography and on CT scans. Consolidation is often a middle-to-late stage feature/complication in pulmonary infections.
  