Medalha John Scott
# Medalha John Scott

A Medalha John Scott (em inglês: The John Scott Legacy Medal and Premium), criada em 1816, é uma medalha concedida a homens e mulheres cujas invenções melhoraram o "conforto, bem-estar e felicidade da espécie humana" de forma significativa. Desde 1919 o Board of Directors of City Trusts of Philadelphia fornece a medalha, recomendada por um comitê consultivo.
Em 1822 as primeiras medalhas foram dadas a treze pessoas da Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture gerida pelo Philadelphia City Council.
O farmacêutico John Scott de Edinburgh organizou um fundo de US$ 4.000 que, após sua morte em 1815 foi administrado por um comerciante até a primeira premiação em 1822, uma medalha de cobre e "uma quantia não excedendo vinte dólares". Na época, com esta quantia era possível comprar um boi ou uma enciclopédia de doze volumes. Centenas de pessoas já receberam a medalha do Philadelphia City Council, que decide a partir da lista anual de nominados elaborada pelo Instituto Franklin.
A maior parte das medalhas foram dadas a invenções em ciências e medicina. Dentre famosos recipientes estão: Marie Curie, Thomas Edison, os Irmãos Wright, Nikola Tesla, Edwin Land, Jonas Salk, Irving Langmuir, Benoît Mandelbrot, Robert Burns Woodward, Glenn Theodore Seaborg, Edgar Sharp McFadden, Frederick Banting, Humberto Fernández Morán, Luis Walter Alvarez, Guglielmo Marconi, William T. Bovie, John Bardeen, Kary Mullis, Alexander Fleming, Lyle Goodhue, Ralph Lawrence Brinster e Richard Smalley.
Em 2010 a medalha foi concedida a Christian James Lambertsen.
Em 2013 a medalha foi concedida ao bioquímico e biofísico Peter Leslie Dutton e a dois médicos pesquisadores de defeitos de nascimento, N. Scott Adzick e Robert L. Brent.

## Recipientes

* 1856: William Chauvenet
* 1858: James Francis
* 1874: Frank Stephen Baldwin
* 1874: George Westinghouse
* 1875: Christopher Sholes
* 1883: Pratt & Whitney
* 1886: Pratt & Whitney
* 1887: Frederic Eugene Ives
* 1889: Thomas Edison
* 1889: Elihu Thomson
* 1889: Ottmar Mergenthaler
* 1889: Richard Leach Maddox
* 1889: Carl Roman Abt
* 1890: Frederic Eugene Ives
* 1890: Theophilus Van Kannel
* 1891: Elihu Thomson
* 1891: Robert Hadfield
* 1891: Ottmar Mergenthaler
* 1892: Ephraim Shay
* 1894: Edward Goodrich Acheson
* 1895: Charles Frederick Cross
* 1897: Emil Berliner
* 1898: John Wesley Hyatt
* 1898: André Blondel
* 1900: William Bell Wait
* 1901: Edward Goodrich Acheson
* 1901: Ralph Davenport Mershon
* 1901: John Henry Patterson
* 1902: Georges Claude
* 1902: Harry Ward Leonard
* 1904: Frederic Eugene Ives
* 1905: Arthur Wehnelt
* 1905: Frederic Eugene Ives
* 1906: John Browning
* 1907: Robert Williams Wood
* 1909: Charles Francis Jenkins
* 1910: Leo Baekeland
* 1910: Jesse Reno
* 1914: Arthur Atwater Kent
* 1914: Charles Édouard Guillaume
* 1916: Carl Akeley
* 1916: John Van Nostrand Dorr
* 1920: Hideyo Noguchi
* 1920: Charles Edward Kenneth Mees
* 1921: Marie Curie
* 1922: Reginald Fessenden
* 1922: Thomas Burr Osborne
* 1923: Joseph John Thomson
* 1923: Francis William Aston
* 1923: Christiaan Eijkman
* 1923: Arthur Louis Day
* 1924: Frederick Banting
* 1924: Elmer McCollum
* 1925: Ross Granville Harrison
* 1927: Francis Rous
* 1927: Herbert Eugene Ives
* 1928: Herbert McLean Evans
* 1929: Thomas Edison
* 1929: Lee De Forest
* 1929: Constantin Levaditi
* 1931: Guglielmo Marconi
* 1931: Willis Carrier
* 1931: Juan de La Cierva y Codorniu
* 1932: Joseph Slepian
* 1932: William Le Roy Emmet
* 1933: George Minot
* 1933: Frank Conrad
* 1934: Nikola Tesla
* 1936: James Ewing
* 1936: Charles Kettering
* 1937: Irving Langmuir
* 1937: William David Coolidge
* 1938: Wendell Meredith Stanley
* 1938: Edwin Land
* 1942: Edwin Armstrong
* 1942: Robert Runnels Williams
* 1943: Walter Dandy
* 1943: Vannevar Bush
* 1943: John Garand
* 1944: Alexander Fleming
* 1945: Robert Burns Woodward
* 1945: Ernest William Goodpasture
* 1946: Donald William Kerst
* 1949: Selman Waksman
* 1951: Roy Plunkett
* 1952: Glenn Theodore Seaborg
* 1952: Luis Walter Alvarez
* 1953: Eugene Houdry
* 1953: John Heysham Gibbon
* 1954: Igor Sikorsky
* 1954: John Bardeen
* 1954: Vincent du Vigneaud
* 1954: Walter Houser Brattain
* 1954: Marvin Camras
* 1955: Jesse Beams
* 1957: Jonas Salk
* 1957: Frank Whittle
* 1958: Renato Dulbecco
* 1958: Archer John Porter Martin
* 1959: Karl Paul Link
* 1959: John Randall
* 1959: Harry Boot
* 1960: Frederic Calland Williams
* 1960: Wallace Henry Coulter
* 1961: John Mauchly
* 1961: John Presper Eckert
* 1961: Edward Fred Knipling
* 1963: Charles Hard Townes
* 1963: Giulio Natta
* 1963: Oliver Howe Lowry
* 1964: Chester Carlson
* 1965: Howard Florey
* 1966: Jean Hoerni
* 1967: Paul Zoll
* 1967: Humberto Fernández-Morán
* 1968: Christopher Cockerell
* 1969: Christopher Polge
* 1969: Alastair Pilkington
* 1970: Erwin Wilhelm Müller
* 1970: Charles Ginsburg
* 1971: John Battiscombe Gunn
* 1971: Charles Stark Draper
* 1974: John Robinson Pierce
* 1974: Rudolf Kompfner
* 1974: John Charnley
* 1975: Nick Holonyak
* 1977: Godfrey Hounsfield
* 1978: Bruce Ames
* 1978: Alan Walsh
* 1979: Buckminster Fuller
* 1979: René Favaloro
* 1980: John Linvill
* 1981: James Black
* 1982: Leo Sternbach
* 1982: Jack Fishman
* 1983: Gordon Gould
* 1983: Willem Johan Kolff
* 1984: César Milstein
* 1984: Georges Köhler
* 1984: Harry George Drickamer
* 1986: Eugene Garfield
* 1989: Alan MacDiarmid
* 1989: Alan Heeger
* 1989: Martin Kamen
* 1990: Hilary Koprowski
* 1990: Orville Vogel
* 1991: Ruth Patrick
* 1992: Kary Mullis
* 1992: Britton Chance
* 1993: Richard Smalley
* 1995: John Mather
* 1995: Barry Marshall
* 1995: Joseph Hooton Taylor
* 1996: George Heilmeier
* 1997: Frank Albert Cotton
* 1997: Ralph Lawrence Brinster
* 1998: Baruch Blumberg
* 1998: Judah Folkman
* 1999: Benoît Mandelbrot
* 1999: Alfred George Knudson
* 2000: Ad Bax
* 2001: Barry Sharpless
* 2001: Vera Rubin
* 2002: Mario Capecchi
* 2002: Joseph DeSimone
* 2003: Daniel Hunt Janzen
* 2003: Bert Vogelstein
* 2004: Thomas Starzl
* 2004: Barry Trost
* 2005: JoAnne Stubbe
* 2005: Saul Perlmutter
* 2006: Franklin Arnold Davis
* 2006: Irving Weissman
* 2008: Susan Solomon
* 2009: Lucy Shapiro
* 2010: Christian James Lambertsen
* 2011: David Edmund Kuhl
* 2012: Paul Steinhardt
* 2013: Leslie Dutton
* 2013: N. Scott Adzick
* 2014: Leonard Hayflick
* 2016: Emmanuelle Charpentier
* 2016: Jennifer Doudna
* 2016: Feng Zhang
* 2016: Carl H. June
* 2017: Ruzena Bajcsy
* 2017: Warren Ewens
* 2017: Masatoshi Nei
* 2018: Bjarne Stroustrup
* 2018: James Edward Maceo West
* 2019: Emily Carter
* 2019: Charles Lewis Kane
* 2019: Eugene John Mele