question: Provide three examples of ancient non-monarchical systems of governance. Each example should be described in no more than 100 words. Do not mention the words "king," "queen," or "emperor."
answer: 1. **Athenian Democracy**: Ancient Athens developed one of the earliest known democracies. Citizens participated directly in decision-making through assemblies and councils. The system included mechanisms like the Assembly, where citizens voted on laws and policies, and the Council of 500, which set the agenda. Participation was limited to free male citizens, excluding women, slaves, and foreigners.
  
  2. **Roman Republic**: The Roman Republic was characterized by a mixed system with elected officials, including consuls and senators. Power was balanced between the Senate, popular assemblies, and elected magistrates. Citizens voted in assemblies to elect leaders and pass legislation, with checks and balances preventing concentration of power.
  
  3. **Iroquois Confederacy**: The Iroquois Confederacy, or Haudenosaunee, was a sophisticated alliance of six Native American nations. Decisions were made through a council of representatives from each nation, emphasizing consensus and collective governance. The system balanced power among various clans and relied on oral traditions and customs to guide leadership and conflict resolution.