[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] CMV: It's wrong for me to eat meat.

[Assistant]
If humans gradually stopped eating meat, we would breed less livestock.  So, if you stop eating meat, you aren't saving a currently existing animal from slaughter.  You are just reducing the chance that a future animal is born at all.  The animal is bred for meat, so it either dies to feed you or it never exists.  There won't be endless fields of cows for no reason.

It's a question of personal philosophy, but many would say that some life is better than no life at all.  The real issue you should be worried about is *how* the animal gets to live while it lives, i.e., free range or in a cage...pumped full of drugs or not...


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
ELI5: Why do movies have staggered releases?

I often read that a movie was theatrically released in a select group of countries on one date and released to the rest of the world weeks later. Many movies are also released to "select theaters" first then have a broadened release days later. What's the point?

[Assistant]
Often, it's just a matter of scheduling for each country because of competition, holidays, and the like.

Now, when a movie is released to "select theaters" first it's for one of two reasons. First is because it has a low marketing budget and they are releasing it in a limited number of theaters in order to get critics to write about it and create some buzz.

The other reason this might happen is if the studio thinks that they have a movie with Oscar potential. They will often release it in New York and Los Angeles late in the calendar year so that it can be eligible for Academy Awards for that year. They will put it into wide release right about the time the Oscars are presented, because of the publicity that creates. A lot of people may never have heard of the movie until the saw it was nominated, and then they see it's in their local theaters.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
Official ELI5 Thread: DOMA and Gay Marriage in the United States

The US Supreme Court is currently reviewing the constitutionality of the Defense of Marriage Act which defines the federal view of marriage as a legal union between a man and a woman.

Here is the place where you can discuss the history of the issue in the US (and the rest of the world), explain how this fits into the framework of the Constitution, describe the judicial procedures, etc.

This is a sensitive subject for many, so be sure to remain respectful!

[Assistant]
Can someone ELI5 how it could be decided that equal rights to marriage could be decided to be unconstitutional? Especially in terms of the 14th amendment's Equal Protection Clause:
>All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
[MCU] (Endgame Spoilers) Black Widow

Would Black Widow have been considered worthy by Mjlnir? She's willing to kill for what's right and willing to kill herself to _have a chance_ to save the entire universe. I mean, Thor did less that in Thor (2011) and he was immediately deemed worthy.

She didn't even take the test in Age of Ultron, she could've been worthy even before Endgame. She seems to fit the criteria of worthiness pretty well.

[Assistant] Mjolnir can only be wielded if youre worthy to rule Asgard, not if youre the bravest or the most pragmatic. Black Widow simply never had the leadership skills that Mjolnirs other wielders have all displayed.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] ELI5: Why do eggshells seemingly "dodge" your finger when you try to pick them out of a cracked egg?

[Assistant]
Egg is a viscous fluid, and when it moves, anything trapped inside it moves also. Your finger "pushes" the egg away from itself when you go to fish out the eggshell - however, the egg pushes the eggshell away from your finger because it is viscous. Think of how jello would behave if you pushed on it, egg is like a more watery jello.

If you use another eggshell piece to fish it out, you will have more success, the sharp edge of the other eggshell will "cut" through the egg and let you grab the other piece.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] ELI5: How does constantly mixing cement keep it from turning into stone?

[Assistant]
As pointed out before, it doesn't, however it does prolong the process.

Cement solidifies by basically turning itself (a paste of very specific particles and water) into a crystal. The particles pretty much combine with the water to form nice hard crystals (so saying you're waiting for the cement to "dry-out" is technically incorrect).

By forcing the paste to tumble around, you constantly break the connections before they grow into stable forms.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
ELI5: Why do movies made in the 80s (and prior) have visible imperfections, specks, streaks, picture wobble, etc. and new movies don't, even if they're both shot on 35mm film?

I'm judging from Blu-ray transfers.

[Assistant]
Because film degrades over time, and the film has aged. In some cases its aged well. In others, not as well. So for films in the 80s, its been sitting in a can for 40 years. Ideally in some climate controlled vault. Though that doesnt always happen.

It really depends on the condition the film is in when the transfer scans are made to even begin a remaster.

Not all physical film types hold up to time as well either.

Other things, like film grain, and special effects masks that wobble, were sometimes present in the original film anyway because back then everything had to be done optically/manually. Ghostbusters is a good example of this. Even the remasters retain the film grain, because it was just a grainy movie.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] [MCU] If Ultron came back and learned about everything that happened since Age of Ultron up to now, would he feel any differently about Tony Stark?

[Assistant]
Thanos threw Ultron's proverbial rock at humanity and the galaxy at large (and a moon personally at Tony). Instead of letting the world evolve, they went back in time to undo it.

>When the Earth starts to settle, God throws a stone at it. And believe me, He's winding up. We have to evolve.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] ELI5: When you click two pens for example, why does it sound the same when you click them at the same time, but when you click them after one another it sounds like they are clicking at a different pitch?

[Assistant]
It seems to me that in a pen click there are two parts to the sound- the initial click, and the release. So you end up with two parts to the sound. If the second part sounds different than the first part, the second pen click will sound different because you have the second part of the first click in your ear as you hear the first part of the second click.

Try clicking two pens without releasing the toggle.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] ELI5: if the deepest depth drilled by man is about 8 miles, and the crust is nearly 20 miles deep, how were scientists able to discover that there is an upper and lower mantel and inner and outer core?

[Assistant]
The same way you are able to tell what's in the box your grandmother sent you at Christmas.  When you shake it, a sweater sounds different from a PS4 controller.  Obviously scientists can't shake the earth, but the earth shakes itself sometimes, and scientists in different places are always listening (or rather their seismographs are listening).  By comparing what different locations record, they can make good guesses about what's inside, just like you may be able to do.

Edit: Thanks for the gold!


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
[Thor] Couldnt he just put his hammer and top of people?

Like say thanos could he not just put Mjolnir on top of thanos while hes laying down and have him pinned there? Like could he not just put his hammer on top of people and leave them pinned there? Also could he do the same with with like a garbage can lid and no one could open the lid?

[Assistant]
Thor did this to Loki when they fought on Bifrost, so yes, Thor clearly can immobile people by putting his hammer on them.

If course, it's only going to work until he needs Mjolnir for something else, and it relies on getting someone to hold still long enough to be pinned this way, but it's clearly something Thor can do.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] What is bricking, flashing and rooting a mobile device?

[Assistant]
Let's say you have a castle that your sister owns and it is set up for a princess - the inside is pretty and pink, full of frilly stuff.

But you don't like pink and frilly stuff.

**Flashing** is where you go into the castle, pull out all of the girly furniture, and put in your own furniture to make the castle into an awesome fortress.  It looks the same on the outside, but the inside is now what you want.

**Bricking** is when you go into the castle, re-arrange the furniture, but you accidentally push the couch in front of the door and somehow get out.  Now you can't even get into the castle!  And what's more, you can't even move furniture around!

**Rooting** - is when the castle is magically enchanted so that only the King can make any changes to it - you can't bring over any friends unless the King says so, and you can't sit in the chairs because you are not the King.  Rooting is when you dress up like a King and now you can bring over anyone you want, and sit in all the chairs just like the King does!

**Jailbreaking** is similar to rooting, except you are now a princess.

Replace castle with phone, furniture with firmware, king with admin.  Also rooting is for androids, and jailbreaking is for iOS.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
ELI5: When Europeans came to Africa and The Americas, how did they communicate with the locals?

Considering that no one knows the other's language.

[Assistant]
"Immersion" is a great way to learn a language fast. Move to another country, and refuse to speak in anything but the local language. Within a month or two, you'll be good enough at it to get by.

So if the first group people to meet stayed together long enough, some people on each side would relatively quickly be able to communicate to some extent.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] [007] In the beginning of Casino Royale, a newspaper has a picture of James Bond killing Mollaka with the headline "M16 Agent kills man in Madagascar Embassy". Does Le Chiffre not know who James Bond is during their poker game at the Casino Royale?

[Assistant] He knew. He didn't care - he was only in it for the money and thought himself unbeatable. Bond's cover was more to cover MI6 and the British Government's ass if it came out that one of their agents was gambling taxpayer money.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
Adjuncting... why bother?

I taught as an adjunct for one semester. The experience was valuable in that I was able to assemble my own introductory course. Aside from that, I also learned I never wanted to adjunct again. It was so clearly an underpaid, disposable position with no health benefits and little chance of advancement. It sucks up time that one could be using to publish or apply for jobs and fellowships and hopefully advance. I could have easily served tables two days a week and earned more money and had more time. *I can't think of a single advantage that being an adjunct provides.* That said, I met numerous other adjuncts that were somehow scraping by, teaching multiple courses and multiple nearby institutions...and had been doing so for many years. I didn't have the heart to ask them why they even bother doing it.

So why? Why in god's name do people keep allowing themselves to be exploited as adjuncts?

[Assistant] I think some of it is the fear to get out of academia because once youre out, its very difficult to get back in. So if someone does hope to find a tenure track or even continuing instructorship, its sadly in their benefit to stay in the domain by adjuncting.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
Why does America export pop culture but rarely import it?

Here in Japan, American movies, songs and even TV shows are well-known. Even when  people don't speak English, they still consume English-language pop culture. However, in America barely anything foreign makes a splash at all. Why is this?

[Assistant]
Look up something called cultural imperialism theory.

E: forgot to include reference to seminal work, Schiller, H. J. (1973). Communication and Cultural Domination. White Plains, NY: International Arts and Sciences Press.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
Why does being infected with vaccinia virus vaccine protect you from Smallpox but doesn't protect you from other "pox" such as chicken pox?

Due to my career field I was recently given the vaccinia virus because I was told it's a more "mild" form of small pox, this peaked my interest and I learned the difference between vaccinia and variola virus(small pox) but could not find an answer to my question in regards to the varicella virus (chicken pox). I probably have a misinterpretation on the correlation of the word "pox" but I'd like to know, thank you!

[Assistant]
Chickenpox is caused by the varicella zoster virus and smallpox by the  variola viruses.  Vaccina and variola are poxviruses, varicella zoster virus is not - so it is not surprising that vaccina immunization will not confer any immunity to chickenpox.

"Pox" is an old term dating from the time before we had knowledge of infectious agents and was used to describe a number of diseases that seemed to spread easily and cause skin lesions. For example syphilis was once also known as the "great pox".


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
CMV: Ronda Rousey should not be compared to Mike Tyson, a prime Roy Jones Jr. or even male MMA fighters.

While Ronda has been destroying every opponent insane enough to stand in front of her (11-0 MMA, 5-0 UFC), and is an incredible athlete, she hasnt fought even close to the calibre of athlete that Mike Tyson, Roy Jones or many male MMA fighters face. The talent pools are simply deeper and more developed in mens combat athletics than in womens.

Mens MMA has enjoyed a larger platform, with further global reach than womens MMA and combat sport in general, aside from perhaps judo and kickboxing. The money, marketing and talent search has consistently been wider and farther-looking.

Furthermore, and perhaps ironically, because of this smaller-pond scenario, no one has tested Ronda in a manner that can be compared to some of the wars the other side has been through. We cant truly assess her grit.

[Assistant]
Myke tyson was great because as a heavyweight, he beat up any other heavyweight by a wide margin. Dominated his competition.

Ronda Rousey has fought her strongest peers and opponents and stands out.

who would she need to fight for you to feel we have a fair comparison?

you cant blame her there is no competition, but shes fought anyone at the top of her sport no?


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
Why isn't the human body comfortable at 98.6 degrees if that's our internal temperature?

It's been hot as hell lately and got up to 100 yesterday. I started to wonder why I was sweating and feeling like I'm dying when my body is 98.6 degrees on the inside all the time? Why isn't a 98 degree temp super comfortable? I would think the body would equalize and your body wouldn't have to expend energy to heat itself or cool itself.

And is there a temperature in which the body is equalized? I.e. Where you don't have to expend energy to heat or cool. An ideal temperature.

Edit: thanks for all the replies and wealth of knowledge. After reading a few I remembered most of high school biology and had a big duh moment. Thanks Reddit!

Edit: front page! Cool! Thanks again!

[Assistant]
Your body is a like a heater that is always on; it cannot be turned off because that heat is produced by and required to maintain a delicate environment for your life processes.

Heat only flows from hot to cold. If temperatures are equal, there is no cold for the hot to flow to.

If 98F is ambient temperature then the constantly-produced heat in your body has nowhere to flow to. The heat will build up in you and you will overheat.

The rate of heat flow is proportional to the difference between the hot and the cold. Even if your internal temp reaches 105F+ and outside is 98F the heat flow would be small.

We evolved sweating as a way to cheat this by using evaporation to pull away heat from our skin. When water evaporates, it actually cools down when doing so, because changing a liquid to a gas takes energy (heat).

This works so long as the surrounding air isn't already full of water. Once it is full, sweat stops evaporating and you will overheat no matter what. This kills people.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
[ELI5] why can't a people in the USA just get together and run their own Google Fibre?

I guess I'm asking why can't a town/HOA get together and just run fibre out to a backbone node? I see they did it in the UK.

[edit] How can someone get from the house to the backbone? Is there just a giant cable running somewhere where you can just jab an end of my cable into?

[Assistant]
One town tried because their ISP provider (Time Warner) was giving them shit service. This resulted in Time Warner suing the toe for "setting up an unfair market where other providers could not compete".

Edit: Meant town, but toe is funny.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] ELI5:How does a jail broken phone work? Do they create a whole new OS or just add stuff on to the old OS?

[Assistant]
Jailbreaking (Or Rooting on Android), is the same operating system it was before, you're just modifying the system to allow you to do things that were previously not allowed.  It's called jailbreaking because normally apps run in a jail or a sandbox that keeps them contained and limited.  So once you've modified the system you've literally jailbroken it.

iOS (and to a lesser extent Android), are designed so that everything runs in a sandbox that can't do any harm to the more important background stuff.  This is to prevent viruses and other malicious code from running and causing problems.  That sandbox is very restrictive though and prevents you from doing a lot.  Android lets you access a lot more, but until you root it, it's limited too.  (Like how you can't delete some default apps etc).

Apple is slowing allowing more and more (custom keyboards, extensions etc), so jailbreaking is much less necessary that it used to be.  There are some things we'll never get without one though, (Caller ID spoofing apps and other 'kind of illegal' apps.)


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] [MCU] did Thanos ever court lady Death before the events of infinity war?

[Assistant] In the MCU Thanos has very different motivations from what you're describing.  In the MCU Thanos is motivated by a mad crusade to reduce the population of the universe to in turn reduce their resource consumption.  It's unclear if Lady Death even exists as a concrete entity within the MCU (although that question may become more clear given the expanding multiverse and Eternals).


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
ELI5: I understand how my body heals itself on the outside, but can someone explain what the process is on the inside. Not just like a simple cut, but more like a sore on the stomach lining or even a gunshot wound.

Had a Shower thought, but I actually wanted to understand it. I'm literate so go ahead and give me the actual process don't hold back.

Edit: First comment covered a small, but helpful amount of Information. I would like to go (deeper ;) ) more in depth. I am quite intrigued by this function in my body.

[Assistant]
White blood cells clean up the area of bacteria and junk

Platelets and clotting factors help reduce bleeding

Blood vessels dilate to let more traffic into the area to help out

Fibroblasts repair the infrastructure

If possible, the cells who died will eventually divide and restore the population. If a nerve or a big part of a muscle fascicle died, nothing happens.

Angiogenesis is initiated and new blood vessels grow into the damaged area to replace damaged ones.

All of these are done via chemical signals released by cells in the location of the injry and the white blood cells.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
If regularly donating blood without being re-exposed to a particular pathogen, will circulating antibody levels decline over time?

Im not an immunologist so please forgive me if there are glaring errors.

My understanding as I remember it from many years ago is that when a previously encountered pathogen is detected by B-memory cells, they proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells, which begin to produce antibodies until the pathogen is cleared. Whilst the B-memory cells will survive, the plasma cells and antibodies in the blood stream will decline over time until the pathogen is reintroduced and more are produced?

I ask this in relation to Covid as I had Covid-19 back in early March and was very sick. However Ive just had a negative antibody test when trying to donate plasma. Ive donated blood on at least 4 occasions since and have been very careful with distancing etc so would hope I have not come back into contact with any viral particles.

[Assistant] Nah. Not really. You lose blood constantly, it just gets recycled internally and/or passed as waste. Antibodies themselves are just these little protein markers that act as cues to the rest of your immune system. They are produced constantly, quasi-randomly, but in low numbers. When they start "sticking" to things, your immune system takes notice. It obviously starts attacking the "flagged" intruders, but it also starts preferentially cloning the antibody (or rather the cell that produces that antibody). That's really why you get sick at all (at least, among illnesses you've had before). Your body may have the template "on file", but it takes a bit to ramp up production.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
[Monster Hunter] Why don't the monsters eat me when I get knocked out by them?

I fight monsters in the New World, but a new hunter I'm training asked me why the monsters don't eat us when we go down and I realized I'm always unconscious when this happens....

Why DON'T the monsters eat us?

[Assistant] Simple mistake.  "Monster hunter" doesn't refer to someone who hunts monsters.  You are a monster who hunts.  The so called monsters don't eat you when you're unconscious because they aren't monsters.  They're just majestic creatures trying to make it in life.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
ELI5: Why does sticking one foot out from under the blankets prevent me from getting too hot?

So you're under the covers... it gets a bit too warm, so you stick your foot out from under the covers and a damn near perfect temperature is achieved.  Why's that?

[Assistant]
When you are warm, blood flows more readily to your hands and feet.  When you are cold, blood flows away from them, making them colder than the rest of your body.  This keeps your core (your torso) more consistent in temperature and protects from overheating or hypothermia (an extreme case of being too cold).

As a result, on a warm night, much of your body's heat might be in your feet, where it can radiate away better to try to cool you down.  In addition, your extremities perspire (sweat, though "only pigs sweat") very readily when hot.  This explains why sticking your foot out can cool you down, just as much as why wearing good gloves and shoes/socks can keep you warm when it is cold.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
CMV: Jesus would be embarrassed by today's Christians

I want to start by saying I dont include ALL of Christianity in this assessment. If you identify as Christian but you are embarrassed by the behaviors outlined below, you are the exception to the rule. If anything below offends you. Well, youre unfortunately the Christians Im referring to.

I have nothing against a true Christian who spreads understanding, love, and light. These are all things we need more of in this world. However, many churches today thrive by spreading hate and fear.

An outline of the teachings of Jesus Christ (I will be addressing these one by one):

Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.
The Golden Rule. This is one of the greatest tenants of Christianity. Not only does it mean treat people with kindness and compassion, but it also means that you are no greater than your neighbor. You treat them with respect because they are a human being, made in the likeness of God. You would not walk up to Jesus in Starbucks and start berating Him if your coffee is made incorrectly. We are all humans, regardless of who we are, how we look, and where we work. Behaving otherwise is an affront to Jesus.

Forgive
This one is easy. If your child spills his cup, you forgive him. If Trump commits treason, you forgave him, right? If anyone else in the entire world acts contrary to your moral beliefs, you forgive them. Because #3.

Do not judge
Lest ye be judged. Do not condemn lest ye be condemned. This includes you, your pastor, and your church. No one is allowed to judge anothers sins unless you are God Himself. This includes homosexuality, ab0rtion, Black Lives Matter, or anything else you may not agree with. People are living their lives to the best of their abilities. To deprive them of that is to go against a direct teaching of Jesus. It is not up to you to determine the sins of another. If your pastor is giving you direction on who to hate, you may want to remind him of that as well.

Love your Enemies
Progressing right on from the last point. If you have been told to hate homosexuals because they are our enemies, your pastor is doing you dirty again. If you are told to hate Democrats, women, trans people, or any other group of people, you are being led astray by Satan. We are told to LOVE our enemies. These are Jesuss words. If someone is telling you otherwise, they are leading you away from the teaching of the Lord.

Love God
This is a big one and I saved it for last. Love God. Thats it. Do not fear God. Do not fear death. This is something that is being sold by church after church and it is heartbreaking. So many churches have people tied to their alter by fear  the fear of rejection from Christ, the fear that He will not bring you into His fold. You must be saved by Christ and wholeheartedly accept the teaching of these false prophets, or you will not see life after death. I cannot stress enough This. Is. Not. True. Jesus will save us all. If you believe the teachings of Christ, you will believe this above all else. Love God for He loved your first. He loved you so much, He gave up His only begotten Son. Over and over again, God loves you. You are enough just the way you are. Your neighbor is enough just the way they are. You dont need to worry about them, God has them covered too. Just love  God, yourself, each other.

Rules of Engagement on this post: 1. Act with Christianlike behavior. Speak as Jesus would have spoken. Be kind to your neighbors even if you disagree. 2. I challenge you to only quote the teachings of Jesus if you quote the Bible. This is, after all, a debate on how Jesus would view the Christians of today.

[Assistant]
Jesus wasn't embarrassed by his own friend denying knowing him three times moments before his death. Jesus would lovingly explain to them how some of their attitudes harm their relationship with God and what should they do instead, being embarrassed of them wouldn't happen, that would be harmful to the people he wants to save.

Specially considering the "golden rule" as you call it, Jesus wouldn't want people to act embarrassed of others for doing something wrong, that's harmful, Jesus would want people to act kindly and correct bad behaviors with love.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
I believe taxation is theft. CMV

The government is taking my money against my will and if I refuse to let them have it, I go to prison. I fail to see how this is any different than a mugging.

**Edit:** Many of you bring up the idea that some tax dollars go to public services that I do use, such as roads and schools. If I rob you at gunpoint and then give that stolen money to charity, then does that make the theft moral?

**Edit 2: I am not saying that taxes don't contribute to good causes. I am saying that the act of taxation is theft. The point of this post is for someone to convince me that taxation is *not* theft.**

**Edit 3: Thanks for proving that nobody ever reads the OP**

[Assistant] Well as soon as you stop using their services and living on their land then we'll talk. Something tells me that you're living on territory claimed by your government long before you or your parents were born. They've charted it, defended it, vastly improved it, and have allowed you to live there provided that you follow certain conditions. If you don't want to follow them then that's fine, just pay what you already owe and leave the country.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
ELI5: How do Transition glasses lenses work?

I always see the adds on how they change in tint automatically depending on the brightness, but how do they do this?

[Assistant]
Ultraviolet light breaks a chemical bond in a special dye that coats the lens surface. Before UV exposure, the molecules in this dye are colourless. UV breaks a certain bond in the molecule, changing the structure, and resulting in a product that is coloured. When you go back indoors, away from UV, the reaction goes the other way, and the lens becomes clear again. Some things to consider if you are thinking about Transitions lenses:

* They won't change colour in a car, since your windshield blocks most of the UV light entering the vehicle. There are certain types of Transition lenses which do change somewhat behind a windshield. These usually have side effects such as a remaining tint indoors, or also responding to visible light.

* They are affected by temperature. Specifically, they do not get as dark in hot temperatures as they do in cold temperatures, and they will go back to being clear faster in hot temperatures than in cold. Heat is what drives the reaction back towards the clear side. If you are an avid beach goer, separate prescription sunglasses may work better for you (but can be very expensive).

* A type of Transitions lenses are available where the dark form of the lens is polarized, which cuts glare better. These do tend to have a slight tint indoors, but can be a nice lens when in the dark state.

* The expected lifespan of the colour changing properties of these lenses is 3-4 years.

* Adding a colour changing feature to your glasses will up the cost. However, it may increase the utility that you get out of them.

* Transitions is actually only one brand of photochromic (colour changing) technology for eye glasses. There are several others, but Transitions is the most widespread and best marketed.

* As with any eye glasses, leaving them in your car (especially on your dashboard) where they will experience wide temperature swings is bad for them, and breaks down the coatings. Don't do this.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] (Star Trek) What would happen if you got shot while beaming?

[Assistant] In the DS9 episode Hippocratic Oath, a Jem'Hadar fires a disrupter through Miles O'Brian mid-transport. The disrupter blast did not hurt him or disrupt the transport in any noticeable way; instead, it burned the wall directly behind where O'Brian was standing.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
How do trick candles work?

What keeps them lit, or makes them able to re-light after being blown out?  How does blowing them out NOT work?

[Assistant] You know how when you blow out a regular candle there is still a little bit of a glowing ember at the tip of the wick?  Well trick candles also contain in the wick some magnesium which ignites at the temperature that that ember is glowing at causing a flame which reignites the rest of the wick.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
I believe in the USA all crimes committed by persons should be expugnable after finishing the sentence. CMV

Presently in the society we live in, that is more interested in incarceration vs rehabilitation. Persons who have a momentarily lapse in judgment are forever punished. I am a convicted felon unable to be a productive member of society as no employer will trust me with a job. The crimes I committed were not major when compared to Murder or Rape, crimes I feel this change should not apply to. Because of my inability to clear my record, I reoffended when desperate for employment (fell for a work from home scam, and got burned on a bad money order).

[Assistant]
In your title you state that all crimes should be expungnable after completion of sentence. Then you state that murder or rape crimes should not apply to that change.

Which is it?

Who is exactly going to change this? State? Federal?


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
[MCU] What's the Internet like in Wakanda?

Before and after the events of *Black Panther*, if relevant.

[Assistant]
Before Black Panther, it's more like an intranet; the city itself is wired up with a series of tubes that make top-tier American fiber look like a combination of string and cans, but the average person doesn't have a direct link outside. Access to the outside world's internet is limited for security reasons, since even with the best security in the world they wouldn't be able to maintain the "dirt farmer" fiction if an entire city's worth of people was showing up in the IP logs of Pornhub and Overwatch.

The Wakandan network has a lot of content similar to the outside, to the point of straight up copying certain things. They have their own games, their own version of YouTube, and so on. Since no one from the EU or USA is going to show up to enforce copyright, what we would call "piracy" and what they would call "world culture" is pretty rampant. IP experts and technicians, working on a smaller, primitive network built from a limited amount of outside hardware and strictly air-gapped from the main Wakandan net, cruise around for torrents, online resources, and other things of interest, crack any content control software, pass the content along to a second, more advanced set of Wakandan computers for a brutal security screening, after which it is then passed to the main system for file sharing.

Not much of this changes after BP, mostly because A) they need to do careful study to compromise ease of access with continued security, B) they're not in a hurry to pay back an entire nation's worth of pirated music and video games, and C) Infinity War happens before they can get too far along.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
[40K] Why did Konrad Curze allow himself to be assassinated?

Was he repentant for all the horrible things he had done? Or was he just tired of living?

[Assistant]
Konrad Curze was a very, very sick man. His brutal upbringing brought out the worst aspects of Batman and his home world's conduct in his absence only reinforced his evil-Batman perspective.

Adding to this psychological/emotional instability was his psyker gift: Curze didn't understand his ability to see the future, which led to incredible internal confusion and distress.

Towards the end of his life, Konrad had had enough of the galaxy (seen most notably in his Exterminatus-ing of his home world). When Malcador's assassin came for his head, Konrad was more than willing to allow her to take it.

Although it is possible that, in a moment of clarity, he foresaw the end of the Horus Heresy and its results, and realized that it was too late to do anything to prevent it. So in addition to being an emo whiner, he was also a quitter.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] ELI5: Why is it easier for two people to lift twice the weight together, than half individually?

[Assistant] There are two different issues with lifting a heavy object: force and torque.  Often with a large box, apply a *force* equal to the weight of the box isn't hard, but applying a *torque* that will keep the entire box in your hands (instead of allowing the box to tumble away from you) is harder.  With one person applying a torque on each side, this issue disappears.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
Why don't microwave ovens vary their frequency to eliminate hot spots?

It seems that everything else is going solid-state, so why do microwaves continue relying on a rotating platter? Would it be that much harder to vary the frequency and (hopefully) move the nodes & antinodes around?

[Assistant]
Varying the frequency would not be practical, as the slice of the frequency band that would be considered microwaves is actually really narrow.

(The prime length of a microwave is about four inches in length, which is why they cant escape from the microwave, especially the front. The waves are too big to get through the front grate and will bounce back into the microwave.)

Its true that most current models of commercial microwaves have fixed magnetrons, which can unfortunately lead to a microwave having hot and cold spots.

This has necessitated the invention of the rotating plate, which has solved the problem of these spots pretty handily. Sure, an aging microwave will tend to develop more cold and hot spots, but thats to be expected.

Sometimes a microwave will manage to bounce back into the magnetron, and cause slight degradation (essentially the microwave will cook itself)

So it is best to heavily shield the magnetron, this very same shielding would make it impractical to make the magnetron the moving part of the microwave.

Also moving the magnetron would also have the consequence of placing said magnetron into the path of its own microwaves more often, risking even more damages over time.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
CMV: I don't think humans are meant to be monogamous, it's not our natural inclination

Everyone has the potential to be attracted to different people. We all know a good looking person when we see one. If you never met your current partner, if you have one, you probably would now would be with someone else. People usually have sex with more than 1 person throughout their life.

The potential for someone to get cheated on is to an extent always there, however small. One of the ways I could see monogamy working is in the following made up scenario which is obviously pure fantasy. If everyone could only be attracted to 1 person during their entire life. Your partner would only like you and no one else, they wouldn't be attracted in any way to no other human. You would never have to worry about them cheating on you because it would be impossible. Obviously there's more to it than that.

Humans can always change. You fall in love, you disregard your morals, you develop a new philosophy in life, you become a nicer person, etc. Even all the people in the world that are very faithful and loyal and say they would never cheat, they can change too.

[Assistant]
Monogamy evolved in order to create a stable enviorment for children. The leading hypothesis is that Monogamy prevents infanticide, as rather than males killing their rivals children, they protect their female partner and their own children.

As far as Humans are concerned, we've been monogamous since prehistoric times. Since we've been recording history people have been raising children. There are ancient laws that punish adultery. Being monogamous is very Human.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] ELI5: Why are urinals not common in residential apartments and private houses?

[Assistant] They take up too much space and are impractical for a house. The reason they have them in public toilets is they're more efficient when lots of people need to use them. It's not like you'll have more than one person using the toilet at the same time in your house.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] ELI5 Why is there so few natural blue colored foods?

[Assistant] Plants have only three pigments: Anthocyanin (red), xanthin (yellow), and chlorophyll (green). It's pretty difficult to combine them in a way that yields blue. Some plants get close, but it's really more of a purple color than a true blue.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] When a photon is red-shifted, (how) does it lose energy?

[Assistant] momentum, and therefore energy  change based on frame of reference. a baseball thrown at 100 miles an hour has a decent amount of energy relative to a "static" observer, but if you were to drive by the pitcher  in a car at 100 miles an hour, the ball would essentially be still in your frame of reference and have no kinetic energy. similarly, if you were to accelerate towards a redshifted lightsource in a rocket ship, you'd eventually reach a point where the light is no longer redshifted, since you and the light source are still relative to each other.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
cmv: If a politician is removed from office, we should hold an election to choose a new public official, not promote whoever was under them.

Ill use the POTUS (speaking generically, not specifically talking about Biden) as an example to explain my point, but this applies to any area of office. If the president was impeached, I dont think we should have the VP automatically take their place. Now Im not saying that the actions of the president mean that those who are under them are automatically at fault, but if we cant trust the president, how can we be sure that we can trust the people that they chose to be under them?

Now you may argue that the people under the President shouldnt have to lose their jobs because of someone elses bad choices. To that Id say that they can campaign in the election. Should the public decide that they would be a good fit for office and vote them in, they can be sworn in as the new POTUS. But I think they should earn that right, not just have it handed to them.

Edit: There have been a lot of good points brought up that I didnt think about. Thanks for all the responses!

[Assistant]
But elections take time. Who is president while we wait for a new election to take place?

If your answer is the vice president, then there really isn't much difference between this and the current system. If there are truly extraordinary circumstances, Congress can vote to remove the vice president as well. But it really seems like you're trying to design for an extreme edge case, and ultimately this just doesn't matter.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] ELI5: How does wi-fi travel through walls and doors?

[Assistant] Because it travels in waves, just like sound for example. And, just like sound, solid objects will weaken it's intensity (just like walls and doors). If you were to put a 10 foot thick lead wall in between you and your router, you probably wouldn't receive any signal, but drywall is not as dense, so the waves can travel more freely through the material.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] ELI5: Why do we have different electrical outlets on different continents? It seems electricity was discovered and then everyone went different ways with it. Is one setup better than another?

[Assistant]
Before electricity, there were no fast ways of communicating across continents. When electricity was discovered within a nation, they never thought of waiting months to ask other nations about how they plug in devices. The nation just wanted to take advantage of the new invention as soon as possible! Therefore, there are so many plug standards as the first nations consulted their own engineers and scientists to make their own working plug.

Once people found out there were different standards, it was too late to change since so many buildings and devices have already been converted to one type of outlet.

In terms of different setups, there's two major kinds of standard voltage depending on the country: 110 Volt and 230 Volt. 110 V is the standard in North and Central Americas + western Japan. 230 V is found everywhere else. 230 Volt is more efficient power-wise but more dangerous due to the high voltage. 110 V is safer but it cannot supply as much power (ovens and refrigerators may need a separate high voltage plug). ~~Luckily, there are no plugs that can plug into both which is an easy way to burn out your device.~~ Nevermind... there are definitely plugs that can plug into both... check your adapter specifications and/or read your manual to prevent your devices from dying when using the wrong voltage!

Both of these outlets supply alternating current meaning the voltage goes up and down with time. They swing at a cycle of 60 Hz (cycles per second) in countries with a 110 V standard and 50 Hz in countries with a 230 V standard. This had influence on the refresh rate of TVs since TVs fixed their refresh rates to the power frequency to prevent strobing effects that would occur if the frequencies were mismatched. Nowadays with digital content, most TVs have been standardized to display at 60 Hz refresh rate.

Edit: Clarifications in the last paragraph.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
Why do matter and antimatter annihilate one another?

I read the wiki on annihilation and anti-matter, neither goes into technical detail as to why the mass to energy conversion occurs. Does anyone know? Is it a deceptively simple question?

[Assistant] That's how they're defined. A particle's antiparticle is the one it annihilates with. Annihilation has a special meaning in physics. By annihilate we don't mean the absolute destruction of the particles, we mean the collision of a particle and an antiparticle. The collision usually results in a photon being made.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] [Star Wars] why didn't the empire have other species of stormtroopers other than humanoids?

[Assistant] Because one of the main tenets of the empire is it human-centricity. Throughout the whole franchise, the only nonhuman of any enlisted rank in the imperial armed forces is Grand Admiral Thrawn, and he's an exception. In fact, the Timothy Zahn novels in the new canon deal a good bit with the specism he faced whilst climbing the ranks.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
[starcraft, warcraft] what happens in-story when you build your enemy's tech tree?

Whether through mind control, neural parasite, or possession, some factions could capture enemy worker units and use them to build entire bases full of their enemy's buildings and units. What do these units think about the situation?

[Assistant] I think it's mind control in both games. In starcraft it would be the Zerg connecting the Terran units to the hivemind while in Warcraft it's Banshees taking over the units directly, replacing the mind of the original person.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] ELI5: Why can FAT32 only store files smaller than 4 GB?

[Assistant]
The file allocation table, the FAT, is record-keeping, like paperwork for tracking what files are stored where on the disk and how big they are.

The spaces in the form that it has for file size on the paperwork, are only large enough to hold numbers that represent a maximum of 4GB. 32 bits, 32 spaces.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] How did early astronomers know that those slightly brighter dots of light were planets? How did they know the order of the solar system?

[Assistant]
What distinguished the planets from the stars for ancient astronomers was not their brightness, but the fact that some objects were always in the same relative positions to each other in the sky, while others moved around and could be found near different stars at different times.  The ones whose positions were fixed were the *stars* and the ones that moved around were the *planets*.  (In fact, the word "planet" comes from the Greek word for "wanderer," reflecting this property.)

Of course, people did not know what the physical properties of the planets and stars were in terms of their composition and such, but did know that they behaved differently in the sky.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] ELI5: Where does all the money go when a stock market crashes? For instance, where did all the money in the World Market vanish to after the crash of 2008?

[Assistant]
It didn't go anywhere, because it never existed. An object or stock's value is independent of money; it's simply what the object is perceived as worth.

Imagine a foil trading card. You are the only person who has one, so everyone wants it. They offer to buy if from you; $5, $10, $20, $100! Wow, you're worth a $100! That's great, until a bunch more people get the foil trading cards, so now, people will only pay $10 for it. Did you lose $90? No, because that $90 never existed in the first place.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] [MCU] Can Spider-Man legally fight crime in wake of the Accords?

[Assistant]
The Accords primarily deal with international actions, so if Spider-Man wanted to operate in Canada, he'd either need the permission of the Canadian government or the UN Panel on Superhuman Operations.

If he stays within the US, he only needs to follow the laws of the United States, and the State and City of New York. And in the MCU, the laws about masked vigilantism are apparently a bit looser than they are in our reality.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
[Harry Potter] Why did nobody ever think to ask Moaning Myrtle how she died?

Obviously it was over 50 years since she died by the time Harry and the gang asked her so she was something of just a laughable ghost at the time. But Dumbledore and others were at the school while she actually died, I find it odd that he wouldn't know she was 'haunting' the bathroom all this time and he would know who exactly she was. They know the monster killed her but nobody knows what it was. I get that most people thought it was Hagrid's monster but Dubmledor was never really convinced of that.

[Assistant] They may have *tried* to ask her how she died but given her attitude towards other people, she probably got really upset and threw a bitch fit. Remember, this is a girl who the Ministry of Magic had to intervene with after she kept haunting a former classmate.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] ELI5: Why are prime numbers important in cryptography?

[Assistant]
They are mainly used in an encryption algorithm called RSA. RSA is a special encryption algorithm because it is *asymmetric*.

Normal encryption is symmetric, which means it uses some sort of secret key to encrypt the data, and the same key to decrypt it. However, this means that both sides need to know the same key, which can be difficult. Asymmetric encryption is one where the encryption and the decryption are done using *different* keys (the keys are mathematically related, but aren't easily derived from each other). This allow you to keep one key as the secret, *private* key, and publish the other one as a *public* key. Anyone can use the public key to encrypt data and send it to you, and you'll be the only one who can decrypt it using your private key. Alternatively, *you* can encrypt something using your own private key and anyone can decrypt it, proving that it was you who encrypted it (this is used for digital signatures). This is essentially the basis for all encryption on the internet today, and it's what allows you to communicate with any website securely.

So what do prime numbers have to do with RSA? The math in RSA involves a large number. From this number you can derive two numbers - the encryption and decryption keys - but only if you know this number's prime factors (ie which prime numbers divide it evenly).

The security in RSA revolves around the fact that taking a number and breaking it into its prime factors is *difficult* - if you have a number, and you want to know its prime factors, then you basically have to guess different numbers until you find one that divides it evenly. If the number has lots of small prime factors then it's relatively easy to find them, but if the number only has a few large prime factors, then it's difficult to find them (something a computer can't feasibly do). So the easiest way to come up with a number that has large prime factors is to multiply two random large prime numbers.

If you want to know how RSA actually works, the Wikipedia article has a pretty good explanation, using a simple example.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
CMV: Boxing sucks

Okay, so I admit I used catch all, somewhat clickbait title.

I want to caveat this; When I say 'boxing sucks', I am not talking about the style of martial art (and in my opinion it is a martial art), nor am I talking about amateur boxing bouts or mid-level professional fights.

I am, instead, talking about the upper echelons of the boxing industry. The big money, high profile events.

What got my thinking on this was the recent announcement of the matchup between Floyd Mayweather Jr and Logan Paul.

One one hand we have an 11 time world champion, who is undefeated in his professional career of 50 fights spanning 25 years, with over half of those wins coming by knockout and someone who is often cited as the best pound-for-pound boxer on the planet (or, at least he was).

On the other hand we have a Youtuber who has had precisely one professional boxing match... Which was against a fellow Youtuber. Which he lost.

Even if you factor in the age difference, it's still a complete mismatch.

This fight has been set up for one reason, and one reason only - money.

It is my firm belief that professional, top level boxing has been infiltrated by money-men so much, that it is no longer about who can fight best, and more about who can sell the most tickets.

It has been this way for well over 30 years now, with the boxing hay-day of the 70's and 80's long behind us. But now it seems to be so far in one direction that the basic idea behind boxing is virtually non-existent.

It is, in my opinion, no longer a legitimate contest of martial ability, and more an entertainment show. It makes a mockery of a sport that should have a lot more prestige. It is disrespectful to the legends of the sport that came before, and an insult to the thousands upon thousands of amateur boxers who actually *can* fight, but will never be given an opportunity like this because they don't have 23 million Youtube subs to sell the fight too.

I am not talking about grassroots boxing, or even Olympic level boxing. It's a legitimate style of fighting that is highly effective for self-defence. This is just about the high-profile boxing matchups.

[Assistant]
Please know that the upcoming fight between those two clowns has absolutely nothing to do with top level boxing any more than the other Paul clown's "boxing" match against Ben Askren did.  Nothing about either of those fights has anything to do with "martial ability" or any ability at all really, except that of extreme self-promotion.

"Boxing" doesn't suck.  What some people have done in the name of the sport has put a bit of a stain on it, but the original institution remains intact.  To me, it looks the same as when the XFL was supposed to be the next big thing in American Football.  The NFL survived while the XFL flamed out because it was never serious and/or sustainable to begin with.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
Why is Ayn Rand so popular yet rejected in more serious academic circles.

I dont know much or havent Read anything of hers but she seems pretty relevant as a refference amongst certain folks.

[Assistant] She dismisses Kant without citing him or his actual arguments. She deals with caricatures of philosophers without actually citing (or even possibly reading) their texts. She has so little research to the point where much of her writing wouldn't pass a freshman introduction to philosophy course.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
[Batman] Why does batman have an unprotected chin in his cowl? It feels like a huge weak spot, does it give him any sort of advantage?

A good marksman can shoot him through it, a good punch can land on his chin causing extra damage, with protection he'd be better able to hide his voice resulting in extra safety from detection. Why doesn't he just have a full face mask?

[Assistant]
Multiple reasons have been brought up over the years.

1. Obstructions over his mouth and nose can make it difficult to breathe. Certain masks in certain combat situations might be invitations to suffocate him.

2. It humanizes him. When Batman shows his compassionate side, like when comforting children or reassuring people who were victims of the thugs he just punched, he needs to show that there's a human being under the cowl. A mouth and a jaw lets him communicate that with clear words and clear intent.

3. Similarly, a clear mouth makes it easy to communicate in general. Also, on-the-fly detective work requires clear senses. It's not advisable for people to sniff or taste chemicals/evidence in the field, but when lives are on the line, he'll do it. And Batman being Batman, he'd be able to deduce what he needs to know from it.

4. Now and then, he says it's to mock the Joker. It shows that he's never amused by anything the Joker does, and sometimes it shows the opposite. It keeps the Joker on edge and obsessed with Batman, which thus adds a *tiny* bit of predictability to the clown's actions.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
ELI5 Why do mobile networks in US restrict data usage so much?

In the UK,  you can get unlimited data on 4g, minutes and texts from around 20/month.  I have never been throttled or charged extra with my usage around 7-10gb per month.

[Assistant]
They're a business that wants to make as much money as possible, and they are allowed to  operate with a business model that makes more money when you exceed your bandwidth. The UK market either won't tolerate this because unlimited data is the standard, or the government is somehow regulating the industry to avoid caps.

It'll continue until someone comes out with uncapped regional offerings that are so much more price competitive that they really start eroding the current companies' market share , or when the US communications groups start regulating the industry to stop it.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
Why don't we send a group to colonize the Moon as practice before trying to go to Mars?

Wouldn't it be smart to send a team to the moon to live there for a while to learn how to create a living space on a different planet? That way if any problems arise, we'll be able to find a fix for them before we try anything on Mars, and we wouldn't be a month away from safety.

[Assistant]
Supplies such as oxygen and water would need to be manufactured on site.

This is easier on Mars. Mars, for example, has polar ice caps which can be melted for water, and oxygen can be extracted from water electrically. The moon has nothing and would be harder. You can't fit enough oxygen and water for a colony in a supply rocket.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
ELI5: How do fish survive in iced-over lakes and ponds?

I was under the impression that fish still needed to have their water exposed to the air if they want to breath. When I was a kid I had a fish that died because the bowl was covered. How do fish survive in lakes that are completely iced over for the entire winter, won't the fish use up all their air, and then die before the lake thaws in the spring? Or does the air somehow seep through the ice?

[Assistant]
While the lake may be frozen the rivers that flow in and out are still flowing, if not on the surface then at least under the ice. This will bring in oxygen. Also lake ice isn't one solid chunk there are cracks and breaks in the ice that will allow gas exchange.

Plus fish are cold blooded, so in the winter their metabolism slows way down, they don't swim around as fast, if at all, and so require less oxygen. Many fish just find a place out of the currents on the bottom of the lake and sit out the winter.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] [Star Wars] How did Yoda know about the Sith Rule of Two if it was created specifically for the Sith to survive thousands of years longer in secret?

[Assistant]
In Legends, there was a Sith defector who told the Jedi about the Rule of Two.

Canonically, we don't know the full details, but Darth Bane was known to have created the Rule of Two, and was hunted down and killed by the Jedi of his era - just over a century before Yoda was born. It's entirely possible that some Jedi that was around during that time period when they hunted down Darth Bane told Yoda about Bane's new style of Sith that they had (thought they had) eliminated.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] ELI5: Why do you get dizzy if you stand up too fast?

[Assistant] So when you are sitting or laying down, your blood is sitting or laying down with you. When you get up really fast, your blood wants to be sitting or laying down still, so it is tired and moving slow. Your brain needs blood, but it takes a little bit for your blood to get back up from sitting or laying down.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
[Mad Max] how are major cities like Melbourne and Sydney going? Is there any civilisation left here in Australia?

i was just wondering this. Are there any major cities left here in Australia during the events of the mad max movies? Like during road warrior or the new one fury road?

Edit: also what about canberra?

[Assistant] Mostly abandoned. Both Sydney and Melbourne were established as port cities. Not much use for a port city when there is no ocean left, so it's better to gather around sources of water and oil. We actually see the ruins of Sydney at the end of Beyond Thunderdome, when the children relocate there in order to start their new society.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
Does a second dose of vaccine restart immunity or does it carry the 80% protection from the first dose through the whole process?

Will you still be 80% protected from the first dose immediately, or a day or two, after receiving the second, or are you back to no immunity until the second dose is fully active?

[Assistant] The immunity generated from the first dose doesnt magically go away. The second dose is there to build on the work of the first dose and remind your immune system what does the enemy look like. In more technical terms, the first dose generates IgM antibodies that serve as an immediate response to the foreign protein your body has encountered, but to build a lasting immune memory, IgG antibodies need to be made. The first dose does a good job at generating those IgM and a bit of IgG. The second dose will boost that IgG production.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
[DC/Marvel] Does the DC universe have a similar company to Damage Control?

Does the DC universe have a similar company to Damage Control and, if not, do we know how the damage caused in superhero battles are repaired?

[Assistant]
Probably a good combination of Wayne enterprises money and Superman powers.

Heroes like batman might not do as much damage, but he can pay for repairs, which supes (or flash) can do pretty fast. They're just not as organized as Damage Control.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
[Star Wars] Did Anakin and Ahsoka have a unique relationship compared to other Masters and Padawans?

Anakin and Ahsoka are pretty buddy-buddy throughout the Clone Wars which strikes me as not something the Jedi Order would normally tolerate. Given the circumstances though I was wondering if the relationship between Master and Padawan became more lax during the Clone Wars as pairs focused on the conflict instead of studying the ways of the Force or if Anakin and Ahsoka just had a unique relationship compared to other Jedi pairs.

[Assistant]
I think people misunderstand what sort of relationships Jedi are supposed to have. Friends and buddy-buddy are fine. Yoda is friends with Anakin and Obi-Wan and he's the grandmaster of the Order. Obviously he's ok with it. Lots of Masters and Padawans form close familial and friendly relationships.

Attachment - greed and an inability to let go- is forbidden. Yoda gave Anakin a Padawan because in a perfect world Ahsoka would have grown up and gone her way and made her own choices and Anakin would have learned that that's OK. That people make their own choices and leave you and sometimes you let them go and trust that what they are doing is right. And maybe they make a painful choice but it's their choice to make.

Relationships aren't forbidden but hanging onto them above everything is.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
[Buffy] Why do vamps need permission to enter a home?

i've been using my latent psychic abilities to remote-view the slayer. once, i even managed to transcend time and saw the vampire angel's conversion into a monster (it was difficult to tell, i may have been watching that vampires memories of the incident instead of viewing through time.) Any other psychics been remote-viewing the slayer as well?
would you kindly remind me what power prevents a vampire from entering homes uninvited?
thank you.
*this has been a psychic-query-message delivered and sponsored by regis_regum*

[Assistant] The Dresdenverse explanation is that the act of living in a home creates its own sort of warding magic that means that magical entities either cannot enter, or are weakened by passing over the threshold uninvited. The longer and more happily a house has been lived in, the stronger the magic. So a Vamp (or wizard or zombie or werewolf) would be able to just smash in the door to a flophouse and tear the place up, but the threshold of a multi-generational house would be basically impassible. In which case they would just set it on fire or do a drive-by.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
Were any other Physicists close to discovering something similar to Albert Einstein's breakthroughs?

So what I mean is were there any scientists that might have discovered or were close to discovering something like relativity or another of his theories?

[Assistant]
With regards to special relativity, Poincare and Lorentz were headed in the right direction but Einstein really tied it all together. Lorentz had figured out the mathematical aspect but wasn't using it with the right physics in mind. With general relativity, there was Gunnar Nordstrom who came out with a similar but incorrect theory of curved spacetime, and David Hilbert, who shares credit for the Einstein-Hilbert action.

With regards to the early development of quantum mechanics, he really built a lot on Planck's ideas, and vice versa.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
ELI5: Why is the USPS expected to turn a profit?

Ive seen a lot of articles recently about the overhaul of the US Postal Service after a 2.2 billion revenue loss. Why is this government agency expected to turn a profit while other government agencies are simply given an operating budget?

[Assistant]
It's not supposed to make money, it's supposed to break even.

However, several years ago Congress became worried that sales were turning down.  The Post Office employees have very nice government-like pensions, and with less sales the Post Office wouldn't be able to afford these pensions at some point.  Congress required the Post Office to prefund its pension liabilities, unlike every part of government, over a 10 year window.  We're in the middle of that now, and the huge losses at the Post Office are because it can't make enough money to run the Post Office  **and** fund all these pensions.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] [nightmare in elm street] if freddy krueger make a person dream they are getting hit with antimatter would he cause a nuclear explosion in real life?

[Assistant]
The issue here is that Freddy served a purpose.  He generated fear and renown so that the Dream Demons that gave him power can use this fear to affect the real world.

Freddy also gets his power from this fear, and also uses it to affect the real world, so causing an enormous nuclear explosion would take a likewise enormous amount of fear power, as well as killing pretty much everyone near, likely causing his "fuel source" to disappear immediately.

In addition to it being a very economically bad idea, Freddy or his victim may actually need to know (maybe in a general sense) how anti-matter/matter reactions even work in the first place.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] [Warhammer 40k]If a Blank can stop psychic activity nearby by their mere presence, and ork weapons only work because of the psychic field of their WAAAAAGH, does a blank stop ork gear from working nearby and if not, why not? Why dosen't the Tyranid psychic suppressing field screw the orcs?

[Assistant] Ork weapons dont SOLELY work on warp powers; there have been cases where weapons that shouldnt be able to function do when the WAAAAAAAH! is strong enough but theyre usually serviceable on their own.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] [LOTR] At the end of Two Towers, where did the 950 or so extra horsemen that showed up with Eomer come from? In the first act, he only had about 50 guys with him.

[Assistant]
Although they have towns, the general population of the Rohirrim is pretty dispersed. They live in small settlements - hamlets and farmsteads. Theoden had gathered everyone within range of Edoras (the capital), but there were countless more too far away to hear his call in time to join the retreat to the Hornburg.

Meanwhile, Eomer had been riding to the north of Rohan, gathering men he could count on from all those little villages. His initial intention was probably to attempt to overthrow Grima Wormtongue by whatever means necessary, but since Gandalf had already kicked that ass for him he found himself perfectly equipped for a rescue mission.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] Eli5: what causes a lisp? What's stopping a person with a lisp simply not putting their tongue between their teeth when they pronounce an "S"?

[Assistant]
There's a thing in linguistics called "articulatory settings", which are the physical behaviours and habits a speaker develops in order to make speech easier and more efficient. Different regions develop different "standard" settings in order to pronounce different sounds from different languages, which is how you get accents when speaking foreign languages -- a Hindi speaker has a distinct accent when speaking English because his articulatory settings don't allow quick and efficient access to the sounds of English, and vice versa.

Someone with a speech impediment such as a lisp would have just as hard a time consciously altering their settings as this Hindi speaker would. Sometimes they learn over time, sometimes they don't, and sometimes they actively work to overcome their accent. But lots of people, if not most of them, have a hard time doing so, or with mimicking accents reliably, which is why we have speech training. The same applies to those with lisps et al. So for speech "impediments" we have speech therapists who can teach people how to alter their "settings", generally regardless of how those settings became " impeded" in the first place.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
ELI5: How does one crack a game?

To basically make a game free for other players.

EDIT: So some people think this is a dodgy question, and I didn't mean it in that sense. I'm not asking for instructions on how to do something like this, I was just wondering how could people get around doing this, just the idea, not the method. Relax people!

[Assistant]
Generally speaking, there is a part of the game that exists to prevent unauthorized use.  It may be as simple as something that checks a number (serial key) to see if it's valid, or as complex as something that logs into a running server to confirm it's working.

You "crack" a game by adjusting this component so it no longer functions.  In the case of simply checking a serial number, you can either break the function that checks the number, or you can use something that generates a "real" number that meets the issue.

For the more complex stuff, or stuff that logs into another server (phones home), the process is the same.  You either break the part that checks in (thus making it think it's legit) or you create something that makes it think it's checking in at home.  An example of this would be to redirect the server request to a program you control that then says the program is legitimate, or otherwise fools the program.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] ELI5:Why do windmills typically have 4 blades, yet all modern wind turbines have 3?

[Assistant]
Wind turbines have three blades for a balance of stability and efficiency. It's the fewest number of blades you can have while still keeping the structure from shaking itself apart from gyroscopic forces. Since more blades means less efficiency, three is the best we can do.

Windmills were made in a time when precision engineering and machining weren't nearly as advanced as they are now. It follows the same principle - fewer blades is more efficient - but four blades is a *whole* lot easier to manually balance than three is.

----

For people asking why two blades isn't stable:

Two blades is only stable if the turbine doesn't rotate laterally. Because an efficient turbine needs to rotate to maximize its angle to the wind, three is much better.

Two-bladed (and even one-bladed) turbines *do* exist. The problem is that because of their instability, they produce a lot more wear on their components and are more prone to failure.

There is still research being done into making two-bladed turbines more viable, and if a good solution to their instability is found, They may well end up becoming the standard. For now, though, three blades is all-around the best option.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
[Star Wars] So this embarrassing but...I missed the briefing on our new t 70s. Somebody give me the run down quick or red leaders gonna kill me !

What are it's capabilities? How does it compare to my old t65b? Hurry!

[Assistant]
Slightly smaller, better in atmospheres.

Has additional armaments over the T-65 (specifically an under-slung blaster and a mag-pulse launcher)

It also has an ejection seat, which is a novel idea.

It's also out-of-date. You should see the T-85's.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] If a girl has an above average amount testosterone in her body, will she grow longer than girls with less testosterone?

[Assistant]
The major mechanism of height gain during growth (namely, puberty) is the growth plate elongation.

Estradiol (estrogen) action closes growth plates (somewhat), preventing further elongation of the long bones. Excess testosterone will likely be converted to estrogen by aromatase (which isn't near saturation in normal physiology) in females. This enzyme is also more abundant in females. Thus, testosterone will likely cause *shorter* women.

However, testosterone post-puberty leads to more active bone-forming cells. Thus, the bones are actually stronger (low testosterone is one cause of male age-related bone loss).


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
How difficult would it be to create a watch party service like this?

I've been rummaging the internet looking for a service with the following functionality but have come up short, leading me to believe it's either difficult to make or monetize:

1. Must be able to stream synchronized video playback to group members, such as Netflix, Youtube, Vimeo, Prime Video, Hulu, HBO, or other websites with video.
2. Can also stream video originally from video files on a member's computer or cloud storage, and distributed potentially through a relay server if their upload speeds are too slow to keep it high quality for all members.
3. Independent options for volume and subtitles. One viewer may use low volume while another uses high, etc.
4. All members able to play/pause and seek the video and it remains synchronized on other member's screens.
5. 1080p quality.

[Assistant]
2 main areas of immediate concern: legal structure and operating cost.

There have been quite a few services targeting this in the last decade that have closed due to lawsuits regarding their hooking into other platforms.

1080p at a decent bitrate will be gigabytes per user per stream and if the point is to alleviate poor connections that transit will not be public. You would then go to a client to client distributed model and be using some form of udp mesh topography which is where things go from napkin sketch to a month of architecture design.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] ELI5: Why does yawning temporarily block or alter your hearing?

[Assistant]
First we have to mention the Eustachian tube.

The Eustachian tube is like a pressure regulator that prevents your ears from popping out. One end of this tube is found between the eardrum and the cochlea (where the hearing is actually done using fine hairs), and the other end behind the nasal cavity. Whenever, the pressure changes in your ears, this tube opens and balances the pressure. This tube is normally closed all the time and opens when you chew something, yawn, stretch or when there is a necessity to balance the pressure (when you travel in an airplane).

The reason why we dont hear any external sound while yawning is that, when the Eustachian tube is opened, the source of the sound is now actually two  The ear canal and the Eustachian tube. The sound through the Eustachian tube fills the middle ear, which thereby also reduces the ability to amplify the sound from the ear canal. This is the reason, why we hear our internal sounds more, when we yawn or stretch. This opening of the tube is just temporary while yawning.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
Did philosophers actually see the world as they described it?

When I read Heidegger, or Descartes, Bergson or Merleau-Ponty it always appears to me:

1. Well first, what kind of ~~drugs~~...mental state did they achieve that they write these kind of stuff? It would be a complete shift in perspective! Maybe like some of the spiritual leaders'.
2. Is this just an intellectual "game"? Is it just theorising, but experience more or less the ame way as usual mortals? Or actually lived in "another world" as many of them write it.

Unlike straightworward intellectualisation like theoretical physics, this is a radically different way to see/live the world.

[Assistant]
> Well first, what kind of ~~drugs~~...mental state did they achieve that they write these kind of stuff? It would be a complete shift in perspective! Maybe like some of the spiritual leaders'.

Philosophers typically lay out their methodologies and motivations, so it's not impossible to see where they're coming from and to what ends. In fact, I'd say it's crucial to understanding their philosophy.

> Is this just an intellectual "game"? Is it just theorising, but experience more or less the ame way as usual mortals? Or actually lived in "another world" as many of them write it.

It's theorizing and experiencing the way as everyone else. The world they theorize about is our world, and not a game but a serious inquiry into what is.

> Unlike straightworward intellectualisation like theoretical physics, this is a radically different way to see/live the world.

I'd say that the field which gives us things like time dilation, waveparticle duality, quantum non-locality, dark matter, etc. isn't all that more straightfoward or any less radical in theorizing about the world.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] Are any human body cells anaerobic?

[Assistant] Mature red blood cells lack mitochondria or other organelles in order to make more room for hemoglobin, so they're totally dependent on anaerobic fermentation. The lens fibers of the eye are similar, being essentially sacks of clear protein.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
CMV - A bit of a lighter topic than what's usually posted here, but I do not believe Batman is a super hero.

We can all agree that other characters like Spiderman, Superman, The Flash and so forth are all heroes. Why? They have powers related to their own body. They do not need some special kind of equipment to be able to use their powers, they're always there. Batman on the other hand, is just a rich guy with a bunch of toys and hand-to-hand combat training. How can he be a "super hero" if he doesn't have any powers? And yes, that makes Iron Man a part of this category as well. I'm just unsure how a man without any special abilities can be considered "super". I'm not doubting he's a hero in and of itself - that much is certain. But "super"? I doubt it.

So, Reddit. CMV.

[Assistant]
Batman's real super-power is being able to take that level of beating for so long without breaking. Professional MMA fighters have a strict limit on the number of fights they can have in a month (and it is very low, rarely if ever above 4), and they are fighting in a manner designed to not seriously injure or maim. The fact is that taking a beating causes tissue damage, and even when wearing proper armor, you are taking tissue damage to the skin and muscle tissues. These things take time to heal, and repeated beatings while injuries are healing can lead to serious issues. And even *with* all these precautions, most MMA fighters are retired by the time they hit their mid-30s (there are exceptions, but most of them are exceptional either in when they got started or how they fight)

Batman, on the other hand, is able to withstand the sort of beatings you get when the other person is trying to injure or kill you; he is able to withstand them nightly; he is able to do this for way longer than any normal human being could reliably do so.

As for Iron Man, his super power is his ability to build the suit that gives him super powers. Tony Stark is an engineering prodigy who used that ability to create a completely new and revolutionary energy technology that could power sustained personal human flight within a suit of modern armor that enhances strength and reflexes. His real power is his brain, in other words.

Which reminds me: Batman's other superpower is his status as "world's greatest detective"; he can make logical leaps that are impossible for normal people, and has a truly photographic memory. Combined with his years of training and superhuman levels of toughness, he is truly formidable.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] Do the scientists at CERN entangle the particles they are colliding with other particles, to observe what happens to the particles in the entanglement?

[Assistant]
Entanglement and CERN-style-high-energy-particle smashing are both interesting, but are interesting in such different ways that that there's not much interest in combining them. Entanglement is sort of like the universe doing slight-of-hand tricks with us, hiding walnuts under cups, and then when you lift the cup, the walnut is hidden up the magician's sleeve instead.

Doing these entanglement tricks with more exotic particles is sort of like a magician doing slight of hand tricks with diamonds instead of walnuts. They're the same tricks, and it doesn't really matter what the magician has in her hand, the moves are the same anyway.

If you want to understand magic tricks (entanglement), it doesn't really help to pay the magician extra to do her tricks with diamonds; if you want to understand diamonds (elusive high-energy particles), you probably want to look at them yourself instead of giving them to a magician.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
[X-Men] [Mythology] What would happen if King Midas and Rogue shook hands?

Would Rogue absorb Midas' powers? Or would the mutant turn into a gold statue?

[Assistant]
I'd say Rogue turns to gold. Her power needs to communicate with the target's nerves and brain, which takes time. Midas just turns atoms to gold and this cascades throughout structures.

Midas might get a small mental shock, but he wouldn't be hurt.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
ELI5: How do single mountains like Mt. Fuji, or Mt. Kilimanjaro form, without other mountains forming as well?

I understan how mauntain rages form, but I don't understand how a single mountain can pop up without others accompanying it.

[Assistant] These are volcanoes. Mountain ranges are created by tectonic plates colliding and pushing one side up into mountain ranges. The mountains you're talking about are volcanoes which are created by multiple eruptions over the millenia.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User] [Terminator] At the end of 2, the T-800 blows up Cyberdyne and John destroys the Skynet progenitor CPU. That's essentially the T-800's version of the Grandfather Paradox, where he goes back in time and kills his "ancestor", thus making his creation impossible. How did he do that?

[Assistant] Time travel in the Terminator universe follows the alternate reality trope. The T-800 clearly exists in its home timeline, and that timeline continues to exist alongside the one where it does not exist.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
What are some unethical experiments that would yield very useful knowledge?

I promise i'm not a mad scientist or anything. I'm just curious; if morality weren't a concern, what would be the most useful experiments to conduct?

[Assistant]
Provide a all free, dignified, 100% certain, painless mean of suicide available all over the planet, without any intervention by any group,goverment or individuals and see how many people kill themselves, and if it would cause chain reaction or not.

And if the society as we now would collapse and what would replace it.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
[Red Alert 3] What allowed the Japanese to become so technologically advance in such a short time?

The Empire of the Rising Sun have, for the most part, mechs and laser technology ~~not to mention George Takei~~, while the Allies and Soviets are still using conventional means of warfare. Time was altered to allow the Japanese to rise to power, but that still doesn't explain why they seem a few dozen decades ahead of the rest of the world.

[Assistant]
Ahead? The Allies have optic camouflage, teleportation and mass-produced time-travel.

Anyway, the primary issue lies with the death of Albert Einstein. In the previous timeline, his loyalty to the Allied Forces ensured a consolidation of his knowledge. But following his death, the mass release of his research, which ultimately led to the development of Future-Tech, also allowed the Japanese access to his information.

While the Soviet Union largely avoided this 'capitalist nonsense' the Japanese embraced it, taking it in their own direction.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
[Beastie Boys - Intergalactic] what exactly are the guys in hi-vis jackets doing?

Besides dropping some funky rhymes obviously.

The robot comes to earth and drops off some guys that look like technicians who promptly run to the nearest shopping centre and rap.

Meanwhile the robot is fighting a giant squid headed monster. Their are people inside the robots head, but they don't appear to be competent. Is it possible the three guys in the mall are conducting the fight? And that's why their dance is full of karate chops and stuff?

[Assistant]
When we send out the Rad Bots to fight the elder brain's many minions, we have to make sure there are Galactic Beat Agents on the scene to distract the population and assess what kind of repair team to send planetside.  Earth's leaders aren't really appreciative of the Rad Bots so we have to assess the damage and run in their case. The technicians stay behind to guide the repair teams, and are retrieved after repairs are completed.

This process is entirely outlined in your Galactic Beat Agent manual, and honestly if you're still confused after the instructional video on proper populace distraction i recommend you report to the Master Ace Technician of your sector to take a Nonvocational Work Assessment course.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
[Star Trek] Why is there such a lack of surveillance in the future?

I don't mean big brother type of surveillance on every street corner, but like on star fleet vessels and stations. Wouldn't a few banks of security cameras solve a lot of issues.

Example in DS9 (I'm in the early seasons on my first watch so if this Is fixed addressed later sorry) there's an episode that involves a bombing on the station and other various incidents.

But also in Voyager on two separate incidents a camera would have led to a quicker conclusion to the incident. (In this case a murder and a case of mutiny with the Kazon)

[Assistant]
The Federation has such lofty ideals you might guess they consider people to be free from undo surveillance even in Starfleet. In TNG: The Neutral Zone we see they wont even try to lock out civilians from being annoying on the ship communications. Its also pretty easy for anyone to wander onto the bridge. They could just be shockingly idealistic.

There could also be an element of it could be used against us in avoiding the technology. As in, if ship systems are hijacked or infiltrated in espionage, then the ability for crew to be tracked and recorded anywhere is given to a hostile power.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
How hot is the interstellar and intragalactic space in dense galaxy clusters?

It seems to me that the space within these galaxy clusters would be that much higher because of the energies involved. Could life as we know it exist there?

[Assistant]
You're asking, broadly, about all the baryonic matter (ie nuclei (mostly H and He) and electrons) in the universe which aren't in compact bodies like stars and planets and black holes.

The interstellar and intergalactic media have many components, depending on their origin.

For example, between galaxy clusters is the warm-hot intergalactic medium (IGM). Here, the density is as low as one particle per cubic meter, but because there's just so much damn *space* out in space, it may contain half of the baryonic matter in the universe. This matter is at temperatures of about a million Kelvin, and is ionized, due to a number of processes such as shock heating and AGN feedback.

Within galaxy clusters, there is the intra-cluster medium (ICM). It's basically the part of the IGM that's within clusters. It's not a trivial detail either, there's about 10x as much baryonic matter in this gas as there is in stars. The ICM is similarly hot, like a million Kelvin, and glows in the X-ray part of the spectrum, making galaxy clusters have a sort of diffuse glow when viewed at these wavelengths. It's heated due to shocks, relativistic plasma outflows from galactic nuclei and other transients. Even plasma outflows generated by supernova remnants which is ejected from galaxies are retained at this scale.

These media are active areas of research interest because they couple the observational structure and evolution of galaxies to the structure of the clusters they live in. It's something we can study with simulations and with observations, allowing cosmologists to construct detailed models for how the contents of the universe evolve (and why things are they way that they are).


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
ELI5: When two "incompatible" animals crossbreed, at which point does the process fail?

Joke answers aside, if two distant animals mate, how early or late in the process will the offspring fail to form?

Will it be as early as the sperm not even being able to penetrate the ovum?

Will the zygote form, but be unable to successfully dvide?

Or will there briefly be a hybrid baby, but too deformed to possibly survive?

[Assistant] Usually it fails very early in fetal development. The sperm might penetrate the egg, but the resulting zygote has broken genetics that don't allow it to multiply properly in a way that creates a viable living creature.


[System] Given the following post, respond as if you're commenting on Reddit:

[User]
[Star Wars] Could a Jedi potentially be stronger if he learned how to embrace his emotions but not get seduced by the dark side?

I ask this because I was thinking that a Jedi who could use his emotions with the force but still not turn Sith would be a lot stronger than your average jedi.   Is it possible? or could they eventually turn bad?

[Assistant] Yes. That's essentially a trait mastered by Mace Windu, at least his lightsaber techniques, and also once Darth Revan returned to the light he showed mastery of both sides of the force and was a significantly stonger Jedi as a result. Of course he had to fall first, so this path is not without very great risk. The risks being so great the Jedi refuse to embrace it as a possibly. It is one of the biggest shortcomings of the Jedi order.