Medalha Nacional de Ciências
# Medalha Nacional de Ciências

A Medalha Nacional de Ciências (em inglês: National Medal of Science) é uma condecoração concedida pelo Presidente dos Estados Unidos.
O presidente Donald Trump nāo concedeu a medalha durante sua presidência. A última vez que a medalha foi concedida foi em 19 de maio de 2016, quando o presidente Barack Obama concedeu as medalha de 2013 e 2014.

## Agraciados
### Ciência do Comportamento e Social

* 1964 Neal Elgar Miller
* 1986 Herbert Simon
* 1987 Anne Anastasi, George Joseph Stigler
* 1988 Milton Friedman
* 1990 Leonid Hurwicz, Patrick Suppes
* 1991 George A. Miller
* 1992 Eleanor J. Gibson
* 1994 Robert Merton
* 1995 Roger N. Shepard
* 1996 Paul Samuelson
* 1997 William K. Estes
* 1998 William Julius Wilson
* 1999 Robert Solow
* 2000 Gary Stanley Becker
* 2003 R. Duncan Luce
* 2004 Kenneth Arrow
* 2005 Gordon H. Bower
* 2008 Michael Posner
* 2009 Mortimer Mishkin
* 2011 Anne Treisman
* 2012 Robert Axelrod
* 2014 Albert Bandura

### Ciências Biológicas

* 1963 Cornelis Bernardus van Niel
* 1964 Theodosius Dobzhansky, Marshall Nirenberg
* 1965 Francis Rous, George Gaylord Simpson, Donald Van Slyke
* 1966 Edward Fred Knipling, Fritz Albert Lipmann, William Cumming Rose, Sewall Wright
* 1967 Kenneth Stewart Cole, Harry Harlow, Michael Heidelberger, Alfred Sturtevant
* 1968 Horace Barker, Bernard Brodie, Detlev Bronk, Jay Laurence Lush, Burrhus Frederic Skinner
* 1969 Robert Hübner, Ernst Mayr
* 1970 Barbara McClintock, Albert Sabin
* 1973 Daniel Arnon, Earl Sutherland
* 1974 Britton Chance, Erwin Chargaff, James Neel, James Augustine Shannon
* 1975 Hallowell Davis, Paul Gyorgy, Sterling Brown Hendricks, Orville Vogel
* 1976 Roger Guillemin, Keith Roberts Porter, Efraim Racker, Edward Osborne Wilson
* 1979 Robert H. Burris, Elizabeth Caroline Crosby, Arthur Kornberg, Severo Ochoa, Earl Reece Stadtman, George Ledyard Stebbins, Paul Alfred Weiss
* 1981 Philip Handler
* 1982 Seymour Benzer, Glenn W. Burton, Mildred Cohn
* 1983 Howard Bachrach, Paul Berg, Wendell Lee Roelofs, Berta Scharrer
* 1986 Stanley Cohen, Donald Henderson, Vernon Mountcastle, George Palade, Joan Steitz
* 1987 Michael DeBakey, Theodor O. Diener, Harry Eagle, Har Khorana, Rita Levi-Montalcini
* 1988 Michael Stuart Brown, Stanley Norman Cohen, Joseph Goldstein, Maurice Hilleman, Eric Kandel, Rosalyn Yalow
* 1989 Katherine Esau, Viktor Hamburger, Philip Leder, Joshua Lederberg, Roger Sperry, Harland Goff Wood
* 1990 Baruj Benacerraf, Herbert Boyer, Daniel Koshland, Edward Lewis, David G. Nathan, Edward Donnall Thomas
* 1991 Mary Ellen Avery, George Evelyn Hutchinson, Elvin A. Kabat, Robert Kates, Salvador Luria, Paul A. Marks, Folke K Skoog, Paul C. Zamecnik
* 1992 Maxine Singer, Howard Martin Temin
* 1993 Daniel Nathans, Salome G. Waelsch
* 1994 Thomas Eisner, Elizabeth Neufeld
* 1995 Alexander Rich
* 1996 Ruth Patrick
* 1997 James Watson, Robert A. Weinberg
* 1998 Bruce Ames, Janet Rowley
* 1999 David Baltimore, Jared Diamond, Lynn Margulis
* 2000 Nancy Coover Andreasen, Peter H. Raven, Carl Woese
* 2001 Francisco José Ayala, George F. Bass, Mario Capecchi, Ann Graybiel, Gene Likens, Victor A. McKusick, Harold Varmus
* 2002 James E. Darnell, Evelyn M. Witkin
* 2003 John Michael Bishop, Solomon Halbert Snyder, Charles Yanofsky
* 2004 Norman Borlaug, Phillip Allen Sharp, Thomas Starzl
* 2005 Anthony Fauci, Torsten Wiesel
* 2006 Rita Colwell, Nina Fedoroff, Lubert Stryer
* 2007 Robert Lefkowitz, Bert William O’Malley
* 2008 Francis Collins, Elaine Fuchs, Craig Venter
* 2009 Susan Lindquist, Stanley Prusiner
* 2010 Ralph Lawrence Brinster, Rudolf Jaenisch
* 2011 Lucy Shapiro, Leroy Hood, Sallie Chisholm
* 2012 May Berenbaum, Bruce Alberts
* 2013 Rakesh Jain
* 2014 Stanley Falkow, Mary-Claire King, Simon Levin

### Química

* 1964 Roger Adams
* 1982 Frank Albert Cotton, Gilbert Stork
* 1983 Roald Hoffmann, George Claude Pimentel, Richard Zare
* 1986 Harry Barkus Gray, Yuan Lee, Carl Shipp Marvel, Frank Westheimer
* 1987 William Summer Johnson, Walter Hugo Stockmayer, Max Tishler
* 1988 William Oliver Baker, Konrad Bloch, Elias James Corey
* 1989 Richard Barry Bernstein, Melvin Calvin, Rudolph Arthur Marcus, Harden McConnell
* 1990 Elkan Blout, Karl August Folkers, John Dombrowski Roberts
* 1991 Ronald Breslow, Gertrude Elion, Dudley Robert Herschbach, Glenn Theodore Seaborg
* 1992 Howard Ensign Simmons
* 1993 Donald James Cram, Norman Hackerman
* 1994 George Simms Hammond
* 1995 Thomas Cech, Isabella Karle
* 1996 Norman Davidson
* 1997 Darleane Hoffman, Harold Johnston
* 1998 John Werner Cahn, George Whitesides
* 1999 Stuart Alan Rice, John Ross, Susan Solomon
* 2000 John D. Baldeschwieler, Ralph Hirschmann
* 2001 Ernest Roy Davidson, Gábor Somorjai
* 2002 John Brauman
* 2004 Stephen Lippard
* 2006 Marvin Harry Caruthers, Peter Dervan
* 2007 Mostafa El-Sayed
* 2008 Joanna Fowler, JoAnne Stubbe
* 2009 Stephen James Benkovic, Marye Anne Fox
* 2010 Jacqueline Barton, Peter John Stang
* 2011 Allen Joseph Bard, M. Frederick Hawthorne
* 2012 Judith Klinman, Jerrold Meinwald
* 2013 Geraldine Richmond
* 2014 Paul Alivisatos

### Ciências da Engenharia

* 1962 Theodore von Kármán
* 1963 Vannevar Bush, John Robinson Pierce
* 1964 Othmar Ammann, Charles Stark Draper
* 1965 Hugh Latimer Dryden, Clarence Johnson, Warren Lewis
* 1966 Claude Shannon
* 1967 Edwin Land, Igor Sikorsky
* 1968 John Presper Eckert, Nathan M. Newmark
* 1969 Jack Kilby
* 1970 George Mueller
* 1973 Harold Eugene Edgerton, Richard Whitcomb
* 1974 Rudolf Kompfner, Ralph Brazelton Peck, Abel Wolman
* 1975 Manson Benedict, William Hayward Pickering, Frederick Terman, Wernher von Braun
* 1976 Morris Cohen, Peter Carl Goldmark, Erwin Wilhelm Müller
* 1979 Emmett Leith, Raymond Mindlin, Robert Noyce, Earl Parker, Simon Ramo
* 1982 Edward Heinemann, Donald Katz
* 1983 William Hewlett, George Low, John George Trump
* 1986 Hans Wolfgang Liepmann, Tung-Yen Lin, Bernard Oliver
* 1987 Robert Byron Bird, Harry Bolton Seed, Ernst Weber
* 1988 Daniel Drucker, Willis Hawkins, George W. Housner
* 1989 Harry George Drickamer, Herbert Earl Grier
* 1990 Mildred Dresselhaus, Nick Holonyak
* 1991 George Heilmeier, Luna Leopold, Guyford Stever
* 1992 Calvin Quate, John Roy Whinnery
* 1993 Alfred Yi Cho
* 1994 Ray Clough
* 1995 Hermann Anton Haus
* 1996 James Flanagan, Chandra Kumar Patel
* 1998 Eli Ruckenstein
* 1999 Kenneth N. Stevens
* 2000 Yuan-Cheng Fung
* 2001 Andreas Acrivos
* 2002 Leo Beranek
* 2003 John Prausnitz
* 2004 Edwin Lightfoot
* 2005 Jan Achenbach
* 2006 Robert Langer
* 2007 David Wineland
* 2008 Rudolf Kalman
* 2009 Amnon Yariv
* 2010 Shu Chien
* 2011 John Bannister Goodenough
* 2012 Thomas Kailath

### Ciências Matemáticas, Estatísticas e Computacionais

* 1963 Norbert Wiener
* 1964 Solomon Lefschetz, Marston Morse
* 1965 Oscar Zariski
* 1966 John Milnor
* 1967 Paul Cohen
* 1968 Jerzy Neyman
* 1969 William Feller
* 1970 Richard Brauer
* 1973 John Tukey
* 1974 Kurt Gödel
* 1975 John Backus, Shiing-Shen Chern, George Dantzig
* 1976 Kurt Otto Friedrichs, Hassler Whitney
* 1979 Joseph Leo Doob, Donald Knuth
* 1982 Marshall Harvey Stone
* 1983 Herman Goldstine, Isadore Singer
* 1986 Peter Lax, Antoni Zygmund
* 1987 Raoul Bott, Michael Freedman
* 1988 Ralph Gomory, Joseph Keller
* 1989 Samuel Karlin, Saunders Mac Lane, Donald Spencer
* 1990 George Carrier, Stephen Kleene, John McCarthy
* 1991 Alberto Calderón
* 1992 Allen Newell
* 1993 Martin Kruskal
* 1994 John Cocke
* 1995 Louis Nirenberg
* 1996 Richard Karp, Stephen Smale
* 1997 Shing-Tung Yau
* 1998 Cathleen Synge Morawetz
* 1999 Felix Browder, Ronald Coifman
* 2000 John Griggs Thompson, Karen Uhlenbeck
* 2001 Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao, Elias Stein
* 2002 James Glimm
* 2003 Carl de Boor
* 2004 Dennis Sullivan
* 2005 Bradley Efron
* 2006 Hyman Bass
* 2007 Leonard Kleinrock, Andrew Viterbi
* 2009 David Mumford
* 2010 Richard Alfred Tapia, S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
* 2011 Solomon Wolf Golomb, Barry Mazur
* 2012 Alexandre Chorin, David Blackwell
* 2015 Michael Artin

### Ciências Físicas

* 1963 Luis Walter Alvarez
* 1964 Julian Schwinger, Harold Clayton Urey, Robert Burns Woodward
* 1965 John Bardeen, Peter Debye, Leon Max Lederman, William Walden Rubey
* 1966 Jacob Bjerknes, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Henry Eyring, John Hasbrouck Van Vleck, Vladimir Zworykin
* 1967 Jesse Beams, Francis Birch, Gregory Breit, Louis Plack Hammett, George Kistiakowsky
* 1968 Paul Doughty Bartlett, Herbert Friedman, Lars Onsager, Eugene Paul Wigner
* 1969 Herbert Charles Brown, Wolfgang Panofsky
* 1970 Robert Henry Dicke, Allan Rex Sandage, John Clarke Slater, John Archibald Wheeler, Saul Winstein
* 1973 Carl Djerassi, William Maurice Ewing, Arie Jan Haagen-Smit, Vladimir Haensel, Frederick Seitz, Robert Rathbun Wilson
* 1974 Nicolaas Bloembergen, Paul John Flory, William Alfred Fowler, Linus Pauling, Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
* 1975 Hans Bethe, Joseph Hirschfelder, Lewis Hastings Sarett, Edgar Bright Wilson, Chien-Shiung Wu
* 1976 Samuel Abraham Goudsmit, Herbert S. Gutowsky, Frederick Rossini, Verner Suomi, Henry Taube, George Eugene Uhlenbeck
* 1979 Richard Feynman, Hermann Mark, Edward Mills Purcell, John Sinfelt, Lyman Spitzer, Victor Weisskopf
* 1982 Philip Warren Anderson, Yoichiro Nambu, Edward Teller, Charles Hard Townes
* 1983 Margaret Burbidge, Maurice Goldhaber, Helmut Landsberg, Walter Munk, Frederick Reines, Bruno Rossi, John Robert Schrieffer
* 1986 Solomon Buchsbaum, Horace Crane, Herman Feshbach, Robert Hofstadter, Chen Ning Yang
* 1987 Philip Abelson, Walter Elsasser, Paul Christian Lauterbur, George Pake, James Van Allen
* 1988 David Allan Bromley, Chu Ching-wu, Walter Kohn, Norman Foster Ramsey, Jack Steinberger
* 1989 Arnold Orville Beckman, Eugene Parker, Robert Sharp, Henry Stommel
* 1990 Allan Cormack, Edwin Mattison McMillan, Robert Pound, Roger Revelle
* 1991 Arthur Schawlow, Ed Stone, Steven Weinberg
* 1992 Eugene Shoemaker
* 1993 Val Logsdon Fitch, Vera Rubin
* 1994 Albert Overhauser, Frank Press
* 1995 Hans Georg Dehmelt, Peter Goldreich
* 1996 Wallace Smith Broecker
* 1997 Marshall Rosenbluth, Martin Schwarzschild, George Wetherill
* 1998 Don Lynn Anderson, John Norris Bahcall
* 1999 James Watson Cronin, Leo Kadanoff
* 2000 Willis Eugene Lamb, Jeremiah Paul Ostriker, Gilbert Fowler White
* 2001 Marvin Cohen, Raymond Davis Jr., Charles Keeling
* 2002 Richard Garwin, William Jason Morgan, Edward Witten
* 2003 Brent Dalrymple, Riccardo Giacconi
* 2004 Robert N. Clayton
* 2005 Ralph Alpher, Lonnie Thompson
* 2006 Daniel Kleppner
* 2007 Fay Ajzenberg-Selove, Charles Pence Slichter
* 2008 Berni Alder, James Gunn
* 2009 Yakir Aharonov, Esther Marley Conwell, Warren Washington
* 2011 Sidney Drell, Sandra Faber, Sylvester James Gates
* 2012 Burton Richter, Sean Solomon
* 2014 Shirley Ann Jackson