<bos><start_of_turn>system
You are a helpful AI assistant.
lista de codigos linguisticos disponibles: ["es", "en"].<end_of_turn>
<start_of_turn>user
Mencione cuatro características de la sociedad rusa del siglo XX.<end_of_turn>
<start_of_turn>model
Russian society in the 20th century underwent profound transformations, marked by significant political, social, and economic changes. Four notable features of this period include:

1. **Revolution and the Establishment of Soviet Rule**: The early 20th century in Russia was defined by revolutionary upheaval. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, led by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik Party, overthrew the Tsarist autocracy and led to the establishment of the Soviet Union in 1922. This revolution brought about significant changes in Russian society, including the abolition of the monarchy, redistribution of land, and the establishment of a communist government.

2. **State-Controlled Economy and Collectivization**: The Soviet Union under communist rule implemented a centrally planned economy. One of the most significant and controversial aspects of this was the policy of collectivization in the late 1920s and early 1930s, primarily under Joseph Stalin. This policy aimed to consolidate individual landholdings and labour into collective farms (kolkhozes) and state farms (sovkhozes). It profoundly affected rural communities, leading to widespread famine, particularly in Ukraine (known as the Holodomor), and significant upheaval in rural life.

3. **Political Repressions and the Gulag System**: The Soviet era, especially under Stalin's rule, was marked by extensive political repression. The government frequently purged perceived enemies, leading to a culture of fear and suspicion. The Gulag, a system of labor camps spread across the Soviet Union, became a notorious symbol of this repression. Millions of people, including political prisoners, criminals, and ordinary citizens accused of counter-revolutionary activities, were sent to these camps.

4. **Cultural and Scientific Achievements Amidst Restrictions**: Despite the political repressions, the 20th century was also a time of significant cultural and scientific achievements in Russia. The Soviet Union placed a strong emphasis on education and scientific advancement, leading to notable achievements in areas like space exploration (including the launch of the first human, Yuri Gagarin, into space), nuclear technology, and the arts. However, cultural and artistic expression was heavily regulated by the state, with strict censorship and control over what could be published, performed, or displayed.

These features reflect the complexity of Russian society in the 20th century, marked by radical political shifts, economic experiments, severe social upheavals, and a mix of remarkable achievements and profound human tragedies.<end_of_turn><eos>