One or more unpaired electrons occupy an anionic vacancy in the crystal lattice to form F-centers, which are defects in crystalline structures. They are made when localized electrons, which are unable to flow freely through the lattice, get trapped in a lattice defect and become stuck. Radiation or other energy sources may be the cause of this.

A crystal's overall appearance can be significantly impacted by the existence of F-centers. Due to the existence of the trapped electrons, F-centers can give the appearance that a crystal is colored. A crystal's appearance may also become foggy as a result of their many dispersion centers. A crystal's physical characteristics, such as its thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity, can also be impacted by its F-centers. F-centers can also make a crystal look more fragile because the trapped electrons can exacerbate the brittleness of the lattice.
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